qarTuli filosofiuri azris istoria

qarTuli filosofiuri
azris istoria
II tomi
meore gamocema
oTxtomeulis meore gamocemis ideis avtori da
redaqtori mixeil maxaraZe
gamomcemloba `universali~
Tbilisi 2013
3
UDC (uak) 1(479.22)(09)
q-279
qarTuli filosofiuri azris istoriis meore tomSi ganxilulia filosofiuri azri XIII-XVIII saukuneebis saqarTveloSi.
naSromSi xazgasmulia im mZime socialur-politikur viTarebaze, romelic TiTqmis eqvs saukunes grZeldeboda saqarTveloSi da ramac didad Seaferxa qarTuli kulturis, maT Soris,
filosofiisa da filosofiuri azris ganviTareba.
naSromSi Seswavlili da ganxilulia filosofiuri ideebi
abuserisZe tbelis, JamTaaRmwerlis, sulxan-saba orbelianis,
anton pirvelisa da daviT guramiSvilis SemoqmedebaSi. gansaxilvel periodSi mniSvnelovani adgili eTmoba eTikuri, esTetikuri
da socialur-sazogadoebrivi ideebis analizs.
saredaqcio kolegia:
s. avaliani
a. bregaZe
i. kalandia
m. maxaraZe (mTavari redaqtori)
T. mTibelaSvili
g. SuSanaSvili
m. WeliZe
meore tomis redaqtori _
filosofiur mecnierebaTa doqtori sergi avaliani
© m. maxaraZe, 2013
gamomcemloba `universali~, 2013
Tbilisi, 0179, i. WavWavaZis gamz. 19, : 2 22 36 09, 5(99) 17 22 30
E-mail: [email protected]
ISBN 978-9941-17-944-0 (saerTo yvela tomisTvis)
ISBN 978-9941-17-945-7 (II tomi)
4
winasityvaoba
qarTuli filosofiuri azris istoriis meore tomi
ZiriTadad moicavs XIII-XVIII saukuneebs. samwuxarod, es
periodi filosofiuri ideebiT, sxva saukuneebTan SedarebiT, gacilebiT Raribia. gansakuTrebiT, es iTqmis
XIII-XVI saukuneebze, rac gamowveuli iyo im ZnelbedobiT, romelic am periodSi qarTvel xalxs Tavs daatyda
gareSe mtrebis Semosevebis Sedegad. erTmaneTs zedized
cvlida monRolTa, Temurlengis, sparsTa da osmalTa
batonoba, rasac Tan sdevda qalaqebisa da soflebis
aoxreba, saxelmwifoebriobis moSla, dampyrobelTa batonoba da maT winaaRmdeg ganuwyveteli brZolebi. aseT
pirobebSi, cxadia, aravis ecala kulturuli cxovrebisa da, miT umetes, filosofiuri azrovnebisaTvis.
amis miuxedavad, am periodSi mainc gvxvdeba filosofiuri azrovnebis calkeuli faqtebi: abuserisZe tbeli
(XII-XIII ss.), „JamTaaRmwereli“ (XIII-XIV ss.), samedicinofilosofiuri literatura.
qarTuli filosofiuri azrovnebis aRorZineba XVII
saukunidan daiwyo, rodesac SedarebiT mtkice da mSvidi sazogadoebriv-politikuri
viTareba
damyarda.
XVII saukunis meore naxevarsa da XVIII saukunis pirvel
meoTxedSi cxovrobda didi qarTveli moazrovne, sasuliero da politikuri moRvawe, sulxan-saba orbeliani
(1658-1725). mis kalams ekuTvnis pirveli qarTuli enciklopediuri xasiaTis naSromi „qarTuli leqsikoni“, romelSic filosofiur problemebs soliduri adgili
uWiravs. marTalia, es ideebi rig SemTxvevebSi aRebulia
sxvadasxva avtorebidan (platoni, aristotele, nemesios
emeseli, ioane damaskeli, ioane petriwi da sxv.), magram
es garemoeba xels ar uSlis imas, rom isini sulxan5
saba orbelianis filosofiur msoflmxedvelobad ganvixiloT. amave dros es filosofiuri ideebi imdroindeli filosofiuri azrovnebis dones asaxavda. leqsikonSi ganxilulia ontologiuri, gnoseologiuri, logikuri da naturfilosofiuri problemebi. sulxan-saba
orbelianis kalams ekuTvnis mravali sxva naSromic,
romelTa Soris gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs
vrcel didaqtikur Txzulebas - „wigni sibrZne-sicruisa”, romelSic igav-arakebis formiT gamoTqmulia
Rrma filosofiuri, eTikuri, pedagogiuri da socialur-politikuri ideebi.
XVIII saukuneSi moRvaweobda didi qarTveli moazrovne, filosofosi, enaTmecnieri, bunebismetyveli, poeti, didi ganmanaTlebeli da religiuri moRvawe,
(kaTalikosi) anton pirveli (bagrationi) (1724-1788).
anton pirvelma XVIII saukunis meore naxevarSi mTeli
epoqa Seqmna ara mxolod filosofiaSi, aramed, agreTve,
qarTuli kulturis TiTqmis yvela sferoSi Tavisi
originaluri da ucxo {laTinuri, rusuli, somxuri}
enebidan Targmnili TxzulebebiT, romlebic gankuTvnili iyo misive iniciativiT gaxsnili Tbilisisa da
Telavis seminariebis saxelmZRvaneloebad. anton pirvelis originaluri filosofiuri Txzulebebidan gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia „spekali“ da „katiRoria simetneÁ“. 1762 wels man laTinuridan Targmna kr.
baumaisteris filosofiis sruli kursi (metafizika,
logika, eTika), kr. volfis wignis safuZvelze Seadgina Txzuleba „Semoklebuli fisika
Teoretikebri“,
romelsac vrceli komentarebi daurTo. anton
pirvelis wyalobiT Tbilisisa da Telavis seminariebSi
filosofias dasavleT evropis doneze aswavlidnen.
winamdebare gamocemis meore tomSi gamokvleuliaagreTve, qarTuli eTikuri, esTetikuri da sazoga6
doebriv-politikuri azris istoria. Seswavlilia didi
qarTveli poetis daviT guramiSvilis (1705-1792) filosofiuri msoflmxedveloba, sazogadoebriv-politikuri
azris istoria XIII-XVIII saukuneebSi, filosofiuri
urTierTobani mezobel qveynebTan da a.S.
sergi avaliani
7
Sesavali
qarTulma kulturam, kerZod, qarTulma filosofiurma azrma Tavisi ganviTarebis umaRles mwvervals
XI-XII saukuneebSi miaRwia, rasac metyvelebs efrem
mcires, arsen iyalToelisa da ioane petriwis, rogorc
mTargmnelobiTi moRvaweoba, ise maT mier Targmnil
filosofiur Zeglebze darTuli RrmasafuZvliani komentarebi. am mimarTebiT gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia
ioane petriwis mier Targmnili neoplatonuri filosofiis ukanaskneli didi warmomadgenlis, prokles (412485) ,,RvTismetyvelebis safuZvlebze” darTuli komentarebi, romelic scildeba komentaris daniSnulebas da
warmoadgens petriwis damoukidebelsa da originalur
naSroms.
XI-XII saukuneebis qarTuli kulturis ayvavebis yvelaze srulyofili gamoxatuleba iyo SoTa rusTavelis
,,vefxistyaosani”, romelic, maRalmxatvruli Rirebulebebis garda, epoqis mowinave filosofiur ideebsac
warmoaCens.
ivane javaxiSvilis azriT, qarTulma kulturam am
dros iseT simaRleebs miaRwia, romlis msgavsma
movlenebmac evropaSi renesansis warmoSoba ganapiroba.1
misive azriT, es procesi saqarTveloSi ver dasrulda
dampyrobTa mravalricxovani Semosevebis gamo.
XI-XII saukuneebSi saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebriv
aRmavlobas XIII saukunis meore naxevridan daRmavloba
mohyva, ramac Tavisi gamoxatuleba hpova kulturaSi,
maT Soris, filosofiur azrovnebaSic. efrem mcires,
arsen iyalToelisa da ioane petriwis moRvaweobis Semdeg qarTul filosofiaSi axali saxelebi unda gamoCeniliyo, magram moxda piriqiT: dakninda, daeca qarTuli
8
saxelmwifos Zliereba, rasac mohyva kulturis, maT
Soris, filosofiuri azrovnebis daRmavloba.
eqvsaukunovan (XIII-XVIII ss.) xangrZliv periodSi
saqarTveloSi filosofia, filosofiuri azri, aRar
arsebobs, radganac am drois saqarTveloSi filosofosi, rogorc aseTi, aRar moRvaweobda. amitom epoqis
filosofiuri azrebi Tu ideebi xSirad mxatvrul
nawarmoebebsa da istoriul ZeglebSi, upirvelesad,
,,qarTlis cxovrebis” teqstebSia saZiebeli. swored es
aris am epoqis qarTuli filosofiuri azris erT-erTi
Tavisebureba. sabednierod, didi SeWirvebis miuxedavad,
saqarTveloSi sulieri kultura mTlad ar Camkvdara
da am periodis kulturul memkvidreobaSi SesaZlebelia qarTuli filosofiuri azris istoriisTvis sayuradRebo nimuSebis moZieba.
isic unda aRiniSnos, rom XIII-XVIII saukuneebis
saqarTveloSi sulieri kulturis mxolod dacemis
tendenciebi ar yofila. Tu XIII-XIV saukuneebSi saqarTveloSi qarTuli filosofiuri azris nimuSebi, ZiriTadad, mecnierulsa da istoriuli xasiaTis ZeglebSi
gvxdeba (abuserisZe tbelis Semoqmedeba, ,,aswlovani
matiane”...), Semdgom modis dacemis xana, rasac mosdevs
SedarebiTi aRmavloba (XVII-XVIII ss.).
dacemis xanis ZiriTadi Tavisebureba S. nucubiZes
ase aqvs daxasiaTebuli: ,,mTavari sakiTxi XIII-XVI saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi iyo gamaerTianebel da gamTiSvel
ZalTa brZola. am xnis ganmavlobaSic yovelive, rac
mxars uWerda mTlianobas da erTmmarTvelobas, istoriulad progresuli movlena iyo. is, rac ebrZoda
mTlianobasa da erTmmarTvelobas da rac gamTiSav
Zalebs exmareboda, istoriulad reaqciul banaks warmoadgenda”.2
9
saqarTvelos istoriis am mZime periodSi, rogorc
ukve aRiniSna, gvxvdeba erovnuli filosofiuri azrisTvis sayuradRebo masalebi. am TvalsazrisiT, sayuradReboa bagrat batoniSvilis ,,moTxrobaÁ sjuliTa uRmrToTa ismailitTaÁ”3, romelic ZiriTadad mahmadianuri
sarwmunoebis winaaRmdegaa mimarTuli. amasTan, am
TxzulebaSi saubaria qarTvel mTargmnelebzec (daviTi,
stefane, arseni, efTvime, giorgi da efremi).
Semobrunebis momenti dgeba XVII
saukunis meore
naxevridan, roca saqarTveloSi erTgvari kulturuli
gamococxleba iwyeba. aq upirvelesad unda davasaxeloT
mefe vaxtang VI-is kulturul-aRmSeneblobiTi moRvaweoba (,,swavlul kacTa komisiis” Seqmna, stambis gamarTva, ,,vefxistyaosnis” pirvelad stamburi wesiT gamocema da sxv.). am periodSi iwyebs Tavis mravalmxriv
moRvaweobas sulxan-saba orbeliani, romlis SemoqmedebaSic wamyvani adgili ukavia eTikur problematikas da
qarTuli filosofiuri terminologiis daxvewa-ganviTarebas. amis Taobaze S. nucubiZe SeniSnavda: ,,qarTuli
filosofiis istoriis TvalsazrisiT, yvelaze meti
mniSvneloba aqvs, cxadia, s.s. orbelianis wminda
filosofiur interess; ra Tqma unda, avtoris gonebrivi
viTarebisTvis mniSvnelovania moraluri filosofiis
motivebi da mizandasaxulobac da pedagogiuri Sexedulebanic. isini ara marto arkveven s.s. orbelianis
gonebrivi muSaobis ares, aramed Tanamedrove viTarebis
anarekls, ideologiur asaxvas warmoadgens. avtori,
Cans, moralur filosofiasac ar uyurebda ganyenebulad da aq imdenad mxilebis miznebi ar hqonda mxedvelobaSi, ramdenad Tanamedroveebze iseTi zegavlena,
rac, saboloo angariSSi, imave aRmzrdelobiT miznebs
isaxavda”.4
10
sulxan-saba orbelianis udidesi damsaxureba iyo is,
rom man petriwsa da arsen iyalToelze damyarebiT
gaacocxla da mimoqcevaSi Semoitana Sua saukuneebis
qarTuli filosofiuri terminologia.
gansaxilveli epoqis, kerZod, misi bolo saukunenaxevrisTvis
damaxasiaTebelia
qarTul-somxuri
da,
gansakuTrebiT, qarTul-rusuli filosofiuri urTierTobebis gaRrmaveba-ganviTareba. am mimarTebiT gansakuTrebiT unda gamoiyos anton pirvelisa da misi skolis
mTargmnelobiTi moRvaweoba, ris Sedegad qarTul enaze
ametyvelda evropuli filosofiisa da rusuli filosofiuri azrovnebis Semcveli literatura. anton pirvelma Seqmna enciklopediuri xasiaTis naSromi ,,spekali”.
saqarTvelos erT-erTi msxvili safeodalo gvaris
warmomadgeneli, mefe erekle II-is winaaRmdeg mebrZoli
da damarcxebis Semdeg umkacresad dasjili aleqsandre
amilaxvari (1750-1802), romelmac cxovrebis naxevarze
meti ruseTSi gaatara, Tavis naSromSi _ ,,brZeni
aRmosavleTisa”5 did simpaTiebs amJRavnebs saxelmwifos
mowyobis evropuli modelisadmi. eWvi ar aris, rom
aleqsandre amilaxvris msoflmxedvelobaze didi gavlena moaxdina anton pirvelis dawyebulma saqmem,
rasTanac dakavSirebulia evropul mowinave kulturasTan daaxloeba.
gansaxilvel epoqaSi, qarTuli filosofiuri azris
gamococxlebisa da ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT, umniSvnelovanesi movlena iyo erekle meorisa da anton
pirvelis TaosnobiT filosofiuri skolebisa da
sasuliero seminarebis daarseba Tbilissa (1755) da
TelavSi (1782). aRniSnul filosofiursa da sasuliero
centrebs sxvadasxva dros xelmZRvanelobdnen _ filipe
yaiTmazaSvili (XVIII s.), daviT reqtori (1745-1824) da
11
gaioz reqtori (1746-1821)6, romlebic, sazogadoebrivi
moRvaweobis
garda,
eweodnen
mTargmnelobiT
saqmianobas. maT qarTul enaze araerTi filosofiuri
Txzuleba Targmnes.
daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom qarTuli filosofiuri azris istoriis meore periodi _ XIII-XVIII
saukuneebi, gansakuTrebiT ki misi pirveli ori monakveTi (XIII-XIV da XV-XVI ss.) aSkara daRmavlobiT xasiaTdeba, mesame monakveTi ki (XVII-XVIII ss.) gamococxleba-aRmavlobis niSnebs atarebs. mTlianobaSi es ori
tendencia: daRmavloba da Semdgom SedarebiT aRmavloba _ ganviTareba mTlianad qarTuli filosofiuri
azris istoriis meore periodisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli.
12
pirveli Tavi
XIII-XVIII saukuneebis saqarTvelos istoriis
mokle mimoxilva
saqarTvelos istoriis ,,oqros xana”, romelsac safuZveli Caeyara daviT aRmaSeneblis moRvaweobiT (10891125), didxans ar gagrZelebula. xorezm Sahis Semosevam,
1226 wels Tbilisis aRebam da gadawvam saqarTvelos
axali mtris _ monRolebis _ moaxloeba amcno.
ilxanebis batonoba da mZlavoba (1256-1336), marTalia,
saqarTvelosTvis metad mZime iyo, magram is raRacnairad mainc axerxebda Zveli didebis SenarCunebasa da
gavlenas mezoblebze. politikuri regresis aSkara
gamovlineba iyo samefo karis uniaTobisa da qiSpis
Sedegad saqarTvelos or samefod gayofa, rac qarTuli
samefos gauqmebamde grZeldeboda. monRolebTan daZabuli urTierTobis Sedegad politikuri damcrobisa da
ekonomikuri siduxWiris zogadi suraTi SedarebiT
asatani gveCveneba im didi ubedurebisa da unugeSobis
fonze, rac saqarTvelos Temur lengis Semosevebis
Sedegad daatyda. marTalia, monRolTa batonobis
Semdeg saqarTvelo TiTqos Tavs aRwevs kriziss da
warmatebebic aqvs mopovebuli politikur sarbielze,
magram XIV-XV ss. mijnaze gaTurqebuli monRoluri
tomis
beladis,
Temur
lengis
gamanadgurebelma
laSqrobebma
saqarTvelo
unugeSo
mdgomareobaSi
Caagdo.
1386-1403 wlebs Soris Temur lengi 8-jer Semoesia
saqarTvelos. am gamanadgurebel laSqrobebs saqarTvelos verc erTi mxare ver gadaurCa, zogi ramdenimejer
iqna darbeuli.
13
Temurlengis sisxlian TareSs saqarTveloSi uaRresad mZime Sedegebi mohyva, rac socialuri da ekonomikur-politikuri cxovrebis Tanaziarad iqca saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi. erTi bizantieli istorikosi gvamcnobs, rom sadac Temurlengis jari gaivlida, iq
mxolod ukacrieli udabno rCeboda, aRar ismoda arc
ZaRlis yefa, arc mamlis yivili da arc Cvil bavSTa
tirilio. Temurlengi gansakuTrebuli sisastikiT anadgurebda da Zarcvavda saqarTvelos 1400 wlis mTeli
gazafxulisa da zafxulis ganmavlobaSi, kerZod, qarTlisa da samcxis soflebs. 1403 w. man oTxi Tve dahyo
saqarTveloSi da sikvdilis win kidev erTxel daarbia
ukve meramdenimejer awiokebuli adgilebi. misi sisastike religiuri fanatizmiT Sepyrobili adamianis moqmedebas hgavda _ angrevda eklesia-monastrebs, wvavda
soflebsa da qalaqebs. TiTqmis yvela eklesia, romelic
qarTveli arqeologebis mier aris aRmoCenili da gaTxrili, Temurlengis xeliT aris gadamwvari da dangreuli.
araadamianuri sisastikisa da ulmobeli qcevis
miuxedavad, rac eWvqveS ayenebda Temur lengis sulier
Seracxadobas, man ver gatexa samSoblosa da qristes
rjulisTvis mebrZoli qarTvelebis nebisyofa da
iZulebuli Seiqmna, Serigeboda Tavis politikur
marcxs; 1403 wels qarTlis mefesTan dadebuli xelSekrulebiT igi oficialurad aRiarebda saqarTvelos,
rogorc qristianul samefos. es iyo qarTveli xalxis
mier didi materialuri zaralis fasad mopovebuli
gamarjveba.
amierkavkasiaSi mosaxle xalxisTvis Temurlengis
parpaSs erTnairi Sedegebi ar hqonia. Tu saqarTvelo
ukanasknel amosunTqvamde ibrZoda mamulisa da rjulisaTvis, sxvebma ver gauZles mtarvalis zewolas, zogi
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sruliad gadaSenda da moispo, xolo zogi gandevnil
iqna samSoblo miwa-wylidan. araraobad iqca Sirvanis
feodaluri samTavro, didad dazaralda somxuri
Temebi. magram mainc yvelaze didi ziani saqarTvelos
miadga CrdiloeT kavkasiis mTianeTSi mcxovrebi erTguli mosaxleobis CamoSorebis gamo. aq qarTvelebis
mier gavrcelebuli qristianobis nacvlad Temur
lengis mier mahmadianoba dainerga, ramac, marTalia,
isini gadaarCina sastiki dampyroblis risxvas, magram
qarTvelebis
sawinaaRmdego
banakSi
miuCina
bina.
kavkasiel mTielTa qristianobis misaniSneblad dRemdea
SemorCenili qristianuli eklesiebi da saflavis qvebi
qarTuli warwerebiT.
XV saukunis dasawyisi SeiZleba miviCnioT qristianuli saqarTvelos irgvliv mahmadianuri koaliciis
Seqmnis periodad, rodesac samxreTidan Turqmenuli
tomebis jebirs CrdiloeTidan axlad gamahmadianebulTa rkalic daemata. saqarTvelos cxovrebaSi urTulesi
istoriuli periodi dadga.
cnobilia saqarTvelos istoriis Znelbedobis periodis araerTi SemTxveva, rodesac, ukiduresi gaWirvebisa da gamouvali viTarebis miuxedavad, Cndebian gmirebi, umamacesi adamianebi, romelTa gamWriaxobac ers
swor gzaze ayenebda da Svebas aniWebda. aseTad
SeiZleba miviCnioT mefe aleqsandre, romelic samefo
taxts ikavebs 1412 wels (mefobda 1442 wlamde). is
mondomebiTa da didi energiiT Seudga qveynis aRdgenaganaxlebas, ris gamoc xalxma mas ,,aleqsandre didi”
Searqva. erT sabuTSi mis mier naTqvamia, rom ,,vidre
brZola usjuloTa da ganvasxen zRvarTagan CvenTa da
qristianni friads mSvidobasa da myudroebasa miecnes”.
amis gamo uwodeben mas ,,mefeTa Soris warCinebuls”.
misi zemoaRniSnuli sityvebidan kargad Cans mefis sap15
rogramo moqmedeba _ usjuloTa gandevna saqarTvelodan da qristianTaTvis mSvidobis mopoveba. pirvel
rigSi aleqsandre didi iwyebs gandgomili moqmedi
mTavrebis alagmvasa da damorCilebas, rasac didi
mcdelobis Semdeg warmatebiT aRwevs. amis Sedegad is
iqca ,,orsave samefos mtkiced” mpyrobelad, rac
gulisxmobda dasavleTisa da aRmosavleTis samefoebis
gaerTianebas. Sinauri saqmeebis mowesrigebasTan erTad
is energiulad cdilobda mterTagan mitacebuli qarTuli miwebis dabrunebas. 1431 wels man daibruna lore,
1434-1435
wlebSi-sivnieTi
(Tanamedrove
yarabaRi),
Semoimtkica CrdiloeTis kari _ dariali da am mxaris
mTis mosaxleoba.
XIV s. bolosa da XV s. dasawyisSi gasagebi mizezebis gamo kulturuli mSeneblobis kvali ar Cans,
piriqiT, Semosevebis Sedegad ingreoda saero Tu
saeklesio nagebobebi, nadgurdeboda kulturuli kerebi. XV saukunis pirveli naxevari ekonomikuri aRdgeniTi samuSaoebiTa da mtrebis mier dangreuli cixesimagreebisa da eklesia-monastrebis mSeneblobiT aris
gamorCeuli. am samuSaoebis gansaxorcieleblad mefes
droebiTi saxelmwifo fuladi gadasaxadi SemouRia.
aRdgeniTi samuSaoebi pirvel rigSi mcxeTis sakaTedro
taZarSi _ sveticxovelSi _ wamouwyiaT, rac 1431 wels
dasrulebula. aRudgeniaT Temur lengis mier dangreuli X saukuneSi agebuli ruisis taZari, sicocxle
daubrunes garejis udabnoebs, sadac VI saukunidan
didi samonastro cxovreba Cqefda. sainteresoa, rom
samefo kars yuradRebis gareSe ar dautovebia saqarTvelos gareT arsebuli qarTuli kerebic, kerZod, saberZneTSi, aTonis qarTul monasterSi, ganuaxlebiaT
sasneulo, senakebi da zRude-goldebi.
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aleqsandre didis warmatebebis miuxedavad, misi
mefobis bolo periodSi Tavi iCina samefo saojaxo
konfliqtma, ris gamoc 1442 wels is berad aRikveca.
samefo taxti ki mas SvilisTvis _ vaxtangisTvis _
gadaucia. vaxtang mesame mcire xans mefobda (1442-1446).
igi misma Zmam giorgi aleqsandres Zem Secvala.
marTalia, giorgi VIII (1446-1466) erTiani saqarTvelos
mefed iTvleboda, magram mas mxolod qarTli, kaxeTi
da imereTi emorCileboda. dasavleT saqarTvelos
teritoriaze arsebuli samTavroebi: sabediano (samegrelo-afxazeTi), guria da samcxe damoukidebel politikas awarmoebdnen, riTac saqarTvelos erTianobas safuZveli ecleboda. es ki moaswavebda misi politikuri
daSlis procesis dawyebas, romlis SeCerebac istoriuli gardauvalobis gamo SeuZlebeli iyo.
saqarTvelos SigniT mtrobisa da gaTiSulobis
procesze metad damRupvelad moqmedebda arastabiluri
da meryevi sagareo viTareba, romelic qarTvelobisTvis
mtrulad ganwyobili Zalebis kontroliT mimdinareobda. ase gaumezoblda saqarTvelos samxreT-aRmosavleTidan Savbatkniani (yara-yoinlu) TurqmenTa tomebi.
samxreT-dasavleTidan ki bizantiis xarjze afarToebda
Tavis samflobeloebs osmalTa mzardi da metad
agresiuli politikuri Zala. amis logikuri dasasruli
iyo 1453 wlis 29 maiss sulTan mehmed II-is mier bizantiis dedaqalaq konstantinopolis aReba, riTac bolo
moeRo bizantiis imperias. es iyo msoflio masStabis
tragedia, kulturuli samyaros aunazRaurebeli kraxi.
amieridan marTlmorwmune bizantiis nacvlad saqarTvelos daumezoblda metad agresiuli da islamis fanatizmiT Sepyrobili osmalTa saxelwifo. saqarTveloSi
yvela grZnobda moaxloebul ubedurebas. Zneli dasanaxi ar iyo, rom saqarTvelos irgvliv ikvreboda islamis
17
saxelmwifoTa mtruli garemocvis marwuxebi. saqarTvelo moswyda gare samyaros, aRar hqonda saSualeba,
gascnoboda evropaSi mimdinare renesansis aRmavlobas.
gadaiketa gzebi ara mxolod evropis saxelmwifoebTan
(arada metad mWidro urTierToba myardeboda italiis
qalaqebTan), aramed maxlobeli aRmosavleTis centrebTanac. imis gamo, rom konstantinopolis dacemas mohyva
mcire aziis regionebSi Turquli mosaxleobis damkvidreba, karga xniT gadaiketa gzebi samxreTis qveynebisken.
saqarTvelo moswyda qarTuli kulturis centrebs palestinaSi, sinaze, saberZneTSi. osmaleTis gabatonebam
mcire aziasa da Sav zRvaze evropis savaWro centrebi
aiZula, axali gzebi moeZebnaT kavkasiisa da mcire
aziis gverdis avliT. es ki damRupvelad moqmedebda
saqarTvelos ekonomikaze. is karga xniT _ yovel
SemTxvevaSi XVII saukunamde _ gamoeTiSa, vidre gzebis
sxva mimarTulebebi aRmoCnda volga-astraxanisa da
ardebilis gavliT, saerTaSoriso satranzito savaWro
saqmianobas.
konstantinopolis dacemis Semdeg Seqmnil tragikul situacias kargad grZnobdnen ara marto saqarTveloSi. mas SiSiT uyurebdnen dasavleTSic. amis gamo
iyo, rom daiwyo mzadeba osmalebis gasadevnad mcire
aziidan da konstantinopolis gasaTavisufleblad. iniciativa romis papma pius II-em aiRo. misi gegmiT jvarosnul omSi aRmosavleTis xalxebsac unda mieRoT monawileoba. am gegmis gasacnobad 1459 wels saqarTvelos
ewvia papis elCi ludoviko bolonieli. saerTo mizanma
qarTveli mefe-mTavrebi SeakavSira da elCs ufro didi
gegmebis ganxorcieleba SesTavazes; kerZod, ierusalimis
gamoxsna
mahmadianTa
xelidan.
aRmosavleTis
qristianTa mxridan brZolaSi monawileobas miiRebda
120 aTasi kaci, maT emxroboda iranis Sahic, romelsac
18
Tavisi pretenziebi hqonda osmalebis mimarT. qarTveli
elCebi wavidnen italiaSi. veneciaSi senatma zeimiT
miiRo isini, Semdeg estumrnen roms, Sexvdnen pius II-s,
magram gamoirkva, rom romis papma dasavleTis qveynebi
ver daiyabula jvarosnul laSqrobaze. misi rCeviT
qarTveli elCebi eaxlnen safrangeTis mefes, magram
uSedegod. dasavleTma swored ver gansazRvra mosalodneli safrTxe, rac SemdegSi iwvnies, roca osmalTa
jarebma daipyres balkaneTis didi nawili, ungreTi da
miadgnen venas. am movlenebs saqarTvelo ver gamoexmaureboda _ ukve gvian iyo. am droisTvis qarTveloba ise
iyo dauZlurebuli, rom aseTi didi tvirTis awevis
Tavi aRar hqonda. ase CaiSala romis papis ganzraxva,
romelic vin icis, rogor Semoabrunebda istoriuli
ganviTarebis mimdinareobas.
antiosmaluri gegmis CaSlis Semdeg Sinauri SuRli
qarTvel mefe-mTavrebs Soris ufro mZafr saxes iRebs.
yvela maTgani miiltvoda damoukideblobisken, ar erideboda ra ukiduresi mtruli zomebis miRebas centraluri xelisuflebis mimarT. amasTan, xSirad mokavSired mezobeli qveynebis mmarTvelebsac iyenebdnen.
giorgi VIII mxolod nominalurad iTvleboda saqarTvelos mefed, yvela mTavari Tavis samTavroSi Tavs mefed
asaRebda. Sida aSliloba imiT dasrulda, rom saqarTvelos erTiani samefo daiSala. giorgi VIII iZulebuli
iyo kaxeTSi gadasuliyo da kaxeTis samefo daearsebina.
aqedan daiwyo kaxeTis samefo dinastiis istoria (1466
w.). dasavleT saqarTvelos teritoriaze Camoyalibda
calke politikuri erTeuli _ sabediano. aq Sedioda
guria, samegrelo, afxazeTi, qalaqebi: cxumi (soxumi),
foTi, baTumi. calke samefoebad Camoyalibda qarTli
da imereTi. samcxis samTavros gamgeblebic xSirad
mefeebad iwodebodnen.
19
qarTlis samefo xelisufleba, romelsac tradiciulad mindobili hqonda saqarTvelos erTiani saxelmwifos politikuri centris roli, ar scnobda qveynis
daSlis faqts da qveynis damSleli Zalebis winaaRmdeg
brZolis moTaveobas kisrulobda. qarTlis Seunelebeli mcdeloba qveynis gasaerTianeblad uSedego gamodga
da 1490 wels qarTlis samefo darbazma aRiara saqarTvelos politikuri daSlis faqti, rasac Sedegad mohyva
saTanado xelSekrulebis gaformebac mefe-mTavarTa Soris da sazRvrebis daweseba.
rTuli saSinao viTarebisa da arastabiluri sagareo
politikuri
garTulebebis
pirobebSi
ver
xerxdeboda qveynis ekonomikuri mdgomareobis wamowevaganviTareba. metad mZime viTarebaSi mefeca da feodalebic arcTu iSviaTad saeklesio mamulebs ZaliT
euflebodnen, adidebdnen gadasaxadebs. ekonomikuri
gaWirvebis gamo
samefo kari ver uwevda daxmarebas
saqarTvelos gareT arsebul kulturul-samonastro
centrebs da isini materialuri daxmarebis gareSe
upatronod iyo mitovebuli. 1478 wels qarTlisa da
imereTis taxtze avida aleqsandre didis Svilikonstantine meore. kaxeTSi 1476 wlidan giorgi VIII
nacvlad gamefda misi Ze aleqsandre I. TiTqosda Caisaxa
saqarTvelos
samefos gamTlianebis imedi, magram
Sedegi ar gamoCnda. Sinauri aSliloba da gareSe
mtrebis moZaleba XV s. bolo meoTxedSic ver iqna
daZleuli. qarTuli politikuri Zalebi Seqmnili
viTarebidan gamosavals aRmosavleTisa da dasavleTis
qristianebis
gaerTianebaSi
da
iran-osmaleTis
winaaRmdeg erTobliv brZolaSi xedavdnen, risTvisac
agzavnidnen
werilebs
romis
papTan,
espaneTis
dedofalTan da sxva, magram uSedegod. qarTvelebi ver
uwevdnen
angariSs,
rom
evropisTvis
iranic
da
20
osmaleTic angariSgasawev Zalebs warmoadgendnen da
maTi gulmxurvale mowodeba qristianobis gadasarCenad
evropuli
pragmatikosebis
dadebiT
reaqcias
ver
iwvevda. magram gamoCnda Zala erTmorwmune da Zlieri,
magram
ara
dasavleTidan,
aramed
CrdiloeTidan,
ruseTis saxiT, romelTanac kavSiris gasabmelad
dasavleTze gulacruebulma kaxeTis mefem 1491 wels
seriozuli nabiji gadadga _ ruseTSi ivane III-Tan
gaagzavna elCebi werilebiT da saidumlo sityvieri
moxsenebiT.
aseTi iyo saqarTvelo XV saukunis dasasrulisaTvis. saerTo gaWirvebis fonze kulturuli da inteleqtualuri saqmianobis Sesaxeb laparaki Wirs. Tuki
XV s-is pirvel naxevarSi xerxdeboda Temur lengis
mier dangreuli eklesiebisa da cixe-darbazebis aRdgena-SekeTeba, am saukunis meore naxevarSi msgavsi
samuSaoebis warmoebis Sesaxeb cnobebi ar arsebobs.
Tumca cota ram SeiZleba iTqvas samwerlebo moRvaweTa
da ucxoeTis centrebSi arsebul SemoqmedebiT saqmianobasTan dakavSirebiT. pirvel rigSi unda movixsenoT
zaza fanaskerteli-ciciSvili, romelic moRvaweobda
XV s-is meore naxevarSi da romlis saxelTanacaa dakavSirebuli Zvirfasi samedicino naSromis Seqmna
saTauriT ,,karabadini”. avtori wignis gadamweris mier
moxseniebulia, rogorc ,,zaza mkurnali” da ,,zaza
brZenmTavari”.
calkea mosaxsenebeli ierusalimSi arsebuli qarTuli centri ,,jvris monasteri”. is XIV s. bolos sastikad auoxrebiaT Temurlengis laSqrobisas. manamde,
1273 w. monasteri daatovebines qarTvel berebs da is
mizgiTad gaadaakeTes. mamluqTagan misi gaTavisufleba
moxda 1305 wels. aRdgenil iqna da ganaxlda SemoqmedebiTi saqmianoba. 1400 wels Sedgenili xelnaweris21
,,golgoTis svinaqsaris” minaweris mixedviT vgebulobT
dasabuTebulsa
da
argumentirebul
mosazrebebs
qarTvelebis
golgoTaze
uflebebis
Sesaxeb,
rac
dRemde sadavo sagnad aris qceuli. XV s. meore
naxevarSi jvris monastris energiuli msaxuri biZina
ColoyaSvili wers: ,,frangebs golgoTa davagdebineo”.
is palestinaSi qarTvelTa mitacebuli eklesiebis
saqmes awarmoebs, erTi dokumentis mixedviT, 1514
welsac. ierusalimSi qarTvelTa salocavi adgilebi
popularobiT sargeblobda da qarTvelebs garkveuli
privilegiebic hqoniaT momlocvelobis dros. rogorc
erTi mogzauri SeniSnavs: ,,ierusalimSi salocavad
Sesvlis dros qarTvelebi sazeimod morTul-mokazmul
cxenebsa da aqlemebze sxedan da gaSlil afrialebuli
erovnuli droSebiT Tavisuflad Sediodnen qalaqSi da
sxvebiviT sultans amisTvis dawesebul gadasaxads ar
aZleveno.”
aRniSnul periodSi kulturul-inteleqtualuri Semoqmedebis SesaniSnav magaliTs warmoadgens ,,qarTlis
cxovrebis” Cvenamde moRweeul xelnawerTa Soris uZvelesi XVs. daTariRebuli xelnaweri, romelic dawerilia kaxeTis mefis aleqsandres meuRlis, dedofal anas
brZanebiT 1479-1495 wlebs Soris.
saqarTvelos samefos politikuri daSlilobis
fonze metad sainteresod
gamoiyureboda qarTuli
qalaqebi.
maT Soris gansakuTrebuli adgili eWira Tbiliss.
misma geografiulma mdebareobam igi kavkasiis upirveles qalaqad aqcia. Tbilisi yovelTvis saqarTvelosa
da kavkasiis centris movaleobas asrulebda. XVI-XVIII
ss. ganmavlobaSi Tbilisi xSirad icvlida patrons,
xelidan xelSi gadadioda xolme, iyo SemTxvevebi,
rodesac qalaqis erT nawilSi erTi ijda, meoreSi _
22
meore. aseTi cvalebadoba qalaqis eTnikur SemadgenlobaSic iyo asaxuli. qarTvelebis gverdiT qalaqSi
cxovrobdnen somxebi, sparselebi, ebraelebi, Turqebi.
qalaqSi dRemdea SemorCenili marTlmadidebluri,
kaTolikuri da grigorianuli
eklesiebi, sinagogebi,
meCeTebi. sxvaTa Soris aseTi eTnikuri siWrele qalaqis
stabilur cxovrebaze uaryofiTad moqmedebda. kerZod,
mtrebis
Semosevebisas
araqarTuli
mosaxleobis
mxridan Ralatisa da gamcemlobis araerTi SemTxvevaa
cnobili.
osmalTa imperiis gamezoblebam mxolod saqarTvelos ar Seuqmna problemebi; aranakleb dReSi iranic
aRmoCnda. tradiciuli pretenziebiT da pirvelobisaTvis Jiniani swrafviT osmaleTi gadaulaxav zRuded iqca sefianTa iranisaTvis. didi monarqiis brZolas
pirvelobisTvis yvelaze metad amierkavkasiis xalxebi
ewirebodnen. omis cecxli xan SirvanSi ainTeboda, xan
somxeTSi, xan saqarTveloSi da sxvadasxva poziciebidan
mas uerTdebodnen kavkasieli mTielebi. iran-osmaleTis
omi permanentulad grZeldeboda 1514 wlidan 1555
wlamde. 1514 wels osmalebma sastikad daamarcxes Sahismailis laSqari da daikaves qalaqi Tavrizi. irani
cdilobs antiosmaluri kavSiris Sekvras, romlis
SemadgenlobaSic Sedis saqarTvelos samxreT dasavleTis didi nawilic samcxis aTabagis meTaurobiT. Sah
ismaili amasac ar dasjerda da qarTlisa da kaxeTis
Semomtkicebasac Seudga.
gareSe mtrebTan sastiki brZolebis paralelurad
ar cxreboda dava da qiSpi calke samefoebs Soris. am
mxriv qarTli da kaxeTi gamorCeviT moqmedebdnen. Tumca
ki upiratesobas verc erTi ver aRwevs da dazavebis
Sedegad, rac iran-TurqeTs Soris moxda, samefo
gaerTianebis sakiTxi kvlav gadaido.
23
XVI-XVII saukuneebi saqarTvelos istoriaSi erTerTi yvelaze rTuli periodia. gareSeTa momZlavreba,
Sinagani
aSliloba,
separatistuli
gancalkeveba,
mTliani qveynis suraTis warmodgenis saSualebas ar
iZleva; Tanac politikuri sarbielis cvalebadoba imdenad swrafad xdeboda, rom misi gaanalizeba did
sirTules warmoadgens.
kaxeTi saqarTvelos sxva regionebTan SedarebiT
mdidari da dawinaurebuli samefo iyo. Sah-abasis Semosevamde (1614-1616 ww.) aq TiTqmis yvelaferi normalurad
mimdinareobs. kaxeTis mefeebi axerxeben qveynis dawynarebas, saerTo enasac pouloben iranis SahebTan, Tumca
vasalur damokidebulebas Tavs ver aRweven. kaxeTis
samefos ori sataxto qalaqi hqonda _ gremi da bazari
(zagebi). organve samefo rezidenciebi iyo mowyobili.
gremi imdroindeli aRmosavluri qalaqebis yaidaze iyo
gaSenebuli. qalaqi 150 wlis ganmavlobaSi cocxlobda
(1466-1616 ww. Soris); daingra sparselebis Semosevis
dros. aseve mniSvnelovani iyo qalaqi bazari. isic samefos politikuri da ekonomikuri centri iyo (amJamad
azerbaijanis teritoriazea). kaxeTis ZiriTadi ekonomikuri sayrdeni iyo abreSumiT vaWroba. qsovili nedli
saxiT gahqondaT ucxoeTSi, ZiriTadad ardebilisa da
alepos bazarze, riTac savaWro garigebebs amyareben
ucxo vaWrebTan. vercxlisa da oqros fuls Wridnen
kaxeTis mefeebic. maT didi Rvawli miuZRviT ruseTTan
diplomatiuri kavSirebis damyarebaSi. ruseTi dainteresebas iwyebs saqarTvelos sakiTxiT. imis Semdeg, rac
ruseTma 1552 da 1556 wlebSi daipyro yazanisa da
astraxanis saxanoebi, aSkarad Canda, rom misi SeCereba
samxreTisken aravis SeeZlo. 1567 wels rusebi Tergis
SesarTavTan cixe-simagres ageben. ruseTTan kaxelebis
kavSiris damyareba ar siamovnebda arc TurqeTsa da
24
arc irans, ris gamoc araerTi samxedro operacia Catarebula saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg. maTi karnaxiT gaaqtiurdnen kavkasieli mTielebi, gansakuTrebiT-daRestanis tomebi, romlebic mosvenebas ar aZleven kaxelebs
yaCaRuri TavdasxmebiT. ruseTTan dakavSireba sababi iyo
Sah-abasis ulmobeli laSqrobisa aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi (1614-1616 ww.), rodesac, Tavganwiruli winaaRmdegobis miuxedavad, kaxelebi damarcxdnen. ayvavebuli da
mdidari kuTxe sastikad iqna darbeuli, gadaiwva qalaqebi da soflebi, daiRupa mosaxleobis didi nawili,
aTi aTasobiT qarTveli
iranis provinciebSi gadaasaxles.
kaxeTis gverdiT mniSvnelovnad dazaralda qarTlic.
sparselTa
laSqari
sastikad
uswordeboda
qarTlelebs. Tavis gadasarCenad qarTleli mefemTavrebi imereTs afarebdnen Tavs, sadac sparselebi
ver gadadiodnen.
dasavleT saqarTvelos feodalebi da samefo kari
gamudmebuli qiSpisa da mtrobis pirobebSi xSirad
ucxo Zalasac uxmobdnen, romelTa Carevac adgilobrivi mosaxleobis aoxrebis xarjze xdeboda. dasavleT
saqarTvelo gansakuTrebiT daazarala tyveebiT vaWrobam. yovelwliurad aTasobiT bavSvi stambolis bazarze
iyideboda, romlebic avsebdnen ianiCrebisa da mamluqebis razmebs.
es periodi cnobilia italieli misionerebis moRvaweobiTac. isini gansakuTrebiT energiulad moqmedeben
samegrelos safeodaloSi. maT saqmianobas yuradRebiT
akvirdebodnen samefo xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebic
da ZiriTadad xels uwyobdnen kidevac. amis gamo iyo,
rom samisionero centrebi aRmocenda saqarTvelos
sxvadasxva regionSi _ samegreloSi, axalcixeSi, gorSi,
TbilisSi. isini kaTolikobis gavrcelebas axerxebdnen
25
piradi Rirsebebis demonstrirebiT, rogorc religiur
sferoSi, ise sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi. daxmarebas
uwevdnen avadmyofebs, ebrZodnen tyveebiT vaWrobas,
exmarebodnen adgilobriv mmarTvelobas dasavleTTan
urTierTobis damyarebaSi.
ucxoeTSi mcxovreb qarTvelTa umetesoba samxedro
saqmianobiT iyo dakavebuli. isini Seadgendnen ianiCarTAjaris umetesobas TurqeTsa da sparseTSi. TiTqmis
yovelTvis yulis jaris sardali qarTvelTa rigebidan
iyo, romelic, rogorc wesi, ,,uzenaesi mejlisis” wevri
xdeboda.
iranis maRal aristokratiulsa da samxedro-administraciul sferoebSi qarTvelTa aqtiuri monawileobis miuxedavad, saqarTvelosTan mimarTebaSi maTi
sasikeTo gavlena ar Cans. is, rac xdeboda sakuTriv
saqarTveloSi _ qiSpi, mtroba, muxanaToba _ Sua saukuneebis sazogadoebrivi seni iyo.
ngreva-awiokebis miuxedavad, XVI-XVIII ss.-is inteleqtualuri cxovreba saqarTveloSi sakmaod maRalia.
feodaluri aRzrdis sistema moicavda saero da sasuliero aRzrdis sinTezs, romlis centric eklesiebsa
da monastrebSi iyo gadatanili. ra Tqma unda, aRzrdis
saqmeSi qristianuli ideologiis SemzRudvel gavlenas
Tavisi daRis dasma ar gauWirdeboda, Tumca ki ganaTlebis xalxuri sawyisi Cveulebriv utevda Suasaukuneobriv sqolastikasa da azris Tavisufali ganviTarebis moTxovniT gamodioda. skolebSi RvTismetyvelebis gverdiT sxva disciplinebsac aswavlidnen. XVII
saukunidan skolebs aarsebdnen kaTolike misionerebic.
maTi mcdelobiT zogi qarTveli bavSvi saswavleblad
igzavneba ucxoeTSi, magaliTad, neapolis skolaSi. misionerebi aarseben skolebs TbilisSi, gorsa da quTaisSi.
26
kulturis mniSvnelovan centrebs warmoadgendnen
saepiskoposo kaTedralebi: sveticxoveli, wilkani, samTavisi, alaverdi, gelaTi, caiSi, bedia, da sxva. XVI s.
biWvinTidan dasavleT saqarTvelos kaTalikos-patriarqis rezidenciis gelaTSi gadmotanis Semdeg, is kulturis erT-erTi Zlier centrad iqca. upirvelesi centris roli ki kvlav Tbiliss ekuTvnoda, sadac iyo
Tavmoyrili kulturul dawesebulebaTa mTeli rigi.
imis miuxedavad, rom XVI-XVII saukuneebis qarTuli
xelovneba wina epoqebisas ver Seedreba, bevri sayuradRebo ram mainc gakeTda: xuroTmoZRvruli Zeglebidan
mSfoTvare epoqis gavleniT ZiriTadi aqcenti gadatanili iyo TavdacviTi nagebobebis, cixe-galavnebis, simagreebis mSeneblobaze. am dros Seqmnili Zeglebidan
SeiZleba davasaxeloT gremis mTavarangelozTa kompleqsi, axali SuamTa, ninowmindis samreklo, ananuri,
batoni cixe TelavSi, saero nagebobebi _ abanoebi
gremSi, TelavSi, TbilisSi, xidebi _ ,,gatexili xidi”
md. qciaze, xidi quTaisTan mdinare WiSuraze da sxva.
sabazro dawesebulebebi gremSi, bazarSi, axalqalaqSi.
XVI-XVII saukuneebSi tradiciulad grZeldeboda
eklesiebis moxatva. am metad gavrcelebul xelobas
araerTi skola emsaxureboda. gansakuTrebiT gavrcelebuli iyo didebulTa da maTi ojaxis wevrTa portretebis Seqmna. portretebis seriaa mocemuli gelaTis
eklesiaSi, nikorwmindis, gremis, axali SuamTis, naTlismcemlis (md. inwobis xeobaSi), xobis, martvilis
eklesiebSi.
am periodis oqromWedlobis nimuSebi cotaa SemorCenili; isini gamoirCeva daqveiTebuli gemovnebiTa da
mdare SesrulebiT. vrceldeba saero Sinaarsis xelnawerTa dasuraTeba. am mxriv yvelaze sainteresoa
samegreloSi levan dadianis karze Sesrulebuli ,,vef27
xistyaosani”, romlis avtoria mamuka TavaqaraSvili.
saqarTvelos peizaJebis, tipaJis da yofis sxvadasxva
Canaxatebia Sesrulebuli kaTolike misionerebisa da
mogzaurebis mier, romelTa Sorisac gamorCeulia italieli misioneris don kristoforo de kastelis mier
Sedgenili albomi (XVII s. Sua wlebi).
gviani Suasaukuneebis mTel manZilze saqarTveloSi
brunvaSi iyo ucxo qveynebSi moWrili spilenZis,
vercxlisa da oqros fuli, ZiriTadad sparsuli. XVIII
s-Si imata Turqulma fulmac. saqarTvelos Cabmam saerTaSoriso savaWro operaciebSi bevri ucxoeli, maT
Soris, evropeli vaWaric, moizida, ris gamoc vrceldeba vercxlisa da oqros evropuli monetebi. mTeli am
xnis ganmavlobaSi iWreboda spilenZisa da vercxlis
qarTuli fulic. zarafxana TbilisSi samefo rezidenciis maxloblad mdebareobda.
gamudmebuli Sinagani SfoTisa da gareSe mtrebis
moZalebis miuxedavad, yovelTvis cocxlobda qarTvelTa erTianobisa da SekavSirebis idea. ,,Cven mefeman
saqarTvelosman anu qarTlisa da afxazeTisman”-ase
iwyeboda xolme mefis sabuTi, Tumca mas xeli araTu
mTlianad saqarTveloze, aramed mis nawilzedac Zlivs
miuwvdeboda. magram azri cocxlobda da es azri mTel
progresul sazogadoebas asazrdoebda, radganac yvela
misi nawili _ mcire saqarTveloebi _ iyo Cadebuli
gamoTqmaSi: ,,SvidTave saqarTvelo”.
saqarTvelos
gaerTianebis
idea
iran-osmaleTis
agresiisa da kavkasiis mTielTa ganuwyveteli TareSis
pirobebSic isxamda frTebs. erekle II is erTaderTi
mefe iyo, romelsac erTiani saqarTvelos xelmwifoba
unda rgeboda. qarTl-kaxeTis mefe erekle II-m da
solomonma, romelic iyo ,,mefe afxazeTisa da yovlissa
imereTisa”, 1753 wels gaaformes samxedro kavSiri,
28
riTac seriozuli nabiji iqna gadadgmuli gaerTianebisken. 1783 w. erekle II xels awers ruseTTan urTierTobisa da megobrobis xelSekrulebas (,,georgievskis
traqtati”), romlis ZaliTac aRmosavleT saqarTvelo
ruseTis mfarvelobis qveS Sedioda. 1790 wels imereTSi
erekle II-is SviliSvilis solomon II-is gamefeba gaerTianebisaTvis brZolaSi mopovebuli warmatebebis maCvenebeli iyo, rac gaformda kidevac saTanado traqtatiT.
saqarTvelos gaerTianebisaken gadadgmul am nabijs
da ruseTisken ltolvas sparseTis Sahis aRa-mahmadxanis Semoseva mohyva. es iyo iranis mier saqarTvelos
damorCilebis imedgacruebis gamomxatveli ukanaskneli
aqti.
magram es ar iyo saerTod ukanaskneli cda
qarTvelobis
damorCilebisa. saqarTvelos win ufro
sastiki gamocda eloda. daarRvia ra 1783 w. SeTanxmeba,
1801 w. 12 seqtembris ruseTis imperatoris manifestiT
aRmosavleT saqarTvelos samefos likvidacia gamocxadda, is ruseTis imperiis guberniad iqca.
29
meore Tavi
XIII-XVIII saukuneebis qarTuli
filosofiuri azris Seswavlis
istoriidan
gansaxilveli epoqis qarTuli filosofiuri azris
istoriis Seswavlasa da SefasebaSi didi wvlili miuZRviT, rogorc qarTvel filosofosebs, ise mecnierebis sxvadasxva dargis warmomadgenlebs: istorikosebs,
filologebs,
bunebismetyvelebs
da
sxv,
imis
miuxedavad, rom XIII _XVIII saukuneebis qarTuli
filosofiuri
azris
istoriis
Seswavlis
TvalsazrisiT,
qarTvel
mecnierebs
saTanado
kvleva_Zieba aqvT Catarebuli, jer kidev bevri ram
gasakeTebelia. am periodis qarTuli filosofiuri
azris istoriis SeswavlaSi xarvezebi ori garemoebiT
iyo ganpirobebuli:
1. Sesaswavli obieqtis TaviseburebebiT: filosofiuri kulturis jer dacema da Semdgom SedarebiT aRmavloba, damoukidebeli filosofiuri kerebis ararseboba
da Cveni azrovnebis masazrdoebel dasavleTis filosofiisgan mowyveta;
2. ideologiuri CarCoebi, ramac didi daRi daasva
gansaxilveli epoqis filosofiuri azris istoriis yovelmxriv safuZvlian Seswavlasa da obieqtur Sefasebas.
pirvelad gansaxilveli epoqis qarTul filosofiur
azrs Seexo solomon dodaSvili (1805-1836) mimoxilviTi
xasiaTis
werilSi
–
,,mokle
ganxilva
qarTul
literaturisa anu sityvierebisa”. werilSi igi ioane
petriws axasiaTebs, rogorc ,,WeSmarit filosofoss” da
30
misi rolis warmoCenaSi gansakuTrebiT gamoyofs anton
pirvelis wvlils: ,,Rirseba didisa mis mwerlisa
Tqmulsa leqssa Sina, romelic aRtrfobili TxzulebaTa mier misTa hswers Semdgomsa”1.
amave werilSi s. dodaSvili laparakobs im did
kulturul aRmavlobaze (maT Soris, filosofiaSi),
rac mohyva erekle-II-is saganmanaTleblo politikas da
raSic mTavar rols asrulebda anton pirveli (bagrationi) (1720-1788)2.
qarTuli filosofiuri azris istoriis mecnierul
Seswavlas safuZveli Cauyara niko marma (1864-1934) im
naSromebiT, romlebSic ioane petriwis filosofia da
rusTavelis
msoflmxedveloba
iyo
ganxiluli3.
sakuTriv XIII-XVIII saukuneebis qarTuli filosofiuri
azris istoriis Seswavlis TvalsazrisiT, sayuradReboa
niko maris naSromi ioane petriwze, kerZod, misi is
nawili, sadac ioane petriwis filosofiuri memkvidreobis bedia ganxiluli. am monakveTSi ganxilulia ioane
petriwis naSromebis (prokles Txzulebis Targmani da
masze darTuli komentarebi) somxurad gadaTargmnisa
(XIII s.) da Semdeg am somxuri Targmanis piruku qarTulad gadmoTargmnis (XVIII s.) faqtebi. es movlenebi niko
mars saTanadod aqvs gaanalizebuli da Sefasebuli.
XIII_XVIII
saukuneebis
qarTuli
filosofiuri
azris istoriis Seswavlis saqmeSi didi wvlili aqvs
Setanili ivane javaxiSvils (1876-1940). am mimarTebiT
kvleva-Zieba didi mecnieris moRvaweobaSi mxolod
gansaxilveli epoqiT rodi Semoifargleba. am mxriv
sayuradReboa misi ori naSromi, romlebSic mravalmxrivad da RrmasafuZvlianad aris ganxiluli zneobrivi problematika Zvel qarTul mwerlobaSi4. sakiTxis
safuZvliani Seswavlis safuZvelze ki avtori im daskvnamde midis, rom swored am periodSi Camoyalibda
31
azri qarTvelis specifikurobaze. am droisTvis xdeboda qarTvelTa Tvisebebis idealizacia, rac sxvasTan
dapirispirebasac warmoadgenda. magaliTad, giorgi
xuces _ monazoni qarTvelebs axasiaTebs, rogorc wrfelebsa da umankoebs: giorgi dayudebulis aRniSvniT,
qarTvelebi TviT RvTismSobelsac ki uyvarda. giorgi
mTawmideli erT-erT polemikaSi saubrobs qarTvelTa
wrfelobasa da umankoebaze, mas swams qarTvelTa
rwmenis siswore da midrekileba. sabolood iv. javaxiSvili imowmebs giorgi mTawmidlis azrs qarTvelTa
simyareze: ,,raJams erTgzis gvcnobies, arRara midrekil
varT marcxl, gina marjul da arca mivdrkebiT, Tu
RmerTsa undes”5.
gansaxilveli periodis qarTuli filosofiuri
azris istoriis sakiTxebi gvxdeba iv. javaxiSvilis
meTodologiuri xasiaTis naSromSi – ,,istoriis mizani,
wyaroebi da meTodebi winaT da axla”6, romelSic
gansakuTrebiT
sayuradReboa
qarTlis
cxovrebis
sxvadasxva versiis avtoriseuli analizi da Sefasebebi.
aseve sayuradReboa abuserisZe tbelis moRvaweobis,
,,mesxuri daviTnis matianis”, ,,gelaTuri qronikis”,
vaxtang VI-is ,,swavlul kacTa” komisiis saqmianobis,
vaxuSti batoniSvilis, sexnia CxeiZis, papuna orbelianisa da oman xerxeuliZis istoriuli Txzulebebis
SedarebiTi analizi da avtoriseuli Sefaseba, ris
safuZvelzec naCvenebia xsenebul qarTvel swavlulTa
moRvaweobis Rirsebebi da naklovanebebi. qarTuli
filosofiuri azris istoriis TvalsazrisiT, did
STabeWdilebas tovebs iv. javaxiSvilis mier vaxuSti
batoniSvilis gaweuli Rvawlis Sefaseba: ,,Tu amasTanave gavixsenebT vaxuStis sworupovars saqarTvelos
istoriul-filosofiur sazogado mimoxilvas, maSin
misi sidiade ucilobeli iqneba CvenTvis da XVIII sau32
kunis qarTul mwerlobaSi namdvil uebro bumberazad
warmogvidgeba”7.
XIII-XVIII saukuneebis qarTuli filosofiuri azris
istoriis sakiTxebi ganxiluli aqvs cnobil mecniers
korneli kekeliZes (1879-1962) fundamentur naSromSi _
,,Zveli qarTuli literaturis istoria”, sadac gaanalizebulia im avtorTa moRvaweoba, romlebic cnobili
arian, rogorc filosofiuri teqstebis mTargmnelebi
da, amasTan, arc filosofiuri azrebis naklebobas
ganicdian. am mizniT k. kekeliZes ganxiluli aqvs
abuserisZe tbelis, petre gelaTelis, JamTaaRmwerlis,
sulxan-saba orbelianis, filipe yaiTmazaSvilis, anton
pirvelis, iona xelaSvilis da sxvaTa Semoqmedeba8.
aseve mniSvnelovania k. kekeliZis naSromSi mocemuli
apokrifuli, egzegetikuri, dogmatikuri, polemikuri,
agiografiuli,
asketuri
da
mistikuri
xasiaTis
literaturis analizi9.
gareSe Zalis mier qarTuli kulturis aRmavlobis
Seferxeba-SeCerebaze sayuradRebo azri aqvs gamoTqmuli gamoCenil mecniers, ivane beritaSvils (1884-1974).
misi azriT, ,,saqarTvelos kulturuli ganviTareba XIV
saukunemdis
imnairad
mimdinareobda,
rom
gareSe
stiqiur Zalas rom ar emoqmeda, Cven gacilebiT adre,
vidre evropaSi, mivaRwevdiT im mdgomareobas, rodesac
adamianis buneba, misi anatomia-fiziologiiT, uSualo
kvlevis sagnad gadaiqceoda”10.
i. beritaSvilis azriT, renesansisa da humanizmis
ideebi CvenSi ufro adre gamovlinda, vidre evropaSi; am
movlenebis Semdgomi ganviTarebis Sedegad CvenSi daiwyeboda eqsperimentuli, maT Soris, biologiur mecnierebaTa ganviTareba11. Aamis winapirobad avtors gelaTisa da iyalTos akademiebis Camoyalibeba da iq maRalxarisxovani saxelmZRvaneloebiT sargebloba miaCnda.
33
XIII-XVIII saukuneebis qarTuli filosofiuri azris
istoriis Seswavla-SefasebaSi gansakuTrebuli wvlili
miuZRviT qarTvel filosofosebs – Salva nucubiZes,
grigol kalandariSvils, Salva xidaSels, cnobil
qarTvel fsiqologs aleqsandre frangiSvilsa da
Tanamedrove mkvlevrebs (sergi avaliani, revaz baramiZe,
gulnara dedabriSvili, leo menabde, revaz siraZe da
sxv.).
S. nucubiZis (1888-1969) kvleva-Ziebani gansaxilveli
epoqis qarTul filosofiaze ZiriTadad Sesulia misi
,,qarTuli filosofiis istoriis” II tomSi12. masTan
gansakuTrebul yuradRebas imsaxurebs qarTuli filosofiis istoriis periodizacia. kerZod, S. nucubiZis
mixedviT, qarTuli filosofiis istoria 6 periodad
iyofa. amasTan, meeqvse periodi or etaps moicavs.
qarTuli filosofiis istoriis S. nucubiZiseuli
periodizacia aseTia: 1. adreuli antikuroba, romelic
xasiaTdeba miTologiurobiT;
2. gviani antikuroba (III-VII s.s.) _ misi
niSania
sakuTari filosofiis ganviTareba;
3. saeklesio-dogmaturi periodi (VIII-X s.s.) _ misi
damaxasiaTebeli niSania Teologiuri azrovnebis aRmavloba;
4. filosofiuri aRorZinebis periodi (XI_XII s.s.) _
neoplatonuri filosofiis primatiT;
5. gviani feodalizmi (XIII-XVI s.s.) _ sqolastikuri
epoqa;
6. orientaciis Ziebis periodi, I etapi – evropuli
mimarTuleba (XVII_XVIII s.s.) da me-2 etapi (XVIII_XIX
s.s.) _ ruseTze orientacia.
aRniSnuli periodebidan me-5 da me-6 periodis I
etapi gansaxilvel epoqas exeba, romelic, S. nucubiZis
azriT, warmoadgenda qarTuli filosofiis adrindeli
34
periodis logikur gagrZelebas da masTan erTad erTian
sxeuls Seadgens. xazi unda gaesvas im garemoebas, rom
S. nucubiZis mosazrebebi qarTul filosofiaze imiTac
gamoirCeva, rom gansaxilveli sakiTxebi da problemebi
(filosofia, social-politikuri da ideologiuri Sexedulebebi, filosofiuri urTierTobani) ganxilulia
mTlianobaSi.
S. nucubiZe gansaxilvel epoqaSi gansakuTrebul
yuradRebas aqcevs socialur-politikursa da ideologiur viTarebas XIII-XVI saukuneebis saqarTveloSi,
ideologiur reaqcias ioane petriwis winaaRmdeg da
aseve ideologiur brZolas rusTavelis irgvliv XIIIXVIII saukuneebSi.
S. nucubiZis qarTuli filosofiis istoriis me-2
tomSi didi adgili aqvs daTmobili ucnobi mematianisJamTaamRwerlis, saxeliT cnobili avtoris istoriuli
Txzulebis filosofiur analizs.
am monakveTSi saubaria, agreTve, filosofiur urTierTobebze (qarTul-somxuri da qarTul-rusuli) da
rusuli filosofiis gavlenis Sesaxeb qarTul filosofiur azrovnebaze. nakveTi mTavrdeba anton pirvelis
rolis SefasebiT qarTuli filosofiis ganviTarebaSi.
am mizniT ganxilulia misi enciklopediuri xasiaTis
nawarmoebi ,,spekali”.
grigol kalandariSvili (1904-1965) Tavis gamokvlevaSi, romelic saqarTveloSi logikis mecnierebis istorias exeba, aRniSnavs, rom XIII-XVII saukuneebis pirvel
naxevramde qarTuli filosofiuri literatura axali
logikuri TxzulebebiT ar Sevsebula. XIII-XIV saukuneebSi ZiriTadad adgili aqvs ukve Targmnili Zeglebis
(mag. ioane damaskelis ,,dialeqtika”, amoniosis ,,komentarebi” da sxva.) gadaweras14. aris, agreTve iseTi Targmanic, magaliTad, kaTolikos basilis (1306-1354) mier
35
Sesrulebuli porfiriosis ,,Sesavali”, romelic dakargulad iTvleba, XVI-XVII saukuneebSi gadaiwera amoniosis, XVI–Si ki ioane petriwis Txzulebani. avtoris
azriT, XIII-XVII saukuneebSi saqarTveloSi axali naSromi logikaSi arc dawerila da arc gadaTargmnila15.
g. kalandariSvils SedarebiT vrclad aqvs ganxiluli filosofiuri aRmavlobis procesi XVIII saukunis
saqarTveloSi. am mxriv sayuradRebo iyo sulxan-saba
orbelianis leqsikoni, romelic, avtoris SeniSvniT,
Tavisebur enciklopedias warmoadgenda da romelSic
saTanado adgili aqvs daTmobili logikur terminologias. naSromSi gaanalizebulia logikuri terminologia sulxan-saba orbelianis leqsikonis mixedviT, maTSi
Setanili orbelianiseuli saTanado cvlilebebiT. aqve
ganxilulia vaxuSti batoniSvilisa da zurab SanSovanis mier 1738 wels somxuridan qarTul enaze Targmnili aristoteles logikuri naSromi ,,aTi kategoriis
Sesaxeb” da SanSovanis originaluri naSromi16. avtori
sagangebod Cerdeba vaxuSti batoniSvilis Rvawlze filosofiuri sakiTxebis ganxilvaSi, rac cxadad mJRavndeba protestanti avtoris vilhelm stratemanis ,,sayovelTao istoriis” Targmanze darTul vaxuStis winaasityvaobasa da leqsikonSi. leqsikonSi vaxuSti batoniSvili iZleva filosofiuri terminebis mokle da zust
gansazRvrebebs17.
g. kalandariSvilis gamokvlevaSi mniSvnelovani adgili aqvs daTmobili anton pirvelis ,,spekalis” logikuri nawilis, kerZod, ,,spekalSi” Semaval aristoteles,
porfiriosis, ioane damaskelis, ioane petriwis, simeon
juRaecis logikuri Sexedulebebis analizs18.
g. kalandariSvili anton pirvelis moRvaweobaSi
gamoyofs or periods: 1756 wlamde, vidre is ruseTSi
wavidoda da ZiriTadad sqolastikuri filosofiiT iyo
36
gatacebuli; meore periodi ruseTSi wasvlis Semdeg
iwyeba, roca igi erTgvarad Sordeba sqolatikas. anton
pirveli am dros mihyveba baumaisteris ,,logikas” da,
sabolood, midis im daskvnamde, rom aristoteles ,,logika” unda ganTavisufldes sqolastikisgan (e.i. Teologiis msaxuris funqciisgan)19.
g. kalandariSvilis naSromSi ganxilulia, agreTve
timoTe gabaSvilis, filipe yaiTmazaSvilis, doseTeoz
nekreselis (CerqeziSvili) da anton cagareli-Wyondidelis mTargmnelobiTi da ganmanaTleblobiTi moRvaweoba.
cnobilma qarTvelma fsiqologma aleqsandre frangiSvilma (1909-1988) specialuri monografia miuZRvna
XVII-XVIII da XIX saukunis dasawyisis fsiqologiis
istorias saqarTveloSi. es gamokvleva qarTuli filosofiuri azris istoriisTvis mniSvnelobas iZens sakvlevi Temisadmi avtoris damokidebulebiT, rac gamoixateba SemdegSi: avtoris aRniSvniT, igi fsiqologiis
istorias ikvlevs, rogorc filosofiuri codnis
dargs20. avtori sakvlev TemasTan dakavSirebiT Tavis
pozicias sabolood ase ayalibebs: ,,Cven mier Sesaswavlad aRebuli periodis qarTvel moazrovneTa filosofiuri moZRvrebis ganuyrel nawils warmoadgenda filosofiuri refleqsiis safuZvelze Camoyalibebul SexedulebaTa sistema adamianis sulieri cxovrebis Sesaxeb. Cveni gamokvlvebis sagansac saqarTveloSi XVII-XIX
saukunis dasawyisis qarTvel moazrovneTa filosofiuri moZRvrebis nawilad warmodgenili fsoqologiuri
codnis, e.i. adamianis sulieri cxovrebis Sesaxeb
codnis, istoria warmoadgens”21.
a. frangiSvilis gamokvlevaSi am poziciidan aris
ganxiluli fsiqologiis istoria da igi warmodgenilia, rogorc filosofiuri codnis erT-erTi dargi.
37
saerTod ki es sakiTxebi gansaxilvel epoqaSi Seswavlilia sulxan-saba orbelianis Semoqmedebis (ZiriTadad
misi ,,leqsikonis” mixedviT), anton pirvelis ,,spekalisa”
da saqarTvelos sasuliero seminariebsa da filosofiur kerebSi (Tbilissa da TelavSi) qarTvel moRvaweTa (zaqaria madinaSvili, anton Wyondideli, gaioz da
daviT reqtorebi) Semoqmedebis analizis safuZvelze22.
a. frangiSvilis gamokvleva Rirebul masalas Seicavs gansaxilveli epoqis, kerZod, misi bolo ori
saukunis (XVII da XVIII) qarTuli filosofiuri azris
istoriis Sesaswavlad.
qarTuli filosofiis istoriis cnobili mkvlevari
_ S. nucubiZis dawyebuli saqmis gamgrZelebeli _
Salva xidaSeli (1910-1994) ZiriTadad IV-XII saukuneebis
qarTuli filosofiis istoriis problemebsa da rusTavelis msoflmxedvelobis sakiTxebs ikvlevda. amasTan,
mas aqvs specialuri gamokvleva, romelic eZRvneba
gansaxilveli
epoqis
bolo
monakveTis
moRvawis
aleqsandre amilaxvaris (1750-1802) Semoqmedebas.
S. xidaSeli ar iziarebs im azrs, rom aleqsandre
amilaxvari Tavaduri partikularizmis poziciidan ebrZoda erekle II-s. es brZola, avtoris azriT, ufro
aleqsandre amilaxvaris mxridan dasavleTis mowinave
da progresuli ideebis gaTavisebiT iyo ganpirobebuli23. aqve aRniSnulia, rom a. amilaxvaris ideali
ufro eTikuri msoflmxedvelobiTaa gansazRvruli,
vidre social-politikuri principebiT24, rac SeiZleba
sakamaTo iyos. S. xidaSeli dawvrilebiT ganxilavs
amilaxvaris pozicias mefisa da xalxis damokidebulebaze, samxedro organizaciaze, romelic saxelmwifoebrivi organizmis ,,urCeulesi” nawilia25.
S. xidaSeli yuradRebas amaxvilebs im garemoebaze,
rom, a. amilaxvaris mixedviT, im drois qarTuli ekle38
sia ganudga WeSmaritebis gzas da SfoTsa da ganxeTqilebas Tesavs maSin, roca eklesia ar unda Caerios
saxelmwifo saqmeebSi. xazgasulia a. amilaxvaris poziciaze, romelic Tanasworobis ideas (,,yoveli adamiani
,,Tanasworad” aris dabadebuli) qadagebs26.
sayuradReboa S. xidaSelis naSromis SefasebiTi
nawili, romelic naTlad warmoaCens a. amilaxvars, rogorc moazrovnes: ,,gansakuTrebul yuradRebas al.
amilaxvaris traqtatSi bunebrivi uflebis Teoria imsaxurebs, yvela im SexedulebiT, romlebic am Teoriaze
aris dafuZnebuli: adamianTa Tanasworoba, sikvdilis
dasjis uaryofa, realur ZalTa urTierTobaze damyarebuli kanonmdebloba. kanonmdeblobis erT-erT safuZvels, rogorc vnaxeT, xalxTa zne-Cveuleba, maTi specifikur-fsiqikuri wyoba warmoadgens, romelic al.
amilaxvaris traqtatis mixedviT, sabolood ganisazRvreba ama Tu im qveynis klimaturi TvisebebiT”27.
Tanamedrove mkvlevarTagan gansaxilveli epoqis qarTuli filosofiuri azri Seswavlili aqvT sxvadasxva
gamokvlevebis avtorebs28.
39
mesame Tavi
qarTuli azrovnebis istoria
XIII-XV saukuneebSi
XIII saukunis dasawyisidanve saqarTvelos istoriaSi
dgeba periodi, romelsac dacemis (ekonomikuri, politikuri da kulturuli mniSvnelobiT) xana ewodeba.
mecnierebaSi sxvadasxva mosazrebani arsebobs saqarTvelos istoriis am mZime saukuneebis ganmsazRvreli mizezebis Sesaxeb. avtorebis nawili fiqrobs, rom
es mizezebi sagareo politikur viTarebaSi unda veZioT.
mkvlevarTa meore jgufs miaCnia, rom didi kulturuli
aRmavlobis gzaze mdgarma qveyanam, romelmac _ XI-XII
saukuneebSi, feodaluri sazogadoebis pirobebSi, Tavisi ganviTarebis umaRles mwvervals miaRwia, amowura
Tavisi Sinagani SesaZleblobani gareSe mtrebis winaaRmdeg da erovnuli damoukideblobis dasacavad.
SesaZlebelia vifiqroT, rom saqarTvelos istoriis
am etapze orive faqtori moqmedebda, magram, pirvel
yovlisa, is mZime, SeiZleba iTqvas, autaneli pirobebi,
romlebic warmoiqmna sagareo politikur viTarebaSi: es
iyo erTi mxriv, XIII s-is dasawyisSi aRmocenebuli
Zlieri saxelmwifo mongolTa teritoriaze, meore
mxriv _ amave dros warmoqmnili xorezmSahebis saxelmwifo muslimur aRmosavleTSi, da, mesame mxriv, Turquli tomebi, romlebmac axlo aRmosavleTi gadaiares,
bizantiis civilizacia daamxes da dasavleT evropis
erTi nawili saxelmwifoebisa daipyres.
Tu 1220-1221 wlebSi mongolebi samjer Semoesivnen
saqarTvelos, samjer gaimarjves, magram arc erTxel ar
darCenilan damarcxebul qveyanaSi, Semdegdroindeli
Semosevebi qveynisTvis gamanadgurebeli aRmoCnda. aseTi
40
iyo 1226 wlis jalaledinis (xorezmelebis) Semoseva,
romlebic,
mongolebisgan
gansxvavebiT,
religiuri
fanatizmiT gamoirCeodnen. ,,dangreuli da aoxrebuli
cixe-qalaqebi, _ werda iv. javaxiSvili, _ didZali
umowyalod da ugunurad amowyvetili xalxi, gaZarculi qveynebi da ganadgurebuli ekonomikuri keTildReoba, ai ra datova Tavis Semdeg xvaraz Sahma”1.
am ori Zlieri saxelmwifos _ mongolebisa da
xorezmelebis _ metoqeobaSi, saqarTveloze sakuTari
xelisuflebis gavrcelebis Zlieri tendencia xSirad
aqcevda Cvens qveyanas mZime Tavdasxmebis obieqtad.
jalaledinis gamanadgurebeli Semosevis Semdeg
saqarTvelo XIII saukunis 30-ian wlebSi kvlav mongolebis pirispir idga, rasac maTi xangrZlivi batonoba
mohyva.
sayuradReboa, rom dasavleT saqarTveloSi gaxiznuli rusudan mefe romis papisgan iTxovda damxmare
jarebs mongolebis saqarTvelodan gandevnis mizniT,
magram am Txovnas Sedegi ar mohyolia. rogorc romis,
papis grigol IX-is, sapasuxo werilidan (1240 wlis 13
ianvris TariRiT) irkveva, paps sakuTari gasaWiri
hqonda; is am dros aRmosavleTidan Semoseuli arabebis
winaaRmdeg Rebulobda zomebs da sinanuls gamoTqvamda
imis gamo, rom saqarTveloSi jarebs ver gzavnida2.
erTi mxriv, mZime ekonomikuri da politikuri pirobebi, xolo, meore mxriv, qarTveli eris gaerTianebisa
da SemWidroebisaken mZlavri erovnuli miswrafeba,
erovnuli TviTSegnebis gaRrmavebas uwyobda xels, rac
mravalricxovan SeTqmulebebsa da ajanyebebSi gamoixateboda. mag., daviT narinisa da ulu daviTis ajanyebebs
Soris sul 2 weli iyo gasuli (1259-1260/I), rac koxtas
Tavis SeTqmulebaSi (1246/47) monawileobas Rebulobdnen
rogorc aRmosavleT, agreTve, dasavleT saqarTvelos
41
mosaxleoba; cotne dadianis zneobrivad amaRlebulma
saqcielma, rogorc cnobilia, qveyana erT-erTi SurisZiebisgan mainc ixsna.
mZime mdgomareobis miuxedavad, romelic XIII s-is
Semdeg saqarTveloSi, SeiZleba iTqvas, ramdenime saukune grZeldeboda, qarTveli xalxis erovnuli energia
ar modunebula; igi vlindeboda, rogorc ekonomikur
RonisZiebaTa sferoSi, agreTve, politikur cxovrebasa
da kulturul SemoqmedebaSi. amas periodulad droebiT
gaumjobesebuli sagareo politikuri viTarebac uwyobda xels.
jer kidev XIV s-is damdegisTvis ,,saqarTvelo ukiduresad dacemuli iyo”3, magram sul cota xanSi, giorgi V brwyinvales mefobisas (1314-1346) qveyanam did warmatebas miaRwia.
politika, romelic XIV s-is pirobebSi qveynis politikuri mTlianobis aRdgenisken iyo mimarTuli, iseve,
rogorc daviT aRmaSeneblis dros, didgvarovani feodalebis (mTavrebis) uflebaTa SezRudvasa da, xSir
SemTxvevaSi, maT alagmvasac gulisxmobda. qveynis gaerTianebisa da aRmavlobisken mimarTuli RonisZiebebis
ganxorcielebas mniSvnelovnad Seuwyo xeli im garemoebam, rom imave saukunis 30-ian wlebSi SesaZlebeli
gaxda mongolTa xangrZlivi (TiTqmis aswlovani) batonobisa da, kerZod, maTi xarkisgan qveynis ganTavisufleba.
1329 wels, dasavleT saqarTvelos mefis miqelis
(narin daviTis Zis) gardacvalebis Semdeg, giorgi mefem
quTaisi SemoierTa, xolo male (1334 wels) samcxis mTavrad yvaryvare daadgina. amis Semdeg, SeiZleba iTqvas,
saqarTvelo gaerTianebuli iyo da giorgi mefis Semdgom amocanas gaerTianebuli saxelwifos centraluri
xelisuflebisa da mmarTvelobis mowesrigeba Seadgenda.
42
am dros Sedgenili iuridiuli Zegli _ ,,xelmwifis
karis garigeba” saxelmwifoebrivi mmarTvelobis mowesrigebis mizniT Seqmnil sakanonmdeblo kodeqss warmoadgens da mniSvnelovania TavisTavad, rogorc samarTlebrivi azrovnebisa da qveynis SigniT arsebuli maRali kulturis damadasturebeli faqti. mraval mniSvnelovan sakiTxSi es Zegli saqarTvelos istoriis warsul viTarebas asaxavs, magram iseT warsuls, rodesac
feodaluri xanis qarTulma kulturam ganviTarebis
umaRles dones miaRwia.
qveynis marTvis saTaveSi idga mwignobarTuxucesi _
Wyondideli
_
romelic
iseve,
rogorc
daviT
aRmaSeneblis dros, saero da saeklesio xelisuflebis
saTaveSi imyofeba da saero-saxelmwifoebriv saqmeebTan
saeklesio
saqmeebsac
ganagebs.
garda
gelaTisa,
romelic SeiZleba, uSualod mefis gamgeblobisa da
mzrunvelobis qveS imyofeboda, yvela monasteri, saepiskoposo da calkeuli eklesia mwignobarTuxucesis Wyondidelis
(da
nawilobriv
,,sawolis
mwignobris”)
daqvemdebarebaSi imyofeboda.
ZeglSi gansazRvrulia ,,darbazis” movaleobani da
uflebani. ,,darbazi” mmarTvelobis kolegiuri dawesebulebaa, romelSic im periodSi monawileobdnen maRali
saero da saeklesio xelisufalni: karze myofni _
vazirni, saqveynod gamrigeni _ erisTavebi, kaTalikosebi
(afxazeTisa da qarTlisa), moZRvarTmoZRvari (gelaTis
akademiis reqtori), episkoposebi da samefo didi
monastrebis (gelaTis, garejis da samcxis ,,Tormeti
udabnos”) winamZRvarni ufrosi ber-monazvnobiTurT4.
giorgi V brwyinvales dros Cveni qveyana ekonomikuri, politikuri da mniSvnelovani kulturuli aRorZinebis gzas daadga, magram es aRorZineba, samwuxarod,
didxans ar gagrZelebula.
43
sagareo politikis mkveTr gauaresebas Tavisi
Sedegebi mohyva: drois sul mokle manZilze Temur lengi rvajer (1386-1405 ww.) Semoesia saqarTvelos. pirveli
Semosevebidan 1386 wels, rodesac cixeSi gamagrebuli
qarTvelebi Temurlengis jarebma zarbaznebiT ,,Seajeres”, qalaqi aiRes da mosaxleobis xocva-Jleta daiwyes, ukanasknel _ merve Semosevamde, da birTvisis cnobil brZolamde (1403 wels), sul 16 welma gaiara, magram
SedarebiT mokle xnis manZilze ara mxolod SeCerda
giorgi brwyinvales dros dawyebuli aRmavloba, aramed
qveyana srul ganadgurebamde mivida.
beri egnataSvili, istorikosi, romelsac Temurlengis Semosevebi aqvs gadmocemuli, wers: ,,da daasrula
lang-Temur mooÃreba qarTlisa da warvida sxuaTa
queyanisa dapyrobad. da qmna mravalni saqmeni didZalni
lang-Temur, romlisa cxovreba misi vrclad aRweril
ars cxovrebasa Sina sparTasa, xolo Cuen aRvwereT
yovelive mosvla misi qarTlad da aoÃreba qarTlisa,
romeli ara sada mowevnil ars qarTlsa zeda Wiri
eseviTari, raodeni aman moawiva”5. ,,saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebis” rvatomeulSi ki vkiTxulobT: ,,Cvens
qveyanas ara erTi dampyrobeli Semosevia, rogorc
Temurlengamde, ise mis Semdeg (sparselebi, romaelebi,
bizantielebi, arabebi, xazarebi, Turqebi, xvarazmelebi.
mongolebi, Savbatkniani da TeTrbatkniani Turqmenebi,
yizilbaSebi, osmalebi da a.S). droisa da Jamis Sesabamisad, isini erTmaneTisgan didad ar gansxvavdebodnen
SemosevaTa miznebisa Tu qveynisaTvis miyenebuli ngreva
aoxrebis masStabebiT, magram mTeli misi mravalsaukunovani istoriis manZilze saqarTvelos aseTi sastiki da ulmobeli, veragi da cbieri, amave dros uaRresad daJinebuli da mizanswrafuli mteri, arasodes
Semosevia, rogoric Temurlengis urdoebi iyo”6.
44
amgvari pirobebiT iyo gansazRvruli am drois
saqarTveloSi kulturuli movlenebis mTeli wyeba.
XI-XII ss-is kulturuli aRmavloba, romelic dRes
qarTuli renesansis saxeliT aris cnobili da romelSic iv. javaxiSvili dasavluri renesansis niSnebs
xedavda, misive azriT, ori niSniT iyo gansakuTrebuli
yuradRebis sagani: erTi mxriv _ saero poziciisa da,
meore mxriv, filosofiuri azrovnebis intensiuri
ganviTarebiT. ,,metad sagulixmoa”, _ werda igi, _ rom
am dros Seiqmna ,,qarTuli saero poezia”7. amave dros,
saero poeziam ,,sabolood sZlia... sqolastikur azrovnebas” da Seiqmna pirobebi qarTuli renesansis meore
mniSvnelovani faqtisaTvis, _ ,,Tavisufali filosofiuri azrovnebisaTvis”8, raSic, sxvaTa Soris, iv. javaxiSvili ,,azrovnebis umwvervales xarisxs” xedavda9.
sayuradReboa da damaxasiaTebeli, rom gansaxilvel
periodSi sazogadoebrivi cnobierebis am orive formam
Sewyvita
arseboba
_
saero
literaturamac
da
filosofiurma azrovnebamac.
am dros agrZelebs arsebobas sasuliero mwerloba,
Tumca ara winasaukuneebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli intensivobiT, romelic ramdenime avtorisa da Zeglis saxiT
aris warmodgenili. es faqti nawilobriv mainc SeiZleba aixsnas mongolebis gulgrilobiT religiis
sakiTxebisadmi. rogorc JamTaaRmwerlis saistorio
Txzulebidan irkveva, qarTlis episkoposs, nikolozs,
(XIII s-is meore naxevari) mongolTa xelisuflebisagan
eklesiis Seuvalobis sagangebo sigelic ki gamouTxovia: ,,xolo queyana samefo, saydarTa da mcxeTa da
misi mimdgomi qveyana da monasteri aravisgan icvebodes,
rameTu
warCinebulni
amis
samefosani
TÂsisa
queyanisTÂs zrunvides...” da miiRo ,,ierlayi, romel ars
45
wigni Sewyalebisa” da, romlis mixedviTac nikolozma
,,daicva yovelni saydarni da monasterni”10.
qarTuli azrovnebis istoriisa da msoflmxedvelobriv mimarTulebaTa ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT, am
periodis mweralTa Soris, yuradRebas imsaxurebs ori
avtori: abuserisZe tbeli da makari mesxi.
abuserisZe tbeli cnobilia, rogorc ramdenime
Txzulebis avtori. erT-erTi maTgani _ ,,saswaulni
wmidisa mTavarmowamisa giorgisani” _ rogorc saTauridan Cans, exeba wminda giorgis saswaulebs. magram
amave TxzulebaSi gadmocemulia saqarTvelos istoriis
realuri faqtebi: xvarazmelTa Semoseva saqarTveloSi,
maT mier qveynis aoxreba, da kulturuli moRvaweobis
iseTi dargi, rogoricaa arqiteqturuli da samSeneblo
moRvaweoba.
abuserisZe tbeli, rogorc iv. javaxiSvili wers,
,,jalaledinis saqarTveloSi Semosevis Tanamedrovea”11
da, safiqrebelia, rom misi Txzulebis saistorio
nawili sayuradRebo cnobebs unda Seicavdes. saswaulebiT gataceba mas xels ar uSlis saqarTvelos ,,imdroindeli Sinauri yofa-cxovrebis” suraTebi ,,xorcSesxmulad” warmoadginos. misi Txzuleba ,,sagulisxmiero saistorio wyarod unda CaiTvalos”12.
k. kekeliZis azriT,13 abuserisZe tbels ekuTvnis,
Txzuleba, ,,qronikoni sruli misiTa sauwyebeliTa da
gangebiTa”. rogorc k. kekeliZe aRniSnavs, es ,,traqtati
mdidaria sxvadasxva kalendaruli, ariTmetikuli da,
gansakuTrebiT, astronomiuli terminebiT”. ase rom, _
ganagrZobs avtori, _ sruli sabuTi hqonda broses,
eTqva am Sromis gamo: ,,qarTvelebma 1233 wels (rodesac
dauweria is tbels) ukve icodnen naxevari im cTomilebisa, romelmac 1582 wels papi grigol XII aiZula,
Sedgomoda kalendris Sesworebas. ,,sayuradRebo ufro
46
isaa, _ fiqrobs k. kekeliZe, _ rom avtori (abuserisZe
tbeli, avt.) cdila, Seefardebina erTimeorisaTvis
qarTuli da berZnuli welTaRricxva da pasqalisturi
sistema da SeZlebisdagvarad SeeTanxmebina isini”14.
qveynis
mdgomareobisa
da
maSindeli
qarTuli
sazogadoebrivi sulieri ganwyobis garkvevisTvis kidev
ufro mniSvnelovania abuserisZe tbelis am TxzulebaSi
asaxuli esqatologiuri ideebi, romlebsac k. kekeliZem
ukve 20-iani wlebis dasawyisSi miaqcia yuradReba:
,,qristianul doqtrinasa da azrovnebaSi erT-erTi
mniSvnelovani adgili imTaviTve esqatologiur Temebs
ekava. sakiTxebi qveynis aRsasrulis, meored mosvlisa
da momavali cxovrebis Sesaxeb gansakuTrebiT iCenda
Tavs maSin, rodesac esa Tu is eri raime mwvave
Seviwroebasa da gaWirvebaSi Cavardeboda”15.
es savsebiT swori fsiqologiuri dakvirvebaa da
SemTxveviTi araa, rom Zvel saqarTveloSi esqatologiuri ideebis, kerZod, qveynis dasasrulis moaxloebis
Sexedulebebis
gavrcelebas
sazogadoebaSi
hqonda
garkveuli istoriul-qronologiuri safuZvlebi.
Sua
saukuneebis
moRvaweebsa
da
kulturuli
cxovrebis mTavar warmomadgenlebs bibliis sityvebidan
_ ,,aTasi weli winaSe TualTa Seni, ufalo, viTarca
guSindeli dRe, romel warÃda” _ gamohqondaT daskvna,
rom RmerTisTvis aTasi weli erT Rames udris, da
radgan, bibliuri kosmologiis mixedviT, RmerTma
samyaro 7 dReSi Seqmna, es procesi, Sua saukuneebis
warmodgeniT, 7 aTas wels unda gagrZelebuliyo. amis
Semdeg dadgeboda misi aRsasruli, movidoda meored
mosvla da damyareboda maradiuli arseboba16.
,,qveynis dasasrulis” gamoangariSeba da ,,dadgena”
ama Tu im qveyanaSi moqmed kalendrebze iyo damokidebuli. qristianul qveynebSi arsebuli aseTi kalendrebi
47
erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdeboda. amitom, mag., berZnuli da
rusuli gamoangariSebiT 7 aTasi weli qveynis gaCenidan
sruldeboda 1492 wels (qristes Semdeg); qarTuli
kalendris mixedviT da qarTuli gamoangariSebiT _ 1396
wels. es TariRi aqvs aRniSnuli abuserisZe tbels.
berZnul enaze daweril TxzulebebaTa Soris, sadac
qveynis aRsasrulzea laparaki, mravali Zveladve iyo
Targmnili da cnobili qarTul enaze. amgvar cnobebs
Seicavs, mag., grigol RvTismetyvelis (IVs.) ,,Tqmuli
dRisa misTÂs meergasisa, romel ars martÂlobaÁ”,
romelic Targmnili iyo eqvTime aTonelisa da efrem
mcires mier; Sua saukuneebis qristianul aRmosavleTSi
farTod iyo gavrcelebuli ioane damaskelis _
,,gardamocemaÁ...”, romlis mniSvneloba gascilda aRmosavleTis farglebs da papis evgeni IV-is gankargulebiT
laTinurad iTargmna 1145/47 wels. qarTulad ki
iTargmna orjer: XI s-Si Targmna efrem mcirem, XII s-Si
_ arsen iyalToelma.
esqatologiur ideebs Seicavs, agreTve, mitrofane
smirnelis _ ,,TargmanebaÁ eklesiastisaÁ” (XII s-Si
Targmna ioane WimWimelma) da Teofilaqte bulgarelis
(XI s.) _ ,,TargmanebaÁ maTes saxarebisaÁ” (Targmna imave
WimWimelma).
aRniSnuli Txzulebebis es sakmaod vrceli sia
adasturebs, rom esqatologiuri ideebis Semcveli literatura sakmaod farTod iyo Targmnili da warmodgenili feodaluri qarTuli kulturis aRmavlobis
periodSi. magram maT am dros ar moupovebiaT iseTi
mniSvneloba, rogoric Cveni istoriis dacemisa da
daqveiTebis pirobebSi moipoves, rodesac amgvari ideebis gavrcelebis Sesaferisi pirobebi Seiqmna.
makari mesxi mxolod erTi TxzulebiTaa cnobili.
mas qarTul enaze uTargmnia petre iberis ,,cxovreba”,
48
romelic Tavdapirvelad bizantiuri xanis berZnuliT
iyo dawerili, Semdeg is asurul enaze iTargmna da am
saxiT moaRwia Cvens dromde (berZnuli cxovrebis
avtoria bizantiis cnobili moRvawe, zaqaria ritori,
romelic im qalaqSi daibada, sadac petre ibers
episkoposis maRali posti eWira).
petre iberis cxovrebis makari mesxiseul TargmanSi
vkiTxulobT: ,,ese cxoreba wmidisa netarisa mamisa
Cuenisa petre qarTvelisa amas kurTxeulsa zaqarias,
mowafisa mis wmidisa petressa, asurebriTa aRewera,
vinaÁTgan friad mecnier yofila maTsa enasa da kualad
rameTu palestines asrni mravalni arian da did da
ufrosad qalaqsa maÁumisasa, sada igi wmida petre
mRudelTmoZRurobda. xolo me, glaxakman makar xucesman gadmovTargmne qarTulad asurTa enisagan, rameTu
friad mecnier meca maTsa enasa”.
n. mari xsenebul Zegls XIII_XIV ss.-iT aTariRebda, k.
kekeliZe ki _ XIII s-iT.
ase Tu ise, XIII-XIV ss-Si petre iberis ,,cxovreba”
qarTul enaze gaCnda da sayuradReboa, rom es iyo
romis
mTel
imperiaSi
ganTqmuli
moRvawisa
da
moazrovnis pirveli xseneba qarTul mwerlobaSi.
petre iberis saxeli dRes qarTveli mkiTxvelisTvis
kargad cnobilia; magram es gamoCenili moRvawe, romlis
Sesaxeb cnobebi berZnul wyaroSi uxvad daculia,
romelTa mixedviT igi didi avtoritetiT sargeblobda
politikur moRvaweTa Soris, saukuneebis manZilze
saqarTveloSi ucnobi iyo.
iv. javaxiSvili jer kidev ocian wlebSi Seecada am
uCveulo da gaugebari garemoebisTvis naTeli moefina
da misi mizezebi aexsna. saqme is aris, rom bizantiur
mwerlobaSi petre iberi monofizitad iyo cnobili, es
mimdinareoba VII s-is dasawyisidan eretikulad iTv49
leboda da saeklesio ganxeTqilebis Semdeg (VII s.)
devnas ganicdida. iv. javaxiSvili Seecada petre iberis
ignorireba saqarTveloSi konfesiuri mosazrebebiT
aexsna. im dros, _ werda mkvlevari, _ ,,rodesac
uZvelesi qarTuli qristianuli saistorio mwerlobis
,,mwvaleblobis
RvarZlisagan”
ganwmenda
dauwyiaT,
rogorc etyoba, petre qarTvelis moRvaweobis gamo
mTlad misi xsenebis warxocva umjobinebiaT”17.
imisTvis, rom makari mesxis droindeli qarTuli
sazogadoebisTvis petres cxovreba ,,misaRebi” yofiliyo, petre orTodoqsiis damcvelis rolSi unda gamosuliyo da, rogorc Cans, orTodoqsias energiuli da
Tanamimdevruli damcveli aRmouCnda makari mesxis
saxiT.
swori unda iyos k. kekeliZis dakvirveba, rom
xsenebuli ,,cxovreba” imdenad naTargmni araa, am sityvis namdvili mniSvnelobiT, ramdenadac ,,gadmokeTebulia”18. ,,cxovreba” gadmokeTebuli yofila ruis-urbnisis krebis poziciidan, sadac, rogorc cnobilia, dakanonebuli iyo Sexeduleba, rom ,,ara midrekil ars qveyana igi qarTlisa wmidisa da marTlisa sarwmunoebisagan
da arca mivdrekT ukunisamde madliTave wmidisa samebisa”.
ra mimarTulebiT iyo Secvlili petre iberis
asuruli cxovreba makari mesxis qarTul TargmanSi? am
kiTxvaze pasuxs iv. javaxiSvilis imave naSromSi vkiTxulobT: ,,TargmaniTgan petres monofizitobis mauwyebeli yoveli cnoba amouSliaT da gamoutovebiaT ise, rom
qarTul cxorebaSi is qalkedonian moRvawed aris
qceuli da gamoyvanili”.
JamTaaRmwerlis saistorio Txzuleba, romelic XIV
s-iT TariRdeba, farTod mofiqrebuli nawarmoebia, romlis mniSvneloba ar ganisazRvreba mxolod saistorio
50
qronikis moTxovnilebebiT. iv. javaxiSvili aRniSnavda
am farTod mofiqrebul TxzulebaSi warmodgenili
saistorio Txrobis mravalferovnebas. aq ,,saqarTvelos
marto politikuri Tavgadasavali ki ar aris aRwerili,
aramed saxelmwifo cxovreba da weswyobilebac cxovlad daxatuli”19. gadmocemulia imdroindeli saqarTvelos ,,saeklesio saqmeebic, qveynis zneobrivi mdgomareobac” da ,,Sinauri sacolqmro viTarebac sakmaod aris
dasuraTebuli” da sxv*.
rogorc zemoT iyo aRniSnuli, saqarTvelos istoriis gansaxilvel periodSi arseboba Sewyvita qarTulma saero poeziam da filosofiurma Semoqmedebam. magram
Semoinaxa XIV s-is pirveli naxevris erTi mniSvnelovani
dokumenti, romlis mixedviT irkveva, rom im mZime
pirobebis miuxedavad, romlebic imdroindel saqarTveloSi iyo, mniSvnelovani kulturuli muSaoba mimdinareobda qarTul monastrebSi; arsebobda sakmao ricxvi
monastrebisa, specialuri
skolebi am monastrebSi,
sadac sxva sagnebTan erTad, filosofiac aswavlidnen.
sanam am dokuments detalurad SevexebodeT, aRvniSnoT, rom am da sxva istoriuli faqtebis safuZvelze. k.
kekeliZe
akeTebda
savsebiT
safuZvlian
daskvnas:
,,XIII_XIV saukuneTa kulturuli mdgomareobis daxasiaTebisas Cvens istoriografiaSi gadaWarbebas unda hqondes adgili. Tqma ar unda, politikuri da ekonomikuri
cxovrebis autanel pirobebSi kulturuli cxovrebac
unda dakninebuliyo da daqveiTebuliyo wina periodTan
SedarebiT, da es asec moxda”. magram ,,sakmarisia movigonoT, rom im xanaSi gadawerilia mravali mniSvnelovani Txzuleba wina droisa da literaturisa,
SeTxzulia sayuradRebo Sromebi”. k. kekeliZe gulisx*
JamTaaRmwerelze ufro vrclad ix. winamdebare wignis IX Tavi.
51
mobs avtorebsa da Sromebs _ vinme ber mRvimels, ,,yovelTa aRmwerels”, Cven mier zemoganxilul JamTaaRmwerels da ,,xelmwifis karis garigebas”, beqas da aRbuRas
sakanonmdeblo Zeglebs da am dros Seqmnil agiografiul Txzulebebs20.
dokumenti, romelic Cven gvaqvs mxedvelobaSi, mose
janaSvilma aRmoaCina da pirvelad gamosca Tavis
,,saqarTvelos istoriaSi”. meored gamoqveynda da
gamokvleva daurTo k. kekeliZem21.
Tavis droze ,,anderZad” dasaTaurebuli es sabuTi
Semdegi Sinaarsisaa:
,,q. odes sanatrelman man patriarqman Cuenman equTime
moixila kaxeTs: anwuxisa saepiskopozoÁ da meriTgan
gardmovida waxurs, kekelisens da movlo sayrdani _
kasri samebisaÁ, yumi RmrTismSoblisaÁ, leqarTs wmidisa mociqulTa sworis ninoisi, zards wmidisa mTavarmowamisa giorgisi, vardians wmidisa haboÁsi, ganuxs
arCilisi, qiS-nuxs RmrTismSoblisaÁ, vardaSens eliasi,
Ta... sarans yovladwmidis mociqulis petreisi, kualad
sayrdarni xunZTa, naxcTa, ToSeTisa, nekresisa, lagoeTisa, belqanisa, maj-fifineTisa, derijan-muxan-mamrexisa, da yovelTa vakisa, ese igi ars Zuelisa movakanisa,
da elisanisani, verxvianiT zeganiT gamo vidre ivris
mdinaris CasarTavamde alazansa, _ da aman sanatrelman
equTime mibZana qurmuxisa mTavarepiskopossa da yovlisa
mTeulisa winamZRuarsa kÂrile donaursa gardawerinebad saxarebisa da wargzavnad TiTeulisa TÂs eklesiisa, meca gardavewerinen kakisa wmidisa barbares
taZrisa mRdelisa iase qitiaSvilisa da aTormetTa
misTa mowafeTa da warvgvzevnen saydarTa, monasterTa
da SÂdTa saswavlelTa TavsmdgomTadmi da vubrZane
swavlebad sjuli WeSmariti
filasofosebaÁ, mamaTa
cxorebaÁ, qarTlisa cxorebaÁ da cxorebaÁ alvaniisaÁ,
52
ese igi ars savanisaÁ, romeli dawera petre lagaZeman
da vinme somexman gadaiRo igi. da sakuTrad werilad
gamoacxada da somexTa advilad Cuelebisamebr, ufalo
ieso qriste, meox meqmen dResa gankiTxvisasa mTavarepiskopossa kÂriles. amin, amin! qoronikonsa fl,
Tuesa maissa id, dasabamiTgan xSid welTa”22.
es dokumenti mravalmxrivaa sayuradRebo. is zustad
TariRdeba, vinaidan xelnaweris boloSi aRniSnuli
orive TariRi, qristes dabadebidan da qveynis dasabamidan, rogorc k. kekeliZe aRniSnavs, iZleva 1310 wels.
amis garda, sabuTSi moxsenebuli patriarqi eqvTime is
piria, romelic qarTuli eklesiis saTaveSi idga XIV sis pirvel naxevarSi da moxsenebulia sxva istoriul
sabuTebSi mefe giorgi V brwyinvalesTan dakavSirebiT,
rogorc misi Tanamedrove da daaxlovebuli piri.
sabuTSi mocemuli cnobebi saqarTvelos mxolod
erT-erT nawils, aRmosavleTis mxares _ hereTs _ exeba,
sadac eklesiebisa da monastrebis ricxvi (sabuTSi
dasaxelebulia 20-mde eklesia, romelTa Soris Svidi
mainc monasteric unda yofiliyo) samonastro cxovrebisa da ganviTarebuli
kulturis sakmaod maRali
donis damamtkicbeli unda iyos. amas emateba is faqtic,
rom saqarTvelos eklesiis mesveuris gamgeblobaSi yofila Crdilo kavkasiis eklesiebi da, cxadia, misi mrevlic, am kuTxis mosaxleobis qristianobaze moqceuli
nawili.
garda eqvTimesi, sabuTSi moxseniebulia ,,qurmuxis
mTavarepiskoposi da yovlisa mTeulisa winamZRuari”
kirile donauri, romlis gamgeblobaSi yofila, sxvebs
Soris, erT-erTi taZari da misi mRvdeli iese qitiaSvili; am qitiaSvils gadaawerina da gadaamravlebina
mTavarepiskoposma saxareba da daavala, eklesiebisa da
monastrebisaTvis daerigebina. es davaleba iase qitia53
Svilma 12 mowafes Seasrulebina da gadawerili wignebi
Svid samonastro skolas gaugzavna.
yuradRebas imsaxurebs qitiaSvilis brZaneba, romliTac man, wignebis gagzavnasTan erTad, xsenebuli
skolebis meTaurebs mimarTa: eswavlebinaT skolebSi
saRmrTo sjulsa da mamaTa cxovrebasTan erTad saerTo
swavlebis sagnebi _ filosofia, qarTlis cxovreba da
albaneTis istoria. es ukanaskneli vinme petre lagaZes
dauweria da, Cans, iseTi mniSvneloba moupovebia, rom
Semdeg ,,vinme somexs” somxurad uTargmnia, da Tavis
sakuTar Txzulebad gausaRebia (,,sakuTrad dawerilad
gamoacxadao”, _ wers sabuTis avtori).
CvenTvis yvelaze metad sainteresoa am skolaSi
Sesaswavli saero sagnebi, gansakuTrebiT, filosofia.
romeli filosofia iswavleboda am dros xsenebul
saswavleblebSi da romeli avtori, an Txzuleba iyo iq
upiratesi Seswavlis sagani? am kiTxvaze pirdapiri
pasuxi ar arsebobs, mis garkvevas iribi mosazrebebi
sWirdeba. k. kekeliZe amasTan dakavSirebiT werda: ,,Cvens
skolebSi am dros filosofiaSi swavlobdnen umTavresad ioane petriwis Sromas ,,kavSirni RmrTismetyuelebiTni”23. imis dasamtkiceblad, rom xsenebul skolebSi es Sroma unda yofiliyo Seswavlis sagani, k.
kekeliZe im faqts imowmebs, rom is somxuradac iTargmna 1248 wels. es mosazreba safuZvliania da gasaTvaliswinebeli, magram SeiZleboda dagvezustebina, rom
,,kavSiri RvTismetyvelebiTni” petriwis Sroma araa, is,
rogorc cnobilia, neoplatonikos prokles ekuTvnis;
petriwi avtoria am Sromis komentarebisa, romelic
ramdenjerme aRemateba Tavad prokles traqtats da
sadac petriwis sakuTari Sexedulebania warmodgenili.
amgvari gaugebroba Zvel qarTul mwerlobaSic SeimCneva
da imiTaa gamowveuli, rom prokles teqstic da
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petriwis komentarebic erTi mTliani xelnaweris saxiT
vrceldeboda da erT saTaurs (,,kavSirni RvTismetyvelebiTni”) atarebda. magram, isic unda iTqvas, rom es ar
cvlis arsebiTad viTarebas, radgan im Sromis Seswavla,
romelic am saTauriT iyo cnobili, niSnavda proklesTan erTad petriwis Sexedulebebis Seswavlasac.
dasaxelebuli Sromis garda, zogierTi sxva faqti
da mosazreba saSualebas iZleva, rom gazardos Sua
saukuneebis pirobebSi popularul TxzulebaTa da
avtorTa ricxvi, romlebic Seswavlis sagani unda
yofiliyo. am dros erT-erTi farTod gavrcelebuli
avtori ara mxolod saqarTveloSi, aramed mTel qristianul aRmosavleTSi, iyo ioane damaskeli da misi
Txzuleba ,,gardamocemaÁ...”, romelic qarTulad orjer
iyo Targmnili, erTxel efrem mcires mier XII s-is
meore naxevarSi, xolo meored arsen iyalToelis mier
XIII s-is dasawyisSi. cnobilia, rom es Txzuleba
laTinuradac iTargmna XII s-is Sua wlebSi da iqac
sakmaod didi mniSvneloba moipova, petriwis zemoxsenebul SromasTan erTad da imave simeon pRinZahanqelim
qarTulad
Targmnili
Sroma
ioane
damaskelisa
qarTulidan somxurad gadaTargmna da am gziT somexi
mkiTxvelisTvis is cnobili gaxda.
dasmul kiTxvaze naTelis mofenis mizniT SeiZleba
gagveTvaliswinebina mogviano xanis cnobebic saqarTveloSi cnobili filosofosebisa da maTi Txzulebebis
Sesaxeb. davimowmeb SedarebiT adrindel cnobas, romelic sulxan-saba orbelians ekuTvnis da gamoTqmulia
misi leqsikonis winasityvaobaSi: ,,me sulxan-saba orbeliansa, Wabukobisa Jamsa Tana da siyrmesa, friadi Sroma damics ama wignsa zeda. rameTu qarTulTa enaTa leqsikoni aRar ipoeboda, rameTU JamTa viTarebiTa uCino
qmniliyo”24.
55
avtorebi, romlebic sabas gamouyenebia Tavisi
leqsikonis Sedgenis dros (,,saRmTo werilTa da
RmrTis metyuÀlebaTa Sina” TxzulebebTan erTad) da
romlebsac Tavad saba ,,filosofosTa wignebs” uwodebs,
Semdegia: pirvel rigSi dasaxelebulia ,,platonur
(filosofosTa) diadoxosi” prokle da misi Txzuleba
,,kavSirni RmrTismetyuÀlebiTni”. am saxelwodebiT cnobili Sroma, rogorc iTqva, Tavad petriwis Sexedulebebsac Seicavda. Semdeg aRniSnulia aristoteles ,,kategoriebi” porfiriosis SesavalTan erTad da Txzulebani nemesios emeselisa da ioane damaskelisa. aristoteles ,,kategoriebi” warmoadgens Sua saukuneebSi
antikuri filosofiis erT-erT yvelaze ufro gavrcelebul Zegls, romelic, neoplatonikos porfiriosis
SesavalTan erTad, vrceldeboda. es Txzuleba Targmna
ioane petriwma, romelsac Cvenamde ar mouRwevia, magram
XIV s-Si igi SeiZleba jer kidev gamoyenebuli iyo.
nemesios emeseli IV s-is cnobili moRvawe, qristiani
neoplatonikosi, romlis mTavari Txzuleba ,,bunebisaTvis kacisa” Targmna imave petriwma. dasasrul, sabas
mier miTiTebuli ioane damaskelis mTavari Txzuleba
,,gardamocemaÁ...”, rogorc iTqva, ori Targmanis saxiT
vrceldeboda Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi.
56
meoTxe Tavi
Teoriuli filosofiis problemebi
XVII-XVIII saukuneebis qarTul azrovnebaSi
$1. sulxan-saba orbeliani, zurab SanSovani,
vaxuSti batoniSvili, iese CubinaSvili
sulxan-saba orbeliani _ didi qarTveli mwerali,
mwignobari, leqsikografi da politikuri moRvawe;
daibada 1658 wels sofel tanZiaSi (bolnisis raioni)
didgvarovani feodalis ojaxSi, romelic daaxloebuli
iyo qarTlis samefo karTan (sulxan-saba orbelianis
mama qarTlis samefos mdivanbegi iyo). man safuZvliani
ganaTleba miiRo samefo karze, romelic maSin kulturisa da ganaTlebis centrs warmoadgenda; mas megobruli urTierToba hqonda vaxtang V-is (Sah-navazis)
ganaTlebul vaJebTan _ mis mamidaSvilebTan. sulxansaba imTaviTve gamorCeoda ara mxolod saero da saeklesio literaturis Rrma codniT, aramed agreTve
sibrZniT, gonerebiT. swored amitom mas miandves taxtis
memkvidris _ SemdgomSi cnobili mefis vaxtang VI-is
aRzrda.
eriskacobaSi orbelians sulxani erqva. magram 1698
wels politikuri viTarebis gamo berad aRikveca
daviT garejis ioane naTlismcemlis monasterSi sabas
saxeliT. amis miuxedavad, mas xeli ar auRia sazogadoebriv moRvaweobaze. vaxtang VI-is gamefebis Semdeg
igi samefo karze gavlenian figuras warmoadgenda. 17131716 wlebSi mefis davalebiT diplomatiuri misiiT
imogzaura safrangeTsa da italiaSi, Tumca am misias,
garTulebuli saerTaSoriso viTarebis gamo, dadebiTi
57
Sedegi ar mohyolia. sulxan-sabas mogzauroba evropis
qveynebSi aRwerilia mis wignSi ,,mogzauroba evropaSi”,
romelic dRiuris formiT aris Sedgenili da prozauli damwerlobis SesaniSnav nimuSs warmoadgens.
imave politikuri da patriotuli motivebiT sulxansaba orbelinma miiRo kaTolikuri aRmsarebloba, rac
mas dasavleT evropis qveynebTan daaxloebis saSualebad miaCnda.
1724 wels sulxan-saba kvlav politikuri misiiT
moskovSi gaemgzavra, raTa niadagi moemzadebina vaxtang
VI-is ruseTSi gamgzavrebisTvis, magram am misiis Sesruleba mas ar dascalda. xandazmuli mwerali, mecnieri da diplomati gardaicvala moskovSi 1725 wlis
ianvarSi. dakrZalulia vsesviatskoeSi.
1. filosofiis sagani
sulxan-saba orbelianis mTavari mecnieruli naSromia ,,qarTuli leqsikoni”, romelsac vaxtang VI-em ,,sityvis kona” uwoda. es ar aris leqsikoni Cveulebrivi gagebiT, masSi leqsikografiuli masalis garda, mocemulia sxvadasxva mecnieruli, maT Soris, filosofiuri
cnebebis ganmarteba, romelSic naTlad Cans misi
avtoris msoflmxedveloba.
samwerlo-literaturuli moRvaweobis sferoSi sulxan-saba orbelianis mTavari Txzulebaa igav-arakebis
krebuli _ ,,wigni sibrZne sicruisa”, romelsac didi
didaqtikuri, eTikuri da pedagogiuri mniSvneloba aqvs.
sulxan-saba orbelianis kalams ekuTvnis agreTve
sasuliero naSromebi (,,samoTxis kari”, ,,swavlani”, himnografiuli Txzulebani da sxv.,) poeturi nawarmoebebi,
masve ekuTvnis ,,qilila da damanas” saboloo redaqcia
da sxv.
58
amJamad Cven sulxan-saba orbeliani gvainteresebs,
rogorc filosofiuri moazrovne, romelic SeiZleba
Seswavlil iqnas misi mTavari mecnieruli naSromis
,,sityvis kona”-s mixedviT. am leqsikonSi uxvad warmodgenilia filosofiuri ideebic.
avtori ama Tu im filosofiuri terminis ganmartebisas garkveuli filosofiuri koncefciidan amodis
da, rogorc mosalodnelia, es koncefcia obieqturidealisturia, ufro xSirad ki Teologiuri. leqsikonze muSaobis procesSi igi umeteswilad sxvadasxva
wyaros emyareba, magram es garemoeba ar ukargavs am
Txzulebas originaluris Rirebulebas. erTi da igive
terminis sxvadasxva ganmartebidan sulxan-saba irCevs
imas, romelic misi filosofiuri msoflmxedvelobisTvis ufro misaRebia. amis Sesaxeb TviTon miuTiTebs
wignis SesavalSi (,,anderZnamagi”), ,,romelman damajera
igi davwereo”1. amitom leqsikonSi warmodgenili filosofiuri ideebi sulxan-saba orbelianis filosofiur
koncefciad unda CaiTvalos, imis miuxedavad, rom igi
umeteswilad sxvadasxva avtorebidan aris aRebuli.
leqsikonis wyaroebs, saidanac sulxan-saba sargeblobs, TviTon asaxelebs. es aris prokles wigni
,,kavSirni RvTismetyvelebiTni” (ioane petriwis TargmaniTa da misive komentarebiT), aristotelesa da porfiriosis kategoriebi, nemesios emeselis ,,bunebisaTvis
kacisa” da ioane damaskelis ,,codnis wyaro” (gansakuTrebiT misi pirveli nawili ,,dialeqtika”). rasakvirvelia, mas xelT hqonda sxva wignebic, magram maTgan
sulxan-saba martooden im Txzulebebs asaxelebs,
romelTac, etyoba, yvelaze ZiriTadad Tvlida.
,,sityvis konaSi” warmodgenil filosofiur ideebs
upiratesad saganmanaTleblo mniSvneloba hqonda. mis
Sesaxeb TviTon sulxan-sabac miuTiTebs. zemoaRniSnuli
59
avtorebis Txzulebani ,,aRvwere ara maTebr RularWnilad, aramed saadviloni aRvweren, raTa iswaon ena
qarTuli”.
sulxan-saba orbeliani, romelic qarTuli leqsikonis Sedgenisas zemoaRniSnuli neoplatonuri da Teologiuri xasiaTis TxzulebebiT sargeblobda, filosofiis sagnad Tvlida zebunebrivi, metafizikuri sinamdvilis Semecnebas, romelic aristotelesa da neoplatonikosebis naazrevSi miCneuli iyo idealur, RvTaebriv realobad. aRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT, sruliad
usafuZvlo da Seuwynarebelia mosazreba sulxan-saba
orbelianis filosofiuri msoflmxedvelobis materialisturi da aTeisturi xasiaTis Sesaxeb2.
eWvgareSea, rom sulxan-saba orbelianis msoflmxedveloba ekuTvnis idealistur-Teologiur mimarTulebas,
xolo sulxan-saba filosofiis sagnad pirvel rigSi
zebunebrivi (aramaterialuri) sinamdvilis Semecnebas
Tvlis.
sulxan-saba orbelianis filosofiur msoflmxedvelobaSi gansakuTrebuli adgili uWiravs ontologiursa
da logikur problemebs. amitom Cven am moazrovnis
filosofiur msoflmxedvelobas am kuTxiT ganvixilavT.
2. ontologiuri ideebi
ontologiuri problemebidan sulxan-saba orbeliani
did yuradRebas uTmobs arsebisa da arsis, aucilebeli
da SemTxveviTi arsis erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebas. misi
ontologiuri Sexedulebebis centralur cnebas ,,myofi” anu arsi, arsebuli warmoadgens. ,,myofi _ aRniSnavs
igi, _ zogadi saxeli ars yovelTa myofTa”3. es niSnavs,
rom arsebulis (,,myofis”) cneba yovelgvar arsebuls
moicavs. amitom igi uzogadesia, pirveladi cnebaa,
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romelsac gvari ara aqvs. es is cnebaa, romelic hegelma
ukiduresi abstraqtulobis gamo ararss gauigiva. myofi
e.i. arsebuli SeiZleba iyos arsebiTi an araarsebiTi
anu aucilebeli an SemTxveviTi. ,,xolo es myofi ganiyofebis arsebisa mimarT da SemTxuÀTisa”4. aq igulisxmeba, rom arseba aucileblobiT arsebulia, magram arsebobs SemTxveviTad myofic anu SemTxveviTad arsebulic;
myofis anu arsebobis cneba ki orives moicavs; amaSi
mdgomareobs misi uzogadesoba.
arsis (,,myofis”) cnebidan sulxan-saba arsebis cnebaze gadadis. ,,arseba _ aRniSnavs igi, - ukuÀ ars saqme
TaviT TÂsiT myofi da ara moqene sxvisa Semtkicebisa
mimarT”5. aq gamoTqmulia arsebis cnebis tradiciuli
gansazRvreba: arseba aris TavisTavad, obieqturad,
sxvisgan damoukideblad arsebuli arsi, romelic sxvis
arsebobas ar saWiroebs. cxadia, rom am SemTxvevaSi
laparakia substanciuri arsebis Sesaxeb, romelic araferze ar aris damokidebuli, upiroboa, absoluturia.
sulxan-sabam aristoteledan uTuod kargad icis, rom
nebismieri arseba substanciis niSnebis matarebelia, vinaidan igi yovelTvis aris gamoTqmis subieqti da arasodes predikati. swored aseTia aristoteles kategoriaTa sistemaSi ,,usias” (arsebis) kategoria. substanciurobis niSnis miuxedavad, nebismieri arseba rodia
substancia, absoluturi. aseTia mxolod ukanaskneli
instanciis arseba anu arsebaTa arseba, romelic erTi
da erTaderTia. am cnebis qveS ki klasikur azrovnebaSi
mxolod da mxolod RmerTi moiazreboda.
myofis anu arsebulis meore sferoa SemTxveviTi,
SemTxveviTad myofi. sulxan-sabas azriT, SemTxveviTi
aris ,,ver SemZlebeli Tavisa Soris TÂssa yofisa,
aramed sxÂsa Soris mqonebeli yofisaÁ. oriveni ese
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myof ars”6. aq ukve aSkarad Cans arsebisa da SemTxveviTis anu substanciurisa da aqcidenciuris dapirispireba. arseba, rogorc substanciuri arsi, aucileblobiT arsebobs; igi sxvis arsebobaze ar aris damokidebuli. SemTxveviTi ki, ,,ver SemZlebelia Tavisa Soris
TÂssa yofisa”. e.i. mas Tavisi Tavis arsebobis uzrunvelyofa ar SeuZlia, sxvisgan damoukideblad ki ar
arsebobs, aramed aris ,,sxÂsa Soris mqonebeli yofisaÁ”.
e.i. misi arseboba sxvazea damokidebuli, sxvis mimarT
da sxvis safuZvelze arsebobs, ris gamoc misi amgvarad
arseboba SemTxveviTia. am principuli gansxvavebis miuxedavad,, „oriveni ese myof ars”, orive arsis sferos
miekuTvneba anu orive arsebobs, orive arsebulia.
es Tvalsazrisi arsebisa da arsis anu aucilebelisa da SemTxveviTis Sesaxeb kidev ufro vrclad
ganmeorebulia terminTan ,,naTesavi”. ,,myofsa egreT
gansazRvreben: myofi ukuÀ ars anu TviTguamoani saqme
da ara moqene sxuisaÁ Semtkicebisa mimarT. anu ver
SemZlebeli TaviT TÂisiT yofad, arames sxuisa Soris
mqonebeli yofisaÁ. xolo arsebaÁ saqme ars, TÂT TaviT
TÂsiT myofi da ara moqvne sxÂsaÁ Semtkicebisa mimarT;
xolo SemTxveviTi vidremde saqme ver SemZlebeli TviT
TÂsiT yofisaÁ, aramed sxvisa Soris mqonebeli yofisa.
aha arca arsebaman miiTuala yoveli sazRvari myofisaÁ,
arca SemTxÀviTman, aramed arsebaman kerZoÁ da SemTxveviTman sxuaÁ igi kerZoÁ”7. aq sulxan-saba imeorebs
,,myofis” (arsis) klasifikacias arsebad (aucileblobiT
arsebulad)
da
SemTxveviTad.
amasTan,
damatebiT
aRniSnavs, rom verc arseba da verc SemTxveviTi mTel
myofs ver moicavs, arseba da SemTxveviTi sxvadasxvaa.
arsebis aucilebloba misi absoluturobis gamomxatvelia. marTalia, yvela arseba absoluturi ar aris,
62
magram igi, rogorc arseba, yovelTvis absoluturobis,
TavisTavadobis niSans atarebs; sxvagvarad igi arsebac
ar iqneba. sulxan-saba ar akonkretebs arsebisa da
substanciis urTierTobas, Torem mas SeeZlo erTmaneTisgan ganesxvavebina arasubstanciuri da substanciuri
arseba, eCvenebina maTi msgavseba-gansxvaveba. arsebisa da
movlenis anu substanciurisa da aqcidentaluris
(SemTxveviTis) ,,naTesaobas” igi imaSi xedavs, rom orive
myofis sferos ekuTvnis, orive arsebobs.
sulxan-saba Tvlis, rom materialuri da idealuri
erTmaneTisgan principulad gansxvavdeba. isini SeiZleba
erTad
arsebobdnen,
magram
maT
Soris
arsebiTi
gansxvaveba ucvleli rCeba. magaliTad, adamiani RmerTma
materialurisgan Seqmna, magram mas idealuri suli
STabera. amitom adamiani materialuri (sxeulisa) da
idealuris (sulis) erTianobaa. ,,kaci dabada RmerTman
xatebisa da msgavsebisaebr TÂisisa, nivTebTa mier xorci Seamzada, sulisa gonierisa da sityÂierisa STaberviTa mimniWebelgan”8. amis miuxedavad, ar SeiZleba imis
Tqma, rom sulxan-saba orbeliani TiTqos fsiqofizikuri paralelizmis poziciebze dgas. marTalia, cocxali arseba, kerZod, adamiani, materialurisa da idealurisgan anu sxeulisa da sulisgan Sedgeba da, rogorc
ori sxvadasxva bunebis mqone arsi, TiTqos erTmaneTisgan damoukidebelia, magram sinamdvileSi aqtiur
Zalas mainc suli warmoadgens, romelic sxeuls
,,marTavs”. sulxan-saba am SemTxvevaSic idealisturi
monizmis poziciebze darCa. igi xSirad sargeblobs
wminda nawerebiT (,,biblia”), rac erTxel kidev adasturebs imas, rom misi msoflmxedveloba idealisturTeologiuria da ara materialisturi, miT umetes
aTeisturi. igi amave poziciebze rCeba igav-arakebis
wignSi ,,sibrZne-sicruisa”.
63
ontologiur problemebTan mWidrod dakavSirebulia
sulxan-saba orbelianis logikuri ideebi.
3. logikuri ideebi
saerTod unda iTqvas, rom logikur problematikas
qarTuli filosofiuri azrovnebis istoriaSi arasodes
yuradReba ar moklebia. interesi logikisadmi arasodes
ar gamqrala TviT qarTveli eris Znelbedobis periodSic. XIII-XIV saukuneebSic ki, roca saqarTvelo monRolTa uRels qveS gminavda, qarTveli mwignobarni ar
iviwyebdnen im mdidar filosofiur tradiciebs, romelic gelaTisa da iyalTos akademiebSi antikuri filosofiis SemoqmedebiTi aTvisebis mimarTulebiT damkvidrda. swored am epoqaSi xelaxla gadaiwera ioane
damaskelis
,,dialeqtika”,
efrem mciresa da arsen
iyalToelis TargmaniT. aseve gadaweres V-VI saukunis
neoplatonikosis, aristoteles cnobili komentatoris
amonios hermias (ermisis) Txzuleba ,,mosaxsenebeli
aTTa katiRoriaTadmi aristotelisaTa“, romelic qarTul enaze Targmnili iyo XII saukunis qarTveli moazrovnis ioane tariWisZis mier9. XIV saukuneSi kaTalikosma basilma berZnulidan qarTul enaze Targmna
berZeni neoplatonikosis, aristoteles komentatorisa
da cnobili logikosis porfiriosis Txzuleba. am
naSromebSi Camoyalibebulia logikuri koncefcia, romelic antikuri epoqis berZeni filosofosebidan
(ZiriTad aristoteledan) iRebs dasabams. XVI saukuneSi
gadaweres petriwis Txzuleba, romelSic agreTve
logikur problematikas soliduri adgili uWiravs.
gansakuTrebiT gaZlierda interesi filosofiisadmi
da, kerZod, logikisadmi XVII saukunidan. mis Sesaxeb
saintereso cnobebs gvawvdis erT-erTi sirieli mwerali, romelmac aRwera misi mamis antioqiis patriarqis
64
mogzauroba sxvadasxva qveynebSi, maT Soris saqarTvelooSic. patriarqi gancvifrebaSi mouyvania qarTvelebis codnas gansakuTrebiT logikis dargSi. patriarqi
makari saqarTveloSi Camovida 1664 wels17.
sulxan-saba orbelianis logikuri ideebi ZiriTadad
Camoyalibebulia mis ,,qarTul leqsikonSi”. specialur
literaturaSi araerTgzis miTiTebulia am leqsikonis
wyaroebze da mas aRar gavimeorebT11.
sulxan-sabas logikuri ideebi, umetes SemTxvevaSi
originaluri ar aris; igi sxvadasxva avtorTagan aris
aRebuli; es bunebrivia, vinaidan igi werda ara
filosofiur traqtats, aramed ganmartebiT leqsikons,
rac mas avaldebulebda, rom sxvadasxva moazrovnis
ideebi miewodebina qarTveli mkiTxvelisTvis. magram es
garemoeba xels ar uSlis imas, rom sulxan-sabas
filosofiur msoflmxedvelobaze, mis logikur ideebze
vilaparakoT. saqme is aris, rom sulxan-saba ganurCevlad ki ar alagebs sxvis naazrevs, aramed detalurad
aanalizebs maT, gansjis da, rogorc TviTon wers,
miiRebs im variants, ,,romelman daajera”12. Ees garemoeba
uflebas gvaZlevs, rom ,,leqsikonSi” warmodgenili
filosofiuri koncefciis mixedviT sulxan-saba orbelianis filosofiur msoflmxedvelobaze vimsjeloT.
TiTqmis analogiuri viTareba gvaqvs am da momdevno
epoqis sxva moazrovneebTanac (anton pirveli, ioane
bagrationi, daviT bagrationi da sxva.)
sulxan-saba orbeliani ganixilavs aristoteles
moZRvrebas kategoriebis Sesaxeb, CamoTvlisa da ganmartavs aT kategorias: ,,aoba” (anu arseba), ,,raisamimarTi”,
,,raodenoba”, ,,viTareba”, ,,sada”, ,,odesi”, ,,qoneba”, ,,deba”, ,,vneba” da ,,moqmedeba”. igi, aristoteles kvaldakval, miuTiTebs arsebis (,,usias”) kategoriis pirvelad
65
mniSvnelobaze. arsebis aRmniSvnel terminad igi xmarobs ,,myofs” da aRniSnavs, rom ,,myofi zogadi saxeli
ars arsebisa da SemTxÀviTisa, rameTu arseba TaviT
TÂsiT myofi ars da ara sxvisa Soris mqonebeli“13. es
niSnavs, rom arseboba anu arsi (,,myofi”) exeba yvelafers _ arsebasac da imasac, rac SemTxveviTia. igulisxmeba, rom arseba ar aris SemTxveviTi, igi aucilebelia, vinaidan ,,TÂiT TÂsiT”, e.i. TavisTavad arsebobs, upiroboa, damoukidebelia anu absoluturia, xolo is, rac sxvis mimarT da sxvis safuZvelze arsebobs,
SemTxveviTs warmoadgens. sityva ,,naTesavTan” dakavSirebiT sulxan-saba orbeliani kidev erTxel ganmartavs
arsebisa da SemTxveviTis (arsebiTisa da ararsebiTis)
cnebebs. ,,arsebaÁ saqme ars, TÂiT TaviT TÂisiT myofi
da ara moÁqene sxÂsaÁ Semtkicebisa mimarT. xolo
SemTxueÂiTi vidreme saqme ver SemZlebeli TÂiT TÂisiT
myofisaÁ, aramed sxvisa Soris mqonebeli yofisa”14.
Semdeg mocemulia arsebis kategoriis diferenciacia
sxvadasxva saxeebad. kerZod, arseba SeiZleba iyos sxeulebrivi da usxeulo, sxeuli SeiZleba iyos sulieri
da usulo, sulieri _ mgrZnobeli da ugrZnobeli,
mgrZnobeli cxoveli _ metyveli da pirutyvi, metyveli
_ mokdavi da ukvdavi, mokdavi calkeul adamianad da
calkeul cxovelad. ,,naTesavis” es danawileba sqemis
saxiT aris warmodgenili15.
SemTxveviTobis kategorias sulxan-saba aristoteles mixedviT gansazRvravs. cnobilia, rom aristotele
SemTxveviTs uwodebda imas, rasac SeuZlia yofnac da
ar yofnac, e.i. risi arseboba aucilebeli ar aris.
,,SemTxÀeviTi ars... _ wers sulxan-saba, _ romelisa
SesaZlebel ars missive yofaÁ da arayofaÁ, rameTu
SesaZlebel ars kacisa TeTr yofaÁ”16.
66
sulxan-saba ganmartavs msjelobis formebs dadebiTsa da uaryofiTs (,,warTqma” da ,,ukuTqma”); yoveli
msjeloba, misi azriT, an dadebiTia an uaryofiTi
(,,esreT ars yoveli warTqmaÁ da ukuTqmaÁ”)17. rogoc
vxedavT, aq laparakia msjelobis formebze, romelic
aristoteles droidan sakmaod cnobilia.
silogisturi daskvnebis garCevisas sulxan-saba,
ioane petriwis kvaldakval, arCevs wanamZRvrebs, saSualo terminsa da danaskvs, romelTac berZnul saxelebs
uwodebs. amasTan, igi aRniSnavs saSualo terminis gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas. yovelgvari Semecneba, amtkicebs igi, saSulo terminis saSualebiT sruldeba.
sulxan-saba orbeliani aristoteles silogizmis
empiristul gagebas emxroba, magram ar uaryofs diskursiuli azrovnebis rolsac. sulxan-saba orbeliani petriwis msoflmxevelobas misdevs da fiqrobs, rom logika da Semecnebis Teoria ganuyrelia.
aseTia zogadad sulxan-saba orbelianis SemoqmedebaSi filosofiuri ideebi (filosofiis sagani, ontologia, logika).
4. zurab SanSovani, vaxuSti batoniSvili, iese CubinaSvili
XVIII saukunis pirvel naxevarSi friad sayuradRebo
iyo zurab SanSovanis moRvaweoba logikis dargSi. z.
SanSovani ZiriTadad gramatikosi iyo, magram mis kalams
ekuTvnis ara mxolod saenaTmecniero naSromebi, aramed
filosofiuric. igi vaxuSti batoniSvilTan (1696-1757)
iyo daaxloebuli da misive SekveTiT eweoda mTargmnelobiT saqmianobas. z. SanSovanma somxuridan Targmna
aristoteles Txzuleba ,,aTni queTqmulebani” da ,,peri
67
hermeneias” daviT anhaRTis komentarebis CaTvliT,
,,agreTve xuTni xmani porfirisa” da sxva.
vaxuSti batoniSvilma da zurab SanSovanma moskovSi
yofnisas Seadgines saenaTmecniero filosofiuri krebuli, romelSic Sevida: qarTuli enis gramatika da
filosofiuri (logikuri) Txzulebani: porfiriosis
,,Seyvanileba”, aristoteles ,,peri hermeneias”, moZRvreba
aristoteles kategoriebis Sesaxeb da originaluri
Txzuleba, romelSic gamokvleulia aristoteles 10
kategoriis gamoyeneba TeologiaSi. enaTmecnieruli da
filosofiuri Txzulebebis erT krebulSi moTavseba,
etyoba, SemTxveviTi ar iyo. rogorc gr. kalandariSvili SeniSnavs, krebulis avtorebi (vaxuSti batoniSvili da zurab SanSovani) ,,logikas gramatikis gagrZelebad Tvlidnen”18.
gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa z. SanSovanis originaluri Txzuleba aTi kategoriis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb. am
naSromSi avtori, uwinares yovlisa, gadmoscems aristoteles Tvalsazriss substanciisa da aqcidenciis
Sesaxeb. substancia aris is, rac TavisTavad arsebobs
da Tavisi arsebobisTvis sxva raimes arsebobas ar
saWiroebs. aseTia mxolod RmerTi. maSasadame, substanciis qveS z. SanSovans esmis RmerTi. aqcidencia ki aris
is, rac sxvazea damokidebuli, kerZod, damokidebulia
substanciaze. aseTi SeiZleba iyos mxolod SemTxveviTi.
substanciisa da aqcidenciis es aristoteluri gageba
z. SanSovans aRebuli aqvs ioane petriwis ,,ganmartebaÁ”dan.
z. SanSovani amtkicebs, rom vinaidan RmerTis bunebaSi ar aris araviTari SemTxveviTi da aqcidentaluri,
amitom aristoteles moZRvreba kategoriebis Sesaxeb
gamosayenebelia (,,saxmarad iqmnebian”) mxolod im
nivTebis mimarT, romlebic materiisa da formisagan
68
aris Sedgenili. RmerTi ki mxolod formaa da arsebobs
SemTxveviTobis gareSe (,,viTarmed arsad iwodebis
RmerTi, raTa man mxolod ars saxe Tvinier nivTisa ars,
da arseba Tvinier SemTxveviTisa”)19. swored amitom
RmerTis mimarT aristoteles yvela kategoriis gamoyeneba SeuZlebelia. aris mxolod erTaderTi kategoria
_ substanciis, arsebis _ kategoria, romelic RmerTis
mimarT gamodgeba. RmerTi aris yvelafris arseba,
qvemdebare, substancia da, cxadia, substanciis kategoria RmerTs unda asaxavdes.
anton pirvelisa da baumaisteris filosofiuri
Txzulebebis aSkara gavlena SeiniSneba SedarebiT
gviandeli qarTveli moazrovnis _ iese CubinaSvilis
(1780-1821) ,,logikaSi”, romelic man dawera Tbilisis
seminariebis saxelmZRvanelod, sadac igi seminarielebs
qarTul gramatikasa da logikas aswavlida.
am naSromSi i. CubinaSvili gvevlineba rogorc
obieqturi idealisti da Teologi; am poziciebidan
gadmoscems igi filosofiisa da logikis sakiTxebs.
logika mas esmis rogorc WeSmaritebis miRwevis
saSualeba. amdenad logikisa da Semecnebis Teorias
Soris kavSirs amyarebs. sakmarisia gavixsenoT, rom
tradiciul formalur logikas logika esmis ara
rogorc WeSmaritebis wvdomis iaraRi, aramed rogorc
mecniereba swori azrovnebis Sesaxeb. i. CubinaSvilis
mosazreba am SemTxvevaSi tradiciuli logikisgan
gansxvavdeba.
magram es gansaxvaveba kvlav antonisa da baumaisterisagan modis. avtori TiTqmis kvaldakval misdevs
baumaisteris ,,logikas” da mxolod koniuqturuli
TvalsazrisiT Tu scildeba mas. baumaisteris mixedviT
igi laparakobs bunebrivsa da xelovnur logikaze; am
ukanasknels Tvlis moZRvrebad logikuri azrovnebis
69
formebis Sesaxeb. i. CubinaSvilis azriT, cnebis zogadoba Seqmnilia azrovnebis mier individualuri sagnebisa da movlenebis Semecnebis procesSi. yvelaferi es
gadmocemulia baumaisteris ,,logikis” mixedviT. msjelobas i. CubinaSvili winadadebasTan kavSirSi ganixilavs. igi miuTiTebs gramatikasa da logikas Soris
kavSirze, rac sruliad bunebrivi iyo misTvis, rogorc
gramatikosisaTvis. magaliTad, igi ,,logikaSi” laparakobs sintaqsis Sesaxeb. g. kalandariSvili fiqrobs, rom
SesaZlebelia i. CubinaSvils ,,logika” misive ,,gramatikis” gagrZelebad miaCnda20.
msjelobasTan dakavSirebiT i. CubinaSvili laparakobs subieqtze, predikatsa da kopulaze, romlebic
gagebulia agreTve tradiciuli logikis mixedviT.
daskvnas igi Tvlis ori winadadebidan mesamis gamoyvanad. aqac aSkarad igrZnoba logikisa da gramatikis
kavSiri.
i. CubinaSvilis ,,logika”, rogoroc vTqviT, seminariaSi saxelmZRvanelod iyo gankuTvnili da mas, rogorc saxelmZRvanelos, originaluroba ar moeTxoveboda. es Txzuleba Sedgenilia anton pirvelisa da pr.
baumaisteris logikuri ideebis mixedviT da mxolod
iSviaT SemTxvevaSi Tu gadauxvevs mas. es iSviaTi gadaxvevebi ZiriTadad maSin igrZnoba, roca saqme logikisa
da gramatikis urTierTobas Seexeba. vinaidan es Txzuleba arsebiTad imeorebs winamorbed moazrovneebs (umTavresad antonisa da baumaisteris ideebs), amitom misi
Sinaarsis ufro vrceli gadmocemisagan Tavs SevikavebT21.
70
$2. anton pirveli
(1720-1788)
XVIII saukunis meore naxevris didi qarTveli moazrovne, mecnieri, filosofosi, sazogado da saeklesio
moRvawe anton pirveli daibada 1720 wels. igi iyo
qarTlis mefis ieses Ze, Teimuraz meoris disSvili,
erekle meores mamidaSvili. berad aRkvecamde cnobili
iyo Teimuraz bagrationis saxeliT. igi izrdeboda
Telavis samefo sasaxleSi erekle meoresTan erTad
(isini erTi wlis moziareni iyvnen). axalgazrdobidanve
daewafa swavla-ganaTlebas, miiRo safuZvliani codna,
filosofiasa da sxva mecnierebebSi (fizika, gramatika
da sxv.). 1738 wels berad aRikveca gelaTis monasterSi
antonis saxeliT. erTxans igi iyo gelaTis monastris
winamZRvari (1739), quTaisis mitropoliti (1740), xolo
1744 wels ki axalgazrda, 24 wlis antoni saqarTvelos
kaTalikosad akurTxes. am periodidan iwyeba misi intensiuri, daZabuli Teoriuli da praqtikuli moRvaweoba
filosofiis, mecnierebis, mwerlobis, saeklesio da
saero asparezze, rac misi sicocxlis bolomde ar
Sewyvetila.
1752 wels anton pirvelma dawera originaluri
filosofiuri Txzuleba ,,spekali”, romelSic gadmocemulia
berZnul
da
laTinurenovani
filosofiur
moazrovneTa (platoni, aristotele, albert didi da
sxv.) ZiriTadi ideebi. am saqmeSi mas daxmarebas (konsultaciebs) uwevdnen TbilisSi mcxovrebi kaTolike
misionerebi. es sababad gamoiyenes antonis mtrebma da
,,gakaTolikeba” (kaTolikuri aRmsareblobis miReba)
daswames, ris gamoc 1755 wels kaTalikosobidan gadaayenes. momdevno wels igi ruseTSi gaemgzavra
da
71
1757-1762 wlebSi iyo vladimiris eparqiis mTavarepiskoposi, romelic maSindel ruseTSi did Tanamdebobas
warmoadgenda. ruseTSi yofnisas man kidev ufro aqtiurad ganagrZo samecniero da mTargmnelobiTi moRvaweoba. laTinuri enidan Targmna kr. baumaisteris filosofiis sruli kursi, volfis ,,Teoriuli fisika” (rusulidan), kvintos kurciosis mravaltomiani (aTi wigni)
Txzuleba ,,istoria aleqsandre makedonelisa” da sxv.
naTargmn Txzulebebs TbilisSi gzavnida mis mier
daarsebuli Tbilisis sasuliero seminariis (1755)
msmenelTa saxelmZRvaneloebad. Teimuraz meoris (erekle meoris mamis) gardacvalebis Semdeg ereklem qarTlkaxeTis samefoebi gaaerTiana da anton pirveli moiwvia
TbilisSi, sadac igi kvlav akurTxes kaTalikosad. 1782
wels antonis TaosnobiT gaixsna Telavis seminaria.
antonma Tavis garSemo Semoikriba ganaTlebuli qarTveli mwignobrebi (t. gabaSvili, d. nekreseli, a. Wyondideli da sxv.), Caudga maT saTaveSi da daiwyo intensiuri mTargmnelobiTi moRvaweoba. amasTan erTad,
antoni wers originalur filosofiur, enaTmecnierul,
poetursa da Teologiur Txzulebebs. filosofiaSi mis
kalams, garda ,,spekalisa” da baumaisteris filosofiuri Txzulebebis Targmanebisa, ekuTvnis ,,katiRoria
simetneÁ”. didi Rirebulebisaa misi ,,qarTuli Rramatika”, ,,wyobilsityvaoba”, ,,mzametyveleba”, ,,RvTismetyveleba” (oTx tomad) da a.S. antoni gardaicvala 1788
wels, dakrZalulia mcxeTis sveticxovlis taZarSi
erekle meoris gverdiT22.
1. filosofiis sagani
anton pirveli mravalmxrivi mecnieri iyo. misi Teoriuli interesebis sferoSi, garda filosofiisa, Sedioda enaTmecnierebis, fizikis, RvTismetyvelebis prob72
lemebi. magram Tu misi mecnieruli memkvidreobis
mixedviT vimsjelebT, davrwmundebiT, rom mis mTavar
interess mainc filosofia warmoadgenda. am sferoSi ki
igi, uwinares yovlisa, filosofiis sagnis gansazRvrebiT iyo dainteresebuli, romlis saSualebiT unda moxdes, erTi mxriv, filosofiis gansxvaveba sxva (specialuri) mecnierebebisgan, xolo, meore mxriv, filosofiuri disciplinebis klasifikacia.
filosofiis sagnis gamorkveva filosofiis cnebis
gansazRvrebis aucilebeli pirobaa. amasTan, antonisTvis cnobilia filosofiis sagnis gansazRvrebis sirTule. igi ,,spekalSi” aRniSnavs, rom ,,aravisda Zal
warweraÁ filosofiisa erTiTa sityviTa”23., e.i aravis
ZaluZs, rom filosofiis cnebis Sinaarsi erTi gansazRvrebiT (,,erTi sityviT”) srulyofilad gamoxatoso.
filosofiis cnebis tradiciuli gansazRvrebani antons
ar akmayofilebs. iqve antoni ganixilavs filosofiis
cnebis sxvadasxva gansazRvrebas, romlis avtorebic
arian rogorc RvTismetyvelni, aseve filosofosebi.
marTalia, arc erT aq motanil gansazRvrebas antoni ar
eTanxmeba, magram TiToeul maTganSi racionalur marcvals xedavs.
filosofiis cnebis yvelaze zogad gansazRvrebad,
romelic am sityvis etimologiur mniSvnelobas emyareba, antoni imas Tvlis, rom igi aris ,,sibrZnis moyvareoba, ese igi filosofia”24.
antoni imowmebs platonis, aristoteles, amoniosis,
baumaisteris da sxva moazrovneebis Tvalsazrisebs
filosofiis sagnis Sesaxeb. ,,spekalSi” mas moaqvs
platonis azri filosofiis sagnis Sesaxeb. ,,ityvis
didi platon: filosofia ariso mecniereba saRmrToTa
da kacobrivTa saqmeTa”.
73
platonma, antonis azriT, arsis sfero (,,myofni”) or
nawilad gayo: RvTaebrivad da kacobrivad (anu imqveyniurad da amqveyniurad). am SemTxvevaSi, cxadia, mxedvelobaSia platonis moZRvreba ideebis samyarosa da
bunebis Sesaxeb. ideebi RvTaebrivi arsia, idealuria,
namdvil sinamdviles warmoadgens. buneba ki, rogorc
ideebis samyaros mibaZva, arsisa da ararsis erTianobaa,
amqveyniuri, warmavali sinamdvilea. am gansazRvrebidan
gamomdinareobs, rom filosofia orives swavlobs _
rogorc namdvil sinamdviles (,,WeSmarit arss”), aseve
bunebas. ,,kacobrivs”, anu amqveyniur sinamdviles. amaSi
mdgomareobs filosofiis sagnis universaluroba; igi
arsze moZRvrebas warmoadgens.
antons moaqvs uSualod aristoteles gansazRvrebac:
,,filosofia aris xelovneba xelovnebaTa da zedmiwevnulobaÁ zedmiwevnulobaTa”25. sityva ,,zedmiwevnuloba”
antonis im terminologiiT, romelsac igi baumaisteris
filosofiuri Txzulebebis qarTuli Targmanis winasityvaobaSi xmarobs, niSnavs cnebas, codnas, mecnierebas. aq aSkarad Cans aristoteles moZRvreba filosofiis, rogorc ,,mecnierebaTa mecnierebis” anu ,,mecnierebaTa dedoflis” Sesaxeb. am SemTxvevaSi, cxadia,
mxedvelobaSia ,,pirveli filosofia” anu, rogorc
Semdeg uwodes, ontologia. aristotelesTan ontologia da metafizika erTmaneTTan gaigivebulia, Tumca
orive termini gviandeli warmoSobisaa.
sxva SemTxvevaSi antons filosofiis sagnis qveS
esmis yovelgvari arsebulis ukanaskneli mizezis codna. TxzulebaSi ,,katiRoria simetneÁ” aseT gansazRvrebas vxdebiT: ,,filosofia aris cnoba nivTTa da mizezTa, romelnica arian an iqnebian”. igive gansazRvreba
mcireodeni variaciebiT ganmeorebulia antonis sxva
TxzulebebSic, magaliTad, ase: filosofia ,,iwodebis
74
cnobad (codnad _ s.a.) mizezisa nivTTa maT, romeli
arian anu iqnebian”26. mokled: ,,filosofia ars zedmiwevnuloba (mecniereba _ s.a.) mizezTa nivTTasa”27.
ufro gvian antonis Sexedulebebi filosofiis
sagnis Sesaxeb ramdenadme Seicvala laibnic-volfis filosofiis gavleniT. saxeldobr, am periodidan filosofiis sagans sakmao safuZvlis kanonis mixedviT gansazRvravs. laibnicis filosofias antoni icnobs volfisa da baumaisteris mixedviT, romlebic laibnicis
mowafeebi da misi filosofiis popularizatorebi iyvnen. saxeldobr, antoni filosofias gansazRvravs rogorc mecnierebas ,,kmaTa mizezTa nivTTasa”28, e.i. rogorc moZRvrebas nivTebis (samyaros) sakmao mizezis
(safuZvlis) Sesaxeb.
filosofiis
sagnis
gansazRvrebasTan
mWidro
kavSirSia filosofiur disciplinaTa klasifikacia.
antoni laparakobs filosofiur disciplinaTa or did
jgufze: ,,xedviTi” anu ,,mxedvelobiTi” (e.i. Teoriuli)
da ,,saqmiTi” (anu praqtikuli) filosofia. Teoriuls
anu ,,xedviTs” (,,mxedvelobiT”) filosofias igi iseT
codnas uwodebs, ,,romlisa Sina iWirvan WeSmaritebani
ufrosRa saWironi ganaTlebisadmi gonebisa ganmswavleblisadmi gulisxmisyofsa, vidre warmarTebadi saqmeTa CuenTa”. praqtikuli filosofia aris is, ,,romelnica
gardamoscems kanonTa, romelTa mier warmarTuloben
saqmeni da Cueulobani kacTani”29. erTi sityviT, Teoriuli filosofia Cvens praqtikul miznebs ar emsaxureba, aramed Cveni gonebis ganviTarebas uzrunvelyofs.
praqtikuli filosofiis kanonebi ki adamianTa yoveldRiuri saqmianobisa da Cveulebebis kanonebia. amitom
mas zogjer antoni ,,sayofacxovrebo filosofias”
uwodebs.
75
Teoriuli filosofiis mTavari Semadgeneli nawilia metafizika, romelic antons ramdenadme gansxvavebuli azriT esmis. ,,spekalSi”, romelic antonis
adreuli periodis Txzulebas warmoadgens, metafizika
gagebulia
platonisa
da
aristoteles
mixedviT,
saxeldobr, rogorc Teologia, moZRvreba RvTaebaze.
igi wers: ,,ganyofen ukve amiT filosofiasa filosofosni: fisikad, loRikad myofiTad (ontologiad _ s.a.)
da meTe-fisikad, romelsa dasdevs saxeli platonisganTa TeoloRiad”30. aq antoni imowmebs platonsa da
prokles, romlebmac metafizikis sagani gamoikvlies da
Teologias gauigives. iqve naTqvamia, rom ,,WeSmariti
meTe-fisika aris eklesiisa moZRvarTa goneba mzeTa
filosofosTa RiaÁ da ars uaRres gonebisa xedvisagan
sarwmunoebiTisa SesapyroÁ”31.
magram ra igulisxmeba am SemTxvevaSi Teologiis
cnebis qveS? SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom aq laparakia
religiur Teologiaze _ RvTismetyvelebaze _ da,
maSasadame, metafizika da RvTismetyveleba gaigivebulia. saerTod unda iTqvas, rom ,,spekalSi” amgvari
gageba WeSmaritebisgan mTlad Sors ar unda iyos. amis
miuxedavad, mTavari mainc sxvaa, saxeldobr is, rom,
rodesac antoni metafizikisa da Teologiis urTierTobaze msjelobs, maSin Teologiis cnebas ar unda
xmarobdes pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT, saxeldobr, rogorc religiur moZRvrebas. amas gvafiqrebinebs Semdegi
garemoeba: jer kidev ,,spekalSi”, rom aRaraferi vTqvaT
ufro gviandeli periodis naSromebze, antoni metafizikas filosofiis nawilad Tvlis (,,ganiyofen ukve
amiT filosofiasa filosofosni: fisikad, loRikad,
myofiTad (ontologiad _ s.a.) da meTe-fisikad”). maSasadame, metafizika filosofiis dargia da ara religiuri disciplina. amasTan, udavoa, rom antoni filo76
sofiasa da religiur Teologias erTmaneTisgan kargad
asxvavebda. amis garda, antoni metafizikasTan dakavSirebiT xSirad xmarobs sityvas ,,gnosis” (codna, mecniereba), rac gaugebari iqneboda im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki igi
filosofiasa da religiur Teologias erTmaneTTan
aigivebdes.
ramdenadme gansxvavebulia anton pirvelTan metafizikis cnebis gageba mas Semdeg, rac igi baumaisteris
meSveobiT gaecno laibnic-volfis moZRvrebas. am periodidan igi yovelmxriv cdilobs filosofiisa da religiis erTmaneTisgan gamijvnas da, maSasadame, laparaki
aRar aris metafizikisa da Teologiis igiveobaze.
saxeldobr, amieridan igi metafizikis cnebis qveS
gulisxmobs filosofiur mecnierebas sinamdvilis im
uzogadesi kanonzomierebis Sesaxeb, romelic Tumca
cdaSi ar gveZleva, magram cdiseuli sinamdvilis
safuZvels warmoadgens. igi wers: ,,gnosis (mecniereba _
s.a.) nivTTa sazogadoTa anu swavla igi, romelsa Sina
ganimartvian ideani sazogadoni metafizikad iwodebis”32. aq, rogorc vxedavT, laparaki aRar aris metafizikisa da Teologiis igiveobis Sesaxeb. magram metafizikis cnebis am or gagebas Soris principuli gansxvaveba mainc ar aris. RvTaeba, rogorc grZnobadi
sinamdvilis saboloo mizezi, aris am sinamdvilis
swored is obieqturi uzogadesi gansazRvruloba, romelic zegrZnobadia, cdiseuli samyaros (bunebis) safuZvelia.
antoni baumaisterTan erTad (romelic laibnicsa da
volfs emyareboda) Tvlis, rom metafizika oTxi nawilisgan Sedgeba: ontologia, kosmologia, fsiqologia
da bunebrivi Teologia. aq gansakuTrebul yuradRebas
iqcevs metafizikisa da ontologiis damokidebuleba.
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, aristotele metafizikas uwo77
debda moZRvrebas RvTaebis Sesaxeb. RvTaeba ki TavisTavad, substanciuri arsia, mTeli sinamdvilis ukanaskneli safuZveli da mizania. substanciur arsebaze
moZRvrebas ki ontologia ewodeba. amitom aristoteles
filosofiaSi metafizika da ontologia erTmaneTTan
gaigivebulia. sul sxva mdgomareobaa laibnic-volfis
skolaSi, sadac ontologia metafizikas daeqvemdebara,
mis erT-erT nawilad gamocxadda. am ukanasknel Tvalsazriss iziarebs anton pirvelic. ontologia, amtkicebs igi, aris ,,cnoba arsisa sazogadod, anu raoden
ars arseba”33. antoni iziarebs baumaisteris im azrs,
rom ontologiaSi ,,sazogadoni ideani da dasabamni
kacobrivisa cnobisani ganwualebulad ganimartvian”34.
es niSnavs, rom ontologia dawvrilebiT ganmartavs
uzogades ideebsa da adamianuri Semecnebis sawyisebso.
zogadi kosmologia ki aris ,,gnosis (mecniereba _ s.a.)
sazogadod soflisaTvis”, e.i. moZRvreba samyaros
Sesaxeb saerTod35. fsiqologiis sagania adamianis suli
(,,swavlasa ganmartebelsa kacobrivsa sulisasa psixoloRia ewodebis”36. bunebrivi Teologia ki RmerTis
arsebobas asabuTebs.
im periodSi, rodesac antoni ,,spekals” werda (meTvramete saukunis ormocdaaTiani wlebi), igi platonisa
da aristoteles filosofiis gavlenis qveS imyofeboda.
marTalia, igi uSualod ar icnobda platonisa da
aristoteles Txzulebebs, magram igi uTuod
kargad
icnobda sqolastikis mier ,,gadamuSavebul” aristoteles. erTi sityviT, am periodSi anton pirveli sqolastizirebuli aristoteles gavlenis qveS imyofeboda.
magram ufro gvian _ ruseTSi gamgzavrebisa da iqidan
dabrunebis Semdeg _ dasavleTis filosofiis (laibnicvolfis skola) gavleniT igi emijneba sqolastizirebul aristoteles. astraxanis arqierisaTvis gagzav78
nis werilSi antoni aristoteles ,,Zvel sqolastikoss”
uwodebs37. xolo kidev ufro adre _ baumaisteris filosofiuri Txzulebebis qarTuli Targmanis winasityvaobaSi _ ruseTSi myofi antoni gulistkiviliT ambobs,
rom Cems dros (igulisxmeba antonis eqsoriamdeli
periodi) saqarTveloSi logikas aswavlidnen mxolod
porfiriosis mier gadmocemuli aristoteles aTi
kategoriis mixedviT (,,ara vinme iswavebian loRikasa
Tvinier aTTa SesmenaTa aristotelesTa”) an damaskelis
safuZvelze, rac antons ukve aRar akmayofilebs. ar
akmayofilebs imitom, rom logikas aswavlidnen ,,ufrosRa RvTismetyuelurebr da ara filosofosurebr”38.
amrigad, ruseTSi wasvlisa da iqidan dabrunebis Semdeg
anton pirvelis Sexedulebebma filosofiisa da Teologiis urTierTobis Sesaxeb mniSvnelovani evolucia
ganicada; saxeldobr, igi moiTxovs filosofiisa da
Teologiis erTmaneTisgan gamoyofas. Tu aseTi moTxovna ,,spekalSi” ar Cans, samagierod, am periodSi
sruliad aSkaraa. igi kategoriulad acxadebs, rom arc
metafizika da arc logika TeologiaSi ar unda
avurioT. filosofia da Teologia sxvadasxva disciplinebia. aseTia antonis Tvalsazrisi misi moRvaweobis
meore periodSi.
aRniSnuli ar niSnavs, rom antonma mTlianad xeli
aiRo ,,spekalSi” warmodgenil filosofiur ideebze. es
imiT dasturdeba, rom man 1767 wels ,,spekalis” pirveli
ganyofilebis (,,katiRoria”) Tavebi gadakeTebuli saxiT
gamoiyena TxzulebaSi _ ,,katiRoria simetneÁ”. ,,spekalis” calkeuli ideebi gamoyenebulia, agreTve, baumaisteris filosofiuri Txzulebebis qarTuli Targmanis
winasityvaobaSi.
Teoriuli (,,xedviTi”, ,,mxedvelobiTi”) filosofiis
garda, anton pirveli aRiarebs ,,saqmiTi” anu praqtiku79
li filosofiis (,,filosofia praqtika”) arsebobasac.
filosofiis am dargs antoni ,,spekalSi” uwodebs
,,myofiTi ese igi cxovrebiTni filosofia”, romelic
aCvenebs ,,moswrafebasa, ese igi saTnoebasa”. ufro gviandeli periodis nawerebSi antoni laparakobs ,,sayofacxovrebo filosofiis” anu ,,qceviTi filosofiis” Sesaxeb, vinaidan igi adgens adamianis qcevis normebs anu
yoveldRiuri cxovrebis kanonebs. es kanonebi, Teoriuli filosofiis kanonebisgan gansxvavebiT, adamianis
qcevis normebia anu Tanamedrove terminologia rom
vixmaroT, normatiuli kanonebia. amis Sesabamisad praqtikul filosofiaSi Semavali disciplinebi normatiuli mecnierebania. am Taviseburebis gamo antoni mas
,,saeTiko filosofias” uwodebs. ,,saqmiTi” (anu praqtikuli) filosofiis cnebis qveS antoni mxolod eTikas
ki ar gulisxmobs, aramed igi mas ufro farTo mniSvnelobiT esmis. kerZod, ,,saqmiT filosofiaSi” Sedis
,,morTulobaÁ da SewevnaÁ yofisa qalaqTa da godolTa
da saxlTa”. amitom uwodebs igi mas ,,praqtikul
filosofias” (,,filosofia praqtika”). es disciplina,
Teoriuli filosofiisagan gansxvavebiT, praqtikul
cxovrebaSi gamosayenebel codnas gvaZlevs.
2. ontologiuri problemebi
metafizikisa da ontologiis problemebs centraluri adgili uWiravs anton pirvelis filosofiur
msoflmxedvelobaSi.
maT
Sesaxeb
antoni
sakmaod
vrclad msjelobs jer kidev ,,spekalSi”, xolo mas
Semdeg, rac laibnic-volfis msoflmxedveloba gaicno
baumaisteris
meSveobiT,
antonis
daintereseba
am
problemebiT kidev ufro gaizarda.
80
antoni, baumaisteris kvaldakval metafizikis nawilebad Tvlis ontologias, kosmologias, fsiqologiasa
da bunebriv Teologias; amave dros igi iwunebs Zvel
metafizikas misi sqolastikuri xasiaTis gamo. xSirad
metafizikosebi, aRniSnavs antoni, iseT raimes amtkicebdnen, rac adamianisTvis naklebad sasargeblo da
gamosadegia (,,saxmarTaTÂs cotasa saqmidan”);
amitom
,,metafizika mravalTa da ugonieresTa kacTa Sina
sacinebel iqna”39. magram amasTanave antoni Tvlis, rom
sqolastikuri metafizika ar aris metafizikis erTaderTi SesaZlebeli forma. WeSmariti metafizika aris
mecniereba sinamdvilis uzogadesi kanonzomierebis Sesaxeb. ,,gnosis (mecniereba _ s.a.) nivTTa sazogadoTa anu
swavla igi, romelsa Sina ganimartvian ideani sazogadoni metafisikad iwodebis”40. arsebiTad igive azria
gamoTqmuli ,,spekalSi”, sadac antoni erTmaneTs adarebs fizikasa da metafizikas. fizika xilul bunebas
swavlobs, metafizika ki zogads ikvlevs, e.i. ikvlevs
imas, rac bunebrivi (fizikuri) samyaros safuZvels warmoadgens. aseTi ki aris zebunebrivi sinamdvile. amrigad, fizika swavlobs bunebriv sinamdviles, xolo metafizika _ zebunebrivs41.
miuxedavad amisa, antonis Sexedulebebma metafizikis
arsis Sesaxeb evolucia ganicada. ,,spekalSi” igi
metafizikas TeologiasTan aigivebs (,,WeSmariti meTefisikaÁ ars TeoloRiaÁ”). marTalia, Teologias am
SemTxvevaSi filosofiuri Sinaarsi aqvs da ara religiuri, magram esec uaxles filosofiaSi ganswavluli
antonisaTvis miuRebeli aRmoCnda. igi mkacrad mijnavs
erTmaneTisgan metafizikasa (saerTod filosofiasa) da
Teologias.
metafizikis Sinaarsis Semadgenel uzogades cnebebs,
antonis mixedviT, ontologia ganmartavs. ontologiis
81
sagania arsi, rogorc aseTi, e.i. yvelaze uzogadesi ram
arsebulTagan. ,,ontologia aris gnosis (mecniereba _
s.a.) anu cnoba myofisa sazogadod anu raodenca ars
myofi”42. amasTanave arsi (,,myofi”) ara marto uzogadesia, aramed uZiriTadesic, grZnobadi sinamdvilis mimarT upirvelesi. amitom misi Semswavleli mecniereba _
ontologia _ aris ,,pirveli filosofia”. yvela mecnierebis WeSmariteba sabolood ontologias emyareba
da miT mtkicdeba.
arsi, romelic ontologiis sagania, moicavs yovelgvar arsebuls, maT Soris arsebasac. arseba ki aris is,
rac TavisTavad arsebobs da sxvis arsebobas ar
saWiroebs (,,arseba ars TviT mdgomoÁ, armoqeneÁ sxvisaTÂs da mamyofebelad”)43. aseTi ki aris aucileblobiT
arsebuli.
arseba aris is, rac ganapirobebs imas, rom nivTi
aris es da ara sxva. igi aris nivTebis umTavresi ganmasxvavebuli niSani. ,,arseba yovlisa nivTisa igi ars, _
wers antoni _ romlisa ZaliT nivTi ese ars da ara
sxua, ese igi romlisa ZaliT nivTi yovelgan ukuÀ nivTTa sxuaTa ganrCevad SesaZlebel ars”44. es niSnavs, rom
yovel arss aqvs arseba (,,yoveli arssa Tana aqvs qonebad arsebaÁ TÂisi”). arsi arsebobs arsebis arsebobis
ZaliT anu arseba arsisaTvis aucilebelia (,,arseba arsisa saWiro ars”). amave dros antoni xazs usvams arsebis zogadobas.
antoni erTmaneTisgan ganasxvavebs namdvilsa da
aranamdvil arss. amave dros orive maTgani aristoteles mixedviT esmis. saxeldobr, namdvili arsi, misi
azriT, aris is, rac araferze ar aris damokidebuli,
garda Tavisi Tavisa (,,TviT-myofi, aravisadmi moqeneÁ”),
aranamdvili arsi ki sxvazea damokidebuli.
82
arsebasTan dakavSirebiT antoni aristoteles mixedviT ganmartavs aucileblobasa da SemTxveviTobas. SemTxveviTi aris is, rac SeiZleba iyos da arc iyos,
aucilebeli ki misi sapirispiroa. magaliTad, SemTxveviTia musikis codna, e.i. SeiZleba adamiani ar iyos
musikosi. magram is ki ar SeiZleba, rom broli ar iyos
TeTri. pirveli SemTxveviTia, meore aucilebeli. SemTxveviTi, gveubneba antoni, is aris, romlis sawinaaRmdego
SesaZlebelia. ,,SexdomiTi (SemTxveviTi _ s.a.) igi ars,
romelic winaaRmdgomi SesaZlebel ars, ese igi, romelica SesaZlebel sxua guar yofad”. iqve motanilia
magaliTebi: me vwer, magram SesaZlebelia ar vwerde;
vkiTxulob, magram SesaZlebelia ar vkiTxulobde da
sxv. aucilebeli ki aris is, risi sawinaaRmdegoc
SeuZlebelia. ,,saWirod (e.i. aucileblad _ s.a.) vidreve
wodebul vhyofT ese guarsa raimesa, romlisa winaaRmdgomi SeuZlebel ars yofad, ese igi saWiroÁ SeuZlebel ars aryofad”.
sakmao safuZvelis anu ,,kmaÁ mizezis” kanoni, antonis
mixedviT, amtkicebs, rom ,,yoveli raicaRa ars, saTanado
ars, raTa aqundes kmaÁ mizezi”. igi arkvevs imas, Tu
ratom aris sagani aseTi da ara sxvanairi. amasTanave
antoni ar eTanxmeba baumaisters, romelic am kanonis
universalurobas amtkicebs. magaliTad, ar SeiZleba
vTqvaT, rom sakmao mizezi aqvs yovelgvar suls da ara
mxolod adamianis suls. am ukanasknelis saboloo
mizezi RmerTia. suli ki, rogorc substancia, araviTar
mizezs ar saWiroebs45.
bunebriv movlenebs bunebrivi mizezebi aqvT, romelTa qveS antoni aristoteles mier dasaxelebul oTx
mizezs gulisxmobs: materialuri (,,nivTebiTi”), formaluri (,,nakvTobiTi”), moqmedi (,,SemoqmedebiTi”) da finaluri (,,dasrulebiTi”)46. mizezsa da Sedegs Soris
83
droSi Tanamimdevroba arsebobs. mizezi warmoSobs da,
maSasadame, win uswrebs Sedegs: ,,adami upirveles ars
seiTisa, vinaTgan adam ars mizezi seiTisa mSobelobiT”.
antonisTvis misaRebia baumaisteris azri bunebaSi
TviTmizezobriobis SeuZleblobis Sesaxeb. ,,ara raime
ars mizez Tavisa TÂsisa, ese igi vera SemZlebel ars,
raTa awarmoos Tavis TÂisi”47. materialuri samyaros es
Tavisebureba misi inertulobis maCvenebelia.
sainteresoa antonis is mosazrebac, rom Sedegi ar
SeiZleba Seicavdes imaze met realobas, rac mizezSia:
,,SeuZlebel ars yofad ufrosi saqmesa (,,saqme” _ Sedegi
_ s.a.) Sina, viTar igi iyo mizezsa Sina”. es idea
dekartidan momdinareobs, romelsac emyareba RmerTis
arsebobis dasabuTebis ontologiuri argumenti. antoni
ki mas baumaisteris meSveobiT icnobs.
aristoteles gavlena Cans antonis mier moZraobisa
da uZraobis gagebaSic. moZraoba da uZraoba bunebas
axasiaTebs, romelic sasrul arss warmoadgens. ,,bunebaÁ
arso, _ imowmebs antoni, _ aristotelesa da damaskels
_ TiToeulisa myofTaganisa dasabami Zvrisa da myudroebisa”48. amis miuxedavad, materia pasiuria, moklebulia TviTmoZraobis unars.
bunebrivi da metafizikuri moZraoba erTmaneTisagan
imiT gansxvavdeba, rom pirvels mamoZravebeli mizezi
Tavis gareT aqvs, meores ki _ Tavis SigniT. metafizikuri arsi, aRniSnavs antoni, TviTmoZravi da TviTmoqmedia. mas ,,aqus Tavsa Sina TÂssa dasabami igi cualebaTa”49. aq saqme gvaqvs jer kidev antikur filosofiaSi
damkvidrebul
TvalsazrisTan,
romelic
erTaderT
WeSmarit realobad uZravsa da ucvlel sinamdviles
Tvlida, xolo bunebas, romelic ganuwyvetlad moZraobs da icvleba, aseTad ar miiCnevda.
84
anton pirveli iziarebs empedokledan momdinare
samyaros Semadgeneli oTxi elementis Teorias, romelic cnobili iyo qarTul filosofiaSi mTeli Sua
saukuneebis manZilze. am stiqionebs (cecxli, wyali,
miwa da haeri) igi samyaros Semadgenel metafizikur
elementebad Tvlis. yvelaferi Sedgenilia ,,oTxTa
asoTa (,,aso” _ kavSiri, elementi _ s.a.) mier, romel
arian kavSirni oTxni”50. amave dros am elementebs ekvivalenturi mniSvneloba aqvs. ,,arca erTi ars meorisa
upirveles bunebiT”. es elementebi ustruqturoa (,,Seuzavebeli”), rac maT maradiulobas uzrunvelyofs. ,,wesad ars _ wers igi baumaisteris Txzulebis qarTuli
Targmanis erT-erT SeniSvnaSi _ viTarmed arsisa Sezavebulisa kerZoni (nawilebi _ avt.) SesaZlebel arian
ganwualebad TÂT TÂTod, amisaTÂs ara arian Tqua filosofosman (e.i. baumaisterma _ s.a.) arsni Sezavebulni
pirvelad dasabamebad”51. aq antoni ambobs, rom Tuki
stiqionebi nawilebisgan Sedgebodes, e.i. struqturul
mTlianobas warmoadgendes, maSin SesaZlebeli iqneba
misi nawilebad daSla da, maSasadame, mospoba. amitom
maradiuli _ am SemTxvevaSi samyaros Semadgeneli stiqionebi _ nawilebisgan ar Sedgeba, ustruqturoa, martivia da ara rTuli. cxadia, am stiqionebs antoni
metafizikur (da ara fizikur) realobad Tvlis.
aseTia, mokled anton pirvelis ontologiuri
moZRvreba, romelic, misi azriT, metafizikis pirvel
nawils Seadgens.
,,metafizikis” meore nawilia ,,sazogado (zogadi _
s.a.) kosmoloRia”, romelic aris mecniereba (,,gnosis”)
samyaros Sesaxeb saerTod (,,sazogadod soflisaTvis”).
samyaros
erT-erT
uZiriTades
niSnad
antoni,
baumaisterTan erTad, droSi arsebobas Tvlis. droSi
arseboba ki moZraobisa da cvalebadobis mdgomareobaSi
85
yofnas niSnavs. droSi arsebuli warmavalia, aramaradiulia. aseTi niSani, idealurisagan gansxvavebiT, mxolod materialur arss gaaCnia.
samyaros meore arsebiT niSnad antons saganTa da
movlenaTa Soris urTierTkavSirisa da urTierTganpirobebulobis arseboba miaCnia, rac, Tavis mxriv, moZraobisa da cvalebadobis procesSi myardeba. sagnebisa
da movlenebis urTierTkavSiri da urTierTganpirobebuloba SesaZlebels xdis samyaros, rogorc mTelis,
arsebobas.
amasTanave, antoni, laibnic-volf-baumaisteris gavleniT, samyaroSi arsebul kavSir-urTierTobebs xSirad
teleologiurad xsnis. igi eTanxmeba baumaisters, romelic sagnebsa da movlenebs Soris miznobrivi
kavSiris arsebobas amtkicebs.
teleologizmis idea antonisTvis arc adre iyo
ucnobi. man xom ,,spekalze” muSaobis procesSi Seiswavla aristoteles moZRvreba, romelsac teleologiuri xasiaTi aqvs. amitom antonis azrovneba axali
drois teleologiur ideebs sruliad momzadebuli
Sexvda.
materialuri samyaros erT-erTi ZiriTadi Tvisebaa
Zala. cxadia, mxedvelobaSia materialuri Zalebis arseboba, magaliTad, inerciis Zalisa (,,dayenebiTi Zala”).
CaTvlilia, rom yovel sxeuls aqvs moqmedi Zala
(,,yoveli sxeuli ZaliTa moqmedebisTvis niWebul ars”)
anu ,,yovlisa nivTisa buneba ars Zali moqmedebiTi”52.
magram es ar niSnavs materialuri samyaros inertulobis uaryofas. materialuri sxeulebi inertulia, rac
imas niSnavs, rom ,,ver ZaluZs quasa moZraoba, Tu sadme
aravin SesZra igi”53.
,,metafizikis” mesame nawilia moZRvreba sulis Sesaxeb, romelic baumaisteris filosofiuri Txzulebebis
86
mixedviT, fsiqologiisagan didad ar gansxvavdeba. amis
miuxedavad, aq mainc laparakia sulze, rogorc TavisTavad arsebul realobaze da amdenad saqme gvaqvs
sulis metafizikur problemasTan.
antoni Tvlis, rom sulis mTavari niSania aramaterialuroba (,,usxeulo”). materialur sagnebs aqvs sidide, Sedgenilia nawilebisgan da SegrZnebebSi gveZleva.
suls ki arc erTi es niSani ara aqvs; sxeuli moZraobs
garegani Zalebis zemoqmedebiT, suli ki TviTmoZravia.
kidev metic, igi materialuri sxeulis (adamianis tanis)
mamoZravebelia. antoni imowmebs petriws, romlis mixedviT ,,suli gonieri ars”, ,,suli usxeuloÁ ars“ da a.S.
antons moaqvs sulis imaterialurobis damamtkicebeli argumentebi; suli rom materialuri iyos, gveubneba
igi, maSin is sxeulis nawili iqneboda. es argumenti mas
nemesios emeselis Txzulebidan (,,bunebisaTvis kacisa”)
aqvs aRebuli. materialuri sxeuli kvebis Sedegad
izrdeba, suli ki izrdeba ara sakvebis miRebiT, aramed
swavliT, azriT da a.S. sxeuli ganfenilia, suli ki
ara. suli rom ganfenili iyos, maSin sikvdilis (sulis
ganSorebis) Semdeg sxeulis raodenoba Semcirdeboda.
amis garda, sulis erT-erT specifikur niSnad antonma
cnobiereba miiCnia. suli cnobieria, sxeuli ki aseTi ar
aris.
amrigad, suli, antonis mixedviT, sxeulisgan damoukidebelia, TavisTavadi arseboba SeuZlia anu sulier
substancias warmoadgens. sulis substanciurobas antoni umTavresad imaSi xedavs, rom igi marTavs sxeuls,
sicocxles aniWebs mas, xolo misi ganSorebis Semdeg
sxeuli kvdeba. sikvdili aris sxeulisgan sulis
ganSoreba. aqedan antoni daaskvnis, rom ,,arsebaÁ ars
87
suli”, e.i. suls substanciuri buneba aqvs, sxeulis
arsebas warmoadgens54.
suli, rogorc idealuri arsi, martivia, nawilebisagan ar Sedgeba. ,,martiv ars suli, vinaTgan usxeuloÁ
ars igi”55. rTuli da struqturuli mxolod materialuri sagnebi SeiZleba iyos, rac maT aramaradiulobas
ganapirobebs. sulis simartive ki mis maradiulobas
uzrunvelyofs. ,,suli, _ wers antoni, _ martivi myoÁ
ars; xolo vinaiTgan uxrwneli, ukvdavica ars”; da Semdeg: ,,suli mimcemi sxeulisad cxovrebisa, rameTu ukvdav ars suli”56. amrigad, suli sicocxles aniWebs
sxeuls, xolo TviTon ki ukvdavia.
sulis erT-erT ZiriTad unarebad antoni gonebasa
da nebelobas Tvlis. ,,suli ars sicocxle saukunoÁ _
wers igi _ ese igi gonierebiT da nebiTa, ese igi TviT
xelmwifebiTa”57. sulis ,,xelmwifeba” sxeulze vrceldeba. antoni suls sxeulis mmarTvelad Tvlis. igi
imowmebs albert dids (,,didi alberdi”) da amtkicebs,
rom ,,suli arso arsebaÁ usxeuloÁ mmarTebeli sxeulisa”. an kidev: ,,suli ars mimdreki (mamoZravebeli _
avt.) da mmarTebeli sxeulisa”58. arsebiTad igive azria
gamoTqmuli baumaisteris ,,metafizikis” mesame nawilSi,
romelic suls exeba.
antoni ar iziarebs aristoteles im azrs, rom suli
aris sxeulis entelexia. suli rom sxeulis entelexia
iyos, maSin, antonis azriT, suli mxolod imdenad iarsebebs, ramdenadac arsebobs sxeuli. aseT SemTxvevaSi
ki igi aRar iqneba substancia (arseba). magram antoni sabolood mainc xels ar iRebs aristoteles am konefciaze da mas neoplatonizmiT avsebs. igi Tvlis, rom
sxeuls arsebobasa da formas aniWebs suli. es Tvalsazrisi ki man albert didisagan aiRo59.
88
adamianis sulis SemecnebiTi unarebi gansazRvrulia;
swored amitom samyaros pirvelmizezebis Semecneba mas
ar ZaluZs. am ukanasknelis Semecneba RvTaebrivi sulis
saqmea (,,angelosTa Seisminebis”). marTalia, adamianis
suli RvTaebrivi sulis Tanaziaria, magram misebri
sruli ar aris.
am gansxvavebis miuxedavad, adamianisa da cxovelebis
sulebs mainc raRac saerTo aqvT. saxeldobr, adamianis
suls (,,sulsa kacobrivsa”) da cxovelebsa (,,usityuoTa
Tana”), amtkicebs antoni, aqvT ,,bneli da Serevnili
cnobis (Semecnebis _ s.a.) unari”60, rac imas niSnavs, rom
adamians aqvs goneba da amitom Semecnebis unarsac
flobs. goneba, inteleqti adamianis specifikuri niSania. ,,gulisxmisyofaÁ kacisa namdvil sakuTari bunebiT
Tviseba ars” _ wers igi baumaisteris ,,metafizikis”
qarTuli Targmnis erT-erT SeniSvnaSi61. magram adamiani
mainc sasruli arsebaa. amis Sesabamisad gansazRvrulia
misi SemecnebiTi unaric; antoni uaryofs cxovelebSi
Semecnebis unaris arsebobas da Tvlis, rom maT ara
aqvT goneba (,,usityÂTa ara aqusT goneba”) da nebeloba62, Tumca zogjer cxovelebic iseT STabeWdilebas
qmnian, rom TiTqos maT erTic aqvT da meorec.
marTalia, cxovelebs goneba ara aqvT, magram isini
mainc ar arian manqanebi (,,naxelovnebi”). maT aqvT fsiqika da maTi sxeulebis agebulebac araorganuli sxeulebis agebulebisagan gansxvavdeba. aq, rogorc vxedavT,
gamoTqmulia dekartis sawinaaRmdego Tvalsazrisi, romlis mixedviT, cxovelebi gaigivebulia manqanebTan.
,,gulismsityuÀlobidan kartezianeTani xeca pirutyvni
arian naxelovnebi”, e.i. kartezianelebis azriT, cxovelebi (,,pirutyvni”) manqanebi ariano. antoni uaryofs am
azrs da cxovelebSi uSvebs minimaluri (,,raime ugla89
xakesi”) azrovnebis unaris arsebobas, Tumca gonebas igi
martooden adamianis unarad Tvlis.
sainteresoa antonis Sexeduleba sulisa da gonebis
urTierTobis Sesaxeb. ,,spekalSi” igi imowmebs ioane
petriws, romelmac suli da goneba erTmaneTisgan ganasxvava. antoni gveubneba, rom petriwis mixedviT
,,sulsa dauzavdebis gonebaÁ da sxvaÁ arsebaÁ misi da
sxvaÁ sulisa; da ars suli gamgone, xolo gonebaÁ _
gasagonoÁ”63. es niSnavs, rom goneba sulze maRla dgas
(,,dauzavdebis”) da, maSasadame, suli da goneba sxvadasxvaa. suli aris ,,gamgone”, xolo goneba ,,gasagonoÁ”.
anton pirveli ,,metafizikur” problemebs miakuTvnebs RmerTis arsebobis dasabuTebis sakiTxs, romelsac
igi exeba rogorc ,,spekalSi”, aseve ,,RvTismetyvelebaSi”, ,,mzametyvelebaSi” da TviT baumaisteris ,,metafizikaSi”, romelic antonma qarTulad Targmna da romlis
Sinaarssac igi iziarebs.
antoni am tipis argumentebidan, uwinares yovlisa,
ganixilavs ontologiur arguments, romelic jer kidev
cicerons gamouTqvams da mas Semdeg mravalma moazrovnem sxvadasxva yaidaze gaimeora.
antoni mimarTavs kosmologiur argumentsac, romlis
mixedviT samyaros sakvirveli agebuleba, masSi arsebuli kanonzomiereba, wesrigi, mizanSewoniloba RmerTis
arsebobas asabuTebs. aq damowmebulia ciceroni, rogorc am argumentis erT-erTi pirvelTagani damcveli64.
mcireodeni gansxvavebiT am arguments imowmebs ,,RvTismetyvelebaSic”, Tumca aq ZiriTad yuradReba sakmao
safuZvlis kanonze (,,kmaÁ-mizezi”) amaxvilebs.
yoveli arsebulis saboloo mizezs RmerTi warmoadgens,
magram
TviTon
RmerTi
umizezoa.
aqedan
gamomdinareobs misi maradiuloba.
90
antoni laparakobs ,,sulieri Zalis” Sesaxeb, romelsac igi RmerTs miawers. RmerTis Zala ar unda avurioT
materialur ZalebSi, romelTac aqvT sidide da,
maSasadame, izomeba. aq igi imowmebs ioane petriws da
aRniSnavs, rom sulieri Zalis simravle misi moqmedebis
simravles niSnavs. ,,simravle igi ZalTa ars simravle
moqmedebaTa”65.
RvTismetyvelebas
antoni
gansazRvravs
rogorc
,,gnosis RmerTisTvis da saqmeTa saRvToTa, raodenca
maT bunebiTa gulisxmiyofiTa SemZlebel varT”. aq gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa is garemoeba, rom antons
RvTismetyveleba esmis rogorc codna, mecniereba (,,gnosis”) RmerTisa da saRvTo saqmeTa Sesaxeb, ramdenadac
adamians misi Semecneba SeuZlia.
magram amasTanave antoni laparakobs orgvari RvTismetyvelebis Sesaxeb. pirvels igi ,,dadebiT RvTismetyvelebas” uwodebs, romlis qveS igulisxmeba moZRvreba
RvTaebis Sesaxeb, romelic dafuZnebulia saRvTo
werilze, mociqulTa nawerebze, saeklesio krebebis
dadgenilebebze da a.S. amgvari RvTismetyveleba uTuod
rwmenis sferoa; magram is RvTismetyveleba, romelsac
antoni Tavis TxzulebaSi ganixilavs, aris codnis sfero, vinaidan iq mocemulia damtkiceba _ filosofiuri
dasabuTeba _ dialeqtikisa da silogizmis gamoyenebiT.
amgvar RvTismetyvelebas antoni ,,sqolastikurs” uwodebs, vinaidan mas filosofiuri dasabuTebis xasiaTi
aqvs.
sqolastikur RvTismetyvelebasTan dakavSirebiT antoni laparakobs agreTve orgvar Teologiaze: bunebrivze (,,fizikebri”) da zebunebrivze (,,zesT-bunebiTi”).
bunebrivi Teologia, misi azriT, aris ,,cnoba, romelic
guaqvs CuÀn RmerTisTÂs da TÂsebaTa misT, mxolod
mecnierebaTa oden gonebisa, da bunebisa CuÂnisaTa da
91
ganhsjiTa maT saqmeTa, romelnica ver SemZlebel arian
sxuÀbr gamosluad, TÂnier oden xelisagan RmerTisa”66.
es niSnavs, rom antoni bunebriv Teologias uwodebs
iseT codnas RvTaebis Sesaxeb, rac adamians miRebuli
aqvs mxolod Tavisi gonebis safuZvelze, gonebrivi
gansjis gziT; magram zebunebrivia iseTi Teologia,
romelic gamocxadebas emyareba da gonebis gziT miRebuli codniT ar kmayofildeba. sayuradReboa is garemoeba, rom antoni Teologiis am meore saxes upiratesobas aniWebs.
3. gnoseologiuri ideebi
anton pirvelis filosofiur msofmxedvelobaSi
saTanado adgili uWiravs gnoseologiur Sexedulebebs.
Semecnebas (,,cnobas”) antoni uwodebs adamianis sulis
(,,psixi”) iseT moqmedebas, romliTac igi warmoidgens da
gaigebs nivTebis bunebas, xolo Zalas, romelic am
moqmedebas iwvevs, Semecnebis unarad (,,Zala cnobisa”)
Tvlis.
Semecnebis amosaval wyarod anton pirveli cdas
(,,mcnobeloba”) Tvlis. igi, erTi mxriv, cdasa da
SegrZnebebs erTmaneTisgan ar ganasxvavebs67, xolo, meore mxriv, cda mas ori mniSvnelobiT esmis:Ppirveli
mniSvnelobiT cda aris obieqturi sinamdvilis uSualo
grZnobadi mocemuloba, xolo meore mniSvnelobiT cda
eqsperiments niSnavs. arsebiTad asevea gansazRvruli
cdis cneba ,,spekalSi”, sadac antoni aRniSnavs, rom
SegrZneba aris is informacia, rac calkeuli grZnobis
organoebis saSualebiT gveZleva garegani sinamdvilis
Sesaxeb, xolo ,,mcnobeloba aris cnoba maTi, romelnica ideaisa mimarT Cuenisa moval mxoloiT oden moswrafebiTa”. es niSnavs, rom adamians cdis, eqsperimentis
Catarebamde aqvs idea, romlis
mixedviT aqtiurobis
92
(,,moswrafebiTa”) safuZvelze ayenebs cdas da aRwevs
Semecnebas.
antoni erTmaneTisgan ganasxvavebs empiriuli da
racionaluri Semecnebis safexurebs. empiriuli anu
,,mgrZnobelobiTi” safexuri aRqmiTi (,,pyrobiTi”) Zalebisgan iwyeba. SegrZneba sagnis ,,saxes” gvaZlevs. roca
sagnebi gaaRizianebs Cveni grZnobis organoebs, maSin
,,ZarRvni misni kuÀTebulni moZraobas miscemen tvinsa”,
anu grZnobis organoebidan gaRizianeba tvins gadaecema.
,,spekalSi” antoni vrclad aanalizebs empiriuli
Semecnebis safexurs, saxeldobr, grZnobad Semecnebas,
romelsac igi ,,pyrobiT Zalebs” uwodebs. adamianis
suls (romlis aRsaniSnavad ufro gviandeli periodis
nawerebSi antoni xmarobs sityvas ,,psixi”, e.i. Ffsiqika)
aqvs orgvari Zala: ,,pyrobiTi”, e.i. grZnobadi da ,,ZvriTi” e.i. mamoZravebeli. es niSnavs, rom grZnobadi Semecnebac da moZraobac sulis funqcias warmoadgens; suli
aris Semmecnebelic da mamoZravebelic.
magram aqedan ar gamomdinareobs, rom TiTqos suls
sxeulis gareSe SeeZlos SegrZneba an moZraoba; grZnobis organoebi sxeuls aqvs, aseve moZraobasac sxeuli
asrulebs. amdenad sxeuli da suli erTad grZnoben68.
amis miuxedavad, antoni suls, sxeulTan SedarebiT,
mainc upiratesobas aniWebs, saxeldobr, sxeuli mas
esmis rogorc sulis iaraRi.
,,pyrobiTi Zalebi” orgvaria _ Sinagani da garegani.
sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, antoni erTmaneTisgan ganasxvavebs Sinagansa da garegan grZnobas. igi tradiciulad
garegan grZnobas miakuTvnebs im SegrZnebebs, romelic
xuTi grZnobis organos (mxedveloba, smena, Sexeba,
ynosva, gemovneba) saSualebiT xorcieldeba, xolo Sinagani grZnoba moicavs zogad grZnobas,
warmosaxvas
(,,warmoCineba”), eWvs, azrs, ganzraxvasa da TviT mexsie93
rebasac ki69. garegani grZnoba informacias gvawvdis
garegani sinamdvilis Sesaxeb da, maSasadame, adamianis
suls garegan sinamdvilesTan akavSirebs; Sinagani
grZnoba ki adamianis Sinagan mdgomareobas asaxavs.
antoni Semecnebis sakiTxebis garCevisas, gansakuTrebiT grZnobadi Semecnebis Sesaxeb msjelobis procesSi,
aristoteles emyareba, xSirad imowmebs mas, kerZod, mis
Txzulebas ,,sulis Sesaxeb” (,,wignsa Sina ,,sulTasa”);
magram isic udavoa, rom igi uSualod ki ar icnobda am
Txzulebas, aramed mxolod meore da mesame wyaroebidan. amis miuxedavad, aristoteles gavlena antonis
gnoseologiur Sexedulebebze udavoa.
TiToeul grZnobis organos specifikuri unari aqvs;
yuriT mxolod bgeris mosmena SeiZleba, xolo TvaliT
_ feris SegrZneba. ,,TiTosa mohqonan vidreme sakuTarni
saqmeni... yovelni mgrZnobelni arian Semwynarebel anu
mimTvalvel grZnobaTa kerZovanTa da ara yovlobiTTa”70.
grZnobis organoebis specifikuri unarebis Sesaxeb
msjelobis
paralelurad
antoni
laparakobs
im
specifikuri garemos Sesaxebac, romelic TiToeuli
grZnobis organos aqvs. am garemos igi ,,samimRebo Suas”
uwodebs, romelic SegrZnebis obieqtsa da grZnobis
organos erTmaneTTan akavSirebs. amasTan erTad antoni
mxedvelobis grZnobis organos Semecnebis TvalsazrisiT sxva grZnobis organoebis mimarT upiratesobas aniWebs. meore adgils ki igi smenis organos miakuTvnebs.
sainteresoa is garemoebac, rom antoni laparakobs
nervuli sistemis rolze grZnobadi Semecnebis procesSi. grZnobis organoebs aqvT nervuli gamtarebi (,,ZarRvebi”), romelTa saSualebiT gaRizianeba tvins gadaecema. ,,ZarRuni misni kuÀTebulni _ moZraobasa miscemen
tÂnsa... moZraoba miiwevs vidreme tÂnamde”. rogorc
94
vxedavT, aq laparakia nervuli sistemis, rogorc
SegrZnebis materialuri safuZvlis Sesaxeb.
garda garegani grZnobisa, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT,
antoni laparakobs ,,Sinagan pyrobiT Zalebzec” anu
Sinagan grZnobaze, romelic aRqmiseuli zogadobiT
xasiaTdeba. amasTanave antoni, garkveuli azriT, zogad
grZnobas upiratesobas aniWebs; saxeldobr, igi Tvlis,
rom ,,zogadi grZnobaÁ ars mawarmoebel da wyaro da
Zir, romlisgan warmoeben yovelni grZnobani da romlisadmi yoveli moZraobaÁ samgrZnobelTani zedSemoyvanebian, viTarca dasasrulisadmi oxWanisa”71. amrigad,
garegani grZnoba zogadi grZnobisagan ,,warmoeben”,
maSasadame, maszea damokidebuli.
zogadi grZnoba ara mxolod TviTon aris yvela
sxva grZnobaTa ,,mawarmoebel da wyaro da Zir”, aramed
TviTonac ,,bevrad davalebulia” garegani grZnobebisagan. igi aerTianebs garegani grZnobebis monacemebs; zogadi grZnoba antonis koncefciaSi, rogorc al. frangiSvili aRniSnavs, ,,warmodgenilia rogorc erTiani
aRqmis grZnobadi aqti”. igi aris ,,aRqmis aqtis cnobiereba, xedvis xedva, xilvis cnobiereba smenis smena,
smenis cnobiereba, e.i. smenis smenad gacnobiereba”72.
grZnobadi Semecneba, antonis azriT, Semecnebis
sawyisia, magram sakmarisi ar aris. misi ukmaroba Tundac imaSi vlindeba, rom igi xSirad cdeba. ,,scTebian
mravljer grZnobani da eseTave mcnobelobaca” (cda _
s.a.)73. swored amitom saWiroa Semecnebis unaris ufro
maRali safexuri _ racionaluri Semecneba, romelTan
SedarebiT grZnobadi Semecneba Semecnebis ufro dabal
safexurs (,,umdablesi da uquÀnaresia”) warmoadgens. es
iqidanac Cans, rom SegrZnebis unari adamianebsac aqvT
da cxovelebsac. Tumca adamianuri da cxoveluri
SegrZnebis gaigiveba SeuZlebelia.
95
anton pirveli erTmaneTisgan ganasxvavebs racionaluri Semecnebis sxvadasxva formas: inteleqts (,,gulisxmisyofa”), Wkuas (,,gnomi”). midmogonebasa da gonebas. aqve isic unda iTqvas, rom igi am klasifikacias
zustad ar icavs da, kidev metic, es unarebi yovelTvis
erTniSnad rodi esmis.
inteleqts antoni uwodebs ,,gulisxmisyofas”. amis
dasturad gamodgeba magaliTad, baumaisteris filosofiuri Txzulebebis qarTuli Targmani74. sityva ,,intellectu”, romelic naxmaria baumaisteris filosofiuri
Txzulebebis dedanSi75, Targmnilia rogorc ,,gulisxmisyofa”. es ukanaskneli niSnavs sagnis gamowvlilviT
gagebis unars. inteleqtis saSualebiT saganTa Tvisebebs SevimecnebT.
Wkua (laT. ingenio76, rusulad Ум77) anu ,,gnomi” (antonis terminologiiT), aris adamianis unari aRmoaCinos
saganTa Tvisebebs Soris msgavseba. antoni wers: ,,gnomi
ars Zali, raTa ganixilnesmca msgavsebani nivTTani”.
gnomi, gveubneba igi, adamianis sulis TiTqmis yvela
Tvisebas moicavs: mexsierebas, warmosaxvas, gansjas da
TviT inteleqtsac ki.
,,spekalSi” antoni laparakobs ,,midmogonebis”, rogorc diskursiuli azrovnebis unaris Sesaxeb. mis qveS
daaxloebiT is igulisxmeba, rasac Tanamedrove terminologiiT gansja ewodeba.
adamianis sulis mTavar Semmecnebel unarad antoni
gonebas Tvlis; ,,goneba ara sxuaÁ raime ars, TÂnier
Zali sulisa Cuenisa ganxilvad ganyofladre mikidulebisa sazogadoTa WeSmaritebaTa”78, e.i. goneba sxva
araferia, garda Cveni sulis im unarisa (,,Zalisa”), rom
uzogades WeSmaritebaTa kavSiri (,,mikiduleba”) dawvrilebiT ganixilos. am gansazRvrebidan iseTi STabeWdi96
leba iqmneba, rom goneba azrovnebis unaria, maSasadame,
diskursiuli Semecnebis saSualebas warmoadgens. magram
,,spekalSi” antons goneba esmis rogorc intuiciuri
Semecnebis unari. igi wers: ,,gonebai zedmiesxmis martivad; viTar aRmoxda ra mze da aha Saravandica misi
uJamod da miudrekelad dahfaraven yovelsa”79. es niSnavs, rom goneba uSualod wvdeba (,,zedmiesxmis martivad”) Tavis sagans, iseve rogorc mzis sxivi myisierad
(,,uJamod”) moefineba garemos.
antonis mixedviT, Secdoma SesaZlebelia rogorc
grZnobadi, aseve racionaluri Semecnebis procesSi. am
Secdomidan Tavis daRwevis saSualebas igi grZnobadi
da racionaluri Semecnebis erTianobaSi xedavs. grZnobadi Semecnebis naklovanebebs racionaluri Semecneba
avsebs da, piriqiT, grZnobis organoebis Cveneba sakmarisi ar aris da igi racionalurma Semecnebam unda Seavsos.
amrigad, antons miaCnia, rom Semecneba cdisa da
inteleqtis erTianobis safuZvelze xorcieldeba da
maTi gaTiSva SeuZlebelia. ,,mcnobeloba da gulisxmisyofa... SevaerToT esTa, raTa erTi meoresamca msaxurebdes”. es aris Semecnebis grZnobadi da racionaluri
safexurebis erTianobis moTxovna da maTi gancalkevebis SeuZleblobis mtkiceba.
grZnobadi da racionaluri Semecnebis safexurebis
erToblivi moqmedebis safuZvelze yalibdeba codna,
romelsac WeSmaritebis niSani miewereba. WeSmariteba,
rogorc gnoseologiuri fenomeni, antons gagebuli aqvs
rogorc sinamdvilis asaxva adamianis cnobierebaSi;
magram antoni amas ar sjerdeba da WeSmaritebis ontologizacias axdens, e.i. WeSmaritebis niSans miawers ara
mxolod azrs, aramed arssac. magaliTad, igi fiqrobs,
rom ,,WeSmariteba ars kargi (wesrigi _ s.a.) maTi,
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romelnica arssa hSvenian” (ekuTvnis)80. metic: misi azriT, ,,yoveli arsi WeSmariti ars”81. aq, rogorc vxedavT,
WeSmariteba da obieqturi sinamdvile gaigivebulia.
antoni msjelobs Semecnebis meTodebzec; igi gveubneba, rom dava arsebobs imis Sesaxeb, Tu saidan unda
amovideT da ra gziT viaroT Semecnebis procesSi.
amovideT kerZodan da wavideT zogadisaken, Tu piriqiT?
,,romelnime ityodes _ wers igi _ Sesmenilsa ufrosisagan da romelTame umcrosisagan, romelTa azrisa
meca Tanaxma viyav. mizezisa amiT, viTarmed umciresisagan vicnobT ufrossa... cnoba ars quÀmoTa Sina
zemoisa”. ese igi, antoni gveubneba, rom zogierTis azriT, zogadidan (,,ufrosisagan”) unda amovideT da
kerZosaken (,,umcrosisaken”) wavideT; sxvebi ki, piriqiT,
kerZodan amosvlas moiTxoven da aqedan zogadze
gadasvlas (zogadis gamoyvanas). me ukanaknel azrs vemxrobi, vinaidan zogadis Semecneba kerZos saSualebiT
SeiZlebao.
aq laparakia induqciuri da deduqciuri meTodebis
Sesaxeb. antoni induqciis meTodis momxrea, vinaidan
Tvlis, rom zogadis dadgena kerZos safuZvelze SeiZleba; swored amitom mas Semecnebis amosavlad SegrZneba, cda miaCnia, romlis Sedegebis gadamuSavebis safuZvelze racionaluri Semecnebis produqtebi miiReba. aq
aSkarad Cans aristoteles gnoseologiis gavlena.
zemoT aRvniSneT, rom antoni diskursiuli Semecnebis (,,midmogoneba”) gverdiT intuiciur Semecnebasac
uSvebs. zogierTi ram diskursis gziT Seimecneba, xolo
zogierTis wvdoma mxolod intuiciurad SeiZleba. aseve
antoni erTmaneTisgan ganasxvavebs iseT obieqtebs,
romlebic SegrZnebebSi gveZleva da iseTs, romlebic
mxolod azrovnebiT Seimecneba. ,,yovelni myofni _
gveubneba igi _ an grZnobiTa icnobian, an gonebiTa
98
miiwTomian”82. SegrZnebebis saSualebiT mxolod is
Seimecneba, rac grZnobis organoebze moqmedebs. aseTia
ZiriTadad materialuri sagnebi da movlenebi (Tumca
iseTi materialuric arsebobs, romelic SegrZnebebSi
ar gveZleva; aseTia, antonis azriT, eTeri). magram suli
SegrZnebebSi ar gveZleva; igi ar aris materialuri da,
maSasadame, misi Semecneba SegrZnebebis saSualebiT
SeuZlebelia; igi ,,misawTomia” mxolod racionaluri
Semecnebis gziT. ,,sulica gonebisa ar zedmiwevnilisa
qveSemrdomi arsebiT, ara Tavisa TÂsisa, aramed zedSesrulTagan icnobis samarTlad, ese igi ara misTagan,
aramed mis garemoTagan”83. erTi sityviT, suli mxolod
gonebiT miiwvdomeba (Seimecneba), magram igi Seimecneba
ara uSualod, TavisTavad, aramed misi gamovlenis gziT
(,,ara misTagan, aramed mis garemoTagan”). sulieri
movlenebi, ambobs antoni sxva adgilze, ,,moqmedebiTa
misiTa xorciTa mier iCvenebiano”.
dasasrul, aRvniSnavT, rom anton pirvels bolomde
ar hqonda Camoyalibebuli gnoseologiuri Sexedulebani. amis miuxedavad, is gnoseologiuri koncefcia,
romelsac igi iziarebda, sakmaod naTel suraTs gvaZlevs misi filosofiuri msoflmxedvelobis am mxaris
Sesaxeb. TavisTavad ki antonis gnoseologiuri Sexedulebani, iseve rogorc, saerTod, misi filosofiuri
msoflmxedveloba, didi movlena iyo imdroindeli
qarTuli filosofiuri azrovnebis istoriaSi.
4. logikuri ideebi
logikur problemebs mniSvnelovani adgili uWiravs
anton pirvelis filosofiur msoflmxedvelobaSi. baumaisteris filosofiuri Txzulebebis qarTuli Targmanis winasityvaobaSi antoni miuTiTebs logikis codnis
saWiroebasa da aucileblobaze. Semecnebis procesSi
99
adamiani xSirad cdeba. xSirad Secdomis wyaro xdeba
SegrZnebani da cda (,,scdebian mravaljer grZnobani
da aseTave mcnobelobaca”), rogorc Semecnebis amosavali da sayrdeni aqtebi. grZnobadi Semecnebis Secdomebs racionaluri Semecneba asworebs. magram Secdoma
racionaluri Semecnebis procesSic xdeba. igi gansakuTrebiT maSin aris mosalodneli, roca inteleqti (,,gulisxmisyofa”) garkveuli kanonebis mixedviT ar moqmedebs84. es aris logikis kanonebi, romelTa dacva
aucilebelia swori da WeSmariti azrovnebisTvis. xSirad adamianebi azrebs arasworad akavSireben,
ris
Sedegad araswori daskvnebi gamoaqvT. am Secdomebisgan
Tavis dazRvevis saSualebas logikis codnas warmoadgens.
anton pirvelis logikuri Sexedulebebis analizi
gvafiqrebinebs, rom antons, rogorc Cans, logika miaCnda ara mxolod swori azrovnebis, aramed, agreTve,
WeSmariti azrovnebis saSualebad. es ki imas niSnavs,
rom igi logikas martooden formalur mecnierebad ar
Tvlida, romelic azrTa mxolod swor gamomdinareobas
uzrunvelyofs, aramed mas gnoseologiur funqciasac
miakuTvnebda.
am mosazrebas uSualod adasturebs antonis Sexeduleba silogisturi daskvnebis Sesaxeb. igi laparakobs
am daskvnebis gnoseologiur funqciaze, saxeldobr,
imaze, rom isini Semecnebas emsaxureba. maTi mizania
ucnobis Semecneba. jer kidev ,,spekalSi” antoni werda,
rom ,,silogizmo iTqmis win Camosagdeblad da Sesaxebelad, rameTu sityvani gamomaCineblobiTni Seiwmasvnian,
raTa mecnav yon ucnoTa”85. amrigad, antoni fiqrobs,
rom silogistur daskvnebSi sityvebi (winadadebebi,
msjelobebi) erTmaneTs ukavSirdeba, raTa cnobili
gaxadon is, rac ucnobia (,,raTa mecnav yon ucnoTa”).
100
antoni Zalian cotas laparakobs im siZnelis Sesaxeb,
Tu rogor SeiZleba silogisturi daskvnebis safuZvelze axali WeSmaritebis miReba. magram is ki cxadia, rom
igi logikis gnoseologiur funqciaze msjelobs.
amis garda, isic unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom antoni
laparakobs Secdomebis SesaZleblobaze im SemTxvevaSi,
rodesac adamianis inteleqti (,,gulisxmisyofa”) logikuri azrovnebis kanonebis mixedviT ar moqmedebs. rasakvirvelia, man icis, rom logikis kanonebis darRveva
SesaZlebelia, rac Sedegad Secdomas gvaZlevs. rogorc
vxedavT aq laparakia logikis kanonebis gnoseologiur
funqciaze. isini ara marto swori, aramed WeSmariti
azrovnebis dacvasac emsaxureba.
anton pirveli logikuri azrovnebis kanonebidan
gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWebs winaaRmdegobis
SeuZleblobisa da sakmao safuZvlis kanonebs. Ppirveli
maTgani, rogorc cnobilia, aristotelem aRmoaCina
(igiveobisa da gamoricxuli mesamis kanonebTan erTad),
meore _ sakmao safuZvlis kanoni _ laibnics ekuTvnis,
romlis mixedviT, yvelafers aqvs sakmao safuZvli da,
maSasadame, araferi usafuZvlod ar xdeba. aristotelec da laibnicic am kanonebs ontologiur mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen, azrisa da arsis kanonebad Tvlidnen
da, maSasadame, maT universalurobas asabuTebdnen. antoni eTanxmeba baumaisters (romelic arsebiTad laibnicis azrs gamoTqvams), rom es kanonebi arian ,,upirvelesi dasabamni kacobrivisa cnobisani”, e.i. adamianuri
Semecnebis principebs warmoadgens86. Cveni Semecneba dafuZnebulia ZiriTadad am or principze, romlebic gamocxadebulia WeSmaritebis Semecnebis (,,saWiro”) kanonebad. amave dros am kanonebs Zala aqvT obieqtur sinamdvileSic. Tu raime arsebobs, maSin igi ar SeiZleba
101
amave dros ar arsebobdes (,,SeuZlebul ars, raTa igi
raiRaca ars, myofsa Sina aRara iyos”).
antoni am kanonebs mTeli sinamdvilis upirveles
principad Tvlis (,,dasabami pirveles ars,
romelic
upirveles ara ars”), magram igi am kanonebis gnoseologiuri funqciisken ixreba da gvafrTxilebs, rom
winaaRmdegobis SeuZleblobis kanoni WeSmaritebisa da
Secdomis gansxvavebis kriteriums warmoadgens. Tu raime Tavis Tavs ewinaaRmdegeba, maSin igi mcdaria, xolo
winaaRmdegobis
ararseboba
miCneulia
WeSmaritebis
aucilebel pirobad87. Ees erTxel kidev adasturebs
imas, rom antons logika ar esmis rogorc mxolod
swori azrovnebis iaraRi, aramed mas, uwinares yovlisa,
WeSmaritebis problema ainteresebs. am SemTxvevaSic
antoni aristotelesken ixreba da mis xazs agrZelebs.
Tu raoden did mniSvnelobas aniWebda anton pirveli logikis codnas, Cans iqidanac, rom man logika
(Tbilisisa da Telavis) seminariebSi savaldebulo
saswavlo disciplinebad daawesa. antonis mier logikis
mniSvnelobis did Sefasebaze isic metyvelebs, rom igi
am mecnierebas sabunebismetyvelo disciplinebze, kerZod, fizikaze maRla ayenebda. jer kidev ,,spekalSi“
antoni werda: ,,TumcaRa fisikaÁ upirveles sadme loRikisa; bunebaÁ, romel ars quemdebare fisikasi, upirveles
ars upirvelesisa sityvisa, romelic quemdebare ars
loRikisi, magram swavlaÁ loRikisi, ese igi sityvaobiTisa, pirvel iqnebis swavlisagan fisikasa, ese igi
bunebiTisa”88, e. i. Tumca fizika logikaze maRla dgas
(,,upirveles ars”) imdenad, ramdenadac buneba, romelsac
fizika swavlobs, logikis Seswavlis obieqtze _ sityvebze (,,logosi” niSnavs sityvasa da masSi nagulisxmeb
azrs) _ maRla dgas, magram sabolood logika, e. i.
102
moZRvreba sityvebze (azrovnebaze) ufro maRla dgas
(,,pirvel iqmnebis”) fizikaze, romelsac saqme aqvs bunebasTan. Tu imasac gaviTvaliswinebT, raoden maRal
Sefasebas aZlevs antoni fizikas (,,umecarni fisikisani
msgavs arian brmaTa...“)89, maSin kidev ufro cxadi
gaxdeba misi mxridan logikis maRali Sefaseba.
anton pirvelis ,,spekalSi” mocemuli logikuri
Tvalsazrisi aristoteles logikis mixedviTaa dalagebuli. am dros aristotele antonis umaRlesi avtoritetia. magram ufro gvian, kerZod, ruseTSi gamgzavrebisa da iqidan dabrunebis Semdeg, antons aRar akmayofilebs aristoteles moZRvreba da moiTxovs logikis swavlebis axal yaidaze gardaqmnas. es gardaqmna,
misi azriT, Teologiidan logikis ganTavisuflebaSi
unda gamoxatuliyo.
baumaisteris filosofiuri Txzulebebis qarTuli
Targmanis winasityvaobaSi antoni gulistkiviliT laparakobs logikis swavlebis dabal doneze saqarTveloSi. Cems dros, ambobs igi, logikis saxiT sxva arafers
aswavlidnen, garda aristoteles moZRvrebisa aTi kategoriis Sesaxeb, romelic damaskelisa da porfiriosis
mier iyo gadmocemuli (,,ara vinme iswavlebian loRikisa, TÂnier aTTa SesmenaTa aristotelisTa, garmocemulTa saRmrToisagan damaskelisa da xuTTa xmaTa porfiriosiTa”); ar gvqonda logika, garda zemoxsenebuli
wignebisa; magram es wignebi ar iyo sakmarisi imisTvis,
rom mowafes logikis sruli codna mieRo (,,magra ara
kmara ese, raTa miiRosmca mowafeban cnobaÁ srulisa
loRikisa”)90.
Zveli logikis ZiriTad nakls antoni imaSi xedavs,
rom logika XVIII saukunis pirvel naxevarSi saqarTveloSi iswavleboda ,,ufrosRa RvTismetyvÀlurebr
da ara filosofosurebr”91. astraxanis arqiepiskoposis
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meTodesadmi miweril werilSi (,,gaiosis saqmezed”)
antoni aristoteles ,,Zvel sqolastikos” uwodebs, riTac igi gamoxatavs Tavis ukmayofilebas aristoteles
logikuri moZRvrebis sqolastikuri interpretaciisadmi.
is garemoeba, rom anton pirvels aristoteles
logikuri moZRvreba im saxiT, rogorsac igi icnobda,
60-iani wlebidan ukve aRar akmayofilebs, imiT unda
avxsnaT, rom igi icnobs ara istoriul aristoteles,
aramed Sua saukuneebis mier sqolastizirebulsa da,
maSasadame, damaxinjebuls. amitom antonis protesti am
SemTxvevaSi Seexeba ara imdenad TviT aristoteles istoriul logikas, aramed mis sqolastikur interprettacias.
rogorc ,,spekalSi”, ise momdevno periodis naSromebSi, anton pirveli vrclad ganixilavs logikuri azrovnebis formebs: cnebas, msjelobas, daskvnas. msjeloba
(,,ganmsjeloba”) aris azrTa SeerTeba an gaTiSva
(,,ganmsjeloba anu ideaTa SeerTeba an ganhyofa”)92 anu,
Cveni sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, msjeloba aris azri saganze, romelic raimes amtkicebs an uaryofs. amis safuZvelze msjelobis ZiriTad formebad CaTvlilia dadebiTi da uaryofiTi msjelobebi; pirveli maTgani aris
,,ideaTa SeerTeba”, e.i. raimes mtkiceba, xolo meore _
ideaTa ,,ganhyofa”, anu uaryofa. antoni, aristoteles
msgavsad, msjelobas WeSmaritebasTan akavSirebs. Msjelobis WeSmaritebas ki ontologiuri safuZvlebi aqvs,
saxeldobr, msjeloba WeSmaritia maSin, roca imas
vamtkicebT, rac sinamdvileSia anu roca Cveni msjeloba
sinamdviles Seesabameba. xolo Secdoma maSin gvaqvs,
roca msjeloba sinamdviles ar asaxavs. amrigad, sinamdvilis asaxva miCneulia WeSmaritebis niSnad da safuZv104
lad. es erTxel kidev adasturebs, rom antoni logikas
gnoseologiur funqcias miakuTvnebs. igi aris gnoseologiuri logika, romelsac ontologiuri safuZvlebi
aqvs. amis miuxedavad, antons ar moucia gnoseologiuri
logikis principebi. es idea mas aristoteledan aqvs
aRebuli, romelmac mis naazrevSi SemdgomSi ganviTareba ver hpova.
antonis logikur naazrevs aristoteles gavlena
maSinac etyoba, roca igi winadadebasa da msjelobas
erTmaneTisgan ar ganasxvavebs. amis Sesabamisad igi xSirad gramatikulsa da logikur Tvalsazrisebs erTmaneTisgan ar gamoyofs.
anton pirveli gansakuTrebul yuradRebas uTmobs
daskvnebs, kerZod, silogistur daskvnebs (,,gamoCineba
anu silogizmo”)93. silogizms igi ganmartavs rogorc
daskvnis iseT formas, romlis saSualebiT ucnobs nacnobis gziT SevimecnebT. igi gadmoscems tradiciul
Tvalsazriss induqciuri daskvnebis (,,zedmoyvanaÁ”)
Sesaxeb. induqciuri daskvna aris kerZodan zogadis
miReba. zogierT mklevars anton pirvelis logikuri
koncefciis erT-erT naklovanebad is miaCnia, rom igi
ver iZleva azrovnebis formebis subordinacias94. magram
es sayveduri SeiZleba zedmeti iyos, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT im garemoebas, Tu ra viTarebaSi uxdeboda antons
logikuri ideebis aTviseba da popularizacia.
zemoT aRvniSneT, rom XVIII saukunis 60-ian wlebSi
antons ukve aRar akmayofilebs logikis imgvari, saxeldobr, Teologiuri (,,RvTismetyvÀlurebr”) gadmocema,
romelsac adgili hqonda 50-iani wlebis saqarTveloSi.
am SemTxvevaSi, etyoba, igi Tavis Tavsac gulisxmobs,
saxeldobr, ,,spekals”, romelSic aristoteles logikuri moZRvreba im saxiT aris gadmocemuli, rogorc igi
Sua saukuneebma moitana. swored amitom ruseTidan
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dabrunebis Semdeg antonis winaSe daisva aristoteles
axleburi wakiTxvisa da misi logikuri moZRvrebis
filosofiuri gadmocemis sakiTxi. es amocana man
ganaxorciela TxzulebaSi ,,wigni katiRoria simetneÁ”,
romelSic
ZiriTadad
gadmocemulia
aristoteles
moZRvreba kategoriebis Sesaxeb da erTgvarad avsebs da
azustebs ,,spekalSi” gadmocemul logikur koncefcias.
anton pirvelis Txzuleba „wigni katiRoria simetneÁ“, marTalia, ar aris originaluri nawarmoebi am
cnebis Cveulebrivi gagebiT, magram igi arc Targmnili
Txzulebaa95. marTalia, masSi ZiriTadad gadmocemulia
aristotelesa da misi komentatorebis Tvalsazrisebi,
magram ara Targmanis saxiT. amasTan, antoni gadmogvcems
am avtorebis iseT Sexedulebebs, rac misTvis misaRebia,
rac misi filosofiuri msoflmxedvelobis SinaarsSi
Sedis. amdenad, ,,wigni katiRoria simetneÁ”, garkveuli
azriT, anton pirvelis erT-erT originaluri nawarmoebadac SeiZleba CaiTvalos.
dasasrul aRvniSnavT, rom es Txzuleba iseve, rogorc “spekali”, erTxel kidev adasturebs aristoteles
filosofiis mZlavr gavlenas qarTul filosofiur
azrovnebaze. aristoteles gavlena yovelTvis sagrZnobi iyo qarTul filosofiur azrovnebaSi, magram man
gansakuTrebuli gamoxatuleba hpova anton pirvelis
filosofiur msoflmxedvelobaSi. isic unda iTqvas,
rom anton pirveli am mimarTulebiT ukanaskneli qarTveli moazrovne iyo, vinaidan ruseTTan saqarTvelos
SeerTebis Semdeg qarTuli filosofiuri azrovneba
sxva mimarTulebiT wavida, kerZod, ruseTis meSveobiT
igi ufro axali drois dasavleTis filosofiur azrs
eziara da aristoteles filosofiis gavlenac arsebiTad Sewyda.
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mexuTe Tavi
naturfilosofiuri ideebi
1. naturfilosofiuri ideebi Sua saukuneebis qarTul sabunebismetyvelo da samedicino literaturaSi
naturfilosofiur ideebs saqarTveloSi xangrZlivi
istoria aqvs1. am ideebis kvals vxvdebiT jer kidev
qarTul miTologiur eposSi ,,amiraniani”. rac Seexeba
qarTul
filosofias,
naturfilosofiuri
ideebis
swavla da kvleva kolxeTis ritorikul skolaSi (III-IV
saukuneebi) udavod unda CaiTvalos. Uunda vivaraudoT,
rom am skolaSi naturfilosofiur ideebs aristoteles ,,fizikis” mixedviT aswavlidnen; am mosazrebis
safuZvels is gvaZlevs, rom kolxeTis ritorikul skolaSi aRzrdili filosofosebi evgeniosi da Temistiosi aristoteles mimdevrebi da misi komentatorebi
iyvnen. kerZod, Temistioss ekuTvnis aristoteles ,,fizikis” komentarebi.
naturfilosofiuri ideebi figurirebs giorgi merCules, petriwis da TviT rusTavelis TxzulebebSi. ZogierTi avtori ,,vefxistyaosanSi” soliduri kosmologiuri Teoriis arsebobasac ki amtkicebs2, rac safuZvelmoklebuli ar aris.
rogorc Semonaxuli wyaroebidan Cans, naturfilosofiuri ideebi farTod iyo warmodgenili Sua
saukuneebis qarTul sabunebismetyvelo da samedicino
literaturaSi. am saxis damwerloba gavrcelebuli
unda yofiliyo rogorc kolxeTis ritorikul skolaSi, aseve swavla _ ganaTlebis sxva centrebSi saqarTvelosa da mis farglebs gareT. samedicino codnis
gavrcelebis uSualo stimuls, uwinares yovlisa,
praqtikuli moTxovnilebani warmoadgenda. amiT iyo
107
gamowveuli, rom qarTvelebma ara marto ucxouri (ZiriTadad _ arabuli) samedicino literatura SeiTvises,
aramed, agreTve, Seqmnes originaluri samedicino nawarmoebebi (e. w. karabadinebi), romlebic saukuneebis manZilze friad popularuli iyo.
CvenTvis gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa is garemoeba,
rom samedicino literatura xSirad ar Semoifargleboda praqtikuli sakiTxebiT, aramed mas win uZRvoda
farTo Teoriuli safuZvlebi, romelsac ZiriTadad
naturfilosofiuri Sinaarsi hqonda. amas adasturebs
hipokrates, galenosis, avicenas, averoesisa da medicinis sxva klasikosTa naSromebi, rasac saqarTveloSi
kargad icnobdnen.
samedicino literatura saqarTveloSi gansakuTrebuli intensivobiT gavrcelda arabebis Semosevis (VII
s.) Semdeg. arabTa batonoba ramdenime saukune gagrZelda, romelsac, bevri uaryofiTi mxareebis gverdiT, Tan
sdevda arabuli kulturis gavrceleba saqarTveloSi.
zogierTi mkvlevari TviT daviT aRmaSeneblis farTo
astronomiulsa da astrologiur ganaTlebas arabuli
kulturis gavleniT xsnis.
cnobilia, rom arabuli medicina berZnuli da
romauli sabunebismetyvelo da samedicino literaturis gavleniT Camoyalibda. arabi medikosebis naSromebSi aSkarad Cans aristoteles, hipokratesa da galenosis memkvidreobis kvali. es sabunebismetyvelo da
samedicino literatura arabebis batonobis periodSi
saqarTveloSic gavrcelda. kerZod, cnobilia ramdenime
samedicino wigni (,,karabadini”) qarTul enaze, romelTagan uZvelesia ,,usworo karabadini”. es Txzuleba
Seqmnili unda iyos X-XI saukuneebSi3, romelSic arabuli medicinis gavlena aSkarad Cans. arc isaa zustad
dadgenili, originaluria Tu Targmnili es nawarmoebi.
108
masSi moxseniebulia qananeli (,,codvilsa qananelsa
Sendobas ubrZanebdeTo”), romelic SeiZleba iyos avtori an gadamweri, wignis gamomcemeli l. kotetiSvili
mas avtorad Tvlis.
cota mogviano periods miekuTvneba meore samedicino Txzuleba ,,wigni saaqimoÁ”, romelic XIII saukuneebSi unda Seqmniliyo. am wignis gamomcemeli l. kotetiSvili varaudobs, rom igi ekuTvnis arab moazrovnes
avicenas (ibn _ sinas). Ees wigni saqarTveloSi gamoCnda
Tamar mefis dros 1206 wels, rodesac qarTvelebma erzurumi aiRes. Tamar mefis mwignobarTuxucesma Wyondidelma, SeiZleba Tamaris uSualo miTiTebiT, igi arabulidan qarTulad gadaaTargmnina viRac xojayofils,
romelic SesaZlebelia gaqarTvelebeli arabi iyo _
qarTul, arabuli da sparsuli enebis zedmiwevniT
mcodne. mkvlevarebi varaudoben, rom mTargmneli agreTve kargi mkurnali unda yofiliyo; igi Tavisuflad
erkveva samedicino terminologiaSi da, rac mTavaria,
icnobs arabul medicinas.
arsebobda, agreTve, sxva saeqimo wignebic (e.w. ,,karabadinebi”). kerZod, cnobilia frinvelTa karabadini,
cxenis karabadini da sxva.
gansakuTrebiT gavrcelebuli iyo zaza fanaskerteli _ ciciSvilis samkurnalo wigni _ ,,karabadini”,
romelic mogviano periodis originaluri nawarmoebia.
am TxzulebaSi samedicino codnas wamZRvarebuli aqvs
garkveuli
naturfilosofiuri
ideebi
samyaros
Semadgeneli elementebis Sesaxeb.
,,wigni saaqimoÁ” asaxelebs oTx elements (miwa, wayli, haeri da cecxli), romelTagan yoveli materialuri,
maT Soris adamianis sxeulic, Sedgeba. am elementebs
avtori ,,mizezebs” uwodebs4, romlebic miCneulia martiv nivTierebebad. ,,oTxni martivia _ naTqvamia am Txzu109
lebaSi, _ romelsac hqvia arabulad mafiadi, erTi
mxurvalea, meore _ grili, mesame _ nedli, meoTxe _
xmeli”5.
Txzulebis avtori am elementebis ganlagebas nemesios emeselis mixedviT warmoadgens. nemesiosi elementebis kidura wevrebad miwasa da cecxls Tvlida; aseve
iqceva ,,wigni saaqimoÁ”-s avtoric.
samyaros elementebis Sesaxeb laparakia ,,usworo
karabadinSic”. iq naTqvamia, rom ,,amaTgan izrdebian
oTxive kuTxeni”,Ee.i. mTeli materialuri samyaro. Rogorc vxedavT, samyaros elementebi
gamocxadebulia
amqveyniuri (materialuri) sinamdvilis sawyisebad.
TiTqmis
yvela samedicino wignSi samyaros oTxi
elementi miCneulia adamianis (da cxovelis) organizmis
sawyisebad. ,,frinvelTa karabadinSi” naTqvamia, rom
yoveli xorcieli Sedgeba oTxi elementisagan. amasTanave erTmaneTisagan mkveTrad gansxvavebulia
sxeuli
(materialuri) da suli (idealuri), romelTa urTierToba Sua saukuneebisaTvis
Sesaferi cnebebiTaa warmodgenili. saxeldobr, ,,frinvelTa karabadinis” mixedviT, sxeuli aris sulis sapyrobile (,,viTarca cixe”),
xolo ,,suli _ viTarca cixis patroni”6.
,,wigni saaqimoÁ” imowmebs aramarto medikosebs, aramed agreTve filosofosebs, romlebic oTxi elementisagan adamianis organizmis Sedgenilobas udavod
Tvlidnen. ,,aqimni da filosofosni erTnia da maT Sua
sacilobeli ara ars, _ naTqvamia am TxzulebaSi, _
romel ityvian viTa kaci ama oTxi bunebiTa arsni arian:
wylisa, cecxlisa, haerisagan da miwisagan”7. am SemTxvevaSi avtori udavod antikur filosofosebs gulisxmobs, gansakuTrebiT empedokles, romlis saxelTan dakavSirebulia oTxi elementis Teoria.
110
es oTxi elementi adamianis sxeulSi Sezavebulia
garkveuli proporciiT; maTi Tanabari Sereva adamianis
janmrTelobis sawindaria8. magram idealurad Tanabari
Sereva TiTqmis arc erT organizmSi ar xdeba (,,kacisa
Sinagan tansa ara ars”), rac daavadebis mizezia9.
am Txzulebebis avtorebi Tvlian, rom organizmis
Sedgeniloba oTxi elementisagan RvTiuri saqmea da am
Sezavebis ,,saidumloeba da sinamdvile RmerTman icis”.
RmerTma es oTxi elementi adamianis organizmSi kanonzomierad Seazava, sxvadasxva bunebis stiqionebi erTmaneTs SeaTanxma. zaza fanaskerteli _ ciciSvilis wers:
,,Seqmna RmerTman kaci oTxTagan bunebaTa: cecxlisagan,
qarisagan, miwisagan da wylisa”10. am oTxi elementis
gaerTianeba ar niSnavs maT urTierTSerwymas, gaTqvefas;
isini TavianT suverenulobas cocxal organizmSic
inarCunebs. maTi swori, proporciuli Sezaveba sicocxlisa da janmrTelobis sawindaria.
amrigad, samyaros elementebi organizmSi meqanikurad rodi erTiandeba, aramed mis Semadgenel nivTierebad gadaiqceva. xolo mTeli am procesis Semoqmedi
aris RmerTi; amrigad, saeqimo wignebi adamianis Semoqmedad RmerTs Tvlis. samyaros elementebi, rogorc
masala, materialuria.
zaza fanaskerteli _ ciciSvilis karabadinSi
vxvdebiT mixvedrebs fsiqikis materialuri substratis
Sesaxeb. kerZod, iq aRniSnulia, rom tvini aris ,,xelmwife srulad sxeulisa”, e. i. adamianis sxeuls Tavis
tvini ganagebs. ,,cnoba da Wkua kacisa tuins Sinagan
ars“11. cota qvemoT naTqvamia, rom ,,RmerTman tuini
gvamisa xelmwifed dahbada da cnoba yuela misgan
aris...…yoveli cnoba da Wkua kacisa tuinSigan ars, Setyuebaca... am niSniTa mecnieri da Wkuiani tuini aris”
111
da sxva12.
miuxedavad amisa, igi, cxadia, Sors dgas
fsiqikis mecnieruli gagebisagan.
arsebobs erTi sabunebismtyvelo naSromi, romelic
ufro mogviano epoqas ekuTvnis, romlisganac mxolod
nawyvetebia darCenili. Aam TxzulebaSi laparakia samyaros elementebis ganlagebasa da maT urTierTgardaqmnadobaze. kerZod, naTqvamia, rom ,,gadindgeldes raÁ,
wylad iqmnebis qveyanaÁ da Semtkicdes raÁ-air, iqmnebis
wyali. kualad ganxmes raÁ, cecxlad Seicvlebis da
usixmeloÁ cecxli ar iqmnebis”13.
es xelnaweri an uSualod nawyvetia nemesios emeselis Txzulebisa ,,bunebisaTvis kacisa” (ioane petriwis
Targmani) da an Sedgenilia misi pirdapiri mibaZviT.
SesaZlebelia igi iyos sxva raRac TxzulebaSi CarTuli masala nemesiosis wignidan. yovel SemTxvevaSi is ki
udavoa, rom igive azri TiTqmis sityva-sityviT meordeba
nemesiosis wignis petriwiseul TargmanSi. kerZod, iq
naTqvamia, rom ,,rameTu queyanaÁ (miwa _ avt.) odes raÁ
gadindgeldes, iqmnebis wyal, xolo wyali odes raÁ
Semtkicdes da daxSirdes _ iqnebis queyanaÁ, aramed
odes raÁ ganxurdes da ganorTqldes, iqnebis air.
xolo odes raÁ Sekrbes airi da Semtkicdes, iqmnebis
wyal; aramed ganxmes raÁ, cecxlad Seicvlebis; egreTve
odes raÁ daivsos cecxli da ganagdos sixmele, air
iqmnebis”14.
amave xelnawerSi kiTxva-pasuxis saxiT warmodgenilia samyaros agebulebis kosmologiuri modeli. ,,kiTxuaÁ: raÁ ars garegani kerZo queyanaÁ? migebaÁ: zRuaÁ.
kiTxuaÁ: da queSe kerZo zRuisaÁ raÁ ixilebis? migebaÁ:
ali, viTarca saxmili cecxlisa
garemodebul
ars.
kiTxuaÁ: da que kerZo cecxlisa raÁ ixilvebis? migebaÁ:
quaÁ cecxlebr motyinare. Dda queSe kerZo missa damtkicebul ars buneba wyalTaÁ da kualad qveSe kerZo
112
wyalTa maT ganfenil ars bunebaÁ cecxlisa wyudiadisaÁ”. es modeli tradiciuli Tvalsazrisisagan ramdenadme gansxvavdeba da SeiZleba sxva wyaroebidanac momdinareobdes.
2. sulxan-saba orbeliani
sulxan-saba orbelianis naturfilosofiur koncefciaSi gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa Sexeduleba samyaros
elementebze, rogorc bunebis materialur sawyisebze.
igi ase ganmartavs ,,asos” (kavSiris, elementis) cnebas:
,,aso eladelTa xmiTa hqvian kavSirTa; amisaTvis filosofosTa mier asoni saxeldebian cecxlsa, airsa, wyalsa da queyanasa (miwa _ avt.), rameTu viTarca asoTa
dasxmiTa amoikiTxvis sityuaÁ da sityuaTagan Seiqmnebis
wigni, agreTue am oTxTa asoTgan Seimzadebis sxeuli
da sxeulisagan kaci sruli. xolo am oTxTa asoTa kavSirad saxelsdeben, vinaTagan miT dakavSirdebian yovelni nivTni”15.
aq sainteresoa ramdenime momenti: pirveli, sulxansaba
orbelians
samyaros
elementebis
ganlageba
daaxloebiT tradiciulad esmis. yovel SemTxvevaSi
Tvlis, rom cecxli da miwa (,,queyana”) samyaros wyobis
kidura wevrebia (zog naturfilosofiur koncefciaSi
miwa pirvel adgilze dgas, cecxli _ ki sul bolos;
magram amas ara aqvs principuli mniSvneloba, vinaidan
orive SemTxvevaSi miwa da cecxli miCneulia samyaros
elementebis kidura wevrebad. aseve araarsebiTia wylisa
da haeris adgilmonacvleoba sxvadasxva moazrovnesTan,
vinaidan isini miwisa da cecxlis rkalSia moqceuli).
samyaros elementebis aseTi wyoba sulxan-saba orbelianis msoflmxedvelobaSi, rasakvirvelia, SemTxveviTi ar
aris. amasTan aris dakavSirebuli garkveuli kosmolo113
giuri warmodgenebi, rac am didebul moazrovnes
uTuod gaaCnda.
meore, sulxan-saba orbeliani miuTiTebs, rom samyaros elementebs ,,asoebi” da ,,kavSirni” imitom ewodebaT,
rom maTgan yoveli sxeuli, maT Soris adamianis organizmic Sedgeba, iseve rogorc sityvebi Sedgeba asoebisagan. materialuri sxeulebi am elementebis kavSiria.
elementi swored Semadgenel nawils niSnavs.
mesame, elementis ganmartebisas sulxan-saba emyareba
nemesios emeselis Txzulebis ,,bunebisaTvis kacisa”
petriwiseuli Targmanis arSiaze gakeTebul erT SeniSvnas, sadac Camoyalibebulia zemoaRniSnuli azri. KerZod, am SeniSvnaSi
naTqvamia:
,,daniSne, viTar asod
nivTTa ityvis oTxTa, viTar: miwasa da wyalsa, airsa da
cecxlsa. rameTu esreT ewodebis amaT xmiTa elladelTaÁTa. xolo ewodebis amisaTvis asoT amaT, rameTu
viTar igi anbansa asoTagan marcualni da marcualTagan
sityuani Seiqmnebian, egreTve amaTgan oTxni balRamni
(siTxe _ avt.), xolo balRamTagan sxeulni cxovelTani
Seimzadebian”16.
rac Seexeba eTers, igi sulxan-saba orbelians
aristotelesa da misi mimdevrebisagan gansxvavebulad
esmis. eTeri, misi azriT, haers moicavs. amdenad, jer
aris dedamiwa (miwa, queyana), Semdeg haeri, xolo mis
Semdeg eTeri. ,,queyana aris mrguali da gare Seculi
haerisagan _ wers igi _ xolo haeri gare Seculi
eTerisa mier”17. sxva adgilze eTeri ganmartebulia
rogorc cecxli, romelic haers moicavs. amrigad,
gamodis, rom eTeri aris igive cecxli, maSasadame, igi
mexuTe elements ar warmoadgens. es ki niSnavs, rom
platonisa da aristoteles mier Setanili koreqtivi
elementebis Sesaxeb moZRvrebaSi sulxan-saba orbelianisTvis miuRebelia.
114
es garemoeba imaSic gamovlinda, rom sulxan-saba
orbeliani ciur sxeulebs, aristotelesgan gansxvavebiT, eTerisagan Sedgenilad ki ar Tvlis, aramed mis
Semadgenel nivTierebebad isev oTx elements (miwa,
wyali, haeri da cecxli) asaxelebs. ,,cisasa romelnime
oTxTa kavSirTagan ityvian Semzadebasa“18. es niSnavs,
rom ciur mnaTobebs sulxan-saba orbeliani iseve materialurad Tvlis, rogorc yvela sxva sagnebs.
sulxan-saba orbelianis Sexeduleba samyaros elementebis Sesaxeb imiTac gansxvavdeba tradiciuli (antikuri filosofiidan momdinare) koncefciisagan, rom igi
laparakobs samyaros elementebis qmnadobaze, maT
RvTiur warmoSobaze. magaliTad, igi cecxlis Sesaxeb
wers: ,,cecxli ars erTi oTxTa kavSirTagani, subuqi da
uzeaRmavlesi sxvaTa, mwuelobiTi da ganmanaTlobiTi,
mxurvali da xmeli, pirvelisa dResa dabadebul Semoqmedisa mier”19. sulxan_saba orbeliani analogiurad msjelobs sxva elementebzec.
amrigad, is dualizmi, romelic Zvel naturfilosofiur TeoriebSi SeimCneoda materialursa da idealurs Soris, sulxan-saba orbelianma moxsna. imis mtkiceba, rom materialuri samyaros Semadgeneli elementebi RmerTma Seqmna, sxva araferia, garda religiuri
kreacionizmisa, vinaidan Tu am elementebs RvTaebrivi
warmomavloba aqvT, maSin maTgan Sedgenili samyaroc
RvTaebrivi Semoqmedebis produqti iqneba.
sulxan-saba orbeliani fizikuri sxeulebis mTavar
niSnad ganfenilobas Tvlis. ganfenili, misi azriT,
aris is, rasac sami ganzomileba aqvs. ,,sxeulsa hqonan
sami ganfenani: sigrZed, sivrced da siRrmed, romel ars
sizrqe”20. am SemTxvevaSi ,,sivrce” ixmareba ara am sityvis Cveulebrivi gagebiT, aramed sivrcis erT-erTi ganzomilebis mniSvnelobiT. aqve igulisxmeba, rom rasac
115
es sami ganzomileba ara aqvs, is usxeuloa, ganufenelia. aq sulxan-saba orbeliani, dekartis msgavsad, TiTqos carieli sivrcis arsebobas uaryofs da sivrces
sxeulTan aigivebs. magram sinamdvileSi igi carieli
sivrcis koncefcias icavs, rac adgilis gagebis sakiTxSi gamovlinda. ,,adgili _ wers igi _ es ars nakÀeTi raime queynisagan, gina samyofi, gina dasadgomeli
da dasjdomeli daTqmuli visime”21. rogoc vxedavT,
sulxan-saba orbeliani sivrcisa da sxeulis igiveobaze
ar laparakobs da, maSasadame, carieli adgilis (sivrcis) arsebobas uSvebs.
sivrcis metafizikuri Teoria kidev ufro aSkarad
Cans maSin, rodesac sulxan-saba orbeliani cis Sesaxeb
msjelobs. igi Tvlis rom ca moicavs yovelgvar materialurs, Seqmnils, sasrul samyaros. ,,caÁ ars garSemcveli yovelTa dabadebulTa da SeqmnilTa nivTierTa”22.
am SemTxvevaSi ca gagebulia rogorc carieli adgili,
romelSic moTavsebulia mTeli materialuri samyaro.
amasTanave sulxan-saba orbeliani cdilobs erTmaneTs daukavSiros materialuri da idealuri sinamdvile. materialur samyaros ca moicavs, xolo ca sasufevelSi Sedis. ,,cani Secul arian sasufevlisagan, sada
ars sayofeli angelozTa da wmindaTa”23. amrigad, sulxan-saba orbeliani ,,xids” debs amqveyniursa da imqveyniur sinamdviles Soris.
amasTan dakavSirebiT sulxan-saba orbeliani CamoTvlis caTa rigs, romelsac ufro metad kosmologiuri
da Teologiuri mniSvneloba aqvs, vidre filosofiuri.
TiToeuli ca dakavSirebulia cTomilis (planetis)
arsebobasTan. Svidi cTomili Svid caSia, ,,romelSi
SvidTaA maT caTa Sina TviTeulni arian”.
sainteresoa sulxan-saba orbelianis Sexeduleba
aucileblobisa da SemTxveviTobis Sesaxeb. aucilebels
116
igi uwodebs imas, rac ,,TÂiT TÂisiT myofi ars”, e.i. rac
TavisTavad arsebobs. SemTxveviTi ki ,,ver SemZlebelia
TÂiT TÂisiT yofisaÁ, aramed sxuisa Soris mqonebeli
yofisa”24.
aucileblobisa da SemTxveviTobis zemoaRniSnuli
gageba aristoteledan momdinareobs, romelic sulxansaba orbelianis msoflmxedvelobaSi arapirdapiri
gziT Semovida. Tqma imisa, rom SemTxveviTs Tavisi arsebobis safuZveli sxvaSi aqvs, sxviT aris ganpirobebuli,
misi relatiurobis mtkicebas niSnavs. am Sexedulebis
pirvel wyarosac aristotele warmoadgens.
sulxan-saba orbelianis naturfilosofiuri ideebi
imis maCvenebelia, rom axali drois qarTul filosofiur azrovnebaSi SesamCnevad gaZlierda interesi naturfilosofiuri problemisadmi. es garemoeba sruliad udavo xdeba anton pirvelis filosofiuri
msoflmxedvelobis analizis procesSi.
A
3. anton pirveli
anton pirvelis filosofiur msoflmxedvelobaSi
naturfilosofiur ideebs mniSvnelovani adgili uWiravs. antoni axali drois mijnaze dgas da did mniSvnelobas aniWebs bunebis codnas, mis Semecnebas. amis
Sesabamisad mis msoflmxedvelobaSi naturfilosofias
sapatio adgili aqvs mikuTvnebuli.
antonis naturfilosofiuri koncefcia ZiriTadad
volfs emyareba, Tumca mTel rig principul sakiTxebSi
mas daupirispirda. man volfis ,,Teoriuli fizikisa” da
sxva avtorebis safuZvelze Seadgina Txzuleba ,,Semoklebuli fisika Teoretikebri”. magram igi ar aris
volfis fizikis Targmani. antoni TviTon gveubneba, rom
,,gardamoviRe fisika ese sxuaTa avqsonTagan (avtorTagan _ avt.) Semkreblmano“. volfisagan gansxvaveba, uwi117
nares yovlisa, msoflmxedvelobriv sakiTxebSi gamovlinda. antoni TviTon gveubneba, rom ,,volfiosisgansa
sistemasa soflisasa mivrideo”, e.i. volfis warmodgenebs samyarosa da misi agebulebis Sesaxeb ganverideo.
swored amitom antonis naturfilosofiuri Sexedulebani an saerTod ar atarebs spekulaciur xasiaTs da
an masSi spekulaciuri msjelobani mcire doziT aris
warmodgenili. arsebiTad, rom vTqvaT, antonis naturefilosofia aris filosofiuri moZRvreba bunebaze anu
bunebis filosofiuri gaazreba.
antonis naturfilosofiuri ideebi ZiriTadad gadmocemulia mis TxzulebaSi ,,Semoklebuli fisika Teoretikebri”, romelsac mravalricxovani (246) SeniSvna da
komentari erTvis.
antoni imiT iwyebs, rom naturfilosofiis sagans
buneba warmoadgens, romelic agreTve fizikis Seswavlis obieqtia. amdenad igi fizikas (kerZod, Teoriul
,,fisikas”) da naturfilosofias erTmaneTTan aigivebs.
,,filosofia bunebiTi _ wers igi _ anu fisika aris
cnoba bunebiTTa nivTTa, ese igi yovlisa mis raÁRaca
arsebisagan da TÂsebisa sxeulTasa yofad SemZlebel
ars”25. es gansazRvreba, rogorc Cans, gavrcelebuli iyo
XVIII saukunis naturfilosofiaSi.
anton pirveli bunebismecnierebis (fizikis) da, Sesabamisad, naturfilosofiur codnas didi mniSvnelobas
aniWebs. antoni gveubneba, rom erTxel saubrisas sityva
Camovarda fizikaze. erT-erTma mosaubrem Tqva: ,,fisika
gadaaqcevso kacsa WeSmaritebisagan cnobasa”, e.i. fizika
adamians WeSmaritebidan gadaacdenso. antoni amgvari
Sexedulebis winaaRmdegia da amtkicebs, rom ,,umecarni
fisikisani msgavs arian brmaTa mxolod nivTTa winamdebareTa xeliTa oden gamxiluÀlni da mgrZnobelni
SexebiTa oden nivTisani da ver sadme mcnobelni
118
SesaxedavaTni, xolo mecnierni fisikisani arian viTar
mxeduÀlni da ara SexebiTa oden mgrZnobelni nivTTani,
romelnica ara raimeTa mizezTa fisikosobiTasa gardaiqcevian WeSmaritebisagan cnobasa”26. rogorc vxedavT,
antoni Tvlis, rom fizikis codnis gareSe ar SeiZleba
vicnobdeT bunebas, mis kanonebs, kanonzomierebas; amis
gareSe vemsgavsebiT brmebs, romlebic martooden exebian sagnebs, magram ver xedaven, Tu isini ras warmoadgens.
fizikis im maRal Sefasebas, romelsac antoni
iZleva, bunebrivad unda mohyoloda
empiriuli
Semecnebis meTodis win wamoweva. marTlac, antoni,
rarig ucnaurad ar unda Candes, winaaRmdegia bunebis
Sesaxeb spekulaciuri msjelobisa da cdasa (,,mcnobelobas”) da eqsperiments bunebis Semecnebis ZiriTad
saSualebebad Tvlis. igi amtkicebs, rom araferi ar
SeiZleba WeSmaritad CavTvaloT bunebis Sesaxeb, rac,
,,mcnobelobisagan”, e.i. cdisagan ar momdinareobs.
magram aqedan sruliadac ar gamomdinareobs, rom
TiTqos antoni mtkiced dgas empiristuli Semecnebis
Teoriis poziciebze. es SeuZlebeli iyo Tundac imitom,
rom igi ase Tu ise mainc volfs emyareboda, volfi ki
_ laibnicis mowafe _ racionalistia. SegrZnebebSi
mocemuloba bunebis Semecnebis wyaroa, magram sakmarisi
ar aris. bunebis Semecneba SesaZlebelia racionaluri
gziT, romelic cdasa da eqsperimentebs emyareba. amrigad, antoni Semecnebis TeoriaSi (kerZod bunebis
SemecnebaSi) ZiriTadad swori gziT midis _ empiriulisa da racionaluris erTianobis poziciebze dgas da
erT-erTi ukidurobisaken ar ixreba.
materialuri samyaros uarsebiTes niSans ganfeniloba warmoadgens; sxeulebi ganfenilia imitom, rom
ganfenilia nivTiereba, romlisganac sxeulebi Sedgeba.
119
,,sxeulsa nivTisaTÂs, romlisganca warmosdgebis (e.i.
sxeuls, romelic materiisagan aris Sedgenili. avt.),
aqus ganfenilobaÁ”. es imiT mtkicdeba, rom SesaZlebelia materialuri sxeulebis dayofa, danawileba
(,,ganwualeba”) ufro mcire nawilebad, rac SeuZlebeli
iqneboda im SemTxvevaSi, Tu ki igi materialuri ar
iyos27.
amrigad, ganfeniloba, romelsac antoni materialuris ZiriTad niSnad Tvlis, Sedgenilobis, struqturis arsebobis maCvenebelia. yoveli ganfenili Sedgenilia anu struqturuli mTelia. ,,ganfenilad iwodebis
ukuÀ meqoni urTierTsa SerwymulTa kerZoTa (nawilTa _
s.a.) romelTagan erTi garegan meorisa imyofebis”28.
aq antoni materialuri sxeulebis kidev erT axal
niSans asaxelebs, saxeldobr garemdebareobas anu Seuvalobas, rac klasikur azrovnebaSi materialuri sxeulebis erT-erT ZiriTad niSnad iTvleboda. am koncefciis mixedviT, sxeulebs sivrceSi garkveuli adgili
uWiravs (adgili gagebuli iyo metafizikurad, e.i.
iseTad, romelic materialuri sxeulebisagan damoukidebelia) da, maSasadame, erT adgilze ori sxeuli ar
SeiZleba moTavsdes (,,erTi garegan meorisa, imyofebis”).
antoni Tvlis, rom materialuri sxeulebis umravlesoba SegrZnebebSi gveZleva, magram aris iseTi materialuric, romelic zegrZnobadia da mxolod gonebiT
Seimecneba. aseTad igi Tvlis eTers,
romelic, misi
azriT, yvela sxeuls gansWvalavs da cariel adgilebs
avsebs. sxeulebi oTxi stiqionisagan (cecxli, wyali,
miwa da haeri) Sedgeba; am stiqionebis Sedgeniloba
SegrZnebebisaTvis misawvdomia, magram sxeulebSi aris
,,nivTni sxuaobiTni”, e.i. sxvagvari materiac, romelic
,,ara aquÀs Sevrdom ars grZnobaTa “, e.i. SegrZnebebSi
ar gveZleva, aramed igi ,,mxolod oden gonebiTa”
120
Seimecneba.
aseTia
eTeri,
romelic
,,mxolod
gonebiToden miiwvdomebis……da ara grZnobaTa”29.
garda eTerisa, antoni laparakobs umciresi materialuri nawilakebis zegrZnobadobis Sesaxeb. saxeldobr, igi iziarebs volfis Tvalsazriss sxeulebis Semadgeneli umciresi materialuri nawilakebis arsebobis
Sesaxeb. es nawilakebi uxilavia mikroskopiTac ki.
,,arian nivTni esoden wulilni, romelnica xiluad
SeuZlebelni arian”30. aseTi nawilakebis qveS antoni
albaT atomebs gulisxmobda, vinaidan im dros atomisturi Teoria popularuli iyo.
amrigad, antoni SegrZnebebSi mocemulobas ar Tvlis
materialuris universalur niSnad; sxeulTa Semadgeneli umciresi materialuri nawilakebi mikroskopiTac
ki uxilavia, magram maTi arsebobis uaryofa SeuZlebelia.
magram sabolood anton pirveli sxeulis Semadgenel pirvel elementebad Tvlis cnobil oTx striqons
_ miwas, wyals, cecxlsa da haers. antoni Tvlis, rom
yovelgvari materialuri zemoaRniSnuli oTxi elementisagan Sedgeba, romlebic Tavisi bunebiT Semecnebadia.
Tuki ,,pirvelni dasabamiTni nivTni (e.i. oTxi elementi avt.) ara sacnaur iyvnen”, e.i. Tu isini ar Seimecnebodes,
maSin SeuZlebeli iqneboda saganTa da movlenaTa
meqanikuri mizezebis povna, xolo Tu bunebis meqanikuri
mizezebi ucnobia, maSin ucnobia TviTon bunebac. `Tu
sadme ara mecnav varT pirvel dasabamiTa nivTTa, ver
SemZlebelmca vyuneT povnaÁ mizezTa mixanikebrTa...
romelica miiRebis gareganisa saxisa... xolo odes ara
mecnav varT mizezTa mixanikebrTa... maSin saTanado ars
mizezTa mier kma yofaÁ fizikebrTa cnobasa mimarT
sxeulTasa”31. amrigad, anton pirveli zemoaRniSnuli
121
oTxi elementis Semecnebis SesaZleblobas bunebis
Semecnebis aucilebel pirobad Tvlis.
anton pirveli aRiarebs sxeulebSi sicarielis arsebobas. misi azriT, sxeulebs sxvadasxva met-naklebobiT aqvT Rrmulebi (,,fori~ antonis terminologiiT),
rac ganapirobebs erTi da igive sxeulis sxvadasxva
simZimis arsebobas. `ukeTu yoveli sxeuli iyosmca nivTTa, maSin iyosmca sadame sworsa Sina sididesa tyuÂsa
da matylisasa erTi simZime~32. es argumenti atomistur
filosofias, kerZod, lukreciuss ekuTvnis. antoni arsebiTad iRebs mas, saxeldobr Tvlis, rom Tuki sxeulebSi saerTod ar iyos sicariele, maSin erTi moculobis yvela sxeuls (magaliTad, tyviasa da matyls)
erTi da igive simZime eqneboda.
magram antoni aramarto ar iziarebs atomistur
filosofias, kerZod, lukreciusis Tvalsazriss sicarielis arsebobis Sesaxeb, aramed swored mis sawinaaRmdego poziciebze dgas. igi uaryofs
absoluturad
carieli sivrcis arsebobas da sicarielis cnebas,
dekartis msgavsad, martooden relatiuri mniSvnelobiT
xmarobs.
antoni Tvlis, rom absoluturad carieli sivrcis
arsebobis aRiareba sruliadac ar aris saganTa diferenciaciis (simravlis) aRiarebis aucilebeli piroba.
piriqiT, Tuki arsebobdes carieli sivrce, maSin SeuZlebeli iqneboda saganTa diferenciacia, `viTar igi
sxuaobs sxeuli sxeulisagan, eg saxed kerZoÁca kerZoÁsagan, xolo Tu sadame carieli yovelTa zeda kerZoTa
ganfenil ars, maSasadame, ara sxuaobdnen kerZoni
urTierTs~33. es Tvalsazrisic dekartidan momdinareobs. man uaryo saganTa individuaciisaTvis carieli
sivrcis saWiroeba da daamtkica, rom sicarielis
arsebobis SemTxvevaSi SeuZlebeli iqneba saganTa dife122
renciacia da individuacia. `sadac ars carieli ganfenili – wers antoni dekartis kvaldakval – mun sxuaoba
kerZoTa arRara ars~34. amrigad, winaaRmdeg sivrcisa da
drois metafizikuri Teoriisa, romelic cariel sivrces saganTa individuaciis aucilebel pirobad Tvlida,
anton pirveli kategoriulad amtkicebs, rom carieli
sivrce aramarto ar aris saganTa individuaciis aucilebeli piroba, aramed piriqiT, rom arsebobdes carieli sivrce, maSin SeuZlebeli iqneboda saganTa individuacia.
amrigad, antoni sivrcisa da drois relativistur
Teorias icavs; sxvagvarad arc SeiZleboda yofiliyo,
vinaidan igi aristotele-dekarti-laibnic-volfis xazze
dgas sivrcisa da drois gagebis sakiTxSi.
antoni erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavebs msoflio sivrcesa da konkretul sivrces. igi Tvlis, rom msoflio
sivrce aris mTeli samyaros sidide da ganfeniloba;
konkretuli sivrce ki materialur sxeulTa urTierTganlagebis wesrigia. `sivrce soflisa – wers igi ara
Tu orTa Soris raimeTa sivrce ars, aramed farToeba
da sidide misi~35.
amasTan erTad antoni msoflio sivrcis usasrulobas amtkicebs. igi wers: `miuwTomel ars sivrce
soflisa amis, esreT viTarmed
sazRuarTa misTa ara
Tu grZnobiTa oden, anu gamoxatÂTa TÂiT gulisxmisyofsa misaca miwvTomad SeuZlebel ars~36. erTi
sityviT, antoni Tvlis, rom msoflio sivrce usasruloa; igi miuwvdomelia aramarto Cveni grZnobis organoebisaTvis, aramed gonebisTvisac. adamianis SemecnebisaTvis miuwvdomloba sivrcis usasrulobis Sedegia.
sivrcesa da drosTan dakavSirebulia adgilis
cnebac, vinaidan jer kidev aristoteles adgili esmoda
rogorc konkretuli sivrce. aqedan cxadia, rogoricaa
123
sivrce saerTod, aseTive unda iyos adgilic (konkretuli sivrce). sivrcisa da drois relativisturi
gagebidan adgilis relativisturi gagebac gamomdinareobs. ,,spekalSi” antoni adgilis cnebis gansazRvrebisaTvis aristoteles mimarTavs. ,,aristoteli Tqva,
mdebareobaÁ (adgili – s.a.) arso debisa qoneba viTame
sxvisa mimarT”37, e.i. adgili aris sxva sxeulTa mimarT
mdebareoba. rogorc vxedavT, aq adgilis relativisturi gageba gvaqvs.
sivrcisa da drois problemasTan dakavSirebulia
moZraobis sakiTxi. filosofiis istoria gvaswavlis,
rom moZraobis bunebas yovelTvis imis mixedviT xsnidnen, Tu rogor esmodaT sivrce da dro. amitom sivrcisa
da drois metafizikur Teorias yovelTvis Tan sdevda
moZraobis metafizikuri Teoriac da, piriqiT, visac
sivrce da dro relativisturad esmoda, igi moZraobis
aseTsave Teorias iziarebda. analogiur viTarebasTan
gvaqvs saqme anton pirvelis SemTxvevaSic. Znelia imis
Tqma, rom igi mtkiced dgas sivrcisa da drois relativisturi Teoriis poziciebze, magram ZiriTadad mainc
am Teorias iziarebs. moZraoba, misi azriT, aris adgilis gadanacvleba (,,moZraoba aris cualeba adgilisa”),
magram vinaidan adgili, sivrcis msgavsad, relativisturad esmis, amitom moZraobac, rogorc adgilis gadanacvleba, sivrciTi mimarTebebis cvalebadobas niSnavs.
es ki moZraobis relativistur Teorias warmoadgens.
rogorc ukve iTqva, antoni uaryofs absoluturad
carieli sivrcis arsebobas da Tvlis, rom samyaroSi
arsebuli ,,carieli“ adgilebi, e. i. is adgilebi, sadac
ar aris samyaros Semadgeneli elementebi (cecxli,
wyali, miwa da haeri) savsea gansakuTrebuli materiiT,
romelsac eTeri ewodeba. eTeri ganmsWvalavs sxeulebs
Soris arsebul Rrmulebs, romelsac Cven cariels
124
vuwodebT. ,,sivrcesa Sina forTa _ wers igi _ ucxoÁ
raime ars nivTi, ara sakuTari sxeulisa mis romelsa
Sina ars sivrce igi”38. es niSnavs, rom sxeulis Rrmulebs Soris moTavsebuli sivrce savsea eTeriT.
antoni gveubneba, rom eTeri da haeri sxvadasxvaa;
haeri samyaros erT-erTi Semadgeneli elementia da,
maSasadame, mis SigniT imyofeba; eTeri ki samyaros gars
akravs. ,,eTeri sxua ars haerisagan, romelica gare Seicavs queyanasa”39. eTeri, antonis mixedviT, aris ,,nivTi
zecieri”, romelic haerze ufro faqizia da Txeli.
,,nivTi zecieri, ese igi eTeri uwuliles ars haerisa da
zemo ufrore uTxeles”40. amrigad, eTeri gagebulia
rogorc materialuri ram, Tumca igi nivTierebisagan
gansxvavdeba. msoflio sivrce savsea eTeriT.
eTeri antons esmis rogorc faqizi, Txeli, magram
uZravi ram, romelSic sxeulebi dacuravs. es SesaZlebelia imitom, rom sxeulebs aqvT Rrmulebi, romlebSic
eTeri gadis, rogorc wyali sacerSi41. sxeulebs rom
Rrmuli ar hqondeT, maSin maT moZraobas eTeri daabrkolebda.
garda zemoaRniSnuli Tvisebebisa, antoni eTers
miakuTvnebs eleqtromagnituri talRebis gavrcelebis
funqciasac. kerZod, igi Tvlis, rom eTeri sinaTlis
sxivis gavrcelebis garemos warmoadgens. sinaTle
vrceldeba eTerSi. am SemTxvevaSi igi dekarts imowmebs.
es Tvalsazrisi, rogorc cnobilia, didxans batonobda
fizikaSi da sabolood uaryofil iqna eTeris uaryofasTan erTad.
uaryofs ra carieli sivrcis arsebobas, anton pirveli aRiarebs moZraobis SesaZleblobas savse sivrceSi. am SemTxvevaSi igi aristoteles Tvalsazriss iziarebs, romelmac pirvelma daamtkica, rom carieli sivrce ara marto ar aris moZraobis aucilebeli piroba,
125
aramed, piriqiT, carieli sivrcis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi
SeuZlebeli iqneboda moZraoba.
fizikuri moZraobis ZiriTad formad antoni meqanikur moZraobas Tvlida, rac dakavSirebulia sxeulebis
inertulobasTan. sxeulebi TavianTi bunebiT inertulia.
materiis inertulobis idea kargad cnobili iyo klasikur filosofiaSi; mas iziarebdnen mTeli rigi filosofosebisa antikurobidan axali drois CaTvliT.
anton pirveli bunebaSi arsebuli moZraobidan
daskvnas akeTebs msoflio centris arsebobis Sesaxeb.
dedamiwaze arsebuli moZravi
sxeulebi, misi azriT,
dedamiwis centrisaken miiswrafvis. aseTia yovelgvari
moZraoba. es niSnavs, rom arsebobs msoflio centri.
,,centri ars saSvalo yovlisa raimes nivTisa da queyana
centri ars soflisa amis da queynisa amis centroÁ
saSualo misi ars, viTar igi mgrgual movlebulsa”42.
centri aqvs yvelafers _ dedamiwasac da samyarosac.
moZravi sxeulebis miswrafeba centrisken, rasac universaluri xasiaTi aqvs, antonis azriT uZravi msoflio
centris arsebobas amtkicebs.
amasTanave sxeulebis miswrafebas centrisaken volfi da antoni arsebiTad sxvadasxvagvarad ganmartaven.
volfis mixedviT, mas fizikuri mizezebi aqvs, antoni ki
volfs ar eTanxmeba da am fizikur movlenas Teologiurad xsnis. es moZraoba, amtkicebs antoni, ,,yovlisa
SemZlebelisadmi nebisa” ariso, e.i. mas RmerTis neba
ganapirobebs43.
antons ar uWiravs bolomde Tanamimdevruli pozicia samyaros agebulebis Sesaxeb. igi xSir SemTxvevaSi
dedamiwas da, saerTod, samyaros mrgvlad (sferosebulad) Tvlis, magram sxva SemTxvevaSi igi mas uaryofs.
magaliTad, antoni ar Targmnis volfis ,,Teoriuli
fizikis” $114-is im nawils, sadac laparakia dedamiwis
126
simrgvaleze, rac imaze miuTiTebs, rom antoni am azrs
ar iziarebs. magram, meore mxriv, igi msjelobs msoflios simrgvaleze, cis simrgvaleze da sabolood am
sakiTxs Riad tovebs _ mis gadawyvetas mkiTxvels andobs. igi wers: ,,daRaTu hazrisaebr aristotelisa
sferosebrsad dgas queyana. magram axalni ese mimzraxoben filosofosni, viTarmed igi raodenime aramebr
sferoÁsa ars, aramed meqon ars nakuჱTisamebr kuჱrcxisa; da amaTgani, romelica umarTles ars hazri, igi
gansjasa zeda mkiTxuჱlTasa damokidebul ars”44.
miuxedavad amisa, antonis msoflmxedvelobaSi xSirad antoni _ Teologi imarjvebs, ris Sedegad igi
uaryofs mecnierebis miRwevebs da mecnierebas TeologiiT cvlis. es aSkarad gamovlinda mis damokidebulebaSi kopernikis heliocentruli sistemisadmi. volfi
kopernikis sistemas iziarebs, antoni ki mas uaryofs da
TiTqmis yvelgan, sadac laparakia kopernikze da,
saerTod, heliocentrul sistemaze, antoni cvlis
teqsts da geocentrul sistemas ubrundeba, religiur
dogmatebs iSveliebs. magaliTad, rodesac igi gadmoscems (volfisagan gansxvavebiT) geocentrul sistemas,
ambobs, rom am Tvalsazriss ewinaaRmdegeba koperniki
da misi Tanamoazreni, magram isini ,,WeSmaritebisa mimarT saRmrToisa werilisa, Zlevad ver SemZlebel
arian”. am werilSi ki weria, rom ,,uZraobisaTჳs queynisa
(dedamiwisa _ s.a.) da moZraobisaTჳs mzisa”45. aq miTiTebulia saeklesio wignebi. antoni Tvlis, rom ,,saRrmToÁ
werili... savse ars yovlisa sibrZnisaTa”. amasTanave igi
xazs usvams imas, rom kopernikis sistema religiur
msoflmxedvelobas ewinaaRmdegeba da amitom igi ar
SeiZleba WeSmaritebad CaiTvalos. unda vivaraudoT,
rom ZiriTadad samyaros geocentruli da heliocent127
ruli sistemebis winaaRmdegoba hqonda mxedvelobaSi anton pirvels, rodesac igi misi Txzulebis ,,Semoklebuli fisika Teoretikebris” winasityvaobaSive gaemijna
volfs (,,volfiosisgansa sistemasa soflisasa mivride”o). volfis msoflio sistema kopernikis heliocentruli sistema iyo, rac antonisaTvis miuRebelia.
amave poziciebidan antonisaTvis miuRebelia azri
sxva planetebze sicocxlis arsebobis Sesaxeb. amitom
antoni mTlianad cvlis volfis wignis $94-s da mis
nacvlad wers sruliad sawinaaRmdego azrs, kerZod,
uaryofs sicocxlis arsebobas sxva planetebze.
antoni akritikebs agreTve im moazrovneebs, romelTac planetebi dedamiwis (,,queynis”) magvar ciur sxeulebad warmoudgeniaT. ,,mesazreni queynad planitTagani
_ wers antoni _ Semiracxian me winaaRmdegobad
saRmrToTa werilTa, romelTa zeda brali ese mtkiced
daimtkicebisca. xolo udidesnic vhsTqua: TჳT sityÂsa
RmrTisa queyanisa zeda xorc Sesxmad mosvlჳsaca arian
mgmobar, garna avtori ese aqa ara daamtkicebs TÂT,
aramed sxvaTa mouTxrobs sityvaTa” _ ambobs antoni
baumaisteris ,,logikis” qarTuli Targmanis winasityvaobaSi. amrigad, aq antoni ambobs, rom im moazrovneebs
(,,mesazreni”), vinc planetebs miwad (,,queyanad”) miiCneven,
me qristianuli religiis (,,saRmrTo werilis”) mowinaaRmdeged vTvli, romelTa danaSauli (,,brali”) mtkiced
dasturdeba. antoni uaryofs im azrs, rom dedamiwa
aris erT-erTi planeta (e.i. uaryofs dedamiwasa da sxva
planetebs Soris igiveobas) imis gamo, rom maSin dedamiwas aRar eqneba privilegiuri mniSvneloba, rac religias ar eTanxmeba.
sicocxlis ZiriTad niSnad antoni Tvlis zrdas,
SegrZnebis unars, moZraobas, sunTqvas, sisxlis mimoqce128
vas da sxva. sicocxlis fundametur niSnad CaTvlilia
nivTierebaTa cvla.
adamianis doneze sicocxlis ZiriTad niSnad antoni
cnobierebas miiCnevs. cnobierebis elementebi cxovelebSic arsebobs, magram cnobiereba, rogorc aseTi, mxolod adamianis sulis Tvisebaa. adamianis suli aris
gonieri, e.i. cnobierebiT dajildoebuli, gansxvavebiT
cxovelis sulisagan, romelsac cnobiereba ar gaaCnia.
amitom adamians samyaroSi gansakuTrebuli adgili
uWiravs. Tundac amitom, antonis azriT, igi ar SeiZleba bunebis nawilad CaiTvalos.
anton pirvelis naturfilosofiuri ideebi Zveli da
axali epoqis mijnaze Camoyalibda da aSkarad atarebs
Tavis drois Sesafer ormag xasiaTs. antoni, erTi mxriv,
axlis, progresulis mqadagebelia da ver eteva Zveli,
sqolastikuri msoflmxedvelobis CarCoebSi, magram,
meore mxriv, mas uZneldeba axlis SeTviseba, Zveli
tradiciebi nebas ar aZlevs daeuflos axali epoqis
suliskveTebas. swored es ormagoba aSkarad aisaxa
anton pirvelis azrovnebaSi saerTod da, kerZod,
naturfilosofiur koncefciaSi.
129
meeqvse Tavi
eTikuri ideebi
1. erovnuli kulturis krizisi monRolTa batonobis xanaSi
XIII saukuneebSi saqarTveloSi monRolTa da
sxvadasxva tomTa batonobis xanaSi qarTuli kultura daeca da daqveiTda. k. kekeliZe qarTuli literaturis (saerTod kulturis) am periods swored ase
axasiaTebs: `dacemis periodis literatura~1. amis
miuxedavad, am droisTvis kulturuli cxovreba
saqarTveloSi mTlad ar Camkvdara. `Zalian mcire
masStabebiT, magram am xanaSic SeigrZnoba moZraoba
da kulturuli majiscema~2. `kulturis majiscemis~
maCvenebelia am droisTvis CvenSi cnobili faqtebi
rogorc originaluri, ise naTargmni literaturis
saxiT. amgvar masalebSi Cans zneobrivi kulturis
done, Cans is, Tu qarTuli sazogadoeba romel
zneobriv faseulobebs aRiarebs da iwonebs da isic,
romels uaryofsa da iwunebs.
omebiTa da ekonomikuri siduxWiriT Sewuxebul
qveyanaSi zneobrivi cnobiereba, SeiZleba iTqvs,
`erToba~ vlindeba, erTi mxriv, sagmiro (amirandarejaniani), romantikuli (leilmajnuniani) sazRapro
(rusudaniani) eposebSi, meore mxriv, TviTnebobis
TareSis
pirobebSi,
es
cnobiereba
eZebs
misi
alagmvis saSualebebs. amgvar saSualebad mas miaCnia
Zvel filosofosTa Segonebani (`sibrZneni filosofosTani~) da igav-arakebis meSveobiT sibrZnis gavrceleba. ase rom, TviTnebobis, rogorc qcevis principis, batonobis pirobebSi Sua saukuneebis epoqis
130
saqarTveloSi adamians mxsnelad rCeboda ori ram: 1.
fizikuri Zala da 2. zneobrivi cnobiereba.
am epoqis qarTuli kulturis pirveli Zegli,
romelic eTikis mxridan seriozul yuradRebas imsaxurebs, aris JamTaaRmwerlis `monRolTa droindeli
matiane~. es nawarmoebi uaRresad sainteresoa ara
marto rogorc istoria saqarTveloSi monRolTa
batonobis Sesaxeb, aramed sainteresoa agreTve istoriis filosofiis, eTnografiisa da, rac mTavaria,
eTikis TvalsazrisiT. matianeSi Camoyalibebulia
sruliad garkveuli moraluri koncefcia; metic,
eTikuri, ufro zustad, religiur-eTikuri poziciidan aris ganxiluli TiTqmis yvela movlena, da rac
mTavria, monRolTa mier saqarTvelos daqcevis
faqti.
matianes avtors esa Tu is zneobrivi movlena
ainteresebs ara cnebis, aramed misi mniSvnelobis
anu Rirebulebis TvalsazrisiT. amitom avtori
Tavidanve yuradRebas amaxvilebs qveynis patronis _
mefis zneobriv Rirseba-naklovanebebze. laSa-giorgis, romelmac saxelovani dedis gardacvalebis Semdeg qveyana Caibara, hqonda rogorc mefis sakadrisi
Tvisebebi, aseve iseTic, romelic qveynis patrons ar
ekadreboda. `rameTu iyo ese laSa-giorgi mxnen,
axovani, Zlieri, laRi, ampartavani, Tavxedi, TviTbuneba. uxvi, saxiobis moyvare, Rvinis moyvare da gemoT
moyvare~3. xorcis siamovnebisTvis zrunvas Tavisi
uaryofiTi Sedegebi moaqvs. amis Teoriul safuZvelsa da sabuTs matianes avtori winaswarmetyvelis
Semdeg sityvebSi xedavs: `Wama iakob, ganZRa, gansxva,
gansuqna da dauteva RmerTi Semoqmedi Tavisi da
ganudga RmerTsa macxovarsa Tvissa~. ,,agreTve _
ganagrZobs matianes avtori _ iqmna naTesavsaca amas
131
Sina qarTvelTasa, rameTu ganZRes da iSvebdes da
uwesobad midrkes siZvaTa Sina da mTvralobaTa
ugunurni kacni, mefis karsa zeda ara yofis Rirsni
da aw karsa zeda myofni... amisTvis aRmoxcendes mizezni codvaTa simravliTa saqarTvelos mooxrebisani~4.
saqarTvelosTvis
Tavs
datexili
ubedurebis
mTavar mizezs JamTaaRmwereli uzneobaSi xedavs.
`rameTu dauteves mefeTa da mTavarTa samarTali,
mowyaleba, siyvaruli, siwrfoeba, simSvide, simarTle da amis wil moipoves ampartavneba, zakva, Suri,
xdoma, siZulvili, angareba, mimZlavreba, klvani,
parvani, siZvani, uwesobani,... rameTu yovelman asakman
berTa da WabukTaman, mciriTgan vidre didadme,
miaqcies siboroted... rameTu ganviwireniT RmerTisa
mier, romel daviviwyeT RmerTi da RmerTmanca
samarTlad dagviviwya~5.
matianes avtors Zalian uWirs imis aRiareba, rom
zneobrivi simdablis magaliTs iZleoda Tavad
saqarTvelos mefe rusudani. magram simarTle unda
iTqvas, radgan `JamTaaRmwerloba WeSmaritis metyveleba ars da ara Tvalaxma visTvisme~6. rusudan
mefem saberZneTs gaagzavna Tavisi Zmiswuli daviTi,
saidumlo weriliT. mefem Tavis siZesa da qaliSvils sTxova daviTis mokvla; roca mas es Txovna
ar Seusrules, maSin rusudanma siZes werili miswera da qaliSvils cili daswama _ daviTis mokvla
imitom ar unda, rom maT erTmaneTTan sqesobrivi
kavSiri aqvTo. daviTis gadarCenaSi matianes avtori
xedavs RvTaebrivi samarTlianobis gamovlenas. saerTod, rogorc religiurad moazrovne adamians Seefereba, JamTaaRmwereli matianeSi motanil mraval
132
faqtsa da movlenas ganmartavs da afasebs RmerTze
da RvTaebriv samarTlianobaze miTiTebiT.
matianes avtori kargad xedavs ara marto qveynis
dacemasa da gaCanagebas, aramed im zneobriv winaaRmdegobasac, rasac qarTveloba uwevda monRolTa batonobas. maRali zneoba vlindeba qarTvelTa gmirobisa da Tavdadebis im faqtebSi, romelTa Sesaxebac
matiane mogviTxrobs. aseTia, magaliTad, demetre
mefis (Tavdadebulis) saqcieli, romelmac Tavi
dado saqarTvelos gadasarCenad. `ra sargebels ars
cxovreba Cemi _ mimarTa urdoSi wasvlis win mefem
Tavis xalxs, _ ukeTu CemTvis mravali xalxi mokvdes da me tvirTmZime codviTa ganvide soflisa
amisgan! aw mnebavs, raTa warvide yaens winaSe da
iyos neba RmerTisa: ukeTu me momklan, vgoneb, rome
qveyana uvneblad darCes~7.
aseve zneobrivi gmirobisa da Tavdadebis maCvenebelia cotne dadianis saqcieli. cotnes Tavgamodebam ixsna rogorc misi, ise danarCen qarTvel didebulTa sicocxle8. qarTveli kacis Seupovrobasa da
gmirul xasiaTze laparakobs matianeSi motanili
qarTveli mefis sityvebi: `ara ars wesi Cven qarTvelTa, ukeTu vixiloT mteri Cven kerZo momavali,
Seubrmelad zurgi SevaqcioT, daRaTu iyos sikvdili~9.
dacemis xanis kulturis Zeglebi, rogorc originaluri, ise naTargmni, eTikis TvalsazrisiT, arsebiTad iseTive suraTs gvaZlevs, rogorsac JamTaaRmwerlis `matiane~. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs is garemoeba,
rom zneobrivis (eTikuris) kvleva ki ar gvaqvs am
xanis kulturis ZeglebSi (makari mesxis `petre
iberielis cxovreba~, ucnobi avtoris `luka ierusalimelis wameba~, `garigeba xelmwifis karisa~,
133
`Zeglis dadeba~ da sxv.), aramed zneobrivis moxmareba, gamoyeneba.
giorgi V brwyinvalem mTiulebisTvis Seqmna sakanonmdeblo krebuli (kodeqsi), romelic cnobilia
`Zeglis dadebis~ saxeliT. kulturis am ZeglSi metad sainteresoa erTi punqti, romelic valsa da
sargebels exeba. `valis saqme, wers didebuli mefe,
asre gavaCineT: sargebeli arc qarTvelTa sjulTa
Sigan Zevs wesad, rom aRiRon, da arca sxvaTa
sjulTAuweria; da sargebeli aris uweso~10: metismetad avi unda iyos kaci, rom sargebeli moiTxovoso. da Tu aseTi avi kaci gamoCndes aT TeTrze
ori TeTri mieceso11. es wesi saocari sicxadiT
gviCvenebs im xanis qarTveli kacis sameurneo gulubryvilobasac da zneobriv siwmindesac.
2. eTikuri azri qarTuli kulturis aRorZinebis
periodSi. ganmanaTlebloba da eTika
sulxan-saba orbeliani (1658-1725). qarTuli kulturis aRorZinebis periodi iwyeba XI saukunis damdegidan da grZeldeba XVIII saukunis bolomde12. es
periodi gamoirCeva literaturuli Janrebis simdidriTa da mravalferovnebiT. sagmiro eposis gverdiT
viTardeba romantikuli, sazRapro, didaqtikur-moraluri da saistorio eposi. eTikis TvalsazrisiT
yvelaze sainteresoa didaqtikur-moraluri eposi,
romlis brwyinvale warmomadgenelia sulxan-saba
orbeliani.
sulxan-saba orbelianis kalams ekuTvnis rogorc
saero, ise sasuliero xasiaTis Txzulebani. saero
xasiaTis Txzulebebia: `wigni sibrZne-sicruisa~,
`leqsikoni qarTuli
(I da II tomi)~, `mogzauroba
134
evropaSi~. sasuliero xasiaTis Sromebidan aRsaniSnavia `swavlani da moZRurebani~.
moraluri problemebis TvalsazrisiT yvelaze
mdidar masalas iZleva sulxan-sabas Txzuleba
`wigni sibrZne-sicruisa~. am wignis saTauris Sesaxeb
arsebobs azrTa sxvadasxvaoba. mkvlevarTa erT
jgufs (k. kekeliZe, a. baramiZe da sxv.) miaCniaT, rom
ufro swori unda iyos saTauri `wigni sibrZnisa da
sicruisa~; mecnierTa meore jgufis (a. cagareli, a.
imedaSvili, ingliseli qarTvelologebi _ m. uordropi, d. langi) TvalsazrisiT unda iyos `wigni
sibrZne-sicruisa~. Cvens mecnierebaSi damkvidrebulia azri, rom sulxan-saba orbelianma sicruis
(arakis) gziT gadmosca sibrZne. aRniSnuli terminis
Sinaarsi i. WavWavaZem ase axsna: `ras hniSnavs es ori
sityva _ sibrZne-sicrue _ erTmaneTze gadabmuli...
saba-orbelianis sicrue zRaparia, arakia, igavia,
araki, zRapari amisTana saxea, kania azrisa, romelic
saWkuo da sazneo WeSmaritebas zedmiwevniT gvixatavs xorcSesxmulad, Wkuas gvaswavlis, gvarigebs,
znes gviwurTvnis, avsa da kargs gvaniSnebs erTmaneTSi da gasarCevad~13.
`sibrZne-sicruis~ azrobrivi Sinaarsis sakiTxs
calke Seexo akad. S. nucubiZe. S. nucubiZis mixedviT, kavSiri `da~ sibrZnesa da sicrues meqanikurad
aerTebs; kompoziti `sibrZne-sicruisa~ ki filosofiurad ufro Rrma Sinaarsis matarebelia. S.
nucubiZis azriT, `aq raRac ufro Rrma garemoeba
devs sabas naTqvamSi, romelic dapirispirebulTa
Sinagan kavSirs gamoxatavs... arc sibrZne arsebobs
sabasTvis damoukideblad da arc sicrue, aramed
Secnobili sicrue, rogorc amosavali, aris `sibrZ135
ne-sicruisa~ anu `sibrZne-sicrue~, es aris namdvili
azri sulxan-saba orbelianis arakebis wignisa~14.
ramdenadac sulxan-sabas wigni `sibrZne-sicruisa~
moraluri xasiaTis nawarmoebia, amdenad sainteresoa
am terminis eTikuri Sinaarsi. jerjerobiT es sakiTxi bolomde garkveuli ar aris15. sakiTxSi gasarkvevad udavod mniSvnelovania sabaseuli ganmarteba
iseTi eTikuri cnebebisa, rogoricaa sibrZne, sicrue,
zneoba, sikeTe, boroteba da sxv.
sulxan-saba Tavis leqsikonSi sibrZnis aseT
ganmartebas iZleva: ,,sibrZne ars mSobeli Wkuisa da
gamsinjveli cnobaTa. sibrZne da siverage emsgavsebian: sibrZne keTil, xolo siverage _ ara”16. am
ganmartebis bolo nawili gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa. sabas mixedviT, sibrZne da siverage erTmaneTs
emsgavseba, magram raSi? erTi SexedviT, aq msgavsebaze laparaki zedmetia. magram es msgavseba naTeli
gaxdeba, Tuki gaviTvaliswinebT sabas leqsikonSi
mocemul siveragis ganmartebas. siveragis qveS sabas
esmis qcevis garkveuli wesi, xerxi an xerxianoba.
`veragoba ars mravali RonisZieba Rvawlsa Sina,
romelsa msoflioni xerxsa uwodeben~.17 veragoba
sibrZnesTan erTad aris qcevis garkveuli wesi an
principi da amiT isini erTmaneTs emsgavseba; magram
amave dros isini erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdeba kidevac:
sibrZnis mizani yovelTvis aris sikeTe, siveragisa
ki _ ara. swored ase, lakoniurad ambobs saba:
sibrZne _ keTil, siverage – ara. saba ar gveubneba,
rom siverage aris boroteba, an misi msgavsi sxva
ram. saba ambobs: `siverage ars xelovan yofa Rvawlsa Sina~18. xelovneba ki, sabas mixedviT niSnavs `keTilad moqmeds... moqmedi keTil samuSakoTa~19. sabas
piriT aq Taviseburad gvexmianeba antikuri eTika
136
(sokrate, platoni, aristotele). am SemTxvevaSi saba
gveubneba, rom sibrZnis mizani yovelTvis aris
sikeTe (sokrate). magram marjved, xerxianad moqceva
anu siverage yovelTvis araa sikeTe. siverage ar
aris sikeTis kategoriuli piroba.
sabas leqsikonis mixedviT, `sikeTe ars winabWe
da ezo keTilobisa~20. `ese keTili ars nawili keTilobisa, xolo keTiloba_tba rame ukido~21. sikeTes
upirispirdeba siborote an boroti. boroti aris
`avis moqmedi da avi... boroti ars ra keTili moaklos kacman... boroti ars, ra igi ara genebos, igi
giyos kacman~22.
eTikis ZiriTadi cnebebidan da kategoriebidan,
romelTa ganmartebas an daxasiaTebas sulxan-saba
orbeliani
iZleva,
gansakuTrebiT
sayuradReboa
zneobis kategoria. Zvel qarTulSi sityva `zneoba~
moixmareboda `cudi qcevis~ mniSvnelobiT23. rogorc
Cans, zneobis es gageba sabas aRar akmayofilebs.
Tavis
leqsikonSi
saba
`znes~
ase
ganmartavs:
`CveulebiT raica saqme sWirdes, keTili Tu boroti,
zne igi ars~24. qarTuli sityvis _ `zne~ _ etimologia mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli sityvebTan `Cveuleba~, `xasiaTi~, `buneba~25. etimologiurad aseTive
viTareba gvaqvs `znes~ Sesatyvis berZnul sityvasTan
`eTos~. Zalian Znelia berZnuli enis mxridan aq
raime gavlenaze laparaki. saba aq afiqsirebs qarTuli enis Taviseburebas da SesaZleblobas mocemul
sityvasTan dakavSirebiT.
eTikis ZiriTad cnebaTa Sinaarsi da Tavisebureba
TvalsaCinod aris warmodgenili sulxan-saba orbelianis mTavar nawarmoebSi _ `sibrZne sicruisa~. es
termini _ kompoziti sainteresod ganixila msofl137
mxedvelobrivi da gnoseologiuri TvalsazrisiT S.
nucubiZem. amis Sesaxeb zemoT ukve iyo naTqvami.
ras warmoadgens gamoTqma `sibrZne sicruisa~
eTikuri TvalsazrisiT? gnoseologiuri mniSvnelobis gverdiT am gamoTqmas gaaCnia agreTve RirebulebiTi mniSvneloba, rasac yvelaze mkafiod gamoTqvams iseTi aqsiologiuri cneba, rogoricaa `RirebulebiTi sinTezi~. es cneba pirvelad Tavis eTikaSi n.
hartmanma daaxasiaTa; Tumca Sinaarseulad is ukve
mocemulia aristoteles `nikomaqes eTika~-Si. aq
gansakuTrebiT yuradRebas ipyrobs aristoteles
mezotesis Teoria da uaryofiT RirebulebaTa antinomika. aristoteles mixedviT, rogorc cnobilia,
zneobrivi
Rirebuleba
uaryofiT
RirebulebaTa
`SuagulSia~; or uaryofiT Rirebulebas mudam
erTaderTi Rirebuleba Seesabameba. mocemuli sqemis
mixedviT aSkaraa, rom maT unda Seesabamebodes ori
Rirebuleba, Tanac pozitiurad dapirispirebuli. Tu
mezotes-Si dafarulia RirebulebiTi sinTezi, maSin
is ukve gulisxmobs RirebulebaTa antiTetikas: e.i.
masSi dafarulia ori Rirebuleba. saZiebeli saTnoeba iqneba maTi RirebulebiTi sinTezi.
RirebulebiTi sinTezis TvalsazrisiT seriozul
yuradRebas imsaxurebs sulxan-saba orbelianis mier
Rrmad gaazrebuli zneobrivi cxovrebis principi
`sibrZne sicruisa~. rogorc zemoT iTqva S. nucubiZis mixedviT, sibrZne sicruisa arc mxolod sibrZnis gamomTqmelia da arc mxolod sicruisa; igi
Tavisufalia
calmxrivobebisagan;
aqsiologiuri
TvalsazrisiT ganxiluli ki, igi RirebulebiT sinTezs gamoxatavs. `sibrZne sicruisa~ RirebulebiTi
sinTezia, magram metad Taviseburi.
138
aristoteles eTikur moZRvrebaSi saTnoebaTa
Sesaxeb ori uaryofiTi Rirebulebaa mocemuli da
Semdeg dgindeba maT Soris saSualo (`mezotesi~),
romelic
Tavisufali
iqneba
ukiduresobebisgan.
sulxan-saba orbelianis cnobili principi ki dapirispirebulTa erTianobas gamoTqvams, aq saxezea
mocemuli dadebiTi Rirebulebac da uaryofiTic.
`sibrZne sicruisa~ iseTi RirebulebiTi sinTezia,
romelSic, upirveles yovlisa, sibrZne (Rirebuleba)
laparakobs, magram igi laparakobs ara ubralod
Tavisi Tavidan, aramed Tavis sapirispiro RirebulebasTan (sicruesTan) mimarTebaSi. sulxan-saba orbelianis zneobriv principSi vismenT dapirispirebul
RirebulebaTa dialogs. am dialogSi Cans dadebiT
Rirebulebis upiratesoba uaryofiT Rirebulebaze.
sibrZne sicruisa Tavad aris sibrZne, oRond iseTi
sibrZne, romelic Tavis sapirispirosTan kamaTSi
`gamowrTobilia~. sibrZne-sicruisa dapirispirebulTa imgvari erTianobaa, romelSic sibrZne yovel
axal situaciaSi RirebulebiT siaxles gvTavazobs.
amis mkafio ilustracias TviTon sulxan-sabas
arakebi warmoadgens.
sulxan-saba orbelianis yoveli araki gvTavazobs
RirebulebiT siaxles. es siaxle SeiZleba mocemuli
iyos guluxvobis (`mefe xorasanisa~, `xalifa da
arabi~ da sxv.), simdablis, sulgrZelobis (`Zala
erTobisa~, `samni Zmani~, `ZaRlebi da mgeli~), samarTlianobis (`indoT mefe da vazirni~), kacTmoyvareobis (`didvaWari da mefunduke~), stumarTmoyvareobis (`jizi gurgen~) da sxva RirebulebaTa saxiT.
sulxan-saba orbeliani iziarebs im Tvalsazriss,
romlis mixedviT, Tavisufleba aris zneobrivi
saqcielis arsebobis piroba. zneobrivi moqmedebis
139
ganmsazRvrelad saba, aristoteles msgavsad, gonebas
miiCnevs. saerTod, unda iTqvas, rom sabas Semoqmedebis eTikuri mxare ufro metad aristoteluria.
sabas moralur moZRvrebaSi seriozuli adgili
ukavia religiur elements. RvTis imeds, RvTis SiSs
da RvTis mowyalebas saba ganixilavs rogorc
adamianis saTno cxovrebis aucilebel xelSemwyob
faqtors. es ukanaskneli garemoeba gansakuTrebiT
TvalSi sacemia sabas qadagebaTa krebulSi `swavlani~.
sulxan-saba orbeliani Tavisi moralur-didaqtikuri moZRvrebiT gamofxizlebisa da aRorZinebisaken
mouwodebs zneobrivad da politikurad dacemul
Tavisi drois saqarTvelos.
3. naTargmni literatura da misi eTikuri mniSvneloba
XVII saukunis qarTuli kultura sakmaod mdidaria naTargmni literaturiT; sayuradReboa, rom am
literaturaSi mniSvnelovani adgili uWiravs igavarakul Janrs. sxva saxis TargmanebSi TvalSisacemad
Warbobs moralur-didaqtikuri Tematika. es Tematika
SesaZleblobas iZleva gonebis Tvali gadavavloT
zneobriv
faseulobaTa
rogorc
dinamikas,
ise
statistikas anu maT adgils eTikur RirebulebaTa
Skalaze.
Txzuleba, romelic cnobilia `mefeTa salaro~-s
saxelwodebiT, ekuTvnis im nawarmoebTa jgufs, romlebSic ganxilulia sakiTxebi mmarTvelTa daniSnulebis, maTi ufleba-movaleobis, agreTve qveSevrdomTa
movla-patronobis idealis Sesaxeb. aq laparakia iseT
saTnoebebze, rogoricaa simarTle, siuxve, moTmineba,
Sendoba, wyaloba da sxva. magram, rogorc zemoT ukve
140
iTqva, aq zneobis arsis Zieba ki ara gvaqvs, aramed
ufro xSirad zneobriv RirebulebaTa naTelyofa, gaTvalsaCinoeba, ukeTes SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs umaRles
arsebaze an RvTaebriv principze, rogorc zneobis
erTaderT safuZvelsa da sazomze miTiTebasTan26.
yoveldRiuri cxovrebis vrceli moraluri kodeqsi
warmodgenilia
msoflio
literaturis
iseT
margalitSi, rogoricaa `qilila da damana~. igav-arakebis
es krebuli qarTvelebs jer kidev XII saukuneSi
uTargmniaT, magram igi dakargula da misi xelmeore
Targmani ganxorcielda XVII saukuneSi. mkvlevarTa
aRiarebiT, `qilila da damana~ didi popularobiT sargeblobda saqarTveloSi. `qilila da damana~-s mTargmnelT Segnebuli unda hqonodaT zneobriv mankierebaTa
uaryofiTi roli feodaluri sazogadoebis stabilurobisaTvis. dagmobilia iseTi zneobrivi mankierebani da
socialuri borotebani, rogoricaa: Suri, sixarbe,
angareba, Ralati, sizarmace, adamianis yidva-gayidva da
sxva. feodaluri sazogadoebisaTvis aSkarad revoluciuri da progresuli unda yofiliyo iseTi azrebis
propaganda, rogoricaa: `sidiadisa, morWmisa da patiosnobis mizezi codna-mecniereba da marTebuli saqcieli
aris. ara Tu gvari, modgma da naTesaoba~. an kidev
`yovelTa kacTa patiosneba codnaa da ara saqoneli~27.
amave periods ekuTvnis cnobili ezopes igav-arakebis
qarTuli Targmani. sul uTargmniaT ormoci igav-araki;
jer moyvanilia igav-araki, Semdeg ki mosdevs axsnaganmarteba, romelic zneobrivi Segonebis farglebs ar
scildeba28.
analogiuria somxuridan Targmnili igav-arakTa
krebuli, romelsac `melis wigni~ ewodeba. es aris
somexi mqadageblis vardanis igav-arakTa krebuli; vardans ezopes igavebisTvis daumatebia zneobrivi xasiaTis
141
sakuTari ganmartebani; krebulSi gamaTraxebulia gaiZvera mosamarTleebi, mtarvali mefeebi, yoyoCa gvariSvilebi, gakicxulia umecreba, sixarbe, angareba, ampartavnoba da sxva. idealad miCneulia sazrianoba, maxvilgoniereba, xerxianoba da sxva analogiuri Tvisebebi29.
moralur-didaqtikuri xasiaTis Tavisebur nawarmoebs warmoadgens e.w. apofTegmebi, romlebic warmoadgens cnobil filosofosTa da gamoCenil pirTa sentencia-aforizmebisa da Tqmulebebis krebuls. qarTul
mwerlobaSi cnobilia ramdenime aseTi krebuli. esenia:
1. amiranasariani, 2. sibrZneni filosofosTani, 3.
swavlani axikar brZnisani. TiToeuli maTgani xasiaTiT
arsebiTad ar gansxvavdeba zemoaRniSnul igav-arakTa
krebulisgan30. aqac mocemulia imgvari zneobrivi
Segonebani, romlebic urCeven kacs avi da kargi gaarCios, keTili miiRos da borots ganeridos, sZlios sixarbesa da angarebas. iyos swavlis moyvare da sizarmacis mteri. zneobrivi xasiaTis aforizmebiT gansakuTrebiT datvirTulia `sibrZneni filosofosTani.~ sokrates, platonis, aristoteles, diogenis, aristofanes,
Zenonis, epikures da sxvaTa aforizmebSi warmodgenilia
yoveldRiuri cxovrebis eTikuri Sefasebebi, sadac
dagmobilia zneobrivi mankierebani da win wamoweulia
swavlis, sibrZnis, mamacobis, erTgulebis zomierebis da
sxva saTnoebani31.
Targmani yovelTvis iyo da aris sxva erisa Tu
xalxis kulturasTan ziarebis marjve saSualeba. magram Targmani sxva mxrivac aris sayuradRebo. yoveli
Targmani (sulieri xasiaTis nawarmoebisa) sul cota
ori ZiriTadi aspeqtiT mainc aris saintereso. jer erTi, ra aris Targmnili da, meorec, risTvis aris Targmnili, ra ainteresebda, magaliTad, qarTul sazogadoebas mocemul TargmanebSi, ra mizniT Targmnida maT da
142
ras aniWebda gansakuTrebul yuradRebas _ sxva sityvebiT – RirebulebiT upiratesobas. Targmnil literaturaSi am kiTxvebze pasuxi aSkarad gviCvenebs mowinave
qarTuli sazogadoebis zneobriv sijansaRes.
Targmnili literaturis ganxilva gviCvenebs, rom
yvelaze meti upiratesoba eZleva iseT zneobriv faseulobebs, rogoricaa swavla, codna, sibrZne, ganaTleba.
es ki imas niSnavs, rom sazogadoebaSi ufro metad dafasebulia an unda iyos dafasebuli wminda Teoriuli,
gonebrivi Sroma.
swavla-ganaTlebis upiratesi dafaseba mTels gansaxilvel periodSi saintereso kuTxiT warmoaCens qarTuli kulturis (da sinamdvilis) bevr, zneobrivi xasiaTis kiTxvasac.
4. arCili (1647-1713)
swavla-ganaTlebis, saerTod ganmanaTleblobis udidesi mniSvneloba aris naCvenebi arCil mefis SemoqmedebaSi, gansakuTrebiT iseT poetur nawarmoebebSi,
rogoricaa `saqarTvelos zneobani~ da `leqsni asni
ormuxlni~. metad sainteresoa arCilis mier terminis
`zneoba~ _ xmareba. `zneobis~ cnebaSi arCili gulisxmobs ara marto xasiaTis dadebiT (da uaryofiT) Tvisebebs _ taqts, qcevis stilsa da maneras, aramed agreTve
calkeul xelobas (profesias), romelic misi drois
(XVII sauk.) saqarTveloSi yofila gavrcelebuli. urTierTdaxmarebisa da zrunvis gverdiT arCili asaxelebs zneobis iseT saxeebs, rogoricaa mxiaruleba,
Sairoba, qeifoba (`saamovno Wama da sma~), moTmineba,
musikaluri garToba, mxedroba, cxenosnoba, motirloba,
Wadrakis TamaSi, enebisa da wignis codna, Sroma (`muSaobac kargi znea~), mwerloba, mTargmneloba, puradoba,
143
mamacoba, `yoveli codna zneobaa~, sibrZne da sxva mravali32.
amrigad, zneobis cneba arCilTan imdenad gafarToebulia, rom igi socialuri moralis cnebis Sinaarssac
ki aRemateba, Tumca, meore mxriv, (sayuradReboa isic)
zneTa arCiliseul klasifikaciaSi gamoxatulia is
azri, rom nebismieri adamianis urTierTobebi met-naklebad datvirTulia zneobrivi RirebulebebiT.
yvela zneobaze aRmatebulad arCils miaCnia sibrZne.
`sibrZnes ver sworavs verara, arc ise mosaxmaria,
misi nayofi bevria, Ziri aqvs ar gamxmaria,
sad waxvalT, Tan gamogyvebaT, sagzlaTac mgon
saxmaria~...
`sibrZne sjobs, Torem uTuod zneoba yvela kaia~33.
sibrZnis dauflebas kargi maswavlebeli sWirdeba,
magram Tu amis SesaZlebloba ar aris, maSin arsebobs
sxva gzac, kerZod, saRmrTo wignTa Rrmad Seswavla. Tavad arCili ambobs: `rac vici, saRmrTos wignTagan maqvs,
sxvaTa aravisgan gaviyo~34. arCili darwmunebulia, rom
`samRvTo saqmis umecari bevr avs saqmes waadgeba, eSmaks
veras ver Seutyobs, rac sacTomlad Seadgeba35~... sibrZnes sWirdeba `RvTis SiSi SemsWvala~, uamisod adamians
eSmaki daimonebs; magram `RvTis SiSi~ sruliadac ar
niSnavs soflisgan gandgomas, rac mZafrad, mkveTr
ferebSia gadmocemuli mis winamorbedTan, mefe Teimurz
I-Tan (1589-1663) leqsSi `soflis samduravi~;
`sofels myofno, soflis saqme gasinjeT da gaigoneT,
es sofeli muxTalia, nu mihyvebiT SeigoneT36.~
Teimurazi gamosavals xedavs RvTis erTgulebasa
(,,samebiT erTsa vaqebdeT~) da asketur cxovrebaSi.
arCilis mixedviT ki, RvTis erTguleba, `RvTis SiSi~
144
sulac ar gamoricxavs sofelSi yofnas, ojaxisa da
naTesavebis yolas;
`nu geSiniaT, ar giSliT, sofeli nurvis gindao,
coli da Svili, mamuli, Zma, saxlikaci gin dao37...~
wuTisofeli arCilisTvis erTaderTi adgilia, sadac
sikeTis qmna SesaZlebelia: `sofeli ese msgavsia savaWro Sesakrebelsa,
aq Tu ar viRvwviT, ver vpoebT sxva keTilT
mosakrebelsa38.~
amgvari jansaRi pozicia arCilis zneobrivi didaqtikis qvakuTxedia.
5. daviT guramiSvili (1705-1792)
didi qarTveli poetis daviT guramiSvilis SemoqmedebaSi, SeiZleba iTqvas, centraluri Tema aris zneobrivi didaqtika. arsebiTad ar darCenila am Temis arc
erTi met-naklebad mniSvnelovani sakiTxi, romelsac igi
ar Sexebodes.
d. guramiSvili agrZelebs da amdidrebs ganmanaTlebluri eTikis im xazs, romlis uSualo warmomadgenlebic iyvnen sulxan-saba orbeliani da arCili.
ganmanaTlebluri eTika CvenSic, iseve rogorc evropaSi,
qadagebs swavla-ganaTlebis aucileblobas da ZiriTadad mxatvruli (evropaSi, agreTve, filosofiuri da
mecnieruli) saSualebebiT axdens mis naTelyofas
zneobrivi cxovrebis sasargeblod. d. guramiSvilis
mier gamoyenebuli mxatvruli saSualebebi uaRresad
metyveli da damajerebelia.
swavlis nayofi aris codna, xolo codna zneobrivi
cxovrebis erT-erTi principia. amitom `swavlaze urCi
da morcxvi TvaliT ar dasanaxia40.~ mozardis gasawvrTnelad d. guramiSvili arc fizikur zemoqmedebaze ambobs uars:
145
`nu genaRvlebis swavlaze yrmis wkeplis cemiT
kivili,
mal gamTeldebis uwamlod misi wylulebis
tkivili~41.
uswavlelad yofna ufro didi borotebaa, vidre
uwvrTneli ZaRlis yola.
`ZaRli uwvrTneli patronsa aseTs ras dauSavebsa,
rom Svili briyvi, ucebi, dedmamas ganaTavebsa?
ucodinrobiT aseTsa saqmeebsa iqs avebsa
gvarsa da naTesavebsa sircxviliT sWrides
Tavebsa~42.
swavla aris mZime Sroma. `swavlis Ziri mware aris~.
swavlis mZebneli am garemoebas unda Seeguos, Tu ar
surs rom mwared inanos. `Tavs sinanuli sjobia boloJams dananebasa.~ brwyinvale poeturi formiT gadmoscems d. guramiSvili codnis idealur bunebas: `swavla sikvdimde Senia, mudam SenTana myofeli, mas
gecilebis veravin ar aris gasayofeli...43~
evropaSi, ganmanaTleblobis epoqaSi, seriozuli
kamaTis sagani iyo zneobrivi principis an, rogorc
kanti ityoda, `moraluri filosofiis~ aucileblobis
sakiTxi. Wkviani da wesieri adamianebi, rasakvirvelia,
arseboben; magram `moraluri filosofiis~ codnis
gareSe maT advilad SeiZleba `moraluri Secdoma~
dauSvan. kantis azriT, kategoriuli imperativisa da
misi codnis aucilebloba swored amiTaa ganpirobebuli. daviT guramiSvili poeturi saSualebebiT naTelyofs arsebiTad imave amocanas, romelsac kanti filosofiur cnebebSi aTvalsaCinoebs.
`avi da kargi garCeviT, vxedav rom axlos miwyvia.
minda da swavlis simokliT cal-calke ver gamiyvia.
hygavs uxorTumo spilosa Wkviani kaci briyvia44.~
146
mxolod Wkua sruliad araa sakmarisi patiosani da
warmatebuli (bednieri) cxovrebisTvis. aucilebelia
codnis, sibrZnis floba. am viTarebas d. guramiSvili
iseTi damajereblobiT gadmoscems, rom mas Tamamad
SeiZleba `poeturi argumentacia~ vuwodoT:
`viT usaWurvlod mamaci omSigan gulad lomobdes,
gacofebuli gulbrazad vefxvi uklanWod omobdes,
ver aRasrulos sawadi, rac nebavs, misTvis
Ronobdes, _
egreT Wkviani uwvrTneli ver mixvdes, rasac
ndomobdes45.~
yvela arsebul faseulobaTa Soris, d. guramiSvilis
mixedviT, yvelaze umaRlesi aris codna, sibrZne.
`vsZebne da vera vhpoe ra mjobni am swavla-mcnebisa,
brZensa aqvs Tavis ufleba, sofelSi yofna nebisa~46.
brZenis garda, d. guramiSvili asaxelebs sxva
`sarCos Zirebsac.~ ostati, xucesi, vaWari, molaSqre,
mxvneli, glaxa, xelmwife, mwyemsi da mijnuri. yvela aq
dasaxelebuli
`sarCos
Zirebidan~
brZeni
aris
erTaderTi, romlis yofnasac axasiaTebs Tavisufleba
(`yofna nebisa~)47.
codnis SeZenis (`wurTvnis~) saukeTeso periodi aris
yrmobis periodi. mozardi Tavidanve unda mieCvios `gulis Tqmis~ SezRudvas anu dRevandeli terminiT, grZnobebis marTvas. d. guramiSvilisTvis mozardis aRzrda
aris masSi, upirveles yovlisa, qristianuli kulturis
aRzrda. es tendencia aSkaraa d. guramiSvilis mraval
leqsSi, gansakuTrebiT ki leqsSi `qacvia mwyemsi~. amitom, SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom mkvlevrebi d. guramiSvilis SemoqmedebaSi erT-erT Zlier nakadad miiCneven soflisadmi mdurvis qristianul motivebs, mistikur
xilvebs da sxva.
147
amis miuxedavad, wuTisofelTan adamianis damokidebulebis problema d. guramiSvilTan mainc wuTisoflis,
saeroO cxovrebis sasargeblod aris gadawyvetili.
`aw me saero walkoti mgonia patiosani;
miyvars da mal mal msurian misTa yvavilTa ynosani
ganvSordi saRmrTos baRnarTa, vsTme mis bulbulTa
osani~48.
d. guramiSvilis zneobrivi didaqtikis damaxasiaTebeli principia marTlis mTqmeloba. am mxriv d. guramiSvili qarTuli kulturis tradiciebis erTguli
gamgrZelebelia (`qmna marTlisa samarTlisa xesa Seiqms
xmelsa nedlad~; an kidev `JamTaaRmwerloba WeSmaritis
metyveleba ars~ da sxva). simarTlis principis dacva d.
guramiSvilisTvis sasicocxlo moTxovnaa:
`marTals vityvi, Seviqmnebi tyuilisa moambe rad?
veras vuqeb saZagelTa, uferulTa pir-saferad.
me, Tu ginda Tavi momWran, tani gaxdes gasaberad,
vinc ara hgavs kaxabersa, me ver vityvi kaxaberad49.~
eTikuri azris moZraoba qarTul kulturaSi d.
guramiSvilis Semdeg Tumca kidev igrZnoba, magram igi
mkafio zneobrivi principebiT an sinamdvilis masStaburi SefasebiT aRar gamoixateba. qarTuli kultura ZiriTadad kmayofildeba individualuri poeturi gancdebiT, filologiuri an istoriuli ZiebebiT. eTikuri
azris axali aRmavloba saqarTveloSi XIX saukunis 60iani wlebidan iwyeba.
148
meSvide Tavi
esTetikuri ideebi
XIII-XVIII ss. didi droiTi manZilia qarTuli kulturis istoriaSi mxatvruli da Teoriul-esTetikuri
azris ganviTarebis mxriv, amitom igi arc SeiZleba
erTgvarovani yofiliyo. aq aris `dacemac~ da `aRorZinebac~.
$1. esTetikuri azri rusTavelis Semdgom
periodSi (XIII-XVI ss.)
Cveni qveynis socialur-politikuri mdgomareoba
XIII-XVI ss.-is manZilze Zlier abrkolebda sazogadoebis kulturul cxovrebas. monRolTa `wyalobiT~ gaCanagda da gamoiketa swavla-ganaTlebisa da mwerlobis
kerebi. iv. javaxiSvilis TqmiT, `imdroindeli werilobiTi Zeglebidan cxadad Cans, rom wera-kiTxvis codnac
ukve sagrZnoblad daqveiTebuli da Cveni eris kulturuli done daweuli iyo. dadumda am dros mSvenieri
qarTuli mxatvruli mwerlobac da SemoqmedebiTs keraSi cecxli ukve Zalzed iyo daferflili~.1 Tu renesansul aRmSeneblobas sulier-SemoqmedebiT sferoSi or
saukuneze meti moandoma qarTvelma xalxma, qarTulma
gonma saocari ZaliT gaibrwyina petriwis filosofiasa
da rusTavelis mxatvrul samyaroSi. XIII s-is 30-iani
wlebidan TandaTan iSriteba eris sulieri energia,
erovnuli mexsierebidan TandaTan qreba renesansuli periodis filosofiuri da mxatvrul-esTetikuri azrovnebis saukeTeso miRwevebis kvali.
149
rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, monRolTa Semosevam da
damkvidrebam, erovnuli saxelmwifoebrivi cnobierebis
rRvevam, kulturul RirebulebaTa gaufasurebam qveyanaSi didi sulieri krizisi gamoiwvia. eris fizikuri
arsebobis sabediswero Jams SemoqmedebiTi potenciali
TiTqos amoiwura, aRar grZeldeba filosofiuri da
esTetikuri azrovnebis brwyinvale tradiciebi, romlebic XI-XII ss-Si mwvervals aRwevda ioane petriwsa da
SoTa rusTavelTan. saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivpolitikuri erTianobis daSlisa da socialur fenaTa
dapirispirebis fonze sazogadoebis feodalur-religiurma reaqciulma wreebma qarTuli renesansis Teoriuli da mxatvrul-SemoqmedebiTi azrovnebis miRwevaTa
ganqiqeba, damaxinjeba, gadakeTeba wamoiwyes. akademikosi
S. nucubiZe miuTiTebs: ioane petriwi, rogorc renesansis filosofiur-msoflmxedvelobrivi safuZveli,
xolo SoTa rusTaveli, rogorc qarTuli gonis SemoqmedebiTi gabrwyineba _ `saero da saeklesio aristokratiisaTvis miuRebeli aRmoCnda~.2
esTetikuri srulyofilebis TvalsazrisiT am periodis xelovneba ver pasuxobs renesansuli esTetikis
moTxovnebs. monumenturoba adgils uTmobs wvril kompoziciebs, xazebis ritmi texili da moZravia, moklebulia amaRlebulobas. aSkaraa profesiuli donis daqveiTeba xuroTmoZRvrebaSi. moWarbebuli ekleqtizmi xuroTmoZRvrul Zegls stilursa da mxatvrul mTlianobas ukargavs, CuqurTmebis natifi, cocxali gamomsaxvelobiTi buneba mSrali formebiTaa Secvlili. marTalia, grigol xanZTelisa da misi mowafeebis mier fuZeCayrilma samonastro mSeneblobam samcxeSi tempi da
masStaburoba dakarga, magram mainc Sendeba taZrebi:
zarzmis taZari da samreklo (XIV s.), aSenebuli serapion zarzmelis mier, bieTis, Wules eklesiebi (XIV –
150
XV ss), safaris wm. sabas eklesia (XIII s-is 80-iani wlebi). aRmosavleT saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeSi aRadgenen dangreul taZrebs. aleqsandre I didis dros
aRadgines alaverdis taZris yeli, gumbaTi, moixata
interieri.
XIV s-is qarTuli monumenturi ferwera jer kidev
inarCunebs klasikuri bizantiuri skolis gavlenas,
Tumca igi ufro saero xasiaTisaa, vidre saeklesio.
Serbilebulia religiuri asketizmi, Tavisufali da
dinamikuria kompoziciebi, ganuzomelia swrafva sivrceSi ganlagebisken. ufro Tamami, Tavisufali rakursebiT
gamoisaxeba proporciuli, mwyobri figurebi da srulyofili xdeba arqiteqturuli peizaJi. igi realuri xuroTmoZRvruli formebiT gadmoicema. mTebi da xeebi
sul ufro emsgavseba namdvils. Zveli, religiuri xelovnebis kompoziciuri sqemebis daZlevis procesi, sinamdvilis movlenis asaxvis survili sul ufro Zlierdeba ara marto im drois saqarTveloSi, aramed italiasa da bizantiaSic. sadac TandaTan fexs ikidebs renesansuli suli.
XIV s-is qarTul mxatvrobaSic axali stilis
formirebis procesi rom dawyebulia, es kargad Cans
qarTveli damianes mier Sesrulebuli ubisis taZris
kedlis mxatvrobaSi. TviTon avtoris vinaoba gamJRavnebulia kompozicia `saidumlo serobis~ qvemoT moTavsebul warwerebSi, aseve satriumfo kamaraze: `saxeliTa
RvTiTaÁTa moixata monasteri ese xeliTa codvilisa
damianes gazrdilisa gerasimesiTa~. damianes ferwera
gabeduli maneriT, laRi, ostaturi, metyveli, msuye
monasmiT gamoirCeva, rac mis naxatebs `impresionistul~
iers aniWebs. am mxriv tipuria mociqulTa saxeebi `saidumlo serobidan~. nakvTebi gadmoicema Tavisufali monasmiT, ferebi naTelia, figurebis moZraobac dinamiku151
ri, Tavisufalia, figurebidan zogi profilSia, zogic
zurgiT. sxeulis plastikis Tavisufali gamosaxva,
ferTa simsubuqe, saxis arasqematuri gamometyveleba
aSkarad renesansulia, igi didad gansxvavdeba im drois
bizantiuri xelwerisagan, rac damianes mxatvrobis
erovnul tradiciebze miuTiTebs da ara bizantiuri
ferweris gavlenaze. damianes mxatvroba XII s-is qarTul renesansul monumentur ferwerasTan aris dakavSirebuli. SedarebisaTvis `yinwvisis angelozi~ ikmarebda.
walenjixis wm. giorgis taZris moxatuloba mTlianad bizantiur stilSia Sesrulebuli. manera natifi,
artistuli, akademiuria, koloriti civi, foni oqrosferi. vamey dadianis mosasxami mewamuli ferisaa, rac
erTob damaxasiaTebelia bizantiuri freskisaTvis, poza
sqematuria. ubisis taZarSi damianes freskebi adamianuri, miwieri silamaziT gamoirCeva. sainteresoa afsidis konqi `vedrebis~ kompoziciiT. centrSi mSvid pozaSi gamoxatulia `saydarsa~ zeda mdgomi qriste, marcxniv dgas RvTismSobeli angelozTa dasiTurT, marjvniv
– winamorbedi angelozebiTurT. qristes ferxTiT `saidumlo serobaa~. ovaluri magidis centrSi zis qriste,
3/4-iT mobrunebuli Tavi odnav dauxria ioane mociqulisaken, romlis mxarzec daudvia xeli. suraTi fsiqologiuri siRrmiT gadmogvcems `saidumlo serobis~ ganwyobas. kompoziciis marjvena mxares iudas energiulad
gauwvdenia xeli magidis Suagulisaken. kompozicias arqiteqturuli foni gasdevs. perspeqtivaSi gamosaxulia
grZeli kedeli koSkismagvari karibWeebiT. aqeT-iqiT
saocari siuJeturi siuxviT gamoirCeva TaRis moxatuloba. centrSi qriste-pantokratoria, romlis garSemo
mTeli bibliuri (saxarebis) Sinaarsia gadmocemuli
mxatvruli ikonografiiT: `xareba~, `Soba~, `mwyemsebTan
angelozebis gamocxadeba~, `yrmis ganbanva~, `ierusalim152
Si Sesvla~, `wm. giorgi diokletianesTan~ da sxv. msuye
ferTa siuxve da saocari Sexameba alag-alag impresionistuli, naTeli ferebiT ivseba.
XV saukunidan monRolTa batonoba sparseT-TurqeTis gaxSirebulma Semosevebma Secvales, riTac aranaklebi Znelbedobis Jami dadga qarTveli xalxis istoriaSi. XV-XVI ss-Si Zlierdeba sparsuli klasikuri
eposiT, kerZod, `Sah-nameTi~ daintereseba im TvalsazrisiT, rom poemis calkeuli epizodebis mixedviT iqmneba
qarTulad `naTargmanebi~ versiebi: `rostomiani~, `zaaqiani~, `wigni saam-falavnisa~ `barzu-name~, `gerSasfname~ da sxv. es versiebi imdenad damoukidebel saxes
atarebs rogorc ideur-Sinaarsobrivi, ise mxatvrulgamomsaxvelobiTi formebiT, rom maT damoukidebel,
originalur nimuSebadac ki Tvlian. aRmosavluri poeziis feradovan-emociursa da inteleqtualur samyaros
qarTuli goni yovelTvis SemoqmedebiTad iRebda, erovnuli sulierebis quraSi gadaxarSavda xolme da amiT
amdidrebda sakuTar kulturas. akad. k. kekeliZis TqmiT,
ama Tu im eris TviTSegneba, misi `Tvisebrivi Taviseburebani da specifika~ mJRavndeboda ara marto originalur, aramed naTargmn literaturaSic. `erovnuli Tavisebureba iCens Tavs saTargmni masalis SerCevaSi:
iTargmneba is, rasac Txoulobs arsebiTi, yoveldRiuri
praqtikuli saWiroeba. iTargmneba ucxo masala, xolo
eZebs, Targmnis da iTvisebs erovnuli specifika da
Segneba~.3 am Tvalsazrisze dayrdnobiT rusTavelis
Semdeg `dacemisa~ Tu `aRorZinebis~ periodebis qarTulsparsul kulturul urTierTobebSi ori sapirispiro
tendenciis – miReba-uaryofis – arseboba TviT qarTuli
kulturisa da qarTuli esTetikur-SemoqmedebiTi cnobierebis bunebiT unda aixsnas.
153
$2. esTetikuri azri XVII saukunis
saqarTveloSi
XVII saukunis qarTul mxatvrul-esTetikur azrovnebaSi ori urTierTsapirispiro tendencia vlindeba: erTi mxriv, qarTul klasikur kulturasTan memkvidreobiTi kavSiris SenarCuneba, meore mxriv, sparsofiluri
tendenciebis gagrZeleba da ganmtkiceba. orive tendencias dadebiTTan erTad uaryofiTi mxarec gaaCnda.
mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs Semdegi: SoTa rusTavelis poeturi
samyaro yovelTvis iyo STagonebis wyaro qarTvel
mweralTaTvis, magram rusTavelisadmi gansakuTrebulma
`wambaZvelobam~ imdenad iCina Tavi, rom `vefxistyaosnis~ siuJetur-fabuluri detalebi, metaforuli sistema, leqsTwyobis metruli xerxebi, frazeologia da
aforizmebic ki meordeboda zogierTi poetis SemoqmedebaSi. amis erT-erTi mizezi, vfiqrobT, is gaxldaT,
rom qarTuli poeturi suli ukve veRar hguobda XV-XVI
ss-dan gadmosul aRmosavlur tendencias mxatvrul
azrovnebaSi da yovelnairad cdilobda misgan Tavis
daRwevas, Semobrunebas erovnuli Rirebulebebisken.
swored amitom damkvidrda qarTul literaturaTmcodneobaSi XVII-XVIII ss-is mxatvrul-literaturuli procesebis aRsaniSnavad termini `aRorZineba~, romelic
kargad gamoxatavs erovnuli TviTmyofadobis SenarCunebisaTvis brZolis suliskveTebas imdroindel qarTul
SemoqmedebiT sazogadoebaSi. cxadia, es ganwyobileba
qarTuli erovnuli sulis Zlierebaze miuTiTebda, rom
ara metismeti `wambaZveloba~ rusTavelis geniisadmi,
rac fsevdo-Rirebulebebis momravlebas uwyobda xels.
saukuneze meti dasWirda qarTul poetur sityvas,
gaerRvia mojadoebuli wre `cudi baZvisa.~ Zvel qar154
Tul mwerlobaSi mxolod daviT guramiSvilma SeZlo
poeturi azrovnebis Taviseburi stiliT, problemaTa
siaxliTa da frazis gamarTvis gansxvavebuli xelweriT
gaTavisuflebuliyo Tavisi winamorbedebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli `rusTveliseuli wambaZvelobisagan.~ magram
daviT guramiSvili uecrad ar gamoCenila qarTuli
poeziis caze. mas niadagi Seumzada XVII s.-is orma
didma poetma bagrationTa samefo gvaridan – Teimuraz
I-lma (1589-1663) da arCil II-m (1677-1713)
1. Teimuraz I-is poeturi samyaro
Teimuraz I-is SemoqmedebiTi axali etapi (e.w. `aRorZineba~) daiwyo qarTul mxatvrul azrovnebaSi: gamoikveTa tendencia, romelic XVII-XVIII ss-is qarTuli esTetikuri azris ganmsazRvreli aRmoCnda: mxatrul-SemoqmedebiTi procesi warmarTuliyo rusTavelis poeturi
azrovnebis
kvaldakval.
es
erovnul-kulturuli
memkvidreobisken Semobrunebis dasawyisi iyo da im
zneobriv-esTetikuri idealebis aRorZinebaze miuTiTebda, romlis gareSe warmoudgeneli iqneboda sparsofilur-mahmadianuri gavlenis daZleva, erovnuli sulis
gamoRviZeba.
Teimurazma saTave daudo am tendencias imiT, rom
mis poetur Semoqmedebas wiTel zolad gasdevda rusTavelis poetur sidiadesTan gajibrebis idea. mefepoeti sakuTar SemoqmedebiT Zalas rusTavelis poeturi
samyaros simaRlidan afasebda. misTvis rusTaveli
leqsis metri iyo, mas baZavda saleqso zomiT, sityvaTa
wyobiT, leqsikiT. `iosebzilixanianis~ SesavalSi Teimurazi `brZens~ uwodebs rusTavels, romelmac `... TviT
mindobilman sibrZnisa, mere Tamaris xmobiTa...~ `SeTxzna
brolsa giSeri, Zowsa sadafi wyobiTa.~ TeimurazisTvis
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rusTaveli `ena ritoria,~ romelmac mSvenieri qarTuliT daamRera mijnurobis ambavi.~4
Teimuraz I-is poetur striqonTa qveteqstSi rusTavelisadmi `RvTiuri Suri~ igrZnoba. giorgi merCule
swored am terminiT moixseniebda netari grigol xanZTelis mowafeTa uzenaes survils, moZRvris mibaZviT
aegoT taZrebi da monastrebi qveynis sxvadasxva kuTxeSi. Teimurazic rusTavelTan gajibrebis survils
pirdapir acxadebs da ara SefarviT: `leqsi Cemi sjobs
gvarad da tkbilad sasmenlad yurisa, maSinac rusTvels aqeben, me iman gamagulisa.~5
mogvianebiT Teimurazis es sityvebi laitmotivad
aqcia arCil II bagrationma Tavis poemaSi `gabaaseba
Teimurazisa da rusTvelisa,~ sadac brwyinvaledaa gamoyenebuli paeqrobis forma ori sxvadasxva esTetikurmsoflmxedvelobrivi mrwamsisa da sxvadasxva poeturi
Zalis SemoqmedTa Sesadareblad.
Teimurazis sulieri Zala da mxatvrul-SemoqmedebiTi niWi sakuTari dedis _ qristianobisTvis uRvTod
wamebuli qeTevan dedoflis – gmiruli saxis SeqmnaSi
moCans. mefe-poeti Zlieri mxatvruli formebiT gadmoscems qeTevan wamebulis sulier mdgomareobas, mis
mtkice xasiaTs sikvdilis win locvaSi. es aris gansakuTrebuli sulieri energiiT damuxtuli, samSoblosaTvis Tavdadebuli dedis locva RvTisadmi, romelsac
sTxovs saswauli mouvlinos saqristianos da gaamarjvebinos mis Svils mterze. poemaSi qeTevanis locva ara
marto qarTuli poeturi sityvis unikaluri nimuSia,
aramed mTeli saqristiano poeziis Sedevri.
marTalia, Teimuraz I-is poezia saTaves iRebs
qarTuli klasikuri mxatvruli azrovnebis simaRleebidan, magram amave dros igi mWidro SemoqmedebiT
kavSirSia sparsul klasikur poeziasTan. sparsuli enis
156
brwyinvale mcodne qarTveli mefe-poeti dedanSi eziara
firdousis, nizamis, saadis, omar xaiamis, jalaledin
rumis sityvis madls. aman ganapiroba misi aRfrTovaneba
sparsuli enis xatovanebiT. sparsuli poezia aZlevda
mas sulier sazrdos, amitomac gulwrfelad ambobda:
`sparsTa enisa sitkboman masurva musikobanio.~ yizilbaSTa barbarosobam mis samSobloSi, ojaxis amowyvetam,
Sah-abasis dauZinebelma mtrobam ver gadafara Teimurazis udidesi mowiweba sparsuli poeziis winaSe, rac
mefe-poetis maRalzneobriobasa da did mxatvrul gemovnebaze miuTiTebs. mTeli cxovrebis manZilze sparseTis
winaaRmdeg mebrZol mefes mtris siZulvilma WeSmariti
kulturuli Rirebulebis SefasebaSi xeli ar SeuSala.
es maRali gemovnebisa da WeSmariti faseulobis Rrmad
ganmcdeli pirovnebis pozicia iyo.
2. arCil II-is msoflmxedvelobis
esTetikuri aspeqtebi
qarTuli filosofiuri da mxatvrul-esTetikuri azrovnebis istoriaSi arCili Semodis, rogorc evropuli
msoflaRqmis, evropuli orientaciis moazrovne.
arCil bagrationis ganmanaTlebluri moRvaweoba
mimarTuli iyo qarTul sinamdvileSi evropis doneze
mecnieruli da filosofiuri codnis gavrcelebisaken.
arCil mefem Tavisi praqtikuli da kulturul-saganmanaTleblo moRvaweoba am mizniT warmarTa: ruseTSi
daaarsa (Seqmna) qarTuli kulturis centri qarTvelTa
koloniis saxiT, romlis meSveobiT qarTuli sazogadoebrivi azri im drois ruseTisa da evropis mowinave
kulturas daukavSira, safuZveli Cauyara qarTul
stambas moskovSi da 1705 wels am stambaSi dabeWda
qarTuli wigni `daviTni,~ dasabeWdad moamzada bibliis
qarTuli teqsti da sxv. mis poetur memkvidreobaSi mTe157
li sibrZnea Cadebuli Sexedulebebis saxiT mxatvrulesTetikur Tu eTikur, filosofiur Tu sociologiur
problemebze.
arCil bagrationi pirveli ganmanaTlebelia, romelmac `orientaciis Ziebis xanaSi~ gonebis, sibrZnis, codnis primatis problema daayena da qarTuli klasikuri
filosofiuri azris tradiciebze dayrdnobiT igi im
drois evropuli azrovnebis Sesabamisad gadawyvita:
`sibrZnes ver sworavs vera ra, arc ise mosaxmaria, misi
nayofi bevria, Ziri aqvs ar gamxmaria, sad waxvalT, Tan
gamogyvebaT, sagzlaTac mgon saxmaria, sxva dagrCeba da
is ara, gverT gaxlavs caT kamaria~.6
adamianisa da samyaros urTierTobaze, sikvdil-sicocxlis problemebze arCilis ganmanaTleblurma Sexedulebebma ganapirobes misi filosofiuri naazrevis
mebrZoli, optimisturi xasiaTi (`gabaaseba kacisa da
soflisa,~ `leqsi asni ormuxlni~: `sofels vagineb,
magram miyvars da ver vexsnebia,~ an `etlTa brunvaTa
msgavsia am soflis lxini da Sveba, wamierT icis orive,
amaRleba da daSveba~).7
arCilis poeturi samyaro filosofiuri gansjis
samflobeloa adamianisa da wuTisoflis urTierTobis
maradiuli problemis gadasawyvetad. am problemas
exeba arCilis `gabaaseba kacisa da soflisa~, romelic
didaqtikur-moraluri lirikis Janrs ganekuTvneba da
gabaasebis stilSi daweril 33 sityva-pasuxs Seicavs.
kaci uCivis soflis simuxTles, warmavlobas, misgan miyenebul simwares. sofeli amaSi TviT kacs adanaSaulebs, radgan igi RvTis mier ama soflis baton-patronad iyo movlenili, magram gadavida RvTis mcnebas da
yovelive dakarga. kaci isev sofels adanaSaulebs: Sen
warmoSvi is xili, me rom Semacdinao da Senve miec
eSmaks, me rom Sevecdineo. soflis pasuxi aseTia: Sen
158
Secdi ara xilis WamiT, aramed imiT, rom RvTiT mocemuli Tavisufali neba borotebisken warmarTe, araswori arCevani gaakeTe, roca sityva daiviwyeo. qristes
mosvlamac ver aRmofxvra Seni mankierebao, `Cemeuli
yoveli moklea da gaxrwnadi,~ magram Sen goneba gaqvs
da unda gaerkve: Rirs Tu ara Cemi monobao.
arCilis esTetikur koncefciaSi Tavs iyris Semdegi
sakiTxebi: ra aris xelovneba (e.i. arkvevs xelovnebis
raobas), ra unda asaxos xelovnebam (xelovnebis sagani),
rogor unda asaxos xelovnebam sinamdvile (mxatvruli
gamosaxvis wesi), riTi unda asaxos xelovnebam (asaxvis
saSualebebi) _ sakiTxebi xelovnebis klasifikaciis
formisa da Sinaarsis urTierTobis, mwerlis daniSnulebis Sesaxeb.
sagulisxmoa, rom arCilis Teoriuli Sexedulebebi
brwyinvaled realizdeba mis mxatvrul SemoqmedebaSi.
am mxriv, araviTari winaaRmdegoba ar aris mis Teoriul
azrsa da mxatvrul praqtikas Soris. arCili, rogorc
Teoretikosi, Tanadrouli esTetikuri moTxovnilebebis
Sesabamisad aSuqebs xelovnebasTan dakavSirebul tradiciul problemebs. es TvalnaTliv Cans im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mTlianobaSi ganvixilavT mis esTetikur Sexedulebebs, rogorc konceptualur sistemas, romlis RerZia `marTlis Tqmis~ principi. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs Semdegi: `marTlis Tqmis~ principis wamoyeneba Tanamedrove
mxatvrul saazrovno sivrceSi gabatonebuli sparsofiluri tendenciis winaaRmdeg iyo mimarTuli. arCilis
damsaxureba swored isaa, rom man aRmosavlur ferTa
siWreliT Tvalabmuli qarTuli mwerlobis dineba, romelic aRmosavluri siuJetebisa da mxatvruli saxeebis
gadmoqarTulebas gansakuTrebuli interesiT misdevda,
isev daabruna Tavis erovnul kalapotSi.
159
xelovnebis arsisa da daniSnulebis kvlevisas arCili rusTavelis esTetikur koncefcias mihyveba, rac, Tavis mxriv, aristoteles `poetikis~ gamoZaxils warmoadgens. aristotele `poetikis~ dasawyisSive xelovnebis
arsis dasadgenad 3 fundamentur kiTxvas ayenebs: ras
baZavs (asaxavs), riT baZavs (asaxavs) da rogor baZavs
(asaxavs) xelovneba, e.i. arkvevs xelovnebis sagnis, asaxvis saSualebebisa da gamosaxvis wesis raobas. arCil
mefec am sam sakiTxs wamoswevs wina planze. igi rusTavelis esTetikur koncefciaze dayrdnobiT aristoteles xazs agrZelebs, roca xelovnebas sibrZnis wyarod,
e.i. SemecnebiTi Rirebulebis fenomenad miiCnevs. arCili
poemas `gabaaseba Teimurazisa da rusTvelisa~ `samgvamovani~ RvTaebis xotbiT iwyebs da rusTavelis msgavsad
RmerTs – samyarosa da adamianis Semqnels – gamosTxovs
Sewevnas, madlobas moaxsenebs imis gamo, rom man
`arwmuna talanti~ da aswavla `SeTxzvna sulnelTa
yvavilTa, walkotqmna anu baReba.~
arCilis esTetikur naazrevSi poeziis, rogorc
`sibrZnis dargis,~ gageba, pirvel rigSi, mis ideur
siRrmes, Sinaarsobriv mxares ukavSirdeba. SemoqmedebiT
sisusted miiCnevs igi Teimuraz I-is SemoqmedebaSi
sityvaTa siuxves, rac, misi azriT, ver faravs ideur
simwires: `Tumc uxvia Teimuraz, magram sibrZnes ki ar
gascems,~ - ambobs igi, _ rusTavelis poezia mxatvruli
eniT Tqmuli sibrZnea, igi namdvili poeziaa, maSin, roca Teimuraz I-is poezia `arafriTaa savse.~ aq arCili
mkacrad afasebs Teimurazs, magram, vfiqrobT, am ori
poetis Sedarebis fonze es Sefaseba obieqturia. sainteresoa igi sakiTxis dayenebis TvalsazrisiTac: arCili mxatvruli nawarmoebis Sefasebis ZiriTad kriteriumad mis SemecnebiT Rirebulebas miiCnevs. `poezia
sibrZnis dargia,~ _ am debulebis dacviT igi Tamamad
160
agrZelebs renesansuli esTetikis xazs, qarTuli
poeziis metrad rusTavels asaxelebs: `vin ver mihyves
rusTvlis Tqmulsa, gadmobrZandes ase aqeT! meleqsoba
ar SeSvenis, daayeneT mosabaqeT!~8 arCilis azriT,
mxatvruli nawarmoebi `tkbilad morTuli~ ki ar unda
iyos, e.i. marto garegani, formiseuli mxariT ki ar unda brwyinavdes, aramed sibrZnes unda gamoxatavdes. Mxolod am SemTxvevaSi moaxdens igi did esTetikur
zemoqmedebas.
xelovnebis mxatvrulobisa da esTetikuri Rirebulebis Sefasebis kriteriumebis Ziebisas arCili marTebulad Sinaarsisa da formis urTierTobis sakiTxis
gadawyvetas cdilobs da msjelobis gasaSlelad SesaniSnav mxatvrul xerxs mimarTavs _ SoTa rusTavelisa
da Teimuraz pirvelis mxatvrul SemoqmedebaTa SedarebiT analizs axdens. arCilis esTetikur naazrevSi Sinaarsisa da formis urTierTobis sakiTxis wamoWra
SemTxveviTi araa. igi uSualod ukavSirdeba im drois
qarTul mxatvrul azrovnebaSi sapirispiro – aRmosavlur-dasavlur _ tendenciaTa brZolas. sparsuli poeziiT gatacebam mxatvruli nawarmoebis garegani formis
komponentebisadmi gansakuTrebuli interesi gamoiwvia:
poeziaSi mTavari yuradReba eqceoda leqsTwyobis
formalur mxares: riTmas, taepobriv struqturas, sityvis mxatvrul-esTetikur Seferilobas, raSic aRmosavleTisTvis damaxasiaTebeli metaforebisa da Sedarebebis siuxve, hiperbolizacia igulisxmeboda. nawarmoebis
ideur-Sinaarsobrivma mxarem ukana planze gadaiwia.
amgvari leqsTmTxzveloba garkveul safrTxes uqmnida
qarTuli poeziis ganviTarebas. igi TandaTan kargavda
cxovelmyofel kavSirebs erovnul fesvebTan. am safrTxes rom aSkarad grZnobda arCili, Cans `gabaasebaSi...~
ori klasikosis Semoqmedebis analiziT arCilma SeZlo
161
sakuTari esTetikuri kredo Camoeyalibebina aRniSnul
problemasTan dakavSirebiT. erTi SexedviT, igi TiTqos
neitralur poziciaze dgas da am ori didostatis
Sepaeqrebisas arc erTs ar aniWebs upiratesobas, magram
SigadaSig iseTi mkveTria misi azri, rom aSkaraa – igi
rusTavelis mxareze dgas. amitom acxadebs Tamamad: `vin
ver mihyves rusTvlis Tqmulsa, gadmobrZandes ase,
aqeT!~ arCili ostaturad aviTarebs paeqrobis process
ise, rom TviT Teimurazis pasuxebSi agrZnobinebs mkiTxvels rusTavelis genialobas: `aw, Seni mqebi ufroa, bolos dros hyofen nanasa~. TviT rusTaveli, miuxedavad
mefisadmi krZalvisa da ridisa, moridebiT faqtze
miuTiTebs Teimurazs: `saqarTvelo savse aris, Cemi
wigni yvelgan gahquxs.~ es TviT arCilis azria, romelic rusTavelis popularobis mizezs im `sibrZnis
tbaSi~ xedavs, rac SoTas geniam Seqmna. arCilis azriT,
rusTaveli erovnul fesvebze dgas, amitom igi `Ziria
leqsis Tqmisa,~ saqarTvelos poetebi cdiloben rusTavelze aaSenon TavianTi poeturi samyaro: `me var Ziri
leqsis Tqmisa, meleqseni Cemze Senobs,~ - acxadebs
rusTaveli.
arCili mxatvruli nawarmoebis Sinaarsisa da formis urTierTobaSi zomierebis dacvas moiTxovs, arc
erTs ar aniWebs primats, ufro zustad, orive komponents aucileblad Tvlis nawarmoebis esTetikuri
srulyofisaTvis. mxatvrul nawarmoebSi arCili upirvelesad esTetikur Rirebulebas xedavs, rac gansazRvrulia ZiriTadad ideur-Sinaarsobrivi mxriT, magram
sulac ar gamoricxavs mxatvrul formas. misi azriT,
mxatvruli nawarmoebi unda iyos `tkbilad gasagoni,
gana Tavsa visme dahkras.~ nawarmoebma esTetikuri gancda unda gamoiwvios melodiurobiT, musikalobiT, leqs162
ma ise unda gaitacos mkiTxveli, rom `guli asre dauyenos, egonos, Tu Toki abas.~
arCili xelovnebis nawarmoebis esTetikur Rirebulebas mxatvrul gamosaxvaTa formaSic eZebs da gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWebs mxatvruli sityvis fenomens. misi SexedulebiT, esTetikuri zemoqmedebis
TvalsazrisiT yovelTvis igebs is nawarmoebi, romelSic mxatvruli sityvis savseoba moCans, sityvas metaforuloba alamazebs: `mxatvrobas, monaxazobas arvin
Caagdebs avada.~9
gansakuTrebiT unda SevCerdeT saliteraturo enasTan arCilis damokidebulebis sakiTxze, romelic arCilis esTetikur koncefciaSi aRmosavlurobis daZlevis
erT-erT mTavar momentad warmogvidgeba.
arCili qarTul mwerlobaSi aRmosavlur-sparsulis
nacvlad evropuli literaturuli gemovnebis danergvas
uwyobs xels. arCili, cxadia, ar icnobda im drois
evropul mxatvrul-esTetikur Teoriebs literaturuli
stilis, enis siwmindis, esTetikuri gemovnebis sakiTxebis Sesaxeb, magram is saerTo kanonzomiereba, rac SeiniSneba XVII-XVIII ss. evropis qveynebisa da saqarTvelos
kulturul cxovrebaSi am sakiTxebisadmi damokidebulebaSi, iZleva imis saSualebas, davaskvnaT, rom arCilis esTetikuri Sexedulebebi, erovnuli interesebidan
gamomdinare, Tanxmieria zogadad evropul esTetikur
TvalTaxedvasTan. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs is garemoeba,
rom enis siwmindis sakiTxi yoveli erisaTvis mwvave
problemad iqceva. maSin, roca sxva qveynis politikuri
Tu kulturuli gavleniT Tvisebrivad icvleba mxatvrul-esTetikuri gemovneba, xdeba erovnuli tradiciebis
ugulebelyofa, saganTa da movlenaTa aRsaniSnavad ukve
damkvidrebuli sityvebis nacvlad Semodis barbarizmebi, Seuferebeli kalkebi, xdeba enis danagvianeba.
163
arCilis esTetikuri Sexedulebebis qvakuTxeds erovnuli literaturis ganviTarebisTvis aucilebeli principebis moTxovna warmoadgens. am kuTxiT igi iseTive
Teoretikosad da normis damdgenad moevlina qarTul
kulturas XVII_XVIII ss. mijnaze, rogorc n. bualo
safrangeTs. enis siwmindis, naTeli stilis moTxovniT,
`naWorTa~ nacvlad istoriuli sinamdvilis gamosaxvis
anu `marTlis Tqmis~ principis damkvidrebiT arCils
Tamamad SeiZleba igive adgili mivakuTnoT XVII-XVIII
ss. qarTul sinamdvileSi, rac evropuli klasicizmis
Teoretikosebs ukaviaT safrangeTis literaturaSi.
`marTlis Tqmis~ principi klasicizmis monapovari
rodia. renesansuli realizmis warmomadgenlebic (lope
de vega) mwerlis daniSnulebas `saukunis zneTa simarTlis aRweraSi~ xedavdnen, amasTan isini did mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen fantazias. rac Seexeba arCils, mas poeziisaTvis mniSvnelovnad martooden konkretul-istoriuli, sakuTari TvaliT danaxuli da gamogonili
faqtebi miaCnda. erovnulma Tematikam erovnuli enisken
Semoabruna qarTuli cnobiereba. arsebuli viTareba ki
marTlac sagangebo iyo im drois qarTul literaturaSi: sparsulma poeziam ara marto leqsTwyobis
formebi gaabatona, aramed leqsiviT gaaucxova qarTuli
samwerlo ena, aRmosavluri enobrivi ornamentikiT daamZima igi. arCili sastikad ebrZvis am tendencias da amayad aRniSnavs Tavis Rvawls: `sityva nagrexi ar miTqvams~-o. arCili araa winaaRmdegi ucxour enaTa codnisa,
piriqiT: `bevri sxvac unda icodes, srul ar ubnobdes
qarTulad,~ magram misTvis miuRebelia enaTa aRreva:
`magram cudia gareva qarTuls enaSi sxvas aviT.~ Tavisi
poeziis Rirsebad swored is miaCnia, rom `miTqvams
qarTuli eniTa, sxva ena ar urevia.~ am poziciidan akritikebs igi Teimuraz I-s da TviT rusTavelsac, roca
164
qarTuli enis siwmindis daucvelobaSi sdebs brals
maT. arCilisaTvis miuRebelia Teimurazis narevi stili
- `marilad urTe sparsuli,~ - mimarTavs igi kaxT batons, arc rusTavels indobs: `rac enaa, yvela giTqvams,
somxuri da megrulica~ an `Razoda sTqvi, SemoiRe javaxuri ena mZime.~10
arCils xelovneba esmis ara mxolod individualur
SemoqmedebiT procesad, romelsac kavSiri ar aqvs sxva
individebTan. xelovneba, arCilis gagebiT, esTetikuri
fenomenia, romlis arsi TanaSemoqmedebaa im gagebiT,
rom esTetikuri tkboba, siamovneba axlavs mxatvruli
nawarmoebis, rogorc esTetikuri sagnis, aRqmas, Tu
respodenti saTanadodaa Semzadebuli `esTetikuri situaciisaTvis.~ WeSmariti poeziiT mxolod WeSmariti
mkiTxveli datkbeba. esTetikuri zemoqmedeba maSin
xorcieldeba, Tu msmenel-aRmqmels saTanado poeturi
gumani, alRo gaaCnia. poezias iseTive SegrZneba da
musikaluri smena sWirdeba, rogorc musikas. amrigad,
poeziaze msjeloba, poeziiT tkboba mxolod poeziis
mcodnes SeuZlia. arCili esTetikuri Semecnebis Taviseburebazec miuTiTebs. misi azriT, esTetikuri Sefaseba
mxatvruli nawarmoebis did codnasa da gemovnebas
moiTxovs. ai, aseTi azri SeiZleba amovikiTxoT arCilis
striqonebSi: `ara advil ars ritorTa da meleqseTa
garCeva ZalTa da leqsTa sitkboTa mis-mis adgilis
SerCeva, viT walkots Soris yvavilTa erTis sxvaTasa
aRrCeva va, Tu vercerTi iseno, suliT uynoselT darCeva.~11
arCilis `marTlis Tqmis~ principi uSualod pasuxobs kiTxvas: ra aris xelovnebis sagani, ra unda asaxos xelovnebam? arCilis principuli pozicia am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT aseTia: xelovnebam uwinaresad
sinamdvile, namdvili ambavi, namdvilad momxdari faqti
165
unda asaxos da ara mogonili, SeTxzuli, fantastikuri,
aseTi namdvili ambavi ki istoriuli realobaa. amdenad,
sinamdvilis realisturad asaxvis saWiroebam istoriul-erovnuli Tematikis damuSavebis aucileblobis winaSe daayena arCili, rogorc Teoretikosi da rogorc
mwerali, Semoqmedi. udavoa, rom es Tematika arc misi
winamorbedis, Teimuraz I-isaTvis aris ucxo, magram
arCilis poeziaSi igi wamyvania. arCili TiTqmis uaryofs mxatvrul SemoqmedebaSi fantaziis rols, SeTxzvas, rogorc SemoqmedebiT process. misi realizmi sinamdvilesTan siswores moiTxovs. rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, arCilis es moTxovna Tanamedrove mxatvrul-esTetikuri azris novacias warmoadgenda, radgan mimarTuli
iyo im dros gabatonebuli aRmosavlur-sparsuli tendenciis winaaRmdeg. arCili gadaWriT iTxovs qarTvel
mweralTagan yuradRebis miqcevas qarTuli sinamdvilisaken. arCilis mxatvrul SemoqmedebaSi ara mxolod
istoriuli sinamdvile, aramed Tanamedroveobac gansakuTrebul adgils iWers, radgan misi, rogorc mwerlis,
umTavresi amocanaa eris winaSe dasmuli saWirboroto
problemebis gadaWra.
arCilis literaturuli meTodi realisturia, igi
`Taviseburi realisturi mimarTulebis damcvelia.~12
marTalia, arCilis realizmisTvis ucxoa ganzogadeba
da tipizacia, magram akad. a. baramiZe savsebiT marTebulad Tvlis, rom igi sulxan-saba orbeliansa da daviT
guramiSvilTan erTad kritikuli realizmis winamorbedad gvevlineba qarTul literaturaSi. amis safuZvels
mkvlevars aZlevs is mamxilebeli toni, romelic arCils Tanamedroveobis naklovani mxareebis samxileblad aqvs aRebuli. sinamdvilis asaxva miukerZoeblad,
tendenciurobis gareSe – aseTia arCilis moTxovna.
166
amrigad, arCilis esTetikuri Sexedulebebis centraluri xazi - `marTlis Tqmis~ principi – gulisxmobs,
erTi mxriv, istoriuli faqtis, rogorc namdvilad arsebulis aRwera-asaxvas, meore mxriv, arsebuli realobis marTebulad, miukerZoeblad asaxvas. arCilis realizmi vlindeba istoriuli Temis, istoriuli personaJebis SemotaniT qarTul mwerlobaSi. marTalia, misi
weris manera, Txroba, stili paTetikuria, aRmosavlurromantikuls Camohgavs, igi, rogorc Semoqmedi, Tavs ver
aRwevs rusTavelisa da Teimuraz I-is gavlenas, magram
mis sasaxelod unda iTqvas, rom igi axal droSi,
gansxvavebul mZime viTarebaSi TviTmyofadi, damoukidebeli SemoqmedebiTi saxiT Semodis qarTul mwerlobaSi
da Tan axali tendenciebic moaqvs.
arCilis esTetikur naazrevSi sainteresodaa warmoadgenli xelovnebis, kerZod, literaturis JanrTa klasifikaciis sakiTxi. aRsaniSnavia, rom igi misdevs
tradicias da sityvis xelovnebas or dargad hyofs,
saeklesio da saero literaturad: `ori aris sityvis
codna: samRdelo da saerio, samRdelosa mcodinare saerosa moerio.~ SemTxveviTi ar unda iyos am striqonebSi
JanrTa amgvari rigiToba: `samRdelo da saero,~ rac
imaze miuTiTebs, rom Rrmad ganaTlebuli arCili
brwyinvaled icnobs ra qarTuli mwerlobis istorias,
saeklesio mwerlobis mdidar tradiciebze dayrdnobiT
saero mwerlobis aRmocenebas literaturis ganviTarebis erTian istoriul procesad warmoidgens. amitomac
xazs usvams: Tu saeklesio mwerloba ici, saerosac gaigebo. Tavad arCili SesaniSnavad icnobs saeklesio
mwerlobas, mis Janrebs. igi pirdapir asaxelebs sagalobelTa saxeebs: `Wrel-sadagsa~ da `Wrels~: `mwignobroba
Wrel-sadagi, Wrel ZilispirTa gardaTqma, msmeneloba,
mTargmneloba, Rrmis sityvis advil gamoTqma.~13
167
aq saintereso faqtTan gvaqvs saqme: qarTul musikismcodneobaSi gavrcelebulia Tvalsazrisi, romlis
mixedviT termini `Wreli~ sagaloblis Tu garkveuli
ritmul-intonaciuri struqturis mqone musikaluri
muxlis mniSvnelobiT pirvelad gvxvdeba fitareTis
xelnawerSi (a 298), romelic XVIII s. miekuTvneba.14 rogorc zemomotanili strofidan Cans, `Wrelis~ moxsenieba erTi saukuniT adre unda gadavitanoT, radgan arCili ukve XVII s-Si pirdapir asaxelebs sagalobelTa am
saxeebs. aRsaniSnavia, rom es SeuniSnavi ar darCenia iv.
javaxiSvils, romelic Tavis fundamentur naSromSi
`qarTuli musikis istoriis ZiriTadi sakiTxebi~ aRniSnavs: `ucnauria, rom sabas leqsikonSi `Wrel-sadagi~
arsad moepoveba da calkeuli `Wrelisa~ da `sadagis~
ganmartebaSic araa aRniSnuli da arc nagulisxmevi,
rom orive musikis terminebic iyo. arCil mefes ki
orive termini moepoveba.~15
arCilis mxatvruli memkvidreoba unikalur masalas
Seicavs qarTuli mwerlobis istoriis Sesaswavlad. am
TvalsazrisiT, XVII s. istoriul-bibliografiul wyaroTa Soris erT-erT mniSvnelovans warmoadgens arCilis poema `gabaaseba Teimurazisa da rusTavelisa,~
kerZod, Tavi `ZvelTa da axalTa saqarTvelos meleqseTaTvis,~ romelSic arCili qarTuli literaturis erTerT pirvel kritikosad gvevlineba. arCilis poeturi
traqtatiT irkveva, raoden did interess iwvevda saero
mxatvruli poezia XVII s. saqarTvelos literaturul
wreebSi. arCils miznad dausaxavs kritikulad Sefasos
rogorc warsuli saukuneebis qarTuli mwerloba (rusTaveli da CaxruxaZe), ise Znelbedobis Jamis poeti, misi
uSualo winamorbedi Teimuraz I, Semdeg ki mokle,
magram sxartad moqneuli sityviT Tanamedrove meleqseTa literaturul portretebs xatavs. rogorc qarTul
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literaturaTmcodneobaSia aRniSnuli, `es pirveli
kritikuli mimoxilvaa Zveli qarTuli mwerlobisa~ (al.
baramiZe).
`gabaasebaSi~ arCili qarTuli mwerlobis mimoxilvas CaxruxaZis xotbiT iwyebs. arCili aRfrTovanebulia
CaxruxaZiseuli leqsTwyobiT, uwodebs poets `Sinaymas,~
`mdivans,~ `mona xevsurs,~ gulnatkenia imiT, rom saxels
gvimalavso. aRniSnavs, rom CaxruxaZem Tamaris mzeoba
sruliad ver hyo, radgan `adre uTxares samare.~
sayuradReboa isic, rom arCili CaxruxaZes rusTavelze
adrindel poetad miiCnevs. Teimurazi (poemis personaJi)
ase SeniSnavs rusTavels: `CaxruxaZem uwin ar Tqva, rad
iparav pirvel Tqmasa.~
arCili Semdeg strofs `rostomianis~ gamleqsavs
xosro TurmaniZes uZRvnis. TurmaniZes, misi azriT,
`cxraas samocdaTormeti~ leqsi dauweria. xosro TurmaniZe XVII s-is II naxevris poetia. arCili maRali warmodgenis ar aris poetze: `didis saqmisa ucodni
sjerdeba saqmes momcrosa~ - wers igi. gansakuTrebuli
kritikis sagnad aqcevs arCili rusTavelis epigonebs.
maT ricxvs miakuTvnebs nanuCas, romelsac `... rusTvlis
naTqvamSi bevri ram Caurevia, sabralos ver Seuwyvia,
wminda ram aumRvrevia, ... rusTveli sibrZnis tba aris,
ara Tu ig morevia.~
`nanuCoba~ arCils yalbismqnelobis, mdare meleqseobis aRmniSvnel ganzogadebul terminad aqvs aRebuli.
rusTavelis teqstis Seryvnas `siregvenes~ uwodebs.
aRsaniSnavia, rom arCilis azri nanuCaze upirispirdeba
qarTul literaturaTmcodneobaSi jer kidev XVII s. da
Semdgom XIX s. arsebul azrs. nanuCa ciciSvili zaqaria
WiWinaZes moxseniebuli hyavs rogorc niWieri poeti,
`qarTuli mwignobari,~ romelsac mdidari biblioTeka
169
hqonia da rostom mefis karze maRali Tanamdebobac
ekava.
`gabaasebaSi~ moxseniebul poetTa Soris arCili
centralur adgils uTmobs Teimurazsa da rusTavels,
romelTa poeturi Semoqmedeba qarTuli poeziis mwvervalad warmoudgenia: `qarTvelT eniTa meleqse ver
edarebis am orsa rusTvelsa ena ritorsa, mefes –
alvisa namorsa,~ wers igi da iqve asabuTebs Tavisi
azris siswores: brwyinvaled Semkuli sityvebiT, kalmis
erTi mosmiT moqnilad axasiaTebs Tavis kerpebs: `rusTveli moklis sityviTa mzesa viT aTinaTinebs, mefe
TeTrs cremlsa Rawvzeda ferad rad aTinaTinebs SoTa
zis sibrZnis etlzeda, Tavsa miT aTinaT-inebs, batoni
sCarxavs sityvasa, avs kargaTqmad aT-inaT-inebs.~
arCil mefis esTetikuri Sexedulebebis analizi
safuZvels gvaZlevs davaskvnaT:
1. arCili qarTul mwerlobaSi realizmis Teoretikosad unda miviCnioT. man qarTul mwerlobaSi aRmosavluri poeziis gavleniT damkvidrebul `zRaparT Tqmas~
sastiki omi gamoucxada da mwerlobas amocanad `marTlis Tqma~ dausaxa. misi esTetikuri koncefcia istoriuli faqtis, namdvilad momxdaris gadmocemasTan erTad Tanadroulobis satkivaris asaxvasac gulisxmobs,
amasTan grZnobadobaze anu `gulis guriaobaze~ maRla
gonebis Zalas ayenebs.
2. arCilis filosofiur-esTetikur naazrevSi ganmanaTleblobisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli ZiriTadi niSnebi
moiZieba. sibrZnis, codnis kultis aRiarebiT arCili
racionalizmis filosofiaze dafuZnebul esTetikur
Teorias qmnis da misi drois evropul moazrovneebs
usworebs mxars.
3. erovnuli Tematikisadmi gansakuTrebuli yuradRebis miqceviT, mSobliuri enis siwmindisaTvis brZoliT
170
arCili erovnuli cnobierebis Camoyalibebas uwyobs
xels da qarTul sinamdvileSi erovnul-gamaTavisuflebeli moZraobis Teoriuli safuZvlis Semqmnelad gvevlineba. es SemTxveviTi ar iyo. misi mamis, vaxtang V,
`Sahnavazad~ wodebulis mier gatarebuli erovnuli
politikuri kursi saqarTvelos sazogadoebriv-kulturul cxovrebaSi erovnuli TviTSegnebis gamoRviZebisken iyo mimarTuli da am process, cxadia, garkveuli
Teoriuli safuZveli sWirdeboda.
4. arCili iyo poeti, romelic qarTvelT cnobierebaSi mongol-sparsTa Semosevebis Sedegad dangreuli
qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis ideis aRorZinebas cdilobda. Tavisi mxatvruli SemoqmedebiT, mwyobrad Camoyalibebuli esTetikuri koncefciiT, romlis ZiriTadi
principi qarTuli sinamdvilis asaxvas warmoadgenda,
arCili sulxan-saba orbelianisa da daviT guramiSvilis Rirseul winamorbedad gvevlineba.
$3. esTetikuri azri XVIII saukunis
saqarTveloSi
XVIII saukune saqarTvelos istoriaSi politikuri
TvalsazrisiT kritikuli xanaa, magram raoden paradoqsadac ar JRerdes, kulturuli aRmavlobis niSniT mas
`aRorZinebas~ uwodeben.
ivane javaxiSvili aRtacebuli werda XVIII s-Si
qarTuli inteleqtualuri Zalebis marTlacda aRorZinebaze: `swored gasaocari xana iyo es xana! aseTi
dauRalavi da medgari muSaoba, romelsac erTi sazogado mimarTuleba hqonda da farTo da Rrma niadagi
epyra, uflebas gvaZlevs qarTuli mwerlobis am xanas
171
enciklopediuri xana davarqvaT saxelad. TiTqmis yvela
amdroindeli moRvawis azri da goneba am fiqrisken iyo
mimarTuli, rom qarTveli xalxis SemoqmedebiTi niWi
mravali saukunis namuSevari da naWirnaxulevi SeekribaT, SeeswavlaT da CamomavlobisTvis damTavrebuli,
yovelmxrivi warmodgena da codna gadaeca. am diadi
saqmis moTave da sulisCamdgmeli giorgi XI da metadre
dauviwyari vaxtangi iyo~.16 rogorc vxedavT, iv. JavaxiSvili gansakuTrebiT aRniSnavs vaxtang VI-is Rvawls,
riTac igi iseTi SemoqmedebiTi-aRmSeneblobiTi atmosferos Seqmnas axerxebs XVIII s-is I naxevris saqarTveloSi, romelic iSviaTia msgavs viTarebaSi.
1. vaxtang VI-is poeturi msoflaRqmis
esTetikuri aspeqti
vaxtang VI-is kulturul-saganmanaTleblo moRvaweobis Tavisebureba iyo ara mxolod piradi mravalmxrivi
SemoqmedebiTi saqmianoba, aramed im drois erovnuli
Zalebis inteleqtualuri da sulieri potencialis
mobilizeba erovnuli cnobierebis Camosayalibeblad.
swavlul mefes kargad esmoda, rom eris sasicocxlo
Zalebis aRdgena istoriuli memkvidreobisadmi interesis gaZlierebiT unda daewyoT. am mizniT man samefo
karze Semoikriba Tavisi drois swavlulebi saeklesio
da saero wreebidan da maT winaSe saSuri da saSviliSvilo amocana daayena: JamTa svlisgan waryvnili
saistorio qronikebi daemuSavebinaT, SeejerebinaT da
Rrmad mecnieruli Ziebis Sedegad saqarTvelos istoriis erTi mTliani da sarwmuno matiane SeeqmnaT. `swavlul kacTa~ komisias leonti mroveliseuli `qarTlis
cxovrebis~ redaqtirebasTan erTad damatebiT unda daewera XIV-XVIII ss-is saqarTvelos istoria. am komisiis
muSaobas vaxtangTan erTad saTaveSi Rrmad ganswav172
luli beri egnataSvili edga. vaxtang mefis uSualo
xelmZRvanelobiT ar marto akademiur doneze damuSavda
Zveli `qarTlis cxovreba~, aramed Seiqmna axali `qarTlis cxovreba~ XIV-XVIII ss-isa. aRsaniSnavia, rom vaxtangis saredaqcio muSaoba garkveuli mizandasaxulobiT mimdinareobda. igi gulisxmobda eris srulad
warmoCenas, movlenaTa analizis safuZvelze mizezSedegobrivi aspeqtebis gamokveTiT erovnuli Rirsebis
grZnobis damkvidrebas qarTvel xalxSi.
vaxtang VI Tavis poetur memkvidreobaSi iseT Temebs
exeba, romlebic misi msoflmxedvelobrivi mizandasaxulobisa da esTetikuri mrwamsis maRali moqalaqeobrivi
pasuxismgeblobiT gadmocemis saSualebas iZleva. misi
poeturi samyaro erTdroulad gamoxatavs rogorc avtoris subieqtur gancdebs, aseve qveynis mZime mdgomareobas. vaxtang VI_is poezias `melanqoliur lirikas~
uwodeben im sevdisa da wuxilis gamo, romelsac poeti
gamoxatavs mSobliuri qveynis bedukuRmarTobis gamo. k.
kekeliZis daxasiaTebiT, `vaxtangis lirika gamomxatvelia ara marto misi ukuRmarTi bedisa, romelic mas xan
sparseTSi gadaagdebda da xan ruseTSi, aramed misi
qveynisac~.17
mefe-poetis SemoqmedebiTi interesis sferoSi erTmaneTis gverdiT Tavsdeba istoriebi, religiur-esTetikuri da didaqtikuri motivebi, did yuradRebas aqcevs
leqsis garegnul, formalur mxares, magram amasTan
Rrma ideur-Sinaarsobrivi datvirTviT gamoirCeva misi
saukeTeso leqsebi. sailustraciod movitanoT majamur
formaTa da ideuri gaazrebiT erT-erTi saukeTeso
leqsi `rani da movakani~, romelSic vaxtang VI yoveli
striqonis Sinagani JReradobiTa da formis daxvewilobiT iseT poetur ostatobas aRwevs, rom mkiTxvelis
warmosaxvaSi mTeli sigrZe-siganiT ixateba wuTisoflis
173
mRvrie talRebSi aTamaSebuli mefe-poetis xifaTiT
savse cxovreba. am leqss akad. al. baramiZe `gedis
simReras~ uwodebs. igi astraxanSi sikvdilis win daiwera: `rani da movakani, da, saxli da, kari, bani da, gaTavda yoveli werili, ani, bani da, gani da... viare yovli
qveyana, sigrZe da sivrce, gani, da. vera vpove ra mis
meti, davyare Zma da dani da... xorcsa mravali davakle,
suls mivec iqi, rjani, da, vai-vaÁ, msajes ubralod, ar
momces me ajani, da!~18
adamianis amqveyniuri daniSnulebis filosofiuri
azri aRmosavleT-dasavleTis kulturul saazrovno
sivrceSi renesansis droidan gansakuTrebiT dominanturi gaxda. es zogadsakacobrio idea wiTel zolad
gasdevs `vefxistyaosans~, `bneli wlebis~ Semdeg kvlav
gacocxlda aRorZinebis epoqaSi, kerZod, arCil II
bagrationis esTetikur naazrevSi. vaxtang VI-m gaagrZela Tavisi winaprebis tradiciuli xazi, amasTan iseTi
mxatvrul-poeturi forma mouZebna am filosofiur
azrs, rom Semdgom man ara marto qarTvel romantikosebTan, aramed ilia WavWavaZesTanac Zireuli cvlileba
ver ganicada. SedarebisTvis: baraTaSvili _ `arc kaci
varga, rom cocxali mkvdarsa emsgavsos, iyos sofelSi
da soflisTvis ara izrunvos~. ilia _ `kacad maSin xar
saqebi, Tu es wesi wesad darge, yovel dResa Sens Tavs
hkiTxo, aba, dRes me vis ra varge!~. am SemTxvevaSi, aramarto ideuri naTesaoba da problemis erTgvar sibrtyeSi ganxilva gvaqvs, aramed mxatvruli warmosaxvis
fsiqogenuri erTianoba, Sinagani tonusiT, ritmiT,
melodikiT, sityvaTa xmarebiT.
simbolur-alegoriuli gamoxatva mxatvruli azrovnebis damaxasiaTebelia misi arsebobis yvela safexurze,
mxolod gansxvavebuli intensivobiT. arc Zveli qarTuli mxatvruli esTetikuri azrovnebisTvis iyo ucxo
174
simbolur-alegoriuli `saxismetyveleba~, rogorc samyarosa da mis calkeul saganTa Tu movlenaTa gaazrebis forma.
Zvel qarTul mwerlobaSi simbolur-alegoriuli gamomxatvelobiT formaTa mTeli sistema iyo warmodgenili. simbolur-alegoriuli gziT gaiazreboda literaturuli nawarmoebis Sinaarsi, saganTa da movlenaTa
mniSvnelobani, adamianTa urTierTobani, miwieri da
zeciuri samyaros erTianoba, TviT RmerTis cneba. AamisaTvis gamoiyeneboda igavuri alegorizmi, `SefarviT~
gamoxatva, adamiani – RvTaebis amqveyniuri simbolo,
satrfos simbolizireba (satrfo – qriste, satrfo –
samSoblo) da sxv. amgvari `totaluri simbolizmi~ azrovnebas esTetikuri damokidebulebisaken warmarTavda,
ramdenadac `simboluroba zeSTaarsis mSvenierebas
cxadyofda~.19
simbolur-alegoriuli gamoxatvis formebisa da meTodebis Teoriul principebs qarTuli mxatvruli azrovneba egzegetikuri Txzulebebidan ecnoboda. davasaxelebT ramdenime maTgans: literaturuli nawarmoebis
simbolur gaazrebas Seicavda Zveli da axal aRTqmaTa
wignTa `Targmanebi~, kerZod, `qebaTa-qebaTaisa~, `fsalmunTa~, `igavTa~. adamianis sxeulisa da sulieri bunebis alegoriul gaazrebas ecnobodnen grigol noselis
naSromiT `sulis agebulebisaTvis~, nemesio emeselis
`bunebisTvis kacisa~, angelozTa simbolur warmodgenas
eZRvneba areopagitikis specialuri Tavi wignSi `zecaTa
mRvdelT-mTavrobisaTvis~ (Tavi ie). RvTaebis simbolur
gaazrebas vxvdebiT qarTuli neoplatonizmis cnobili
warmomadgenlebis efrem mcirisa da ioane petriwis
SromebSi.
amjerad, yuradRebas gavamaxvilebT ramdenime momentze, romlebic aRorZinebis xanis qarTul literatu175
rul-esTetikur naazrevSi nawarmoebis iduri Sinaarsisa
da siyvarulis simbolur-alegoriuli gamomxatvelobis
sakiTxebs exeba. am TvalsazrisiT mniSvnelovan masalas
vaxtang VI-is SemoqmedebaSi vawydebiT. aRsaniSnavia, rom
vaxtang VI iyo pirveli, vinc specialuri Teoriuli
traqtati uZRvna am sakiTxs. vgulisxmobT mefe-poetis
komentarebs, romlebic 1712 w. stamburi wesiT gamocemul `vefxistyaosans~ daurTo saTauriT: `Targmani
pirvel wignisa mis `vefxistyaosnisa~.
vaxtang mefem Tavisi komentarebiT SeZlebisdagvarad
axsna
poemis
ideuri
Sinaarsi,
gaarkvia
teqstis
bundovani adgilebi, gaaSuqa istoriul-literaturuli
sakiTxebi. amiT man Seqmna pirveli, Rrmad mecnieruli
monografia rusTavelis poemis Sesaxeb. mefe-mecnieri,
rogorc misi sityvebidan Cans, kargad icnobda poemis
komentarebs, redaqciebs, magram eWvi Sehqonda maT
WeSmaritebaSi da amitomac moiwadina poemis ideuri
arsi axleburad gaeazrebina. vaxtang VI samarTlianad
iTvleba rusTvelologiis, rogorc mecnierebis, fuZemdeblad. poemis originalobis damtkicebisa da rusTavelis
msoflmxedvelobis
qristianul-sarwmunoebrivi
aRmsareblobis mixedviT axsnasTan erTad vaxtang VI-is
komentarebi esTetikuri analizis im meTodologiur
principebsac gadmogvcems, romlebic literaturuli
Zeglis esTetikur Rirebulebas warmoaCenda. am TvalsazrisiTac, vaxtang mefis `Targmani~ XVIII s-is qarTul
literaturul-Teoriuli
da
esTetikuri
naazrevis
SesaniSnav nimuSad unda CaiTvalos.
mTavari, rac aRelvebda XVIII s-is qarTul sazogadoebas, es poemis originalobis sakiTxi iyo. vaxtangis
udidesi damsaxureba swored isaa, rom man pirvelma
mtkiced aRiara `vefxistyaosnis~ fabula-ambis qarTuli
warmomavloba: `sparsSid es ambavi arsad ar ipoveba,
176
ambavic TviTon gaakeTa da leqsadac~. vaxtangma es
avtoritetuli gancxadeba Rrma mecnieruli dakvirvebisa da Ziebis Sedegad gaakeTa. igi kargad icnobda
sparsul literaturas, amasTan, SesaZlebloba hqonda
(10 weli qirmanSi gaatara) eZebna sparsuli dedani,
magram ver ipova. amitomac dabejiTebiT acxadebda, rom
poemis ambavi – fabula rusTavelis `mogonili zRaparia~.
pirveli amocana – daemtkicebina poemis orginaloba
– vaxtang mefem brwyinvaled Seasrula, radgan istoriulma drom daadastura misi varaudi.
meore da yvelaze mTavari amocana, rac vaxtang
mefes awuxebda, es poemis ideuri Sinaarsis mimarT wayenebuli im braldebis moxsna iyo, rac klasikuri qarTuli mwerlobis daqveiTebis droidan XVII-is CaTvliT
mosdevda rusTavelis poemas. saqme isaa, rom reaqciuli
Zalebi `vefxistyaosnis~ renesansul ideebs mwvaleblurad acxadebdnen da poemas antiqristianul, sameZao wignad Tvlidnen. gavixsenoT, timoTe gabaSvilisa da TviT
friad ganaTlebuli anton pirvelis gamonaTqvamebi
poemis Sesaxeb, rom rusTavelis `vefxistyaosani~ ryvnis
adamianis suls, rom poeti niWieria, magram amaod
daSvra da `sawux ars ese~.20 vaxtang mefe poeturad
gamoxatavs `avad mCxrekelTagan~ poemis Seryvnis ambavs:
`rusTvelsa ena-Saqarsa uqnia risme mkobani, sitkbo,
sibrZne da igavni, col-qmarTa aSikobani, bevrad saCxreki, ver mixvden, mibaZes cudi xmobani, saRmTo werili
sacruod Tqves da dagvigdes gmobani~.
mefe-poeti Tvlis, rom nebismier mxatvrul nawarmoebSi xelovanis sulieri da zneobrivi simaRleebia
realizebuli. amasTan zneobrioba Semoqmedis inteleqtualur SesaZleblobebs efuZneba. am azriT, igi darwmunebulia, rom `eseviTari mecnieri kaci (rusTavels
177
gulisxmobs – avt.) arca daSvreboda warsawymedad~, Tu
vinme poemaSi ver xedavs saRvTo azrs, es umecrebis
braliao: `ucodinrobiTa da soflis nivTTa SemsWvalviTa ritorisa da brZeni mecnieris~ wigns sameZaod
ganmartaveno. vaxtang mefe irwmuneba, vaCveneb, rom poema
`sibrZnisa da keTilisa dargia~... `rusTavelis wigni
sul saswavlebeli aris~ - amdenad, askvnis vaxtang VI,
rusTaveli, didaqtikos-moralistad unda CaiTvalos da
ara eklesiisgan SesaCveneblad.
vaxtang VI-is Rrma rwmeniT, rusTaveli orTodoqsuli qristiani iyo. mefe-poetma poemis mimarT antiqristianobis braldebis gasabaTileblad ori safuZveli
monaxa: `vefxistyaosnis~ aRiareba erTdoulad saero da
saRvTo nawarmoebad da simbolur-alegorizmis gziT
poemis gmirTa siyvarulis saRvTo mijnurobad gamocxadeba. `Targmanis~ mixedviT, vaxtangis Tvalsazrisi ase
SeiZleba SevajamoT: rusTavelis poema saerocaa da
saRvToc. saeroa Tavisi `ambiT~, azriT ki – saRvToa. saero xasiaTis `soflis zRapriT~ alegoriulad gadmogvca maRalzneobrivi moZRvreba. poema RvTisadmi mijnurobas eZRvneba da ara miwier siyvaruls. saero ambavi ki
poetma imitom aiRo, rom `naxa, saRmrTo wigns aravin
kiTxulobda, soflis zRapars ufro waikiTxavden~, e.i.
vaxtangis azriT, rusTavelma angariSi gauwia Tavisi
drois qarTveli mkiTxvelis literaturul-esTetikur
gemovnebasa da moTxovnilebas. vfiqrobT, am SemTxvevaSi
vaxtang mefe Tavisi drois literaturul moTxovnilebebs ufro gulisxmobs, vidre XII s-isa. saero wignze
rom meti moTxovnileba iyo XVII-XVIII ss-Si, vidre sasulieroze, amas Teimuraz I da arCil II-c aRiarebdnen:
`arvis unda saxareba, arc wigni mociqulTa~ (Teimuraz
I).
178
rogorc aRvniSneT, vaxtangi rusTavelis poemis
ideur Sinaarss `orplanianad~ miiCnevs. Sua saukuneebis
dasavlur-aRmosavluri literatura kargad icnobs
`orplanian~ Txzulebas. aseTi ideuri struqturis iyo
dante aligieris, evropuli renesansis pirveli poetis,
`RvTaebrivi komedia~ da `axali cxovreba~, sparsi poetis omar xaiamis sufisturi, religiur-mistikuri simbolikiT datvirTuli robaiebi. cxadia, am avtorTa
nawarmoebebis `orplanianobas~ Tanamedrove mkiTxveli
aRiarebs da ara maTi Tanamedroveni, radgan genioss
mxolod istoria aRmoaCens da ara Tanamedroveoba.
yovelive zemoTqmuli kargadaa cnobili, amitom ar
gaWirdeba daskvnis gakeTeba imis Taobaze, rom didad
ganaTlebuli vaxtang mefe rusTavelis poemis redaqtirebisas Rrmad gaicnobda aRmosavlur-dasavluri religiur-msoflmxedvelobrivi da kulturuli urTierTobebis im wyaroebs, riTac gamdidrebulia qarTuli neoplatonizmi da rusTavelis filosofiuri naazrevi. vaxtang mefe Tavisi msoflmxedvelobiT axlos idga da
savsebiT iziarebda qarTuli neoplatonizmis amosaval
princips – imqveyniuri da amqveyniuri Rirebulebebis
erTianobasa da mis pirvel sawyisad RvTaebriobis
gamocxadebas. amas misi poeturi memkvidreobac mowmobs.
amrigad, mefe-mkvlevars sruliad sarwmunod unda mieCnia `vefxistyaosnis~ `orplanianoba~ anu misi ideuri
Sinaarsis saero da saRvTo xasiaTi.
SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom marTebulia qarTvel mecnierTa azri21 imis Sesaxeb, rom vaxtang VI-is rusTveluri siyvarulis saRvTo mijnurobad gamocxadeba mxolod poemis dacvis mizniT ar SeiZleba aixsnas; rom igi
ufro metad mefe-poetis msoflmxedvelobrivi mrwamsisa
da poeturi TvalTaxedvis Sedegi unda iyos. amas
mowmobs vaxtang VI-is satrfialo leqsebSi satrfos
179
saxisa da siyvarulis grZnobis iseTi simbolur-mistikuri gaazreba, romlis msgavsi manamde qarTulma lirikulma poeziam ar icis. vaxtang mefem erT-erTma pirvelma Semoitana qarTul poeziaSi amqveyniur movlenaTa
metafizikuri gaazrebisaTvis iseTi simboloebi, romlebic saidumlos faraven, raTa `am dafarviT saCinoyos
da idumalyofiT gamoavlinos igi~. am TvalsazrisiT,
mdidar masalas iZleva vaxtang mefis samijnuro leqsTa
krebuli `satrfialoni~, romlis dasawyisSive poeti
mkiTxvelisagan gulisxmierebas da dakvirvebas iTxovs,
raTa gaerkves `Tu visdame trfialebs mefe~. am gafrTxilebaSi miniSnebaa imaze, rom trfobis sagani idumalia da ar warmoadgens konkretul, realur arsebas.
oTxstriqonian, mokle leqsebSi TandaTan ikveTeba
RvTaebrivi satrfos irealuri saxe. poeti umReris ara
amqveyniur, adamianur, bunebriv siyvaruls, aramed RvTaebrivs, mistikurs.
aRsaniSnavia kidev erTi simboluri saxe vaxtangis
satrfialo lirikaSi. esaa satrfo-samSoblo, romlisadmi trfoba poetis guls sevdiTa da mwuxarebiT
avsebs, radgan moRalate da qveynis gamyidvelTa xelSi
Cavardnili satrfo-samSoblo Sercxveneli da daCoqilia, TviT poeti ki Sors aris da veras Svelis mijnurs
(Sdr. akaki wereTlis `aRmarT-aRmarT~). poeti `farvanebr iwvis bulbulebr ekalT Sina~ magram satrfo
poetis mxurvale grZnobas ar pasuxobs. guldaTuTquli
poeti mwared moTqvams. `keklucT zeda xar xelmwife,
trfialiT cecxls udeb malamoT, madiT nasrolma
isarma, guli gamipo mal amiT~. es striqonebi rom realur qals – satrfos _ ar eZRvneba, Semdgomi striqonebiT dasturdeba: iranSi tyved myofi mefe-poeti
mSvenieri qalis silamazes Soreuli qarTlis TvalismomWrel bunebas ukavSirebs, igonebs didgorze nadiro180
bas, lilos tbaze weroobas, `ra sjobs maisSi tfilissa. vardi varskvlaveb esxasa!~ – mwared amoikvnesebs
mefe-poeti. `satrfialonis~ leqsebi tanjviT savse
gabmuli moTqmaa damonebuli samSoblos bedze. satrfosamSoblos poeturi xatis SeqmniT vaxtang mefe qarTveli romantikosebisa da ak. wereTlis winaprad gvevlineba.
vaxtang VI qarTuli mxatvruli sityvis didi ostatia. originaluri mxatvruli formebiT, Rrmad gaazrebuli saxeebiT, leqsis riTmuli tkbilxmovanebiT, melodiurobiTa da mdidari leqsikiT SesamCnev gavlenas
axdens ara marto Tanamedrove, mis samefo karTan
daaxloebul poetebze, aramed Semdgom saukuneebSic. Tu
amas davumatebT mis RrmadSinaarsian kulturul moRvaweobas da bolos Teoriul-esTetikur ganazrebasac,
SeiZleba
iTqvas,
rom
vaxtangma
kulturulSemoqmedebiTi saqmianobis mTeli skola Seqmna XVIII sis I naxevris saqarTveloSi.
2. mamuka baraTaSvilis esTetikuri Sexedulebebi
mamuka baraTaSvili (XVIII s.) vaxtang VI-is literaturuli skolis warmomadgenelia, romelic Tavis SemoqmedebaSi axali sazomebisa da sasimRero-saleqso
`xmebis~ SerCevisas wyarod xalxur Semoqmedebas iyenebda, riTac
gadaaxalisa qarTuli leqsis strofika,
ritmika da sariTmo sistema. niSandoblivia, rom m. baraTaSvilis SemoqmedebiTi Zala saleqso formis mxatvrul RirebulebaSi ufro vlindeba, vidre Sinaarsobriv
siaxleSi.
vaxtang VI-sTan erTad ruseTs gadaxvewili poeti
uimedo, sevdiani ganwyobilebiT gamoxatavs emigrantis
sulier mdgomareobas. masTan erTad gadaxvewil TanamemamuleTa umoqmedoba, rusTa samefo karis cru dapi181
rebebi poets TandaTan ukargavda samSobloSi dabrunebis imeds, amitomac ismis mis leqsebSi sawyalobeli
Civili: `SegewyalodesT yovelTa, mwiri mwirobdes
rebulad~ (`grCobledi~), an `viT ganvimarTlo, ucadman
ra icis CemTvis Wirebad? numca vis mogvvdes Cemebriv,
guli mkvnes _ aRmomtirebad~.22 `mwirobam sxvaTa Temisa
da uqmad gdebam~ poets `sawuTo ese muxTali, yovelTa
mteri~ daanaxa. `bevri hyavs Cemebr mduravio~, - ambobs
wuTisofelze da wyevlis `cru da Wrel sawuTos~
(`mokle Sewyobili~).
amrigad, `soflis samduravis~ Tema, romelic erTerTi ZiriTadia aRorZinebis xanis poetTa SemoqmedebaSi, grZeldeba m. baraTaSvilTanac. aseve memkvidreobiT xazs agrZelebs igi satrfialo JanrSic, Tumca
vaxtang VI-is literaturuli skolis aRzrdili poeti
emijneba Tavis maswavlebels imiT, rom vaxtangiseuli
simbolur-mistikuri saxis nacvlad trfobis sagnad
realur, miwier arsebas irCevs da iseTi brwyinvale
epiTetebiT amkobs satrfos xorciel silamazes, rom
mkiTxvelis warmodgenaSi odnavadac ar iCrdileba qalis sulieri sispetake da zneobrivi sifaqize. k. KkekeliZis TqmiT, m. baraTaSvilma `qarTuli satrfialo
poezia zeciuri samyarodan amqveynad Camoiyvana da
daamkvidra~.23 swored am niSniT m. baraTaSvili XVIII sis II naxevris satrfialo lirikis brwyinvale warmomadgenlis besikis winamorbedad SeiZleba miviCnioT. miT
ufro, rom mamukas satrfialo leqsebis mxatvrul-gamomsaxvelobiTi ferebisa da riTmuli JReradobis gavlena besikis poetur enaze aSkarad SesamCevia. DdavimowmoT mamukas erT-erTi saukeTeso leqsi `vixile Seni
Sveneba~: `vixile Seni Sveneba – saxesa vetrfialebi...
sulo, alvad aRzrdili lerwami – wvlils tansa
vetrfialebi. Savni, mSvildurad moxrilni, - warbebsa
182
vetrfialebi... sulo, mWvretT gulsa damasobelsa –
wamwamTa vetrfialebi~.24
rogorc vxedavT, mamukas satrfialo leqsebi Taviseburia swored mxatvruli gamosaxvis axali formiTa
da leqsis musikaluri JReradobiT.
m. baraTaSvils gansakuTrebuli damsaxureba qarTuli Teoriul-esTetikuri azris ganviTarebaSi miuZRvis.
man qarTul saazrovno sivrceSi pirvelma Seqmna normatiuli poetikis saxelmZRvanelo – Teoriuli traqtati
saxelwodebiT `WaSniki~ anu `swavla leqsTa Tqmisa~. es
Txzuleba uSualod vaxtang VI-is davalebiT Sesrulda
moskovSi 1731 w. wigni Tamamad SeiZleba CaiTvalos
pirvel Teoriul gaazrebad qarTuli esTetikuri azris
istoriaSi, radgan misi ZiriTadi nawili xelovnebis,
kerZod, poeziis arsisa da daniSnulebis zogadesTetikur sakiTxebs arkvevs, meore nawilSi ki Tavmoyrilia qarTuli leqsTwyobis mxolod nimuSebi.
`WaSnikis~ avtori xelovnebis, kerZod, poeziis Sesaxeb saubars garkveuli mizniT iwyebs – gamokveTos
xelovnebis daniSnuleba, adamianisaTvis saWiroeba. misi
yvela Segoneba poeziis didaqtikur-aRmzrdelobiTi
rolis xazgasmas emsaxureba.
m. baraTaSvili Tvlis, rom poezia seriozuli saqmea,
romelic adamians ukvdavebisTvis sWirdeba: `leqsi erTi
ram aris am soflis saqmeSi. amisaTvis am soflis saqmis
cda kacisTvis yovelive amazed aris – sikvdils ukan
moigonebdes~. rodis iqneba poetis saxeli ukvdavyofili? mamukas azriT, mxolod maSin, Tu `sityvis
simarjviTa da codnis ZaliT, sulieris codniTa da
samxedro codniT~ Seqmnis Tavis nawarmoebs. mxolod im
SemTxvevaSi `mTqmeli moigoneba da msmeni iswavlis~.
mwerlobas aRmzrdelobiTi daniSnuleba aqvs, Tvlis
m. baraTaSvili, amitom sifrTxilea saWiro saTqmelis
183
SesarCevad. poetma mxolod `kargi~ unda Tqvas, radgan
Tu `avzeda Tqva, urigod Tqva, qebisa da mogonebis
nacvlad saZraxavi da sagmobeli iqneba~... `kacma avi
ambavi ar galeqsos... radgan avis mTqmeli~ poeti codvas
Cadis, msmenelis zneobas ryvnis, `avs aswavlis~. amrigad, m. baraTaSvilis mtkicebiT, mwerlobas adamianis
zneobrivi aRzrda evaleba. mamuka, rogorc normatikosi,
afrTxilebs mwignobrebs, rom `es swavla~ imitom
davwere, `leqsi urigo aravis mouvides~.25
`WaSnikis~ avtoris azriT, xelovnebis asaxvisa da
gamoxatvis sagani sazogadoebrivad Rirebuli da mniSvnelovani unda iyos, radgan xelovneba sazogadoebis
ideologiuri aRzrdis qmediTi iaraRia. igi rjulis,
mefisa da qveynis interesebs emsaxureba. amitom qarTuli poeziis sagani erovnuli Sinaarsisa unda iyos da
misi daniSnuleba – saqveyno-patriotuli. mamuka baraTaSvilis Tanaxmad, mwerlobam ideurad unda aRzardos
sazogadoeba, Seayvaros samSoblo, gauRvivos gmiruli
suli mtris winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad.
misive azriT, poeturi sityvis wyaro cocxali,
xalxuri metyvelebaa, romelsac folklorSi xedavs.
mas umarTebulod miaCnia qarTul leqsSi rusTveluri
Sairisa da CaxruxaZiseuli metris batonoba da
cdilobs
xalxuri
sasimRero-saleqso
`xmebi~
Semoitanos, amiT axali sicocxle misces qarTul
poetur xelovnebas. es kargad Cans mis leqsebSi:
Svidtaepiani, Teqvsmetmarcvlovani leqsi `mdenari~
xalxuri leqsis `patara qalo Tinaos~ kvalobazea
SeTxzuli: `Cem sayvareli vinao, miwyiv midgexar winao,
gonebiT, Semkra survilma, arodes momelxinao~.
dasasrul aRvniSnavT, rom aRorZinebis periodis
qarTuli esTetikuri saazrovno sivrce arc ise mdidaria Teoriuli TxzulebebiT. miuxedavad amisa, am drois
184
poeturi azris arsenalidan esTetikur problematikaze
sistemuri saxis mecnierul SexedulebaTa magistraluri xazis gamokveTa SesaZlebelia. mamuka baraTaSvilis
Rvawli ki am SemTxvevaSi gansakuTrebulia imiT, rom
man zogadesTetikuri problematika Teoriuli msjelobis sagnad aqcia specialur traqtatSi da amiT Rirseuli adgili daimkvidra qarTuli esTetikuri azris
istoriaSi.
3. daviT guramiSvilis msoflmxedvelobis
esTetikuri aspeqtebi
daviT guramiSvili qarTuli filosofiuri da
mxatvruli azrovnebis saukeTeso tradiciebis gamgrZelebelia; igi amave dros aSkarad exmianeba Tavisi
drois (XVIII s.) evropul progresul saazrovno
kulturas.
mis
SemoqmedebaSi
erTdrouladaa
gaerTianebuli ganmanaTleblobis racionalizmi da
danteseuli `humanuri misticizmi~, mkacri realizmi da
cxovrebiseuli
movlenebis
uaRresad
zneobrivi,
qristianuli xedva.
daviT guramiSvilis Semoqmedeba ara marto XVIII s.
saqarTvelos cocxali matianea, aramed, agreTve, Cvens
Tanamedroveobas Sexmianebuli da amdenad sadReisod
aqtualuri filosofiur-zneobrivi traqtati, romelSic
eris zneobrivi saxis damxvewi da amamaRlebeli
kodeqsia Camoyalibebuli.
ilia WavWavaZem daviT guramiSvili qarTul mwerlobaSi `evropeizmis~ Semomtanad miiCnia. misi TqmiT, daviT
guramiSvilma qarTuli poezia gawminda `maRalferadovani enawylianobisagan~, `RvarWnilobisagan~, sazogadod, mwignobrul-xelovnurobisa da pirobiTobisagan.26
magram iliam guramiSvilis `evropeizmi~ mxolod mxatvruli formis daxvewaze rodi daiyvana: man am cnebaSi
185
farTo saazrovno sivrce igulisxma, romelic daviT
guramiSvilma Semoitana qarTul mxatvrul azrovnebaSi
da romelSic sazogadoebrivi da kulturuli movlenebis aRmosavlurobisagan gansxvavebuli, gonis primatiT
aRbeWdili, humanisturi da mowinave, evropuli TvalTaxedviT gaSuqeba igulisxma.
daviT guramiSvilis mxatvrul memkvidreobaSi, romelic `daviTianis~27 saxeliTaa cnobili, pirovnuli da
sazogado ise gauTiSvelad erwymis erTmaneTs, rom
msgavsi aramcTu qarTulma, aramed evropulma literaturamac iSviaTad icis. xolo misi ZiriTadi istoriuli xasiaTis poema `qarTlis Wiri~ dawerilia garkveuli istoriul-filosofiuri koncefciiT. misi SexedulebiT, qveynis saxelmwifoebriobis aSenebas duRabiviT
sWirdeba sazogadoebis zneobrivi siwminde, rac TavisTavad rodi miiRweva. daviT guramiSvili am umaRlesi
miznis ganxorcielebisaTvis or gzas irCevs: erTi –
sazogadoebis kulturuli ganviTarebis, swavla-ganaTlebis popularizaciis, rac erovnuli da pirovnuli
cnobierebis Camoyalibebis saSualebaa da, meore –
qristianuli sarwmunoebis ganmtkicebis, rac sazogadoebas umaRlesi zneobrivi Rirebulebebisaken warmarTavs. daviT guramiSvilis mxatvruli Semoqmedebis Taviseburebas misi msoflmxedvelobrivi kredo da `marTlis Tqmis~ esTetikuri koncefcia gansazRvravs; poeti
obieqturad da Rrmad aanalizebs Tavisi qveynis socialur-politikursa da sazogadoebis zneobriv-sarwmunoebriv mdgomareobas da mis analizs arCil mefis mier
dakvalianebuli `marTlis Tqmis~ principebis erTgulebiT iZleva. amisaTvis ki SesaniSnavi mxatvruli gamosaxvis formisTvis miugnia: avtobiografiuli faqtebisa da
subieqturi msoflgancdis prizmaSi atarebs Tavisi
qveynis kulturul-istoriuli viTarebis suraTs. amito186
mac es suraTi SiSveli istoriuli faqtebiT rodia Sevsebuli, aramed pirdapiri, grZnobadi uSualobiT aqvs
gadmocemuli: `metad mwared guli mtkiva, maJrJolebs
da tanSi mzaravs~. poetma kargad icis, rom `mZraxvels
Zraxva ki Tavad mouxdebis, magram farva siavisa qveyanas
ar mouxdebis~ da am poziciidan mzis sinaTleze
gamoaqvs imdroindeli sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis mTeli
siave. igi ar indobs eriskacsa Tu samRvdelo pirs,
mkacrad akritikebs TviT mefis – vaxtang VI-is –
ugergilo politikas, arc kuTxuri kinklaoba da
erTmaneTis mtroba, feodaluri usamarTloba, Tavadaznauruli sazogadoebis zneobrivi dacemuloba gamohparvia mis kalams. poeti adamianTa modgmis udides codvad
miiCnevs Surs, mtrobas da qveynis ganadgurebis mizezad
swored amas asaxelebs: `borotisagan keTili SuriT ver
ganarCieso~. meoregan ki dananebiT askvnis: `rac mogaxsene, mogvgvara Cven erTmaneTis brZolama, qarTli osmalom daipyro, kaxeTi lekTa molama~.
daviT guramiSvilis amgvar analizs axlac ar
daukargavs Tavisi mniSvneloba, radgan sazogadoebriv
ZalTa dapirispireba dResac saqarTvelos mdgomareobaze damRupvelad moqmedebs.
daviT
guramiSvili
sazogadoebrivi
gardaqmnis
ganmanaTleblur gzas irCevs iseve, rogorc misi winamorbedebi – arCili da sulxan-saba. swavla-ganaTleba
miaCnia zneobis amaRlebis erT-erT mZlavr saSualebad,
radgan swavla-ganaTleba adamians profesias aZlevs,
sazogadoebis socialur struqturaSi adgils miuCens,
movaleobis grZnobas uviTarebs, erTi sityviT, moqalaqed aqcevs. amitom mouwodebs TanamedroveT: `ismine,
swavlis mZebnelo, moyev daviTis mcnebasa, jer mware
Wame, kvlav tkbili, Tu eZeb gemovnebasa~. zneobriobaa
gamocxadebuli mtkice safuZvlad iseTi maRali grZno187
bebisaTvis, rogoricaa qal-vaJis siyvaruli. daviT guramiSvili aidealebs qal-vaJis mtkice, ojaxur, meuRleobriv urTierTobas. misi azriT, zneobrivi siyvaruli
sulieri siaxlovisgan warmoiSoba da ara xorcieli
ndomisgan. TviT buneba ewinaaRmdegeba fizikur, xorciel ltolvas, Tu mas suliereba ar amagrebs. amitom
pirvelive Jinmoreul ndomas qal-vaJs Soris `qacvia
mwyemsSi~ bunebis yvela arseba: sulieri Tu usulo,
SaSvi, Cxikvi, ekali, qacvi, xis mWreli kaci – win
aRudgeba da xels uSlis. `qacvia mwyemsis~ finali guramiSvilis msoflmxedvelobis arsebiT niSans warmoaCens. poeti sazogadoebis dabal socialur fenebSi
aRmoaCens im zneobriv simaRles, rac Tavadaznaurul
aristokratizms aklia. man am poemiT pastoraluri
nakadi Semoitana qarTul mwerlobaSi, brwyinvale ferebiT daxata sofluri buneba, STamagoneblad umRera Tavis xalxs – glexobas, agviwera misi bunebrivi mgrZnobeloba, simpaTiurad dagvixata mdabio xalxis yofa,
Cvevebi da aCvena misi maRali zneobrivi suliereba.
`qacvia mwyemsi~ bukolikuri Janris nawarmoebia, romelic ase gavrcelebuli iyo renesansisa da, gansakuTrebiT, axali drois evropul mxatvrul-literaturul
sferoSi. qarTul mwerlobaSi ki es axali sityvis Tqma
iyo, riTac daviT guramiSvilma saTave daudo demokratiul nakads. daviT guramiSvilis `mxiaruli zafxuli~
sicocxlis himnia, laRi, bunebis aTasferebiT gajerebuli da ubralo xalxuri leqsikiT mdidari. marTalia,
nawarmoebSi uxvadaa warmodgenili qristianul moralistikaze agebuli darigeba-sentenciebi da zogjer
rigoristuli xasiaTis mkacri SeniSvnebi, magram nawarmoebSi mTlianad dominantobs xalxuri warmodgenebis
mZafri nakadi. nawarmoebis siuJetur RerZs qmnis xalxuri warmodgenebi bunebis gaRviZeba-ganaxlebaze, rasac
188
iseTive umwikvlo siyvaruli moaqvs axalgazrdebSi,
rogoric axladgaRviZebuli bunebaa.
Tavisi winamorbedebisgan gansxvavebiT, daviT guramiSvilma qarTuli mwerloba aristokratiuli salonebidan (samefo karidan) gamoiyvana da xalxuri nakadi
daamkvidra, amasTan klasikur simaRleze. adamianisa da
bunebis Tanxmieri harmoniulobaa mocemuli `qacvia
mwyemsSi~. bunebis gamococxlebis fonzea gaSlili qalvaJis gamijnurebis ambavi. axalgazrda gogonebi mxiaruli JiviliT moedebian trial mindors da yvavilebs
krefen. erTi gogona yvavilebma tyeSi Seityues, sadac
mwyemss gadaeyara, jer SeSinda, mere vaJis TavSekavebam
gaaTamama da gaamxiarula. maTi gamijnureba qristianuli moralis mkacr CarCoebSi viTardeba. qali Rirsebis
damcvelia da miuxedavad axalgazrduli gznebisa,
fizikuri siaxlovisagan Tavs ikavebs da vaJsac mouwodebs, afrTxilebs, rom misTvis ubiwoba sicocxleze
metia: `sjobs guli mokvdes da daimarxos, urigo saqme
ar daiZraxos... gTxov, ar Semarcxvino da Semanaxvino
Tavi dromdisa~. bunebis Zalebi exmareba qal-vaJs cdunebisagan Tavi Sors daiWiron. bolos maTi siyvaruli
mamisa da mRvdlis kurTxeviT mTavrdeba. mTeli am
scenis ganmavlobaSi guramiSvili ara erT moralur,
sentencias aviTarebs mamis SegonebiT. poeti gvamcnobs
Tavis moralur, filosofiursa da sarwmunoebriv Sexedulebebs... mamis darigebas wiTel zolad gasdevs Tezisi: ojaxuri siwynare sasicocxlo energiis dacvaao.
al. gvaxaria miuTiTebs aRmosavlur (kavkasiur
garemoSi) mxatvrul literaturaSi msgavsi siuJetis
mqone novelis arsebobaze, romelic nizam ganjelis
`bahar-nameSia~
CarTuli.
aqedan
gamomdinare,
al.
gvaxaria Tvlis, rom ufro bunebrivi iqneboda guramiSvilisa da nizam ganjelis poeturi nawarmoebebisaTvis
189
saerTo wyarod aRmosavluri xalxuri folkloruli
siuJetis daSveba. amdenad, SesaZloa aRmosavlur (kavkasiur garemoSi) xalxur folklorSi arsebuli siuJeti
qal-vaJis gamijnurebis Sesaxeb safuZvlad daedo nizam
ganjelisa da daviT guramiSvilis poetur qmnilebebs.
`bahar-names~ ukanaskneli novela `walkotis mepatrone vaJisa da meCange mxevali qalis asaki~ aseTi siuJetisaa: mSvenier Wabuks baRi hqonda qalaqgareT; erT dRes
miadga da daketili daxvda; baRidan Cangisa da qalebis
mxiruli xmebi ismoda. vai-vaglaxiT baRSi Sesul vaJs
guli Seuvardeba erT mxevalze da roca mijnurebi
ganapirebas apireben, oTxjer maT sasiyvarulo alerss
xels uSlis sxvadasxva bunebrivi mizezi – erTxel
fanCaturis saxuravi CamoeqcaT Tavze, meored katam
SeaSina Seyvarebulebi, mesame kvaxebis mTeli acma daecaT Tavze, meoTxed gamoqvabulSi meliebma da mgelma
SeaSines. bolos Wabuki mixvda, rom misi vnebis winaaRmdeg mTeli buneba amxedrda, mixvda Tavis Secdomas da
gadawyvita wesisa da rigis mixedviT SeerTo ymawvili
qali. igive siuJeturi xazi gvaqvs daviT guramiSvilTan.
mwyemsisa da glexis gogos paemans xels uSlis xan
Cxikvi, xan SaSvi, xan qacvi, xan mezoblis kaci waadgebaT Tavs da maTi paemanic jvrisweris gadawyvetilebiT
mTavrdeba. maSasadame, askvnis al. gvaxaria: `bahar –
names~ meSvide novela siuJeturad axlos dgas d. guramiSvilis `mxiaruli zafxulis~ siuJetur xazTan da es
SemTxveviT ar unda iyoso.28
daviT guramiSvili brwyinvaled icnobs biblias da
uSualo wyarod iyenebs mas. es Cans `qacvia mwemsidan~,
sadac leqsadaa gadmoRebuli bibliuri siuJetebi da
poeti perifrazis sizustiT amuSavebs bibiliis calkeul adgilebs. magram yuradsaRebia sxva ram, kerZod, is
faqti, rom daviT guramiSvili Tavis poetur saTqmels
190
bibliuri teqstis qveteqstebiT wakiTxvis im principiT
gamoxatavs, romelic jer kidev filon aleqsandrielidan moyolebuli, gavrcelebuli iyo bibliis mTargmnelobiT praqtikaSi. swored qveteqstiT wakiTxvis am
princips sTavazobs daviT guramiSvili mkiTxvels, romelsac pirdapir ucxadebs: `scan am leqsTa igavi,
Targmne Tu giyvardeo! qrTilis puris qerqSia Sig
TaTuxi Cavdeo! qerqi gafrcven, ganagde, SigniT guls ki
sWamdeo!~ an `rac sityva giTxar, oria~. amgvarad, daviT
guramiSvili Tavis gancdebsa da fiqrebs or planSi
warmogvisaxavs – erTi xiluli, realuri plani, meore –
dafaruli, uxilavi, romlis gancda Sinagani WvretiTaa
ganpirobebuli. orplanianoba materialursa da sulier
samyaros moicavs: `tans rac ginda uyavi, Tavs nu
Semiryeo~. orplanianoba daviTis mxatvrul saxeebs `mzeTa mzes~, `sikvdilisa sikvdiliT damTrgunvels~,
`cxovrebis wyaros~, `sxivs~ da sxv. eikonur xasiaTs
aZlevs xilulisa da miRmuris erTianobiT.
`daviTianSi~ orplanianoba ar unda gavigoT rogorc
ori, urTierTdapirispirebuli msoflxedvis gamoxatva.
piriqiT, `daviTianis~ saero – yofiT da sasuliero
leqsebSi erTiani msoflmxedvelobrivi gadmosaxedidan
gaerTianebulia ori samyaro – amqveyniuri da imqveyniuri, moxsnilia dualizmi, dapirispireba zecasa da
miwas Soris (es areopagituli moZRvrebis gavlenaze
migvaniSnebs – avt.); es aris qveynis av-kargze, samSoblos bedze. adamianis arsze, sikvdil-sicocxlis erTianobaze dafiqrebuli kacis gabmuli locva, galoba,
sityvieri zvaraki uzenaesis mimarT, qristiani kacis
gulmxurvale aRsareba mamazecieris winaSe da amave
dros locva qveynis Sewevnisa da xsnisaTvis.
amqveyniuri cxovrebiT tkbobis survili esoden
Zlier dauflebia daviT guramiSvilis poetur subieqts,
191
rom aSkarad iCrdileba mistikis aRqma mis leqsebSi.
daviT guramiSvilis mimarTeba ayvavebuli, amqveyniuri
mSvenierebisadmi pasiuri Wvreta rodia, romelsac
SeeZlo mistikur gancdebSi gadaeyvana suliT amaRlebuli poeti, aramed Zlieri sulis, miwieri mSvenierebiT
tkbobis mosurne, realuri gancdebis mqone poetis
xedvaa. msubuqi, haerovani sulierebiT zeaRtacebuli
poeti Tavis himnebSi RmerTs uerTdeba, mas erwymis,
rogorc uxorco, fSvinieri ram, `qacvia mwyemsSi~ ki
miwieri mSvenierebiT tkbobas eZleva. poetis sicocxlismoyvareoba maRali zneobrivi SegnebiTaa pirobadebuli. swored es Segneba karnaxobs poets mouwodos
adamianebs amqveyniuri bednierebisaken, aqtiuri qmedebisaken. es renesansuli msoflmxedvelobrivi xazis gagrZelebaa axal droSi. rusTavelis poetur samyarosTan
xelovnurad Cawyvetili xazis aRdgenas cdilobs daviT
guramiSvili Tavisi Rrma sulierebiTa da natifi
xorcielebiT. RmerTis warmodgena mzis sinaTlis saxiT
Sua saukuneebis mxatvrul-esTetikuri koncefciebis amosavali wertilia ara marto qarTul, aramed evropul
literaturaSic. sakmarisia davasaxeloT dante aligieri, romlis mixedviTac mzis sinaTle is wyaroa, romelic angelozebs cis usasrulo sivrceSi moZraobis
Zalas aniWebs. mzis naTlis esTetikuri principi
renesansidan didxans mihyveba mxatvrul azrovnebas
dasavleT-aRmosavleTSi XVIII s.-Sic. amis magaliTia
daviT guramiSvili aRmosavleTSi, goeTe – dasavleTSi.
goeTes azriT, mze qristes saxea: `mzec iseTive
gancxadebaa uzenaesisa da Tanac uZlieresi yvela im
gancxadebaTa Soris, romelic Cven, miwis SvilT, gergebia. me Tayvans vcem masSi RvTaebris sinaTles, rogorc umaRlesi zneobis princips~, - eubneba goeTe
ekermans. goeTe mzis saxiT gamoxatavs meufes `faustSi~.
192
`mze kvlav aaJRerebs Zvelebur hangze, Zmur sferoebSi
jadosnur Cangsa, misi Wvreba sZenT angelosT Zalas,
veravin Caswvdes Tumca mis siRrmes~.29
daviT guramiSvilTanac mze da qriste sinonimebia,
orive sicocxlisa da siTbos wyaros warmoadgens da
umaRlesi zneobrivi principebis gamomxatvelia. daviT
guramiSvilis religiur-mistikuri xasiaTis leqsebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia zekacis gaadamianureba da miwieris gaRmerTeba. es Cans mis lirikul leqsSi `zubovka~,
sadac poeti aRgviwers `Sav Tval-warba~, pirad `TeTrs~,
`xalians~ ukrainel qals. qalisadmi vnebiT anTebuli
vedreba RvTismosavur RaRadisSi gadadis da bolos
qristes warmodgenas ukavSirdeba. miwieri qalis saxis
qristes RvTaebriv saxesTan gaigiveba dantes `salxinebelis~ me-10 simReras mogvagonebs. komentatorTa azriT,
dante uyoymanod aTanabrebs beatriCes TviT qristesTanac ki, riTac, ubralod rom vTqvaT, aRmerTebs mas.
magram daviT guramiSvilis trfobis gamomxatveli sityvebi ufro Rrmad grZnobad-erotikul STabeWdilebas
tovebs, rac ganasxvavebs guramiSvils dantesagan. daviT
guramiSvilis sarwmunoebrivi samyaro araa mowyvetili
miwierebas, poeti adamianur tragedias xedavs `nawlavgaTanguli~ RvTismSoblis saxeSi, romelsac muxlebze
dausvenebia `daWrili, gverdapobili~, `sawyalad yelgadagdebuli~ qriste da `RawvTa sisxlis mdebare~ dastiris mas. guramiSviliseuli RvTismSoblis datirebis
scena marTlac freskulia da aRqmis simZafriT aranakleb STambeWdavia, vidre miqelanjelos `pietas~ vizualuri saxe.
daviT guramiSvilma saTave daudo pirSi avis
mZraxvelis politikas: `avsa avi ar uwodo, kargs saxelad ra davarqo?~ - kiTxulobs poeti da mkacri pirdapirobiT amxels yovelgvar uzneobas. qveynis Wiri
193
poets suls uxuTavs: `metad mwared guli mtkiva,
maJrJolebs da tanSi mzaravs~-o, es sityvebi mtrulad
ganwyobili kacis gesliani lanZRva ki ar aris, aramed
gulSematkivari Wirisuflis gafrTxilebaa da moyvasis
pirSi Zraxvis princips gamoxatavs, rasac Semdgom ilia
WavWavaZe brwyinvaled agrZelebs.
$4.besikis poeturi samyaro
XVIII saukunis socialur-politikurma `decentralizaciam~, rac feodaluri daqucmacebulobisa da erTiani
saxelmwifoebrivi mowyobis ganuxorcieleblobis Sedegi iyo, Taviseburi daRi daasva Teoriul-esTetikuri da
mxatvrul-SemoqmedebiTi azrovnebis `arasistemur~ ganviTarebas; kerZod, igi aisaxa im urTierTgansxvavebul
tendenciebSi, romlebic mTeli saukunis manZilze
gamovlindeba qarTul mxatvrul-esTetikur azrovnebaSi.
mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs SemoqmedebiTi procesis istoriulrealisturi TematikiT gamdidreba, xalxuri nakadis
Semotana tradiciul-xalxuri Tu qalaquri folkloris aTvisebis gziT, stilur-Janrobrivi siaxleebi, dasavleTisken kulturuli swrafvis miuxedavad, aRmosavluri poeturi formebiT gataceba. aRsaniSnavia, rom
CamoTvlili tendenciebi Tavs iyris XVIII saukunis II
naxevris qarTuli poeziis kidev erTi brwyinvale
warmomadgenlis _ besikis _ besarion gabaSvilis (17501791) SemoqmedebaSi.
besikis poeturi samyaro mravalferovania rogorc
Tematurad, ise Janrobrivi moculobiT: samijnuro lirikuli leqsebi, poema, oda, elegia, satira, iambako,
zma, anbanTqeba. tradiciuli SefasebiT, besiki cnobilia, rogorc mgznebare, vnebiani siyvarulis momRerali
194
mgosani. akad. k. kekeliZis TqmiT, `rusTavelis Semdeg
ise mZafrad, uSualod, Rrmad da STagonebulad aravis
gamouvlenia siyvarulis grZnoba, rogorc es moaxerxa
besikma~30. magram besikis sasiyvarulo gancdas Zlieri
tragikuli intonacia axlavs – moTqma-godeba, cremlTa
Rvra, sikvdilTan uTanasworo WidiliT gamowveuli
SiSi, bedis Civili da a.S., cxadi xdeba, rom poetis sulieri mdgomareoba, romelic mis poeziaSi gansvavebul
ganwyobilebaTa kontrastuli feradovnebiTaa gamoxatuli, im socialur-politikuri da pirovnuli yofis
bunebrivi Sedegi iyo, romelSic poeti ymawvilobidanve
moeqca.
saqme isaa, rom erekle II-is samefo karze didad
dafasebuli, Rrmad ganswavluli, satirisa da iumoris
niWiT dajildoebuli, samusiko xelovnebis didostati
ubadlo poeti cilismwameblebma da moSurneebma iseT
politikur intrigebSi gaabes anton I-isa da besikis
mamis, zaqaria gabaSvilis, dapirispirebis gamo, rom Wabuki poeti samSoblodan gaaZeves. imereTis samefo kars
TavSefarebuli poeti solomon I-is davalebiT diplomatiur misias asrulebs sparseTsa da ruseTSi da
bolos, 40 wlis asakSi samSoblodan Sors, rumineTSi,
amTavrebs sicocxles.
besikis poeziis musikaluroba, riTmis simdidre,
feradovneba, saleqso zomaTa mravalgvaroba qarTuli
klasikuri leqsis wiaRidan aris amozrdili, misi
samijnuro-satrfialo leqsebi davalebulia rusTavelis, CaxruxaZis, Teimuraz I-is memkvidreobisgan. satrfos saxis dasaxatavad poeti uxvad iyenebs qarTuli
klasikuri saleqso fondidan iseT metaforul aqsesuarebs, rogoricaa `mileuli mTvare~, `brZolis veli~,
`nawnavebi-gvelebi~,
`melnis
tba~,
`wamwamebi-isari~,
`daziduli mSvildi~ da a.S.
195
besikis samijnuro ganwyobileba Zlieri siyvarulis
uSualo gancdaa, romelic poetur fiqcias ki ar exeba,
aramed realur, cocxal arsebas. besiki daucxromeli,
aRgznebuli siyvaruliT umReris satrfos garegnul
moxdenilobas, satrfos tanis ritmul rxevas, Tvalwamwamis elvarebas. am mxriv, besikis `tano-tatano~, rogorc qalis silamazis didebuli himni, namdvili Sedevria qarTul satrfialo lirikaSi.
aRsaniSnavia, rom besikis satrfialo lirikaSi
`vard-bulbulianis~ tradiciuli Temac gvxvdeba, magram
avtori imdenad originalurad axerxebs am Temis gaSlas, rom qarTuli poeturi ornamentebiT damSvenebuli
`vard-bulbulianis~ ciklis misi leqsebi sruliad
axali sityvaa qarTul poeziaSi (`sevdis baRs Sevel~,
`bulbuli modis mwuxarebiT~, `bulbulis Sursa~, `vardo sasuro~, `stvens bulbuli~)31.
rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, besikis siyvarulis
gancdas Rrma sevda da kaeSani axlavs. es toni
gansakuTrebiT sagrZnobia `yaribobaSi~ _ ucxoeTSi _
daweril leqsebSi. poeti uCivis beds – `va, Cemsa
bedsao~, Tavs `bedkruls~, `bedisgan iavarqmnils~ uwodebs, mgosans `hklavs da awylulebs sevdis Sxami~,
`Rawvebi cremliTa naRari aqvs~, amitom wyevlis muxTal
sofels: `soflisa brWalman, viT grigalman, Cemsa
bedasa uswora kilo~ an `var ucxo vinme yaribi, ama
muxTlisa soflisa maginebeli, mgmobeli~. poetis amgvari sulisSemZvreli amonakvnesi mxolod gacruebuli
satrfialo grZnobebiT ar unda iyos gamowveuli.
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom besikis mwuxarebas ufro Rrma safuZveli aqvs da igi mSobeli qveynis satkivars ukavSirdeba.
besiki mgznebare patrioti iyo – mSobliuri qveynis
usazRvrod moyvaruli. samSoblos moSorebuli poeti
196
gulistkiviliT igonebs tol-amxanagebs, mSobliur
adgilebs, sadac bavSvoba aqvs gatarebuli (`cremlTa
isarni~). igi xedavs Tavisi qveynis gasaWirs, ganicdis
samSoblos socialursa da politikur rRvevas, mzadaa
Tavi gauWylitos `eniT mkvlel gvels~. tragizmis gancda imdenad mZafria, rom poeti sikvdilsac ar uSindeba:
`besiki sikvdils ar vemalebi, Tavi maqvs misTvis
Senawonebi~ (`sevdis baRs Sevel~). sazogado da piradi
bedukuRmarTobis erTian tkivilad gacnobierebasa da
didi sulieri tragizmiT gamoxatvas besiki `igavuri~
formebiT cdilobs, rac mas Teimuraz I-isa da daviT
guramiSvilis poeziasTan aaxloebs. besikis mamuliSvilur grZnobas gamoxatavs misi damokidebuleba qveynisTvis Tavdadebuli, saxelovani gmirebisadmi, rac gadmocemulia istoriul Temaze Seqmnil sagmiro-saxotbo
poemebSi: `aspinZisaTvis~ da `ruxis brZola~. am poemebSi
poetma saqarTvelos konkretul-istoriuli faqtebi asaxa, gamoCenil TanamedroveTa dauviwyari portretebi
Seqmna. am mxriv gansakuTrebulia samgloviaro odac
`samZimari~, romliTac poetma cxare cremliT daitira
erekle II-is sayvareli Svili, `morige laSqris~ organizatori, misi megobari da mfarveli leon batoniSvili, romlis moulodneli sikvdili Tavzardamcemi
aRmoCnda mefisa da samSoblos bediT dainteresebuli
yvela qarTvelisaTvis.
aRsaniSnavia,
rom
besikma
qarTul
poeziaSi
daamkvidra saxumaro da satirul-iumoristuli Janri.
marTalia, besikis satira zog SemTxvevaSi piradi xasiaTisaa, (`mzeWabuk orbelians~), magram mis enamaxvilobasa
da satirul niWs ZiriTadad imdroindeli sazogadoebrivi cxovreba asazrdoebda. samefo karTan daaxloebuli poeti kargad icnobda feodaluri aristokratiis
meSCanur bunebas, Sursa da gautanlobas pirad urTier197
TobebSi, intrigebs. amitom Tavis geslian, satirul
leqsebSi Tamamad dascinoda adamianTa mankier mxareebs.
mis SemoqmedebaSi gansakuTrebuli adgili uWiravs
xalxur, sayofacxovrebo Temaze daweril satirul poemas `rZal-dedamTiliani~, romelSic poeti uxvad iyenebs
qarTuli xalxuri yofis damaxasiaTebel masalebs,
Tumca ambavi samaryandSi gadaaqvs da rZal-dedamTilis
tradiciul mtrobasa da kinklaobas ucxo qveynis
movlenad Tvlis. besiki msubuqi, laRi toniT iwyebs
rZal-dedamTilis urTierTobis sasacilo mxareebis
aRweras. TandaTan poetis saxumaro toni mware satiraSi gadadis: poeti gmobs ojaxis myudroebis damrRvevTa
sisastikes, flidobas, daundoblobas, somexi terteras
saxec saeklesio pirTa uzneobisa da simdablis
gansasaxiereblad aqvs CarTuli poemaSi. aRsaniSnavia,
rom `rZal-dedamTilianis~ xalxuri Tema qarTul mwerlobaSi pirvelad besikma Semoitana.
besikis poetur Semoqmedebas gansakuTrebul xibls
aniWebda e.w. muxambazur yaidaze dawerili leqsebi.
`misi baiaTebi da muxambazebi, romelTac is saucxood
amRerebda Tarze, garkveul wreSi piridan pirSi gadadioda da qalaqis baRebsa da quCebs ayruebda~32. (k.
kekeliZe).
besikma,
saiaTnovasTan
erTad,
qarTul
poeziasa da musikaSi daamkvidra e.w. muxambazuri kilo,
gaaZliera aSuRuri poeziis tradicia, romelic Rrmad
SeiWra qalaqur yofaSi da safuZvlad daedo XIX s-Si
ukve `Tbilisurad~ wodebul qalaqur folklors.
besikis poeturi xmis gavlena igrZnoba al. WavWavaZisa
da gr. orbelianis poeziaSi. besikis poeziis mkvlevari
da Tayvanismcemeli giorgi leoniZe besikis poeturi
`saxelis fuZed musikalur stiqias~ miiCnevda da savsebiT samarTlianad, amaSi gulisxmobda besikis poeziis
saocar musikalur JReradobas, poeturi inerciis Tavi198
sebur ritmSi gamoxatulebas, frazis simsubuqesa da
elvarebas. besiks Tanamedroveni rusTvelsac ki adarebdnen: `rusTvelisebr xmatkbilobiT ar aklebda arc
erT gvarso~. ioane batoniSvili Tavis `kalmasobaSi~
wers: `besarion gabaSvili iyo mecnierebasa Sina gamocdili ucxo piitikos-moSaire, msgavsi rusTvelisa, romelmac mravalni saamo Sairni daswera sparsTa xmaTa
zeda samRerali qarTulisa eniTa~33.
kompoziciuri daxvewilobiTa da mTlianobiT, metaforaTa simravliTa da nairferobiT, aliteraciaTa
siuxviT besikma gaamdidra qarTuli leqsis esTetikuri
buneba, riTac didi gavlena moaxdina aramarto e.w.
`gardamavali xanis~ (XVIII-XIX ss. mijna) poeziaze, aramed qarTvel romantikosTa Semoqmedebazec.
199
merve Tavi
sazogadoebriv-politukuri ideebi
XIII-XVIII saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi qarTveli eris
socialur-politikuri da kulturuli cxovrebis, misi
istoriuli bedis ZiriTadi maxasiaTebeli iyo gamaerTianebel da gamTiSvel ZalTa brZola, romelSic qarTvelebs uwevdaT cxovreba. swored saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebriobisTvis am ukiduresad araxelsayreli da
uaryofiTi pirobebis gamo, yovelive, rac xels uwyobda
erTmmarTvelobis damkvidrebasa da saqarTvelos politikursa da ekonomikur mTlianobas, progresul movlenad unda CaiTvalos. yovelive is ki, rac xels uSlida
am mTlianobasa da erTmmarTvelobas, istoriulad calsaxad regresul Zalad unda iqnes miCneuli.
sagareo mZime pirobebi da gareSe mtruli Zalebis
Careva winaTac xSirad iwvevda erTgvar garTulebebs
Sinaur ZalTa brZolaSi. magram, XIII saukunidan moyolebuli, saqarTvelosTvis sul ufro da ufro Zneli
Seiqna am ZalTa neitralizeba da bolos is saqarTvelos istoriuli bedis ganmsazRvrel ZiriTad faqtorad
gadaiqca.
TviT aRniSnuli brZolis arsebobis faqti, romelic
drois msvlelobis kvalobaze sul ufro da ufro
mZafrdeboda, saqarTveloSi ori urTierTgamomricxavi
politikuri Sexedulebis, politikuri azris arsebobaze metyvelebda. pirveli maTgani, saqarTvelos politikur momavals erovnulsa da saxelmwifoebriv erTianobaSi xedavda; meore _ regresuli azri _ ki, arad dagidevdaT erovnuli da saxelmwifoebrivi mTlianobis
ideas da kuTxuri partikularizmiTa da viwro feodaluri interesebiT iyo nasazrdoebi.
200
politikur azrTa es siWrele pirdapir aisaxeboda
politikur bataliebsa da momxdur mterTan brZolebSi
Cabmuli qarTvelobis cnobierebaSi. kvlavac Zlieri iyo
gardasuli didebis dReTa sulieri gamocdilebis gavlena da uklebliv yvelas hqonda imis pretenzia, rom
samSoblos sakeTildReod iRvwoda da ibrZoda; oRondac, am samSoblos yvela sakuTari sulis sarkmlidan
,,umzerda”. da Tu progresuli ZalebisTvis samSoblod
upiratesad yovelTvis erTiani da mTliani saqarTvelo
ganicdeboda, regresulTaTvis is, arc Tu iSviaTad,
mxolod sakuTari saerisTaoTi, saTavadoTi, sakuTari
mamuliT ifargleboda. yovelive es iwvevda ZalTa ukidures daqsasulobas, rac naTeli gaxada ukve pirvelma
brZolebma.
rogorc momxdur mterTan brZolebSi, aseve masTan
dazavebisas, mravali kuTxe xSirad irCevda gankerZoebis
gzas. rusudan dedoflis mTavarsardali avag mxargrZeli, mandaturTuxucesi SanSe, varam gageli da sxvani
sakuTar SexedulebaTa da interesTa mixedviT arkvevdnen Tavis damokidebulebas Semoseul monRolebTan. ase
dabneulad da areulad Sexvda saqarTvelo Semoseul
mters ukve XIII saukunis pirvel naxevarSi da es maSin,
roca sul raRac ori-sami aTeuli wlis win is TiTqos
mtkiced iyo erTian Zalad Camoqnili. axalma politikurma pirobebma cxadyo, rom es erTianoba sinamdvileSi
zedapiruli da moCvenebiTi iyo1.
gansxavavebul politikur ZalTa brZolas amwvavebda
da progresul ZalTa sazianod moqmedebda isic, rom
saqarTvelos mefe xSirad iZulebuli iyo mtris banakSi,
_ jer monRolTa yaenis urdoSi, Semdeg ki sxva mefeTa
(mag. iranis Sahis) karze _ gamocxadebuliyo, da Tanac,
sakmaod didi xniT. es saqarTvelos faqtobrivi umefobis sakmaod xangrZlivi periodebi ama Tu im kuTxis
201
msxvil feodalebsa da mmarTvelebSi xSirad badebda
gankerZoebis tendenciebs, Zalauflebis gafarToebis
survils. ,,feodaluri aristokratia (unda vigulisxmoT
feodaluri aristokratiis garkveuli nawili _ avt.)
TandaTan gaSiSvlda Tavisi egoisturi antierovnuli
miswrafebebis SesrulebaSi.”2 yovelive es ki uaRresad
uaryofiTad moqmedebda erovnuli cnobierebis mTlianobaze, xels uwyobda qarTveli eris wina saukeTeso
Taobebis mier udidesi ZalisxmeviT miRweuli qarTuli
erovnuli gonis erTianobisa da mTlianobis moSlasa
da rRvevas, calkeuli samTavroebisa da kuTxeebis
mixedviT mis daSlasa da danawevrebas; qarTvelTa didi
nawili sakuTari Tavis identificirebas upirvelesad
sakuTar kuTxesTan axdenda da ara mTel saqarTvelosTan; es tendencia gansakuTrebiT niSandoblivi gaxda
XVII-XVIII saukuneebis saqarTvelosTvis, risi mravali
sabuTis moZiebac SeiZleba werilobiT ZeglebSi.3
momZlavrebuli feodaluri aristokratia, upirveles yovlisa, ibrZoda sakuTari politikuri da ekonomikuri Zalauflebis ganmtikiceba-gafarToebisTvis, risi safuZvelic, nebismier feodalur sazogadoebaSi,
upirveles yovlisa, miwis sakuTrebaa. es garemoeba adekvaturad aisaxa kidec am periodis feodalTa moqmedebebSi. ukve XIII saukunis miwuruls Zalze masobrivi
gaxda saeklesio miwebis CamorTmevisa da mitacebis faqtebi. yovelive es ki imis maniSnebeli iyo, rom TandaTan
sustdeboda eklesiis gavlena da qristianobis, rogorc
erTiani qarTuli saxelmwifos ideologiuri safuZvlis
Zalmosileba. es moqmedebebi sruliad organulad jdeba
im saerTo suraTSi, romelic Cven qarTveli eris
cxovrebaSi sulierebis TandaTanobiT da ganuxrel
Sesustebad miviCnieT.
202
gansaxilveli periodis social-politikuri azris
Taviseburebebi mniSvnelovanwilad gansazRvra im socialurma cvlilebebma, rac qarTul sinamdvileSi XIII saukunidan moxda aznaurebisa da glexobis mdgomareobaSi.
kerZod, am droidan iwyeba aznaurTa didi nawilis
TandaTanobiTi gaRaribeba. meore mxriv ki, maT nacvld
da xSirad maT xarjzec win wamoiwia adamianTa axalma
jgufma, romelmac am oromtrialSi ara mxolod gadarCena, aramed gamdidreba da aRzevebac moaxerxa. Ees Sinagani diferenciacia aznaurTa fenaSi momavalSi TavadTa
wodebis Seqmnas amzadebda. yovelive amis gamo, ,,Tavadoba saqarTveloSi ar iyo aznaurTa ganviTarebis
kanonzomieri Sedegi, aramed gaubedurebisa da amdenad,
SemTxveviTi ambavi ufro iyo”4. CvenTan Tavadoba warmoiSva ara saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi ganviTarebis
safuZvelze, aramed, piriqiT, misi dacemis pirobebSi.
Tavadobis warmoSobis pirobaa ara erTiani da mZlavri,
ekonomikurad da politikurad damoukidebeli saqarTvelosTvis gaweuli Zalisxmeva, aramed ufro im Zalebis
samsaxuri, romlebic saqarTvelos erovnul, politikur, ekonomikur, kulturul interesebs upirispirdeba.
yovelive es ki, cxadia, Tavis uaryofiT daRs asvamda
am periodis socialursa da politikur Sexedulebebsa
da azrs.
XIII saukuneSi moxda Tavisufali glexobis TandaTanobiTi mospoba; glexobisa, romelic gaWirvebis Jams
yovelTvis erTi adgilidan meoreze gadanacvlebiT Sveloda Tavs. Eamave dros qarTuli sazogadoebis am fenisTvis ufro sasurveli (da xelsayrelic) iyo erTiani
da mTliani saqarTvelo. es ki, cxadia, maTSi saerTo
erovnul-patriotuli grZnobebis gaRvivebasa da Sesabamisi politikuri Sexedulebebis damkvidrebas uwyobda
xels.
203
XIII-XIV saukuneebidan ki glexTa Tavisuflad gadaadgilebis winaaRmdeg TandaTanobiT SemzRudvel zomebs iReben. maT pirdapir ekrZalebaT erTi adgilidan
meoreze gadasvla. ,,damkvidrda glexTa mimagreba miwaze, an, ufro sworad, miwis patronze. nacvlad
winandeli glexobisa, Seiqmna yma glexoba. Ees procesi
Seexo glexebis im jgufsac, romelic winaT Tavisufal
glexobad iTvleboda. Mmale am ukanasknelTa ricxvma
sagrZnoblad iklo. glexobis mimagreba miwaze, maSasadame, faqtobrivad iyo maTi mimagreba memamuleTa pirovnebaze.
ramdenadac feodalizmis erT-erT damaxasiaTebel
Taviseburebad pirovnebis pirovnebaze mimagreba iTvleboda, amdenad miwis mflobelobaze glexobis mimagrebis procesi warmoadgenda ekonomikur dasayrdens
saqarTvelos pirobebSi feodalizmis gamococxlebisa
da gaZlierebisTvis, ramac Tavisi Sedegi momdevno
saukuneebSi gamoiRo”5. es Sedegi, rac erTiani erovnuli
cnobierebis saboloo moSlasa da misiT nasazrdoebi
socialuri da politikuri Sexedulebebis dakninebadamcrobaSi gamoixata, saTaves glexTa cnobierebis im
cvlilebebSic iRebda, rasac maTi socialur-ekonomikuri Tu politikuri mdgomareobis Secvla iwvevda: ymaglexTa mdgomareobis, maTi cxovrebiseuli problemebisa da bedis gadawyvetasa da gansazRvraSi sul ufro
da ufro nakleb realur mniSvnelobas iZenda erTiani
da mTliani saqarTvelo, rogorc aseTi. samagierod, am
sibrtyeSi wina planze gamodioda kuTxuri Tu sxva ram
viwro interesebi, rac Taviseburad aisaxeboda kidec
maT socialur Tu politikur azrovnebasa da Sexedulebebze.
yovelive es, cxadia, imas ar niSnavs, rom progresuli socialuri da politikuri Zalebi ubrZolvelad
204
Tmobdnen sarbiels. aRniSnuli procesi, xSirad Zalzed
sastiki da mZafri brZolebis saxiT mimdinareobda,
sadac, gamarjvebis saswori, arcTu iSviaTad, swored
progresuli Zalebis mxares ixreba. erT-erTi aseTi
movlena iyo XIV saukunis pirvel naxevarSi giorgi
brwyinvales mefobis periodSi ganviTarebuli procesebi, rodesac TvalsaCino Sedegebi iqna miRweuli saqarTvelos mTlianobis aRdgenis TvalsazrisiT. am
movlenebma aCvena, rom qarTul saxelmwifoebriobas kidev hqonda imis unari, rom xelsayreli sagareo
pirobebis SemTxvevaSi kvlavac warmatebiT gadaeWra mis
winaSe mdgari amocanebi. dasavleT da aRmosavleT
saqarTvelos gaerTianeba, samcxesTan mainc erTgvarad
mtkice damokidebulebis aRdgena qmnida iseT pirobebs,
rodesac saqarTvelom kvlav moipova Sinagani simtkice
da sagareo gavlena. ,,...erTmmarTvelobisa da feodaluri gaTiSulobis winaaRmdeg brZola saqarTvelos social-politikuri istoriis am safexurze gamoixata
imaSi, rom erTmmarTvelobam ajoba iseT partikularistebs, rogoric iyvnen kaxeT-hereTis da somxeTis
mflobel-mmarTvelebi, ramac erTmmarTveloba sagrZnoblad ganamtkica.”6
aseTi mdgomareoba iyo saqarTveloSi XIV saukunis
pirvel naxevarSi. amis Semdgom ki daiwyo Temurlengis
(1336-1405) Semosevebi. Aam, Tavisi xasiaTiT erT-erTma
yvelaze ufro masStaburma, xangrZlivma da damangrevelma Semosevebma, saqarTvlo rogorc politikurad,
aseve ekonomikurad da kulturulad ise moSala da gaanadgura, rom man XVI saukunemde fexze wamodgoma da
odnav mainc saxelmwifoebrivi mTlianobis SenarCuneba
veRarc SeZlo.
bunebrivia, rom aseTi mdgomareoba uaRresad xelsayreli iyo erTmmarTvelobis winaaRmdeg mebrZoli Zale205
bisTvis, risi dasturicaa samcxeSi jayelebis sagvareulos da misi wamxedaobiT sxva antisaxelmwifoebrivi
Zalebis gaaqtiureba, rasac Sedegad mohyva saqarTvelos
erTmmarTvelobisa da saxelmwifos mTlianad moSla.
XV saukuneSi moxda kidev erTi mniSnvnelovani faqti, romelmac arsebiTad gansazRvra Semdgomi saukuneebis
saqarTvelos
socialur-politikuri
azris
ganviTarebis Taviseburebebi da xasiaTi. es iyo osmalTa
konstantinepolSi damkvidreba da SemdgomSi otomanTa
Zlieri imperiis Seqmna.
osmalTa imperiis Seqmnisa da gaZlierebis yvelaze
didi uaryofiTi Sedegi saqarTvelosTvis imaSi gamoixata, rom is bunebrivi da istoriulad gakvaluli gza,
romliTac saqarTvelo ukavSirdeboda evropul samyaros, faqtobrivad, am imperiis mier gadaketili aRmoCnda. muslimur samyarosTan pirispir SerCenili, igi izolaciaSi moxvda da gawyda evropul kulturasTan is
kontaqtebi, romelTa safuZvelzec saqarTvelo saukuneTa manZilze kulturuli ganviTarebis mZlavr impulsebs iRebda. es ki ukiduresad uaryofiTad moqmedebda
qarTuli
sazogadoebrivi
da
politikuri
azris
ganviTarebis proceszec, radgan es ukanaskneli mxolod
kulturis erTian qsovilSia moazrebadi.
Zalzed didi mniSvneloba hqonda imasac, rom
aRniSnuli faqtis Semdgom periodSi saqarTvelo, ori
Zlieri da agresiuli saxelmwifos, _ osmaleTsa da
sparseTs Soris myofi, mudmivi da Seunelebeli ormxrivi politikuri, ekonomikuri, ideologiuri, kulturuli da a.S. wnexis qveS moeqca. es saxelmwifoebi mudmivad eqiSpebodnen erTmaneTs saerTod mTels kavkasiaSi,
kerZod, ki saqarTveloSi hegemoniis damyarebisa da
gabatonebisTvis. am qiSpobasa da davaSi orive es agresori yovelTvis axerxebda saqarTvelos erTiani sxeu206
lidan Tavisi ,,wilis miRebas” da es wili, rogorc
wesi, erTisTvis aRmosavleT saqarTvelo iyo, meorisTvis dasavleTi da samxreTi; da swored esec iyo erTerTi umTavresi mizezi imisa, rom saqarTvelos istoriis am umZimes periodSi sabolood damarcxda saqarTvelos erTianobis aRdgenis idea da giorgi brwyinvales magaliTis ganmeoreba, saerTod SeuZlebeli gaxda.
aseTi mZime mdgomareoba, cxadia, gamTiSavi Sidareaqciuli Zalebis moqmedebis Sedegic iyo. magram qarTuli
reaqciuli Zalebi arasdros ar yofilan ise Zlieri,
rom Tuki gamTiSavi Zalebi saqarTvelos gareT Zlier
dasayredensa da mxardamWers ver monaxavdnen, maTi
damarcxeba SeuZlebeli yofiliyo. amaze metyvelebs
Tundac is, rom progresul Zalebs, araTu arasdros
farxmali ar dauyriaT, aramed, dro da dro saqarTvelos aRdgenisa da gaerTianebisTvis Zalisxmevas ar
iSurebdnen. am mimarTebiT gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania giorgi saakaZis, vaxtang VI-isa da erekle II-is moRvaweoba. rac Seexeba imereTis mefe solomons, rogorc
marTebulad SeniSnavs S. nucubiZe, isic ,,imave xazs
agrZelebda imereTSi (igulisxmeba erekle II-is xazi. _
avt.), amdenad ereklesa da misi cda erTi movlenis
Semadgenel elementad SeiZleba iqnes miCneuli”7.
damoukidebloba dakargul saqrTvelos mTliani an
nawilobrivi gaerTianebis es cdebi nasazrdoebi iyo
imis sruli SegnebiT, rom mxolod am gziT SeiZleboda
saqarTvelos xsna da gadarCena. magram samive es cda,
romelTagan TviToeuli Tavis TavSi mraval warmatebasa
da warumateblobas moicavda, sabolood, mainc marcxiT
damrTavda. marcxis mizezi ki kvlav da kvlav qveynis
Sida reaqciuli da gamTiSavi Zalebis moqmedebasTan
Sewyvilebuli gareSe Zlieri mtris veraguli politika
iyo.
207
saqarTvelos uZlieresi dartyma miayena Sah-abasis
(1571-1623) mier warmoebulma omebma. am omebma naTelyo,
rom dauZlurebul saqarTvelos arc Tavisuflebis
SenarCuneba SeeZlo da arc gaerTianeba. saWiro iyo
raRac axali, gadamwyveti nabijis ganxorcieleba; iseTi
nabijis, rac Zireul gardatexas Seitanda da Secvlida
saqarTvelos bed-iRbals. erTi aseTi nabiji SeiZleboda
yofiliyo Zlieri mtris Zalebis gamoyeneba saqarTvelosave sasikeTod da sakeTildReod, mis gasaerTianeblad da Tavs gasuli Tavadobis asalagmavad. pirovneba,
vinc moindoma misi umZimesi problemebis gadaWra, iyo
didi meomari da sazogado moRvawe, wvrili aznaurobis
wridan gamosuli giorgi saakaZe. magram saqarTvelos
gaerTianebisken mimarTuli saakaZiseuli gegmebi, rac
gareSe Zalebis gamoyenebis ideaze iyo damyarebuli,
erTnairad gaugebari da miuRebeli aRmoCnda rogorc
Tavadebis, aseve mefisTvisac. qarTveli moRvaweebisTvis
ufro maxlobeli da misaRebi iyo is suliskveTeba, rac
Semdgom, XIX saukuneSi poeziis enaze gamoxata vaJafSavelam. kerZod, vaJas Tanaxmad, WeSmariti suliereba,
TviT yvelaze ufro didi ,,Wiris” dasaZlevadac ki
gamoricxavs ,,bilwTan” zavis Sekvrasa da mtris xeliTa
da daxmarebiT TanamoZmeTa sisxlis Rvras. asea Tu ise,
Cveni istoriis am etapze, mowinave qarTuli sazogadoebrivi da politikuri azri sruliad ,,moumzadebeli” aRmoCnda saakaZis gzis gasaziareblad da misaRebad da misi brZolac marcxiT damrTavda.
aseve marcxiT damTavrda vaxtang VI-is mcdelobac.
am uaRresad ganaTlebuli da qarTuli kulturis Tavdadebuli moamage mefis udidesma Zalisxmevamac ver
uSvela saqmes: verc mefis ganaTlebulobam, verc misma
Zalzed mniSvnelovanma sameurneo da sakanonmdeblo
saqmianobam, verc sagangebo ,,mcvelTa jarma” sabolood
208
sasikeTo Sedegi ver gamoiRo. araTu ver moxerxda Tavgasuli Tavadebis ZirgamomTxreli saqmianobis aRkveTa,
aramed, piriqiT, igi ufro sagrZnobi da saSiSi gaxda.
sabolood nadgurdeboda qarTuli ekonomikisa da
meurneobis balavari _ qarTuli sofeli. Mmasobrivi
xasiaTi miiRo glexobis erTi adgilidan ayram da sxva
kuTxeebSi gadasaxlebam, magram saSveli arsad iyo.
gamTiSvel, reaqciul ZalebTan brZolaSi faqtobrivad
damarcxebuli vaxtang VI bolos iZulebuli gaxda
ruseTs gamgzavrebuliyo imis imediT, rom ruseTis samefo karis daxmarebiT SeZlebda saqarTveloSi dabrunebas da Tavisi miznebis aRsrulebas.
es imedi, rogorc Semdgom drom aCvena, usafuZvlo
aRmoCnda da vaxtang VI-is miznebsac aRsruleba ar
ewera. samagierod, am nabijma uaryofiTad imoqmeda
qarTuli
sazogadoebrivi
da
politikuri
azris
xasiaTze,
mis
Semdgom
bedze:
vaxtang
VI-s
saqarTvelodan Tan gahyva mravalricxovani amala,
romelic TiTqmis mTlianad misi Tanamoazreebisgan, e.i.
saqarTvelos
erTianobisa
da
qarTuli
saxelmwifoebriobis momxreebisgan Sedgeboda. raoden
keTilSobiluric ar unda yofiliyo vaxtang VI-is
miznebi, faqtobrivad ase gamovida: qarTveli eris
progresuli Zalis udidesi nawili, nebsiT Tu uneblieT, Segnebulad Tu Seugneblad, brZolas gaerida da
saqarTveloc mxolodRa arakeTilsaimedo Tavadebis
saTareSod darCa.
mesame da bolo mcdeloba saqrTvelom gaakeTa erekle II-is mefobis dros, roca erTgvarad Cvenda sasikeTod Secvlilma sagareo pirobebma gadarCenis garkveuli imedi dasaxa. qarTlisa da kaxeTis gaerTianeba erTgvar imeds iZleoda, rom qarTuli samefoebis gaerTianebis procesi SemdgomSic gagrZeldeboda da, bolos da
209
bolos, SesaZlebeli gaxdeboda gareSe Tu Sida mtruli
Zalebis aRkveTa da damarcxeba. magram am Zalebma,
romlebic manamde mainca da mainc didi erTobiT ar
gamoirCeodnen, ,,igrZnes ra erTmarTvelobis gaZliereba,
gaerTianebuli ZaliT mis winaaRmdeg Setevis samzadiss
Seudgnen, saqme TavadTa organizebul SeTqmulebamde
mivida erTmmarTvelobis winaaRmdeg.”8
qarTuli erTmmarTvelobisTvis brZolis istoriis
am epizodSi mefem sZlia SeTqmulebas. isini mxilebulni
da mkacrad, dRevandeli gadasaxedidan zedmeti sisastikiTac ki dasajes. magram erekles es aqti, sxva
mniSvnelovan miRwevebTan (mag. gareSe mterTan brZolaSi mopovebul araerT brwyinvale gamarjvebasTan) erTad Cveni istoriis iseTi epizodi iyo, romelic istoriis Carxs, cxadia, waRma ver Semoatrialebda. moZalebuli mteri Zlieri iyo, qveyana ki sisxlisgan daclili
da xalxi welSi gatexili. Aanalogiuri mdgomareoba
sufevda dasavleT saqarTveloSic.
aseT pirobebSi saqarTvelos samefo karis mier
ruseTis mfarvelobis qveS Sesvlis gadawyvetileba da
am gadawyvetilebis Sesruleba, romelic patriotuli
Zalebis mier TviT erekle II-is dros sxvadasxvagvarad
fasdeboda9, mainc SegviZlia saqarTvelos istoriis
mocemuli periodis tragikuli movlenebis ukanasknel
aqtad miviCnioT; rogorc Zalze zustad da erTgvarad
mxatvrul konteqtSi SeniSnavs S. nucubiZe, ,,isini,
(igulisxmebian erekle II da solomon pirveli _ avt.),
rogorc gmirebi, istoriis scenaze aRar iyvnen, roca
tragedia daskvnamde mivida da saqarTvelo ,,qarTul
guberniad” iqca”.10
ase savalalod dasrulda saqarTvelos eqvssaukunovani brZola saxelmwifoebrivi mTlianobisaTvis, romelSic Tavisi gadamwyveti sityva Tqva orma ZiriTadma
210
faqtorma: saqarTvelos bedTan dakavSirebuli gamwvavebuli msoflio politikuri procesebis pirobebSi gareSe mtrebis mravaljeradma Semosevam, da aseT viTarebaSi TviTon Cvens sinamdvileSi warmoCenilma Sinaganma
winaaRmdegobebma.
aqve saWirod migvaCnia imis aRniSvnac, rom saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebriobis sruli politikuri marcxi
gamowveuli iyo imiTac, rom qarTuli politikuri azri
sruliad moumzadebeli aRmoCnda im axali situaciisTvis, romelSic igi XVIII saukunis dasasrulsa da XIX
saukunis dasawyisSi aRmoCnda.
is garemoeba, rom qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis
mxardamWer Zalebs politikuri mxardamWerisa da mfarvelis ZiebaSi mzera jer kidev erekle II-mdec ruseTisaken hqondaT mipyrobili, ar yofila mxolod imiT
gamowveuli, rom ruseTi am dros msoflios erT-erTi
uZlieresi saxelmwifo iyo. Zliereba ar akldaT arc
iransa da arc TurqeTs. Tanac, rogorc erekles Semdgomma istoriulma movlenebma cxadyo, wminda politikuri TvalsazrisiT am qveynebis mfarvelobis qveS yofna, ruseTis mfarvelobaze uaresi sruliadac ar yofila. Mamis miuxedavad, mowinave qarTuli politikuri azrisTvis am qveynebis proteqtoratobis qveS yofna
arasodes yofila misaRebi da miT umetes, sasurveli.
es upirvelesad gamowveuli iyo imiTac, rom erovnuli erTianobisa da saxelmwifo mTlianobisTvis brZola saqarTvelosTvis, cnobierad Tu qvecnobierad yovelTvis warmoadgenda sakuTari erovnuli TviTmyobadobisa da kulturuli TavisTavadobisTvis brZolasac.
is msoflmxedvelobrivi sivrce, romelSic qarTuli
kultura saukuneTa manZilze viTardeboda, iyo qristianoba. swored amitom im epoqaSi, romelSic erebisa da
saxelmwifoebis urTierTagresias TiTqmis yovelTvis
211
Tan axlda msoflmxedvelobrivi da kulturuli agresiac, saqarTvelosTvis Zalzed araxelsayreli da miuRebeli iyo aRniSnuli qveynebis mfarvelobaSi yofna,
radganac es momakvdinebel safrTxes uqmnida mis
msoflmxedvelobasa da kulturul TavisTavadobas. am
saxelmwifoebTan qarTvelTa xangrZlivi da uTanasworo
brZolis siRrmiseuli sazrisic swored es iyo: am
brZolaSi qarTuli kultera icavda sakuTar Tavs,
sakuTar TavisTavadobasa da unikalurobas. Dda rodesac sakuTari ZalebiT brZolis yvela SesaZlebloba
amoiwura da misi Semdgomi gagrZeleba ubralod SeuZlebeli gaxda, sruliad bunebrivia, rom qarTulma
politikurma azrma mzera erTmorwmune ruseTisken
miapyro, radganac swored ruseTTan erTmorwmuneobaSi
xedavda igi Tavisi erovnuli da kulturuli TavisTavadobis SenarCunebis garantias; erTmorwmuneoba saxavda
imis imedsa da rwmenasac, rom qristianuli ruseTi
erTmorwmune saqarTvelosTan mimarTebaSi qristianuli
zneobrivi moZRvrebis principebsac daicavda da qomagad, mfarvelad upirvelesad saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebriobas moevlineboda.
es imedi, ra Tqma unda, gulubryvilo iyo, rwmena ki
usafuZvlo. arc imis mtkiceba SeiZleba, rom mosalodnel safrTxes qarTuli politikuri azri saerTod ver
xedavda. magram mainc im realobisTvis, romelsac igi
rusuli saxelmwifoebrivi politikis saxiT waawyda, is
saerTod mzad ar iyo.
rogoric ar unda iyos moaruli, Tu damkvidrebuli
azri e.w. aRmosavleTis politikosebis (Sesabamisad politikisac) mzakvrobis Sesaxeb, maTSi mainc sakmaod
didad fasobda da didi Rirebulebac hqonda iseT
movlenebs, rogoricaa adamianis (miT umetes, mefeTa)
piradi Rirseba, samarTlianoba, micemuli sityvisa da
212
ficis erTguleba, Rirseuli mowinaaRmdegis pativiscema
da a.S. isini Tavisebur daRsac asvamdnen am regionis
politikur cxovrebasa da qcevebs; im donemde, rom
principi: ,,mizani amarTlebs saSualebas” arasodes
yofila
politikuri
cxovrebis
ganmsazRvreli
erTaderTi faqtori. saqarTvelos politikuri azri,
romelic
maRali
zneobrivi
RirebulebebiT
iyo
gajerebuli, rusuli imperiuli politikis saxiT
waawyda
ukiduresad
mzakvrul,
zneobrivi
Rirebulebebisgan TiTqmis mTlianad daclil movlenas,
sadac
dasaxul
politikur
mizans
iyo
daqvemdebarebuli yvela da yvelaferi, TviT gvirgvinosanTa
piradi Rirsebisa da saTnoebis CaTvliT. aseT politikasTan Rirseuli ,,paeqrobisTvis” ki, qarTuli politikuri azri sruliad moumzadebeli iyo, rac, Tundac
imis danaxvis srul uunarobaSic gamoCnda, rom aspinZis
omis dros general totlebenis mzakvruli qmedeba
sruliadac ar iyo sakuTriv generlis piradi iniciativa, aramed ruseTis saimperatoro karis miTiTebebi da
instruqciebi. aseT pirobebSi ki, saqarTvelos sruli
politikuri marcxi, ubralod, drois saqme iyo da es
dro, rogirc cnobilia, Zalian male dadga.
saerTod, XIII-XVIII saukuneebis saqarTvelos socialpolitikuri viTarebis ideologiuri asaxva Zalzed
gaZnelebulia. am siZneles ganapirobebs is, rom am dros
Zalzed cota iwereboda, JamTa siaves ki ufro cota
gadaurCa.
mTeli am periodis qarTuli azrovnebis gasagebad
uaRresad didi mniSvneloba aqvs im faqts, rom ukiduresad araxelsayreli pirobebis miuxedavad, mainc
yovelTvis ganagrZobda arsebobas is kultura, romelic qarTveli xalxis erovnulma geniam XIII saukunemde
Seqmna. Tuki am saukuneebSi qarTuli erovnuli goni
213
mainc gadarCa, SeZlo SeenarCunebina erovnuli arsebobisTvis aucilebeli social-politikuri, ideologiuri,
mxatvruli da a.S. azri, upirveles yovlisa, imis
wyalobiT, rom XIII saukunemde qarTvelma erma moaxerxa
Seeqmna TviTmyofadi da mZlavri kultura, _ is erTiani
sulieri sivrce, romelic, yovelTvis ganagrZobda
arsebobas da garkveuli mimarTulebiT warmarTavda
qarTvelTa azrovnebasa da sazogadoebriv cxovrebas.
amitom bunebrivia, rom is ideologiuri viTareba,
romelic saqarTveloSi XIII saukunemde arsebobda,
grZeldeboda Semdgom saukuneebSic. erTmmarTvelobasa
da gankerZoebisken midrekil feodalebs Soris brZolam
am saukuneebSi garkveuli cvlilebebi ganicada. amjerad
,,centridanuli” ZalebisTvis ufro xelsayreli dro
iyo damdgari. am pirobebSi erTmmarTvelobis ideologia maRal filosofiur argumentacias aRar emyareba _
saamiso dro aRar arsebobda. gamTiSvelTa winaaRmdeg
ufro praqtikuli da, SeiZleba iTqvas, moraluri argumentacia iyo saWiro, raTa maT SegnebaSi gaeRviZebinaT
is azri, TuUraoden mavnebeli iyo qarTuli saxelmwifosTvis angarebiani motivebiT nasazrdoebi feodaluri
gamTiSvelobis politikuri azri.
es iyo am periodis qarTuli sazogadoebrivi da politikuri azris moZraobis erT-erTi ZiriTadi mimarTuleba. mas Tavisi istoriografia unda SeemuSavebina rogorc Tavs datexili ubedurebis mizezebis gamosarkvevad, ise sasurveli amaRlebis gzebis mosaniSnad. es
istoriografia SemuSavda XIV saukuneSi ,,JamTaaRmwerelis” saxeliT cnobili ucnobi avtoris mier. es traqtati qarTul istoriografiaSi ,,aswlovan matianedacaa”
cnobili.
es traqtati, Cvens yuradRebas, upirvelesad, imiT
ipyrobs, rom aq, mTel qarTul azrovnebaSi pirvelad
214
aris gaazrebuli dacemis mizezebi da aseve pirveladaa
istoriuli TvalTaxedva dafuZnebuli kargisa da
cudis, ufro sworad, sikeTisa da borotebis Tavisebur
gagebaze.
JamTaaRmwerelis naazrevSi didi mniSvneloba aqvs
imas, rom igi Tavs movlenaTa martooden aRmwerlad ar
grZnobs. misi erT-erTi umTavresi mizani imis garkvevaa,
saxeldobr, Tu ra mizezebiT xdeba istoriaSi esa Tu
is, an ufro zustad, aseTi Tu iseTi movlena. ,,JamTaaRmwerlobis” avtors istoriografia ise esmis, rom masSi
Sedis ara mxolod movlenaTa, adamianTa da maT qmedebaTa aRwera, aramed maTi Sefasebac da am Sefasebis
safuZvelze maTi mizezebis dadgena.
istoriis aRwera, anu JamTaaRmwerloba avtoris
rwmeniT, sikeTisa da borotebis, anu, rogorc igi
ambobs, ,,keTilisa” da ,,borotis” cnebaTa gansxvavebidan
unda amodiodes. amiT ,,aRmwerlobis” mizani farTovdeba
da igi adamianTa da maT moqmedebaTa iseT aRweras gulisxmobs, romelic keTilsa da borot saqmeTa gansxvavebasac Seicavs. maSasadame, ,,aswlovani matianes” avtoris Tanaxmad, JamTaaRmwerloba unda arCevdes, erTi
mxriv, keTilqmedebas, xolo, meore mxriv, borotqmedebas. TviT es wigni ki erTgvarad ,,Suamdebare” unda iyos
borotsa da keTil saqmeTa Soris (,,...wigni ese Suamdebare ars keTilismoqmedTa da borotismoqmedTa...”11). Ees
niSnavs Semdegs: istoria unda iyos movlenebis obieqturi, miukerZoebeli aRwera. marTlacda, ,,Suamdebareoba”
SeuZlebelia sxva rames niSnavdes, Tu ara obieqturi da
miudgomeli gansjis moTxovnas. sxva SemTxvevaSi unda
vifiqroT, rom aq laparakia keTilsa da borots Soris
raRac saSualos monaxvis mcdelobaze. magram cxadia,
rom avtorisTvis, romelic istoriis moralur principebze damyarebas cdilobs, aseTi neitraluri, indife215
rentuli damokidebuleba adamianTa da maT saqmeTa
mimarT gamoricxulia.
aq mniSvneloba aqvs ara imdenad imas, Tu ramdenad
axerxebs TviT avtori istoriul qmedebaTa aRweraSi
daicvas mkacrad obieqturi pozicia, iyos adamianTa
ganzraxvaTa da saqmeTa miukerZoebili aRmweri, aramed
TviT imis gacnobierebis faqts, rom istoriul xdomilebaTa aRmweri unda iyos obieqturi. avtori, romelic
istoriis dafuZnebas keTilsa da borot saqmeTa gansxvavebaze cdilobs miukerZoebeli da obieqturi ver iqneba. JamTaaRmwerelic Tavisi qveynis Svili, misi Wirisufali da patrioti adamiania da ramdenic ar unda
gvarwmunos, rom misi wigni ,,Suamdebare ars keTilis
moqmedTa da borotis moqmedTa”, mainc Znelia dajereba
rom ,,koxtas mTis” SeTqmulTa da, gansakuTrebiT, cotne
dadianis moqmedebisa da laSa giorgis moqmedebis (romelTagan pirveli misTvis udavod ,,keTilis moqmedTa”,
xolo meore ,,borotis moqmedTa” rigs ganekuTvneba),
miseul aRweras ,,Suamdebareoba” SenarCunebuli hqondes.
amis miuxedavad, JamTaaRmwerlis Tvalsazrisi CvenTvis mainc Zalzed mniSvnelovania, radganac aq naTlad
mJRavndeba rogorc qarTuli sazogadoebrivi azrovnebis ideologiuri xasiaTi, ise misi socialuri da
politikuri Taviseburebebic. es azrovneba, rogorc
sruliad marTebulad SeniSnavs r. kiknaZe, ukve ,,SeiaraRebulia garkveuli TeoriiT istoriuli codnis dargSi”12, romlis Tanaxmadac istorias, anu JamTaaRmwerlobas pirvel rigSi WeSmaritebis samsaxuri evaleba.
TavisTavad namdvilad araa meorexarisxovani is, Tu
ramdenad axerxebs TviT JamTaaRmwereli am Teoriis
moTxovnebis ganuxrel dacvas. magram aq mainc pirvelxarisxovani mniSvneliba aqvs imis gacnobierebas, rom
,,Suamdebareoba”, anu obieqturoba aq gaazrebulia isto216
riuli codnis WeSmaritebis erT-erT aucilebel pirobad. Ees azrovneba cdilobs ,,Suamdebare”, anu obieqturi iyos da amiT Tavis Tavs WeSmaritebisa da sibrZnis
mniSvneloba mianiWos; es mcdeloba, rogorc iTqva,
yovelTvis warmatebuli ver aris. magram qarTuli
istoriografiuli azris ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT
mas mainc udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs, rogorc qarTuli
politikuri azris swrafvas _ daZlios subieqtivizmi
da relativizmi, iyos miukerZoebeli da obieqturi.
JamTaaRmwereli eZebs saqarTvelos politikuri
marcxis mizezebs da aseTebad, upirvelesad, samefo
karze da saerTodac, mTel qarTul sinamdvileSi uzneo
da WeSmarit qarTul Rirebulebebs dapirispirebuli
cxovrebis wesis damkvidreba miaCnia. ,,arRara iyo
Senebuleba, Tvinier cixeTa da simagreTa, _ wers igi, _
rameTu queyana saqarTvelosa mieca gasaryunelad amis
ZaliTa, rameTu dauteves mefeTa da mTavarTa samarTali, mowyaleba, siyuaruli, siwrfoba, simSvide, simarTle da amis wil moapoes ampartavnoba, zakva, Suri,
kdomqa, siZulvili, angareba, mimZlavreba, klvani, parvani, siZvani, uwesobani... rameTu yovelman asakman, berTa
da WabukTaman, mciriTagan vidre didamde, miiqcies
siboroted”13; da kidev: “rameTu dauteves simarTle da
WeSmariteba, vinaTgan TviT mRvdelTa mier ixilveboda
arawmindeba, vinaTgan yoveli eri iqmodes sibilwesa,
viTar odesme Zeni beniamenisni”14.
avtoris es dakvirveba Zalzed mniSvnelovania, rogorc genialuri mixvedra, rom nebismieri eri TviTonaa
sakuTari Tavisa da istoriis WeSmariti avtori, risi
upirvelesi safuZvelic sakuTari kulturis Rirebulebebis ganuxreli erTgulebaa; Sesabamisad qveynis Sinagani mTlianobis rRvevis saTave am Rirebulebebisgan
gaucxoebaa. swored kultura gansazRvravs nebismieri
217
eris cxovrebis wesis Taviseburebebs da misi Secvla,
swored kulturisgan gandgomas, an, yovel SemTxvevaSi,
mis arsebiT Secvlas mainc gulisxmobs.
dabolos, istoriis aRwerasa da SefasebaSi igi
amodis keTilisa da borotis garkveuuli gagebidan da
cdilobs am kategoriebis mixedviT gansazRvros kargi
da cudi, mTeli Cveni istoriuli bedi da misi avkargianoba.
Semdgom saukuneebSi, qarTuli socialuri da politikuri azris xasiaTis gasarkvevad gansakuTrebul yuradRebas ipyrobs sami moazrovne da sazogado moRvawe:
sulxan-saba orbeliani, anton pirveli da gansakuTrebiT aleqsandre amilaxvari.
sulxan-saba orbelianis socialur-politikuri Sexedulebani im periods ekuTvnis, roca is jer kidev
eriskaci iyo da misi azrovnebac jer kidev ar iyo
moqceuli sabero-samonazvno CarCoebSi. sulxan-sabas
cxovreba da moRvaweoba imiTacaa mniSvnelovani, rom is
politikur moRvaweobas eweoda da, cxadia, misi politikuri orientaciebi misi azrovnebisa da Sexedulebebis uSualo gamoxatulebac iyo.
politikuri orientaciebis gansazRvris sakiTxi am
drois qarTuli politikuri azrovnebis erT-erTi
upirvelesi da umniSvnelovanesi saazrovno areali iyo.
ukve aleqsandre kaxTbatonidan moyolebuli, qarTvel
politikur moRvaweTa winaSe sul ufro da ufro
naTlad ikveTeboda imis azri da Segneba, rom saqarTvelos Tavisi Sinagani ZalebiT aRar SeeZlo moZalebuli mtris mogerieba, Sina problemebis gadawyveta, msoflio istoriul procesSi sakuTari adgilis damkvidreba da rom saWiro iyo gareSe damxmere Zalis monaxva.
ama Tu im konkretuli politikuri problemis gadasawyvetad saqarTvelos xSirad gamouyenebia romelime me218
zobeli musulmani qveynis politikuri Tu samxedro
Zalebi. magram, zemoaRniSnuli mizezebis gamo bolomde
saimedosa da myar mfarvelsa da mokavSires is am
sinamdvileSi ver ipovida. aseTi dasayrdeni da Zala mas
mxolod evropul-qristianul samyaroSi SeiZleboda
moenaxa. sulxan-saba orbelianis mTeli cxovrebac da
moRvaweobac imis naTeli magaliTia, rom aseT Zalad
qarTul politikur azrovnebas, pirvel rigSi, evropuli samyaro miaCnda da igi upirvelesad swored am
samyaroze iyo orientirebuli. TviTon ruseTic, qarTuli politikuri azrovnebis mier aRiqmeboda, rogorc
qristianuli samyaro da, amdenad, rogorc socialurad,
aseve politikurad da kulturulad dasavleTis, anu
evropis nawili. cxadia, rogorc adre, ise am periodSic
saqarTveloSi yovelTvis arsebobdnen iseTi politikuri Zalebi, romlebic TavianTi politikuri miznebis
ganxorcielebis saukeTeso saSualebas aRmosavlur
orientaciaSi xedavdnen, magram saqarTvelos politikuri azrovnebis mowinave nawili saqarTvelos politikur momavals mainc, yovelTvis dasavleTs ukavSirebda.
dasavlur, qristianul samyaroze orientireba sruliadac ar niSnavda imas, rom saqarTvelos damoukideblobasa da saxelmwifoebriobas araviTari safrTxe
ar emuqreboda. adreul saukuneebSi bizantiasTan saqarTvelos urTierTobis gamocdilebas Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, qarTul politikur azrs ar SeiZleba es safrTxe gacnobierebuli ar hqonoda da, rogorc yvelafridan Cans, hqonda kidec. magram, gadamwyvet rols am
SemTxvevaSi asrulebda is, rom kulturuli TvalsazrisiT,
qristianul
samyarosTan,
kerZod,
ruseTTan
kavSiri, yvela sxva SesaZlo kavSirebs Soris, yvelaze
ufro misaRebad da sasurvelad gamoiyureboda.
219
ruseTis mfarvelobaSi Sesvlam saqarTvelo mis erTerT guberniad aqcia da saxelmwifoebrivi damoukidebloba daakargvina. amas daemata is rusifikatoruli
politika, rasac ruseTi mTeli imperiis masStabiT
atarebda da ramac am imperiaSi Semavali sxva mcire
erebis msgavsad, udidesi safrTxe Seuqmna qarTuli
kulturis da aqedan gamomdinare, TviT qarTveli eris
samomavlo arsebobis perspeqtivasac; es iyo kidev erTi
boroteba, rac saqarTvelos Tavisi bedis ruseTTan
dakavSirebam moutana.
ruseTis imperiis nawilad qcevam qarTveloba imperiuli Zalebis mier damonebul erad aqcia. monis xvedri ki, rogori rafinirebuli formiTac ar unda xorcieldebides es monoba, kulturis maRali Rirebulebebisgan gandgoma, Sesabamisad, sulieri daknineba-damdableba, SurSi, siZulvilSi da sxva borotebaSi CaZirvaa.
swored es iyo yvelaze ufro didi safrTxe, rac qarTvel ers ruseTis imperiaSi Sesvlam, an ukeT, ZaliT
Seyvanam Seuqmna; yovelive es asea, magram samarTlianoba
moiTxovs aRiniSnos Semdegi garemoebac:
aRniSnulma politikurma nabijma saqarTvelos sul
ramdenime aTwleulSi moutana Tavisi, manamde mTlianad
daqucmacebul-danawevrebuli ,,sxeulis” gamTlianeba da
gaerTianeba Tundac mxolod guberniis saxiT, magram
mainc gamTlianeba da gaerTianeba! meTvramete saukunis
dasasrulisTvis, gansakuTrebiT aRa-mahmad-xanis laSqrobis Semdeg, saqarTveloSi Seqmnil ekonomikursa da
politikur situacias Tu gaviTvaviswinebT, unda vaRiaroT: mxolod sakuTar Zalebze dayrdnobiT saqarTvelo
amis gakeTebas Zalzed Soreul perspeqtivaSi Tu moaxerxebda. rusuli imperia, cxadia, saqarTvelos sasikeTod ar iRvwoda. is mxolod Tavis sazRvrebs afar220
Toebda, magram obieqturad is, rac xdeboda, saqarTvelosTvisac momgebiani da sasikeTo iyo.
ruseTTan dakavSirebam saqarTvelos gza gauxsna evropisken, SesaZlebloba misca mis mowinave sazogadoebrivsa da politikur azrTan ziarebisa, ramac axali
perspeqtivebi dasaxa da axali impulsebi SesZina TviT
qarTuli kulturis srulyofasa da ganviTarebas. yovelive amis mZlavri niSnebi ki ukve meTvramete saukuneSi,
e.i. ruseTTan saqarTvelos saboloo mierTebamde gaCnda.
aman naTeli gamoxatuleba hpova am periodis qarTuli
kulturis ZeglebSic. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs anton pirvelis moRvaweoba ruseTSi, aseve aleqsandre amilaxvaris traqtati ,,brZeni aRmosavleTisa”.
aleqsandre amilaxvari (1750-1802) da misi Txzuleba
,,brZeni aRmosavleTisa” udavod yvelaze ufro mniSvnelovania XVIII saukunis qarTuli socialuri da politikuri azris istoriis Seswavlis TvalsazrisiT. swored es ganapirobebs im did interess, rasac qarTveli
mkvlevrebi (e. TayaiSvili, l. asaTiani, g. qiqoZe, S. xidaSeli, g. akofaSvili, v. kiknaZe da sxvebi) imTaviTve
iCendnen da iCenen misi SemoqmedebiTi memkvidreobis mimarT.
al. amilaxvaris cxovrebisa da moRvaweobis mkvlevari vaJa kiknaZe marTebulad SeniSnavs, rom ,,brZeni
aRmosavleTisa”-s gamomcemeli eqvTime TayaiSvili pirveli iyo ,,vinc aRniSna al. amilaxvaris traqtatis kavSiri evropul ganmanaTleblobasTan”15 da yuradReba
miaqcia imas, rom ,,am TxzulebaSi gatarebulia is
ganaTlebluri azrebi da ideebi, romlebic aRelvebdnen
da asuldgmulebdnen dasavleT evropas meTvramete saukunis meore naxevarSi da romelnic ekuTvnodnen volters, monteskies, rusos, enciklopedistebs da fiziokratebs... nametnavad emCneva aleqsandres (amilaxvaris)
221
Sromas zegavlena monteskies Txzulebisa ,,gulisxmiT
yofisaTvis sjulisa”16; v. kiknaZes Tanaxmad, es al.
amilaxvaris im azriTac dasturdeba, rom: ,,mefe,
rogorc eris uzenaesi nebis gamomxatveli, unda iyos
ganaTlebuli, brZeni monarqi. misi uflebebi usazRvro
ar unda iyos. e.i. aSkarad igrZnoba monarqiuli wyobis
gamijvna despotiisgan, rac klasikuri formiT mocemuli aqvs frang ganmanaTlebels S.l. monteskies”.17
e.…TayaiSvilis am mosazrebas mciredi koreqtivebiT
da sxvadasxva konteqstSi imeoreben TvalsaCino qarTveli mkvlevrebi: levan asaTiani, geronti qiqoZe, Salva
xidaSeli da sxvebi. S. xidaSeli, magaliTad, aleqsandre amilaxvaris Sexedulebebis did mniSvnelobas imaSi
xedavda, rom misma ,,traqtatma pirvelad gaxsna kari
dasavleTis mowinave azrovnebisTvis da amiT, rogorc
Cans, garkveuli gavlenac moaxdina qarTuli socialurpolitikuri azrovnebis ganviTarebaze”.18 aseTive mosazrebebiTaa gansmWvaluli sxva mkvlevarTa didi umravlesobis Sefasebebic.
al. amilaxvaris traqtatSi, mravali mniSvnelovani
Tvalsazrisidan
upirveles
yuradRebas
imsaxurebs
evropaSi ganaTlebuli absolutizmis saxeliT cnobili
idea, romlis mixedviT, despotizmisa da TviTnebobis
Secvla unda moxdes kanonierebiTa da brZeni, qveSevrdomebze zrunvis movaleobiT ganmsWvaluli mmarTvelobiT. ,,bednieria is eri, _ aRniSnavs igi traqtatis dasawyisSive, _ visac brZeni mefe hyavs da netaria is mefe,
romelsac morCili eri hyavs. isini erTmaneTs ganapirobeben da erTis gareSe, meoris bednierebac sruli
ver iqneba. ...sanatrelia mefe, romelic Tavis valdebulebas grZnobs da samefo gvirgvinis simZimes Rirseulad itvirTavs! ...romelmac icis, rom misi uflebebi ar
aris usazRvro; romelic Tanasworad sTvlis im
222
adamianebs, romelTac misces mas ufleba marTos isini;
romelsac Tavisi sicocxlec ki ar enaneba maTi mSvidobisaTvis; ...romelic Tavisi cxovrebis yovel saaTsa
da wuTsac ki imaze fiqrSi atarebs, rogor airCios
swori gza misi (eris) keTildReobisaTvis.”19 ,,me mefeTa
uflebebs ar verCi, _ wers igi iqve, mefobis zemoaRniSnuli brZnuli wesebis xelaRebiT damrRvevTa ukiduresad uaryofiTi daxasiaTebis Semdeg, _ radgan maT
xarisxs igi (dideba) Seefereba. magram amas yovelives
vaRiareb, Tu isini arian, ara mZlavrebiT miTvisebuli,
aramed RirsebiT mopovebuli;”20 ,,me pativs vcem gvars
(igulisxmeba eris winamZRol mefeTa da didebulTa
gvarebi. _ avt.), vaRiareb damsaxurebas, magram Tayvans
vcem qvelmoqmedebas (,,keTilmoqmedebas”), rogorc raime
RvTaebas, romelic saWiroa yvela adamianisTvis, uromlisodac yvelafers azri ekargeba.”21
avtoris es azrebi, rac sruliad Seesabameba ganaTlebuli absolutizmis ideebs, saSualebas gvaZlevs
ufro sworad gavigoT rogorc amilaxvaris, aseve
mTeli am drois qarTuli politikuri Sexedulebebis
xasiaTi da Taviseburebebi. saxeldobr is, rom am pirovnebis Seurigebeli brZola erekle meoris winaaRmdeg
gamowveuli iyo ara mefis erTmmarTvelobisa da am
drois qarTuli saxelmwifos politikuri wyobis raime
principuli xasiaTis naklovanebebiT, aramed mxolod
da mxolod piradi mtrobiT, an Tundac erekles winaaRmdeg bolomde brZolis im ,,hanibalis ficiT”, romelic man axalgazrdobaSi dado. saqarTvelos mravali
gasaWirisa da satkivaris mizezic mTeli misi istoriis
manZilze, xom swored es iyo: qarTveli politikuri
moRvaweni TavianT praqtikul saqmianobaSi Zalzed
xSirad yurs ar ugdebdnen da ar mihyvebodnen gonebis
xmas. Tumca qarTuli sazogadoebrivi da politikuri
223
cxovrebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli am erT-erTi ,,ukurnebeli da ZvelTa-Zveli” senis miCneva al. amilaxvaris Sexedulebebis erTgvari gaorebis mizezad garkveulwilad afermkrTalebs am Sexedulebebis politikursa da
zogadkulturul Rirebulebas. amis miuxedavad, maT
mainc
didi
mniSvneliba
unda
mieniWos,
rogorc
politikisa da zneobis umWidroes kavSirSi ganxilvisa
da eris politikuri cxovrebis moraluri principebis
Sesatyvisad warmarTvis mcdelobas.
did yuradRebas imsaxurebs traqtatSi ganviTarebuli bunebrivi uflebebis Teoria, romlis mTavari idea
isaa, rom qveynis kanonmdebloba unda emyarebodes
xalxis zne-Cveulebebs, maT specifikur fsiqikur wyobas,
rasac safuZvlad uZevs am qveynis klimaturi Taviseburebebi. ,,yoveli keTilgonieri msjulmdebeli, _ wers
igi, _ valdebulia jer sami piroba Seasrulos da mere
SeimuSaos Tavisi erisTvis sasargeblo kanoni. pirveli
_ es aris drois Sesabamisoba (,,mdgomareoba Jamisa”),
meore _ eris zne-CveulebaTa gaTvaliswineba (,,CveulebaÁ
erisa”); da mesame _ (kanonebis) bunebriv pirobebTan
SeTanxmeba (,,bunebiTi gahsinjulebaÁ”). am pirobebis
gaTvaliswinebis gareSe SemuSavebuli samarTali, morCilebis nacvlad, ers urCobamde da SfoTvamde miiyvans,
rac ar unda kargi Cvevebis eri iyos igi”.22
al.Aamilaxvaris am mosazrebebs didi mniSvneloba
aqvs imiTac, rom, rogorc marTebulad SeniSnavs S.
xidaSeli, misma ,,mosazrebebma xalxis zne-Cveulebebis,
rogorc samoqalaqo kanomdeblobis erT-erTi safuZvlis Sesaxeb, male moipova didi mniSvneloba qarTuli
istoriuli viTarebis TvalsazrisiT da ramdenime aTeuli wlis Semdeg rTul da mwvave problemad dadga
qarTuli sazogadoebrivi azris mowinave warmomadgenelTa winaSe. kerZod, solomon dodaSvilis 1832 wlis
224
SeTqmulebaSi monawileobis erT-erTi mTavari motivi
mdgomareobda ruseTis imperiis kanonmdeblobis SeufardeblobaSi qarTveli xalxis zne-CveulebebTan da
xasiaTTan”.23 S. xidaSelis am mosazrebis marTebulobas
is garemoebac adasturebs, rom am SeTqmulebis erTerTi ideuri mokavSiris iagor WilaSvilis azrebic
srul SesabamisobaSia al. amilaxvaris aRniSnul SexedulebebTan.
dRevandeli gadasaxedidanac ki aqtualurad gamoiyureba da Sesabamis yuradRebasac imsaxurebs al. amilaxvaris damokidebuleba eklesiisadmi, rac traqtatSi
pirdapir da araorazrovnadaa gamoTqmuli da rac
srulad Seesabameba meTvramete saukunis evropuli ganmanaTleblobis ideebs. ,,saeklesio wesebi, _ wers igi _
dasabamiTve keTili ganzraxviT iqna SemoRebuli, raTa
adamianTa boroteba SeezRuda da daemSvidebina. magram
zogierT Jams da Cvens droSic gamoCndebian xolme
xalxi, romlebic simSvidis nacvlad, SfoTs sTesen.
...qriste (Tavis moZRvrebas) aravis uqadagebda xmliTa
da makratliT, rasac axlandeli (moqadageni) xSirad
xmaroben. ...amitom vfiqrob, sworia... ar SevaviwrovoT
sxva sarwmunoebis mimdevrebi da neba davrToT Tavisi
rjulis Sesabamisad ilocon, radgan sxvis sulze
(batonobis) ufleba Cven ara gvaqvs mocemuli”.24 am konteqstSi sayuradReboa al. amilaxvaris Semdegi msjelobac, sadac isic naTlad Cans, rom is WeSmaritad keTilmorwmune qristiania: ,,mxolod RmerTia usazRvro da
miuwvdomeli. ...amas imisTvis ar vityvi, rom mRvdelmTavrebs... pativi ar mivago. amas imitom vambob, rom
gavarCio isini (samRvdeloeba) am qveynis Cveulebrivi
xalxisagan (,,soflieri kacebisagan”) da imisTvisac, rom
(Tavis mxriv) isinic ar ereodnen im saqmeebSi, rac maT
ar SeeferebaT da (imisTvisac), raTa Cvenc SegveZlos
225
myarad _ keisars keisrisa da RmerTs RmerTisa mivagoT”.25 al. amilaxvaris am, Tavisi droisTvis uaRresad
progresul azrebs, vfiqrobT, dResac ar daukargavs
Tavisi aqtualoba da uaRresad didi mniSvneloba. religiuri Semwynareblobisa da saxelmwifosgan religiuri institutebis funqciuri gamijvnis sakiTxebma
bolo periodSi didi mniSvneloba SeiZines rogorc
CvenSi, aseve mTel msoflioSi.
aseTia, mokled, ,,brZeni aRmosavleTisas” avtoris is
ZiriTadi socialuri da politikuri Sexedulebebi,
romelTa gamoyofa aq Cven saWirod vcaniT. misi mTavari
mniSvneloba ki, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, isaa, rom misi
SemweobiT qarTuli sulierebis velSi pirvelad SemoiWra mowinave evropuli azrovnebis nakadi. am azrovnebis
saukeTeso miRwevaTa Semdgomi SemoqmedebiTi, kulturuli aTviseba da am gziT qarTuli socialuri da politikuri azris, saerTodac, mTeli qarTuli kulturis
ganviTareba ukve Semdgomi drois amocana da saqme iyo.
226
mecxre Tavi
qarTuli filosofiuri azri
XIII-XVIII saukuneebis qarTul samecniero
literaturaSi
XIII-XVIII saukuneebis istoriuli Zeglebidan qarTuli filosofiuri azris istoriisTvis upirveles yuradRebas imsaxurebs tbeli abuserisZis (daaxl. 11901240) Semoqmedeba, me 13-14 ss. ucnobi avtoris matiane _
,,JamTaaRmwereli” da vaxuSti batoniSvilis (1696-1756)
,,aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa”.
$1. abuserisZe tbeli
abuserisZe tbelis Txzulebani sxva avtorTa ZeglebTan erTad, Sesulia mis mierve 1233 wels Sedgenil
krebulSi, romelSic tbels ekuTvnis erTmaneTisgan
sruliad gansxvavebuli Janris sami nawarmoebi: himnografiuli krebuli1, astronomiuli kalendari saTauriT
_ ,,qronikoni sruli misTa sauwyebeliTa gangebiTa”2
(Semdeg ,,qronikoni”) da hagiografiul-istoriuli xasiaTis moTxroba ,,axali saswaulni wmidisa giorgisni”3.
sainteresoa TviT tbelis mier Sedgenili krebulis
xelnaweris istoria: 1233 wlidan me-15 saukunis
damdegamde xelnaweri xixanSia, me-15 saukunidan me-16
saukunis 40-iani wlebamde safaraSi, wmida sabas
lavraSi, me-16 saukunis 40-iani wlebidan me-17 saukunis
miwurulamde gelaTSia, 1699 wlidan me-18 saukunis Sua
wlebamde moskovSi (sulxan-saba orbelianis Zmis, _
nikoloz orbelian-Tbilelis cnobiT, igi arCil mefes
227
wauRia), me-18 saukunis 60-iani wlebidan mcxeTaSia,
xolo me-19 saukunis 90-ian wlebSi _ saeklesio
muzeumSi. amJamad xelnaweri k. kekeliZis saxelobis
xelnawerTa institutSi inaxeba A-85 nomriT4.
abuserisZe tbelis ,,qronikonis” arasruli teqsti
pirvelad gamoaqveyna mari brosem 1868 wels qarTulad,
Sesabamisi franguli TargmaniT; prozauli nawarmoebi _
Tedo Jordaniam 1897 wels, xolo sagaloblebi _ ramaz
xalvaSma 1992 wels5.
istorikosi
levan
musxeliSvili
Tavis
mier
gamocemul tbelis istoriul-dokumenturi nawarmoebis
Sesaval werilSi iziarebs iv. javaxiSvilis azrs imis
Taobaze, rom tbelis xsenebuli nawarmoebi istoriuli
xasiaTisaa, Seicavs bevr istoriul cnobas. misive
SeniSvniT,
tbeli
gamocdili
da
daxelovnebuli
mweralia, aqvs gegma, rac kargad Cans nawarmoebis
pirveli nawilidan; nawarmoebis mxatvruli stilis
lakoniuroba ki misi avtoris niWierebaze metyvelebs6.
abuserisZe tbelis Semoqmedebas araerTi gamokvleva
miuZRvna da mis SeswavlaSi mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitana istorikosma iuri sixaruliZem. man tbeli moixsenia, rogorc ,,didi mwerali da moazrovne”. masve
ekuTvnis mosazreba tbelis ideebze, rogorc damarcxebebiTa da ganadgurebiT SeSfoTebuli amayi ,,qarTuli
sulis Rrmad moazrebul programaze”, romelic sruliad gansxvavdeba ,,istoria da azmanis”, ,,vefxistyaosnisa” da laSa-giorgis mematianis ideebisgan da romelmac Tavisi wvlili Seitana Semdgom saqarTvelos kulturul-politikur cxovrebaSi7.
am kuTxiT sayuradReboa tbelis TxzulebaTa axali
sruli gamocemis is adgili, sadac saubaria xelTuqmneli xatis saqarTveloSi mosvenebasa da misi kultis
228
dawesebaze. axali gamocemis gamokvlevis avtorTa (n.
goguaZe, m. qavTaria, r. Cagunava) azriT, xelTuqmneli
xatis kultis damkvidreba saqarTveloSi liturgiul
praqtikaSi tbelis saxels ukavSirdeba8, rac, maTive
azriT, erovnuli gamTlianebis ideologiis dafuZnebis
mcdeloba iyo. kerZod, asurel mamaTagan erT-erTis _
anton martyofelis mier saqarTveloSi Camotanili
xelTuqmneli xatis Tixis asls tbelamde yuradRebas
aravin aqcevda. xvarazmelTa Semosevis Semdeg ,,saWiro
xdeba mesianisturi ideis gamococxleba”9, rac asaxulia ioane anCelis, ioane SavTelis, nikoloz gulaberiZis da sxvaTa galobebSi, magram maTgan mxolod tbeli
cdilobs xelTuqmneli xatis dResaswaulis damkvidrebas10.
avtorTa SeniSvniT, samwuxarod, tbelis ideas ganxorcieleba ar ewera da ZalaSi darCa anton martyofelis dRis aRniSvna.
ramdenime sityva tbelis mxatvrul nawarmoebze, romelic, SeiZleba iTqvas, yvelaze metadaa Seswavlili. am
nawarmoebSi igrZnoba epoqis suli, rac qarTuli kulturis mZime mdgomareobiT iyo ganpirobebuli. kerZod,
mxatvrul xerxebsa da mignebebTan erTad nawarmoebSi
gvxdeba fantastikuri, mistikuri da nawarmoebis qargasTan Seusabamo ararealuri movlenebi. mTlianobaSi, unda iTqvas, rom nawarmoebi mxatvrul Rirebulebas
moklebuli ar aris.
tbelis TxzulebaTa axali gamocemis avtorTa azriT, sadac gaTvaliswinebulia k. kekeliZis dakvirveba,
tbeliseuladaa miCneuli krebulSi Sesuli sagaloblebi (,,galobani wmidisa iovane naTlismcemelisani, wmidisa iovane maxarebelisa da wmidisa iovane oqropirisani erTbaSad mokrebulni...“). es galobani sayuradReboa, rogorc himni, sagalobeli, mxatvruli nawarmoebi
229
da religiur-filosofiuri azrebis Semcveli. axali
gamocemis avtorTa sayuradRebo da sarwmuno SeniSvniT,
es ,,sagaloblebi tbeli abuserisZis.... Sinagani ganwyobis, Rrmadmorwmune adamianis damokidebulebis gamJRavnebaa didi saeklesio mamebis moRvaweobisadmi”11.
tbelis SemoqmedebaSi gansakuTrebuli adgili ukavia mis astronomiul kalendars _ ,,qronikoni”...12. daviwyoT imiT, rom Sua saukuneebSi Tuki dRevandel azerbaijanSi zogierTi trigonometriuli formula miiRes,
somxeTSi evklides geometria Targmnes, saqarTveloSi
Tbilisisa da goris koordinatebi daadgines. amave
dros xixanSi tbelma Seqmna astronomiuli kalendari,
romelic Sesulia mis mierve 1233 wels Sedgenilsa da
redaqtirebul krebulSi.
tbelamde saqarTveloSi arsebobda ori kalendari:
ioane zosimesi (907 w.), romelsac tbeli ar icnobda da
ioane SavTelisa (947 w.), romelsac tbeli aumjobesebs.
vaxuSti batoniSvili, mari brose da daviT cxakaia
tbelis astronomiul naSroms SecdomiT miawerdnen
ioane SavTels. k. kekeliZe sworad miuTiTebda, rom
,,1233 wels abuserisZe tbels dauweria erTi sayuradRebo Sroma, romelsac ewoda ,,qronikoni sruli misTa
sauwyebelTa da gangebiTa” da romelic gamocemulia m.
broses mier. es aris vrceli traqtati, romelSic
ganmartebulia egreTwodebuli 532 wliani didi indiqtioni. traqtati mdidaria sxvadasxva ariTmetikuli,
astronomiuli da kalendaruli terminebiT. is aris
cda, agreTve, qarTulisa da berZnuli welTaRricxvis
da pasqalisturi sistemebis Sefardebis da SeTanxmebisa”!
bunebrivia kiTxva: riT gamoirCeva abuserisZe tbelis
astronomiuli traqtati? daviwyoT imiT, rom eklesia
samyaros dasabamad qristes Sobamde xuTi aTasze meti
230
wlis winaT varaudobda. zogierT qveyanaSi aseT drod
miCneuli iyo 5 500 weli, zogierTSi ki 5 492 an 5 508
weli. tbelis kalendarSi ki dasaxelebulia 5 604 weli.
es axali ricxvi SemTxveviTi ar aris da igi dakavSirebulia axali wlis 25 martiT dawyebasTan.
qristianul samyaroSi aris azri, rom garkveuli
drois Semdeg dadgeba samyaros aRsasruli. es azri
ganmtkicebuli iyo saqarTveloSic. magram, berZnebisgan
gansxvavebiT, romelTa gamoangariSebiT qveynis gaCenidan 7 000 weli sruldeboda 1492 wels, rac misi aRsasrulis welic unda yofiliyo, qarTvelebis gamoangariSebiT samyaros aRsasruli 1396 wels unda damdgariyo. saerTod es aris mecnierul safuZvels moklebuli Tvalsazrisi, magram faqtia isic, rom es TariRi
pirvelad tbelis kalendarSi Cndeba, riTac igi
gansxvavdeba yvela Tavisi winamorbedisgan.
uZveles xanaSi drois gamoTvla xdeboda mzisa da
mTvaris moZraobis mixedviT da im drois kalendrebi
Sesabamisad agebuli iyo am ori ciuri sxeulis
moZraobis ciklze. tbelis traqtats safuZvlad uZevs
532 wliani cikli, romelic miRebulia mzisa da mTvaris
ciklTa Sesabamisad 28 da 19 ricxvebis namravliT da
igi iseTi sazRvaria, romlis Semdeg TveTa dReebi imave
TanamimdevrobiT dgeba, ra TanamimdevrobiTac iyo,
magaliTad mecamete moqcevis dasawyisi _ 781 wels. igive
ganmeorda 532 wlis Semdeg, 1313 wels da 1845 wels.
cnobilia, rom 5 534 wliani era SemoRebulia
qarTveli gamomTvlelebisgan. amis Tqmis uflebas gvaZlevs is garemoeba, rom igi mocemulia mxolod qarTul
kalendrebSi (907-974). es era qarTveli gamomTvlelebis
mier miRebulia iulius afrikelis 5 500 wliani eris
gadakeTebiT, im mizniT, rom miRebuli yofiliyo 28
wliani mzis cikli, romliTac axali weli daiwyeboda
231
1 marts. am Sesworebis mizani ki iyo gamoTvlebis gamartiveba. rac Seexeba tbels, misi kalendriT axali
weli iwyeba 25 marts, riTac gamoTvlebi ufro
gamartivda da, rac mTavaria, misi kalendari berZnulTan iqna Sejerebuli. es faqtic tbelis astronomiuli
Sexedulebebis originalurobis damadasturebelia.
974 wlis qarTuli astronomiuli kalendris mixedviT, wlis dasawyisad miRebulia 1-eli marti. iqve
aRniSnulia, rom wlis dasawyisis (e.i. 1-eli marti)
Sesabamisi
rigiTobis
dasadgenad
anu
imis
gansazRvrisTvis, Tu romeli dRea kviris, saWiroa
ricxv 28-ze moqmedebebi. es wesi daazusta tbelma Tavis
traqtatSi.
Tu
gamoviyenebT
ricxvTa
Teoriis
elementebs, umcires dadebiT naSTebs 28-is moduliT,
Tanamedrove maTematikur cnebebs, maSin abuserisZe
tbelis
traqtatSi
mocemuli
wesi
SeiZleba
Camoyalibdes formulebis saxiT, romelTa mixedviTac
SeiZleba ganisazRvros nebismieri wlis nebismieri Tvis
nebismieri dRis rigiToba an mivuTiToT kviris
nebismieri dRe.
abuserisZe tbelma Tavis kalendarSi gaiTvaliswina
yvela misi winamorbedi kalendris nakli, miiRo
rogorc nakiani, ise misi momdevno martivi wlebis (ara
nakiani) formulebi, romelTa gamoTvlili dRis rigiToba emTxveva Tanamedrove kalendriT gamoTvlili
dRis rigiTobas. amave kalendarSi tbeli miuTiTebs
qarTulsa da berZnul welTsaTvalavebs Soris gansxvavebaze, rasac traqtatSi didi adgili eTmoba.
ukve aRiniSna, rom tbelTan samyaros xangrZlivobis
maCveneblad 5406 weli aRebulia im motiviT, raTa
Seqmniliyo iseTi kalendari, rom axali weli 25 marts
dawyebuliyo. berZnuli kalendari ki mxolod imiT
gansxvavdeboda qarTulisgan, rom tbeliseuli wesiT
232
gamoTvlisas masSi axali wlis dasawyisad gamodis 24
marti.
abuserisZe tbelis traqtatSi mocemulia moZrav
saeklesio dResaswaulTa dawyebis TariRi, mTvaris
amosvla-Casvlis mza cxrilebi. traqtatSi ganxilulia,
agreTve, mTvaris zednadebi. gavixsenoT isic, rom
qristianul samyaroSi adre martis Tve miCneuli iyo
qveynis gaCenis drod da aRdgomac Cveulebriv 22 martsa
da 23 aprils Soris moZraobda. amis gaangariSebac iyo
tbelis welTaRricxvis ,,qronikonis” sistemis mTavari
mizani.
unda iTqvas isic, rom zogierTma mkvlevarma yuradReba miaqcia tbelis astronomiuli kalendris pedagogiur mniSvnelobas, rac pasuxs scems kiTxvas: ra gamoyeneba SeiZleba hqonda tbelis astronomiul kalendars?
dasasrul, ramdenime sityva abuserisZe tbelis
memkvidreobis adgilze qarTuli kulturis istoriaSi.
tbelis Semoqmedeba Sua saukuneebis, kerZod, me-11-12
saukuneebis didi qarTuli kulturis erT-erTi bolo
gamoZaxilia; igi aris avtori hagiografiul-istoriulmxatvruli nawarmoebisa, romelSic gvxdeba fantastikur-mistikuri momentebi; tbeli Tavisi astronomiuli
kalendriT epoqis mecnier-enciklopedistia; mas ekuTvnis, agreTve, sagaloblebi, romlebic yuradRebas
imsaxurebs religiuri filosofiis TvalsazrisiTac.
tbeli, amasTan, xelTuqmneli xatis kultis dawesebiT,
SemosevebiT daZabunebuli qveynis sulieri gaerTianebagamTlianebis ideologadac gvevlineba.
233
$2. ,,aswlovani matiane” _ ,,JamTaaRmwereli”
me-13-14 saukuneebis ucnobi avtoris ,,aswlovani matiane” (,,JamTaaRmwereli”) istoriuli xasiaTis nawarmoebia, romelSic ganxilulia saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi, politikuri da kulturuli istoria daaxloebiT asi wlis manZilze _ laSa-giorgis gamefebidan
giorgi V brwyinvales gamefebis pirveli wlebis CaTvliT.
mkvlevarTa azriT, ,,JamTaaRmwerelis” anonimi avtori kargad icnobs berZnul, sparsulsa da, saerTod,
aRmosavlur wyaroebs. icis monRoluri ena da miuTiTebs, rom monRolTa erT-erT toms sakuTari 16 anbaniani damwerloba hqonda, romelic advilad ikiTxeboda.
,,aswlovani
matiane”
erTdroulad
istoriuli
Zeglicaa da mxatvruli nawarmoebic da, amasTan, igi
interess imsaxurebs filosofiis poziciidanac. amitomac mizanSewonilia Zeglis Sefasebis istoriidan, rogorc istoriul-filologiuri, ise filosofiuri poziciis gamoyofa. am mizniT ganvixiloT ivane javaxiSvilis, korneli kekeliZisa da Salva nucubiZis Tvalsazrisebi.
1. ,,aswlovani matiane”, rogorc istoriuli Zegli
(ivane javaxiSvili). ,,aswlovani matiane” anu, rogorc
mas iv. javaxiSvili uwodebs _ ,,JamTaaRmwereli” istoriuli Txzulebaa da igi avtors ganxiluli aqvs
naSromSi: _ ,,istoriis mizani, wyaroebi da meTodebi
winaT da axla”, romelic pirvelad 1916 wels
gamoqveynda da Sesulia iv. javaxiSvilis TxzulebaTa
Tormettomeulis me-8 tomSi13.
234
iv. javaxiSvili ganxilvis sagnad ixdis TviT naSromis saTaurs da midis im daskvnamde, rom avtorisTvis
istoria ,,JamTaaRmwerlobaa” (Cveulebriv qarTulSi
saistorio nawarmoebi iwodeboda, rogorc ,,cxovrebaÁ”),
meistorie ki ,,JamTaaRmwereli”. ,,JamTaaRmwerloba”, iv.
javaxiSvilis azriT, berZnul ,,xronografias” udrida14.
iv. javaxiSvili gamoarCevs ucnobi avtoris mokrZalebulobas, piruTvnelobasa da obieqturobas. igi
yuradRebas aqcevs im faqts, rom JamTaaRmwerlisTvis
,,erovnul-saxelmwifoebrivi Tavmoyvareobis garda Cvens
avtors amasTanave sarwmunoebrivic metad grZnobiare
aqvs. mas rcxvenia, roca gviTxrobs, Tu rogor Seuracxhyves mahmadianebma qristianoba”15. aq avtors mxedvelobaSi aqvs JamTaaRmwerlis monaTxrobi, roca jalaledinma Tbilisi moaoxra, sionis eklesia daangrevina
da misi gumbaTi gamoiyena ,,zeda bilwisa sajdomisa
misisa aRSenebad”.
sayuradReboa isic, rom iv. javaxiSvili, JamTaaRmwerlis did ganaTlebulobasTan, swor da saR msjelobasTan erTad, gamoarCevs mis gulubryvilobasac:
,,Cveni JamTaaRmwereli sazogadod ganviTarebuli adamiani yofila, misi msjeloba Cveulebriv swore da
fxizelia. amasTanave, Tavisufali. gasaocaria mxolod,
rom zogjer igi, roca saswaulmoqmedebas exeba, bavSvsaviT gulubryviloa xolme da yvelaferi sjera”16. aq
mxedvelobaSi aqvs JamTaaRmwerlis monaTxrobis is
adgili, sadac saubari exeba laSa-giorgis Svilis
daviTis gvelebian ormoSi Cagdebas. ormoSi ki mas erTi
gveli ukbens, danarCenebi ki gankurnaven.
saerTod gulubryviloba, iv. javaxiSvilis azriT,
XIII-XIV saukuneebis sxva qveynis istorikosTa TxzulebebSic sakmaod gvxdeba, ,,magram mainc Cveni JamTaaRmwerlis azrovnebisaTvis es bavSvuri gulubryviloba
235
da crumorwmuneoba metad damaxasiaTebelia: verc erTs
qarTul saistorio TxzulebaSi me-11-12 ss., rogoricaa,
magaliTad, ,,istoriani da azmani SaravandedTani”,
,,cxovrebaÁ mefeTmefisa daviTisi”, ,,matiane qarTlisaÁ”,
Tundac ,,c-Á giorgi mTawmindlisa” da ,,c-Á ioanesi da
efTÂmesi”, aseTs sasacilo da zRapruls ambebs ver
naxavT. saswaulmoqmedeba da sakvirvelebani iq an sruliad ar moipoveba (me-12 s. Txzulebani), an ara da TiTo-orolaa, amasTanave iseTi, romelTa axsna bunebrivad
advilad SeiZleba. Cveni JamTaaRmwerlis zemoaRniSnuli
gulubryviloba naTlad gviCvenebs, ramdenad daqveiTda
monRolebis batonebis dros qarTvelTa gonebrivi
cxovreba da azrovneba”17.
iv. javaxiSvili gansakuTrebul yuradrebas aqcevs im
faqts, rom JamTaaRmwerlis Tanaxmad, qarTveli mefis _
laSa-giorgis _ yovelgvar zRvars gadacilebulma gaumaZRrobam (,,gemoTmoyvareobam”) da TviTnebobam (,,nebismimdgomilebam”)
saqarTvelos
maRal
saxelisuflo
wreebSi SeaRwia da gaxrwna igi. avtori imowmebs
JamTaaRmwerlis mier Tavisi azris gansamtkiceblad
moxmobil winaswarmetyvelis azrs: ,,viTarca winaswarmetyvelica ityvis: ganZRa, ganisvena, iakob da ganudga
RmerTsa macxovarsa, egreTve iqmna naTesavsaca amas Sina
qarTvelisa, rameTu ganZRes da iSvebodes da uweseobad
midrkes siZvaTa mTvralobiTa”18.
saerTod JamTaaRmwerlisTvis damaxasaTebelia gangebis Zalisadmi didi mniSvnelobis miniWeba, rac mJRavndeba kidec qarTvelTaA xvedris miseuli axsnisas. kerZod, misi azriT, gzidan gadacdomis gamo
RmerTma
qarTvelebi dasaja monRolTa Semosevis saxiT. amasTan
dakavSirebiT iv. javaxiSvili akeTebs daskvnas: ,,amgvarad saqarTvelos samefo karis da eris gaxrwnileba
Cvens JamTamRwerels qveynis aoxrebis mizezad miaCnia,
236
xolo TviT ubedureba RvTaebis mier movlenil sasjelad”19.
iv. javaxiSvili JamTaaRmwerelTan yuradRebas miaqcevs saqarTvelos istoriis gaazrebis iseT momentebs,
rogoricaa, magaliTad, subieqturi da obieqturi faqtorebi da maTi roli qveynis cxovrebaSi. es momenti
didad sayurdReboa javaxiSvilis poziciaSi da amitomac mizanSewonilia misi SedarebiT vrclad damowmeba: ,,sayuradRebo is aris mxolod, rom avtori qveynis
gaoxrebis mizezad saqarTvelos mmarTveli wreebis
udardelobasa, uwesoebas da eris zneobriv dacemas
aRiarebs, rom igi marto garegan pirobebs, mtrebis
Semosevas ar abralebs yvelafers da amiT ar iqarvebs
damafiqrebel sakiTxs, aramed umTavres mizezad qveynis
Sinaurs mdgomareobas, TviT qarTvelTa saxelmwifo da
sazogadoebriv gaTaxsirebul cxovrebas asaxelebs. es
aris CvenTvis sagulisxmiero da adamianma marTlac
unda sTqvas, rom am mxriv JamTaaaRwerelis azri
sruliad usafuZvlo ar aris”20.
JamaTaaRmwerlis
damsaxurebad
iv.
javaxiSvils
miaCnia mis mier qarTul politikur cxovrebaSi im
azris
Semotana,
romlis
Tanaxmadac,
amqveynad
yvelaferi
amao
da
warmavalia,
romelic
mas
gamoTqmuli
aqvs
jalaledinis
mokvlasTan
dakavSirebiT. es bibliuri azri: ,,amaoeba amaoebaTa,
yovelilve amaoa” (,,eklesiaste”, I, $2), iv. javaxiSvilis
azriT, JamTaaRmwerelTan politikur Seferilobas
iRebs:
,,amqveynad,
maSasadame,
yovelive
amaoa
da
warmavali, daundobeli
da cvalebadi, saukuno
mxolod saiqios cxovrebaao, amtkicebs JamTaaRmwereli.
amgvari azri eklesiaSi Cveulebrivi iyo, magram
politikur azrovnebaSi saqarTveloSi winaT arasdros
ar yofila miRebuli da pirvelad Cvens avtors aqvs
237
istoriaSi Setanili. magram Semdeg saukuneebSi es azri
politikur msjelobaSiac gabatonda, ase Zirianad
Seirya qarTveli eris politikuri rwmena”21.
iv. javaxiSvils JamTaaRwerlis poziciis erT-erT
upirveles Rirsebad miaCnia obieqturoba, rac naTlad
mJRavndeba mis mier jalaledinisa da monRolebis daxasiaTebisas: ,,qarTveliA JamTaaRwerelis Rirsebas misi
miudgomloba da puruTvneloba Seadgens. igi mag. SaqarTvelos mtrebis Rirsebas, _ jalaledinisa, romelmac didi codva datriala Cvens qveyanaSi, da monRolebisas, saqarTvelos ganmaoxrebelTa – sasiqadulo
Tvisebebs mainc ar malavs, piriqiT, yovelTvis didis
pativiscemiT ixseniebs maT. Tumca, amasTanave im
saSinel aoxrebasac, romelic monRolebis batonobas
mohyva,
ar
iviwyebs
da
saucxood
asuraTebs.
sagulisxmoa,
rom
saqarTvelos
amtutebelisjalaledinis sikvdilis aRweris dros mas arc wyevlakrulva, arc sxva ram gansvenebulisaTvis saZraxi sityva
wamoscdenia,
aramed
didis
RirsebiT,
TiTqos
sinanuliTac ki ambobs: ,,moikla kaci igi maRali da
saÃelovani Ãelmwife vina daudgromel ars mindoba
soflisa amis amaos”-o. amgvaradve gulwrfelad aqebs
Cveni
istorikosi
monRolebis
maRal
zneobriv
Tvisebebs: ,,tyuvili sityva yovladve ar iyo mas Sina,
ara Tvalaxvnani pirsa kacisasa, arca didsa, arca
mciresa da umetes sabWoTa Sina, rameTu keTilni wesni
epyres Cingis yaenisagan ganCenilni”-o22.
dasasruls ki SeiZleba iTqvas, rom i. javaxiSvili
JamTaaRmwerels metad sando, me-13 saukunis saqarTvelos istoriis erTaderT wyarod miiCnevs, romelSic
sxvasTan erTad ,,qveynis zneobrivi mdgomareobac” aris
mocemuli.
238
2. ,,aswlovani matiane”, rogorc literaturuli Zegli (korneli kekeliZe). k. kekeliZe Tavis werilSi mokled da amomwuravad gadmogvcems JamTaaRmwerelTan
dakavSirebul pasaJebs. werilis meore abzaci mematianis
aRweras eZRvneba da JamTaaRmwerelze cocxal warmodgenas gviqmnis: ,,is mcodne kaci Cans, icnobs monRolur
enasa da sarwmunoebas, monRolur saistorio mwerlobas, qronikonsa da zepirsityvierebas. icnobs is sparselebsac, maT istorikos juveins (me-13 s.), maT enasa da
zneobriv siduxWires. zedmiwevniT icis man berZnuli
ena, istoria da mwerloba, saistorio Tu mxatvruli.
ase magaliTad, mis naSromSi dasaxelebulia istorikosi ioseb flabiusi, mosimaxos ebraeli, astiangi, kvirosi, xrizmosi apolonis dedoflisa, priamosi, aRamemnoni da misi coli elene, romlis gamoc atyda troadelTa 28 wliani omi, antipatros da kasandros, aleqsandre makedoneli, midasi da anTipatos. aqve dasaxelebulia Zvel berZenTa ,,Tormetni zodiakni anu etlni”, agreTve qristianTa pasqalisturi ,,aTcxrametuli,
cameturi, zednadebi da zedequseuli”.
zedmetia laparaki imaze, rom JamTaaRmwerelma
kargad icis Tavisi mSobliuri warsuli, awmyo, zneCveuleba da mwerloba, gansakuTrebiT saistorio. mis
SromaSi gamoyenebulia daviT aRmaSeneblis istoria,
gamouyenebia mas, agreTve, rogorc TviTon uCvenebs,
,,vinme beriRmelis” Sroma, wigni mefeTa ,,baRuSiTsa da
naTesaviTa misTa” da viRac ,,yovelTa aRwerilisa”
cnoba. Tavisi azrebis gasaviTareblad da saWiro cnobebis mosapoveblad avtori ara marto wignebs mimarTavs,
aramed gadmocemebs, naTqvamsa da gagonilisa... rogorc
moazrovne, is gamomxatvelia monRolTa drois sulieri
ganwyobilebisa Cven sazogadoebaSi. monRolebis Semosevam Zirian-fesvianad Searyia mdgomareoba da keTil239
dReoba Tamaris monarqiisa, aman dabada sazogadeobaSi
sasowarkveTileba”23.
k. kekeliZe ,,JamTaaRmwerlis” erT-erT damaxasiaTebel Tvisebad gamoarCevs pesimizms, rac qveynis umZimesi
mdgomareobiT iyo gamowveuli.
meore damaxasiaTebeli Tviseba, romelic monRolTa
Semosevis mizezebis Ziebisas iCens Tavs, rogorc k. kekeliZe SeniSnavs, JamTaRmwerlis Tanaxmad, eris moralur
daqveiTebaSi mdgomareobs.
k. kekeliZis azriT, JamTaaRmwereli
did patriotul grZnobas amJRavnebs, rac mas qarTvelTa avTvisebebs aviwyebinebs. igi qarTvelTa saqebrad monRolebis
azrebs imowmebs qarTvelebze24.
k. kekeliZe imowmebs dimitri mefis mimarTvas krebisadmi, roca igi urdoSi gamgzavrebis gadawyvetilebas
iRebs da dasZens: ,,msoflio istoriaSi iSviaTad vipoviT mamulisa da moZmisaTvis Tavdadebis aseT magaliTebs”25.
gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa k. kekeliZis mier JamTaaRmwerelTan moTxrobili daujerebeli ambebis Sefaseba. kerZod, is faqtebi (qristes gamocxadeba Cingiz
xanisadmi, laSa-giorgis Zis daviTis Cagdeba gvelebian
ormoSi da misi gadarCena, sparselis mier CaRata
noinis mkvlelobis aRiareba da sxva.), romlebic sxva
avtorebTan miCneulia, rogorc JamTa aRmwerilobis
gulubryvilobad, matianis winaaRmdegobriv adgilebad,
an amis religiur poziciidan gamarTlebis mcdelobad
da sxv. k. kekeliZis azriT ki, es aris literaturuli
xerxi, rac damajerebel mosazrebad gamoiyureba.
k. kekeliZe sagangebod Cerdeba JamTaaRmwerelze, rogorc mweralze da mravali adgili mohyavs teqstidan
amis dasadastureblad. sanimuSod damowmebulia JamTa240
aRmwerlis mier daviT narinis, daviT ulusa da mefe
dimitris portretebis aRwera26.
istoriuli Zeglisadmi literaturuli midgomis
nimuSia k. kekeliZis statiis finali. Txzuleba,
rogorc romelime mxatruli nawarmoebi, TiTqmis
TavSive
aRizianebs
mkiTxvelis
cnobismoyvareobas
Semdegi sityvebiT: ,,qveyanasa mzisa aRmosavleTisa
krZoÁsa, romelsa ewodebis Cin-maCini, gamoCndes kacni
vinme sakrvelni, adgilsa yarayurumad wodebulsa, ucxo
saxiTa, wesiTa Sesaxedavadca”. is warmogvidgens grZel
jaWvs politikur-samxedro yofa-cxovrebiT epizodebisas, romelnic moxerxebulad cvlian erTimeores, raTa
moTxrobis erTferovnebiT ar daiRalos mkiTxvelis yuradReba. ena Txzulebisa aris sada, ubralo, dinji, advilad gasagebi, romelic gveubneba, rom monRolTa batonobis xanaSi, literaturuli Zeglebis fizikur ganadgurebasTan erTad, ar ganadgurebula da ar mospobila literaturuli gemovneba”27.
3. ,,aswlovani matiane”-s filosofiuri interpretacia (Salva nucubiZe). Salva nucubiZe ,,aswlovan matianes” filosofiuri kuTxiT miudga da masSi oTxi mTavari filosofiuri debuleba gamoyo:
a. JamTaaRmwerloba _ ucnobi avtorisTvis istoriis
Sefasebisas WeSmaritebis dadgenaa. ,,es azri istoriis
Sesaxeb, SeniSnavs S. nucubiZe, friad sagulisxmoa, radgan igi istorias uaRresad filosofiur disciplinad
acxadebs”28.
b. Tuki istoriis (,,JamTaaRmwerilobis”) mTavari azri filosofiuria (WeSmaritebis Zieba), maSin istoriasa
da sibrZnismetyvelebas Soris pirdapiri kavSiria.
g. JamTaaRmwereli cdilobs, gaarkvios istoriaSi
momxdari ama Tu im movlenis mizezi, rac imas niSnavs,
241
rom masTan dgeba Sefasebis momenti. es ki istoriis mimarT filosofiur midgomas gulisxmobs.
d. JamTaaRmwerelis mixedviT, roca istoria iwereba,
am dros unda moxdes erTmaneTisgan sikeTisa da borotebis gansxvaveba. aqac istoriuli movlenebis SefasebiT momentTan gvaqvs saqme, rac filosofiuri poziciiT
aris ganpirobebuli.
S. nucubiZe JamTaaRmwerelTan zogierT moments kritikulad afasebs, kerZod, roca saubaria sikeTesa da
borotebaze. S. nucubiZis azriT, JamTaaRmwereli ver
iCens saTanado obieqturobas, roca igi gansjis sagnad
ixdis cotne dadianisa da laSa giorgis qcevebs. samagierod, SedarebiT obieqturobiT xasiaTdeba JamTaaRmwerlis mxridan me-13 saukunis saqarTvelos tragediis
Sefaseba, roca laSa-giorgis uzneoba, misgan gamomdinare SedegebiT, katastrofuli aRmoCnda qarTveli erisTvis. unda iTqvas, rom es adgili S. nucubiZesTan erTgvari bundovanebiT gamoirCeva29.
S. nucubiZe JamTaaRmwerlis e.w. ,,Suamdebare poziciis” obieqturobis Sefasebisas koniunqturas uwevs angariSs da umarTebulo daskvnas akeTebs: ,,klasobrivi istoria aqac ar Ralatobs Tavis logikas da ,,WeSmaritebis metyveleba”, romelic avtorisaTvis, TiTqos, mTavaria, garkveuli klasobrivi, jgufuri WeSmaritebaa. arsebiTad, JamTaaRmwerlis ideologia reaqciuli ideologiaa, saero Zalauflebisa da, gansakuTrebiT, erTmmarTvelobis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli da igi principulad arafriT gansxvavdeba i. sabanisZis ideologiidan,
romlis daZlevas qarTulma sazogadoebrivma azrovnebam sam saukuneze meti moandoma. qarTveloba mtkiced
rom mdgariyo qristianobisa da eklesiis niadagze (gavixsenoT sabaniZis ,,kedeli” qristianuli WeSmaritebisa), ubedureba ar moxdebodao”30.
242
Znelia daeTanxmo S. nucubiZes, rogorc ioane sabanis Zis, ise JamTaaRmwerlis msoflmxedvelobis amgvar
SefasebaSi, miT umetes, roca teqsti amis safuZvels
namdvilad ar iZleva. aseve safuZvels moklebulia avtoris saboloo daskvna JamTaaaRmwerlis tradiciasa
da adgilze Semdgomi drois qarTul sinamdvileSi: ,,amdenad, igi (JamTaaRmwereli avt.) warmoadgens me-11-me-12
saukuneebSi mebrZol ideologiaTa reaqciuli banakis
gagrZelebas, romelsac me-14 saukunisa da momdevno
droSi feodalizmis kvlav moZalebis pirobebSi ufro
xelsayreli pirobebi daudgaT”31.
S. nucubiZe JamTaaRmwerlis Txzulebas istoriosofiad miiCnevs. unda aRiniSnos, rom S. nucubiZem arsebiTad sworad gaigo ,,aswlovani matiane”-s filosofiuri
aspeqtebi, gaigo igi, rogorc istoriis filosofiuri
gaazrebis pirveli cda qarTul sinamdvileSi.
4. ,,aswlovani matianes” filosofiuri analizi. ,,aswlovani matiane” upirvelesad istoriuli Zeglia, magram,
rogorc es sxvadasxva gamokvlevebiT dadasturda, igi
yuradRebas imsaxurebs mxatruli da filosofiuri
TvalsazrisiTac.
marTebulad aRniSnavs k. kekeliZe, rom JamTaaRmwrelis Txzuleba STambeWdavad iwyeba da mxatvruli
TvalsazrisiT igi maSinve izidavs mkiTxvelis yuradRebas. nawarmoebi laSa-giorgis gamefebiT iwyeba, rac
Tamaris sikvdilis Semdeg moxda. maSin laSa-giorgi 18
wlis iyo, Tumca manamde Tamarma 13 wlis momavali mefe
Tanamefed gamoacxada. nawarmoebSi gvxdeba JamTaaRmwerlis aseTi azriani SeniSvna: miicvala Tamar mefe da
,,dauteva mefoba Zesa TÂssa, xolo naTesavsa qarTvelTasa _ cema, mwuxareba, vaeba da glova, rameTu cocxalni243
ca Casrul iyvnen jojoxeTis mkÂdrni samefosa misi asani da egreTca jer iyo”32.
Zneli dasanaxi ar aris, rom JamTaaRmwereli Txzulebis dasawyisSive kravs kvanZs da mkiTxvels winaswar
ganawyobs imisTvis, raTa icodes Tu rogori mefe moevlina saqarTvelos laSa-giorgis saxiT. Amis Semdeg ki
JamTaaRmwereli
iZleva laSa-giorgis daxasiaTebas,
riTac ganamtkicebs Tavis uaryofiT azrs axalgazrda
mefeze: ,,taniT Zlieri, mxned moisari, nadimobiTa da Sina moswrafe, laRi da TÂTbuneba”33. aqve avtori ganmartavs, Tu ratom iyo mefe aseTi bunebis – ,,amisTÂs ganlaRebuli”. mefis aseTi laRobis mizezi, JamTaaRmwerlis Tanaxmad, iyo is, rom dedam, mefe Tamarma, romelsac mudam igi karg konteqsSi ixseniebs, laSa giorgis
dautova dawynarebuli qveyana, damorCilebuli mowinaaaRmegeebi da moxarkeni. igi CamoTvlis samefoebs, samTavroebsa da qalaqebs, romelTa mesveurnic ZRveniTa
da xarkiT modiodnen da amis gamo mudam mxiaruleba
iyo mefe laSa-giorgis karze.
matianeSi moTxrobilia, rom Tavdapirvelad laSa-giorgis moxarkeebma xarki Seuwyvites (mizezs mematiane
ar asaxelebs). mefem jari Sekriba, sastikad daamarcxa
gandgomilebi, Secdoma apatia da didZali nadavliT
dabrunda TbilisSi. TbilisSi dabrunebulma mefem uxvad gasca yvelaferi, radganac, JamTaaRmwerlis aRniSvniT, igi iyo mlocveli, ara moSurne da a.S. magram Semdeg mefe borotebisken gadaixara (Tu ra iyo amis mizezi, aq amis Sesaxeb araferia naTqvami): ,,aramed ukanasknel midrka siboroted TanamiyoliTa uwesoTa kacTaTa.
viTarca solomonisaTÂs weril ars, romelTa SeacTunes dedaTa, egreTve ese uweso kacTa, viTarca quemeore
sityuaman sacnaur-yos. viTar ganisuenebda nadimobiTa
da msmurTa Tana, midrka siborotemdi, viTar werili
244
ars israelTaTÂs: ,,dasxda eri igi Wamad da smad, da
aRdges simRerad”34.
laSa-giorgis mier swori gzidan gadaxveva grZeldeboda, rac, bunebrivia, SeumCneveli da reagirebis gareSe
ar darCeboda. es, erTi mxriv, imdroindeli saqarTvelos maRali eSelonebis zneobriv samyarosa da, meore
mxriv, qveyanaSi garkveuli demokratiuli principebis
arsebobaze miuTiTebs. es upirvelesad iqidan Cans, rom
mefis aseTi qcevebiT Sewuxebuli didebulebi, ivane
aTabagi da varam gageli, mefes ganudgnen. gandgomis mizezi JamTaaRmwerelTan asea Camoyalibebuli: ,,ara Tavs
videbT Sensa mefes yofasa, ukeTu ara ganayenon borotTa kacTa siaxlesa da avsa wess, romelsa iqm”35.
erTi piroba mefem moinania codvebi, magram bolomde
ver daicva aRTqma da kaxeTSi, kerZod, veliscixeSi ixila Tu ara erTi ,,qmnulkeTili” qali, Seiyvara da coladac moiyvana, romlisgan SeeZina vaJi daviTi.
mefe laSa-giorgi, erTi mxriv, iyo mxne, axovani, Zlieri da laRi, meore mxriv, igi iyo ampartavani, Tavxedi
da TviTneba. Tu ra ubedureba SeiZleba moutanos qveyanas amisTana mefem, amis dasamtkiceblad JamTaaRmwereli
wmida mamaTa azrs imowmebs, romelTa Tanaxmadac yovelgvari vnebis sami mizezi arsebobs: msunagoba, simdidrisadmi miswrafeba da pativmoyvareoba.
JamTaaRmwerelTan yvelaferi es asea warmodgenili: ,,samni arian mizezni vnebaTani, romelTagan iSvebian yovelni borotni:
gemoTmoyuarebani, vercxlisyuareba da didebisyuareba”36.
swored am sami mizeziT aris ganpirobebuli siZva,
mruSoba, risxva da ampartavnoba. is rom Wama-smasa da
gancxromas sikeTe ar moaqvs, amis dasturad JamTaaRmwereli imowmebs winaswarmetyvelis sityvebs: ,,Wama iakob,
245
ganZRa, gansxua, gansuqna, da dauteva RmerTi Semoqmedi
TÂsi, da ganudga RmerTsa macxovarsa TÂssa”37.
laSa-giorgis aseTma uzneo qcevebma mas CamoaSora
Rirseuli adamianebi, maT Soris kaTalikosi, didebulebi ivane aTabagis CaTvliT, ramac sabolood qveynis saqme ukuRma waiyvana: ,,amisaTÂs aRmocendes mizezni codvaTa simravliTa saqarTvelosa mooÃrebisani”38.
mefisgan didebulebis gandgomis mizezebis CamoTvlis Semdeg JamTaaRmwereli saubars agrZelebs monRolebze. monRolTa daxasiaTebisas ki igi gvevlineba
mxatruli sityvis namdvil ostatad. aq, am mokle monakveTze, igi didi ostatobiT aRwers monRolTaA istorias, zne-Cveulebebsa da Rirsebebs;
,,queyanasa mzisasa aRmosavleTiT kerZo, romelsa
ewodebis Cin-maCini, gamoCndes kacni vinme sakÂrelni adgilsa, yarayorumad wodebulsa, ucxo saxiTa, wesiTa da
Sesaxedavadca, rameTu arca ZuelTa wignTaA sada ipoebis ambavi maTi, rameTu arian ucxoena, ucxosaxe, ucxocxovreba. purisa gemo ara icodian, ÃorciTa da pirutyuTa rZiTa cxovnebodes. xolo iyvnes taniTa srul, guamiTa axovan, Zlier ferxiTa, Suenier, spetak ÃorciTa,
TualiTa mcireWurit da greman, ganzidul da saCino,
TaviTa did, TmiTa Savi da ÃSir, Sublbrtyeli, cxÂriTa mdabal esoden, romel Rawuni umaRles iyvnian
cxÂrTa, da mciredni oden nestuni Cndian cxÂriTa, bageni mcire, kbilni Sewyobilni da spetak, yovlad uwuerul. eseviTari aqunda umsgavso saxe. da nu vis gikÂrs,
rome aRmatebuli rame Sueniereba aqunda amaT mamaTa da
dedaTa. mas Tana moego simÃne, moisarni iyvnes rCeulni,
magriTa
mSÂldiTa ucdomrad msrolelni, romelTa
nakravsa veraman saWurvelman umagris. ufros cxensa zeda iyvnen mÃne, rameTu aRzrda maTi cxensa zeda ityvis,
saWurvelisa arasa mqonebelni, mSÂldisa isrisa kide”39.
246
pirvelad JamTaaRmwereli monRolebs aRwers garegnulad, yuradRebas amaxvilebs maT fizikur Tvisebebze
(simamace, momxibvleloba, fizikuri siZliere, meomruli
gawvrTnileba da sxva.), Semdeg ki iwyebs monRolTa Sinagan, sulier daxasiaTebas, rac aseve sayuradReboa rogorc sakuTriv momxdurTa xasiaTisa da zne-Cveulebis,
ise sakuTriv JamTaaRmwerlis msoflmxedvelobis gasagebad.
JamTaaRmwerlis Tanaxmad, monRolebi ,,ese iyvnes kacni gansakuTrebulni, rameTu ixilni ra, sulel sagonebel iyvnian, xolo yoveli sibrZne
ipoeboda da maT
Soris yoveli goniereba moego, mciremetyveleba. da
tyuvili sityva yovlad ara iyo maT Soris, rameTu keTilni wesni epyres, Cingiz yaenisan gaCenilni, romelTa
TÂTeulad warmoTquma grZel ars”40.
JamTaaRmwereli uyuradRebod ar tovebs monRolTa
rwmenis, religiuri mrwamsisa da damwerlobis sakiTxebsac. amasTan, avtori monRolTa calkeuli tomebis religiur mrwamsa da damwerlobis sakiTxebsac exeba:
,,amaT aqunda sjulad erTi RmerTisa ukvdavisa Tayvaniscema. piri mzisa aRmosavleTiT qnian da samisa Coqisa
qna da samjer Tayuanis-cema da Suas TiTisa cersa zeda
nebsa dadeba da datkacuneba, da meti arara.
xolo uiRurni kerpismsaxurni iyunes, romelTa qujisad uxmobdes. xolo moipoes werilica ama mcirediTa
asoTa, rameTu aTequmetiTa asoTa dasweren wignsa, romel advil saswavloca ars da advil gulisÃmissayofica”41.
Semdeg JamTaaRmwereli mogviTxrobs monRolT kalendarze, akeTebs paralels berZnul kalendarTan, CamoTvlis weliwadis Tveebis monRolur saxelebs. iqve
SeniSnavs, rom monRolebi Wamdnen katisa da ZaRlis
xorcs. kidev erTxel ubrundeba uiRirTa kerpTayvanis247
mcemlobas da, agreTve, monRolTa erT-erTi tomis mxridan erTi RmerTis aRiarebas, romelTa RmerTsac Tengri
hqvia.
damowmebuli adgilebi ,,aswlovani matiane”-dan kidev erTxel adasturebs sxvadasxva mklevaris mosazrebas imis Taobaze, rom misi avtori miudgomlobiT, obieqturobiT gamoirCeva. Tumca, garkveul eWvs badebs misi
ase gadametebuli obieqturoba, miT umetes, roca saubari exeba Cveni qveynis amaoxrebelTa, JamTaaRmwerlis
sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, ,,momspovel” monRolebs. Cvens
eWvs aZlierebs monRolTa erT-erTi tomis – yiaTa warmomadgenlis _ monRolTa Tavdapirveli laSqrobebis
organizatoris, saxelganTqmuli Cingiz xanis (,,TemurCi” – JamTaaRwerilTan) daxasiaTeba matianeSi, romlis
avtoric, bunebrivia, iyo JamTaaRmwereli: ,,amaTTa naTesavTA yiaTTa guarisaTa gamoCnda kaci erTi, saxeli TemurCi, romel ars Cingiz yaeni; haerovan Suenieri, taniTa axovani, TmiTa momwiTuro, Zlieri, mÃne, SemarTebuli, moisari Ãelovani, Rrmad gamgone, ganmzraxavi
sÂani”42.
aseve damafiqrebelia JamTaaRmwerlis mxridan saqarTvelos, gansakuTrebiT ki, Tbilisis sastikad amaoxreblis _ jalaledinis erTob dadebiTi daxasiaTeba:
,,can ese, sultaman jalaladinman, romeli iyo kaci
mÃne, qveli, SemarTi, uSiSi viTar uÃorco, ZaliTa saCino, wyobiTa Sida ucxo”43.
JamTaaRmwereli, rogorc es mklevrebs araerTgzis
aRuniSnavT da sakuTriv teqstidanac kargad Cans, qarTvelTa daqcevis erT-erT mTavar mizezad miiCnevs subieqtur moments – sakuTriv qarTvel didebulTa Surianobas, TviTnebobas da a.S. am mxriv sayuradReboa ivane
aTabagis saqcielis aRwera kritikul Jams, jalaledinis winaaRmdegA brZolisas. am dros ivane aTabagma Sal248
va da ivane axalcixelebis Suris gamo sakuTar xalxs
uRalata, ramac qarTvelTa marcxi da qveynis aoxreba
ganapiroba: ,,viTar daeaxlnes winamebrZoli da sultani,
aq dapyra ferÃi ivane aTabagman, ityÂan SuriTa yo
axalcixelTa Salva ivanesiTa. Äi Suri, yovelTa borotTA dasabami da ZÂrad momwydeuli naTesavisa kacTasa da yovelTa naTesaviTAmwyvleli viTar uriaTa
RmrTis mkleloba arwmuna, da kualad amaTsa uborotesi ugbili da ulmobeli
da saqarTvelos sruliadi
mospolva, viTar quemore sityuaman cxad-yos, aTabagsa
ivanes arwmuna, romel Jamsa wyobisa da Jamsa omisasa
ukundgada arRara vidoda mbrZoliTA kerZ”44.
jalaledinis mier Tbilisis aoxrebas didi mwerluri ostatobiT aRwers JamTaaRmwereli. misi monaTxrobis kulminaciaa jalaledinis mier sionis eklesiis
gumbaTis dangreva da misi wabilwvis mizniT gamoyeneba: ,,iwyo rRuevad eklesiaT, vidre safuZveladme aRfxura, romlisTÂs ikadra da Ãel-yo sionisa gumabadsa Semusvrad da zeda bilwisa sajdomisa misisa aRSenebad,
romel-igi ÃidiTa maRliTa da grZliTA ganÃida asRvlad”45.
amis garda, jalaledins, sionis mkvidri xati – ieso
qristesa da RvTisSoblis saxelobisa, erTgvar sajalaTo kunZad gamouyenebia, xidis dasawyisSi daudevs da
vinc qristes rjulze uars ar ityoda, mas am xatze
kveTdnen Tavs. bevrs rjuli dautovebia, magram bevrs
Tavi gauwiravs rjulisTvis, rasac ase gvamcnobs JamTaaRmwereli: ,,xolo mravali simravle mamaTa da dedaTa
ipovna axovnad, romelTa miiRes gÂrgÂni wamebisa, romlisa aRracxva SeuZlebel ars
simravlisaTÂs, rameTu
hvgoneb, viTarmed aT bevr aRwia ricx moklulTa”46.
rogorc jalaledinis uRirsi qcevis, ise qarTvelTa
qristes rjulisTvis Tavganwirvis aRwerisas JamTaaR249
mwereli mxatruli sityvis ostatad, siuJetis gamZaferebisa da mkiTxvelis mxridan interesis aRmZvrel
mTxrobelad gvevlineba. amasTan, TvalSi sacemia JamTaaRmwerlis araTanamimdevruloba, rac am SemTxvevaSi
dasturdeba misi mxridan jalaledinis erTob dadebiTi
Sefasebisas, erTi mxriv, da, meore mxriv, aseve, mis mier
moTxrobili jalaledinis saSineli saqmeebis ubralo
SedarebiTac. am Sedarebis Semdeg Znelia, daeTanxmo JamTaaRmwerels jalaledinis qvelobasa da sxva dadebiTi
epiTetebiT moxsenebaze.
JamTaaRmwereli qarTvelTa mZime yofaSi Cavardnas,
rogorc ukve iTqva, abralebs mefe laSa-giorgis, didebulebis (mag. ivane aTabagis) uRirs qcevebs. am mxriv igi
mefe rusudans indobs, romelic ,,xolo iyo rusudan
xilviTa Suenieri, viTa deda misi (Tamari – avt.), mdabali, uxÂ, pativismcemeli, patiosan kacTa moyuare. man moiwyo
yoveli sabrZanebeli da mefoba mSÂdobiT, da
aRivso yoveli samefo
rusudanisa yovliTa keTiliTa”47. Tumca iqve SeniSnavs, rom rusudanic Tavisi Zmis
(mefe laSa-giorgis) gzaze dadioda da amitomac aimxedra didebulni. aqac saxezea JamTaaRmwerlis araTanamimdevruloba.
JamTaaRmwereli saintereso logikur jaWvs xedavs
mtrisgan mooxrebul saqarTveloSi adamianTa zneobriv
dacemasa, rasac Tan axlda da rac gamoixateboda Sesabamisi uRirsi qcevebiTa da niSan-TvisebebiT (,,ampartavnoba”, ,,Suri”, ,,siZva”, ,,qurdoba”...), da RvTis risxvas Soris: ,,amis ZaliTa misca igini RmerTma warwymendad borotad, rameTu ganviwireT RmerTisa mier, romel daviviwyeT RmerTi da RmerTmanca samarTlad dagÂviwya. da
mohoxrda qveyana saqarTvelosi lixT aqaT...”48.
Tu ra didi ubedureba mohyveba qveynisTvis eris
swori gzidan gadaxvevas, am azrs JamTaaRmwereli ebra250
eli xalxis mimarT esaia winaswarmetyvelis mier gamoTqmuli msgavsi azris damowmebiT ganamtkicebs: ,,vaÁ
naTesavsa codvilsa, era savsesa codviT, Tesli boroti, Zeni usjuloni. dauteveT ufali da ganarisxeT wmidaÁ isralisa..” (esaia winaswarmetyveli, I, $4-9).
JamTaaRmwereli agrZelebs Txrobas saqarTvelos
ubedurebaze da amis umTavres mizezad isev da isev subieqturi faqtori anu qarTvelTa swori gzidan gadaxveva miaCnia; amasTan, aq ukve Cveni daqcevis mizezad gvevlineba ara romelime mefis uzneo saqcieli an romelime didebulis orguloba da Surianoba, aramed saerTod
erisa da berisa, didis Tu pataras gadagvareba: ,,..mZÂnvareni gansacdelni aRiZvrodes saqarTvelos sazRvarTa
ukeTurobisaTÂs mkÂdrTa qarTvelisaTa, rameTu yoveli
asaki berTa da yrmaT, mefe da mTavarTa, didTa da mcireTa, midrka siboroteTa”. JamTaaRmwereli aqve aRniSnavs, rom TviT RvTismsaxurnic ki scodavdnen, sibilwes
Cadiodnen da aqedan gamomdinare Sedegic logikuri iyo
da aqac Tavis azrs amagrebs esaia winaswarmetyveliT.
eWvi JamTaaRmwerlis obieqturobaze, razedac ukve
aRiniSna, Zlierdeba im adgilebis gacnobiT, sadac monRolTa eniT qarTvelebi arian Seqebuli, xolo sparselebi augad moxseniebuli. kerZod, monRolTa axal yaenTan – mangusTan misulma misma xalxma auwya, rom daipyres sparseTi, saberZneTi da saqarTvelo, rom: ,,qarTvelni sruliad movides, mefe da erTobilni mTavari,
romel aqus sjuli keTili, da tyuilsa evltian, mwamvleli arca Tu saxel idebis maT Soris”, sparselebs
ki monRolebi, JamTaaRmwerlis mixedviT, ase axasiaTeben: ,,arian sparsni, cru moRalate da ficis arSemnaxvel, da mravalni ipovebian mwamlvelni da mamaTmval,
urcxÂnod”50.
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aqve JamTaaRmwerlis mier damowmebuli mangu yaenis
azri qarTvelebze im poziciis gagrZelebaa, roca igi
monRolebis piriT aqebs qarTvelebs. Aai ras ambobs mangu yaeni qarTvelebsa da sparselebze: ,,viTnagan qarTvelni wyobaTa Sina keTilad gixilvan da tyuili ara
ars maT Soris da mindoba ician, Tquen Tan ipyeriT
mterTa Tquenda brZolad, xolo sparsni moswyÂdeniT,
da mis queyanisa Tavadni waravlineT yaenTa winaSe”51.
mokled, JamTaaRmwereli monRolTa piriT aqebs qarTvelebsa da aZagebs sparselebs, rac misi mxridan monRolTa mimarT garkveuli simpaTiebis gamJRavnebac unda
iyos. Tumca iv. javaxiSvili aq ufro istorikosis miukerZoeblobasa da obieqturobas xedavs.
aq ki mivadeqiT ,,aswlovani matianis” swored im adgils, sadac JamTaaRmwereli istoriis daniSnulebas
gansazRvravs. istoriis, rogorc mecnierebis, JamTaaRmwerlobis mTavar miznad miiCnevs WeSmaritebis Ziebas:
,,garna vinaTgan wigni es Suamdebare ars keTilis moqmedTa da borotismoqmedTa; Sendobil iyvnen sityuani
Cemni, rameTu JamTaaRmweriloba WeSmaritebismetyveleba
ars da ara Tualaxma visime”52.
aRniSnulis fonze JamTaaRmwereli gmobs rusudan
mefis qcevas, romelmac Tavisi Svilis bednierebis gulisTvis sakuTari ZmisSvilis gawirva moindoma. Mematiane imowmebs solomon brZenis sityvebs, romlis Tanaxmad, guliswyromam samarTlianobis grZnoba ar unda
dagvakargvinos (,,guliswyromaman kacisman simarTle
RmrTisa ar yvis”).
yuradReba unda mieqces JamTaaRmwerlis dadebiT damokidebulebas monRolTa mimarT. am SemTxvevaSi mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs koxtasTavis SeTqmuleba, romelic gamJavnda da cotne dadianis raindul qcevas TviT monRolebic aRufrTovanebia. ai, rogor aris gadmocemuli Jam252
TaaRmwerelTan monRolTaAmier cotne dadianis rainduli qcevis Sefaseba: ,,vinaTgan naTesavni qarTvelTani
esoden keTil arian, da ara gancruvdebian, romel afxazeTiT movida kaci, raTa dadvas suli TÂsi moyureTaTÂs, da ara gancruvnes, esreT ganwira Tavi TÂsi sikudid, ara ars sicruve maT Sina, da amis ZaliTa ubralo vpovebT da ganutoveT yovelni. rques cotnes: ,,gandgomileba vgoneT Tquen, qarTvelTa, da aw, vinaTgan
hyav saTnoeba keTili, yovelTa qarTvelTa Sen moganiWebT, Senda mindobil varT”. da ganuSvnes yovelni ese
warCinebulni”53.
es pasaJi ,,aswlovani matianedan” mravalmxriv imsaxurebs yuradRebas. kerZod, ra aris monRolTa mxridan es
qmedeba _ didi keTilSobiloba Tu diplomatiuri
svla? rac Seexeba JamTaaRmwerlis pozicias, aqac sakiTxavia ufro obieqturobaa misi mxridan Tu garkveuli simpaTiebis gamJRavneba monRolTa misamarTiT?
JamTaaRmwerlis obieqturobaze eWvi Cndeba maSinac,
roca igi exeba saqarTvelos samefo karze aRzevebul
ucxo tomis Svils, politikur moRvawes sadun mankaberdelis pirovnebas. maSin, roca istoria mankaberdels
medroveed miiCnevs, JamTaaRwerilis Tanaxmad, saduni
,,..rameTu iyo kaci da gonieri da enakeTili, sityvaTa
marjue yaens winaSe metyuelebad”54.
es amonaweri didi eWvis safuZvels ar iZleva, magram
momdevno pasaJidan aSkaraa JamTaaRmwerlis simpaTiebi
sadun mankaberdelisadmi. kerZod, roca igive matianidan
cxadia, rom saduni monRolTa aRzevebulia
(,,esreT
yovliTurT ganSuenebel iyo, garna esreT ÃelTa sadunisaTa iyo, rameTu friad ganadida saduni yaenman”). JamTaaRwereli wers: ,,da saduni keTilad ganagebda saqarTvelosaTa, rameTu dReTa misTa ar iqneboda TaTarTa253
gan Zali da usamarTlo, arc didiTa noinTagan, arca
elCTagan, da esreT aRSenda saqarTvelo”55.
JamTaaRmwerlis mxridan miT ufro gasakviria sadunis qeba, radganac, misive aRniSvniT, saduni uwesod iqceoda, sami coli moiyvana, ris gamoc mas Semowyra kaTolikosi nikolozi da SeaCvena igi56.
,,aswlovani matiane” yuradRebas imsaxurebs im mxrivac, rom masSi saubaria erTgvar genetikur-memkvidreobiT tradiciaze, samwuxarod, qveynis RalatTan dakavSirebiT. amis magaliTia kaxaber raWis erisTavi, romelsac Turme arc yaeni swyalobda da, miT umetes, arc
qarTvelTa mefe dimitri. mefe dimitrim erTxel Seiwyala kaxaber erisTavi, Secdoma apatia da mamulic misca,
magram garkveuli drois Semdeg, swored memkvidreobiTi
orgulobis gamo, daiwyo mama-papur gzaze siaruli da
mefesac uRalata, radganac ,,guarisagan moaqunda orguloba”57.
sainteresoa, rom kaxaber erisTavi baRvaSTa naTesavi
iyo da swored esa aqvs mxedvelobaSi JamTaaRmwerels,
roca aRniSnavs, rom gvariT mosdgamda orguloba da
Ralatio. es Cans iqidan, roca mematiane mogviTxrobs,
rom mefem sastikad dasaja kaxaber erisTavi _ erTi
Tvali amoTxara da erTi xeli da fexi mokveTa da am
yofaSi gardaicvala kidec ,,da moispo yoveli naTesavi
misi, baRuaSTa kaxaberis ZeTa, ara daSTa da aRiÃoca
naTesavi misi da saÃsenebeli maTi”58.
rogorc aRiniSna, k. kekeliZe gansakuTrebiT xazs
usvamda JamTaaRmwerlis mwerlur unarebs. es azri araerTgzis dasturdeba ,,aswlovan matianeSi”, iqneba es daviT ulus da daviT narinis, sargis Tu beqa jayelebis
daxasiaTebisas. TiTqosda Tavis trafaretul daxasiaTebisas yoveli personaJisTvis mas moepoveba calkeuli
da gamorCeuli Strixi59.
254
STambeWdavia JamTaaRmwerlis mier beqa jayelis gardacvalebis ambavis Txroba, sadac ramdenime winadadebiTaa gadmocemuli beqas pirovneba, misi, rogorc eriskacis, Rvawli: ,,da amas wels miicvala mTavari samcxisa
beqa, kaci warmatebuli yovelsa Sina, sikeTeaRmatebuli
saRmrTo-sakacobrio saqmeTa da umetes samarTlis moqmedebiTa, eklesiaTa da monasterTa mSeneblobiTa, soflisa keTilad morwmuneobiTa, glaxakTa uzomoTa micemiTa”62.
rodesac saubaria JamTaaRmwerlis mwerlur unarebze, TvalSi sacemia erTi tendencia: roca igi Tavis personaJs, gansakuTrebiT ki, romelime mefes axasiaTebs,
pirvelad mis qebas aRavlens. Semdeg ki misi monaTxrobidan cxadi xdeba, rom mefeSi sxeulebrivma, xorcielma
ltolvebma imZlavra da siborotisken gadaixara, rac
misi da, sabolood, qveynis tragediis mizezi xdeba. ase
iyo laSa-giorgisa da mefe rusudanis SemTxvevaSi da
ase moxda mefe dimitri meoris mefobis dros. igi Tavdapirvelad Rirseulad iqceoda, magram roca cota
asakSi Sevida, warmarTTa wesi gadmoiRo, moiyvana sami
coli da uzneobis WaobSi CaeSva, razedac mas Semowyra
nikoloz kaTolikosi da miatova kidec igi61.
aq JamTaaRmwereli garkveul literaturul xerxs
mimarTavs: tragizmis simZafre rom aCvenos, jer dadebiTad amkobs Tavis personaJs, romlis fonze ufro mZafrad aRiqmeba gmiris cdomilebis xasiaTi. dimitri meoris SemTxvevaSi viTareba ufro rTulia, radganac mefis
Tavdapirvel keTilgonivrulobas Semdeg uzneobaSi gadavardnas mosdevs mefis gansakuTrebuli amaRleba: gmiroba samSoblosTvis Tavis dadeba.
rogorc cnobilia, dimitri meoris mefobis dros
monRolTa karze SeTqmuleba moxda, romelic gamJRavnda. saqarTvelos mefe damarcxebul SeTqmulTa banakSi
255
aRmoCnda, ramac gansazRvra misi Semdgomi bedic. noin
arRunma mefe dimitri meore TavisTan gamoiZaxa da eWvic ar iyo, rom mas mkacri sasjeli eloda. swored aq
iCina Tavi mefe dimitris Sinaganma raindulma bunebam.
mefem Sekriba darbazi da amcno saqmis viTareba. darbazisa da kaTolikosis Txovnis miuxedavad, ar wasuliyo
mefe urdoSi, dimitri meoris gadawyvetileba mtkicea _
wavides urdoSi. am gadawyvetilebas ki safuZvlad edo
samSoblos gadarCenisTvis zrunva. mefis gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi ki naTlad Cans sazogados pirovnulze
maRla dayeneba, amqveyniuris warmavlobis Rrma Segneba
da maradiuli Rirebulebebisadmi angariSis gaweva. darbazis winaSe warmoTqmuli mefis sityva ki erTgvari
zneobrivi Segonebaa: ,,aw ganrisxebul ars yaeni, da yoveli mTavari misi mouwyuedian, da aw me miwods winaSe
missa. vgoneb borotis-yofisa, Tu ara warvide urdosa
da warvide mTiuleTs, simagreTa Sina, da davicva Tavi
Cemi. da, aha, yoveli samefo Cemi winaSe maTsa Zes. ixileT, ravdeni suli qristiane sikudilsa miecemis da
tyue iqnebis, da eklesiani Seiginebian da mooÃrdebian,
xatni da juarni daimusvrian. da ukeTu warvide yaens
winaSe, dasturobiT uwyi, momklavs da aw sibrZniTa
TqueniTa ganageT saqme ese. me esreT vgoneb: mravalmRelvare ars sawuTo ese, daudgromel da warmaval,
dReni Cuenni sizmrebr da aCrdilebr warvlen, da unebel da mswrafl Tanaguac warsdga soflis amisgan. aw
mnebavs, raTa warvide yaens winaSe, da iyos neba RmrTisa. ukeTu me momklan, vgoneb, rome queyana uvneblad
darCes”62.
mefis Sesavali sityvis Semdeg kaTalikosma, episkoposma, mTavrebma mefes winaaRmdegoba gauwies da mouwodes gadawyvetilebis Secvlisken _ ,,da ara saWiro ars
256
ganwirva Tavisa Senisa Sengan”, radganac amiT qveyana
mooxrdeba da mosaxleobac mimoibnevao.
mefis gadawyvetileba mtkice da sabolooa: ,,Tqven
erTgulebisa da siyvarulisa CemisaTÂT, garna mewyalis
ubralo eri, viTarca cxovrni klvad uRono arian da
arasada aqun nugeSinis-cema. me davsdeb sulsa Cemsa erisaTÂs Cemisa da ara daviSli urdosa wasvlasa”63.
dimitri meoris zneobrivi simtkicis kulminaciaa yaenis karze myof mefesTan misi vazirebis misvla da RamiT gaqcevis SeTavazeba, radganac misi fasi da nacvali
sxva aravin iyo. am mimarTebiT mefis saboloo sityva
marTlac STambeWdavia da mamulisTvis Tavis dadebis
nimuSia: ,,ismineT Cemi. pirvelve uwyode sikudili Cemi
da davdev Tavi Cemi da suli Cemi erisaTÂs Cemisa, xolo
aq Tu warvide, ubralod eri moisras. ra sargebel ars,
ukeTu yoveli sofeli SeviZino da suli warviwymido”64.
mefe dimitris es saboloo sityva mniSvnelovania
zneobrivi TvalsazrisiT da amdenad sainteresoa filosofiis poziciidanac. saerTod ki, mefis gadawyvetileba
da Tavis gawirva umaRlesi zneobrivi gmiroba iyo. ermac didad daafasa mefe dimitris es Tavganwirva da,
rogorc iv. javaxiSvili aRniSnavda, erTaderT Tavis mefes Tavdadebulis saxeli mianiWa, rac istoriamac daudastura.
dasasrul, yuradRebas mivaqcevT erT moments ,,aswlovani matianeSi”, rac, vfiqrobT, saintereso unda
iyos qarTuli filosofiuri azris istoriisTvis. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs eklesiis msaxurTagan sxvisi, safiqrebelia, gamorCeuli eriskacis, codvis aReba, rac arsebobda Sua saukuneebi saqarTveloSi. es tradicia vlindeba mefe dimitris mier urdoSi yaenTan wasvlis mtkice gadawyvetilebis miRebis Semdeg. swored maSin abram
kaTalikosma kidev erTxel sTxova mefes, Seecvala ga257
dawyvetileba da Tu amas ar izamda, maSin TviTon da
episkoposebi Tavze iRebdnen mis codvebs, radganac, saxarebis Tanaxmad, ,,ufros amissa siyvaruli ara ars, raTa dadvas kacman suli TÂsi moyusisaTÂs”65.*
r. kiknaZe aRniSnavs, rom JamTaaRmwereli morwmune
iyo da is, rac Tanamedrove gadasaxedidan zRaprad da
daujereblad gveCveneba, misTvis es sarwmuno iyo. avtoris am azrs yvelaze metad adasturebs matianis is adgili, roca JamTaaRmwereli mogviTxrobs mefe demetres
Tavis mokveTis Semdeg epizodze: ,,xolo gamoCnda masve
Jamsa pativi RmrTisa mier cxebulsa missa, rameTu mzeman Saravandedi TÂsi uCino-yo sruliad da iqmna sibnele didi da yovelni warmarTni gankÂdes. iyo Jami meaTe
da mwuxramde Seimosa bneli, viTar igi yovlisa soflisa cxovrebisa vnebasa meufisasa, egreTve amis netarisa
da saqarTvelosaTÂs wamebulisa mefisasa, raTa sacnaur
iqmnes, rameTu patiosan arian cxebulni RmrTisani”66.
JamTaaRmwerlis ,,aswlovani matiane” umniSvnelovanesi qarTuli istoriul-literaturuli Zeglia, romelSic qarTuli filosofiuri azris sayuradRebo ideebicaa gadmocemuli:
1. filosofiuri kuTxiT, JamTaaRmwerelTan sayuradReboa qveynis politikursa da socialur cxovrebaSi
subieqturi da obieqturi (sakuTriv, qarTvelebisa da
gareSe Zalebis _ Semoseuli mtrebis) faqtorebis gaTvaliswineba da win wamoweva.
*
sxvaTa codvebis aRebis sakiTxs Seexo i. javaxiSvili naSromSi
,,adamiani Zvel qarTul mwerlobasa da cxovrebaSi”, sadac sanimuSod ganixila Tornike erisTavis codvebis aReba eklesiis
msaxurTa mxridan, roca is _ beri, barda skliarosis winaaRmdeg
sabrZolvelad midioda (ix. qarTuli filosofiuri azris
istoria. Tb., 1996, I t. gv. 383-385).
258
2. qveynad wesrigis damyarebasa da qveynis xsnis saqmeSi umaRles xelisufalTa zneobrivi siwmindisadmi gadamwyveti mniSvnelobis miniWeba.
3. qveynis mooxreba, rogorc misi mosaxleobis moraluri gaxrwnilobis gamo RvTis sasjeli (religiuri
Tvalsazrisi, rasac garkveuli filosofiuri datvirTvac aqvs).
4. JamTaaRmwerloba (istoria), rogorc WeSmaritebis
Zieba _ sikeTesa da borotebas Soris miudgomeli poziciis dakaveba.
5. kritikul midgomas saWiroebs sakuTriv JamTaaRmwerlis erTgvari gadametebuli obieqturoba Cingiz yaenis, jalaledinis, monRolTa noinebis, saerTod, monRolebisa da sadun mankaberdelis daxasiaTebisas.
$3. vaxuSti batoniSvili (1696-1757)
vaxuSti batoniSvili aris gamoCenili qarTveli
swavluli, mravalmxriv ganaTlebuli moazrovne da
moRvawe, avtori ,,ubadlo Sromisa” (simon yauxCiSvili),
romlis dazustebuli saTauri aseTia: ,,aRwera samefosa
saqarTvelosa” da moicavs qarTveli xalxis istorias
dasabamidan XVIII saukunis Sua wlebamde. vaxuSti batoniSvilis es naSromi upirvelesad istoriuli xasiaTis
nawarmoebia, magram masSi gvxdeba, agreTve gansaxilveli
epoqis qarTuli filosofiuri azris istoriisTvis sayuradRebo masalebi. am kuTxiT gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania misive patara winasityvaoba, romelic mosdevs
mimarTvas.
mimarTvaSi vaxuSti batoniSvili saubrobs droze,
romelic warmavalia da amitomac saWiroa misi mizanSe259
wonilad gamoyeneba. raxan dro warmavalia, amitomac ar
gvmarTebs warmaval movlenebze gamodevneba (simdidris
dagroveba, sxva qveynebis dapyroba, dros tareba da
a.S)67
rac Seexeba codnis dauflebisken miswrafebas, aq
cota sxvanairad dgas saqme. vaxuSti batoniSvilis aRniSvniT, marTalia, codnis flobac warmavalia, magram
ara iseTi, rogoric axla aRniSnuli warmavali movlenebi. samagaliTod, swavla, codnis daufleba abrZenebs
adamians, warmodgenas uqmnis RmerTze da misdami SiSs
STaunergavs, borots gaadevninebs da moyvass Seayvarebs, mters daamdablebinebs, Tavisianebs ki aRamaRlebs
da gaakadnierebs68.
vaxuSti batoniSvili mimarTvaSi did mniSvnelobas
aniWebs wminda werilebs, romlebic maradiulia da arasodes moispoba (,,aramed hgies ukunisamde”) da Cven gonebas mimarTavs maRla RvTisken, ,,da ukeTu esreT, da raodenme saRvTo werilni da wmidaTa werilni, romelni
mogvfenen madlsa zecisasa da mogvmadleben soflisa
keTilobasa da Semdgomad aRgvitacebs winaSe qristes
RvTisa Cvenisa”69.
vaxuSti batoniSvili maRali azrisaa filosofosTa
naSromebze, romelTa SeswavliT sibrZnes, xelovnebasa
da metyvelebas daveuflebodiT da romlebic RvTisken
migvapyroben70. avtori am mokle mimarTvaSi Tavisi azrebis gansamtkiceblad xSirad mimarTavs da imowmebs sokrates, ,,plini stoiks”, cicerons da ioane damaskels. am
moazrovneebs angariSi unda gavuwioT matianeTa Sefasebisas: ,,aramed Cuen visminoT damaskelis Tqmuli da
plini stoikis sityua, vinaÁTgan ara gansagdebel ars
gareSenica wignni da viTarisa ujeresaganca movigebT
sargebelsa, ravdeniT umjobes ars romelnica warmov260
sTqviT maTni kiTxvani da raoden sasargeblo da Sesawynarebel ars wigni matianeTa”71.
,,aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa”-s winasityvaoba ki
sayuradReboa religiis filosofiis TvalsazrisiT. aq
saubaria RmerTis mier samyaros Seqmnaze, samoTxeSi
adamisa da evas moTavsebaze, maTTvis mcnebis micemaze,
evasa da adamis cdunebasa da maTi samoTxidan gamoZevebaze da bolos kaenis codvaze72. ,,winasityvaobis” patara qveTavi _ ,,zneTaTvis” ki yuradRebas imsaxurebs eTikuri TvalsazrisiT73. amave poziciidan, aseve, sayuradReboa vaxuSti batoniSvilis mier aleqsandre makedonelis laSqrobis Sefaseba, laSqrobisa, romelmac, avtoris aRniSvniT, wertili dausva mavne warmarTul Cvevebs
(mag. adamianis xorcis Wama)74. aq, eWvgareSea, rom vaxuSti batoniSvili zogadsakacobrio problemebiT aris
dainteresebuli.
vaxuSti batoniSvilis ,,aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa”, mimarTva mkiTxvelisadmi da winasityvaoba, cxads
xdis, rom misi avtori safuZvlianad icnobs Zveli drois filosofosTa msoflmxedvelobebs da saWiroebis
SemTxvevaSi marjved iyenebs maT sakuTari Tvalsazrisis gansamtkiceblad. mxedvelobaSi misaRebia isic, rom
vaxuSti batoniSvilma Targmna vilhelm stratemanis
naSromi da masze leqsikonSi iZleva filosofiuri terminebis mokle da zust gansazRvrebebs, razedac saubari iyo winamdebare Tavis dasawyisSi.
dasasrul ki unda aRiniSnos, rom vaxuSti batoniSvilis Rvawlze qarTuli filosofiuri azris TvalsazrisiT aRniSnavdnen iv. javaxiSvili, S. nucubiZe, s.
yauxCiSvili, g. kalandariSvili.
261
meaTe Tavi
socialuri sakiTxebi XVII-XVIII saukuneebis
qarTul mwerlobaSi
qarTul mwerlobaSi aRZrulsa da ganviTarebul
mraval problemaTa Soris erT-erTi arsebiTia socialuri problema, romelic yovelTvis Tan sdevs mravalsaukunovan qarTul mwerlobas. es gamowveulia imiT,
rom Cveni rTuli istoriuli problemis gamo socialuri problema mWidrod iyo gadajaWvuli Cvensave erovnulsa da sarwmuneobriv eTikur problemebTan1. Zvel
qarTul mwerlobaSi gamovlenili socialuri problemebi Cvens mweralTa mier gacnobierebuli iyo ara marto rogorc mxolod ekonomikuri da politikuri faqtorebiT impulsirebuli socialuri mdgomareoba da
urTierTobebi, aramed, amasTanave, rogorc erovnuli da
sarwmuneobriv-zneobrivi sawyisebi.
erovnuli-saxelmwifoebrivi, socialur-politikuri
sakiTxebis gaanalizebasa da gadawyvetaSi qarTveli
mwerlebis erT-erTi niSandoblivi mxarea is, rom isini
aRniSnuli problemebis gansjisas amosaval principad
iazrebdnen ara uSualod socialur-politikur faqtorebs. sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis, erovnuli konsolidacisa da, saerTod, yoveli warmatebis impulsis mimcemad
zneobrioba iyo gaazrebuli, Tvlidnen, rom uzneobaa
socialur-ekonomikuri da erovnul-politikuri kraxis
ganmapirobebeli. amitomaa, rom arCili, sulxan-saba, daviT guramiSvili swored im aspeqtSi iazrebdnen imdroindeli Cveni tragikuli mdgomareobis arss.
Tavis
erT-erT
saaRdgomo epistoleSi saqarTvelos kaTalikos patriarqma, uwmidesma da unetaresma
ilia II droulad Segvaxsena, rom Tu gvsurs sayovel262
Tao bedniereba, sxvisi cxovrebiT unda cxovrobde. amosavali unda iyos ara Seni, aramed sxvisi, sazogadeobis
bednierebis moTxovnileba, rac SemdegSi ganapirobebsa
da uzrunvelyofs Sens bednierebasac2. centridanuli
memkvidreobiTi tendenciebi Slian sazogadeobas, xolo
centriskenuli Zalebi uzrunvelyofen bednierebas, mis
simyares, rac bunebrivad da umtkivneulod ganapirobebs
individis bednierebasac.
es didi WeSmariteba Tavidanve gaazrebuli hqondaT
Cvens mwerlebs da am aspeqtSi ayalibebdnen TavianT
principebsa da koncefciebs. es msoflxedvelobiTi pozicia gansakuTrebulad relifiurad da gamokveTilad
CamoZerwa daviT guramiSvilma, romlis Sesaxeb qvemoT
iqneba saubari.
XVII-XVIII saukunis qarTul mwerlobaSi wamoWril
problemaTa Soris erT-erTi arsebiTia sarwmuneobrivzneobrivi problema3. cxovrebiseul da azrovnebiT movlenebs gansazRvravs da warmarTavs sarwmuneobriv-zneobrivi faqtori. yofiereba ki ar gansazRvravs azrovnebas, aramed zneobrioba warmarTavs rogorc azrovnebas,
ise politikur-saxelmwifoebriv struqturebs. zneobrioba suliereba da arsebiTi sawyisia, romelic ganapirobebs yovelives da swored am sawyisis gankargvis an dacemis Sedegad amotivtivdeba mankierebisa da siduxWiris yvela aspeqtebi; socialu-politikuri arsis ganmsazRvreli sarwmuneobriv-zneobrivi principi guramiSvilis koncefciis safuZvelTa safuZvelia. Qqristianuli moralidan dacileba iwvevs pirovnebis daSlas, Sesabamisad, qveynis katastrofamde miyvanas. jer kidev Teimurazi da arCili SeniSnavdnen, rom sazogadoeba iseT
sulier kriziss ganicdis, isea Sinaganad gamofituli,
rom masSi rwmenisa da zneobriobis sawyisebis sruli
atrofia SeiniSneba. arCilis TqmiT, arca ,,wigni moci263
qulTa”. anda ,,dalpes bevri saRmTo wigni
miwaSidan
modebulT”. es maSindeli religiuri indiferentizmi
Cven unda avxsnaT ara aTeisturi ganwyobilebiT, ara
msoflmxedvelobiTi ZiebiT, aramed imiT, rom Sinaganma
sulierma gamofitvam gamoiwvia nihilisturi damokidebuleba ideologiuri sakiTxebisadmi da Seirya zneobrivi tradiciebi, rwmenis simtkice, ris gamoc atrofirebulia sulieri faseuloba da swored aseTma sulierma krizisma ganapiroba rogorc erovnul-saxelmwifoebrivi, ise ekonomikur-socialuri kataklizmebi. es sulieri degradacia yvelaze maxvilad SeigrZnes da ganicades mocemuli epoqis Tavkacebma, upirveles yovlisa,
sityvis iseTma didostatebma da swavlulebma, rogorebic iyvnen arCil mefe, sulxan-saba orbeliani, daviT
guramiSvili, anton pirveli, vaxuSti da ioane batoniSvilebi. rogorc aRvniSneT, amaT naazrevs gamWolad gasdevs maT mier wamoWrili da ganviTarebuli epoqis arsebiTi problema – zneobrioba. principidan dacileba
ki iwvevs rogorc erovnul-saxelmwifoebriv, ise yofiT
socialur mankierebas; amitomaa, rom mocemuli epoqis
mwerlobaSi sagangebo yuradReba eTmoba socialur sakiTxebs. Tumca isic cnobilia, rom Zvelma mwerlobam
ar icis socialuri ideologia, araa sistemis saxiT Camoyalibebuli socialuri koncefcia, magram calkeul
mweralTa naazrevSi Cans maTi aqtiuri interesi socialuri problemebisadmi da am problemaTa metad damafiqrebeli da angariSgasawevi analizi.
erT-erTi pirvelTagani, romelmac sakmaod farTod
warmoaCina Tavisi drois socialuri problemis sxvadasxva aspeqtebi, iyo arCil mefe. mis SemoqmedebaSi, sxva
sakiTxebTan erTad, socialuri problematikis
gamovlena imanac ganapiroba, rom arCilma im droisTvis axali, ,,marTlis Tqmis” SemoqmedebiTi principi wamoayena,
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rac gulisxmobda sinamdvilis Seswavlasa da gaanalizebas. igi pirvelia, romelic ganmanaTlebluri realizmis damamkvidrebeli xdeba.
ganmanaTlebluri realizmis Sesaxeb msjelobisas
mxedvelobidan ar unda gamogvrCes ara marto literaturuli, aramed filosofiuri aspeqtebic; literaturaSi realizmis moTxovnilebac iman ganapiroba, rom adamianis winaSe mZafrad dadga samyaros Secnobis sakiTxi,
amitomac gansakuTrebiT wamoiWra mecnierebis, gonebis
primatis problema. literaturasa da xelovnebas erTgvarad daupirispirda mecniereba, romelic swavlobs
samyaros, misi arsebobis pirobebs.
mecnierebis primatis sakiTxi gansakuTrebiT mkveTrad gamovlinda volfisa da laibnicis koncefciaSi.
udidesi empirikosi loki samyaros realur mecnierul
Semecnebas ayenebs pirvel planze da sakmaod skeptikurad uyurebs sityvieri xelovnebis Semamecnebel SesaZleblobebs. XVII saukunidan realizmi yalibdeba farTo
filosofiur cnebad; is miznad isaxavs samyaros, bunebis Secnobasa da aTvisebas. azrovnebis sistemaSi am
globalur zrdas mWidrod ukavSirdeba literaturuli
pozicia – asaxul iqnes realuri sinamdvile, cxovreba.
ase rom, XVII saukunis literaturaSi wamoWrili
,,marTlis Tqmis” principi aris msoflaRqmis, samyaros
Secnobisa da misi ganmanaTleburi realizmis gaazrebis
Sedegi. es axali literaturuli Tvalsazrisi aris epoqis ZiriTadi tendenciis erT-erTi arsebiTi gamoxatuleba. swored am epoqaSi pirvelad arCil bagrationma
mogvca ,,marTlis Tqmis” formulireba da, rogorc akad.
al. baramiZe SeniSnavs: ,,arCili Taviseburi realisturi
mimarTulebis damcvelia” da amitomac bunebrivia mis
SemoqmedebaSi sxva aspeqtebTan erTad Zalumad iWreba
socialuri problematika. arCili erT-erTi pirvelTaga265
nia, romelmac wamoayena epoqaluri lozungi: ,,glex Zalis moaSoreTa!” man SesaniSnavad icoda, rom imdroindel saqarTveloSi swored glexoba warmoadgenda mTavar sameurneo da samxedro potencials, glexoba qmnida
qveynis ekonomikur safuZvels da mterTa Semosevis sapirispiro realur Zalas da amitom gamafrTxileblad
moZRvravs qveynis gamgebeli: ,,Tu amoswydes glexkaci,
saqarTvelo daZabundes.”
qarTveli kaci jer kidev uxsovari droidan Tavisi
saocrad didi da mravalferovani sameurneo kulturiT
sisxl-xorciealad iyo dakavSirebuli mSobliur miwasTan. qarTveli glexis miwasTan mimarTebam ganapiroba
ara marto Cveni ekonomikuri gaZliereba, aramed, amasTanave, Cveni xasiaTi, Cveni Sromis unari da fizikuri
siZliere. es Tavidanve SeniSnes Cvenma mwerlebma da amitomac TavianT SemoqmedebaSi sagangebod amaxvileben yuradRebas qarTveli glexis fenomenze, radganac swored
qarTveli glexia Cveni fizikuri Zlierebisa da sulieri amaRlebis safuZvelTa safuZveli.
arCili erT-erTi pirvelTagania, romelsac glexi
Semohyavs mwerlobaSi da saocari momxiblelobiT warmosaxavs mis koloritul saxels. gansakuTrebiT mimzidvelad aqvs arCils daxatuli qarTuli yofis suraTebi, qarTvelTa tradiciuli zne-Cveulebebi. uSualod
aqvs naCvenebi qarTveli kacis stumarTmoyvare xasiaTi,
misi gulkeTili, guluxvi buneba. sparseTidan momaval
Teimuraz mefes Tavisi saxlis win gzad daudgeba qarTveli glexi da mokrZalebiT da TavmdablobiT Txovs
mefes, rom moisvenos mis saxlSi: ,,CamoxdebiT, aras dahklav, Tavsas vficav Senis mzisas”. Tavisi gulwrfeli
survili pativiscemisa rom kadnierebaSi ar CamoarTvas,
sakmaod Zlier arguments mimarTavs: Rarib glexTan mefes miT ufro miesvleba, radgan ,,TviT qriste RmerTma
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puri keTrovanis saxlSi gatexao”. mefe: ,,uwyi isurebda
qriste simon keTrovanisas” da xelgaSlili glexi
evedreba: ,,Tavi, saxli, saqoneli, yvela Tqvens win moviZRone”. gansakuTrebiT koloritulia qarTveli xalxis gulalali Txovna ,,erTi Rvino damilieT”. mefec
Tanxmdeba, radganac ,,vsTqvi, Tu raRa gaewyoba asre guliT mopatiJeso” da gaucia gankarguleba: ,,mo, vewvivneT
mxiarulsa, nuras uzamT sipatiJeso”. gaxarebuli glexi
guluxvad umaspinZldeba stumars, gaSlis SesaniSnav
sufras da warudgens uZvirfases ganZs: cxra memkvidres
(,,moiyvana cxra ymawvili akvnebiTa Sig Cakruli”) da Seavedrebs, raTa gamoiyenos mefem qveynis samsaxurSi:
,,vici, aras ar SeiZRvni ZRvenni giZRvna Tumca sruli,
Senis Wiris Cven sanacvlod suli gqondes amosuli”.
stumar-maspinZlobis es epizodi organuladaa CarTuli mTlian TxrobaSi da naTel wamodgenas iZleva Cveni
yofis erT-erTi mxareze, agreTve, Cveni socialuri urTierTobis erT mimzidvel aspeqtze.
Sromasa da brZolaSi gamowrTobili, sikeTiTa da
patiosnebiT Saravandmosili qarTveli glexkaci arCils qveynis burjTaburjad aqvs gaazrebuli da amitomac ara marto adiadebs mis saxes, aramed, amave dros,
misi moqalaqeobrivi da uflebrivi dacvis principebsac
ayalibebs. glexi kacis ase amaRlebuli aRqma, mas, viTarc gamgebelsa da did feodals, xels ar uSlis distanciur damokidebulebaze yuradRebis gamaxvilebaSi.
glexis bunebis yovelgvari momxibvlelobis Secnobis
miuxedavad igi, viTarca didi aristokrati, klasobrivi
pozicidan gamomdinare mkacr socialur principebs ayalibebs, romelsac glexTagan dacva aucilebel samarTlebrivsa da zneobriv moTxovnilebad miaCnia.
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arCili mkacrad moiTxovs feodalisa da, miT ufro,
mefisadmi mokrZalebulsa da daqvemdebarebul damokidebulebas. ymis mizanTmizani unda iyos ,,batons vaamo!”
,,batoni Tu jdis mowyenis uTqmelad dasulebuli”, es
ukve damafiqrebeli unda iyos. ,,odes batoni brZanebdes
sityvasa rasme qarTulsa”. batonisgan yuradReba qveSevrdomma didi wyalobad unda gaiazros: ,,Tu rame batonma giboZos, oris xeliT CamoarTvi, agrev Sengan misarTmevi oriTave mas miarTvi”. arCili yvela aspeqtSi
icavs batonisadmi daqvevemdebarebis mkacr moTxovnilebas, rac vlindeba ara marto socialuri principebis
damkvidrebaSi, aramed eTikis yvela niuansis gaTvaliswinebaSi: ,,batonis darbazis kari rad ginda rom maRali iyos, TavmoxriT unda Sevides”, magram aseT mokrZalebis Jamsac pirovnuli Rirsebebis
Secnobis unari
ar unda dakargos, kerZod, ,,arc lajSi Tavi gaiyos”.
TviT didi rusTvelis erT-erT Rirsebad is miaCnia, rom
mefe TeimurazTan Sepaeqrebis dros mokrZalebasa da
rids amJRavnebs qveynis gamgeblis mimarT: ,,naxeT, rusTveli mefesa ra tkbilad gasityvebode, esaTnoeba, ekrZalvis, mas unda es etyobodes”.
gamgeblisadmi mokrZalebuli da daqvemdebarebuli
damokidebuleba arCils miaCnia sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis normad, socialur urTierTobaTa bunebrivsa da aucilebel gamovlenad. amitomac poeziis metri rusTveli
ramdenadac ukompromisoa mefe Teimurazis mimarT SemoqmedebiTi SesaZleblobebis gamovlenis dadasturebaSi, imdenad TavmodrekiT Sehyurebs qveynis gamgebelsa
da iotisodenadac ar arRvevs distanciis grZnobas:
,,arc mefe Segedareba” da arc om-saxeliTa, arc Zalai,
gulad sificxiT, rome gkra xelis xeliTa”. eTikur aspeqtSi gamovlenili didaqtikuri toni marto keTilganwyobilebisa da socialuri harmoniis moTxovnileba ki
268
araa, aramed amas uSualod ejaWveba mkacri socialuri
imperativi, romlis ZaliT did mkrexelobad iazreba mefisa da feodalis nebisadmi dauqvemdebarebuloba, xolo winaaRmdegoba da dapirispireba umkacres moTxovnilebadaa qceuli: ,,ar gaeZlebis monas urCsa da Seupovarsa, umadlos Tvisis uflisas, mis mier bevris mSovarsa”, RvTiT kurTxeuli mefis uflebebi uzenaesi da
Seuvalia da amitom warmoudgeneli pretenziuloba am
uflebebisadmi dauqvemdebarea. pretenziis moTxovnileba: ,,monisagan viTegebis mefobisa ndoba yolad” da iqve
mravalismetyvelad afrTxilebs meamboxe vasals: ,,ros
gonebam es gizraxos, scan eSmakis xan amyolad”. amitomac udides codvad miiTvlis batonze xelyofis moTxovnilebas: ,,bolo ar gauTavdebis batonis sisxlSi
mjdomelsa”.
socialur urTierTobaTa aseTi mkacri reglamentirebis miuxedavad, im epoqisTvis niSandoblivi aSlilobis Sedegad, rogorc Cans, feodaluri institutis
struqtura sakmaod Seryeuli iyo da, arCilis dakvirvebiT, avbedoba iqamdec ki midioda, rom ,,Zvel Tavads RaRaniZesa qveS Wilofs daafeninebso”. da es arcTu iSviaTi SemTxveva yofila, ris gamoc socialuri kataklizmebiT SeSfoTebuli arCili Civis: ,,mteri ras uzams imdensa, rom yrma patronize miiRebs”-o. mas sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis ubedurebad miaCnia istoriuli procesis saxiscvla da tradiciuli socialuri urTierTobis rRveva: ,,amaRlebulni damdabldnen, amaRldnen damdablebulni”, ris Sedegadac ,,uaznoni gangvilaRdes,
umecarni pativs icnes."
arCilisTvis jer kidev gaucnobierebulia epoqis
axali sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis socialuri da ekonomikur-politikuri safuZvlebi da amitom yovelive socialuri konfliqtis SesaZleblobis gamovlenas arCili
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iazrebs, rogorc zneobrivi principebis Ralatsa da subieqtur, SemTxveviT, araistoriul kanonzomierebas, ris
Sedegadac es socialuri impulsebi TviT qveSevrdomTa
ubedurebas iwvevs. ,,batons gaxdis uymod da ymas oxrad
dasvams upatronos” da es ukanaskneli uzneobiT stimulirebuli risxvad evlineba batons: ,,Tu yma batons moereva ajas aRar gamoparToms”. aseTi arabunebrivi, arakanonzomieri situacia, arCilis azriT, zneobrivi normebis xelovnuri da uxeSi daarRvevaa, risi aRdgenisa
da marTlwesrigis damkvidrebisTvis aucilebelia ukmpromiso simkacre: ,,uReli da apeuri kargad mosdreks
maRal qedsa, agrev monas gvemsa gvrisa, urCsa saTqmiT,
qna-ybedsa”. aq ki didi humanisti da ganmanaTleblobis
damamkvidrebeli arCili gvevlineba mkacr, konservatul
gamgeblad. es Sinagani winaaRmdegobaa: erTis mxriv tradiciuli feodaluri principebis Seuryevlobis dacva
da, meore mxriv, axali humanisturi ideebis damkvidreba
arCilis azrovnebis erT-erTi niSandoblivi mxarea da
gamWolad vlindeba mis SemoqmedebaSi.
arCili amCnevs, rom saukuneobrivad Camoyalibebul
feodalur myar struqturaSi iWreba axali aspeqtebi,
Tumca Canasaxovnad da epizodurad, magram mainc Cndeba
ara marto dapirispirebis, aramed konfliqtis saSiSroebis SesaZleblobebi. arCilisTvis mecnierulad gaucnobierebelia da amitomac saocari gulubryvilobiT Civis: ,,ymad patronze gaemarjos, ar gvesmia es Zvelad”.
amitom Zvel urTierTobaTa dacvaSi igi xedavs socialuri harmoniis mimzidvelobas: ,,siCqares sjobs siwynare, usmensa gagonebuli, patronis ymisgan urCobas, ukeTes damonebuli”.
arCili, Tavisi socialuri viTarebidan gamomdinare,
warmoudgenlad miiCnevs am poziciis ryevas, ris gamoc
mimzidveli gulubryvilobiT aRmoxdeba: ,,mdidari Tu
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vin davardes, glaxakacTagan ufro brali”. arCilis naazrevSi ikveTeba erTgvarad gaorebuli pozicia: praqtikulad humanisti ganmanaTlebeli, romelic aqcentirebas akeTebs adamianis pirovnul Rirsebaze da mTeli arsebiT icavs am RirsebaTa Secnobisa da damkvidrebis
moTxovnilebas.
bunebrivia, sistemis socialuri struqtura mas uryev daucvel movlenad miaCnia. amitomac gulwrfeli
uSualobiT moZRvravs: ,,patronisa erTguleba ymisaTvis
did wamal ars”. batonymuri urTierTobaSi igi socialur harmonias xedavs da amdenad es urTierToba savsebiT bunebrivsa da saxarbielo mdgomareobad miaCnia,
ris gamoc, misi azriT, yovlad warmoudgenelia da
RvTaebrivi principebis uaryofaa am urTierTobaTa
rRveva da miT ufro momakvdinebel codvad iazreba batonisadmi pretenziis gamovlena: ,,monisagan viT egebis
mefobis ndoba yovlad?” mefe am qveynis uzenaesi gamgebelia, misadmi daqvemdebareba, misi nebis damkvidreba
savsebiT bunebrivi da maradiuli sikeTis gamovlenaa.
,,mefe uxams SiSi yovels kacTa, ufrosi RvTisa cxovlisa, miT rom is aris meufe maRal-mdablisa yovlisa”. da
am poziciis gamovlenaSi igi xedavs aramarto istoriul realobasa da aucileblobas, aramed, amasTanave,
upirvelesad, RvTaebrivi nebis damkvidrebas: ,,Tu me ar
mijer, ismine sityva mis pavle- savlisa”.
mefisadmi daumorCileblobas arCili ara marto zneobriv mankierebad miiCnevs, aramed mas iazrebs, rogorc
epoqis samarTlebrivi principebis uxeS darRvevad. ,,vervin vikadrebT gaqcevas, vin mefe SevepovebiT”. mefisadmi
daumorCilebloba gardauvali ubedurebis momaswavebelia. mefis ganusazRvreli uflebebi misi ganusazRvreli SesaZleblobiTaa ganpirobebuli. imdroindeli socialuri azrovnebis sistema mefes icnobierebs aramar271
to, rogorc samxedro da politikur winamZRols, aramed, amasTanave, rogorc RvTaebis mier xeldasmul did
Semoqmeds, romelsac pirovnebis daxvewisa da eris sulieri moZRvrebis misia akisria. igi eris majiscemis
gamgebi da mkurnalia: ,,mefe xams msgavsi mkurnalis
brZnisa mas xelovanisa” da erisadmi zrunvis, adamianis
gankurnebis mefiseuli unari saocari masStaburobiT
aqvs gaazrebuli arCils. ,,Tu moZRvari codvis mkurnal
ars, aqimi xorcTa senisa”, batoni, mefe ki yovlis momcveli da SemZlebelia: ,,brZens mefes orTav wamloba ZaluZs da kargac Svenisa”.
yovelive aqedan gamomdinare aSkaraa, rom arCilis
socialuri Sexedulebebi Tavisi socialuri mdgomareobis sruli anareklia, rac, upirvelesad, vlindeba gamgeblis, mefis nebis uzenaesobisa da yovlisSemZleobis
aRiarebaSi da am faqtSi igi xedavs maradiul moqalaqeobriv samarTlianobas. arCilis es pozicia, Tu SeiZleba iTqvas, erTgvarad Teoriuli xasiaTisaa, romelic
tradiciis inerciiTaa ganpirobebuli. ubrwyinvalesi samefo dinaastiis, daxvewili aristokratiuli garemos
Rirseuli warmomadgeneli Tavisi genetikuri kodiT impulsirebuli socialuri msoflgagebis zemoT aRniSnuli pozicia, Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas, erTgvarad Teoriuli xasiaTisaa. arCili, rogorc garkveuli, myari socialuri sistemis warmomadgeneli, am sistemis principebis gamomxatvelia zogadad, elitarulad, magram, rogorc moazrovne da epoqis ZiriTadi tendenciebis ganmWvreti, igi realisturad aRiqvams istoriul viTarebas
da misTvis niSandoblivi analitikuri da ukompromiso
gansjis unariT ayalibebs im racionalur principebs,
romelic Semdeg safuZvlad edeba mis ganmanaTlebel
koncefcias.
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cxovrebis stilis Secvlam, movlenaTa ganviTarebis
dinamikam da tempma Searyia stabiluroba, simyare da
yvelaferSi igrZnoba tradiciuli gagebis daSla, axali
tendenciebi; aRar arsebobs maradiuli da ganyenebuli,
sayovelTao cnebebi, sidideebi da amitomac gonebamaxvilurad SeniSnavs qarTveli mefe – moazrovne: ,,ar mefoba, ar glexoba, ar simdidre, glaxakoba”, eseni ukve iqcnen SefardebiT da meryev cnebebad; yovelive maTganma
dakarga saukuneobrivi stabiluroba da gageba. mefoba
da glexoba, simdidre da siRaribe, eseni amqveyniuri
cxovrebis gamoxatveli, pirobiTi cnebebia, romelnic
savsebiT qreba maradiulobis winaSe, saiqio, WeSmariti
cxovrebis sferoSi: ,,erT dRes sworad Seirya sul amaTi mosaxloba”.
cxovrebis dinamikam, socialuri da politikuri stabilurobis ryevam da cvalebadobam, adamianSi eWvi gamoiwvia da wamoWra ,,soflisadmi” undoblobisa da ukmayofilebis grZnoba. am droisTvis adamianis siduxWiris
mizezs eZeben ara socialur-ekonomikur an saxelmwifoebriv struqturebsa da faqtorebSi, aramed ganyenebul,
jer kidev Seucnobel movlenebSi. Camoyalibda ,,soflis” muxanaTobisa da gautanlobis abstraqtuli gageba.
,,sofeli”* iqna gaazrebuli raRac stabilur myar cnebad, romelsac Tavis Sinagani, sakuTari mamoZravebeli
kanonebi gaaCnia da es kanonebi muxanaTurad iqvemdebarebs adamians. amitom arCili adamianTa cxovrebiseuli
satkivars eZebs ara socialur-politikur movlenebSi,
aramed ,,soflis” daudgromlobasa da daundoblobaSi.
,,hoi, ubadruko sofelo, arasodes marTlis ar mTqmelo”. TiTqos da sofeli raRac TavisTavadi ZalebiT
anawilebsa da ganagebs adamianTa SesaZleblobebsa da
*
,,sofelSi” igulisxmeba amqveyniuri sinamdvile.
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mdgomareobas: ,,zogi mieca didebani aseTs, rom ver Seityvian, ar imadlis, arvis miscems, vin uboZa ar ityvian”. socialuri faqtorebiT ganpirobebul cxovrebiseul sirTuleebs arCili bediswerisa da soflis gautanlobiT xsnis. ,,zogs amdens miscem, sofelo, ricxvs ar
Seagnebineb, zogi siymiliT momymari gyavs, nacuncals
moaZebnineb”. igi Rrmad da farTod wvdeba sinamdviliseul movlenebs, warmogviCens adamianTa mdgomareobis
sxvadasxva aspeqtebs, magram ver axerxebs mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSirebis Ziebasa da analizs, ris gamoc miseuli
suraTebi ufro empiriuli xasiaTisaa.
arCili amCnevs da erTgvarad TiTqos kidec ganicdis, rom bevri sruliad daumsaxureblad, mzamzareulad, yovelgvari Sromis gareSe aRwevs materialur uzrunvelyofas. fufunebaSi imyofebian ise, rom ar ician
da ar kiTxuloben, Tu ra ganapirobebs maT fufunebas.
meore ukiduresobas warmoadgenen Raribebi, romlebic
dReniadag jafasa da gaWirvebaSi arian: ,,vin Raribobs,
ar iRirsebs mosvenebiT Tavs debasa”. arCili mis mier
Camoyalibebuli ,,marTlis Tqmis” pozicidaan sakmaod
dakvirvebulad da realisturad asaxavs sinamdviles,
magram miseuli analizi calmxrivi da zedapirulia. igi
adamianTa avbedobaze pasuxismgeblobas mTlianad soflis fatalur Zalas miawers da ver swvdeba socialurekonomikur faqtorebs. aseve calmxrivad iazrebs adamianis bunebas, romlis qmedebis socialur-zneobrvi Ziebis safuZvlebis warmoCenis nacvlad, ganyenebulad, zogad xazebSi warmogvidgens; avbedoba Tu warmateba adamianis xasiaTis gamovlenad miaCnia, magram ar wvdeba arsebiT problemas _ Tu ra ganapirobebs am xasiaTs. igi
pirvelsawyiss ki ar eZebs, aramed zogadad warmoaCens
adamianis bunebas: ,,vin uZRveboda Seitkbos, mas nivTi
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ara eyos ra; srul taxtad qondes qveyana, arc is arTu
eyos ra”.
adamianis xasiaTis ukmarobis arCiseuli miniSnebis
klasikur ganviTarebas vxedavT Nn. baraTaSvilis striqonebSi; ,,vin aris igi, vis Tvisi guli erTxel aRevsos,
da rac mieRos erTxel natvriT is ikmaros”. arCilis
gagebiT, yovelive warmavalia; sinamdvilis mkacri da
saocari logika amsxvrevs adamianis aRmafrenas, iluziad aqcevs did miswrafebebs; TviT yovlisSemZle mefenic
araraobad iqcevian cxovrebis sastik dinebaSi. sinamdvilis aseTi kuTxiT danaxva arCils aaxloebs romantikosTa msoflmxedvelobasTan. xazgasmulia isic, rom sinamdviliseuli
rTuli suraTebis warmoCenisas maTi
ganviTarebis mizezebs arCili socialur-politikur
sferoSi ki ar eZebs, aramed yoveli problema mas religiur aspeqtSi aqvs gacnobierebuli. Rrmadmorwmune poetis TvalsazrisiT, amqveyniuri bedniereba moCvenebiTia,
ararealuria, WeSmariti da maradiuli bedniereba saiqiosaa. adamianisaTvis RmerTma Seqmna samoTxe da iq hpovebs is Svebas. Tu adamiani ixelmZRvanelebs rwmenis
principebiT, maSin samoTxis kari misTvis Riaa. ,,samoTxe
dasma edemsa kacTa eniTa uTqmeli, mun gafufuna SvebiTa, ar iyo urviT sulmTqmeli”. ase rom, sabolood socialuri Tu bedisweris problema arCilTan rwmenisadmi daqvemdebarebuladaa warmoCenili. esaa misi koncefciuri pozicia, Tumca, amave dros mis SemoqmedebaSi
sakmaod didi adgili eTmoba bedisweris arsis gagebasa
da warmoCenas.
sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi ,,soflis”, bedisweris
erTgvarad warmmarTveli funqcia gansakuTrebul xvedriT wonas iZens XVII-XVIII saukunis adamianis soflgagebaSi da, bunebrivia, arCili am faqtsac iazrebs. marTalia, ,,soflis” muxanaTobisa da gautanlobis tenden275
cia TiTqos Zlieri da gardauvali faqtoria, magram arCili ver egueba adamianis pasiursa da soflisadmi
inertiul daqvemdebarebas da cdilobs pirovnebaSi aRZras qmedebis impulsi, iniciativisa da individualuri
damokidebulebis moTxovnileba. amave, dros igi xazgasmiT warmoaCns ,,soflis” mimzidvelsa da gamosayenebel
mxareebs: cxovrebis ritmis aCqarebam, socialur-politikurma meryeobam adamianSi gaaZliera daeWvebisa da
undoblobis grZnoba. cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebiT igi
kidev ufro darwmunda yovelives droebiTobasa da warmavlobaSi, kidev ufro miendo ,,amaoebaTa amaoebis” sibrZnes. am gancdas sasowarkveTilebamde mihyavs pirovneba, radgan gaicnobiera, rom ,,cxovreba Cveni kvalsa
hgavs zRvazeda naviT mavalsa, gina sizmarsa amaos, wuTerT, Zil-moklisasa, RrubliT-qarT mimokveTebuls, andazas dasavlisasa, zRaparsa daujerebels, memucled
gamoTqmisasa”. mZime socialur-ekonomikur pirobebSi
adamians TiTqmis aRar rCeba SesaZlebloba amaRlebuli,
zneobrivi da sulieri moTxovnilebisadmi swrafvisTvis
da igi inTqmeba yoveldRiur praqticizmSi. es kompromisi mwared aqvs mas gaazrebuli da garkveul sulier
qenjnasac ganicdis, ris gamoc erTgvari mobodiSebiT
aRiarebs: ,,ra vqna, sofelo, Svilebi myavs moyvars mebralebisa, minda daugdo mravali salaro-saunjebisa”. am
rTul socialur Tu fsiqologiur situacias arCili
kargad icnobierebs da realurad wyvets adamianis winaSe wamoWril problemebs. igi sruli gagebiT ekideba
adamianis gulwrfel moTxovnilebas: ,,sofels vagineb,
magram miyvars da ver vexsnebia”. es bunebrivi da jansaRi damokidebuleba sinamdvilasdmi arCilSi srul TanagrZnobas iwvevs da aqedan gamomdinare brZnulad moZRvravs Tanamoqalaqeebs: ,,radgan Cvenia sofeli, maS gvixams kargad xmareba: nivTi yoveli mis-mis dros kacTa276
gan moixmareba”. amitomac savsebiT gasagebia adamianis
cxovrebisadmi, soflisadmi mimarTva: ,,sofelo, kidec
gizraxav, arc gagveZleba uSenod, aras vargivarT Sen
ar gyve, viT saxlis kari uSenod”.
sinamdvilesTan jansaRi, TiTqosda utilitaruli
damokidebuleba sruliad ar arRvevs zneobriv normebs.
igi cxovrebiseuli moTxovnilebis dakmayofilebaa da
sazogadoebis ganviTarebis ucilo winapiroba. socialur problemaTa gaanalizebisas arCilisTvis ucxoa
ganyenebuli, asketuri idealebi. igi realurad da jansaRad uyurebs adamianis am cxovrebasTan damokidebulebis sakiTxs da bunebrivia ar gamoricxavs misi praqtikuli interesebis, moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebas.
igi gamiznulad gvmoZRvravs: ,,nu geSiniaT, ar giSliT,
sofel nurvis gindao, coli da Svili, mamuli, Zma, saxlikaci gindao”. rogorc vxedavT, es n. baraTaSvilis
sibrZnis winaTqmaa: ,,magram radganac kacni gqvian Svilni soflisa, unda kidevac mivdioT mas, gvesmas mSoblisa” da es didi mSobeli iyo arCili, romelic ori saukuniT adre mouwodebda TanamoqalaqeT qmedebisa da
cxovrebaSi aqtiuri sawyisebis damkvidrebisaken. am didi amocanis saxelovan gzaze erT-erTi aucilebelia
Sromis kulturis gacnobiereba da damkvidreba. amitom
xazgasmiT Segvaxsenebs: ,,muSaobac kargi zneao” da CamoTvlis Sromis TiTqmis yvela saxes, yvela formas da
amiT xazs usvams, rom ar arsebobs didi da patara saqme, arsebobs didi da patara damokidebuleba saqmisadmi.
garjis yvela saxeoba (miwis muSa, mxedroba, xelosnoba,
meurneoba vaWroba, ganswavluloba) adamianis Rirsebis
damamkvidrebelia da am Rirsebis xarisxi ganpirobebulia daostatebis srulyofiT da ara Sromis saxeobebiT. Sromaa adamianis sulieri ganwmendisa da arsebobis ganmapirobebeli faqtori. ,,SromiT unda vimuSako,
277
ToreriT davrCe, maSa risgan?” sagangebod yuradsaRebia
is faqti, rom arCilis socialur koncefciaSi Sroma ki
ar aris gaazrebuli, rogorc TviTmiznuri netareba,
aramed igi gacnobierebulia, rogorc erT-erTi saSualeba da gza sulieri srulyofisaTvis da am pozicias
saocrad exmareba adolf harnakis Segoneba, rom Sroma
es aris mxolod sasargeblo klapani, romelic Cven
gvWirdeba damRupvel borotebaTa winaaRmdeg. arada igi
savsebiT ar warmoadgens absolutur sikeTes da mas ver
mivakuTnebT Cven idealebso. am poziciaSic kvlav Tavs
iCens arCilis koncefciis arsi, rom zneobriobaa warmmarTveli yoveli sikeTisa, es iqneba yofiTi, socialuri Tu erovnul-saxelmwifoebrivi.
arCilis SemoqmedebaSi socialur sakiTxTa gaanalizebisas yuradRebas ipyrobs is faqtic, rom igi XVII s.
mweralTa Soris erT-erTi pirvelTagania, romelmac
qalTa uflebisa da mdgomareobis sakiTxi wamoWra4. igi
dabejiTebiT amtkicebs, rom TiTqos bibliuri siuJetidan gamomdinare evam acduna adami da aqedan iRebdes
sawyiss qalis Rirsebisadmi skeptikuri damokidebuleba.
qalSi ki ar unda eZios mamakacma Tavisi mankierebisa da
cdomilebis mizezi, aramed qalic iseTive srulyofili
socialuri fenomenia, rogorc mamakaci da am or sqesTa
urTierTobaSi vlindeba zneobrivi da socialuri harmonia: ,,dedakacs raRad mizezob, me getyvi, migca amada,
ise Semwed Shenda, Sen mazeed gagaTavada”. Tumca mamakacs socialurad garkveuli ufloebamosileba gaaCnia
qalis mimarT, magram igi, upirvelesad, mamakacis Rirseuli Tanamdgomeli da TanamoRvawea. ase rom, arCili
mkrTalad, sawyisi formiT, magram mainc ayenebs qalis
uflebisa da Rirsebis sakiTxs, rac mniSvnelovani siaxle iyo im rTul istoriul viTarebaSi. magram am progresul sofelWvretas garkveuli stimuli misca imanac,
278
rom igi aRzrdili iyo qarTul tradiciebze da rusTveluri koncefcia misi azrovnebis sayrdeni da warmmarTveli gaxda.
marTalia, arCili ar aris iseTi poeturi gaqanebis,
rogoric daviT guramiSvili iyo, arc frazis CamokveTis sulxan-saba orbelianis didostatobas aCvenebs,
magram igi aris farTo masStabis moazrovne da misma
koncefciebma warmmarTveli roli iTamaSa XVII-XVIII saukuneebis mwerlobaSi5.
feodaluri institutis didma warmomadgenelma, am
institutis socialur urTierTobaTa mtkice damcvelma, arCilma TviTve wamoayena am urTierTobaTa ganmsazRvreli axali principebi. Man TviTve SeZlo daerRvia tradiciuli, klasobrivi calmxrivoba da socialur urTierTobaTa ierarqiaSi wamoWra adamianis piradi Rirsebis problema. individi gaicnobiera ara marto,
rogorc socialuri fenomeni, aramed, rogorc damoukidebeli inteleqtualuri arseba, romelic sakuTari zneobrivi da gonebrivi monacemebiT damoukideblobasa da
Seuvalobas imsaxurebs. adamiani unda mkvidrdebodes
ara marto socialuri, ierarqiuli safexurebis gamovleniT, aramed Tavisi pirovnuli, subieqturi monacemebiT da pirovnebis Rirsebis am didi principebidan gamomdinare, igi TviT mefes upirispirebs brZensa da ganswavlul instituts.
,,sjobs mona brZeni ugunurs mefesa moxucebulsa”. es
gancxadeba socialuri amboxis tolfasovani siaxle
iyo. igi, rogorc ganmanaTlebluri msoflmxedvelobis
mqone novatori, Tavis SemoqmedebaSi sibrZnis apologias amkvidrebs. pirovnebis qmedebis arsebiT ganmsazRvrel kriteriumad arCili sibrZnes iazrebs, romlis
usazRvro SesaZleblobebis gacnobiereba SeuZleblad
miaCnia. ,,razomca didad brZen iyo, nu ucnob sibrZne279
srulebas”. arCilTan sibrZniseuli analizia erTaderTi
saorientacio kriteriumi: ,,risxva brZnisa sjobs cruTasa alerssa, sitkboebasa”. mxolod inteleqtualuri
ZiebiTa da TviTanaliziT SeiZleba sakuTari Tavis Secnoba da movlenebSi marTebuli orientireba: ,,didi sibrZnea kacisa cnobaNTavisa Tvisisa”. TviTSemecneba RvTaebis Secnobis winapirobaa. ganwmendisa da daxvewis
gziT TviTanalizi, sakuTari Tavis Secnoba Teozisis
perspeqtivas saxavs. netari avgustine sagangebod aRniSnavda, rom adamiani saidumloebaa Tavis TavisTvisaco,
ris gamoc basili didi STaagonebda morwmuneT: ,,uZneles ars yovelsave cnoba Tavis Tvisisa”. am urTulesi
TviTanalizis procesSi gansakuTrebiT didia sibrZnis
faqtori, razedac arCili sagangebod amaxvilebs yuradRebas. sibrZnis primatis damkvidrebiT arCili pirovnebis individualuri Tvisebebis, misi Rirsebebis aRiarebas usvams xazs. misi koncefciT adamiani unda ganTavisufldes socialuri Tu sxva faqtorTa zegavlenisgan
da individualur arsebad qceulma unda warmoaCinos
Tavisi Tvisebebi. damoukidebeli, ganTavisuflebuli pirovnebis inteleqtualuri da zneobrivi SesaZleblobebi gacilebiT meti da naTeli perspeqtivis Semqmnelia
sazogadoebisTvis, vidre socialuri uflebebiT boZebuli uflebebi. qveynisa da saerTod, saqmis gamgeblis erTaderTi uflebamosileba mxolod srulyofil, moazrovne mTlian pirovnebas gaaCnia da aravis sxvas. TviT
mefeTa statusic ki fermkrTaldeba individualuri
RirsebiT aRsavse ,,ugvaro” individis winaSe: ,,mefis
gvirgvini ver brZen yofs, bunebiT Tu ara hqondesa,
Zirgavardnili sarwyuli wyliT saves vis moqondesa?!”
es mravlismetyveli da didi siaxlis Semcveli ganmanaTlebluri poziciaa. masSi Caqsovilia ara marto memkvidreobiT miRebul socialur struqturaSi daeWvebis
280
SesaZlebloba, aramed pirovnebis Tavisuflebisa da Semecnebis idea. es sulac ar aris SemTxveviT wamocdenili ganwyobiT nakarnaxevi fraza. es aris movlenebis
Rrma analiziTA ganpirobebuli arCilis Tanamimdevruli pozicia da axlebluri msoflmWvretiT nakarnaxevi
moTxovnileba. am msoflmxedvelobiTi poziciTaa ganmsWvaluli mTeli misi Semoqmeedeba, romlis ZaliT
brZen, zneobriv da iniciativian pirovnebas ,,ugvaroba”
ar unda eqces dabrkolebad: ,,kaci unda an gvarad da an
swavlani gaizardos, Tu sibrZneSic gaiwvrTnebis, ugvanomac gaivargos!”.
arCilis mier wamoWrili pirovnebis ,,axsnis” problema epoqis moTxovnilebad iqca, rac saocari siRrmiTaa da masStaburobiT ganaviTares misma memkvidreebma;
sulxan-saba orbelianma, daviT guramiSvilma da vaxtang
VI.
Tu arCili pirovnebis Tavisuflebis problemas
principul asppeqtSi ayenebs da erTgvari TavSekavebiTa
da rCevis stilSi metyvelebs, imave ideas principuli
da kategoriuli toniT amkvidrebs sulxan-saba orbeliani. igi uceremoniod acxadebs: ,,mravalni mwyemsni umjobesni arian ugvanoTa mefeTao“. es ganmanaTlebluri Tezisi imdroindel azrovnebiT sistemaSi amboxis tolZalovani da didi gabeduli siaxle iyo. es fraza aramarto farTo masStabis humanisturi poziciebis gamovlenaa, aramed, amave dros, igi damuxtulia feodaluri
institutis Sematortmanebeli socialuri programiT.
es pozicia miT ufro mniSvnelovania, rom samecniero azrovnebis sistemaSi TiTqmis ugulebelyofili iyo
adamianis pirovnuli sawyisi. adamiani ZiriTadad iyo
gacnobierebuli sazogadoebrivi wyobis ierarqiis nawilad. rogorc akad. dimitri lixaCovi aRniSnavs _
adamianis pirovnuli faseuloba mkrTalad iazreboda6.
281
gasaocari da erTgvarad moulodneli is aris, rom im
droisaTvis CvenSi TiTqos ar arsebobda is politikuri
da socialuri winapiroba, romelic ase reliefurad ikveTeboda misi Tanamedrive epoqis axal politikur-socialuri struqturebis tendenciaSi da ase erTgvarad
ayenebda pirovnebis Tavisuflebis problemas. socialuri institutidan gamosuli uzenaes gamgebels, mefes
upirispirebs ganswavlul da moazrovne subieqts mTeli
Tavisi pirovnuli, individualuri RirsebebiT.
sulxan-saba misTvis Cveuli simtkiciTa da kategoriulobiT mimarTavs uzenaes gamgebels: ,,Tumca ymani WkuaT myofni gyvanan, igi amefe da Sen maT daemoneo”. esaa
Rrma politikosis brZnuli, sazogadoebis ganviTarebis
warmmarTveli Tezisi, romelSic politikur-socialuri
kategoriebis aramarto axleburi gaazrebaa, aramed gamokveTilia pirovnebis individualur RirsebaTa Secnobisa da damkvidrebis Sinagani moTxovnileba. imdroindel, garkveul socialur atmosferoSi sulxan-sabaseuli es pozicia erTgvari mkrexelobac ki iyo Tavis garSemo arsebul atmosferos mimarT. magram amave dros, es
iyo didi moazrovnisa da demokratiisTvis mebrZoli,
amaRlebuli zneobriv-politikuri pozicia, romelic
damuxtuli iyo kacobriobis ganviTarebis humanisturganmanaTlebluri tendenciiT.
zemoT Camoyalibebul sulxan-sabaseul naazrevSi
Cans misi ara marto intuiciisa da azrovnebis Zala, ara
marto civilizaciis ganviTarebis wamyvani tendenciis
SemCnevisa da gamokveTis unari, aramed, amasTan, pirovnebis xsnis ideisadmi misi subieqturi damokidebuleba,
individualur RirsebaTa SemCnevisa da dafasebis misi
Sinagani rwmena da moTxovnileba.
aseTi didi epoqaluri siaxlis Semqmneli sulxansaba arc meore ukiduresobaSi vardeba; igi ki ar arCevs
282
socialur struqterebs, saukeTeso warmomadgenlebs,
aramed TviT feodalur aristokratiaSi xedavs uamrav
Rirsebas Tuki misi warmomadgeneli pirovnulad daxvewili, ganswavluli da moazrovne subieqtia. mas individualuri, subieqturi Rirseba gacnobierebuli aqvs ara
mxolod socialur garemosTan gadajaWvulad, aramed
individis Sinagani Rirsebebia misi orientiri. amitom
Tu erT SemTxvevaSi uswavlelsa da ugunur mefes igi
upirispirebs dabali socialuri mdgomareobis ganswavlulsa da moazrovne pirovnebas, sxva SemTxvevaSi misTvis ideali da sruli harmoniulobaa, rodesac TviT mefea ganswavluli da brZeni. antikur moazrovneTa es pozicia sulxan-sabasTvis maqsimalurad optimaluria da
amitomac mravlismetyvelad gvmoZRvravs: ,,mefeni saWurisTa da sxvaTac saqmes scnoben da mefeTa saqmes vervin scnoben... rom maTi sajdomi maRalia, dablidan ar
inaxebao”.
ganswavluli da humanuri monarqiis ideis damamkvidrebeli sulxan-saba da, saerTod, qarTveli ganmanaTleblebis Sexedulebebi savsebiT Tanmxvedria evropeli
ganmanaTleblebisa. kerZod, rogorc cnobilia, volteri
xazgasmiT aRniSnavda, rom gonivruli reformebis gatareba SeuZlia mxolod xelmwifes, romelic ganmsWvalulia filosofiuri ideebiT. adamianTa yvelaze didi
bednierebao, – werda igi, _ rodesac mefe filosofosiao. keTili mefe aris saukeTeso saCuqari, romelic ki
SeiZleba zecam misces miwas. aqve unda SevniSnoT, rom
,,ganmanaTlebeli monarqis”, ,,ganmanaTlebeli absolutizmis” idea CvenSi gamoixata ara mxolod moZRvrebis,
Teoriis, ideebis ganviTarebiT, CamoyalibebiTa da damkvidrebiT, aramed TviT faqtis arsebobiT. TviT Cveni
monarqebi: arCili, vaxtang VI, Tavisi koncefciebis masStabiTa da moRvaweobis formiT ,,ganaTlebuli monar283
qis” ideis gamoxatuleba iyvnen. sagangebo Teoriuli
ideebisa da traqtatebis ar arsebobis miuxedavad, CvenSi realurad, istoriulad iyo ganmanaTleblobis es
ucilo komponenti. amasTan, qristianuli koncefciidan
gamomdinare, sulxan-saba gvaxsenebs zogadsa da maradiul WeSmaritebas, kerZod, jumberi STambeWdavad STaagonebs mamas: ,,ra gind didebuli da mZlavri mefe iyo,
scan ese. miwa xar da miwad miiqcevio”.
didi meigave sulxan-saba, amave dros, aris didi epikosic, romlis enciklopediuri, mravalsaxovani ganStoebis mqone ,,sibrZne sicruisa”, upirveles yovlisa, warmoadgens ara mxolod xelovnur krebuls, aramed am nawarmoebis siuJeturi qarga, gansxvavebiT sxva CarCoian
arakTa krebulisagan, qmnis erT mTlian didi epikur
qmnilebas, romlis mopaeqre personaJTa CamoZerwili individualuri saxeebi damatyvevebel STabeWdilebas axdens mkiTxvelze. sedraqis, leonis, jumberisa da ruqas
polemika saocari masStaburobiT moicavs TiTqmis yvela sasicocxlo problemas da, rac mTavaria, swored
dapirispirebul msjelobaTa xerxis gamoyenebiT sulxan-saba mTeli sisruliTa da mravalferovnebiT warmosaxavs sinamdviles da iSviaTi masStaburobiT aanalizebs epoqisTvis mtkivneul aqtualur problemebs. am
problemaTa ganWvretisa da analizisTvis igi arakebis
saxiT iyenebs cxovrebiseul konkretul situacieebsa
da faqtebs. rarig didostaturi ar unda iyos TiToeuli araki, masSi Caqsovili ideuri SinaarsiTa da Txrobis iSviaTi saxeobriobiTa da mimzidvelobiT, Cven ar
unda dagvaviwydes, rom yoveli araki aris personaJis
koncefciis gamomxatveli sailustracio, konkretuli
faqti da am faqtTa erTianobasa da ganzogadebaSi warmoCenilia sinamdvile mTeli Tavisi nairsaxeobiTa da
simwvaviT, romelic vlindeba eTikuri, erovnuli, poli284
tikuri da yofiTi socialuri sakiTxebis warmosaxvasa
da gaanalizebaSi. swored es sakiTxebi mas erTgvarad
ganzogadebulad aqvs gaSuqebuli personaJTa dialogis
saSualebiT. Tu arakebis mixedviT aris daxatuli sinamdviliseuli esa Tu is aspeqti da boloSi sulxan-sabaseuli Cveuli sibrZniTaa gamokveTili esa Tu is Segoneba, yovelive amisgan gansxvavebiT Camoyalibebulia ara
marto zogadi eTikuri da politikuri principebi, aramed amaT Suqze warmoCenilia marTvisa Tu socialur
urTierTobaTa garkveuli aspeqtebi. am mxriv saprogramo xasiaTisaa leonis mier mefis institutis struqturisa da TviT gamgeblis moRvaweobis ganmsazRvreli da
warmmarTveli debulebebi, romelSic aforistuli SemWidrovebiTaa gamokveTili epoqis politikur-eTikur-socialuri principebi.
,,mefeTagan samni uyvaran RmerTsa: simSvide, simdable
da sulgrZeloba, mefeTagan sam daimadlebs ufali: samarTalsa, uqrTamosa, mowyalebasa da didsa siyvarulsa
yovelTasa.
mefeTagan samns inatrian qveyanani. zavTsa marTebulsa, simarTles uzakvelsa da siuxves mouklebelsa.
mefeTagan samns iyeneben didebulni: sitkboebasa wesiersa, nadisa amaosa da WirSi lxinsa da lxinSi lxinsa.
mefeTagan sams ndoben mxedarni: cxensa malsa, saWurvelsa magarsa da danaxvasa namsaxurisasa.
mefeTagan sams iRvwian glaxakni: karsa Rias, Txovisa
boZebasa da sixaruliT warvlenasa. mefeTagan sams iTxoven monani, savse tablasa, jamagirTa moukleblo-basa
da male SeubezRlobasa.
mefeTagan sams indomeben vazirni: yuris mopyrobasa,
sityvis gagonebasa da rCevis dajerebasa.
285
mefeTagan sams inebeben moCivarni: saCivris smenasa,
auCqareblobasa da daufereblobasa. mefeTagan samns
inatreben vaWarni: TvalTa da dalTa cnobasa, Rirebulebis micemasa da ufasurad vaWrobasa.
mefeTagan sams evedrebian mogzaurni: mekobreTagan
morCenasa, zveris wesad aRebasa, fundukTA uSuRarTa
dgomasa.
mefeTagan sams ixvewebian Semsmenelni: mobezRarisa
wayenebasa, urisxvelad brZanebasa da marTlebas Tvisisasa.
mefeTagan sams iTxoven patimarni: Secodebisa, Sendobasa, risxvisa wyalobad Secvlas da xilvas pirisasa
misasa.”
am SegonebaTa SejamebiT sulxan-saba ayalibebs sazogadoebis znesrulobas, romelic ganapirobebs qveynis
siZlieres:
,,ese ars wesi mefeTa, ese ars saboZvari TemTa, ese
ars godoli sparsT, ese ars zRude qalaqTa”.
mefis _ gamgeblis _ sibrZne, humanuroba, principuloba da SorsmWvreteloba verafriT ver gaswvdeba im
did saqmeebs, romelic mis win iyris Tavs, Tu mas aseve
didi zneobisa da profesionaluri srulyofis Tanamdgomlebi, aRmsruleblebi ar hyavs mrCevelTa da vazirTa saxiT. amitom mefis saxeSi gaerTianebuli marTvis
principebis CamoyalibebasTan erTad sulxan–saba gamokveTs mmarTvelis TanamdgomTa, profesionalTa anu vazirTa institutis amocanasa da daniSnulebas:
,,vazirni erTmaneTs moyvarulni xams
vaziroba siqiSpiTa da kacis mtrobiT ar karga iqneba.
vaziri batonis erTgulia, mteri unda daimoyvros,
Tavisi
286
augic apatios, guli gaierTon da daemtkicos mefoba
patronisa maTisa.
vaziri xvaSiadis Semnaxveli xams. Tumca erTmaneTSi
SuRli moxda, xvaSiadi gaumJRavndebis da maTgan erTmaneTis mterobiT gaicema, sityvasa da bralobas dauwyeben: man Tqva, ara vaziri patronisa da qveynisa samjobinaros mdomi unda iyos. ra mefe erTs wyalobas uzams,
meore misi qiSpi gaorguldebis.
vaziri RvTis mavedrebeli da Wkuisa da sibrZnis
mCxrekels xams da ra kacma Tavisi mteri dainaxos, guli auduRdes da Wkua mcneba daefantos.
vazirT sityva unda Seamowmon da romeli amjobinon,
igi daaskvnan. mterni xom aris RoniT sityvas ar Seamowmeben da, Tu Seamowmeben, kidec damoyvrdebian!
vazirTa mefisa da qveynisa dayenebac SeuZliaT da
waxdenadaca”.
aq, rasakvirvelia, mxolod mefe da vaziri ar igulisxmeba, am erTgvar eTikursa da socialur-politikur
traqtats ufro Sors gamiznuli mizandasaxuleba gaaCnia. aq saerTod ivaraudeba yvela drois gamgebeli –
lideri da Tanamdgomeli mrCveveli. swored amaSia
sulxan-sabas damoZRvrebis maradiulobis arsi.
sulxan-saba orbelians socialuri problema uaRresad farTo speqtriT aqvs ganxiluli da gaanalizebuli. igi arakebSi socialuri aspeqtebis gamomxatveli
yofiTi suraTebis asaxviT an socialur urTierTobaTa
CamoyalibebiTa da ganWvretiT ar kmayofildeba, aramed
am sakiTxs igi iazrebs sinamdvilesTan damokidebulebis problemis wamoWriTa da am problemis qristianuli
eTikis principebiT gacnobierebaSi. sinamdvilesTan damokidebulebis, cxovrebis arsisa da adamianis masTan
urTierTobis sakiTxs igi gansakuTrebul adgils uTmobs Tavis qadagebebSi, romelSic qristianuli eTikis
287
principebis dacviT ganviTarebulia adamianis mier samyaros Secnobisa da masTan urTierTobis yvela aspeqti
da, bunebrivia, yovelive es socialur prizmaSi tydeba;
qristianuli moZRvrebis zerele, aramecnieruli codnis
Sedegad aTeistTa Soris damkvidrda mosazreba, TiTqos
qristianoba moqalaqes mouwodebdes cxovrebidan gandgomisken da STaagonebdes amqveyniuri sikeTisagan xelis aRebas. es aris moZRvrebis uvicobiTa da mizandasaxuli tendenciebiT ganviTarebuli mosazreba. qristianuli moZRvrebis arsSi Caxeduli pirovnebisTvis sakiTxis ase dasma sruli alogikurobaa.
qristianuli moZRvreba sruliadac ar krZalavs, rom
adamianma izrunos amqveyniuri cxovrebaSi sikeTis, dovlaTis Seqmnasa da misiT sargeblobaze. piriqiT, bibliuri wignebi gvmoZRraven, raTa moqalaqem SeiZinois dovlaTi da moawesrigos amqveyniuri cxovreba. daviTi erT
fsalmunSi Semdegnairad locavs morwmunes:
,,Zlieri iyos qveyanasa zeda naTesavi mis da Tesli
wrfeliTa ikurTxos.
dideba da simdidre saxlisa missa da simarTle mis
egos ukunisamde”6.
rogorc Zveli, ise axali aRTqmis wignebSi sagangebodaa moyolili istoriulo pirTa Sesaxeb, romelTac
Tundac gaaCndeT didi materialuri dovlaTi, magram,
amave dros, RvTisTvis sasurvel saqmeebs akeTebdnen. mociqulTa werilebSi araerTgzisaa xazgasmuli, rom yoveli simdidre TviT RvTaebis nebiTaa boZebuli da mas
gonivruli gamoyeneba unda:
,,mdidarTa maT amas sofelsa amcen, raiTa ara moRloodian, arca eseviden simdidresa mas uCinosa, aramed
RmerTsa cxovelsa, romelsac momcis Cven yovelive
mdidrad saSueleblad”.
288
qristianuli moZRvrebis arsSi Rrmad Caxeduli
sulxan-saba Tavisi qadagebebiT moqalaqeTa Soris amkvidrebs rwmenas, rom sinamdvilesTan damokidebulebis
problema erT-erTi umTavresi problemaa da is gulisxmobs ara cxovrebidan gandgomas, socialuri interesebis ugulebelyofas, aramed zomierebasa da maRali zneobrivi principebis dacviT xorcze zrunva iseve aucilebelia, rogorc sulze zrunva, rom amqveyniuri sasicocxlo interesebi, pirovnebis socialur mxareze
zrunva erT-erTi arsebiTi da upirvelesi movaleobaa.
sulxan-saba detalurad Cerdeba amqveyniur, socialur
moTxovnilebaTa dakmayofilebis aucileblobaze, materialuri interesebis saarsebo saWiroebaze. mas TiTqmis
punqtebi aqvs Camoyalibebuli, Tu ramdenad saWiroa
adamianTa moTxovnilebebze zrunva, romelSic zneobrivi normebis dacviT formebSi unda iyos gamovlenili.
aRniSnul sakiTxTan mimarTebiT sulxan-sabas msjeloba
mravalmxriv sayuradRebo da mniSvnelovania. ,,ara vetyvi ara smasa gvmoZRvravs igi _ ara Wamasa, anu SimSiliTa moymobasa, aramed getyvio lxinsa ara _ bralovansa,
Wamasa unayrovnisa da sasa dauTrobelsa.
nu hgonebT, Tu getyode ara-Cacmasa, arc daxurvasa,
ara keTilTa Semosvasa, gina SiSvloebiTa vlasa upatiurad.
ara getyvi TvalTa da margalitTa uqonlobasa, arcTa da vercxlTa gandgdebasa, aramed raTa icna saqmeni
da ara daamoneT cxovelni Tvalni mkvdarsa mas, sulierni-usulosa mas.
da igi iyos saxmarad Tqvenad da Tqven ara msaxur
maTda da moegoT, rameTu TvalTa da margalitTa magaT
mravalni patroni gardaucvlies, da mravalgzis sxvisa
da sxvisa misrul ars, da arca Tqven Tana dadgromad
ars da nebavs Tqvenica gardacvaleba.
289
ara getyi naTesavTa TqvenTa megobarTa moZulebasa
maTsa ara siyvarulisa gesmiTa, aravis dagimale soflisa amis siyvaruli, xedavTa, aravin gangyene sawuToisa
amis didebisagan”.
sinamdvilesTan, cxovrebasTan damokidebulebis am
princips icavs da aviTarebsa sulxan-sabas didi memkvidre daviT guramiSvili:
,,RmerTman qveynad rad mohfina, yvela CvenTvis ganaCina,
Tvalmargalit, oqro, vercxli, spilenZi Tu qva da
rkina;
Wiac CvenTvis amuSaka, WiWnauri aparkina”.
es sasicocxlo kanonzomiereba ganpirobeulia RmerTis nebiT da amitomac adamianebi valdebulni varT:
,,RmerTs vaqebdeT, RmerTs vamkobdeT, RmerTs didebas SevasxmideT,
da RmerTs mivscemdeT madlobas, purs vWamdeT Tu
wyalsa vsvamdeT”.
rogorc vxedavT, qristianuli moralidan gamomdinare, sulxan-saba aviTarebs koncefcias, romlis mixedviT, adamianma aramcTu ar unda aiRos cxovrebiseuli
materialuri moTxovnilebebisgan xeli, aramed, piriqiT,
isini aucilebelia arsebobisTvis da maTze zrunvaa saWiro, mxolod ise, rogorc TviTon metad moxdenilad
ambobs: ,,igi (Tvalmargaliti da moxmarebis sxva sagnebi:
samosi, bina, kveba...) iyos saxmarad Tqvenda da Tqven ara
msaxur maTda”. es aforistuli Tqma mravlismetyvelia.
aq xazgasmulia adamianTa jansaRi damokidebuleba sagnebisa da movlenebisadmi. sagani aucilebeli saWiroebisaTvis gamosayenebeli saSualebaa da ara TviTmizani,
sagnebisadmi daqvemdebareba da damorCileba adamianuri
Rirsebis dakargvis gamovlenaa. yofiT-socialur faq290
torTa gaTvaliswineba zneobrivi principebis dacviT
unda xdebodes.
,,getyvi Cacmasa ucodvelad,
daxurvasa ara valiTa,
mokazmasa ara _ natacebiTa,
Semosvasa ara qvrivTa da obolTa naZarcviT”.
qristianuli moraliT gamsWvaluli ganmanaTlebluri ideebi iyo didi siaxle, romelic damkvidrda da
ganviTarda Cven mwerlobaSi da romelmac, amasTan, bunebrivia, gamoxatuleba hpova socialur problemaTa gaazreba-gadawyvetaSi. arCilis mier safuZvelCayrili da
sulxan-sabas mier ganviTarebuli es didi siaxle qarTuli azrovnebiT sistemaSi gansakuTrebuli simaRles
aRwevs daviT guramiSvilTan.
XVIII saukunis qarTvel mweralTa azrovnebis erTerTi Tavisebureba imaSic gamovlinda, rom qristianul
Rrmadmorwmuneobas organulad Seezarda mowinave evropuli ideebi. am did ZvrebSi qarTvel mweralTa erT-erTi mniSvnelovani siaxlis gamoxatuleba aris is, rom
maTi azrovnebis stili saocari harmoniulobiT iTavsebs ganmanaTleblursa da qristianul koncefciebs,
rac, rasakvirvelia, ganapiroba istoriulma atmosferom, romelSic maT uxdebodaT moRvaweoba da Camoyalibeba. es harmonia gansazRvra iman, rom XVIII saukunis
qarTveli mwerlebi ise, rogorc misi Tanamedrove laibnici, herderi da volfi, TviT qristianobaSi xedavdnen
humanisturi msoflgagebisa da ganmanaTleblobis winapirobas.
arCili, sulxan-saba da daviT guramiSvili sazogadoebis eTikuri normisa da socialuri xsnis damkvidrebis saTaves qristianul moralSi xedavdnen, xolo daviT guramiSvilisa da vaxtang VI-s mistiur ltolvaSi
Caqsovilia uzenaesisadmi ziarebis sidiadis gancda. am
291
moZRvrebaSi marto inteleqtualur sazrdosa da zneobriv TviTdaxvewas ki ara, aramed, amave dros, erovnuli
xsnisa da pirovnuli srulyofis gardauval gzebs xedavdnen. ganmanaTlebluri koncefciidan gamomdinare,
qonebis kulti, individis Rirsebis aRiareba da dafaseba socialuri problemis erT-erTi arsebiTi siaxle
iyo da es epoqaluri siaxle eyrdnoboda tradiciuli
qristianuli zneobis msoflaRqmas.
,,daviTიani” _ es aris erTi mTliani Txzuleba,
RvTisadmi swrafvisa da monaniebis gamomxatveli gabmuli locva, romelSic Caqsovilia realur-istoriuli
suraTebisa da moZRvrebis Semcveli pasaJebi.
sagangebod unda aRiniSnos, rom ,,qarTlis Wiris”
cikli aris sinamdviliseuli realistori suraTebis
Rrma da srulyofili asaxva, romelic TavisTavadi Rirebulebis Semcvelia da igi erTi ZiriTadi ideis _ ganwmendisa da codvebis daZlevis gziT xsnis konkretuli gamovlenaa. Cveni istoriuli sinamdvilis asaxviT
poetma kidev ufro gaamaxvila yuradReba eris sulier
dakninebaze da am ukanasknelisgan Tavis daRwevis gzebi
dagvisaxa. Tanamoqalaqeebze da, saerTod, mkiTxvelze
zemoqmedebis es xerxi metad exmianeba danteseul SemoqmedebiT princips, romelic gonebamaxvilurad aqvs SeniSnuli
anri ovets. misi dakvirvebiT, dante, vidre
adamianebs aswavlides monaniebasa da warmarTavdes maT
xsnis gziT, upirvelesad, STaagonebs siZulvils codvebisadmi da am mizniT unda daanaxos codvebis saSineleba, maTi gamosaxuleba. dantem siRrmiseulad warmouCina
adamianebs maTi codvebi, mTeli sisruliT asaxa es
codvebi da gamovida monakveTi _ ,,jojoxeTi”. aseve, guramiSvilmac locvis Jams, upirvelesad, qarTvel kacs
292
daanaxa misi uzneoba da codvileba da gamokveTa _
,,qarTlis Wiri”.
d. guramiSvilis koncefciiT, misi mSobliuri qveynisa da sakuTari Tavis, rogorc qveynis RviZli Svilis,
avbedoba gamowveulia codvebiTa da rwmenisadmi araTanamimdevruli damokidebulebiT.
qveynis ganadgurebis pirs misvla rom codvis bralia da TviTmxilebiTa da monaniebiT SeiZleba hpovos
kacma gza xsnisa – esaa erT-erTi ZiriTadi motivi ,,daviTianisa” da amitom am Temas permanentulad vxdebiT
mTeli nawarmoebis manZilze: ,,qarTvelT madls codvam
dasZlia, ra amwonelma awona.” araa SemTxveviTi, rom
Cveni qveynis avbedobis amsaxveli suraTebi swored am
TavSi (,,qarTlis Wiri”) aris warmoCenili. swored aqaa
daxatuli didi codvis Sedegad Seqmnili socialuri
peripetiebiT savse mZime istoriuli sinamdvile. es kidev erTxel gvarwmunebs, rom yovelive ubedureba rwmenis WeSmariti gzidan gadaxvevis, codvaSi Cavardnili
cdomilebis gardauvali xvedria.
marTebulad SeniSnavda akad. k. kekeliZe: poets unda,
gviCvenos, rom mizezi am ,,Wirisa”, romelsac qarTli ganicdida, iyo imis Sedegi, rom qarTvelebi ,,Cacvivdnen
codvis morevTa, gza ver scnes madlTa fonisa”. maT daiviwyes qristes sjuli da RvTaebis cneba.
epoqis mtkivneuli problemis guramiSviliseuli analizi socialur-saxelmwifoebrivi siduxWiris safuZvlebis Ziebiskenaa mimarTuli. mZime socialuri da ekonomikuri viTareba mas iSviaTi sisruliTaa da yovelive
niuansebs mignebiT aqvs warmoCenili. urTierTmtrobisgan Seiqmna: ,,avazakoba, qurdoba gzaze dasxdoma gzirisa, tyveoba, mokvla, taceba, qvrivTa, obolTa, mwirisa”.
saerTod ,,qarTlis Wiri” didi epikuri tiloa, romelSic aisaxa Cveni imdroindeli sinamdvile, romelTa So293
ris socialuri aspeqtebi gansakuTrebuli simZafriTaa
gamokveTili, magram am rTuli peripetiebis warmoCenasa da maT Sesaxeb saubris nacvlad amjerad ufro mniSvnelovani migvaCnia is sarwmuneobrivi, guramiSviliseuli eTikuri koncefcia, romelTa safuZvelTa safuZveli
da ganmapirobebeli faqtoria yoveli xedviTad gamoxatuli movlenisa. kerZod, guramiSvilis msoflmxedvelobis amsaxveli pozicia swored imaSi mdgomareobs, rom
erovnul-saxelmwifoebriv
Tu
socialur-ekonomikur
sirTuleebs ganapirobebs ara realuri politikur-zneobrivi faqtorebi. ufro zustad, swored rwmenis SebRalva da uzneobaa upirvelesi mizezi yvela yofiTi Tu
saxelmwifoebriv-erovnuli sirTuleebisa da dacemisa.
Sinaganad gamofituli, sulierad gaxrwnilni da
znedacemulni ,,Cacvicdnen codvis morvesa, gza ver
scnes madlTaAfonisa, uaryves mcneba uflisa, ismines
Tqma eSmakisa“. swored aseTma znedacemulobam, sulierma gakotrebam warmoqmna epoqis ganmsazRvreli avbedoba:
,,maT RmerTs scodes, RmerTma maT – pasuxi uyo codvisa,
ca risxviT Sua gaipis, qveyana SeiZrodis”. sulierma gakotrebam, uzneobam uzenaesis damsaxurebuli risxva gamoiwvia: ,,man brZenTa brZenma ra ese scna, brZana aReba
xelisa, miugo: ,,rjulis gamyrneli axalisa da Zvelisa,
Tqvenca ixileT amier mospovla safuZvelisa”.
,,daviTiani”, masSi asaxul da aRZrul mraval problemaTa Soris amave dros yofis, socialuri mdgomareobis warmomCeni didi tiloa, romelSic guramiSvilisTvis niSandoblivi siRrmiseuli analiziT daxatuli da
gaanalizebulia imdroindeli socialuri cxovrebis aspeqtebi; poeti sagangebod amaxvilebs yuradRebas TanamedroveTa mZime materialur mdgomareobaze: ,,movida didi Zviroba, dro waxda siefisa,”. unda ,,venaxis Rvino
daZvirda qarTls daemtera ra Wiri”. avbedobam meurne294
oba moSala, ekonomika iavarhyo, ramac siZvire da siduxWire gamoiwvia. sagangebo yuradRebas imsaxurebs is faqtic, rom daviT guramiSvils socialuri da erovnuli
problema erT mTlianobaSi aqvs gaazrebuli, socialuris simyare erovnuli siZlieris ganmapirobebelia. aqedan gamomdinare, batonisgan ymaze zrunva erovnuli
welmagrobis winapirobiTaa ganpirobebuli: ,,amisTana
baton vaqeb, mana erTi yma ganaxuTos, ar Tu xuTi aRarc
erTi qmnas”. Cveni cxovrebis yoveli socialuri aspeqti
didostaturi xelovnebiTa da damajereblobiT aqvs
warmosaxuli; poemaSi ,,qacvia mwyemsi” guramiSvili sagangebod anviTarebs erT-erTi arsebiTi socialuri
problemas – ojaxis arssa da mis simtkices. ojaxi, rogorc sazogadoebis erT-erT arsebiTi ujredi da eris
welmagrobis faqtori, guramiSvilis sagangebo fiqrisa
da msjelobis sferoa da amitomac mocemul poemaSi am
problemis zneobriv sawyisebs Cauyara man safuZveli.
daviT guramiSvili warmogvisaxavs Cvens istoriul
sinamdviles da gamokveTs pirovnul faseulobas mTeli
Tavisi uaryofiTi da dadebiTi mxareebiT. adamianis faseuloba vlindeba Tavisi piradi iniciativiT, Tavisi
arsebiTi individualuri TvisebebiT. pirovnuli Rirsebis gacnobiereba xdeba istoriul movlenebSi xalxis
mniSvnelobis aqcentirebiT da amitomacaa mis SemoqmedebaSi individis gamokveTasTan erTad warmoCenili xalxis ganwyoba da roli sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi. yuradRebas imsaxurebs is faqtic, rom mis SemoqmedebaSi
xalxis xma, misi arseboba vlindeba ara marto maTi
cxovrebis warmoCenaSi, aramed, amasTan, xalxur hangebsa
da simRerebSi, metyvelebis stilis demokratizaciaSi
da amitomaa, rom misi patriotizmi ritorikuli da
fsevdopaTetikuri ki ar aris, aramed igi uaRresad lirikuli da mZafri gancdiTia.
295
amasTan, aqve sagangebod unda aRiniSnos, rom daviT
guramiSvilis koncefciis masStaburobac swored imaSi
gamovlinda, rom igi socialuri sakiTxebis konkretul
analizs ki ar iZleva, aramed qristianuli eTikis prizmaSi ganzogadebulad ayalibebs pirovnebis Tavisuflebis socialuri harmoniis zogad principebs:
,,batonis upatiuri ymas ar SerCeba arosa,
arc RmerTi batons SearCens ymaze saudiarosa”
es araa ukonfliqtobis trivialuri gancxadeba, aramed masSi Caqsovilia socialuri harmoniis idea, romelic impulsirebulia RvTaebis zneobrivi principebis
gaazrebiT.
marTalia, guramiSvilis SemoqmedebaSi asaxulia Cveni socialuri yofis esa Tu is konkretuli faqti, gamovlenilia socialuri mankierebis calkeuli mxare,
magram am empiriul aspeqtebs miRma daviT guramiSvili
siRrmiseulad iazrebs movlenaTa ganviTarebis ZiriTad
tendenciebs. aqedan gamomdinare, principul, ganzogadoebul masStabSi igi ayalibebs Tavisi azrovnebis ZiriTad postulatebs da originalurad amkvidrebs socialur problematikas, rac, rogorc aRvniSneT, upirveles
yovlisa, vlindeba mankierebis mxilebis gziT zneobrivi
harmoniulobis damkvidrebaSi.
aRorZinebis epoqis socialuri problematika mTeli
siRrmiTa da nairsaxeobiT gamovlinda arCilis, sulxansaba-orbelianisa da daviT guramiSvilis SemoqmedebaSi.
es problema imdenad mravlismomcvel aspeqtebs moicavda, rom mas met-naklebad gverdi ver auares am epoqis
sxva mwerlebma. marTalia, maT SemoqmedebaSi aRniSnuli
problema iseTi sisruliT ver warmoCinda, rogoradac
amas vxedavT zemo dasaxelebuli sityvis sami didostatis qmnilebebSi, magram socialuri sakiTxis esa Tu is
aspeqti SeumCnevlad ar darCeniaT arc sxva mwerlebs.
296
socialur sakiTxebs aSuqebdnen da aanalizebdnen oratoruli xelovnebis SesaniSnavi warmomadgenlebi ambrosi nekreseli, iona xelaSvili, anton cagarel-Wyondideli. es ukanaskneli saocari simZafriTa da SeupovrobiT ibrZvis epoqis usaSinlesi senis - tyveTa gayidvis winaaRmdeg. suliTa da gonebiT gayidulebma TanamemamuleebiT vaWrobas mihyves xeli. saqarTvelo iyideboda da icleboda aSoltili gogonebisa da Cauqi Wabukebisgan. yovelive es yoveldRiur, Cveulebriv saqmed iqca, rac aSkarad TvalSisacemi iyo yvela ucxoelisTvis
da isini gaognebuli werdnen amis Sesaxeb. don juzepe
julime milanelis mowmobiT, ,,marto odiSSi yovel
wels gayidulTa ricxvi aranakleb oriaTass aRwevs –
rogorc wesi, mudam saukeTesoebs arCevdnen gasayidad“7.
erT-erTi aznauri utifrad eubneba imave juzepe milanels:…,,xsenebuli vaJi Turqebis erT faSas mivyidoT,
radganac mTel Cems mxareSi ver movnaTle ukeTesi koxta vaJio”8. cnobili osmalo swavluli, geografi, mogzauri, evlia Celebi qarTveli tyveebiT vaWrobas, maT
nivTze gadacvlas an gasaCuqrebas imdenad sayovelTao
movlenad miiCnevs, TiTqos es sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis
norma yofiliyos. is ar aRwers mcire aziisa da CrdiloeT afrikis arc erT bazars, sadac qarTveli tyveebis gasayidi adgili ar yofiliyo gamoyofili. bazarSi
Sesulma mahmadianma moqalaqem Tavidanve icoda, Tu sad
iyideboda xili, sad saqoneli an marcvleuli. aseve
mudmivad gankuTvnili adgili hqondaT qarTveli tyveebisTvis da es adgili arasodes ar iyo carieli. is ganuwyvetliv ivseboda saqarTvelodan motacebuli qalvaJiT. ar iyo mahmadianis ojaxi, sadac msaxurad saqarTvelodan gatacebuli qal-vaJebi ar trialebdnen, ar
iyo haramxana, sadac qarTveli gogonebi ar yofiliyvnen
Seyrilni, ar iyo samxedro nawili, sadac saukeTeso
297
mebrZolebad samSoblosgan mowyvetili da gamahmadianebuli qarTveli vaJkacebi ar yofiliyvnen. ase umowyalod icleboda Cveni qveyana da ivseboda mahmadianuri
samyaro. gadauWarbeblad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom arc erT
oms, arc erT Semosevas imdenad ar Seumcirebia qarTuli mosaxleoba, rogorc es tyveTa gayidvam moaxdina.
igive evlia Celebi, rodesac laparakobs xanebis, faSebisa da gavleniani pirebisgan saCuqrebis gacemaze,
sxva nivTTa Soris qarTvel axalgazrdobasac ise asaxelebs, TiTqos isic rigiTi saqoneli iyos: ,,eSrafxanisagan sparsuli siasamuris (qurqebi), qarTveli (biWi),
farSevangi da aqlemebi gviwyaloba”9. erevnis xanma ki
,,Cveni batoni faSasaTvis gadmogvca erTi siasamuri qurqi, aTi wyvili gilani mSvildi, eqvsi qarTveli biWi,
aTi wyvili Tevzis kbili, sami cali surnelovani Samana”10.
gatacebisa da vaWrobis garda, qarTvel mefe-mTavrebs oficialur begarad awva sulTnisaTvis qarTveli
qaliSvilebisa da Wabukebis gagzavna. imereTis mefe yovelwliurad xarkis saxiT 80 ymawvils gzavnida osmaleTSi., xolo gurieli axalcixis faSas 40 qal-vaJs ugzavnida. ,,qarTveli glexisaTvis didi socialuri ubedureba iyo ,,tyves yidva”, romelic gansakuTrebiT
XVI_XVII ss. gavrcelda. dasavleT saqarTveloSi man katastrofuli xasiaTi miiRo. osmaleTi xels uwyobda da
aqezebda saqarTveloSi ,,tyves syidvis” gavrcelebas.
mravali nivTi, romlis SeZena feodalebs surdaT da
romelic Turq vaWrebs mohqondaT gemebiT Savi zRvis
sanapiroebze, mxolod tyveebze icvleboda. osmaleTi
sastik winaaRmdegobas uwevda qarTvel xelisufalTa
mier tyveTa syidvis winaaRmdeg warmoebul brZolas”. am
didi ubedurebis gamo godeben qarTveli mwerlebi.
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socialuri usaxoba imdenad damaxinjebul formebSi
vlindeboda, rom igi TviT RvTismsaxurebaSic ki iCenda
Tavs. naTlisRebis uwmindesi rituali sayovelTao erTobisa da siyvarulis gamomxatvelia. igi yvelas erTuflebians xdis, xolo yofiT cxovrebaSi gazulqebulni imdenad Tavxeddebodnen, rom aqac gamorCeulobasa da upiratesobas iCemebdnen. es SeumCneveli ar darCenia ambrosi nekresels. igi gaocebiTa da risxviT wers:
,,ese unda vTqvaT, rom embazisa mis wyali ara iyos romelTame xelovnebiT Semzadebuli, anu RviniTa anu vardis wyliTa anu risxviT romelTame sunelebiTa. moqmedebulni didebulTa SvilebisaTvis” ZlierTa ama soflisaTa aseTi gamorCeulobis pretenziuloba uzneobacaa da urwmunoebac da amitom kategoriulad mimarTavs
mrevls: ,,ese viTar nu iyofin”. naTlisRebis zneobrivi
mxare aris moraluri simbolo Tavmdablobisa da amis
STambeWdavi faqtia is, rom TviT uzenaesma naTeli miiRo Tavis mowafe ioanesagan, xolo Seni mediduroba xom
sruli uzneobaa.
socialuri avbedobis gamovlenis uamrav formaTa
Soris erT-erTi SemaSfoTebeli sixarbe da gaumaZRrobaa, ris gamoc anton cagarel-Wyondideli Sewuxebuli
ambobs: Wamaman sneulhyo buneba Cvenio”.
epoqisTvis damaxasiaTebeli zneobrivi daknineba qveynis aSlilobis safuZvels qmnis da amitomac arCilis
Tanamedrove ioseb Tbileli gulistkiviliT aRniSnavs:
,,am qveynisa SigniT reva zogs ocnebad eCveneba”, xolo
imave epoqis mematianis TqmiT: ,,rac ubedureba dagvmarTia, yovelive TviT qarTvelisagan modiso”. yovelive
amis mizezTa mizezi ki eris sulieri gamofitvaa, uzneobis damkvidrebaa, amitomac epoqaluri senis saocari
siRrmiseuli analiziT ambobs qarTveli mwerali iona
xelaSvili: ,,yovelnive vnebani Jamierni gamoxataven sa299
zogado erisa da suliersa unayofobaso”. ,,zogierT
SemTxvevaSi ki socialuri siduxWiriT ganawameb mSromels eklesiurobac Sesustebia
da RvTismsaxurebis
dros, nacvlad eklesiaSi yofnisa, tyisken mieSureba,
raTa ojaxis saWiroeba daikmayofilos, ris gamoc ambrosi nekreseli mimarTavs yoveldRiurobaSi Caflul
glexs: ,,da Tu uqmsa da kviris dRes gaideb mxarze
culsa da iaraRsa da tyisaken miirbi”, xolo es ukanaskneli uceremoniod pasuxobs: ,,ra vqna saxlis iaraRi xe
ram gamosadegad meWireba. visa scalia axla wirvisaTviso”. aseTi TiTqosda umniSvnelo yofiTi detalebi ki
ar darCeniaT Cvens mwerlebs SeumCneveli.
mterTa gamudmebuli SemosevebiT, ,,tyveTasyidvis” da
mZime ekonomikuri mdgomareobiT gamowveuli socialuri mwvave problemebis mogvarebis erT-erTi gza iyo samarTlebrivi struqturebis Seqmna da amoqmedeba. Amitomac vaxtang VI-m Camoayaliba iuridiuli kodeqsi. man
Rrmad gaiazra ucilo WeSmariteba, rom kanonierebisa
da zneobriobis poziciidan aucilebelia administraciuli simkacre da amitomac dabejiTebiT gvmoZRvravs:
,,qveynis mmarTveli avis damSleli xamso”. man miznad
daisaxa gaetarebina sagangebo sakanonmdeblo RonisZiebebi. qveynis stabilizaciis mogvareba samarTlebrivi
safuZvlis SeqmniT iyo SesaZlebeli, magram imis gamo,
rom saxelmwifoebrivi struqtura iyo moSlili, kanonebis dasamkvidrebeli realuri Zala ar arsebobda. amitom vaxtangiseuli kanonmdebloba im droisTvis fiqciad iqca da igi darCa rogorc SesaniSnavi iuridiuli
dokumenti, romelmac ver SesZlo sazogadoebis warmarTva.
am iuridiul kodeqsSi gamovlenili socialuri
problematika organulad erwymis aRniSnuli epoqis mweralTa TxzulebebSi aRZrulsa da gaanalizebul
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rTulsa da mravalsaxovan socialur problemebs, romelic gamoixata istoriuli sinamdvilis warmoCenaSi:
dawyebuli yofiTi suraTebis daxatviTa da damTavrebuli rTuli saazrovno sistemiT da yovelive es erTad
gacnobierebuli, saSualebas gvaZlevs warmovidginoT,
Tu raoden masStaburad da maxvilad aisaxa im dros
Cvens mwerlobaSi socialuri problematika.
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meTerTmete Tavi
filosofiuri ideebi
daviT guramiSvilis SemoqmedebaSi
daviT guramiSvili (1705-1792) XVII-XVIII saukuneebis
e.w. aRorZinebis xanis qarTuli mwerlobis gamorCeuli
poeti da moazrovnea. es Sefaseba sruliadac ara aris
gadaWarbebuli. misi poeturi azrovnebis filosofiuri
siRrme, problemaTa mravalferovneba, msoflmxedvelobrivi Sexedulebebis aqtualoba, misi leqsis sada stili
da gasagebi ena amis naTeli dadasturebaa.
daviT guramiSvilis genialuri poeturi msoflmxedvelobis safuZvelia im religiuri, filosofiuri da pedagogiuri problemebis originaluri xedva, rac mis
mdidar SemoqmedebaSi aisaxa. es problematika, ZiriTadad, Sua saukuneebis qarTuli azrovnebidan iRebs dasabams da „pirvelad rusTavelis Semdeg“ Tavs iyris guramiSvilis SemoqmedebaSi1.
daviT guramiSvilis msoflmxedvelobaSi cxadad
Cans fsevdo-dionise areopagelis filosofiur-Teologiuri moZRvrebis kvali. garda amisa, mis filosofiur
poeziaze gavlena iqonia antikuri xanis berZenma moazrovneebma (mag., Talesi, epikure), romelTa Sexedulebebi, savaraudod, vaxtang VI-is poeziis zegavleniT Semodis mis SemoqmedebaSi. vaxtang VI-is „sibrZne malaRobels“, romelSic Tavmoyrilia platonis, aristoteles,
epikures, Zenonis, anaqsagoras da sxva filosofosTa
Sexedulebebi, „STamagonebeli“ gavlena mouxdenia guramiSvilis msoflmxedvelobaze2. rogorc Cans, samefo karis kulturulma garemocvam ganapiroba daviTis interesi antikuri filosofiisadmi.
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daviT guramiSvilis filosofiuri msoflmxedvelobis garkveva, misi mxatvrul-esTetikuri samyaros naTlad warmoCena, uwinares yovlisa, im filosofiur-saRvTismetyvelo tradiciis dadgenasac gulisxmobs, romelsac am didi qarTveli Semoqmedis mdidari poeturi memkvidreoba efuZneba.
daviT
guramiSvilis
msoflmxedvelobis
Zirebi
Rrmad midis Zvel qarTul literaturaSi, bibliurfolklorul da religiur-filosofiur azrovnebaSi3.
daviT guramiSvilis poetur samyaroze gansakuTrebuli
gavlena Sua saukuneebis religiur-filosofiurma azrovnebam moaxdina. ufro metic, igi xSirad filosofosis rolSic ki gvevlineba. guramiSvilis poeziaSi, maRal mxatvrulobasTan erTad, Rrma filosofiuri gansja igrZnoba. igi filosofiurad moazrovne poeti iyo.
albaT, swored amitom moixseniebs `daviTianis~ pirveli
mkvlevari mari brose daviT guramiSvils ara mxolod
poetad, aramed istorikosad da filosofosad: `Cven daviT guramiSvils ganvixilavT, upirveles yovlisa, rogorc istorikoss, Semdeg poetsa da filosofoss~4.
filosofiisa da poeziis dialogi azrovnebis istoriisTvis ucxo ar aris5. filosofiuri ideebi da filosofiuri msoflmxedveloba poeziaSi yovelTvis poeturi azrovnebis specifikis CarCoSi Tavsdeba da im mimarTulebiT viTardeba, rasac konkretul SemTxvevaSi ama
Tu im poetis azrovnebis Tavisebureba moiTxovs. am SemTxvevaSi, GdaviT guramiSvilis poeturi azrovneba dakavSirebulia rogorc klasikur xanaSi aTvisebul antikur filosofiasTan, aseve qristianulsa da Sua saukuneebis Teologiur-filosofiur problematikasTan.
daviT guramiSvili dainteresebuli iyo epikures
(341-270 Cv.w.a) SexedulebebiT da cdilobda misi eTikuri
moZRvrebis interpretacias. aRsaniSnavia, rom qarTuli
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filosofiuri tradicia epikurelTa moZRvrebas `uRvTo~ filosofiad miiCnevda. amitom bunebrivad Cndeba
kiTxva, Tu ram ganapiroba guramiSvilis interesi epikures mimarT. epikures moZRvreba originalurad aisaxa
„daviTianSi“ da erTgvari didaqtikuri Teoriis saxe miiRo. cnobilia, rom epikures filosofiis mizani iyo
Semecneba, romelic aTavisuflebs adamians uvicobisgan
da cru rwmenebisgan; eTikaSi ki igi gonivrul siamovnebas asabuTebda, romlis gareSec adamianis bedniereba
SeuZlebeli iqneboda.
epikures moZRvreba azrovnebis istoriaSi, zogadad,
hedonizmisa da uxeS xorciel vnebaTa Relvis sinonimad
iqca. es mosazreba, rogorc ukve aRiniSna, Sua saukuneebis qarTul filosofiaSic gvxvdeba. ioane petriwi akritikebda `ugangebo~ da `RmrTisadmi umsaxurebel~ epikurelebs6. mas prokle diadoxosis damsaxurebad isic
miaCnda, rom man myari sabuTebiT uaryo epikurelTa uRvTo moZRvreba. Tumca aqve isic unda aRiniSnos, rom
petriwi Tavis `ganmartebaÁ~-Si arsad ar akritikebs TviTon epikures, mis auTentur moZRvrebas gonivruli bednierebis Sesaxeb!
Salva nucubiZis azriT, petriwis mier epikurelTa
winaaRmdeg gamoTqmuli fraza, garkveulwilad, „siyalbis“ STabeWdilebas axdens; igi petriwis galaSqrebas
epikurelTa winaaRmdeg miiCnevs araarsebiT, SemTxveviT
momentad qarTveli filosofosis azrovnebaSi, `aseTive
siyalbis STabeWdilebas axdens epikurelTa winaaRmdeg
nasroli fraza, imave bolosityvaobaSi moTavsebuli. es
adgili xotbas warmoadgens prokles moRvaweobis mimarT. avtori aq cota ar iyos poetur ganwyobasaa micemuli da TavSeukaveblad aRazevebs Tavis filosofoss.
yovel SemTxvevaSi, teqstis am adgilas sazeimo ganwyo304
bis garda araviTari filosofiuri azrTa svla an argumentaciis raime niSani ara Cans.~
sainteresoa, rom qristiani poeti daviT guramiSvili imowmebs antikuri epoqis `uRmrTo filosofoss~ da,
garkveulwilad, iziarebs mis Sexedulebebs da sxvasac
urCevs ise moiqces da icxovros, rogorc antikuri xanis es didi ganmanaTlebeli qadagebda.
saqmec isaa, rom epikure sinamdvileSi ar gaxldaT
xorciel vnebaTa tkbobis didi qadagi. misi moZRvrebis
amgvari Sefaseba mcdari iqneboda! epikure e.w. `uaryofiTi~ hedonizmis mimdevari iyo; misi azriT, bedniereba
siamovnebisadmi ltolvaSi ki ar aris, aramed tanjvisa
da usiamovnebis Tavidan aridebaSi. yoveli siamovneba ki
ar aris bednierebis safuZveli, aramed mxolod iseTi,
romelic gonivruladaa gamarTlebuli. umaRlesi bedniereba ki sibrZniT miiRweva, radgan mxolod brZens SeuZlia sulieri simSvidis (`ataraqsiis~) miRweva (`brZensa
aqvs Tavis ufleba sofelSi yofna nebisa; / brZeni sadac ars darCebis, saunje Tan eqnebisa.~7).
rogorc Cans, daviT guramiSvils kargad hqonda gacnobierebuli epikures moZRvrebis es ganmanaTlebluri
aspeqti. SesaZloa, igi epikuresa da epikureizms Soris
gansxvavebasac ki xedavda. anu bednierebis Teoriis Semqmnel did berZen filosofoss misi radikali mimdevrebisagan ganasxvavebda kidec?! asea Tu ise, guramiSvili
imowmebs epikures, rogorc gonebis apologets da ambobs, rom adamians mxolod gonebis meSveobiT SeuZlia
vnebaTa moTokva. Semecnebis namdvil suraTs mxolod
goneba iZleva. grZnoba, ndoma da survili moCvenebiTia:
,,ndoba bnels naTlad aCvenebs, danabrmobs naTlad
mxedvelsa;
ndoba mxrdals gahxdis mamacad, Sebedavs Znels
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sabedvelsa; [. . . ]
`filasofosi epikur gvauwyebs, amas gvpirdeba:
agebulobiT myofeli arodes gaRaribdeba.
Tu kaci ndomas mihyvebis, midReSi ar gamdidrdeba~8
ndomas ayolil sazogadoebaSi daisadgurebs angareba, adamianis Rirsebis upativcemloba, aseTi sazogadoeba Sercxvenili da warwymedilia. ndomis gzas sazogadoeba zneobrivi normebis darRvevamde da RirebulebaTa gadafasebamde mihyavs. saboloo jamSi, amgvar sazogadoebaSi adamianic ikargeba:
`axla vsTqva Cemi saTqmeli, rac maqvndes Wkuva,
gageba:
ugvanaT didTa mZebnelTa patarac daekargeba;
sul rom ara vsTqva arara, is ufro ar evargeba.
mec mreven meranT jogSigan, Tu SevsZel
gajagjageba.~9
ndomas damorCilebuli adamianisa da sazogadoebis
gadarCenas daviT guramiSvili swavla-ganaTlebasa da
zneobriv aRzrdaSi xedavs. XVIII saukunis evropel ganmanaTlebelTa msgavsad, guramiSvilis azriTac, sazogadoebrivi progresis mTavari mamoZravebeli Zala aris
ganaTleba (`vsZebne da vera vhpove ra mjobni am swavlamcnebisa~10).
`daviTianSi~ sibrZne da codna umaRles zneobriv
Rirebulebadaa gamocxadebuli. guramiSvilis brZenis
ideali aseTi saxisaa:
`aw brZeni unda sofelSi egreT, viT wminda beria.
cxovrobdes, erT aswavlides, gaxados mecnieria;
brZenman ar unda ikadros urigo rac ram feria,
brZenis urigod qceviTa baZiT waxdebis eria.~11
sibrZne cxovrebiseuli sikeTis safuZvelia, cxovrebis wyaroa mSvenierebasTan erTad (`qacvia mwyemsSi~
mSveniereba umaRlesi esTetikuri Rirebulebaa), romlis
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Sedegadac guramiSvilTan yalibdeba RirebulebaTa Semdegi sistema: sibrZne/WeSmariteba, sikeTe/mSveniereba.
rogorc vxedavT, sikeTe, mSveniereba, sibrZne da WeSmariteba umaRles Rirebulebebadaa miCneuli, rac filosofiis istoriaSi, uwinares yovlisa, platonis, xolo
Semdgom ki neoplatonur da areopagitul tradicias
ukavSirdeba.
daviT guramiSvilis didaqtikis safuZvelia codnis
(gonebrivi srulyofis) gziT zneobrivi ganwmenda. am debulebis dasasabuTeblad igi kvlav antikur moazrovnes
epikures moixmobs. giorgi natroSvils mohyavs XVIII saukunis ukraineli poetis, grigol skovorodas sityvebi
epikures Sesaxeb da miuTiTebs guramiSvilisa da zemoaRniSnuli poetis SesaZlo ideur erTianobazec, radgan
igi cxovrobda poltavis imave midamoebSi, sadac guramiSvili imyofeboda (SesaZloa, isini kidevac icnobdnen
erTmaneTs). am or did poets Soris Cans garkveuli siaxlove, ideuri naTesaoba. kerZod, isini daaxloebiT
erTnair konteqstSi moixsenieben epikures: `misi sityvis
Zala adamianebma ver igemes, yvela saukunesa da yvela
xalxSi daamcires epikure siamovnebis qadagebisaTvis da
TviTon is miiCnies Rorebis mwyemsad. magram roca sicocxle guliTadi sixarulisganaa, xolo sixaruli siamovnebisagan, maSin razea damyarebuli siamovneba, romelic guls atkbobs? amas gvixsnis RvTaebrivi platoni:
WeSmariteba yvelaze tkbiliao. Cven ki SegviZlia
vTqvaT, rom mxolod WeSmaritebaSi cocxlobs namdvili
siamovneba da mxolod is erTi acocxlebs guls, ganmgebels Cveni sxeulisas. ar Semcdara brZeni, romelmac
codnasa da uvicobas Soris igive sazRvari dasdo, rac
sikvdilsa da sicocxles Soris. Cans, rom sicocxle
Cveni Rvivis maSin, roca Cveni azri Seiyvarebs WeSmaritebas, gahyveba mis bilikebs, Cahxedavs mas TvalebSi da
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zeimobs, mxiarulebs am waruvali naTeliT~12. Tuki am
sityvebs daviT guramiSvilis leqss SevadarebT, maSin
am or moazrovnes Soris msgavsebas naTlad davinaxavT.
magaliTad, guramiSvili ambobs: `Tqmula sibrZnesTan
sigiJe, viTa cocxalTan mkvdaria.~13
gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda mieqces guramiSvilis didaqtikur Teorias, romelic man „swavla moswavleTa”-Si Camoayaliba. upriania, es teqsti hermenevtikul
TeoriaTa (magaliTad, m. haidegeri) WrilSi ganvixiloT14.
`swavla moswavleTa~-s mizani imTaviTve gansazRvrulia: `ismine, swavlis mZebnelo!...~ am fraziT ukve moxazulia is saazrovno konturebi, romlis Sedegadac `daviTianis~ sibrZne, damoZRvra saTanadod iqneba mosmenili da gagebuli. moswavlem winaswar unda miiRos informacia, romelic daexmareba mas moemzados swavlis
procesisaTvis, codnis miRebisaTvis; guramiSvilis mizania, moswavle daarwmunos ganaTlebis upiratesobaSi da
ganawyos swavlebisadmi, romelsac SeuZlia adamianis
yofiereba saimedo safuZvelze daafuZnosa da misi
cxovreba Zireulad Secvalos. `swavla moswavleTa~ eqsistencialuri xasiaTis Setyobinebaa, raTa moswavlem
miiRos da SeinarCunos Riaoba da mzaoba imis mimarT,
rac `daviTianis~ momdevno nawilSi unda iqnes moxsenebuli15.
winaswari informacia swavlebis arsis Sesaxeb moiTxovs swavlebis procesis srulyofil gaazrebas; is,
upirveles yovlisa, emsaxureba sakuTari umecrebis, `uwvrTnelobis~ gaazrebas da swavlis gziT cxovrebis
miznis garkvevas. miznobrivis eqsistencialuri Semecneba smenas emyareba16. aRsaniSnavia, rom swored amgvarad
iwyebs guramiSvili Tavis „Cagonebas yrmaTaTvis“:
„ismine, swavlis mZebnelo! moyev daviTis mcnebasa,
308
jer mware Wame, kvlav tkbili, Tu eZeb gemovnebasa;
Tavs sinanuli sjobia boloJam dananebasa, _
Wirs myofi, lxinSi Sesuli, Svebad miiTvli
vnebasa“17.
am Semecnebas ZaluZs dasawyisisaTvis „eqsistencias
Tavisi Tavi usignalos“, anu jer gagonil, xolo Semdeg
ki miRweul iqnes; maSasadame, moswavle swavlis procesSi iRebs informacias, romelic daexmareba mas moemzados swavlebis misaRebad. man unda dainaxos misi (swavlis, ganaTlebis) upiratesoba da ganewyos swavlis procesisadmi, rasac SeuZlia mTeli misi yofierebis, momavali cxovrebis Zireulad Secvla; am gziT is iRebs kidec e.w. „eqsistencialur informacias“18. es aris winaswari informacia swavlis ZiriTadi arsisa da mosalodneli Sedegebis Sesaxeb. swavlis procesis srulyofili
gaazreba Tavdapirvelad am arsis winaswar gacxadebas
gulisxmobs. am process, upirveles yovlisa, win uswrebs sakuTari umecrebis, „uwvrTnelobis“ gaazreba,
Semdegi etapi ki swavlis gziT cxovrebis samomavlo
miznebis gaazreba unda iyos.
pirveli, rasac guramiSvili gvamcnobs, es aris swored swavlebisa da aRzrdis wvrTnasTan gaigiveba, romlis mizani srulyofili adamianis Camoyalibebaa. es ki
imdenad aris SesaZlebeli, ramdenadac adamiani RvTis
mier dadgenil samyaros wesrigs da, amdenad, RvTis mier momadlebul adamianis arss Seesabameba – esaa ganaTlebis meSveobiT wvrTna, zneobriobis miRweva da am
gziT RmerTTan mimsgavseba.
`RmerTman qveynad rac mohfina, yvela CvenTvis
ganaCina;
Cvenca gvmarTebs RmerTs dauTmoT, swavlad gvemiT
rac gvatkina~19.
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ganswavlulma adamianma unda icodes, Tu raa adamianis arsi, maSasadame, adamianoba. guramiSvilis metad sagulisxmo azriT, adamianoba adamianad yofnis gaazrebaa; es ki adamianuri yofierebis sazrisis gacnobierebasa da yofierebis arsebuli saxeebis wvdomas gulisxmobs. adamianoba abstraqtuli cneba ar aris, igi konkretuli saxiT gamovlindeba. swavlebis procesSi yoveli moswavle Tavisi arsidan gamomdinare moqmedebs; man
unda airCios Tavisi momavali, cxovrebiseuli gza. maSasadame, adamianisaTvis arsebiTi unda iyos sakuTari
cxovrebis wesis Camoyalibeba.
`ymawvili unda swavlobdes sacnoblad Tavisadao:
vin aris, sidam mosula, sad aris, wava sadao?~20
`brZeni sityviTa darCebis, ostati Tavis xeliTa,
xucesi wirviT, vaWari Sors wasvliT-mosvliT
ZneliTa,
molaSqre sisxlis qceviTa, mxvneli ofliTa
cxeliTa,
glaxa karis-kar TxovniTa, – Sena gwads aw
romeliTa?~21
eqsistencialur informacias mimarTeba aqvs misi mimRebi subieqtis yofierebasTan. is exeba misi adresatis
mTel cxovrebas, mas SeuZlia „cecxli moukidos“ eqsistencs, gardaqmnisa da moqmedebisaken ubiZgos mas. is dasawyisia mZime eqsistencialuri gamocdisa yvelasTvis,
vinc am wesiT informirdeba. magram amgvari miznisken,
finalisken mimavali, gza yovelTvis Znel da mZime gamocdas warmoadgens imaTTvis, vinc am informacias Rebulobs, _ „swavlis Ziri mware aris, kenweroSi gatkbildebis“.
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ganswavlul adamians aSkarad aqvs upiratesoba _ igi
arasodes dakargavs mopovebul adamianobas, igi yovelTvis ipovis Tavis adgils samyaroSi:
`brZeni sadac ars, darCebis, saunje Tan eqnebisa:
brZeni purTaTvis CemsaviT muxlT arvis moeqnebisa!~22
swavlis procesSi xdeba adamianis TandaTanobiTi
srulyofa, romlis Sedegadac adamiani dasvenebulia:
`egreT moswavle swavlasa ra srulyofs, ganisvenebsa~.
aqve daviT guramiSvili saubrobs gamocdilebis mniSvnelobaze adamianisaTvis. `ucodinroba avia, maqvs misi gamocdiloba~; maSasadame, adamiani gamocdilebidan Seicnobs adamianad yofnis arss. mas didi mniSvneloba eniWeba SemdgomSi zneobrivi gadawyvetilebis miRebisas,
konkretul situaciaSi swori moqmedebisaTvis.
`hermenevtikuli gamocdileba~ pirovnuli da zneobrivi fenomenia. aq kidev erTi momentia gasaTvaliswinebeli! Tu adamiani moaxerxebs Tavisi arsis wvdomas, mas
verafers daaklebs bediswera (`brZenT bedi ar moswondao~), radgan `bedi aris qceva wuTisa, viT dRisa naobbindoba~. adamiani, Tavisi Sinagani bunebidan gamomdinare, moqmedebis, anu gaazrebuli moqmedebis SemTxvevaSi
bedis (`qveynad mosiarule bedis~) xelSi ver moxvdeba.
`swavla moswavleTas~ filosofiur-hermenevtikuli
analizi cxadyofs, rom daviT guramiSvilis ganmanaTlebluri ideebi kvlavindeburad Tanamedrove da aqtualuria! mxolod da mxolod ganaTleba SeiZleba iyos
adamianis `ontologiuri usafrTxoebis~ garanti, cxovrebiseuli orientaciisa da jansaRi Rirebulebebis Camoyalibebis winapiroba.
daviT guramiSvilis Semoqmedebis siRrmiseuli gageba da urTulesi problematikis Seswavla religiur-mistikuri23 motivis analizsac moiTxovs. Sua saukuneebis,
mogvianebiT ki, aRorZinebis xanis qarTuli mwerlobis311
Tvis ucxo ar iyo religiur-filosofiuri (asketuri,
didaqtikuri, amqveyniurisa da imqveyniuris mimarTebis
da a.S.) motivebi.
k. kekeliZis azriT, religiur-filosofiuri motivebi, ZiriTadad, gansazRvravda aRorZinebis xanis poezias
(Teimurazi, arCili, vaxtang VI, daviT guramiSvili). guramiSvilTan mistikuri motivi RvTisadmi siyvaruliT,
anu `trfialiT~ da `saRvTo mijnurobiT~ gamoixata. aRsaniSnavia, rom am motivis erT-erT wyarod sufizmi miiCneva. am gziT ganxorcielda `sinTezi sparsuli literaturuli tradiciebisa da qarTuli sinamdvilisa [...]
mizani am poeziisa aris RvTaebasTan mistikuri garTianeba, romlis miRwevas is lamobda Rvino-siyvarulisa
da asketizmis religiuri gziT~24. zemoaRniSnul poetebTan `ismis sufisturi poeziis notebi~.
Tumca,
`qarTul poezias aklia yvelaze mTavari,
rac sufizmis arss Seadgens, rogorc misi warmoSobis
xanaSi (VIII-IX ss.), ise XVII-XVIII saukuneSi: es aris Tavdaviwyebis, TviTmospobis, sakuTar meobaze xelis aRebis
idea, yvela aqedan gamomdinare SedegebiT~25. sufizmis
(VIII s.) Tanaxmad, RmerTi aris namdvili arsi, myofi,
romlisganac gamomdinareobs mTeli samyaro; samyaro da
adamiani aris RmerTis emanaciis Sedegi. Amqveyniuri
cxovreba aris tanjva, romelic RvTaebisagan daSorebiT aris gamowveuli. aqedan gamomdinare, adamianis umTavresi daniSnuleba da misi cxovrebis mizani unda
iyos RmerTSi, pirvelmizezSi ukudaubruneba, gaerTianeba.
sufistur mistikaSi RvTisadmi trfobis erT-erT safexurad qalisadmi trfoba miiCneva. qalisadmi trfoba
iwvevs Tavdaviwyebas, xSirad sakuTar me-ze xelis aRebas, e.i. is trfobisa da Tavdaviwyebis gansakuTrebul
saxed aris aRiarebuli. xSirad sufistur leqsSi `SeuZ312
lebelia garCeva, raRaa misi namdvili Tema _ RmerTi
Tu qali~26. aseT gaurkvevlobas qristianul mistikaSi
ar vxvdebiT. pirvel yovlisa, unda aRiniSnos, rom
RmerTis trfoba ar niSnavs qalisadmi trfobas.
sufisturi mistikisagan gansxvavdeba areopagituli
(qristianuli) mistika, romlis mizani ar aris mxolod
RvTaebis wvdoma da masSi dakargva-gaerTianeba. Mistikur eqstazSi RmerTis wvdoma ar gulisxmobs adamianis
mier meobisa da individualobis dakargvas.
qristianul mistikaSi, magaliTad, areopagitikaSi,
RvTisadmi trfobis gamosaxatavad gvxvdeba `erosi~
(berZn. sityvaa da niSnavs siyvaruls), magram ara misi
Tavdapirveli mniSvnelobiT. Zvel qarTulSi is Targmnes, rogorc „trfialebaÁ“ (efrem mcire). filosofiis
istoriaSi es termini `filosofosobis metaforad~ iqca. erosi, rogorc absolutisadmi nostalgiis motivi,
misken swrafva, Sualeduria RmerTsa da samyaros Soris. areopagitikaSi is yovelives moZraobaSi momyvani,
RmerTidan momdinare da masSive ukudamabrunebeli `eqstatikuri siyvarulia~. `viTarca Zalsa Tanad mZrvelsa
da aRmyvanebelsa missa mimarT keTilisa da saxierebisa~27. RvTaebrivi trfialeba, amave dros, warmoadgens
erTgvar safuZvels wrebrunvisa, rac vlindeba sikeTidan (RmerTidan) arsebebis gamomdinareobasa da masSive
ukudabrunebaSi; is RmerTis mier aris miniWebuli arsebebisadmi; radgan am moZraobis dasawyisi da dasasruli
Tavad RmerTSia, amdenad, es procesi, fsevdo-dionise
areopagelis azriT, maradiulia28. RvTisadmi trfiali
safuZvlad daedo poeziaSi mijnurobis `saRvTo Tqmas~
(ase magaliTad `vefxistyaosanSi~, mamuka baraTaSvilTan, arCilTan). e.i. realuri siyvarulis ukan RvTisadmi
siyvaruli igulisxmeba da mijnurobis amgvari gaazreba
daviT guramiSvilis poeziaSic gvxvdeba.
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vin aris mijnuri `daviTianSi~? `swavla moswavleTa~Si vkiTxulobT:
`zogi xom ZoRan gaCvene Svidiod sarCos Ziroba;
merve – xelmwife darCebis, visac aqvs qveynis
mWiroba.
mecxrea – arCenT mwyemsoba, uqniaT menaxiroba,
meaTe – mijnurT survili, trfiali Senamziroba.~29
xelmwifes win uswrebs mwyemsi, menaxire anu sulieri mama, romelsac didi pasuxismgebloba eniWeba: `mwyemsoba unda sifrTxiliT, aqvndes mciredi Zilia: mudam
mxned samwysos uvlides, dRe yinuli Tu Tbilia~. mwyemsze, sulier mamaze win dgas mistikosi, `RvTis mijnuri~, romelic RmerTis wvdomisaken miiltvis. rogorc
vxedavT, daviT guramiSvilTan garkveuli ierarqiaa –
mefe, mwyemsi da mijnuri. aqedan gamomdinare, guramiSvilis poeziaSi mistikur motivebze msjeloba usafuZvlo
ar aris.
daviT guramiSvilis mistikur-religiur Tu alegoriul motivebze msjelobisas yuradRebis miRma ar unda
dagvrCes misi leqsi `zubovka~. masSi, iseve, rogorc guramiSvilis mTel SemoqmedebaSi poeturi gancdebi gaorebulia. trfoba amqveyniuri arsebisadmi gadazrdilia
iracionalur, anu RvTisadmi trfobaSi. aq sakmaod originalur msoflmxedvelobasTan gvaqvs saqme. es aris religiuri gancdis logika da ara realuri siyvarulis
logika. aqve SevniSnavT, rom TvalSi sacemia sufizmis
gavlenac, kerZod, `Sav Tval-warbas, pirad TeTrsa asxda Savi xali, misgan eSxad dacamlewa, Semimusra Tvali~. `Savi xali~ alegoriuli mniSvnelobis tradiciuli poeturi saxea anu metaforaa, romelic, literaturul tradiciasTan erTad, agreTve mistikuri azris
Semcvelic aris. mistikur interpretaciaSi xali miuTiTebs amqveyniur movlenaTa simravlis pirvelwyaroze _
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RvTaebrivze, romelic CvenTvis dafarulia, miuwvdomelia, anu `Savia~.
tradiciulad, mistikis wyarod platonuri filosofia, kerZod ki, antikuri neoplatonizmisa (mag., plotini) da qristianuli filosofiis (magaliTad fsevdo-dionise areopageli) mistikuri Sexedulebebi miiCneva. guramiSvilis mistikis wyarod SeiZleba qarTuli filosofiur-mistikuri tradiciebi miviCnioT, upirveles yovlisa ki, areopagituli misticizmi.
`daviTianSi~ areopagitikis gavlenebi ikveTeba RmerTis filosofiur-poeturi daxasiaTebisas, kerZod, RmerTisa da mzis analogiebis, RmerTis Semecnebis, `saRvTo
nislis~, `sacnauri mzis~ gamoxatvisas. guramiSvilis
msoflmxdevelobaze fsevdo-dionise areopagelis gavlena vrclad aris gamokvleuli g. natroSvilis, al.
baramiZis, r. siraZis. r. TvaraZis da sxvaTa naSromebSi.
`daviTianSi~ `sacnauri~ ori mniSvnelobiT gvxvdeba.
erTi mihyveba Sesabamisi epoqis qarTuli enis saliteraturo normebs, xolo meore mniSvneloba ki _ Zvel qarTul filosofiur tradicias30.
pirveli mniSvnelobiT, sacnauri niSnavs Seucnobelis anu `ucnauris~ sapirispiros (`Wirs sacnauris mzisaca swored gamarTva Tvalisa, aram-Tu ucnaurisa cnoba gzisa da kvalisa~31). sacnauri mze aris xiluli mze,
romelsac Tvals ver gavumarTavT, miT ufro ver mivwvdebiT `ucnaurs~ anu Seucnobels.
meore mniSvnelobiT, `sacnauri~ niSnavs uxilavs,
grZnobadi organoebisaTvis miuwvdomels, romlis Secnoba mxolod gonebiT xdeba. `Sen gevedrebi, ciskaro saidumlosa dRisao, naTelo Saravandedo sacnaurisa mzisao...~ `sacnauri mze~ am SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba iyos
RmerTi, romelic warmodgenilia inteligibelur mzed
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da ara xilul anu materialur mzed, rac qristianuli
msoflmxedvelobisaTvis miRebuli iyo.
Zveli qarTuli filosofiuri tradiciis mixedviT
`sacnauri~ niSnavs goniTs, romelic upirispirdeba
grZnobads, materialurs da ara ucnaurs, rogorc guramiSvilis epoqaSi. am cnebas meore mniSvnelobiT moixmars efrem mcire `areopagitikis~ TargmanSi; SesaZloa,
mas misdevs guramiSvilic. es cneba gvxvdeba ioane damaskelis `gardamocemis~ arsen iyalToeliseul TargmanSic, magram igi moixsenieba ara rogorc `sacnauri~,
aramed `gonieri~, rogorc grZnobadis sapirispiro. asevea ioane petriwTan da daviT aRmaSenebelTan. amdenad,
aq daviT guramiSvilis wyaro SesaZloa fsevdo-dionises moZRvrebacaa; erTi ram ki calsaxad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom misi kvali `daviTianSi~ naTelia.
daviT guramiSvilis SemoqmedebaSi TvalSi sacemia
qristianul TeologiaSi damkvidrebuli RmerTis atributebi. kerZod, ,,naTeli waruvali“, ,,ucnauri“, ,,uTqmeli (Seucnobeli)“, ,,ufali uflebaTa“, ,,myofi“ da a.S.
mniSvnelovania isic, rom masTan realuri amqveyniuri
samyaro dakavSirebulia RvTaebriv samyarosTan.
`mzev, mzisa mamzevebelo, me Sensas veras vzaroba,
miuwTomelo naTelo, sad pirad mTvarob, sad mzoba,
Senis ver xilvis sevdiTa sulsa rasTvisa
maZroba?~32
es striqonebi xazs usvams RmerTis Semecnebis Taviseburebas: RmerTis Semecneba SeuZlebelia. iqve poeti
azustebs Tavis azrs: `sawuTros mzis trfialoba misTan ar ganixseneba~33; e.i. xiluli mzis RvTaebasTan Sedarebac ar SeiZleba da arc aris mosaxsenebeli. aq Cans
areopagituli moZRvrebis kvali, gansakuTrebiT, RmerTis apofatikuri daxasiaTebisas. erTi mxriv, amgvarad
gagebuli mze RvTaebaa, xolo, meore mxriv, `Ze-mze~ (`Zi316
sa mogiTxran mzeoba~) aris qristianuli RmerTi, romelsac mimarTavs poeti; simbolika, romelsac iyenebs
guramiSvili, Zalian hgavs RvTaebis mimarT uaryofiT
TeologiaSi damkvidrebul atributebs: miuwvdomelo naTelo, uberebelo, ukvdao, myofo, Seuryeo, dausabamo34
(`mamaxar dausabamo, ara gaqvs dasasrulia~)35 da a.S.
RmerTi areopagitikaSi, rogorc ukve aRiniSna, am daxasiaTebebze maRla dgas da misi gamoxatvisaTvis yvelaze Sesaferisi `brZeni dumilis~ cnebaa. aseve Seucnobelia mze (RvTaeba) daviT guramiSvilisaTvis:
`mzev, sacnoblad Sensa mWvretsa
Tavbrus asxam, Seaq retsa.
gimarTavs ver marTla Tvalsa,
ver scnobs Sens gzasa da kvalsa!~36
yvelaze mWevrmetyveli adamianic dumils amjobinebs:
`Sen saqebrad ritorica ars, viT Tevzi, uxmo, utyvi...~
adamiani `saRvTo nislSi~ iZireba da RmerTTan erTiandeba. `saRvTo nislis~ miRma arsebuli RmerTi Tvals
gvWris, `Tavbrusa da rets~ gvasxams, magram `daviTianSi~ araferia naTqvami eqstazze, romelic fsevdo-dionise areopagelis mistikuri filosofiis saboloo mizania. is gulisxmobs yovelive adamianurze amaRlebas,
ganwmendas, locvas, miwier-adamianuris daTmobas ara
mxolod sityviT, aramed cxovrebiT. yovelive amis misaRwevi gzac Tavad fsevdo-dionises mier aris dasaxuli. daviT guramiSvils ki, rogorc poets, mamuliSvils,
Tavis qveyanasa da sawuTroze Seyvarebul adamians, enaneba `sawuTros~ daTmoba. igi adamianurs, cxovrebiseuls ver Tmobs.
daviT guramiSvilis mistikur msoflmxedvelobaze
saubrisas mniSvnelovania `vedreba RvTis-mSoblisa daviTisagan, odes im zeiT Tqmuls lod-gamokveTils
kldes Saefara avis dris mizeziT~39. mTa qristianul
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simbolikaSi `RvTismSobels~ niSnavs, misgan gamoRebuli
lodi ki `qristes~. poeti Tavis tanjvas qristes vnebasTan adarebs, poeti qristes adgilze aTevs Rames. ase
rom, daviT guramiSvilis bolo periodis leqsebSi poeturi gamogoneba da Rrma religiur-filosofiuri
msoflmxedveloba erTad iyris Tavs.
amdenad, daviT guramiSvili Tavis „daviTianSi~ ganviTarebuli Rrma religiur-filosofiuri da didaqtikuri ideebiT, fiqrisa da ganazrebisaTvis saintereso
masalas gvawvdis. masSi Tavs iyris filosofiuri, ganmanaTlebluri, religiuri, socialur-eTikuri problemebi, rac misi poeturi msoflmxedvelobis filosofiuri
siRrmeze miuTiTebs. Sua saukuneebis qarTuli filosofiuri azris gavlena yvelaze mkafiod da naTlad daviT guramiSvilis poetur SemoqmedebaSic igrZnoba. garda amisa, qarTvelma poetma Tavisi epoqis sulier ganwyobebs, gancdebsa da tkivils saocrad adekvaturi filosofiur-literaturuli forma SesZina. qarTuli literaturul-filosofiuri tradiciiTa da Tavisi samSoblos usazRvro siyvaruliT gamsWvaluli guramiSvilis poeturi Semoqmedeba, am genialur qarTvel poets
did moazrovneTa gverdiT miuCens Rirseul adgils.
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meTormete Tavi
filosofiuri urTierTobebi
(XVIII s. da XIX s.-is dasawyisi)
XVIII saukunis meore naxevridan, erTi mxriv, intensiurad iswavleba da muSavdeba umdidresi qarTuli filosofiuri memkvidreoba, warsuli epoqebis SemoqmedebiTi da mTargmnelobiTi moRvaweobis Sedegebi, xolo,
meore mxriv, warmoebs somxuri, rusuli da dasavleT
evropuli filosofiuri literaturis Targmna da aTviseba. k. kekeliZe samarTlianad SeniSnavda, rom ,,literaturuli procesis mTliani suraTis gasaTvaliswineblad sasurveli da saWiroa aRnusxva mainc, Tu amomwuravad ara, yovel SemTxvevaSi, ufro srulad, naTargmni
Zeglebisac”1.
cnobilia, rom qarTul mwerlobaSi Targmani (,,TargmanebaÁ”) niSnavda ara mxolod Targmans, am sityvis pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT, aramed, agreTve axsnas, interprettacias, komentarebs.
qarTuli filosofiuri azris istoriis gagebisTvis,
filosofiur TxzulebaTa Targmanebis gverdiT, didi
mniSvneloba eniWeba Targmnil mxatvrul literaturas,
romelSic xSirad CarTulia filosofiuri ideebi. uZvelesi droidan qarTvelebs mWidro kavSirebi hqondaT mezobel xalxebTan da gansxvavebuli qveynis kulturebi
xSirad urTierTgavlenas ganicdida.
saqarTvelos geografiulma mdebareobam didad Seuwyo xeli imas, rom uZvelesi droidan mas axlo urTierToba hqonoda rogorc aRmosavleTis (irani, arabeTi, egvipte), ise dasavleTis (bizantia) qveynebTan. magram cxadia, qveynebs Soris urTierTobani martooden geografiuli siaxloviT ar SeiZleba aixsnas. n. mari werda, rom
319
,,wyarosTan geografiuli siaxlove ar SeiZleba gadamwyvet faqtorad CaiTvalos literaturul ZeglTa sesxebis saqmeSi. sirielebi da somxebi, iranelebTan ufro
axlos idgnen, vidre qarTvelebi, magram iranul literaturas, romelmac udidesi gavlena moaxdina saqarTveloze, somxeTsa da siriaSi kvali ar dauCnevia”2. qarTuli filosofiuri azris ganviTarebaze gavlena mouxdenia agreTve sivrceSi daSorebul qveynebsac, safrangeTs, germanias da sxv.
naSromSi ganxilvis sagania filosofiuri urTierTobebi XVIII s.-sa da XIX s.-is dasawyisSi. am periodSi
filosofiuri literaturis Targmna sami mimarTulebiT
mimdinareobda: 1. somxuri enidan 2. rusuli enidan da 3.
ruseTis gziT Semosuli ucxouri filosofiuri literaturidan.
$1. somxuri enidan Targmnili
filosofiuri literatura
qarTul-somxuri sazogadoebrivi urTierToba saTaves iRebs saukuneTa siRrmeSi. kulturuli urTierTobani ki fiqsirebulia ufro gviani droidan, kerZod, V saukunidan. am droidan daiwyo somxuri enidan qarTulad
Targmna da, piriqiT, qarTulidan somxur enaze. ,,somxur
mwerlebTan kavSiri da urTierToba imaSi gamoixateboda, rom qarTvelebi maTTvis saWiro da saintereso wignebs zogierTi SemTxvevaSi somxuridan Targnidnen... somxebTan kulturuli literaturuli kavSiri calmxrivi
rodi iyo. somxebic ise Targmnidnen qarTulidan, rogorc qarTvelebi somxuridan”3 _ werda k. kekeliZe.
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1248 w. simeon pRinZahanqelma qarTuli enidan somxurze Targmna petriwis mier Targmnili prokle diadoxosis ,,Teologiis elementebi” da masze darTuli petriwis komentarebi. manve qarTulidan somxur enaze Targmna damaskelis wigni ,,codnis wyaro”. 1736-1738 wlebSi
qarTvelma mecnierma zurab SanSovanma rogorc zemoT
aRvniSneT, vaxuSti batoniSvilis xelmZRvanelobiT somxuridan qarTul enaze Targmna ,,xuTni xmani porfirisa”, aristoteles ,,aTni xmani” da ,,peri hermenea” uZlevelis komentarebiT. aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, safuZvels moklebulia somexi mkvlevris p. muradianis azri
imis Taobaze, rom ,,qarTul-somxuri urTierToba filosofiis dargSi iwyeba anton pirvelisa da misi Teologiur-filosofiuri skolis Semoqmedebidan”4. rogorc
vnaxeT, somxur-qarTuli filosofiuri urTierToba gacilebiT adre daiwyo.
anton pirveli saTaveSi edga somxuri enidan filosofiuri naSromebis qarTul enaze Targmnis saqmes. igi
didad afasebda somxebis rols am saqmeSi, magram, rogorc k. kekeliZe aRniSnavs, amasTan igi ibrZoda qarTuli kulturis istoriis gayalbebis winaaRmdeg. rac Seexeba somxuri enis codnis sakiTxs, amaze antoni wers:
,,rameTu me qarTulisa enisa kide sxva ara uwyodi ena,
garna mxolod wigni somxeTa uwyodi da igica friad
mcired da mokled”. agreTve ,,Semeweoda me filipe xucesi somexTa guarisani, TargmanebiTa somexTa werilTaTa”. rogorc Cans, antons somxuri ena scodnia, magram
ara imdenad, rom rTuli filosofiuri Txzulebani damoukideblad, martos eTargmna.
p. muradianma Catarebuli samuSaos safuZvelze Seadgina sia, romelSic CamoTvlilia somxuridan qarTulze
da, piriqiT, Targmnili literatura. detaluri analizi
aCvenebs, rom es sia mcdaria da masSi uamravi ararsebu321
li literatura aris CarTuli, magaliTad, aristoteles ,,dialeqtika”. amis garda, am siaSi gaTvaliswinebuli araa is, rom V saukunidan qarTul-somxur urTierTobas hqonda ormxrivi xasiaTi. ar dasturdeba erTi da
igive Txzulebis ramdenjerme Targmanis faqti (mag. simeon juRaecis ,,dialeqtika”).
somxuri enidan Sesrulebulia Targmanebi, romelic
ekuTvnis zurab SanSovans. es Targmanebi man mefe vaxtang VI-is dakveTiT da vaxuSti batoniSvilis monawileobiT Seasrula. zurab SanSovanma Targmna ,,xuTni xmani
porfirisa” (1736), aristoteles Txzulebani ,,aTni queTqmulebani” da ,,peri hermenea” daviT uZlevelis komentarebiT. anton pirvelisa da misi skolis mier XVIII saukuneSi somxuri enidan qarTul enaze Targmnil filosofiur TxzulebaTa Soris gamoirCeva somexi filosofosis simeon juRaecis ,,dialeqtika”, romelic somxur
enaze cnobilia ,,logikis” saxeliT. juRaeci XVII saukunis somxuri filosofiuri azris im mimarTulebis
warmoamdgenelia, romelic miznad isaxavda antikuri
filosofiis aTvisebas. juRaecis wigni swored antikuri filosofiis, kerZod, aristoteles logikur SexedulebaTa gacnoba-Seswavlas warmoadgens.
juRaecis am TxzulebiT saukuneebis manZilze sargeblobdnen somxur filosofiur skolebSi. igi orjer
daibeWda somxur enaze (1728 da 1794 wlebSi). misi pirveli gamocema ganxorcielda konstantinepolSi.
juRaecis ,,dialeqtikis” qarTul enaze Targmnas qarTvel swavlulTa erTi nawili uaryofiTad Sexvda. anton pirveli ,,RvTismetyvelebis” Sesaval nawilSi wers,
rom qarTul enaze uTargmniaT juRaecis meore Txzulebac (pirvelSi nagulisxmevia prokles teqsti juRaecis
komentarebiT, xolo meoreSi, rogorc misi sityvebidan
Cans, ,,dialeqtika”).
322
am wignis gadaWarbebuli Sefasebisadmi antonis uaryofiTi damokidebulebis motivi aseTia: aristoteles
logikuri moZRvreba xom damaskelis wignSi iyo gadmocemuli, xolo es wigni orjer iTargmna qarTul enaze
efTÂime mTawmidelisa da efrem mcires mier. ratom aqeben ase am wigns? gana juRaecma Tavis wignSi igive codna ar gadmosca, rac manamde iyo cnobili saqarTveloSi?
ganvixiloT somxuridan qarTul enaze Targmnili
filosofiuri Sromebi, romelTac metnaklebi gavlena
hqondaT qarTul filosofiur azrovnebaze.
1. daviT uZleveli. ,,sazRvarTa wigni”. daviT uZleveli (anhaRTi) mexuTe-meeqvse saukunis gamoCenili somexi filosofosia. swavlobda aleqsandriis neoplatonur skolaSi, iyo olimpiadore umcrosis moswavle, Semdeg amave skolis maswavlebeli. uZlevelis saxeli man
aTenSi gamarTul filosofiur disputebSi araerTgzis
gamarjvebiT daimsaxura.
saberZneTSi swavlis damTavrebis Semdeg somxeTSi
dabrunebula da aqtiuri moRvaweoba dauwyo elinisturi filosofiis gavrcelebisTvis. magram male, daviTi
iZulebuli gamxdara wasuliyo saqarTveloSi, sadac
gardacvalebamde cxovrobda.
saqarTveloSi daviTis gadmosaxlebis mizezebi sxvadasxvagvaradaa axsnili somxuri filosofiis istorikosTa mxridan. magaliTad, s. arevSatiani, am faqts daviT uZlevelis religiuri SexedulebebiT xsnis. daviTi imyofeboda warmarTuli rwmenis Zlieri gavlenis
qveS, amitom igi konfliqtSi movida somxuri grigorianuli eklesiis mamebTan5. prof. v. Caloiani6 Tvlida,
rom somxeTSi ar iyo pirobebi daviTis moRvaweobisTvis.
g. mirzoianis azriT ki, ,,daviTi wavida saqarTveloSi
323
sruliad bunebrivi ganzraxviT, gaevrcelebina Tavisi
ideebi aq arsebul somxur garemoSi”7.
g. mirzoianis mosazrebis sawinaaRmdegod, daviTis
Tanamedrove istorikosis araqel siunecis mier madrasSi gamocemul wignSi (1749) weria: ,,uaryves TviTon igi
da misi qmnilebani da Semdeg Seuracxyves. da igi wavida
saqarTveloSi, iqve darCa da gardaicvala”.
S. nucubiZe daviT uZlevelis saqarTveloSi gadmosaxlebis faqts metad didi mniSvnelobas aniWebs da mis
Tavisebur axsnas gvTavazobs, kerZod, S. nucubiZis azriT, ,,sainteresoa is faqti, rom daviT uZlevelis naSromisadmi qarTveli mkiTxveli yovelTvis did interes
iCenda; mis naSromebs Targmnian, avrceleben mas qarTul
filosofiur ZeglebSi, maT Soris iseT Semajamebel
ZeglSi,
rogoricaa ,,kalmasoba”, aramarto ixsenieben,
aramed misi azrebi da debulebebi mohyavT da iyeneben
kidec”8.
daviT uZlevelis zemoxsenebuli naSromi dawerilia
berZnul enaze. Semdeg igi Targmnes somxur enaze. es
naSromi yvelaze gavrcelebuli wignia Sua saukuneebis
somxeTSi, romelic saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi
saxelmZRvanelos saxiT iswavleboda skolebSi. igi mravaljeraa gadawerili da komentirebuli. ,,sazRvarTa wignma”
udidesi gavlena iqonia daviTis periodis filosofiuri azris Camoyalibebaze somxeTSi. qarTulad es naSromi uTargmniaT 1758-62 wlebSi dosiTeoz nekreselsa
(CerqeziSvili) da filipe yaiTmazaSvils. daviT uZlevelis naSromis mTavari sakiTxebia: samyaros Semecnebis
SesaZlebloba, filosofiis definicia, adamianis inteleqtualuri da moraluri srulqmnis saqmeSi filosofiis mniSvneloba da sxv.
daviT uZlevelis Txzulebis ,,sazRvarTa wignis”
Targmna mniSvnelovani etapi iyo qarTul-somxuri fi324
losofiuri urTierTobis gzaze. qarTvelma mkiTxvelma
miiRo da Seisisxlxorca es wigni. amis maCvenebelia
Tundac is, rom ioane bagrationis ,,kalmasobaSi” es
Txzuleba farTod iqna gamoyenebuli. ,,kalmasobis” rigi adgilebis da daviT uZlevelis naSromis Sedareba
aCvenebs, rom ioane bagrationi ZiriTadad zustad misdevs daviTis am wigns.
aris SemTxvevebi, rodesac ioane bagrationi daviTis
wignidan zogierT adgils tovebs. ase xdeba im nawilSi,
sadac ioane bagrationi Semecnebis Teoriis sakiTxebs
ganixilavs. es albaT, imiT aixsneba, rom ,,kalmasobis”
sxva nawilebSi Semecnebis Teoriis sakiTxebs sakmao adgili aqvs daTmobili. ,,kalmasobaSi” ar Sevida daviTis
wignidan is adgili, sadac daviTi ricxvTa mistikur Teorias gadmoscems. es gamotoveba ki msoflmxedvelobiTi
momentebiTaa gamowveuli. samagierod, ioane bagrationi
guldasmiT gadmoscems daviT uZlevelis azrebs mecnieruli codnis praqtikidan warmoSobis Sesaxeb.
daviT uZlevelis mizani iyo antikuri warmarTuli
filosofiis Serigeba qristianul msoflmxedevelobasTan. daviTis naSromis gamoyenebiT. ioane bagrationi
cdilobda qarTvel mkiTxvels gaecno antikuri azrovnebis saukeTeso nimuSebi.
2. prokles ,,kavSirni RmrTismetyuelebiTni”. 1757
wels qarTul enaze somxuri enidan iTargmna prokle
diadoxosis wigni ,,kavSirni RvTismetyÂelebiTni”. prokle diadoxosis saxeli da misi naSromi saqarTveloSi
Zveli droidan iyo cnobili. ,,kavSirni RvTismetyÂelebiTni” XI saukunis damlevs da XII saukunis dasawyisSi
berZnulidan qarTul enaze Targmna ioane petriwma.
amasTan, am naSromebs petriwma daurTo vrceli komenta325
rebi, romelTa mniSvneloba gascda komentaris farglebs da damoukidebeli naSromis saxe miiRo.
1248 wels somexma berma simeon pRinZahanqelma somxeTSi qarTuli enidan somxurze Targmna prokle diadoxosis xsenebuli naSromi da petriwis komentarebi.
oTxi saukunis Semdeg 1651 wels berma garnelma episkoposma _ simeon juRaecma qarTulidan somxur enaze Targmnil prokles teqsts CamoaSora petriwis komentarebi
da prokles teqsts Seudgina axali komentarebi. 1757
wels mdivanbeg ioane orbelianma, filipe yaiTmazaSvilma da nikolozma es somxuri teqsti Tavis komentarebiTurT Targmnes qarTul enaze.
saTanado kvlevis Sedegad cxadi xdeba, rom prokles Sromis petriwiseuli qarTuli Targmani aRZrul
problemaTa siuxviT, argumentaciis siRrmiTa da originalobiT gacilebiT maRali donisaa, vidre simeon juRaecis komentarebi. niko marma Tavis droze Seadara ioane petriwis mier Targmnili prokles wigni qarTul
dedans da aseT daskvnamde mivida: ,,Cven TvalnaTliv
vxedavT qarTuli Targmanis maRal Tvisebebs, mis ideur
simwyobres da amasTan, berZnul dedanTan siswores ara
mxolod azris gadmocemaSi, aramed ukiduresi SesaZleblobebiT garegnuli formis, frazebis da calkeuli
sityvebis, terminebis agebis mxriv”9.
rac Seexeba ioane petriwis da simeon juRaecis komentarebs, maTma urTierTSedarebam gviCvena, rom petriwis komentari mxolod komentars ki ar warmoadgens,
aramed damoukidebeli mniSvnelobis maRali Rirebulebebis mqone filosofiur naSroms. juRaecis komentarebi ki aseTi ar aris.
qarTulidan somxur enaze prokles teqsti da petriwis komentarebi rom iTargmna, sul ukanasknel dromde
somxuri istoriografiaSi aRiarebuli faqti iyo, mag326
ram ukanasknel dros g. mirzoianma prokles Sromis komentarebis petriwisadmi kuTvnilebis Sesaxeb sakiTxi
eWvqveS daayena. igi wers: ,,XIII saukuneSi prokles naSromi rom Targmnili iyo qarTulidan somxur enaze simeon pRinZahanqelis mier, es yovelgvar eWvgareSea. magram, masze darTuli komentarebi rom ioane petriws
ekuTvnis, rogorc wers S. nucubiZe, amas somxuri wayroebi ar adasturebs da maT avtorad asaxeleben vinme amelaxoss”10.
Tundac davuSvaT, rom ioane petriwi aris somxur
xelnawrebSi miTiTebuli amelaxosi, ambobs mirzoiani,
mainc ibadeba kiTxva, Tu ra iyo imis mizezi, rom juRaecma dawera komentarebi, maSin rodesac arsebobda qarTulidan Targmnili komentarebi petriwisa? am sakiTxze
sxvadasxva mosazreba arsebobs. S. nucubiZe Tvlis, rom
oficialur saazrovno wreebs somxeTSi ar SeeZloT
xelgaSliT mieRoT ioane petriwis mier prokles wakiTxva da gansakuTrebiT ki misi ,,ganmartebani”, vinaidan
igi Tavidan bolomde areopagituli gagebis niSnis qveS
idga11.
niko mari sxvagvarad xsnis am faqts. igi fiqrobs,
rom SesaZlebelia garnelma episkoposma simeonma 1651
wels axali komentarebi prokles wignisTvis imitom Seadgina, rom petriwis komentarebi qalkedonistis komentarebi iyo, garnelis komentarebi ki antiqalkedonisturia12.
prokles wignis axal Targmans, petriwis komentarebis ukugdebas da axali komentarebis gamoCenas didi gamoxmaureba hqonda qarTul sinamdvileSi, yofilan am
redaqciis momxreni da mowinaaRmdegeni. am wignis somxuridan qarTulze mTargmnelebi SesavalSi afrTxileben
mkiTxvels, rom es wigni mxolod siadvilisTvis vTargmeTo. anton pirveli, romelic am periodSi somxuri
327
enidan filosofiur wignTa mTargmnelad da am saqmis
sulisCamdgmelad gvevlineba, aRSfoTebulia am wignis
Targmnis faqtiT: gana petriwis komentarebs Seedreba
simeon juRaecis komentarebi? xolo prokle, romlis
Targmani Tavis droze petriwma berZnulidan Seasrula,
gana ufro advili gasagebi gaxda imiT, rom qarTulidan
somxurad iTargmna da aqedan isev qarTul enaze?
somxuri enidan es naSromi martivi eniT aris Targmnili. amiT aixsneba is faqti, rom ,,kalmasobis” Sedgenis
dros ioane bagrationma mkiTxvelisTvis gasacnobad es
nawarmoebi airCia da ara petriwis cnobili Targmani
misive komentarebiT.
3. ,,axsna porfiriosis ,,Seyvanilebisa”. aristoteles
msgavsad, porfiriosi saqarTveloSi Zveli droidan iyo
cnobili. jer kidev X-XI saukuneebSi ioane tariWis Zem
berZnuli enidan Targmna aristoteles naSromebis cnobili komentatoris amonios hermias Txzuleba ,,mosaxsenebeli xuTTa xmaTadmi porfiri filosofosisa”.
1735 wels vaxtang VI-is brZanebiT zurab SanSovanma
Targmna porfiriosis 5 terminis ganmarteba.
4. ,,peri hermenea”. aristotelesa da daviT uZlevelis ,,axsna peri armeniasi”. ,,peri hermeneas” anu ,,ganmartebisaTvis” aristoteles ,,organonis” nawils warmoadgens. msoflio filosofiur literaturaSi am naSroms
didi adgili uWiravs. igi Targmnilia msoflios mraval enaze. am naSromis pirveli komentatorebi iyvnen
Teofraste, amoniosi, Semdeg andronike rodoseli, porfiriosi, daviT uZleveli da sxv.
wigni Seicavs aristoteles naSroms ,,peri hermeneas”
da punqtebis mixedviT darTuli aqvs daviT uZlevelis
komentarebi. am wignis TargmniT qarTvelma mkiTxvelma
328
miiRo saWiro, didad aRiarebuli naSromi. somxuri enidan Targmnili es wigni ioane bagrationma Seitana
,,kalmasoba”-Si.
5. kirile aleqsandrieli. ,,saunje anu ganZi”. kirile
aleqsandrielis ,,saunje anu ganZi” Sua saukuneebis
qristianul samyaroSi friad gavrcelebul naSroms
warmoadgens. igi cnobili iyo saqarTveloSic. giorgi
merCules naSromSi ,,cxovreba grigol xanZTelisa”
moTxrobis gmirs zepirad mohyavs citatebi am wignidan.
XVIII saukuneSi anton pirvelma es naSromi meored Targmna somxuridan qarTul enaze filipe yaiTmazaSvilis
daxmarebiT da daumata sakuTari ganmartebani (sqolioebi). qarTul enaze es Targmani daculia xelnaweris saxiT. ,,saunjeSi” ganxilulia nestorianelobasTan brZolis istoria II msoflio saeklesio krebaze. kerZod,
warmoebs kamaTi nestorianelobasTan, romelic RvTaebrivisa adamianurTan ipostasur SeerTebas uaryofda da
amtkicebda, rom uwmidesi qalwuli unda iwodebodes
ara RvTismSoblad, aramed qristesmSoblad. qalkedonurma krebam mas WeSmaritebis damcveli uwoda.
kirile aleqsandrielis ,,saunje” anton pirvelis
TargmniT ver gavrcelda saqarTveloSi. rogorc Cans,
mis gavrcelebas xeli SeuSala Targmanis mZime stilma
da TviT wignis sirTulem. es wigni gamoyenebulia mxolod anton pirvelis naSromSi ,,spekali”.
6. mxiTar sebastieli. ,,ritorika”. 1764 wels ruseTidan Camosvlis Semdeg anton pirvelma filipe yaiTmazaSvils daukveTa mxiTar sebastielis wignis ,,ritorikis”
Targmna. TargmanSi aqtiurad monawileobda dosiTeoz
nekreseli. filipe Targmnida, dosiTeozi ki redaqcias
ukeTebda, somxuridan Targmnil frazebs awyobda qar329
Tuli enis kanonebis mixedviT. xelnawerze umuSavia anton pirvelsac. mas Seumcirebia Targmani da ucdia
mkiTxvelisTvis gasagebi gaexada.
mxiTar sebastielis wigni saqarTveloSi ver gavrcelda. igi mxolod anton pirvelma gamoiyena naSromSi
,,spekali”.
7. antoni kovdinis (antoni koftini, antoni kovidi)
Txzuleba. rogorc Cans, mxiTaristebs uTargmniaT frangi kaTolike antoni kovdinis Txzuleba ,,Seucdomeli,
araviTari Crdilovani mxareebis mqone filosofia wm.
Tomasi, Targmna mxiTaristma varTanes vardapetma”.
8. ,,wigni RvTismetyvelebisa didi alberdisa”. am naSromSi gadmocemulia albert didis gamonaTqvamebi. Senaxulia erT calad quTaisis muzeumSi (#95). nawarmoebi
Sedgeba 7 wignisgan. masSi gadmocemulia dogmaturi da
zneobriv-RvTismetyveluri sistema.
SesavalSi anton pirveli aRniSnavs, rom man es wigni
Targmna SeZlebisdagvarad zustad, ar dauklia Sroma
da Tu raime Secdoma dauSva, TviTon wamkiTxvelma Caasworos, gadaagdos mavne, eretikuli, rac aris masSi da
isargeblos imiT, rac sasargebloa, e.i. rwmenisTvis gamosadegi. anton pirvelma es wigni gamoiyena ,,spekalSi”.
$2 qarTul enaze Targmnili rusuli
filosofiuri literatura
XVII-XVIII saukuneebSi saqarTvelos sagareo politikaSi rusuli orientaciis gaaqtiurebis gamo gaZlierda
330
da gaxSirda rusulidan qarTul enaze wignebis Targmna. qarTulad iTargmneboda rusuli literaturis TiTqmis yvela gamoCenili warmomadgenlis nawarmoebi. am periodSi rusuli enidan qarTulad 43 avtoris 300 nawarmoebi iTargmna.
marTalia, rusul enaze jer kidev ar arsebobda specialuri naSromebi filosofiisa da sociologiis
mniSvnelovan sakiTxebze, samagierod filosofiuri da
sociologiuri ideebi ZiriTadad gadmocemuli iyo
mxatvrul nawarmoebebSi.
xSirad filosofiuri ideebis matarebelsa da Semomtans mxatvruli nawarmoebi (oda, leqsi, romani, piesa
da sxv.) warmoadgenda. filosofiuri ideebi zogjer
kerZo werilebSi, miZRvnebsa da religiuri xasiaTis
naSromebSic gvxdeba. rusuli azrovnebebisTvis gansakuTrebiT damaxasiaTebelia filosofiuri da sazogadoebriv-politikuri azrebis gadmocemis es gza. amis magaliTebia kirile turovskis igavi, simeon polockis leqsebi, finateris, petre mogilas, isaia kapinskis da stefane iavorskis polemikuri xasiaTis naSromebi, Teodore eminis romani, mixeil lomonosovis odebi, xersakovis romanebi, derJavinis filosofiuri oda da fonvizinis leqsi. maTSi gadmocemulia filosofiuri da sazogadoebriv-politikuri Sexedulebani.
pirveli rusi moazrovne, romlis naSromi qarTul
enaze iTargmna iyo kirile turovski (1130-1184) _ XII saukunis kievis sasuliero da sazogado moRvawe. misi qadagebani mimarTuli iyo sasuliero codnis gavrcelebisa
da eklesiis ganmtkicebisken, radgan masSi igi xedavda
erTiani, mTliani saxelmwifos Seqmnis pirobas. qarTulad misi ,,igavi brmasa da mkelobelze” Targmna mefe
arCilma (1647-1713).
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kirile turovski feodaluri daqucmacebulobisken
miswrafebis winaaRmdegia. igi erTiani da Zlieri saxelmwifos momxrea da misTvis mebrZoli. rogorc Cans, am
ideis gamo Targmna arCilma es araki, radgan TviTon
erTiani da Zlieri saxelmwifos momxre iyo.
simeon polocki (1629-1680) belorusi da rusi mwerali, sasuliero moRvawe da mefis ojaxis wevrTa maswavlebeli iyo. igi ebrZoda ruseTSi im dros gavrcelebul ,,staroobriadcobas”, romelic saerTod, uaryofda
ganaTlebis, mecnierebis, filosofiisa da kulturis
mniSvnelobas. polocki samyaros wyobis Tavisebur suraTs gvaZlevs. pirveli, uxilavi, aqtiuri da Semoqmedi
sawyisi _ RmerTi qmnis or sawyiss: materialur stiqiebs (miwa, wyali, cecxli, haeri), romlisganac Semdeg Seiqmna yvela sagani da sxeuli; da sulier sawyiss, romelsac wamyvani mniSvneloba aqvs sulierisa da materialuris kavSirSi.
samyaros Semoqmedi RmerTi Seumecnebadia, igi rwmenis sagania. buneba ki Semecnebadia, misi wakiTxva yvelas
SeuZlia.
polocki uaryofs Sexedulebas Tandayolil ideebze. adamiani, misi azriT, hgavs daketil qalaqs, romelsac xuTi alayafis kari aqvs (igulisxmeba 5 grZnoba) da
mxolod maTi saSualebiT Sedis codna qalaqSi. codnis
SeZenaSi didi roli eniWeba gonebas _ ,,gansjiT vimecnebT saganTa arsebas, maT sargeblobas da vnebas”13.
simeon polocki iziarebs orgvari WeSmaritebis Teorias _ religiursa da filosofiurs, rwmenisa da gonebis WeSmaritebas, riTac religiisgan mecnierebis gamoyofas cdilobs.
qarTulad Targmnilia polockis ,,mariamis miZineba”s (,,Вечерня душевная”) nawili; igi 1683 wels uTargmnia
332
arCil mefis Zes aleqsandres. polockis es nawarmoebi
rusul prologSi ar yofila. samagierod, igi SeutaniaT qarTul TargmanSi.
qarTveli mkiTxvelisTvis polocki cnobilia agreTve, rogorc basili makedonelis ,,testamentis” rusul
enaze mTargmneli. qarTul enaze es nawarmoebi aleqsandre arCilis Zes uTargmnia. ,,testamenti” pasuxobs kiTxvaze: rogori unda iyos mefe. polockis nawerebma gavlena moaxdina arCil mefis, anton pirvelisa da daviT
guramiSvilis Sexedulebebze.
misioner kaTolikeTa gaaqtiurebasTan dakavSirebiT
ruseTSi iTargmneboda da iqmneboda antikaTolikuri
Txzulebani, kerZod, filaretisa (Tevdore romanovis)
da prokopoviCisa. saqarTveloSi amave mizniT daiwera
besarion kaTalikosis ,,grdemli”, timoTe gabaSvilis
,,marwuxi”. es orive naSromi asaxavs petre mogilasa da
isaia kapinskis Soris kamaTs, romelic maSin mimdinareobda. petre mogilas (1596-1647) wigni ,,aRsarebaÁ wigni
anu katexizmo” mimarTuli iyo kaTolikobisa da ruseTukrainis SeerTebis winaaRmdeg. igi iTargmna berZnul,
laTinur, germanul, polonur da sxva enebze. qarTul
enaze es wigni cnobilia saxelwodebiT: ,,samnawiledi
swavlani” da igi 1699-1702 wlebSi qarTulad Targmna
arCil mefem.
am wignSi gadmocemulia mogilas religiuri Sexeduleba samyaros, adamianisa da sazogadoebis warmoSobisa
da kanonzomierebis Sesaxeb.
1735 wels gabriel CxeiZem qarTulad Targmna isaia
kopinskis (g. 1634 w.) wigni ,,kibe sulieri anu anbani sulieri”, romelic ruseTSi didi popularobiT sargeblobda da mravaljer gamoica. Targmani daculia xelnaweris saxiT.
333
wigns Tan axlavs rusuli anbanis mixedviT dalagebuli eTikuri xasiaTis darigebebi. am naSromSi kopinski exeba sakiTxs gonebis Sesaxeb, romlis mixedviT,
rwmena damokidebulia Semecnebaze. Tavis mxriv rwmena
aucilebelia gonebis gasawmendad; gonebaTa Soris iseTive gansxvavebaa, rogorc saganTa Soris.
did yuradRebas ipyrobs petre I-is drois moRvaweTa
naSromebis qarTuli YTargmanebi. petre I-is reformebi
qveynis mrewvelobisa da soflis meurneobis ganviTarebis, qveynis mmarTvelobis gardaqmnisa da Zalauflebis
centralizaciis, saero xelisuflebisadmi eklesiis damorCilebis, Tavad-aznaurTa SvilebisTvis savaldebulo
swavla-ganaTlebis dawesebis Sesaxeb, rac mwvave kamaTis
sagnad iqca. amitomac, petre I-is reformebis dros ruseTSi ideologiuri brZola, uwinares yovlisa, gamoixateba petre I-is politikuri kursis Teoriuli dasabuTebisTvis brZolaSi. petre I-is am kursis mowinaaRmdegebi iyvnen dimitri tuptalo (rostoveli) da stefane
iavorski, xolo momxre da damcveli _ Teofane prokopoviCi.
petre iavorski (1658-1728) petre I-is reformebis mowinaaRmdege, aristokratiuli reaqciis erT-erTi meTauri, ruseTis patriarqi, xolo sasuliero sinodis Camoyalibebis Semdeg misi mmarTveli, ritorikis, filosofiisa da RvTismetyvelebis profesori iyo.
saero xelisuflebaze eklesiis prioritetis ganmtkicebis mizniT stefane iavorskim dawera RvTismetyveluri wigni ,,klde sarwmunoebisa”, romelSic igi icavs
RvTismetyvelebas materializmis, aTeizmisa da eretikuli moZRvrebebisgan.
p. iavorskis es naSromi 1749 wels qarTulad Targmna
vaxuSti batoniSvilma. Targmani daibeWda moskovSi me-18
saukunis 60-ian wlebSi. wigni erTxans akrZaluli iyo
334
da mxolod petre I-is sikvdilis Semdeg misi qaliSvilis elisabed petres asulis mefobis dros gamoqveynda
1727 wels. ana ioanes asulis dros igi xelaxla aikrZala da ufro gvian isev nebadarTul iqna.
rogorc Cans, es wigni saqarTveloSic aikrZala da,
albaT, amis gamo igi amJamad mxolod sam calad arsebobs. ori nabeWdi da erTi xelnaweris saxiT. Tu ra iyo
akrZalvis mizezi amaze k. kekeliZe wers: ,,anton kaTalikosi ver Seurigdeboda am wignis qarTul enaze dabeWdvas da am gziT mis gavrcelebas. jer erTi, imitom,
rom is matarebelia papisturi kaTolikuri tendenciebisa, romelTac antons, rogorc viciT, erTxel bevri simware agemes. meore, rac mTavaria, es Txzuleba, rogorc
papisturi tendenciebis Semcveli, ruseTis eklesiaSi
erTxans akrZaluli iyo... amitom mas mxars verc antoni
dauWerda”14.
qarTul enaze Targmnilia, agreTve, stefane iavorskis ideuri mowinaaRmdegis Teofane prokopoviCis (16811736) naSromebi. prokopoviCi Tavisi drois erT-erTi
uganaTlebulesi adamiani, petre I-is yvela saqmis damcveli, gamtarebeli da Teoriulad damsabuTebeli iyo.
erT-erT TxzulebaSi igi amtkicebs, rom mecniereba Tavis daskvnebSi Tavisufali unda iyos maSinac ki, rodesac isini wminda wignebs ewinaaRmdegeba. ,,Tu kopernikis
mowafeebs da sxva mecnierebs, romlebic icaven dedamiwis moZraobas Tavisi Sexedulebebis dasamtkiceblad,
SeuZliaT moiyvanon utyuari fizikuri da maTematikuri
sabuTebi, maSin wminda werilis teqstebi, romlebSic
laparakia mzis moZraobaze, ar SeiZleba maTTvis dabrkoleba iyos, radgan es teqstebi unda gavigoT ara
zedmiwevniT, aramed alegoriuli azriT”15.
prokopoviCis metad mravalricxovani memkvidreobidan qarTulad Targmnilia ,,pirvel saswavlo yrmaTa,
335
romelsac Sina ars anbani da dawyeba”. rogorc Cans, es
wigni mowonebiT sargeblobda, radgan igi inglisis samefo ojaxSi da sasaxlis karTan daaxloebul ojaxebSi saswavlo saxelmZRvanelod iyo miRebuli. es wigni
qarTul enaze darejanis (arCilis asulis) sasaxlis molareTuxucess gabriel CxeiZes qarTulad uTargmnia,
romelic gamoica 1739 wels.
prokopoviCis Txzuleba _ ,,istoriisaTvis dawyebisa
da ganxeTqilebisa Soris berZenTa da romaelTa”, 1777
wels rusulidan qarTulad uTargmnia porfire bagrations. prokopoviCis sxva Txzuleba ,,matiane, romelsac
Sina werils ars darRveva ierusalimisa da konstantinepolsa” uTargmnia sardion ColoyaSvils, xolo ,,reRlamenti” Telavis sasuliero seminariis xelmZRvanels
gaioz reqtors. ,,reRlamenti” esaa wesdeba saxelmwifo
da saswavlo dawesebulebaTaTvis. igi petre I-is SekveTiT da monawileobiT aris dawerili. aRsaniSnavia, rom
,,reRlamentis” mTeli rigi normebi 1917 wlamde moqmedebda ruseTis imperiaSi.
aris iseTi ramdenime avtoric, romelTa Txzulebani
iTargmna qarTul enaze, Tumca maTi mniSvneloba rusuli sazogadoebrivi da filosofiuri azris istoriisTvis SedarebiT mcirea. aseTebia Teodore eminisa (17351776) da Teofilaqte rusanovis (1765-1821) naSromebi.
qarTuli filosofiuri azrovnebisTvis didi mniSvneloba hqonda rusuli mecnierebis fuZemdeblis mixeil lomonosovis (1711-1765) nawarmoebebs. qarTulad Targmnilia lomonosovis Semdegi Sromebi: 1. ,,145 fsalmuni
galeqsili”, 2. ,,sawinaswarmetyvelo wigni iobisa 40.41” 3.
,,ganhbaneT Tquen sisxliTa TvsiTa saberZneTi andratis
moqmedni da komediantni”, 4. ,,aRwera neptunis sasaxlisa”, 5. ,,Rame gansvenebisa ese igi gsurT Tqvenda”, 6. ,,samqebro leqsebi petre didisadmi miZRvnili”.
336
m. lomonosovis qarTvelma mTargmnelma d. ColoyaSvilma sagangebod SearCia da Targmna misi sasuliero
leqsebi, romlebic yuradsaRebia ara Tavisi bibliuri
SinaarsiT, an Tundac mxatvrulobiT, aramed imiT, rom
maTSi bunebismetyvelis kalmiT gadmocemulia samyaros
agebulebis suraTi.
me-18 saukunis rus moRvawes mixeil maTes Ze xersakovs (1733-1807) metad mdidari literaturuli memkvidreoba darCa. qarTulad Targmnilia misi sami filosofiur-saganmanaTleblo romani 1. ,,numa homfilia” (1768w.), 2.
,,kadmi da harmonia” (1786w.), 3. ,,holidor Ze kadmisa da
harmoniisa” (1789_1794ww.). 1796_1800 wlebSi samive romani
qarTulad Targmna giorgi avaliSvilma. saintereso da
sayuradReboa am nawarmoebebSi gadmocemuli socialurpolitikuri xasiaTis Sexedelebani.
xersakovis ideali konstituciuri monarqiaa. mmarTvelobisTvis saWiroa kanonebi, magram isini TavisTavad
ver marTaven saxelmwifos. kanonebs sWirdeba cxovrebaSi kargi gamtarebeli. es aris mefe. mefe TviTon unda
iyos Rrma da yovelmxriv ganaTlebuli, amasTan, man saxelmwifos ganaTlebis Suqi unda mohfinos.
gabriel derJavinis (1743_1816) leqsiT _ ,,RmerTi“
qarTul literaturaSi Semovida XVIII saukunis 80-iani
wlebis ruseTis Tavadaznauruli inteligenciis mowinave razmis warmomadgeneli, despotizmisa da batonymobis
winaaRmdeg mebrZoli. qarTulad Targmnilia agreTve
nawyvetebi derJavinis leqsebidan: ,,petres Zlevisadmi
flota zeda TurqTasa”, ,,bednierebaze”, ,,siyvarulze”,
adre Targmnili yifila leqsi ,,monadire”.
gamoCenili rusi mwerali, satirikosi, dramaturgi,
denis fonvizini (1744-1792) qarTul sinamdvileSi Semovida leqsiT ,,peterburgi” (1763 w.). am leqsis mTargmnelia
337
solomon razmaZe _ gamoCenili qarTveli moRvawe. leqsi
daculia xelnaweris saxiT.
leqsSi mocemulia samRvdeloebis mkacri kritika.
fonvizinis am leqsidan mefis cenzuras mTeli rigi taepebisa amouRia. qarTvel mTargmnels ki akrZaluli taepebic uTargmnia.
nikolskis krebulSi _ ,,safuZveli sityvierebisani”
sainteresoa Sesavali, romelic filosofiur xasiaTs
atarebs, masSi gadmocemulia logikis ZiriTadi sakiTxebi. am krebulSi Sesulia agreTve m. lomonosovis leqsebis calkeuli strofebi.
$3. ucxouridan rusuli enis meSveobiT
Semosuli filosofiuri literaturis
qarTuli Targmanebi
XVIII saukunidan ruseTis gziT saqarTveloSi Semodis dasavleT evropeli avtorebis Txzulebebi, romlebic metwilad Targmnili iyo ara uSualod dednebidan,
aramed rusulidan. marTalia, gvxdeba uSualo Targmanis SemTxvevebic, magram maTi ricxvi mcirea.
XVIII saukunis meore naxevarSi Tbilissa da TelavSi
gaixsna sasuliero seminariebi, ris gamoc dRis wesrigSi dadga saxelmZRvaneloebis Seqmna. am mizniT anton
pirvelma 1762 wels rusulidan qarTul enaze Targmna
kristian volfis (1679-1754) Txzuleba _ ,,Teoriuli fizika”, romelic cota adre _ 1760 wels rusulad Targmna volkovskim.
volfis zemoaRniSnuli wignisa da antonis mier
Targmnili Sromis Sedareba cxadyofs, rom anton pirvelma volfis ,,Teoriuli fizikisa“ da sxva msgavsi
338
xasiaTis wignebidan Seadgina axali Txzuleba, rasac
arc Tavad antoni uaryofs. wignis SesavalSi igi wers:
,,gadmoviRe fisika ese sxuaTa da sxuaTa avqsonTagan
Semkrebelman”.
saswavlo dawesebulebaTa moTxovnilebiT iyo gamowveuli kristian baumaisteris (1709 _ 1785 ) saxelmZRvaneloebis:L,,metafizika”, ,,loRika”, ,,eTika” da ,,zeddadgineba anu dasabami filosofiisa axlisa“-s Targmna qarTul enaze anton pirvelis mier. baumaisteri volfis
filosofiis mimdevari da popularizatori iyo. misi
saxelmZRvaneloebi farTod iyo ruseTSi gavrcelebuli.
amis naTeli dadasturebaa isic, rom misi ,,logika” rusul enaze Targmnili gamoica xuTjer, ,,metafizika”
oTxjer, ,,eTika” _ orjer.
qarTul mecnierebaSi gamoTqmulia azri, rom baumaisteris Txzulebani laTinuridan qarTulad Targmnilia mTargmnelTa jgufis mier, romelsac antoni ara
marto xelmZRvanelobda, aramed naTargmn teqsts safuZvlian redaqciasac ukeTebda, azustebda da qarTuli
gramatikis wesebis mixedviT gadmoscemda. swored amitom es Txzulebani
samarTlianad iTvleba antonis
,,Sromebad”16.
aRsaniSnavia, rom baumaisteris ,,metafizika” qarTul
enaze meorejer uTargmnia daviT ciciSvils.
baumaisteris ,,eTika”, qadagebs iseT wesebs, rom adamianis neba sikeTisken miimarTos. es wesebi adamianis bunebidan unda momdinareobdes. bunebrivi kanonebi aucilebelia. aseTi kanonebia: icxovre zomierad, gaakeTe is,
rac Sen srulqmnils, bedniers gagxdis da ganSordi
imas, rasac SenTvis ubedureba moaqvs.
baumaisteris ,,logika”, es aris formaluri logikis
Cveulebrivi kursi im doneze, rogorc im dros iwereboda.
339
rac Seexeba baumaisteris naSroms ,,gansazRvreba filosofiisa”, igi rogorc Cans, laTinuridan aris Targmnili, xolo baumaisteris Txzuleba ,,zeddadgineba
anu dasabami filosofisaa axlisa”, axals arafers Seicavs.
cnobilia, rom antoni Tavis Targmanebs urTavda komentarebs, romlebSic gamoTqmuli iyo antonis damokidebuleba Targmnil TxzulebebSi Camoyalibebul ideebTan.
antonis SeniSvnebi da komentarebi specialuri Seswavlis sagania, radgan isini bevrs laparakobs misi avtoris SexedulebaTa arsze.
baumaisteris saxelmZRvaneloebSi gatarebul azrebs
saqarTveloSi nayofieri niadagi daxvda. qarTulma sazogadoebrivma saazrovno wrem igi SeiTvisa. mis kvals
vxvdebiT iona xelaSvilis nawerebSi, baumaisteris Sromebidan mTeli rigi azrebi Sevida ioane bagrationis
,,kalmasobaSi”.
germanuli enidan rusulad, aqedan ki qarTulad
iTargmna sneles ,,filosofiis kursi” (1847), romelic
arafriT gamoirCeva amave tipis sxva saxelmZRvanelo
wignebisgan. mas kompilaciuri xasiaTi aqvs, dawerilia
Zneli, uferuli eniT. amitomac arc ruseTSi da arc saqarTveloSi igi ar gavrcelebula da rogorc saxelmZRvanelo ver damkvidrda.
saqarTveloSi volfisa da baumaisteris TxzulebaTagan Seqmnil viTarebas XIX saukunis dasawyisSi daupirispirda ioane bagrationis sensualisturi Semecnebis
Teoria. ioane bagrationis filosofiur Sexedulebebze
didi gavlena moaxdina mis mier qarTulad Targmnilma
kondiliakis ,,logikam”.
rusul enaze arsebobs kondiliakis ori naSromi;
pirveli, saTauriT ,,logika” gamovida moskovSi 1705
340
wels, meore ki, 1792 wels peterburgSi, vronskis TargmaniT. Aam ukanasknel naSroms dedanSi ewodeba ,,De Lart
de raisonnor”. swored es naSromia Targmnili rusulad
,,logikis” saxelwodebiT 1792 wels. igi iTargmna qarTul enazec - ,,logika abbat kondiliakisa, Clenisa
franciisa, germaniisa, parizis da lionis akademiaTa”.
sinamdvileSi Sroma warmoadgens ara logikas, aramed
fizikas.
rusul enaze arsebobs kondiliakis ,,loRikac”. am
nawarmoebSi gadmocemulia kondiliakis Semecnebis Teoria. rogorc Cans, ioane bagrations am wignis Targmnac
ucdia. qarTul enaze arsebobs am wignis nawilebi ,,TÂsa
sxuaTa saxeTa ideaTa” da meore Tavi _ ,,moqmedebaTaTÂs
sulisaTa”. am nawarmoebis arseboba imis maCvenebelia,
rom ioane bagrations dauwyia misi Targmna, magram, rogorc Cans, saqme bolomde ar miuyvania.
kondiliakis ideebis gavrceleba saqarTveloSi miuTiTebs im tendenciebze, romelic qarTul azrovnebaSi
arsebobda. kondiliaki lokis empirizmis gavleniT sensualizmamde mivida. igi mkacrad akritikebda dekartis
moZRvrebas Tandayolili ideis Sesaxeb, laibnicis racionalizms da, miT umetes, volfis filosofias da moiTxovda filosofiuri kvleva-Ziebis dafuZnebas mecnierul monacemebze. es iyo kondiliakis moZRvrebis erTerTi dadebiTi mxare. magram amasTan, ar SeiZleba ar
aRiniSnos isic, rom kondiliaki meore ukiduresobaSi
Cavarda sensualizmis mimarTulebiT, ris Sedegad ase
Tu ise saTanadod ver afasebda gonebis rols Semecnebis procesSi.
kondiliakis am wignis Targmnas uaryofiTad Sexvda
cnobili qarTveli RvTismetyveli da filosofosi iona
xelaSvili. ,,kondiliakuri carielsityvaobani” _ xSi341
rad imeorebs igi Tavis naSromebSi. iona xelaSvili xedavda, rom kondiliakis naazrevs bevri ram hqonda saerTo misTvis arasasurvel lokTan da gansakuTrebiT
frang materialistebTan.
qarTuli azrovnebis ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT
mniSvnelovani iyo daviT bagrationis Targmanebi, romelic, rogorc mravalsaukunovani istoriis mqone qarTuli kulturis niadagze aRzrdili, safuZvlianad iTvisebs dasavleT evropis mowinave ideebs.
daviT bagrationma 1813 wels frangulidan qarTul
enaze Targmna volteris Txzuleba _ ,,SobisTvis”, romelic exeba saeklesio dResaswauls qristes dabadebis
dRes _ Sobas.
sainteresoa daviT bagrationis pozicia am naSromis
mimarT. igi sTxovs daviT reqtors Seajeros volteris
TxzulebaSi miTiTebuli adgilebi wm. wignebs. volteris TxzulebaSi didi sizustiTaa miTiTebuli Sesajerebeli adgilebi.
daviT bagrationma 1815 wels peterburgSi rusulidan qarTul enaze Targmna, agreTve, frangi filosofosis, prusiis akademiis wevris Jan pier frederik ansilionis (1767-1837) naSromi. ,,esTetikuri gansja”, romelic
miuZRvna daviT mesxiSvils. daculia xelnaweris saxiT.
ansilionis am wignma didi kamaTi gamoiwvia rusul
presaSi. es kamaTi daviT bagrationma qarTul enaze
Targmna saxelwodebiT: ,,paeqroba anu baasi uflis Teofilaqte eqsarxosisa da arqieris filaretisa raodenTame SeniSvnaTa zeda uflis ansilionis aRnaqvsisa SinaTa”.
daviT bagrations ekuTvnis agreTve gamoCenili frangi moazrovnis Sarl lui de monteskies (1683-1775) mTavari naSromis ,,gulisxmisyofisaTÂs sjulisa” Targmani,
romelic Sesrulda 1813-1815 wlebSi peterburgSi, Teimu342
raz bagrationis TxovniT. Targmani daculia xelnaweris saxiT. rusuli dedanis saxelwodebaa: ,,О разуме
законов” (СПБ 1775) da gamocemulia 1800 wels. am periodisTvis rusul enaze Targmnili yofila monteskies
wignis mxolod I tomi (XI-XII). sxva wignebi ki Targmnilia franguli dedanidan ,,De L’spirit des lois” (Jeneva, 1748).
daviT bagrations Tavisi damokidebuleba monteskies
msjelobebisadmi gamoTqmuli aqvs komentarebSi, romlebic mas am naSromis gverdebze miuweria da romelTa mixedviT SesaZlebelia misi Sexedulebebis xasiaTis dadgena.
monteskie, rogorc vTqvaT, geografiuli determinizmis damcveli iyo. sazogadoebis ganviTarebis ganmsazRvrel Zalas igi geografiul garemoSi xedavda.
sainteresoa daviT bagrationis kritikuli mosazrebani mosteskies geografiul determinizmze. daviT bagrationi zog SemTxvevaSi saTanado faqtebis moxmobiT
sworad akritikebs monteskies da aRniSnavs, rom, marTalia, igi monteskies ideebis pativismcemelia (winaaRmdeg
SemTxvevaSi igi arc Targmnida am Txzulebas), magram
ara misi brmad mimdevari da amitomac kritikulad afasebs monteskies Tvalsazriss. sayuradReboa isic, rom
daviT bagrationis kritikuli SeniSvnebi aseve kritikulad ganawyobda qarTvel mkiTxvels monteskies geografiuli determinizmis mimarT.
monteskies Sexedulebebma asaxva hpova daviT bagrationis naSromSi ,,saqarTvelos samarTlisa da kanonmcodneobis mimoxilva”.
volteris Txzulebebi qarTul azrovnebaSi SedarebiT gvian Semovida. qarTul enaze Targmnilia misi filosofiuri romanebi: ,,zadigi anu bedi”, ,,qveyana viTarica ars anu xilva babukaisi”; piesebi: ,,edipi”, ,,fantaz343
ma anu mahmad winaswarmetyveli”, ,,alziri anu amerikelni”, ,,zairi”; statiebi: ,,angelTaTvis” da ,,SobisTvis”;
leqsebi: ,,moZRvrisa da mowafisaTvis”, ,,aRiareba volterisa”, ,,volteris mier Tqmuli, odes kvdeboda svindisad movida” da ,,volteris Tqmuli taqtikaze”; didtaniani istoriuli xasiaTis Sroma _ ,,ludoviko XIV istoria”. Teimuraz bagrationma franguli enidan Targmna,
agreTve volteris piesa ,,alaTokle saubari Soris filosofiisa da bunebisa”17.
saqarTveloSi, erTi mxriv, volterianeloba aTeizmTan gaigives. mowinaaRmdegeebi mas miawerdnen uzneobas,
naTesavT daundoblobas, mtrobas, amoralur saqciels
da sxv. meore mxriv ki, volteris azrebs iziarebdnen,
Targmnidnen da avrcelebdnen daviT reqtori, daviT da
Teimuraz bagrationebi, al. WavWavaZe, d. furcelaZe, i.
zubalaSvili da sxvebi.
qarTulad Targmnilia frangi ganmanaTleblebis JanJak rusos (1712-1778) ori Txzuleba: pirveli _ ,,hazrni
Jan-Jak rusosi sxvadasxva saganTaTvis” _ 1800 wels Targmna farnaoz bagrationma; meore Txzuleba _ ,,hsja anu
traqtati imis Sesaxeb, uwyobs Tu ara kultura kacobriobis progress xels”, romelic daajildova diJonis
akademiam 1750 wels, 1849 wels qarTulad Targmna d. ciciSvilma. arsebobs cnoba, rom qarTul enaze Targmnili iyo rusos romani ,,axali eliozac”, romelic udidesi popularobiT sargeblobda evropasa da ruseTSi.
Tumca es teqsti dRemde ar Cans. am romanis gavlena SeimCneva daviT bagrationis naSromSi _ ,,axali Sixi”.
unda aRiniSnos, rom rusos saxelganTqmuli traqtatis _ ,,hsja anu traqtati imis Sesaxeb, uwyobs Tu ara
kultura kacobriobis progress xels” Targmans qarTul enaze didi gamoxmaureba ar mohyolia. ,,unda iTqvas simarTle, _ wers kritikosi levan asaTiani, _ rom
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es wigni cota ar iyos Seuferebeli iyo Sua saukunis
pirvel naxevarSi qarTuli sinamdvilisaTvis, maSin rodesac daviwyebuli gvqonda nacionaluri kulturis yvela miRweva, rodesac anbanidan viwyebdiT swavlas... maSin es traqtati da kulturisa da swavla-ganaTlebis
uaryofiT gavlenaze laparaki cota ucnauri gaugebroba
iyo, magram miuxedavad amisa, Cveni azriT, rusos
qarTulad Targmna mainc simptomaturi iyo im dros.”18.
rusos gavlena igrZnoba daviT bagrationis wignSi
,,saqarTvelos samarTlisa da kanonmdeblobis mimoxilva”. marTalia, rusos ideebma saqarTveloSi fexi ver
moikida, magram TavisTavad is faqti, rom misi Txzulebani qarTul enaze iTargmna, didi movlena iyo. Tu gavlenis mixedviT vimsjelebT (rac Zalian mcire iyo), maSin unda vTqvaT, rom rusos ideebi qarTveli inteligenciisTvis gaugebari (Tu miuRebeli) darCa. es faqti
ar SeiZleba imiT avxsnaT, rom TiTqos rusos ideebi
qarTveli mkiTxvelisTvis miuwvdomeli iyo (gavixsenoT,
TiTqmis amave periodis qarTveli mkiTxveli iTvisebda
volfisa da baumaisteris Znelad gasageb filosofiur
azrebs). amis mizezi imaSi unda veZioT, rom traqtatSi
gamoTqmuli ideebi mainc da mainc ar Seesabameboda imdroindeli qarTveli mkiTxvelis azrovnebis mimarTulebas. magram rarig umniSvneloc ar unda iyos rusos
ideebis gavlena qarTul azrovnebaze, TavisTavad am didi moazrovnis Txzulebis qarTul enaze Targmna mniSvnelovan movlenad unda CaiTvalos qarTuli filosofiuri azris istoriaSi.
XVIII saukunis dasasrulsa da XIX saukunis dasawyisSi saqarTveloSi didi raodenobiT Semodis e. w. moralur-eTikuri xasiaTis, maT Soris, berZnul-romauli
(aseve ruseTis gziT) Txzulebani. maTSi martivi eniTa
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da lakoniurad gadmocemulia sayovelTao yofacxovrebaSi gamosayenebeli darigebebi.
1796 wels gaioz reqtorma rusulidan Targmna markus avreliusis (121-180) eTikuri krebuli ,,sayofaqcevo
sja”, romelic miZRvnilia daviT bagrationisadmi, radgan Targmna mis mier yofila dakveTili. qarTul enaze
es Txzuleba inaxeba xelnaweris saxiT, rusulad ki
mravaljer iTargmna da gamoica (1740, 1760, 1775, 1785, 1798
wlebi).
markus avreliusi cnobilia rogorc ukanaskneli
stoikosi. magram mis stoicizms miRebuli aqvs religiur-idealisturi saxe. igi fatalizmamdea misuli da qadagebs Semgueblobas, aucileblobisadmi pasiur morCilebas.
bizantiis imperator basil makedonelis (813-886)
Txzuleba ,,testamenti” qarTul enaze Targmna arCil mefis Zem aleqsandrem. berZnuli enidan es Txzuleba rusul enaze uTargmniaT samjer 1607, 1680 da 1776 wlebSi.
swored aqedan aris Sesrulebuli qarTuli Targmani.
nawarmoebi warmoadgens berZeni imperatoris darigebas Svilisadmi. gqondes rwmena, pativi eci eklesias,
mRvdlebs, iyavi keTili, mSromeli; mefe monaa RvTisa,
mis mieraa dayenebuli mefed; yvelafers RmerTi gvaZlevs _ gamarjvebasac da damarcxebasac. amqveyniuri yvelaferi warmavalia, yvela miwad viqceviT; ecade gaakeTo kargi, waaxalise da upatrone Sens qveSevrdomebs.
agabit diakoni (VI s.) berZeni mweralia. misi naSromi
,,samefo qarta anu tomari” mraval enazea Targmnili.
rusulad Targmnilia orjer. qarTul Targmans, romelic 1776 wels Seasrula gaioz reqtorma, safuZvlad
uZevs am wignis rubaniseuli rusuli Targmani. ,,samefo
qarta”, rogorc nawili, Sevida ,,sibrZne balavarianis”
SemadgenlobaSi19.
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Txzuleba miZRvnilia erekle mefisadmi. naSromi pasuxobs kiTxvaze _ rogoria mefis movaleobani. winaparTa keTilSobilebiT aravin unda iamayos, radgan adamiani miwisgan warmoiSva, isic, vinc bisoniT da ZoweuliT
irTveba da isic, vinc naglejebSia Cacmuli.
qarTul Targmans axlavs mTargmnelis _ gaioz reqtoris SeniSvna magaliTad, imis Sesaxeb, rom yvelani miwisaganaa warmoSobili da miwad iqceva. gaiozi SeniSnavs: es marTalia, magram maT Soris mainc aris gansxvaveba, radgan kacobrioba oradaa gayofili _ keTilSobilebad da arakeTilSobilebad. amis moSla ar SeiZleba.
,,kitais sibrZne” anu ,,swavla qveyanasa zeda bednierad cxovrebisa” saqarTveloSi didad gavrcelebuli
wignia, romelic 1777 wels moskovSi Targmna gaioz reqtorma da 1784 wels daibeWda TbilisSi, erekle II-is
stambaSi. wignis avtori ucnobia. savaraudo avtorebad
moiazrebian robert dodsli da grafi Cesterfildi. es
wigni didi warmatebiT sargeblobda XVIII s. meore naxevarsa da XIX s. dasawyisSi. igi rusul enaze Targmnes
egor da pavle cicianovebma. saqarTveloSi ,,kitais sibrZnis” popularobis maCvenebelia isic, rom igi Sevida
ioane bagrationis ,,kalmasobaSi”. igi Targmna gaioz
reqtorma da miZRvnilia mefis asul anasadmi, romlis
brZanebiTac Sesrulebulia es Targmani.
SesavalSi mTargmneli aRniSnavs, rom ,,kitais sibrZne” _ mmarTvelTa sibrZnea. uqonelTaTvis igi srul
morCilebas qadagebs, ,,kaci myofi monobas Sina nu oxrav
monobasa uRlisa SenisaTvis, vinaiTgan gansazRvreba ege
ars RvTisa”20. msaxurT marTebT erTguleba, simdable,
morCileba, moTmineba. batonebmac saTnoeba unda gamoiCinon maTdami. wigni akanonebs arsebul uTanasworobas,
oRond eqsploataciis Serbilebas moiTxovs isev mebatoneTa sasargeblod.
347
gansaxilvel epoqaSi saqarTveloSi didad gavrcelebuli yofila didaqtikuri-moraluri xasiaTis krebulebi saxelwodebiT _ ,,apoTegmebi”. esaa brZen da cnobil
adamianTa, filosofosebis, mefeTa gamoTqmebi, aforizmebi, Tqmulebebi da sxva. am krebulTagan zogierTi qarTuli warmoSobisaa, zogierTic rusulidanaa Targmnili, romelic, Tavis mxriv, polonel mwerals beniaS
budnis ekuTvnoda. qarTul enaze igi erasti TurqestaniSvils (1735w.) uTargmnia. teqstisTvis mas zogierTi
ram miumatebia, zogierTic Seucvlia. e. TurqestaniSvils umTavresad filosofosTa an gamoCenil adamianTa
maxvilgonieri gamonaTqvamebi uTargmnia (diogenes, avreliusis, agafokle filosofosis, anaqsagoras, anaqsimandres, empedokles, epikures, sokrates da sxva.). apoTegmata galeqsa vaxtang VI-em, sadac gakicxulia adamianTa
mankieri Tvisebebi: siZunwe, sixarbe da sxva. meore mxriv
aqebdnen adamianTa dadebiT mxareebs: mokrZalebas, Sromismoyvareobas, akritikebdnen cud mefeebsa da aqebdnen
kargs. mxilebuli da dagmobilia socialuri uTanasworoba. ,,cxadia, bevri am gamonaTqvamebidan aRar gveCveneba gonebamaxvilurad da momxibvlelad, magram didma,
Zalian didma nawilma SeinarCuna aqtualoba, damajerebloba, xatovaneba, da stilis aforistuloba”, wers am
sakiTxis mkvlevari l. ZoweniZe21.
XVIII saukunis qarTul azrovnebaSi sakmao siuxviT
gvxvdeba moralur-didaqtikuri xasiaTis Txzulebani. es
garemoeba, uwinares yovlisa, imiT unda aixsnas, rom
aseTi ideebis moTxovnileba TviTon qarTul sazogadoebaSi arsebobda. iTargmneba sakmaod mravalferovani
literatura eTikis dargSi. ase, rom qarTvel mkiTxvels arCevis farTo saSualeba hqonda. es garemoeba ki
imasac udavos xdis, rom im periodis saqarTveloSi
eTikuri ideebi sakmaod gavrcelebuli yofila.
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Teimuraz
bagrationma
peterburgSi
rusulidan
Targmna ,,gansjani aristotelisani keTilisa da borotebisaTvis”, romelic daibeWda 1818 wels. naSromi patara moculobisaa, sul ramdenime gverdi. masSi zedapirulad aris ganxiluli aristoteles swavleba keTilisa
da borotis Sesaxeb. aq mxolod CamoTvlilia saTnoebisa da mankierebis calkeuli magaliTebi, isic arasrulad. maSin rodesac am sakiTxis ganxilva dakavSirebulia aristoteles mier zneobriobis, bednierebisa da
mravali sxva sakiTxis gansjasTan.
adam fergiusoni (1723_1816) Sotlandieli istorikosi da filosofosi, moralisti, edinburgis universitetis profesori. misi mTavari Txzulebis _ ,,zneobiTi
filosofiis“ nawili 1826 wels qarTul enaze Targmna
ioane bagrationma. daculia xelnaweris saxiT. naSromis mizania ara calkeul adamianTa, aramed sayovelTao
bednierebis miRweva. es Txzuleba fergiusonis mTavari
nawarmoebia, romelic rusulad 1804 wels gamoica.
fergiusonis ,,eTikis” sruli sawinaaRmdegoa eTikis
meore wigni _ ,,swavla zneobiTa da kanoniT patiosnis
kacis“, romelic mistikuri xasiaTisaa. igi, 1807 wels
ioana xelaSvilis dakveTiT uTargmnia sv. vaCnaZes da
daculia xelnaweris saxiT.
wigni warmoadgens qristianuli moralis debulebebis krebuls, sadac naTqvamia, rom patiosan kacs swams
RmerTis arseboba da sulis ukvdaveba. amas mtkiceba ar
sWirdeba. igi yvela adamianis gulSia. pirveli moTxovna patiosani kacisTvis esaa RmerTis pativiscema. ar gaakeTo is, rac ewinaaRmdegeba religias. moralis safuZveli religiaa. aseTi xasiaTis wigni savsebiT akmayofilebda iona xelaSvils. erT-erT werilSi igi urCevs
Tavis Zmiswuls kargad Seiswavlos es wigni, xolo umetesi zepirad daiswavlos. ,,aha wignsa amasa ukeTu yov349
lisa suliTa da guliT da ZaliTa da siyvaruliT
ikiTxe, ioane, Zmiswulo Cemo, TviTmaswavlebel geqmnebis werili ese“. am Targmnilma wignma asaxa is msofmxedvelobrivi gansxvaveba, romelsac adgili hqonda imdroindel qarTul sinamdvileSi.
aleqsandre frangiSvilis azriT, ,,zneobiTi filosofiis sakiTxebze aRniSnuli ori wignis Sinaarsi da
am wignebis mTargmnelTa winasityvaoba, vfiqrob, uTuod
mowmobs, rom misi mTargmnelebi, pirad cxovrebaSi axlo urTierTobis miuxedavad, arsebiTad urTierTdapirispirebul Tvalsazrisebs icavdnen”22.
frangi mwerali, pedagogi, kembris arqiepiskoposi
fransua de saliniak de la moti feneloni saqarTveloSi cnobili iyo sami TxzulebiT:
1. wigni fenelonisa ludoviko XIV. s. razmaZis Targmani (1831);
2. ,,mokle aRwera ZuÀlTa filosofosTa hrCeulTa
hazrebiTa damokidebulebiTa da yofaqceviTa swavliTa
maTiTa“. Txzuleba qarTul enaze orjer iTargmna: pirvelad 1798 wels Targmna gaioz reqtorma, xolo meored
_ 1839-40 wlebSi giorgi avaliSvilma. am wignSi mokled
aRwerilia filosofosebis cxovreba da ZiriTadi azrebi. garCeulia Talesis, solonis, histakis, vias, periandres, kleobulis, piTagoras, heraklites, anaqsagoras,
aristotelesa da sxvaTa azrebi.
es wigni arsebiTad aris filosofiis pirveli istoria, romelic saqarTveloSi gavrcelda. faqtobrivad es
iyo, rogorc cda qarTveli mkiTxvelisTvis xelmisawvdomi gamxdariyo misTvis cnobili Tu ucnobi moazrovnis Sesaxeb arsebuli cnobebi.
3. Txzuleba _ romani ,,Tavgadasavali telemakisa”,
romelic 1794 wels qarTulad Targmna saridan ColoyaSvilma. daculia xelnaweris saxiT. masSi gadmocemulia
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avtoris politikuri da filosofiuri Sexedulebebi.
ZiriTadi sakiTxi mainc erTia _ rogori unda iyos mefe.
bednieria xalxi, romelTac marTavs brZeni mefe, romelic ar emorCileba Tavis vnebebsa da usmens gonebas,
icavs zomierebas, Tavisufalia SiSis grZnobisa da yovelgvari piradulisgan. adamianTa gvari erTi ojaxia,
gabneuli mTeli dedamiwis zurgze. yvela Zmebia da unda uyvardeT erTmaneTi. arsebobs cnoba, rom ludoviko
XV akrZala ,,telemakis” gayidva. wignis mTargmneli am
wignis Sesaxeb ambobs:
,,me Sevidgan ese Savad
gadmovwere Tumca avad,
ar gonebis mooxar navad,
egeb Wkuis mosawvavad”.
1787 wels gaioz reqtorma qarTul enaze Targmna Jan
fransua marmontelis (1723-1799) cnobili romani ,,velisariani”, romelic daculia xelnaweris saxiT. rusul
enaze es wigni Svidjer iTargmna. am wigns didi gavlena
hqonda rusul literaturaze. misi gavleniT iwereboda
romanebi, statiebi, gamokvlevebi.
am romanis Targmans qarTvel moazrovnezec hqonda
gavlena, kerZod: erTmaneTs emTxveva aleqsandre amilaxvris ,,georgianul istoriaSi” mocemuli azrebi da
marmontelis Tvalsazrisebi.
XIX saukunis Sua wlebSi rusuli enidan qarTulSi
Semovida aRorZinebis epoqis didi humanistis erazm roterdamelis (1466-1536) ramdenime naSromi, maT Soris _
,,xristiane mxedari xristesi”, romelic rusulad gamoica 1783 wels moskovSi. wigni 1830 wels qarTulad Targmna giorgi avaliSvilma. manve aseve Targmna erazm roterdamelis naSromebi: ,,desideria anu gzad siyvarulisa” da ,,saRmrTo istoriaÁ TÂis mcirewlovanTa yrmaTa
mokle kiTxuaTa da migebaTa kataskeveli”.
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kacobriobis azrovnebis istoriaSi erazm roterdameli Sesulia rogorc saqveynod cnobili wignebis _
,,saSinao saubrebi” da ,,qeba sisulelisa” avtori. am nawarmoebSi mkacrad aris mxilebuli feodaluri sazogadoebis yvela fenis mankierebani.
qarTuli filosofiuri azris istoriisTvis mniSvnelovani iyo ,,laibnicisa da klarkis mimowera”, romelic
franguli enidan Targmna ilia bagrationma. qarTuli
Targmani sruli araa. klarkis xuTi werilidan da laibnicis amdenive pasuxidan Targmnilia mxolod sami werili da erTi pasuxi.
klarkisa da laibnicis mimowera exeba mraval problemas, magram mTavari sakiTxi mainc sivrcisa da drois
problemaa. mniSvnelovania is, rom klarki laibnicTan
kamaTSi niutonis pozicias gadmoscems, amitom polemika
laibnicsa da klarks Soris arsebiTad aris polemika
laibnicsa da niutons Soris.
laibnicisa da klarkis kamaTs gamoexmaura iona xelaSvili23. man Tavisi xeliT gadawera es mimowera da
daurTo Tavisi Sefasebac. iona xelaSvili klarkis nawerebis gacnobas SesaZleblad Tvlis. magram mainc
zedmetad miaCnia RmerTis arsebobis mtkiceba maTematikisa da metafizikis gziT, rogorc amas laibnici akeTebs. gonebas saerTod ar SeuZlia amis dadastureba.
RmerTi arsebobs, mis arsebobas amtkicebs qveynis arsebobis faqti da samyaros kanonzomiereba da ara gonebis
sibrZne.
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$4. Targmnili literaturis gavlena
qarTul filosofiaze
Targmnil wignebSi mocemul ideebs mniSnvnelovani
gavlenebi hqondaT qarTuli filosofiuri azris ganviTarebaze. amasTan, qarTulma filosofiam SemoqmedebiTad aiTvisa da gadaamuSava miRebuli masala. ai, amis
ramdenime magaliTi:
1. anton pirvelis ,,spekali”. anton pirvelis mier
Sesrulebuli Targmanebis Seswavlis safuZvelze cxadi
gaxda, rom misi Targmani metad Tavisufalia. ,,spekalis”
filosofiuri nawilis Sesadgenad (1-90 Tavebi) antons
gamoyenebuli aqvs ioane damaskelis ,,codnis wyaros”
vrceli redaqcia, petriwis wigni ,,ganmartebaÁ”, amonios
hermias ,,mosaxsenebeli xuTTa xmaTadmi”. ,,spekalSi” gamoyenebulia, avgustines, daviT uZlevelis, albert didisa da simeon juRaecis naSromebi.
saidan moxvda ,,spekalSi” avgustines an albert didis azrebi? qarTul enaze am avtorTa naSromebi anton
pirvelis dros ar arsebobda. am kiTxvebze pasuxs isev
anton pirveli iZleva. igi ,,spekalis” SesavalSi wers:
,,arara Cemisaebr uswavlelobisa, Tavisa Cemisa mindobiT, misibrZnies cTomilsa, aramed raimeca vismine laTinTagan filosofosTa”. ,,laTinTa filosofosebi” qarTvel mecnierTa (k. kekeliZe, S. nucubiZe, ap. rogava, g.
kalandariSvili, T. kukava, s. avaliani)
azriT, _ es
saqarTveloSi am dros mcxovrebi kaTolike misionerebi
iyvnen, romlebic antons ukiTxavdnen laTinur enaze arsebul avgustinesa da albert didis naSromebs. aseTive
353
gziT aris Semosuli antonis TxzulebaSi senekas, Toma
akvinelisa da ioane duns skotis zogierTi azri.
2. anton pirvelis ,,katiRoria simetneÁ”. ,,katiRoria
simetneÁ da sjili misgan” ramdenime calad aris daculi k. kekeliZis sax. xelwerTa institutSi.
mas naTlad emCneva baumaisteris, volfisa da somex
filosofosTa naSromebis gavlenis kvali.
wyaroebi, romlebic gamoiyeneba anton pirvelma ,,katiRoria-simetneÁs” Sedgenis dros Semdegia:
1. Tavisive naSromi ,,spekali”; 2. ioane damaskelis
,,dialeqtika” (efrem mcires Targmani); 3. simeon juRaecis ,,dialeqtikis” qarTuli Targmani. wignSi naTlad
Cans evolucia, romelic anton pirvelis msoflmxedvelobam ganicada ,,spekalis” daweridan vidre am naSromis Sedgenamde.
3. ioane bagrationis ,,kalmasoba”. ,,kalmasoba” gamoCenili moazrovnisa da sazogado moRvawis ioane bagrationis nawarmoebia. masSi asaxulia XVIII saukunis dasasrulis da XIX saukunis dasawyisis saqarTvelos ekonomikuri, socialuri da politikuri viTareba. AmasTan,
traqtatebis saxiT gadmocemulia codna mecnierebis
mravali dargidan. mxatvrul-literaturul fonze ganxilulia im drois filosofiuri azrovnebis aqtualuri sakiTxebi logikidan dawyebuli da eTikiT dam-Tavrebuli.
,,kalmasobis” filosofiur nawilebSi aisaxa qarTuli filosofiuri azris urTierToba dasavleT evropis,
ruseTisa da somxeTis filosofiur azrTan.
jer kidev 1941 wels k. kekeliZem gamoTqva azri imis
Sesaxeb, rom ,,kalmasobis” zogierTi nawili originaluri ar aris. ufro adre mklevarma tr. ruxaZem daadgina,
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rom ,,kalmasobaSi” gamoyenebulia eileris ,,fizika”, arCil mefis Txzuleba ,,saqarTvelos zneobani”, baumaisteris ,,logika”, porfiriosis ,,moZRvreba xuTi terminis
Sesaxeb”, aristoteles moZRvreba kategoriebze, juRaecis ,,dialeqtika”. 1959 wels S. nucubiZem miuTiTa ,,kalmasobis” filosofiuri nawilebis wyaroebze, kerZod,
prokles ,,kavSirni RvTismetyuelebiTni”-ze.
statiaSi ,,RvTismetyvelebisaTvis” mocemulia codna
adamianis SemecnebiTi Zalebis (unarebis) Sesaxeb. am
statiis Sinaarsi gviCvenebs, rom misi avtoria frangi
sensualisti etien kondiliaki, kerZod, misi naSromi
,,logika”, romlis erTi nawilic ioane bagrationma rusuli enidan Targmna.
statiis – ,,meteorTaTvis anu haerTa gamocxadeba”
wyaroa ioane damaskelis ,,dialeqtika” da eileris ,,fizika”. eileris wignis qarTuli Targmani aRmoCnda k. kekeliZis saxelobis xelnawerTa institutis fondSi saTauriT – ,,werilni sxvaTa da sxvaTa fizikurTa nivTTaTvis, werili romelsame princesasadmi”.
,,kalmasobis” Sedarebam prokles petriwiseul TargmanTan da petriwis komentarebTan terminologiuri da
azrTa wyobis didi sxvaoba aCvena. es gamowveulia imiT,
rom ioane bagrations am nawilis Sedgenis dros somexi
filosofosis juRaecis mier somxur enaze dawerili
prokles teqstis komentarebi gamouyenebia. amrigad, ioane bagrationis am wignis wyaroebia petriwisa da juRaecis naSromebi.
4. ioane bagrationis ,,Zalni sulisani”. es naSromi
ioane bagrationma dawera Teimuraz bagrationis TxovniT da masSi mocemulia pasuxebi Teimuraz bagrationis mier dasmul SekiTxvebze.
ioane bagrationi ganicdis mis mierve Targmnili
kondiliakis Sromis gavlenas. adamianis mTeli sulieri
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moqmedeba mas mxolod SegrZnebebidan gamohyavs. cnobilia, rom kondiliakma uaryo lokis refleqsia da wminda sensualizmis niadagze dadga. ioane bagrationi
eTanxmeba kondiliaks, igi iona xelaSvilis racionalisturi Semecnebis Teoriis sapirispirod sensualistur Tvalsazrisze idga. amiT ki igi mkveTrad Sordeba
iona xelaSvilis msoflmxedvelobas.
kondiliakis ,,logikis” Targmanma gadamwyveti gavlena iqonia ioane bagrationis Tvalsazrisze Semecnebis
Sesaxeb. SemTxveviTi araa, rom ioane bagrationis originaluri naSromi _ ,,Zalni sulisani” swored kondiliakis gavleniT daiwera.
aqedan aSkara xdeba ioane bagrationis gnoseologiuri Sexedulebebis empiristuli xasiaTi. magram ioane
bagrationi arc SiSveli sensualizmis Tvalsazrisze
dgeba. SegrZnebani ar warmoadgens Semecnebis erTaderT
wyaros. SegrZnebis monacemebs goneba gadaamuSavebs,
cnobiereba sulis funqciaa. magram cnobierebis mTeli
Sinaarsi
geneturad SegrZnebebSia mocemuli. udavoa,
rom ioane bagrationi kondiliakis empirizmis poziciaze dgas.
ioane bagrationis gnoseologiuri Sexedulebebi da
naSromi ,,Zalni sulisani” udavod win gadadgmuli nabiji iyo qarTuli azrovnebis istoriaSi.
5. daviT bagrationis Txzuleba ,,katiRoria Semoklebuli”. es Txzuleba sul ramdenime gverds Seicavs. igi
logikuri xasiaTis naSromia. rogorc daviT bagrationi
aRniSnavs, es naSromi XVII saukunis somexi filosofosis simeon juRaecis naSromis ,,dialeqtikis” safuZvelze Seudgenia, ,,romelmsaca vixmare simoenisa ese katiRoria, romelica friad swavlisa Sina var”.
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daviT bagrationis mier gamoyenebuli juRaecis am
wignis qarTuli Targmani iyo aristoteles ,,kategoriebis” zusti gadmocema komentarebiTurT, Sesrulebuli
gasageb, naTel enaze.
rasakvirvelia qarTuli azrovnebis ganviTarebaze
gavlenas axdenda aramarto Targmanebi, aramed agreTve
sxva erebis filosofiur kulturasTan uSualo nacnobobac. qarTveli moazrovneebi (aleqsandre amilaxvari,
iagor WilaSvili, ioane bagrationi, daviT bagrationi
da sxvebi) xSirad ucxoeTSi moRvaweobdnen, iqaur filosofiur azrovnebas ecnobodnen, rac Semdeg Taviseburad gadamuSavebuli saxiT qarTul azrovnebaSi gadmohqondaT.
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A History of the Georgian Philosophical Thought
(VIII-XVIII centuries)
Volume Two
Summary
The second volume of the four volume history of the Georgian
philosophical thought embraces XIII-XVIII centuries. This period in the history
of Georgia is one of the most difficult from the aspect of political, social and
cultural development.
During the period Georgia was invaded, overrun and roved by
innumerable external enemies. In result of these invasions the state unity of the
country was destroyed – the country was split into small principalities,
economics of the country collapsed and national economy was ruined. Such a
situation made a certain impact on cultural life of the country. ,,Motherland”
the home country of Shota Rustaveli and Ioane Petritsi, which reached the
summits of development of the culture in the 11-12th centuries and partook of
the Renaissance culture, degraded step by step and even became a feeble
imitation of cultures of the aggressor countries.
But, in spite of a long-lasting and grievous situation, Georgia managed to
retain its statehood. Its culture though rather weakened, still continued its
existence.
In the 13-18th centuries Georgian philosophical thinking which have
always been among the main constituents of Georgian culture and have had
serious traditions, lost their former strength and grandeur but still existed in
different forms and modes. Though it must be said that six centuries of
hardships and disasters left certain traces and philosophy in the classical sense
of the word did not exist in the then Georgia: philosophical treatises were not
created, translation activities ceased etc. Therefore philosophical ideas and
scientific thoughts of this period are often scattered in treatises dealing with
problems of natural sciences, in religious sermons, works of literature and
scientific historical monuments (and first of all in “Kartlis Tskhovreba” the life
of ,,Gergis”). This fact presents one of the main characteristic features of
Georgian scientific and philosophical thought of the period. Fortunately, in
spite of the grave situation, spiritual culture did not extinct in Georgia and it is
358
possible to point to certain works forming the cultural heritage of this period
which are important for the history of the Georgian philosophical thought.
The beginning of the decline of Georgian culture in the 13th century
immediately followed the period of its highest development in the 11-12th
centuries. It can be said that the heritage of Tbeli Abuserisdze (1180/90-1245)
was the last outcome of the previous period. His heritage consists of scientific
treatises, a work of literature and hymns.
These works by Tbeli Abuserisdze, which are known to us, are united into
a volume which contains works of different genres and character written by
different authors. The volume was compiled by Tbeli Abuserisdze himself in
1233. It is important to note that this volume which was copied in 1544 in
St.Saba Lavra at Safari Monastery is referred to as a “Sapilosoposo Tsigni” –
“Book of Philosophy”.
The scientific treatise by Tbeli Abuserisdze “Kronikoni” (astronomic
calendar) is distinguished by its novelty and actuality. Alongside with
astronomic calculations certain ideas as to the beginning and the end of the
world, specification of the beginning of a new year and others are given in the
work. It makes this work interesting and important from the aspect of study of
the philosophical thought of the period.
According to certain scientists (among them are Mari Brosse and Korneli
Kekelidze) almost half of those differences which became the foundation for
introducing certain corrections into the calendar by the Pope in 1582 had been
formulated by Tbeli in “Kronikoni”.
The literary work and hymns by Tbeli Abuserisdze deserve attention from
the viewpoint of philosophy of religion; as to his astronomic calendar, it has a
certain scientific value. By attempts to establish the cult of acheiropoieta he
presented himself as an ideologist of unification and strengthening of the
country which was weakened by raids its enemies.
A work by an anonymous author of the 13-14th centuries “Astslovani
Matiane (“A Century Chronicle”) is of great importance for the history of the
Georgian philosophical thought of the given period. According to the
researchers this work is interesting both as a historical monument and as a work
of literature.
“Astslovani matiane” is rich in philosophical ideas as well. The
anonymous author of this work attempts to give a philosophical interpretation
359
to history. In particular, according to the author of the chronicle, description of
historical events resembles search of the truth – it implies the necessity of
holding an unbiased position between goodness and evil.
The next point that deserves attention is the opinion of the author of the
chronicle according to which moral purity of the supreme ruler is of the
decisive importance when it comes to establishing order in the country and to
saving the country. Devastating of the country is understood as a punishment
sent by God because of moral degradation of the population (a religious
opinion which has certain philosophical implications). There is one more idea
given in “Astslovani matiane” which is important for philosophical thought. In
particular, according to this idea it is necessary to consider importance of
subjective and objective factors (of Georgians themselves and of external
forces – enemies invading the country) and to emphasize them in evaluation of
the country’s political and social life.
In the 15-16th centuries Georgia no scientific work having any importance
for philosophy or philosophical thinking was created.
The second half of the 17th century can be considered as a turning point.
Since this period certain revival of cultural life in Georgia can be stated. First of
all cultural-reconstructing activities of king Vakhtang VI are to be mentioned –
he founded “Stsavlul Katzta Comisia” (“Commission of Scholars”), established
a printing house where the first printed edition of “Vepkhistkaosani” (“A
Knight in the Panther’s Skin”) was prepared. This edition was equipped with a
genuinely scientific critical work made by king Vakhtang VI. Many other
honourable deeds are associated with the name of Vakhtang VI as well.
It was the period when a famous writer and public figure Sulkhan-Saba
Orbeliani (1658-1725) began his many-sided activities. Research of ethical
problems and the task to develop and elaborate the Georgian philosophical
terminology were the main and most important directions of his scientific
work.
It was the greatest achievement of Sulkhan-Saba Orbeliani that he drawing
on Petritsi’s and Arsen Ikaltoeli’s works, revived the Georgian medieval
philosophical terminology and adapted it to the new reality.
During the epoch in question, especially during the last 150 years,
Georgian-Armenian and especially Georgian-Russian philosophical contacts
became more intense and deep. In this respect the activities of an ecclesiastic
360
and state figure catholicos of Georgia Anton I (1720-1788) and his school are
to be mentioned. These activities were mainly focused on translating foreign
Philosophical literature. In result different works by European and Russian
philosophers were translated into Georgian. Anton I is the author of an
encyclopedic work “Spekali”.
Representative of one of the largest feudal families in Georgia Alexandre
Amilakhvari (1750-1802) who spent more than half of his life in Russia,
revealed his positive attitude to a European model of state order in his work
“Brdzeni Aghmosavletisa” (“A Wise Man from the East”). It is clear that
Alexandre Amilakhvari’s world outlook was greatly impacted by initiatives of
Anton I, which implied establishment of close relations with progressive
European culture.
The end of the 18th century was marked by beginning of scientific and
public activities of such figures as David Bagrationi (1761-1819), Ioane
Bagrationi (1768-1830) and Iona Khelashvili (1772-1837), but their activities
were mainly unfolded in the first part of the 19th century. These thinkers are
important because of their religious-philosophical and natural philosophical
views.
Philosophical schools and theological seminaries founded on the initiative
of Erekle II and Anton I in Tbilisi (1755) and Telavi (1782) turned out
important events in relation to revival and development of the Georgian
philosophical thought. These philosophical and religious centers were at
different periods headed by Philippe Kaitmazishvili (XVIII), David the Rector
(1745-1824) and Gaioz the Rector (1746-1821). Alongside with social
activities these scholars translated scientific treatises into Georgian.
In spite of the grave situation ethical, aesthetic and philosophical thinking
did not come to a standstill in the 13-18th centuries Georgia. Examples of
ethical, aesthetical and philosophical thinking can be found in historical works
and works on natural sciences, as well as works of literature. In this respect the
artistic creations of a great Georgian poet David Guramishvili (1705-1792) are
of special importance. David Guramishvili’s creative heritage supplies us with
plenty thoroughly thought out ethical, aesthetical and religious-philosophical
ideas.
During the last stage (XVII-XVIII c) of development of the Georgian
philosophical thought of the period in question philosophical heritage of the
361
past became the subject of research and analysis. In this respect Ioane Petritsi’s
creative and scientific activities are especially actual.
The first two stages (XIII-XIV and XV-XVI c.) of the second period (XIIIXVIII c.) of the history of the Georgian philosophical thought and especially
the second stage are characterized by striking degradation, as to the third stage
(XVII-XVIII c.) it is marked by revival and development of philosophical
thinking.
By the end of the 17th century the situation in Georgia became critical.
After defeat in Krtsanisi battle in 1795 physical survival of the country was
questioned. The death of the celebrated king of Kartli-Kakheti Erekle II
worsened the situation in country and around it even more. His death was
followed by struggle and opposition at the court. Russia profited by such a
grave internal and external situation and by force of the manifest issued by the
Emperor Paul I on the 18th of January, 1801, the Kartli-Kakheti kingdom was
abolished and declared as one of the Russian provinces.
The new emperor of Russia Alexander I in the manifest issued on the 12th
of September, 1801, cynically attempted to disguise the real essence of
abolishment of the Kartli-Kakheti kingdom which in fact meant annexation of
East Georgia and considered this act to be a duty of humanism, humanity and
act agreeable to God: “Not in order to enlarge our force, not for the sake of any
interest, not to make the borders of this already greatest world empire wider we
do take the burden of governing the kingdom of Georgia. Only merit, honesty
and humanity instigate us to fulfill our duty sent by God so that we are able to
take to heart the plea of the anguished and in order to relieve their mourning
establish such government in Georgia which will strengthen justice, ensure
personal safety and inviolability of property and legal defense for any person”.
Though just a few years later Russia occupied and annexed the whole
country and established its rule there. Thus at the juncture of the 18-19th
centuries Georgia lost its state independence and had to bear the burden of a
new kind of slavery. Such was the situation reflected in the works of those
Georgian thinkers who were torn away from their own spiritual foundations.
362
SeniSvnebi:
Sesavali
1. iv. javaxiSvili. Txzulebani Tormet tomad. Tb., 1983, II
t. gv. 298-301.
2. S. nucubiZe. qarTuli filosofiis istoria. Tb., 1958, II
t. gv. 176.
3. iqve, gv. 189. agreTve, ,,mcire uwyebani qarTvelTa mweralTaTvis”. iv. lolaSvilis gamocema. Tb., 1982, gv. 4-18, 102-107.
4. S. nucubiZe. qarTuli filosofiis istoria. II t. gv. 236237.
5. a. amilaxvari. brZeni aRmosavleTisa. Tb., 1997.
6. dawvrilebiT ix. daviT reqtori. Txzulebani. T. kukavas
gamocema, Tb., 1997; b. darCia. gaioz reqtori. Tb., 1987.
pirveli Tavi
* * *
meore Tavi
1. s. dodaSvili. Txzulebani. Tb., 1990, gv. 216.
2. iqve, gv. 220.
3. ix. Марр Н. Иоанн Петрицский, грузинкий неоплатоник XI-XII
века. СПБ, 1909., Вступительные и заключительные строфы ,,Витязя в
барсовой кожe Шота из Рустава”. СПБ, 1910.
4. ix. iv. javaxiSvili: ,,zneobrivi moZRvrebis istoria saqarTveloSi”. Jurnali ,,iveria”, #10-13, 1906 da ,,adamiani Zvel
qarTul mwerlobasa da cxovrebaSi” (ix. iv. javaxiSvili _
,,qarTuli enisa da mwerlobis istoriis sakiTxebi”. Tb., 1956,
gv. 130-155). orive werilis axali gamocema ix. qarTuli filosofiuri azris istoria. Tb., 1996, I t. I gamoc. me-2 gamoc.
2013).
363
5. qarTuli filosofiuri azris istoria. Tb., 1996, I t. gv.
399.
6. iv. javaxiSvili. Txzulebani Tormet tomad. Tb., 1977,
VIII t.
7. iqve, gv. 346-347.
8. k. kekeliZe. Zveli qarTuli literaturis istoria. Tb.,
1980, I t. gv. 331-407.
9. iqve, gv. 429-550.
10. i. beritaSvili. moZRvreba adamianis bunebis Sesaxeb saqarTveloSi. Tb., 1957, gv. 243.
11. iqve, gv. 243-244.
12. S. nucubiZe. qarTuli filosofiis istoria. Tb., 1958, II
t.
13. S. nucubiZe. qarTuli filosofiis istoria. Tb., 1956, I
t. gv. 14-15.
14. Гр. Каландаришвили. Очерки по истории логики в Грузии. Тб.,
1955.
15. iqve, gv. 41.
16. iqve, gv. 49.
17. iqve, gv. 51.
18. iqve, gv. 59-60.
19. iqve, gv. 62.
20. a. frangiSvili. narkvevebi adamianis fsiqologiuri
codnis istoriidan saqarTveloSi. Tb., 1959, gv. 6.
21. iqve, gv. 9.
22. iqve.
23. S. xidaSeli. aleqsandre amilaxvari da misi socialurpolitikuri traqtati ,,brZeni aRmosavleTisa”. ix. krebuli:
,,qarTuli filosofiuri azris istoriis narkvevebi”. Tb., 1977,
V t. gv. 94.
24. iqve, gv. 99.
25. iqve, gv. 100.
26. iqve, gv. 102.
27. iqve, gv. 107.
28. ix. s. avaliani. anton pirveli. cxovreba, moRvaweoba da
filosofiuri msoflmxedveloba. Tb., 1987; igive avtoris _
364
qarTuli naturfilosofiis istoriis narkvevevbi, Tb., 1984; g.
dedabriSvili. qarTul-rusuli filosofiuri urTierTobebis
istoriidan. Tb., 1984; r. baramiZe. narkvevebi qarTuli mwerlobis istoriidan. Tb., 1990; l. menabde. XVII-XVIII saukuneebis
qarTuli literatura. Tb., 1997; r. siraZe. qarTuli esTetikuri azris istoriidan. Tb.,1978.
mesame Tavi
1. iv. javaxiSvili. Txzulebani Tormet tomad. Tb., 1979, III
t. gv. 536.
2. saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi rva tomad. Tb., 1979,
III t. gv. 549.
3. iqve, gv. 623.
4. iqve, gv. 651.
5. qarTlis cxovreba. Tb., 1959, II t. gv. 338.
6. iqve, gv. 716.
7. iv. javaxiSvili. qarTveli eris istoria. Tb., 1948, II t.
gv. 308.
8. iqve, gv. 308.
9. iqve, gv. 299.
10. qarTlis cxovreba. Tb., 1959, II t. gv. 224 (Sdr. saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, III t. gv. 590).
11. iv. javaxiSvili. Zveli qarTuli saistorio mwerloba.
Tb., 1945, gv. 242.
12. iqve.
13. k. kekeliZe. qarTuli literaturis istoria. Tb., 1960, I
t. gv. 330.
14. iqve.
15. k. kekeliZe. esqatologiuri ideebi Zvel qarTul mwerlobasa da cxovrebaSi. ,,Cveni mecniereba”, 1923, #1, gv. 59.
16. iqve.
17. iv. javaxiSvili. qarTveli eris istoria. Tb., 1928, I t.
gv. 288.
18. k. kekeliZe. qarTuli literaturis istoria. I t. gv. 335.
365
20. k. kekeliZe. ,,etiudebi”. Tb., 1945, II t. gv. 323.
21. iqve, gv. 314-325.
meoTxe Tavi
1. sulxan-saba orbeliani. sityvis kona. Tb., 1949, gv. 11.
2. al. frangiSvili. narkvevebi adamianis fsiqologiuri
codnis istoriidan saqarTveloSi. Tb., 1959, gv. 85-87, 91,92.
3. sulxan-saba orbeliani. sityvis kona. gv. 232.
4. iqve.
5. iqve, gv. 232-233.
6. iqve, gv. 233.
7. iqve, gv. 246.
8. iqve, gv. 163.
9. k. kekeliZe. qarTuli literaturis istoria. Tb., 1960, I
t. gv.308.
10. Гр. Каландаришвили. Oчерки по истории логики в Грузии. Тб.,
1955, gv. 69.
11. am wyaroebis Sesaxeb uwinaresad TviTon avtori miuTiTebs mis ,,anderZnamagSi”. kerZod, dasaxelebulia saRvTo werili (biblia), prokles ,,kavSirni RmrTismetyuelebiTni”, ioane petriwi, aristotelesa da porfiriosis kategoriebi, nemesios emeseli, ioane damaskeli da sxva.
12. sulxan-saba orbeliani. sityvis kona. gv. 11.
13. iqve, gv.17.
14. iqve, gv. 246.
15. iqve, gv. 248.
16. iqve, gv. 411.
17. iqve, gv. 344.
18. Гр. Каландаришвили. Очерки по истории логики в Грузии. gv.88.
19. iqve, gv. 90.
20. iqve, gv. 137.
21. am Txzulebis ufro vrceli gadmocema ix. g. kalandariSvilis dasax. SromaSi. gv. 134-141.
366
$2
22. ufro vrclad ix. s. avaliani. anton pirveli. cxovreba, moRvaweoba da filosofiuri msoflmxedveloba. Tb., 1987.
23. anton pirveli. spekali. g. dedabriSvilis gamocema. Tb.,
1991, gv. 254.
24. iqve.
25. iqve, gv. 259.
26. anton pirveli. katiRoria simetneÁ. k. kekeliZis sax.
xelnawerTa instituti. S-3657. gv. 1.
27. kr. baumaisteri. filosofiuri Txzulebani. k. kekeliZis sax. xelnawerTa instituti. S-251. gv. 5.
28. iqve, gv. 6.
29. kr. baumaisteri. dasax. Sr. gv. 13.
30. anton pirveli. spekali. gv. 259.
31. iqve, gv. 261.
32. kr. baumaisteri. dasax. Sr. gv. 183.
33. iqve, gv. 11.
34. iqve, gv. 183.
35. iqve, gv. 281.
36. iqve, gv. 315.
37. m. qavTaria. meTvramete saukunis qarTuli sazogadoebrivi azrovnebis istoriidan. Tb., 1977, gv. 158.
38. kr. baumaisteri. dasax. Sr. gv. 13.
39. iqve, gv. 181.
40. iqve, gv. 183.
41. anton pirveli. spekali. gv. 260.
42. kr. baumaisteri. dasax. Sr. gv. 184.
43. anton pirveli. spekali. gv. 162.
44. kr. baumaisteri. dasax. Sr. gv. 199.
45. iqve, gv. 191.
46. anton pirveli. spekali. gv. 276.
47. iqve, gv. 272.
48. iqve, gv. 169.
49. kr. baumaisteri. dasax. Sr. gv. 260.
50. anton pirveli. spekali. gv. 160.
367
51. kr. baumaisteri. dasax. Sr. gv. 299.
52. iqve, gv. 297.
53. iqve, gv. 298.
54. anton pirveli. spekali. gv. 304.
55. iqve, gv. 305.
56. iqve, gv. 306.
57. iqve, gv. 310.
58. iqve, gv. 308.
59. al. frangiSvili. dasax. Sr. gv. 219.
60. iqve, gv. 319.
61. iqve, gv. 318.
62. iqve, gv. 420.
63. anton pirveli. spekali. gv. 328-329.
64. kr. baumaisteri. dasax. Sr. gv. 183.
65. anton pirveli. spekali. gv. 310.
66. anton pirveli. katiRoria simetneÁ. k. kekeliZis sax.
xelnawerTa instituti, S-3657, $6.
67. magaliTad, kr. baumaisteris filosofiuri Txzulebebis qarTuli Targmanis winasityvaobaSi antoni cal-calke
axasiaTebs SegrZnebebsa da ,,mcnobelobas” (cdas). saxeldobr,
igi ambobs, rom ,,scdebian mravaljer grZnobani da egreTve
mcnobelobaca”.
68. kr. baumaisteri. dasax. Sr. gv. 324.
69. anton pirveli. spekali. gv. 311.
70. iqve, gv. 372.
71. iqve, gv. 314.
72. al. frangiSvili. dasax. Sr. gv. 243-244.
73. kr. baumaisteri. dasax. Sr. gv. 9.
74. iqve, gv. 313.
75. Chr. Baumeister. Elementa philosophiae recentioris, ed. sexta. M.,1809,
gv. 240.
76. iqve, gv. 256.
77. Кр. Баумейстер. Метафизика (пер. Дм. Синковского). М., 1789,
gv. 149.
78. kr. baumaisteri. dasax. Sr. gv. 349.
79. anton pirveli. spekali. gv. 328.
368
80. kr. baumaisteri. dasax. Sr. gv. 229.
81. iqve, gv. 230.
82. anton pirveli. spekali. gv. 302.
83. iqve, gv. 303.
84. kr. baumaisteri. dasax. Sr.
85. anton pirveli. spekali. gv. 237.
86. kr. baumaisteri. dasax. Sr. gv. 186.
87. iqve, gv. 188.
88. anton pirveli. spekali. gv. 262.
89. anton pirveli. Semoklebuli fisika Teoretikebri. ix.
k. kekeliZis saxelobis xelnawerTa instituti. S-114 (winasityvaoba).
90. kr. baumaisteri. dasax. Sr. gv. 010 _ 011.
91. iqve.
92. iqve, gv. 19
93. iqve.
94. Гр. Каландаришвили. Очерки по истории логики в Грузии. Тб.,
1955, gv. 99.
95. amitom ver daveTanxmebiT k. kekeliZes, romelic am
wigns naTargmn Txzulebad Tvlis da antoniseul sxva TargmanTa Soris ixseniebs (ix. k. kekeliZe, qarTuli literaturis
istoria. Tb., 1960, I t. gv. 384). igi Tavisi xasiaTiT iseTive nawarmoebia, rogorc ,,spekali”, romelic Targmans ar warmoadgens, Tumca masSi gadmocemuli azrebi originaluri ar aris.
mexuTe Tavi
1. s. avaliani. qarTuli naturfilosofiis istoriis narkvevebi. Tb., 1984.
2. giorgi TevzaZe. rusTavelis kosmologia. Tb., 1984.
3. samedicino literaturis Sesaxeb ufro vrclad ix. iv.
beritaSvili. moZRvreba adamianis bunebis Sesaxeb saqarTveloSi. Tb., 1957. agreTve, m. Sengelia. qarTuli medicinis istoria. Tb., 1980.
369
4. wigni saaqimoÁ. l. kotetiSvilis gamocema. Tb., 1936, gv.
12.
5. iqve.
6. frinvelTa karabadini. ix. k. kekeliZis saxelobis xelnawerTa instituti. a-562. gv. 562.
7. wigni saaqimoÁ. l. kotetiSvilis gamocema. gv. 15.
8. zaza fanaskertel-ciciSvili. samkurnalo wigni (karabadini). Tb., 1978, gv. 70.
9. wigni saaqimoÁ. l. kotetiSvilis gamoცema. Tb., 1936, gv. 13
10. zaza fanaskertel-ciciSvili. samkurnalo wigni (karabadini). gv. 70.
11. iqve, gv. 4.
12. iqve, gv. 5.
13. k. kekeliძis saxelobis xelnawerTa instituti. S-269. S287, 379, 34.
14. nemesios emeseli. bunebisaTvis kacisa. s. gorgaZis gamocema. Tb., 1914. gv. 17.
15. sulxan-saba orbeliani. sityvis kona. Tb., 1949, gv. 33.
16. nemesios emeseli. bunebisaTvis kacisa. s. gorgaZis gamocema. gv. 61.
17. sulxan-saba orbeliani. sityvis kona. gv. 428.
18. iqve.
19. iqve, gv. 829.
20. iqve, gv. 331.
21. iqve, gv. 19.
22. iqve, gv. 428.
23. iqve.
24. iqve, gv. 246.
25. anton pirveli. Semoklebuli fisika Teoretikebri. ix.
k. kekeliZis saxelobis xelnawerTa instituti. S-114. gv. 1.
26. iqve, (winasityvaoba).
27. iqve, gv. 4.
28. kr. baumaisteri. filosofiuri Txzulebani. ix. k. kekeliZis saxelobis xelnawerTa instituti. S-251. gv. 242-243.
29. anton pirveli. Semoklebuli fisika Teoretikebri. ix.
k. kekeliZis saxelobis xelnawerTa instituti, S-114. gv. 15.
370
30. iqve, gv. 13.
31. iqve, gv. 21.
32. iqve, gv. 8.
33. iqve, gv.10.
34. iqve.
35. iqve, gv. 103.
36. iqve.
37. anton pirveli. spekali. gv. 101.
38. anton pirveli. Semoklebuli fisika Teoretikebri. ix.
k. kekeliZis saxelobis xelnawerTa instituti. S-114. gv. 12-13.
39. iqve, gv. 111.
40. iqve, gv. 112.
41. iqve, gv. 70.
42. iqve, gv. 43.
43. iqve, gv. 44.
44. iqve, gv. 106.
45. iqve.
meeqvse Tavi
1. k. kekeliZe. Zveli qarTuli literaturis istoria. Tb.,
1981, II t. gv.229.
2. iqve.
3. qarTuli proza. Tb., 1982, III wigni, gv. 284.
4. iqve, gv. 285. 302.
5. iqve, gv. 318.
6. iqve.
7. iqve, gv. 395.
8. iqve, gv. 330.
9. iqve, gv. 372.
10. qarTuli mwerloba. Tb., 1980, V t. gv. 103.
11. iqve.
12. k. kekeliZe. Zveli qarTuli literaturis istoria. Tb.,
1981, II t. gv. 309.
371
13. i. WavWavaZe. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli. Tb., 1953, III t.
gv. 406.
14. S. nucubiZe. qarTuli filosofiis istoria. Sromebi.
Tb., 1985, IX t. II nawili, gv. 252, 255.
15. m. cucqiriZe. sulxan-saba orbelianis eTikuri Sexedulebebi. `macne~. filosofiis seria. 1989, #1. gv. 25.
16. sulxan-saba orbeliani. leqsikoni qarTuli. Tb., 1993, II
t. gv. 87.
17. sulxan-saba orbeliani. leqsikoni qarTuli. Tb., 1991, I
t. gv. 261.
18. sulxan-saba orbeliani. leqsikoni qarTuli. II t. gv.
261.
19. iqve, gv. 440.
20. iqve, gv. 88.
21. sulxan-saba orbeliani. leqsikoni qarTuli. I t. gv. 363364.
22. iqve, gv. 111.
23. i. abulaZe. Zveli qarTuli enis leqsikoni (masalebi).
Tb., 1973, gv. 167.
24. sulxan-saba orbeliani. leqsikoni qarTuli. II t. gv.
283.
25. qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni. erTtomeuli.
Tb., 1986. gv. 232.
26. k. kekeliZis saxelobis xelnawerTa instituti. 617, 1-48.
27. qilila da damana. Tb., 1949, gv. 551.
28. iqve, gv. 854.
29. k. kekeliZe. Zveli qarTuli literaturis istoria. Tb.,
1981, II t. gv. 482.
30. iqve, gv. 483.
31. iqve, gv. 486-487.
32. qarTuli mwerloba. Tb., 1980, VI t. gv. 550, 578.
33. iqve, gv. 550-562.
34. iqve, gv. 563.
35. iqve, gv 565.
36. iqve, gv. 564.
37. iqve, gv. 323.
372
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
iqve, gv. 567.
iqve, gv. 590.
qarTuli mwerloba. Tb., 1980, VII t. gv. 351.
iqve, gv. 352.
iqve.
iqve, gv. 353.
iqve, gv. 354.
iqve.
iqve.
iqve, gv. 637.
iqve, gv. 359.
iqve, gv. 375.
meSvide Tavi
1. iv. javaxiSvili. qarTveli eris istoria. Tb., 1967, IV t.
gv. 199.
2. S. nucubiZe. Sromebi. Tb., 1985, IX t. gv. 192.
3. k. kekeliZe. etiudebi Zveli qarTuli literaturis istoriidan. Tb., 1957, V t. gv. 223-226.
4. Teimuraz pirveli. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli. Tb.,
1934, gv. 125.
5. iqve, gv. 126.
6. arCili. `saqarTvelos zneobani~. qarTuli mwerloba.
Tb., 1989 VI t. gv. 563.
7. iqve, gv. 580.
8. iqve, gv. 337.
9. iqve, gv. 556.
10. iqve, gv. 355.
11. arCiliani. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli or tomad. al.
baramiZis winasityvaobiT. Tb., 1936, I t. gv. 14.
12. iqve, gv. 17.
13. arCili. `gabaaseba Teimurazisa da rusTvelisa~. qarTuli mwerloba. Tb., 1989, VI t. gv. 350.
373
14. Zveli qarTuli profesiuli musika. istoriisa da Teoriis sakiTxebi. Tb., 1991, gv. 94-95.
15. iv. javaxiSvili. qarTuli musikis istoriis ZiriTadi
sakiTxebi. Tb., 1990, gv. 249-250.
16. iv. javaxiSvili. qarTuli samarTlis istoria. Tb., 1928,
I t. gv. 116.
17. k. kekeliZe. Zveli qarTuli literaturis istoria. Tb.,
1981, II t. gv. 594.
18. qarTuli poezia. Tb., 1976, V t. gv. 137.
19. r. siraZe. qarTuli esTetikuri azris istoriidan. Tb.,
1978, gv. 251.
20. l. wurwumia. qarTuli esTetikuri azris istoriidan.
Tb., 2005, gv. 325-342.
21. s. caiSvili. vaxtang meeqvse. rusTveluri mijnurobis
Sesaxeb. literaturuli werilebi. Tb., 1966.
22. qarTuli poezia. Tb., 1976, V t., gv. 218.
23. k. kekeliZe. Zveli qarTuli literaturis istoria. II t.
gv. 628.
24. qarTuli poezia. Tb., 1976, V t. gv. 228.
25. m. baraTaSvili. swavla leqsis Tqmisa. Tb., 1981, gv. 7.
26. ilia WavWavaZe. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli. Tb., 1953,
III t. gv. 457.
27. qarTuli mwerloba. Tb., 1989, VII t. gv. 359.
28. al. gvaxaria. nizami da guramiSvili. `literaturuli
Ziebani~. Tb., 1983, gv. 77.
29. goeTe. fausti. Tb., 1952, gv. 98.
30. k. kekeliZe. Zveli qarTuli literaturis istoria. II t.
gv. 672.
31. qarTuli poezia. Tb., 1976, V t. gv. 463-478.
32. k. kekeliZe. Zveli qarTuli literaturis istoria. II t.
gv. 677.
33. ioane batoniSvili. kalmasoba. Tb., 1948, II t. gv. 204.
374
merve Tavi
1. k. kapaneli. filosofiuri Sromebi. Tb., 1989, gv. 324.
2. S. nucubiZe. qarTuli filosofiis istoria. Tb.,1958, II t.
gv. 177.
3. iqve.
4. am mxriv sayuradReboa kaTolike misionerebis, kerZod,
arqanjelo lambertis ,,samegrelos aRwera”. Tb., 1938.
5. S. nucubiZe. dasax. Sr., gv. 178.
6. iqve, gv. 178.
7. iqve.
8. iqve, gv 231.
9. swored es garemoeba aisaxa nikoloz baraTaSvilis poemaSi ,,bedi qarTlisa.”
10. S. nucubiZe. dasax. naSromi. gv. 233.
11. JamTaaRmwereli. aswlovani matiane. Tb., 1987, gv. 82.
12. iqve.
13. iqve, gv. 63.
14. iqve, gv. 70.
15. iqve, gv. 128.
16. Jurnali ,,moambe”. 1962, #2, gv. 232.
17. al. amilaxvari. brZeni aRmosavleTisa. Tb., 1997, gv. 129130.
18. qarTuli filosofiuri azris istoriis narkvevebi. Tb.,
1977, V t. gv.91.
19. al. amilaxvari. dasax. Sr. gv. 6-8
20. iqve, gv. 11.
21. iqve, gv. 10-11.
22. iqve, gv. 21.
23. qarTuli filosofiuri azris istoriis narkvevebi. V
t. gv. 107.
24. al. amilaxvari. dasax. Sr. gv. 16-17.
25. iqve, gv. 17-18.
375
mecxre Tavi
1. abuserisZe tbeli. Txzulebani. baTumi, 1998, gv. 5-11.
2. iqve, gv. 12-57.
3. iqve, gv. 58-70.
4. dawvr. ix. iqve, gv. 324-333.
5. iqve, gv. 3.
6. l. musxeliSvili. bolok basilis mSenebloba SuartyalSi da abuserisZeTa sagvareulo matiane. Tb., 1941.
7. i. sixaruliZe. naTeli dauRamebeli. baTumi, 1979, gv. 6-7.
8. abuserisZe tbeli. Txzulebani. baTumi, 1998, gv. 88.
9. iqve, gv. 90.
10. iqve, gv. 92.
11. iqve, gv. 158.
12. tbelis astronomiuli Sexedulebebi dalagebulia maTematikos onise surmaniZis Sromebis safuZvelze (ix. Jurnali
,,mecniereba da teqnika”, 1991, #11-12; agreTve, gazeTi _ ,,literaturuli saqarTvelo”, 1993, 20 agvisto).
13. iv. javaxiSvili. Txzulebani 12 tomad. Tb., 1977. VIII t.
gv. 246-262.
14. iqve, gv. 249.
15. iqve, gv. 250.
16. iqve.
17. iqve, gv. 251.
18. iqve, gv. 252.
19. iqve.
20. iqve, gv. 253.
21. iqve, gv. 255.
22. iqve, gv. 261.
23. k. kekeliZe. Zveli qarTuli literaturis istoria. Tb.,
1981, II t. gv. 301-302.
24. iqve, gv. 302-303.
25. iqve, gv. 303.
26. iqve, gv. 305.
27. iqve.
376
28. S. nucubiZe. qarTuli filosofiis istoria. Tb., 1958, II
t. gv. 184.
29. iqve, gv. 185-186.
30. iqve, gv. 186.
31. iqve.
32. JamTaaRmwereli. ,,aswlovani matiane”. Tb., 1987, gv. 37.
33. iqve.
34. iqve, gv. 40.
35. iqve.
36. iqve, gv. 42.
37. iqve, gv. 43.
38. iqve.
39. iqve, gv. 43-44.
40. iqve, gv. 44.
41. iqve.
42. iqve, gv. 46.
43. iqve, gv. 49.
44. iqve, gv. 55.
45. iqve, gv. 62.
46. iqve.
47. iqve, gv. 53.
48. iqve, gv. 63
49. iqve, gv. 70.
50. iqve, gv. 79-80.
51. iqve, gv. 80.
52. iqve, gv. 82.
53. iqve, gv. 99.
54. iqve, gv. 132.
55. iqve, gv. 161.
56. iqve, gv. 168.
57. iqve, gv. 165.
58. iqve.
59. iqve, gv. 109, 162-163, 218 da sxv.
60. iqve, gv. 218.
61. iqve, gv. 172.
62. iqve, gv. 179.
377
63. iqve, gv. 180.
64. iqve, gv. 182.
65. iqve, gv. 180.
66. iqve, gv. 183.
67. vaxuSti batoniSvili. aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa.
ix. qarTlis cxovreba. simon yauxCiSvilis gamocema. Tb., 1973,
IV t. gv. 1.
68. iqve, gv. 2.
69. iqve.
70. iqve, gv. 3.
71. iqve
72. iqve, gv. 13-14.
73. iqve, gv. 14-16.
74. iqve, gv. 16.
meaTe Tavi
1. r. baramiZe. ,,socialuri sakiTxebi Zvel qarTul originalur mwerlobaSi (VI-VII ss.)”. SromaTa krebuli: Zvel qarTuli mwerlobis sakiTxebi. Tb., 1962, I t; e. xoStaria (brose).
feodaluri xanis saqarTvelos mTisa da baris urTierTobis
sakiTxebi. Tb., 1984.
2. sruliad saqarTve;los kaTolikos-patriarqi ilia II.
epistoleni, sityvani, qadagebebi. Tb., 1997 w. I t.
3. romaelTa zneobis mkvlevari, fridlenderi sagangebod
msjelobs
am
sakiTxebTan
dakavSirebiT.
ix.
Fridlander.
Sittengeschichte Roms. I.
4. Tumc am sakiTxis Sesaxeb mas sakmaod didi tradicia
hqonda ,,SuSanikis wamebis”, merCuleisa da ,,ninos cxovrebis”
saxiT, rom araferi vTqvaT nikoloz gulaberiZisa da TviT
rusTavelis Sesaxeb.
5. aRorZinebis epoqis mwerlobaSi warmoCenil aRniSnul
sakiTxebs eZRvneba k. kekeliZis, al. baramiZis, iv. lolaSvilis, l. menabdis, r. siraZis da r. TvaraZis Sromebi da werilebi.
6. fsal. III, 2-3.
378
7. don juzepe milaneli. ,,werilebi saqarTveloze”.
Tb.,1964, gv. 45.
8. iqve, gv. 74.
9. evlia Celebis mogzaurobis wigni. Turqulidan Targmna,
komentarebi da gamokvleva daurTo giorgi fuTuriZem. Tb.,
1971, I nawili, gv. 281.
10. iqve. gv. 281.
meTerTmete Tavi
1. r. TvaraZe. daviT guramiSvilTan miaxloeba. ix. r. TvaraZe TxuTmetsaukunovani mTlianoba. Tb., 1985, gv. 287.
2. vaxtang VI. TxzulebaTa krebuli. al. baramiZis winasityvaobiT. Tb., 1947, gv. XVIII.
3. am sakiTxis Sesaxeb ix. r. siraZe, `daviTiani~ da biblia.
r. siraZe. qristianuli kultura da qarTuli mwerloba. Tb.,
1992, I t. gv. 151-184.
4. М. Броссе. Взгляд на историю и литературу Грузии. (ЖМНП). СПб ,
1838, VIII, gv. 322.
5. l. zaqaraZe. germanuli romantizmi da qarTveli romantikosebi. Tb., 2008, gv. 8-14.
6. S. nucubiZe. qarTuli filosofiis istoria. Tb., 1958, II
t. gv. 47.
7. daviT guramiSvili. daviTiani. ix. qarTuli mwerloba.
Tb., 1989, VII t. gv. 354.
8. iqve, gv. 359.
9. iqve, gv. 360.
10. iqve, gv. 354.
11. iqve, gv. 356.
12. Г. С. Сковорода. Сочинения. М., 1912, т.1, gv. 360.
13. daviT guramiSvili. daviTiani. gv. 350.
14. martin haidegeris eqsistencialuri kategoriebisa da
hermenevtikuli modelis Sesaxeb ix. g. margvelaSvili. finalobis problema nikolai hartmanisa da martin haidegeris ontologiebSi. Tb., 1983.
379
15. k. kacitaZe. „moswavlis tanjva“. ix. ,,literatura da xelovneba”. Tb., 1992, # 3-4, gv. 97.
16. Sdr. M. Heidegger. Vom Wesen des Grundes. Frankfurt am. Main.,
1949, gv. 50.
17. daviT guramiSvili. daviTiani. gv. 353.
18. ix. g. margvelaSvili. finalobis problema nikolai
hartmanisa da martin haidegeris ontologiebSi. Tb., 1983, gv. 3-4.
19. daviT guramiSvili. daviTiani. gv. 370.
20. iqve, gv. 357.
21. iqve, gv. 354.
22. iqve, gv. 354.
23. daviT guramiSvilis SemoqmedebaSi mistikur-alegoriul
motivebze miuTiTebdnen k. kekeliZe da n. naTaZe. ix. k. kekeliZe. literaturuli Ziebani. Tb., 1956, X t; n. naTaZe. `daviTianis~ didi saidumlo. ix. n. naTaZe. literaturuli werilebi.
Tb., 1973, gv, 214-237.
24. k. kekeliZe. qarTuli literaturis istoria. Tb., 1941, II
t. gv. 518, 553.
25. n. naTaZe. `daviTianis~ didi saidumlo. gv. 216.
26. iqve, gv. 218.
27. petre iberieli (fsevdo-dionise areopageli). Sromebi.
s. enuqaSvilis gamocema. Tb., 1961, gv. 42.
28. amis Sesaxeb ix. l. zaqaraZe. erosis adgili areopagitikaSi. ix. filosofia, RvTismetyveleba, kultura. problemebi
da perspeqtivebi. Tb., 2007, gv. 30-37.
29. daviT guramiSvili. daviTiani. gv. 354.
30. n. naTaZe. `daviTianis~ didi saidumlo. gv. 222-224; r.
TvaraZe. daviT guramiSvilTan miaxloeba. ix. TxuTmetsaukunovani mTlianoba. gv. 292-293.
31. daviT guramiSvili. daviTiani. gv. 400.
32. iqve, gv. 401.
33. iqve, gv. 402.
34. iqve, gv. 405.
35. iqve, gv. 413.
36. iqve, gv. 414
380
37. iqve.
meTormete Tavi
1. k. kekeliZe. etiudebi. Tb., 1957, V t. gv. 5.
2. Н. Марр. Агиографические материалы по грузинским рукописям.
СПБ, 1900, kн. II gv. 94.
3. k. kekeliZe. Zveli qarTuli mwerlobis istoria. Tb., 1951.
I t. gv. 41. ix. agreTve, i. abulaZe. rusTavelis xanis qarTuli
mwerlobis kidev erTi Zeglis Targmani Zvel somxurze. enimkis moambe. Tb., 1938. III t.,i. abulaZe. rusTavelis xanis qarTulidan naTargmni Zveli somxuri mwerlobis Zeglebi. enimkis
moambe, Tb., 1938, III t.
4. П.М. Мурадян. Армяно-Грузинские литературные отношения
XVIII века. Ереван, 1966, gv. 173.
5. Давид Непобедимый (Анахт). Определение философии. (Предисл.
и коммент. С.С. Аревшатяна). Ереван, 1960, gv. 65.
6. В.К. Чалоян . История армянской философии. Ереван,1959, gv. 316
7. Вестник Ереванского университета. 1970, №2, gv. 146.
8. S. nucubiZe. qarTuli filosofiis istoria. Tb., 1958, II
t. gv. 296.
9. Записки Восточного отделения Императорского русского археологического общества XIX века. 2-3. СПБ, 1910.
10. Г. К. Мирзоян. К вопросу об изучении армянско-грузинских
связей. Вестник Ереванского университета. 1970, №2, gv. 150.
11. S. nucubiZe. qarTuli filosofiis istoria. Tb., 1956, I
t. gv. 315.
12. Н.А. Марр. Иоан Петрицкий грузинский неоплатоник XI-XII вв.
СПБ, 1909, gv. 86.
13. С. Полоцкий. Вечерня душевная. М., 1968, gv. 240.
14. k. kekeliZe. etiudebi. Tb., 1955, III t. gv. 115.
15. citirebulia wignidan: И. Пипин. История русской литературы. СПБ, 1902, т. III gv. 201.
16. s. avaliani. anton pirveli. cxovreba, moRvaweoba da
filosofiuri msoflmxedveloba. Tb., 1987.
381
17. daculia peterburgis aziis xalxTa institutSi.
18. l. asaTiani. rCeuli nawerebi. Tb., 1958, gv. 97.
19. k. kekeliZe. Zveli qarTuli mwerlobis istoria. Tb.,
1951, I t. gv. 473.
20. kitais sibrZne. Tb., 1754, gv. 92.
21. l. ZoweniZe. rusuli apoTegmatis qarTuli redaqciebi.
Tb., 1978. gv. 97.
22. a. frangiSvili. narkvevebi adamianis fsiqologiuri
codnis istoriidan saqarTveloSi. Tb., 1959, gv. 366-367.
23. gamoqveynebulia wignSi _ i. xelaSvili. ocdaToTxmeti
SekiTxvis wigni. Tb., 1967. gv. 13-14.
382
saZiebeli1
a
abas I (Sah abasi) – 24, 25, 157, 208
abram kaTalikosi - 258
abuserisZe tbeli - 5,9,32,33,46-48,227-233
agamemnoni - 239
agapit diakoni - 346
agafokle - 348
avag mxargrZeli - 201
avaliani s. – 34,353
avaliSvili g. – 337, 350,351
avgustine - 280, 353,354
averoesi (ibn ruSdi) - 108
avicena (ibn sina) – 108,109
avreliusi (markus avreliusi) – 345,348
akofaSvili g. - 221
albert didi - 71,88,330,353
aleqsandre (arCil mefis Ze) – 332,333,346
aleqsandre didi (makedoneli) – 72,239,261
aleqsandre didi (saqarTvelos mefe 1412-1442 ww.) – 15,16,20,151,218
aleqsandre I - 20,22
ambrosi nekreseli - 72,297,299,300
amelaxosi - 327
amilaxvari al. – 11,38,39,218,221-226,351,357
amonios hermia - 35,36,64,73,328,353
ana (kaxeTis dedofali) - 22
ana ivanes as. (ruseTis imperatori) – 334,347
anaqsagora - 302,348,350
anaqsimandre - 348
andronike rodoseli - 328
anTipatos - 239
ansilioni J.p.fr. - 342
anton martyofeli - 229
1
შეადგინა ო. ქამადაძემ
383
anton pirveli 6,11,30,31,33,36,38,65,69,70-106,117-129,177,195,218,221,264,
321,322,327,329,330,333,335,338-340,353,354
anton Wyondideli-cagareli - 37,38,72,296,299
araqel siuneci - 324
arevSatiani s. - 323
aristotele - 5,36,37,56,59-61,64-69,71,73-79,82-84,86,88,93,98,101-108,114,
115,117,123,124,126,127,137-140,142,160,302,321,322,328,349,350,355
aristofane - 142
arsen iyalToeli - 8,10,11,48,55,64,316
arRuni (noini) - 256
arCil II (mefe, poeti) - 143-145,156-171,174,178,186,187,227,262-264,266,
268-281,284,290,292,296,299,312,314,331-333,346,355
asaTiani l. – 221,222,344
astiangi - 239
aRa-mahmad-xani - 29,220
aRbuRa - 52
b
bagrationi b. (bagrat batoniSvili) - 10
bagrationi d. (daviT batoniSvili) - 65,342-346,356,357
bagrationi T. (Teimuraz batoniSvili) – 342,344,349,355
bagrationi il. - 352
bagrationi i. (ioane batoniSvili) – 65,195,264,325,328,329,340, 341,347,
349,354-357
bagrationi p. - 336
bagrationi f. (farnavaz batoniSvili) – 344
baraTaSvili m. – 181-184,314
baraTaSvili n. – 174,275,277
baramiZe al. – 135,166,168,173,265,315
baramiZe r. - 34
barbare - 52
basili (kaTalikosi) – 35,64
basili didi - 280
basili makedoneli (bizantiis imperatori) – 333,346
baumaisteri kr. – 6,37,69,72-80,83-86,88-90,95,99,103,128,345,354,355
baRvaSi - 254
beritaSvili iv. - 33
384
besarioni (kaTalikosi) - 333
beqa I jayeli - 52,254,255
brose mari - 46,228,230,303
bualo n. – 164
budni b. – 348
g
gabaSvili b. – 182,194-199,333
gabaSvili z. - 1954
gabaSvili t. – 37,72,177
gaioz reqtori - 12,38,336,345,346,350,351
galenosi - 108
gvaxaria al. – 189,190
giorgi dayudebuli - 32
giorgi diokletiane - 153
giorgi XI - 172
giorgi VIII - 17,19,20
giorgi merCule - 107,156,329
giorgi V - 42-44,53,134,205,207,234
giorgi mTawmideli - 10,32,236
giorgi xucesmonazoni - 32
goguaZe n. - 229
goeTe - 192
grigol IX (romis papi) – 41,46
grigol nazianzeli (grigol RvTismetyveli) - 48
grigol noseli - 175
grigol xanZTeli - 150,156,329
gulaberiZe n. - 229
guramiSvili d. – 7,145-148,154,155,166,171,185-193,197,262-264,279,281,292296,302,309,311,312,314-318,333
d
dadiani vamey - 152
dadiani levan - 27
dadiani cotne - 42,133,253
daviT anahRTi (uZleveli) – 67,321-325,328,353
daviT aRmaSenebeli - 13,42,43,108,236,239,316
daviT narini - 41,132,235,240,245,254
385
daviT reqtori - 11,38,342,344
daviT ulu - 41,240,254
damiane - 151,152
dante aligieri - 178,185,192,193
darejani (arCil mefis asuli) - 336
dedabriSvili g. - 34
dekarti r. – 84,89,116,122,123,125,341
demetre (dimitri) II Tavdadebuli - 133,240,254,258
derJavini g. – 331,336
didi alberdi - ix. albert didi
diogene sinopeli - 142,348
dodaSvili s. – 30,31,224
dodsli r. - 347
don qristoforo de kasteli - 28
don juzepe julime milaneli - 297
dosiTeoz nekreseli (CerqeziSvili) – 37,324,329
e
egnataSvili (beri) – 44,172
evgeni IV (papi) - 48
evgeniosi - 107
evklide - 230
evlia Celebi - 297,298
ezope - 141
eileri l. – 355
ekermani - 192
elene - 239
elia - 52
elisabedi (petre I-is asuli) - 334
emini T. – 331,336
empedokle - 84,110,348
epikure - 142,302-305,309,348
erazm roterdameli - 351,352
erekle II - 11,28,29,31,38,71,72,195,197,207,209-211,223,346,347
esaia (winaswarmetyveli) - 251
efTvime mTawmideli - 10,48,236,323
efrem mcire - 8,10,48,55,64,175,322,316,323,354
386
eqvTime (patriaarqi) – 52,53
v
vaJa-fSavela - 28
varam gageli - 201,245
vardani - 141
vardapedi v. – 330
vaCnaZe sv. - 349
vaxtang VI - 10,32,57,58,172-183,187,207-209,281,284,292,300,302, 312,322,328,
348
vaxtang III - 16,17
vaxtang V - 57,170
vaxuSti batoniSvili - 32,36,57,67,68,227,230,259-261,264,321,322,334
via - 350
volkovski - 338
volteri - 221,283,342-344
volfi kr. – 6,71,74,75,77,78,80,86,117-119,121,126-128,265,291,338-341,345,
354
vronski - 340
z
zaza fanaskertel–ciciSvili - 21,109,111
zaqaria ritori - 49
zubalaSvili i. - 344
T
TavaqaraSvili m. - 27
Talesi - 302,350
Tamar mefe - 109,169,239,243,244,250
TayaiSvili e. – 221,222
Tbileli i. - 299
Teimuraz II - 71,72,144
Teimuraz I - 155-157,160-162,164,166-169,178,179,195,197,263,266,268,312
Temisteosi - 107
Temurlengi - 13-16,21,44,45,205
Teofilaqte belgaruli - 342
Teofraste - 328
TvaraZe r. - 315
387
Toma akvineli - 354
Tornike erisTavi - 258
TurmaniZe x. - 169
TurqestaniSvili e. - 348
i
iavorski st. – 331,334,335
iakobi - 236
iese (qarTlis mefe) - 71
ieso qriste - 152,159,175,192,193,225, 230,236,249,250,260,267, 293,318,342,
351
ivane aTabagi - 245,246,248,249
ivane axalcixeli - 249
ivane III - 21
ilia II (saqarTvelos kaTolikos - patriarqi) - 262
imedaSvili a. - 135
ioane anCeli - 229
ioane damaskeli - 5,35,36,48,55,56,59,64,79,84,103,260,316,321,323,353-355
ioane duns skoti - 354
ioane zosime - 230
ioane maxarobeli - 229
ioane mociquli - 152
ioane naTlismcemeli - 57,229,299
ioane oqropiri - 229
ioane petriwi - 8,11,30,31,35,36,54-56,59,64,67,68,87,89,90,107,112,114,149,
150, 175,304,316,320,321,325-328,353,355
ioane sabanisZe - 242
ioane tariWis Ze - 64.328
ioane SavTeli - 229,230
ioane WimWimeli - 48
ioseb flabiusi - 239
ismaili (Sahi) - 23
iulius afrikeli - 231
k
kaeni - 261
kalandariSvili gr. – 34-37,68,70.261,353
kanti - 146
kapinski i. - 331,333
388
kasandrosi - 239
kaxaberi - 254
kekeliZe k. – 34,46,47,49,51-54,130,135,153,173,182,194,198,228-230,234, 238,
240,241,243,254,293,312,319,321,335,353-355
kvintos kurciosi - 71
kvirosi - 239
kikvaZe c.
kiknaZe v. - 222
kiknaZe r. – 216,258
kirile aleqsandrieli - 329
kirile donauri - 53
kirile mTavarepiskoposi - 53
klarki - 352
kleobuli - 350
kovdini (kovidi, koftini) a. - 330
kondiliaki e. – 340,341,355,356
konstantine II (aleqsandre didis Svili) - 20
koperniki n. – 127,128,335
kotetiSvili l. - 109
kukava T. - 353
l
lagaZe p. – 53,54
laibnici g.v. – 75,77-80,86,101,119,123,265,291,341,352
langi d. - 135
laSa-giorgi - 131,216,228,234-236,240,242-246,250,255
leon batoniSvili - 197
leoniZe g. - 198
leonti mroveli - 172
loki j. – 265,341,356
lomonosovi m. – 331,336,338
lope de vega - 164
ludoviko XIV – 344,350
ludoviko XV – 351
ludoviko bolonieli – 18
luka - 133
lukreciusi - 122
389
madinaSvili z. - 38
makari (patriarqi) - 65
makari mesxi - 46,49,50,133
mangus yaeni - 252
mari n. – 31,49,219,326,327
marmonteli - 351
meTode - 103
menabde l. - 34
mesxiSvili d. - 342
mehmed II (sulTani) - 17
midasi - 239
mirzoiani g. – 323,324,326
mitrofane smirneli - 48
miqel mefe - 42
miqelanjelo - 193
mogila p. – 331,333
monteskie S. – 221,222,342,343
mosimaxos ebraeli - 239
muradiani p. - 321
musxeliSvili l. - 228
mRvimeli (beri) - 52
mxiTar sebastieli - 329,330
m
n
natroSvili g. – 309,315
nemesios emeseli - 5,56,59,87,110,112,114,175
nizami (ganjeli) – 156,189
nikolozi (episkoposi) – 45,46,326
nikolozi (kaTolikosi) – 254,255
nikolski - 328
nino (wm. nino) - 52
niutoni i. - 352
nucubiZe S. – 9,10,34,35,38,135,138,150,207,210,234,241-243,261,304, 324,327,
353,355
390
o
oveti a. - 292
olimpiadore (umcrosi) - 323
omar xaiami - 156,179
orbeliani gr. - 198
orbeliani i. - 326
orbeliani nikoloz (Tbileli) – 227
orbeliani p. - 32
orbeliani s.s. - 5,10,11,33,36,37,55-58,63,65-67,113-117,134-140,145,166,168,
171,187,218,219,227,262,264,279,281-287,289-292,296
p
pavle-savle (miciquli pavle) - 271
pereandre - 350
petre gelaTeli - 33
petre iberi - 49,50,133
petre mociquli - 52
petre I - 334,337
piTagora - 350
pius II (romis papi) - 18
platoni - 5,71,73,76,78,114,137,142,302,307,309
plotini - 315
polocki s. – 331-333
porfiriosi - 35-36,56,59,64,67,68,78,103,321,328,355
priamosi - 239
prokle, diadoxosi 8,31,54-56,59,76,304,320,322,325-328,355
prokofoviCi T. – 333,334-336
J
JamTaaRmwereli - 5,33,35,45,51,131-133,148,214-217,227,234-240,241-244,255,
258,259
Jordania T. - 228
razmaZe s. – 337,350
rogava a. - 353
rostom mefe - 169
rusanovi T. - 336
r
391
rusTaveli (SoTa rusTaveli) – 8,31,35,38,107,149,150,153-156,159,161,
162,165,167-170,177-179,184,192,194,195,198,199,268,279,302
ruso Jan-Jak - 221,344,345
rusudan mefe - 41,132,201,250,252,255
ruxaZe tr. - 354
s
saadi - 156
saakaZe g. – 207,208
sadun mankaberdeli - 253,259
saiaTnova - 198
seneka - 354
serapion zarzmeli - 150
simeon garneli - ix. simeon juRaeci (julfeli)
simeon pRinZahanqeli - 55,320,326,327
simeon juRaeci (julfeli) – 36,322,323,326,327,353
simon keTrovani - 267
siraZe r. – 34,315
sixaruliZe i. – 228
skliarosi (barda skliarosi) - 258
skovoroda gr. - 309
snele - 340
sokrate - 137,142,260,348
solomon brZeni - 244
solomon II - 28,29,207
solomon I - 195,210
soloni - 350
stefane - 10
stratemani v. – 36, 261
t
tbeli abuserisZe -ix. abuserisZe tbeli
totlebeni g. - 213
tuptalo d.{rostoveli} - 334
turovski k. - 331
uordropi m. - 135
u
392
f
feneloni fr. - 350
fergiusoni a. - 349
filareti (Tevdore romanovi) – 333,342
filon aleqsandrieli - 190
finateri - 331
firdousi - 156
fonvizini d. – 331,337
frangiSvili al. – 34,37,38,95,350
fsevdo-dionise areopageli - 302,313-342,317
furcelaZe d. - 344
qavTaria m. – 229
qananeli - 109
qeTevan dedofali - 156
qitiaSvili i. – 52,54
qiqoZe g. – 221,222
qsenofane
q
S
Salva axalcixeli - 249
SanSe (mandaturTuxucesi) - 201
SanSovani z. – 36,57,67,68,321,322,328
y
yaiTmazaSvili f. – 11,33,37,324,326,329
yauxCiSvili s. 259,261
yvaryvare - 42
Cagunava r. - 229
Caloiani v. - 323
CaRata noini - 240
CaxruxaZe - 169,184,195
Cesterfildi f. - 347
Cingiz yaeni - 240,248,259
ColoyaSvili b. - 22
C
393
ColoyaSvili d. - 336
ColoyaSvili s. – 336,350
CubinaSvili i. - 57,67,69,70
CxeiZe g. – 333,336
CxeiZe s.- 32
cagareli al. - 135
ciceroni - 90,260
cicianovi e. - 347
cicianovi p. - 347
ciciSvili d. – 339,344
ciciSvili n. - 169
cxakaia d. - 230
Zenoni - 149
ZoweniZe q. - 348
wereTeli a. – 180,181
wm. giorgi - 46,52,152,227
WavWavaZe al. – 198,344
WavWavaZe i. – 135,174,185,194
WilaSvili i. – 225,357
WiWinaZe z, - 169
Wyondideli - 109
c
Z
w
W
x
xalvaSi r. - 228
xelaSvili i. 33,297,300,340,341,349,352,356
xersakovi m. - 331,337
xerxeuliZe o. - 32
xidaSeli S. – 34,38,39,221,222,224,225
xorezm Sahi - 13
394
xojaTyofili - 109
xriziposi - 239
j
javaxiSvili iv. – 8,31,32,41,45,46,49-51,149,168,171,172,228,234-238, 252,
257, 258,261
jalaledini - 41,46,156,235,238,248-250,259
janaSvili m. - 52
juveini - 239
habo - 52
haidegeri m. - 308
harnaki a. - 278
hartmani n. - 138
hegeli - 61
heraklite - 350
herderi i.g. - 291
hipokrate - 108
histaki - 350
h
395
sarCevi
winasityvaoba (s. avaliani)
5
Sesavali (m. maxaraZe)
8
pirveli Tavi
XIII-XVIII saukuneebis saqarTvelos istoriis mokle mimoxilva
(l. WilaSvili)
13
meore Tavi
XIII _ XVIII saukuneebis qarTuli filosofiuri azris
Seswavlis istoriidan (m. maxaraZe)
30
mesame Tavi
qarTuli azrovnebis istoria XIII-XV saukuneebSi
(S. xidaSeli)
40
meoTxe Tavi
Teoriuli filosofiis problemebi XVII-XVIII saukuneebis
qarTul azrovnebaSi (s. avaliani)
$1. sulxan-saba orbeliani, zurab SanSovani,
vaxuSti batoniSvili, iese CubinaSvili
1. filosofiis sagani
2. ontologiuri ideebi
3. logikuri ideebi
4. zurab SanSovani, vaxuSti batoniSvili,
iese CubinaSvili
$2. anton pirveli
1. filosofiis sagani
2. ontologiuri ideebi
3. gnoseologiuri ideebi
4. logikuri ideebi
396
57
58
60
64
67
71
72
80
92
99
mexuTe Tavi
naturfilosofiuri ideebi (s. avaliani)
1. naturfilosofiuri ideebi Sua saukuneebis
qarTul sabunebismetyvelo da samedicino
literaturaSi
2. sulxan-saba orbeliani
3. anton pirveli
meeqvse Tavi
eTikuri ideebi (g. SuSanaSvili)
1. erovnuli kulturis krizisi monRolTa
batonobis xanaSi
2. eTikuri azri qarTuli kulturis
aRorZinebis periodSi. ganmanaTlebloba
da eTika
3. naTargmni literatura da misi eTikuri
mniSvneloba
4. arCili
5. daviT guramiSvili
meSvide Tavi
esTetikuri ideebi (l. wurwumia)
$1. esTetikuri azri rusTavelis Semdgom periodSi
(XIII-XVI ss.)
$2. esTetikuri azri XVII saukunis saqarTveloSi
1. Teimuraz I-lis poeturi samyaro
2. arCil II-is msoflmxedvelobis esTetikuri
aspeqtebi _
$3. esTetikuri azri XVIII saukunis saqarTveloSi
1. vaxtang VI-is poeturi msoflaRqmis esTetikuri
aspeqti
2. mamuka baraTaSvilis esTetikuri Sexedulebebi
3. daviT guramiSvilis msoflmxedvelobis
esTetikuri aspeqtebi
$4. besikis poeturi samyaro
397
107
113
117
130
134
140
143
145
149
154
155
157
171
172
181
185
194
merve Tavi
sazogadoebriv-politukuri ideebi (T. mTibelaSvili)
200
mecxre Tavi
qarTuli filosofiuri azri XIII-XVIII ss. qarTul samecniero
literaturaSi (m. maxaraZe)
$ 1 . abuserisZe tbeli
227
$2. ,,aswlovani matiane” _ ,,JamTaaRmwereli”
234
1. ,,aswlovani matiane”, rogorc istoriuli Zegli
(ivane javaxiSvili)
234
2. ,,aswlovani matiane”, rogorc literaturuli
Zegli (korneli kekeliZe)
239
3. ,,aswlovani matiane”-s filosofiuri
interpretacia (Salva nucubiZe)
241
4. ,,aswlovani matianes” filosofiuri analizi
243
$3. vaxuSti batoniSvili
259
meaTe Tavi
socialuri sakiTxebi XVII-XVIII saukuneebis qarTul
mwerlobaSi (r. baramiZe)
262
meTerTmete Tavi
filosofiuri ideebi daviT guramiSvilis SemoqmedebaSi
(l. zaqaraZe)
302
meTormete Tavi
filosofiuri urTierTobebi (g. dedabriSvili)
$1. somxuri enidan Targmnili filosofiuri
literatura
1. daviT uZleveli. ,,sazRvarTa wigni”
2. prokle. ,,kavSirni RvTismetyÂelebiTni”
3. ,,axsna porfiriosis ,,Seyvanilebisa”
4. ,,peri hermenea”. aristotelesa da daviT
uZlevelis ,,axsna peri armeniasi”
5. kirile aleqsandrieli. ,,saunje anu ganZi”
6. mxiTar sebastieli. ,,ritorika”
398
319
320
323
325
328
328
329
329
7. antoni kovdinis (antoni koftini, antoni kovidi)
Txzuleba
330
8. ,,wigni RvTismetyvelebisa didi alberdisa”
330
$2 qarTul enaze Targmnili rusuli filosofiuri
literatura
330
$3. ucxouridan rusuli enis meSveobiT Semosuli
filosofiuri literaturis qarTuli Targmanebi
338
$4. Targmnili literaturis gavlena qarTul
filosofiaze
1. anton pirvelis ,,spekali”
2. anton pirvelis ,,katiRoria simetneÁ”
3. ioane bagrationis ,,kalmasoba”
4. ioane bagrationis ,,Zalni sulisani”
5. daviT bagrationis Txzuleba ,,katiRoria
Semoklebuli”
353
354
354
355
reziume
358
SeniSvnebi:
363
saZiebeli
383
399
356
gamocemaze muSaobdnen:
iza xarebava
qeTevan qarCava
irine faRava
omar qamadaZe
xelmowerilia dasabeWdad
qaRaldis zoma 60X84 1/16
fizikuri Tabaxi 17.8
tiraJi 500
gamomcemloba `universali~
Tbilisi, 0179, i. WavWavaZis gamz. 19, : 2 22 36 09, 5(99) 17 22 30
E-mail: [email protected]
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