Hands-On Engineering

Transcription

For Grades 4–7
sroom
Real-World Projects for the Clas
Beth L. Andrews
Pru f r o ck Pr e ss I nc.
Wa co , Te xa s
Copyright ©2012 Prufrock Press Inc.
Edited by Sarah Morrison
Production design by Raquel Trevino
Parent ISBN-13: 978-1-59363-922-8
The purchase of this book entitles the buyer to reproduce student activity pages for single classroom use
only. Other use requires written permission of publisher. All rights reserved.
At the time of this book’s publication, all facts and figures cited are the most current available; all telephone numbers, addresses, and website URLs are accurate and active; all publications, organizations,
websites, and other resources exist as described in this book; and all have been verified. The author and
Prufrock Press make no warranty or guarantee concerning the information and materials given out by
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Table of Contents
Challenges
The Good Old-Fashioned Paper Airplane...............................1
Hammock Among Us.......................................................... 2
Windmills on Your Mind?.................................................... 3
Will It Go Round in Circles?................................................. 4
Building Bridges............................................................... 5
It’s All Downhill From Here................................................. 6
Cow-a-Bungee................................................................... 7
Stealthy Design................................................................. 8
Whatever Floats Your Boat................................................. 9
Scrapers in the Sky..........................................................10
Parachute Express............................................................ 11
It’s So Simple Machines ...................................................12
Catapult to the Front of the Line.........................................13
Be a Cooper.....................................................................14
Whirlybird Liftoff.............................................................. 15
Wheelbarrow Races..........................................................16
Kite for a Windy Day......................................................... 17
Host a Hoist.................................................................... 18
Obstacle Course, of Course...............................................19
Craft a Raft..................................................................... 20
CD Car.............................................................................21
It’s Getting Hot in Here.................................................... 22
The Amazing Trampoline Act............................................. 23
Zip-a-Dee-Doo-Dah.......................................................... 24
Breaking Down Barriers....................................................25
World’s Fair..................................................................... 26
The Good Old-Fashioned
Paper Airplane
Make an airplane that achieves the
longest straight flight when released.
Activity Preparation
a. http://teachertech.rice.edu/Participants/louviere/Newton
b. http://www.physicsclassroom.com/mmedia/newtlaws/cci.cfm
c. http://auto.howstuffworks.com/fuel-efficiency/fuel-economy/
aerodynamics1.htm
Additional Lesson Resources
ww Interactive lesson in which students examine the forces affecting a bird
in flight: http://www.wonderville.ca/asset/airborne-experiment
ww Interactive site exploring how a hot-air balloon stays in the air: http://
www.eduplace.com/kids/hmsc/activities/simulations/gr4/unite.html
ww Video free on iTunes U: 108 Stitches: The Physics of Baseball
ww Podcast on the aerodynamics of a free fall: http://rocketmanhowie.
podOmatic.com
Additional Reading
Anderson, J. D. (2007). Fundamentals of aerodynamics (4th ed.). New York, NY:
McGraw-Hill.
Cohen, I. B., & Smith, G. E. (2002). The Cambridge companion to Newton.
Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
Henderson, T. (2011). The car and the wall. Retrieved from http://www.
physicsclassroom.com/mmedia/newtlaws/cci.cfm
Sobey, E. (1998). Just plane smart! Activities for kids in the air and on the ground.
New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
Hands-On Engineering © Prufrock Press Inc.
Permission is granted to photocopy or reproduce this page for single classroom use only.
1
Hammock Among Us
Create a hammock to hold the most
golf balls or other weight.
a. http://www.hammocks.com/historyofhammocksarticle.cfm
b. http://www.ecomall.com/greenshopping/hammock.htm
ww Various hammocks designed specifically for outdoor use and camping:
http://www.mosquitohammock.com
ww A hammock designed to keep the back straight: http://www.shf.org.au/
SpecEv/Hammock.html
ww A hammock manufacturer with a large selection and a history of hammocks: http://hammockcompany.com/hammock-history.php
Additional Reading
Baur, H. (1994). Hammock lore and history. Retrieved from http://www.
buyhammocks.com/hiofha.html
2
Windmills on Your Mind?
Create two windmills and compare their
rotation; make a windmill in which the
rotation of the blades will continue the
longest time with only the wind to help.
a. http://www.clean-energy-ideas.com/resources/index.html and/or
http://www.brainpopjr.com/science/conservation
b. http://www.energy.siemens.com/fi/en/energy-topics/videos/newwind-turbine.htm
c. http://vimeo.com/38203479
d. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8235456.stm
ww U.S. Energy Information Administration site: http://www.eia.gov/kids
ww National Geographic’s education site:
http://education.nationalgeographic.com/education/?ar_a=1
Additional Reading
Musial, W., & Ram, B. (2010). Large-scale offshore wind power in the United
States: Technical assessment of opportunities and barriers (NREL Report No.
TP-500-40745). Golden, CO: National Renewable Energy Laboratory.
Schmalbeck, L. (n.d.). Who has seen the wind? Harnessing alternative energy.
Retrieved from http://www.learnnc.org/lp/pages/6307?ref=search
World Wind Energy Association. (2006). Information. Retrieved from http://
www.wwindea.org/home/index.php?option=com_content&task=blogcateg
ory&id=13&Itemid=80
3
Will It Go Round
in Circles?
Make the closest estimate of the area and
circumference of the circle created by the
team members sitting cross-legged.
a. http://www.touregypt.net/featurestories/measures.htm
b. http://boatsafe.com/tools/meter.htm
ww Video (31:42) on units of measurement: http://tiny.cc/m68a4
ww Video tutorial (02:37) on converting units of measurement: http://www.
ehow.com/video_4756726_convert-units-measurement.html
ww EdHelper’s page on measurement with additional practice: http://
edhelper.com/measurement.htm
Additional Reading
Baber, Z. (1996). The science of empire: Scientific knowledge, civilization, and
colonial rule in India. Albany, NY: State University of New York.
Kemp, B. J. (1989). Ancient Egypt: Anatomy of a civilization. Oxford, England:
Routledge.
Rowlett, R. (2001). How many? A dictionary of units of measurement. Retrieved
from http://www.unc.edu/~rowlett/units/custom.html
4
Building Bridges
Build a sturdy bridge with a 2-foot span that
can be transported from one spot to another.
a. http://videos.howstuffworks.com/tlc/28828-understanding-historyof-bridge-construction-video.htm
b. http://videos.howstuffworks.com/tlc/29830-understanding-bridgemovement-video.htm
c. http://videos.howstuffworks.com/tlc/29829-understanding-bridgedesigns-video.htm
d. http://videos.howstuffworks.com/discovery/35894-howstuffworksshow-episode-12-steel-bridges-video.htm
e. http://dsc.discovery.com/videos/we-built-this-city-new-york-thebrooklyn-bridge.html
f. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/buildingbig/bridge/basics.html
g. http://www.brantacan.co.uk/bridges.htm
ww PBS bridge demonstration labs: http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/buildingbig/
bridge/index.html
ww Model bridge design tips: http://www.garrettsbridges.com
Additional Reading
Johmann, C. A., & Rieth, E. (1999). Bridges!: Amazing structures to design, build
& test. Charlotte, VT: Williamson.
Whitney, C. S. (2003). Bridges of the world: Their design and construction.
Mineola, NY: Dover.
5
It’s All Downhill
From Here
Create the fastest rolling object with a 5"
diameter that will travel down a 6' incline.
a. http://www.teachertube.com/viewVideo.php?video_id=127812
b. http://tinyurl.com/28mxzf6
c. http://www.teachertube.com/viewVideo.php?video_id=53066
Additional Reading
Serway, R. A., & Jewett, J. W. (2004). Physics for scientists and engineers (6th ed.).
Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole.
Watson, D. (2010). What type of energy is it? Retrieved from http://www.
ftexploring.com/energy/enrg-types.htm
6
Cow-a-Bungee
Create a bungee jump (from the top of a
bookshelf or tall cabinet) whose object
has the most caroms from one jump.
a. http://www.iwillknot.com and/or http://www.wikihow.com/Makea-Slip-Knot
b. http://encyclopedia.kids.net.au/page/ho/Hooke's_law
c. http://inventors.about.com/cs/inventorsalphabet/a/rubber_2.htm
d. http://teachertube.com/viewVideo.php?title=Barbie_Bungee
&video_id=198832
e. http://www.metacafe.com/watch/46124/bungee_jumping_in_
new_zealand
Additional Reading
Milton, G. W. (2002). Theory of composites. Cambridge, England: Cambridge
University Press.
Ugural, A. C., & Fenster, S. K. (1975). Advanced strength and applied elasticity
(4th ed.). Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier Science Ltd.
7
Stealthy Design
Create a stealth aircraft that will
travel the furthest distance.
a. http://www.teachertube.com/viewVideo.php?video_id=214351
&title=radar
b. http://www.ausairpower.net/Profile-F-117A.html
ww U-2 bombers: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_U-2
ww Video (4:57) of F-22 air show demo: http://www.metacafe.com/watch/
767508/f22_airshow_demo
Additional Reading
Crickmore, P., & Crickmore, A. (1999, August). F-117 Nighthawk story: The
early years. AirForces Monthly, 62–69.
Karl, J. (2007). So high, so fast. Retrieved from http://abcnews.go.com/
Technology/story?id=3490523&page=1
O’Donnell, R. M. (2007). Introduction to radar systems. Retrieved from http://ocw.
mit.edu/resources/res-ll-001-introduction-to-radar-systems-spring-2007
Reed, J. (2009). Official: Fighters should be used for spying. Retrieved from http://
www.airforcetimes.com/news/2009/12/airforce_deptula_121909
8
Whatever Floats
Your Boat
Create a boat that can stay afloat for at least
1 minute while carrying the heaviest load.
a. http://www.gamequarium.org/cgi-bin/search/linfo.cgi?id=7898
b. http://science.discovery.com/videos/what-the-ancients-knewbuoyancy-defined.html
c. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/lasalle/buoybasics.html
d. http://beityaacov2010.wikispaces.com/Archimedes
ww Hull visuals: http://fishandboat.com/anglerboater/1999/julaug99/
boathull.htm
ww Part II of Bill Nye’s buoyancy video: http://www.gamequarium.org/cgibin/search/linfo.cgi?id=7899
Additional Reading
Hance, A. (1994). Float, sink or swim. Retrieved from http://www.explorit.org/
science/bytes/float.html
Hasan, H. (2005). Archimedes: The father of mathematics. New York, NY: Rosen
Central.
Hodanbosi, C. (1996). Buoyancy: Archimedes principle. Retrieved from http://
www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/K-12/WindTunnel/Activities/buoy_Archimedes.
html
9
Scrapers in the Sky
Build the tallest freestanding skyscraper
that will hold the most weight.
a.
b.
c.
d.
http://www.emporis.com/statistics/worlds-tallest-buildings
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/buildingbig/skyscraper/basics.html
http://www.madehow.com/Volume-6/Skyscraper
http://dsc.discovery.com/videos/we-built-this-city-new-yorkskyscrapers.html
e. http://science.discovery.com/videos/build-it-bigger-season-4design-of-al-hamra.html
ww Timeline of skyscrapers’ development: http://www.skyscraper.org/
TALLEST_TOWERS/tallest.htm
ww The Skyscraper Museum site: http://www.skyscraper.org/home.htm
ww Info about the pyramids of Giza: http://www.eyelid.co.uk/pyramid3.htm
ww Damien’s Skyscraper Page, a site dedicated to the wonders of architecture, engineering, and skyscrapers: http://reach-for-the-sky.50megs.com
ww GreatBuildings, an architecture site: http://www.GreatBuildings.com/
gbc.html
ww Interactive skyscraper-building activity: http://www.funny-games.biz/
towerbloxx.html
Additional Reading
Aldrete, S. G. (2004). Daily life in the Roman city: Rome, Pompeii, and Ostia.
Westport, CT: Greenwood.
10
Parachute Express
Build a parachute that takes the
longest time to descend.
a. http://inventors.about.com/od/italianinventors/a/LeonardoDa
Vinci.htm
b. http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/scienceclips/ages/10_11/forces_
action_fs.shtml
c. http://vimeo.com/38288667
ww Site detailing the history of the parachute: http://inventors.about.com/
od/pstartinventions/ss/Parachute.htm
ww Site offering additional information about parachutes and Leonardo da
Vinci: http://www.aero.com/publications/parachutes/9511/pc1195.htm
ww Site with suggested mass and weight projects: http://www.home
trainingtools.com/mass-and-weight-young-science-projects/a/1677
Additional Reading
Masters, R. (1998). Fortune is a river: Leonardo da Vinci and Niccolo Machiavelli’s
magnificent dream to change the course of Florentine history. New York, NY:
Penguin.
Rossi, P. (2001). The birth of modern science. Oxford, England: Wiley-Blackwell.
11
It’s So Simple Machines
The purpose of this activity is to learn
about simple machines. There is no team
challenge associated with this lesson;
however, the understanding of simple
machines will be important for students
to know for future challenges.
a. https://vimeo.com/38290259
b. http://www.mikids.com/Smachines.htm
c. http://www.angelfire.com/ego/mr.f/SubjectLinks/science/movies
gr8/1work.swf
d. https://vimeo.com/38291275
e. https://vimeo.com/38290616
f. http://atlantis.coe.uh.edu/archive/science/science_lessons/
scienceles1/finalhome.htm
Additional Reading
Andrew Rader Studios. (2006). Motion: Forces. Retrieved from http://www.
physics4kids.com/files/motion_force.html
Asimov, I. (1988). Understanding physics. New York, NY: Hippocrene Books.
Mukherjee, S. (2005). Mechanical sciences: Engineering mechanics and strength
of materials. New Delhi, India: PHI Learning.
Rajput, R. (2005). Elements of mechanical engineering. New Delhi, India: Firewall
Media.
12
Catapult to the
Front of the Line
Create a catapult that will hurl a penny through
a target from the furthest distance away.
a.
b.
c.
d.
http://www.catapults.info
http://www.schoolhistory.co.uk/games/fling
http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Wikijunior:How_Things_Work/Lever
http://www1.teachertube.com/viewVideo.php?video_id=238758
&title=Trebuchets__amp__Catapults
e. http://www.teachertube.com/viewVideo.php?video_id=238841&
title=Roman_Catapult&vpkey=
ww Trebuchets information site: http://www.redstoneprojects.com/
trebuchetstore/trebuchet_history.html
Additional Reading
Delf, B. (2003). Greek and Roman artillery 399 BC–AD 363. Oxford, England:
Osprey.
13
Be a Cooper
Build a barrel to hold and safely
transport the most weight for a distance
of 20 feet. (More weight will be added
until only one barrel remains.)
a. http://www.history.org/Foundation/journal/Autumn03/cooper
slideshow
b. http://www.scholastic.com/teachers/article/mayflower-johnalden-ships-cooper
c. http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~flbbm/heritage/cooper/
barrelmaking.htm
d. http://www.history.org/kids/games/cooperation.cfm
e. http://www.britishpathe.com/record.php?id=46792
f. http://vimeo.com/5391598
Additional Reading
Colonial Williamsburg Foundation. (2010). A flag means it’s open: And other
essential information for touring the historic area: A pocket guide. Williamsburg, VA: Author.
Curtin, T., & Baker, J. W. (1993). Mayflower II: Plimoth plantation. Little
Compton, RI: Fort Church.
14
Whirlybird Liftoff
Build a helicopter that will hover in
the air for the longest duration.
a. http://www.history.com/shows/ancient-discoveries/videos/
ancient-hobbyist-taketombo#ancient-hobbyist-taketombo
b. http://www.mos.org/sln/Leonardo/Leo-Copter.html
c. http://www.sikorskyarchives.com
d. http://videos.howstuffworks.com/nasa/2139-how-helicopterswork-video.htm
e. http://videos.howstuffworks.com/discovery/7075-greatest-ever-themost-powerful-helicopter-video.htm
ww Site with additional helicopter information: http://terpconnect.umd.
edu/~leishman/Aero/history.html#Early_Thinking
ww Site about changes in helicopters over time: http://rotored.arc.nasa.gov/
timeline/timeline.htm
Additional Reading
Gordon, J. (2006). Principles of helicopter aerodynamics. Cambridge, England:
Cambridge University Press.
Houghton, E. L., & Carpenter, P. W. (1993). Aerodynamics for engineering students (4th ed.). London, England: Edward Arnold.
NASA Destination Tomorrow. (1995). Helicopters explained. Retrieved from
http://nasa.ibiblio.org/details.php?videoid=6333&start=0&query=helicopte
r&action=search
15
Wheelbarrow Races
Build a wheelbarrow to carry the most
golf balls a distance of 10 feet.
a. http://vimeo.com/2236446
b. http://www.mikids.com/SMachinesWheels.htm
Additional Reading
Dynamo, D. J. (2008). Tip of the pops. Retrieved from http://creativedynamo.net
Lewis, M. J. T. (1994). The origins of the wheelbarrow. Technology and Culture,
35, 453–475.
Science Resource. (2011). Simple machines—Wheel and axle. Retrieved from
http://science.jrank.org/pages/4056/Machines-Simple-Wheel-axle.html
Temple, R., & Needham, J. (1998). The genius of China: 3,000 years of science,
discovery, and invention. New York, NY: Prion Books.
16
Kite for a Windy Day
Make a kite that will stay aloft for the longest
time (at least 3 minutes), with or without weight.
a. https://vimeo.com/38301007 (show video at http://www.ted.com/
talks/saul_griffith_on_kites_as_the_future_of_renewable_energy.
html as an extension)
b. http://kitefestival.com/photo
c. http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/K-12/airplane/kitefly.html
d. http://www.ehow.com/info_8348108_parts-kite.html
Additional Reading
Experiment Resources. (2008). Physics experiments. Retrieved from http://www.
experiment-resources.com/physics-experiments.html
National Aeronautics and Space Administration. (2008). Beginner’s guide to aeronautics. Retrieved from http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/K-12/airplanes
National Aeronautics and Space Administration. (2008). Kite launch and flight.
Retrieved from http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/K-12/airplane/kitefly.html
Shuttleworth, M. (2008). Ben Franklin kite experiment. Retrieved from http://
www.experiment-resources.com/ben-franklin-kite-experiement.html
17
Host a Hoist
Make a hoist that will carry the heaviest
load 6 inches from the ground.
a. http://www.sacred-destinations.com/greece/meteora-varlaammonastery
b. http://glencoe.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0078779626/student_view0/
brainpop_movies.html#
c. http://science.howstuffworks.com/transport/engines-equipment/
pulley.htm
d. http://library.thinkquest.org/27948/pulley.html
e. http://science.discovery.com/videos/what-the-ancients-knewforce-achimedes-style.html
f. http://www.ffpblog.com/2010/06/a-little-hoist-work
g. http://teachers.egfi-k12.org/lesson-pulleys
h. http://videos.howstuffworks.com/discovery/36077-extremeengineering-pile-hoisting-video.htm
ww Animated pulley demonstration: http://www.design-simulation.com/
Documents/IP/images/simulationimages/pulleysystems/pulleysystem.
gif
ww Practice with pulleys: http://www.technologystudent.com/gears1/pulley
7.htm
Additional Reading
Woodford, C. (2009). Pulleys. Retrieved from http://www.explainthatstuff.com/
pulleys.html
18
Obstacle Course,
of Course
Make an obstacle course for a marble that
will have a minimum of three actions. All
teams that design a successful three-action
obstacle course will be declared victorious!
a. http://www.engineeringinteract.org/interact.htm
b. http://www.funderstanding.com/k12/coaster
c. http://glencoe.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0078779626/student_view0/
brainpop_movies.html#
d. http://www.pbs.org/media/wgbh/designsquad/animations/301_
lever_hi.mov
e. http://thestir.cafemom.com/big_kid/100151/ok_go_video_like_
mouse
Additional Reading
Andrew Rader Studios. (2006). Motion: Forces. Retrieved from http://www.
physics4kids.com/files/motion_force.html
Andrew Rader Studios. (2006). Motion: Vectors. Retrieved from http://www.
physics4kids.com/files/motion_vectors.html
Mosca, G. (2004). Physics for scientists and engineers: Mechanics, oscillations and
waves, and thermodynamics. New York, NY: W. H. Freeman.
19
Craft a Raft
Make a raft with a sail that will stay afloat for at
least 1 minute while carrying the heaviest load.
a. https://vimeo.com/27603039
b. http://dsc.discovery.com/videos/mythbusters-lets-talk-buoyancy.
html
c. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/lasalle/buoybasics.html
d. http://vimeo.com/26932507
Additional Reading
Schmidt, B. (2010). Chronology of known Mark Twain speeches, public readings,
and lectures. Retrieved from http://www.marktwainquotes.com
Teachers’ Domain. (2004). Buoyancy brainteasers: Buoyancy question. Retrieved
from http://www.teachersdomain.org/resource/phy03.sci.phys.matter.buoqu
Teachers’ Domain. (2004). Density and buoyancy: Pouring air into water.
Retrieved from http://www.teachersdomain.org/resource/phy03.sci.phys.
matter.zbubble
20
CD Car
Make a car that will travel the
furthest while carrying weight.
b. http://www.history.com/shows/modern-marvels/videos/whoinvented-the-wheel#who-invented-the-wheel
c. http://www.howstuffworks.com/engine.htm
d. http://www.pitara.com/discover/5wh/online.asp?story=28
e. https://vimeo.com/26894196
ww Site about the wheel’s invention: http://inventors.about.com/od/wstart
inventions/a/wheel.htm
ww Encyclopedia Britannica’s entry for the internal combustion engine:
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/290504/internalcombustion-engine
Additional Reading
Berger, M. L. (2001). The automobile in American history and culture: A reference
guide. Westport, CT: Greenwood.
21
It’s Getting Hot in Here
Make a solar oven that cooks an egg the fastest.
a. http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/environment/energyenvironment/solar-power
b. http://inventors.about.com/od/fstartinventors/ss/Franklin_invent_
2.htm
c. http://www.darvill.clara.net/altenerg/solar.htm
d. http://vimeo.com/26938601
e. http://www.pspb.org/e21/media/SolarCooker.html
f. http://solarcooking.org/sbcdes.htm
ww SunWind solar energy site with lessons, links, and information: http://
www.sunwindsolar.com/a_scripts/n_lessons.php
ww Earth Times site with information about plants and how they use solar
energy: http://www.earthtimes.org/energy/learning-solar-lessons-plantworld/1404
Additional Reading
Hassett, T. C., & Borgerson, K. L. (2009). Harnessing nature’s power: Deploying
and financing on-site renewable energy. Retrieved from http://pdf.wri.org/
harnessing_natures_power.pdf
National Association of Energy Service Companies. (2008). Resources: What is
an ESCO? Retrieved from http://www.naesco.org/resources/esco.htm
Perlin, J. (1999). From space to Earth: The story of solar electricity. Cambridge,
MA: Harvard University Press.
22
The Amazing
Trampoline Act
Make a trampoline that will provide an
object with the highest rebound.
a.
b.
c.
d.
http://www.funny-games.biz/trampoline.html
http://www.cbc.ca/kids/games/trampoline
http://scratch.mit.edu/projects/goalkeepery/1519921
http://scratch.mit.edu/projects/dapontes/843278
Additional Reading
Shea, K. (2011). The history of trampoline gymnastics. Retrieved from http://
www.livestrong.com/article/353501-the-history-of-trampoline-gymnastics
Wright Stuff Enterprises. (2006–2011). The history of trampolines. Retrieved
from http://www.jumpingontrampoline.com/trampolinehistory
23
Zip-a-Dee-Doo-Dah
Make a zip line that will carry an object a specific
distance (about 10 feet across) and be able to
stop at a specific location without damaging or
dropping the object. Every team that accomplishes
this challenge will be declared victorious!
b. http://vimeo.com/27163861
Additional Reading
Branson Zip Lines. (n.d.). The history of the zip line tour. Retrieved from
http://bransonziplinetour.com/Branson-Zip-Line-Tour-Articles/Zip-LineHistory/index.html
24
Breaking Down Barriers
Construct a battering ram capable of knocking over
other teams’ walls. Construct a wall to withstand
the forces of other teams’ battering rams.
a. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o_w4FGgOVsM
b. http://www.castles.me.uk/battering-ram.htm
c. http://science.discovery.com/videos/what-the-ancients-knew-thebattering-ram.html
d. https://vimeo.com/38339356
Additional Reading
Castles and Manor Houses Resources. (2010). Medieval warfare. Retrieved from
http://www.medievalwarfare.info
25
World’s Fair
Construct a design that serves a particular purpose
or addresses a specific problem in society.
a. http://pbskids.org/designsquad/projects/index.html
26

Hands-On Engineering

Transcription

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