Conflictus Antiquarum Culturarum (CAC)

Transcription

CAC is made by Iutland and il Pitta
CAC manual revision 0.9
2015-03-03
See iutlandmods.com or TW Center for more
Conflictus Antiquarum Culturarum (CAC) Game Manual
Resume
is an extensive modification of the
standard Rome 2 Total War game with a
historical focus that strives to make the
game more realistic without destroying
the gameplay. Therefore the mod changes
most aspects of the game but maintains
the overall concept of the game and you
will notice that the campaign setup differs
from standard Rome 2 TW and that it will
be a bigger challenge for you to forge your Empire.
Unit access and upgrades are controlled via Historical events (scripted) and/or
technology reforms and in addition to that, CAC makes use of a complex Area of
Recruitment structure for a diverse gameplay. All factions have reworked unit rosters,
based on historical sources and archaeological findings, which should make it more
enjoyable to play CAC compared to vanilla.
Battle settings have undergone an extensive overhaul that will make them last
considerably longer and with far more casualties. Unit fatigue influences a unit’s ability
to survive and prevail in combat and fresh reserves can actually tip the balance against
better opponents if committed at the right place and the right time. This allows for
realistic and tactical gameplay where position of units and their timely commitment in
battle is crucial to achieve victory.
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Indhold
Resume .......................................................................... 1
CAC General Gameplay Changes ........................... 10
Changes on the Battle Map ...................................... 10
Changes on the Campaign Map .............................. 11
Religions in CAC ....................................................... 12
Modified Religious Buildings .................................. 12
Latin Religion ............................................................. 13
Hellenic Religion ....................................................... 13
Punic Religion ............................................................ 14
Celtic Religion ............................................................ 14
Hellenic Religion (Egypt) ......................................... 15
Germanic Religion ..................................................... 15
Iberian Religion.......................................................... 15
Thracian Religion....................................................... 16
Desert Nomadic (Arabs) ........................................... 16
Reto-Ligurian factions............................................... 16
Mauryan Empire, Kushan Empire .......................... 16
Jewish .......................................................................... 16
African (“black”) ........................................................ 17
African (Berber) ......................................................... 17
Baltic ............................................................................ 17
Eastern ......................................................................... 17
Illyrian (vanilla ones) ................................................ 17
Steppe (vanilla ones) ................................................. 17
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Regional Effects.......................................................... 18
Campaigns available in CAC ................................... 20
Grand Campaign, 272 B.C. ....................................... 20
Faction Rosters ........................................................... 20
Rome (Senatus Populusque Romanus) .................. 22
Starting Troops: ........................................................... 23
Cornelian Reform: ........................................................ 25
Marian Reform: ............................................................ 25
Augustean Reform ....................................................... 25
AoR or Reform Restricted Units for Rome................... 26
Unit Technology Upgrades/Availability: ..................... 31
Carthage (Qart-Hadasht) .......................................... 32
Starting Troops: ........................................................... 35
Hamilcar Reform: ......................................................... 36
Hannibalic Reform: ...................................................... 36
AoR or Reform Restricted Units for Carthage ............. 36
Celtic Factions ............................................................ 38
Gallic/Belgae Faction Rosters ....................................... 42
Ambacti Reform:........................................................... 43
Pannonian Faction Rosters .......................................... 43
Ambacti Reform:........................................................... 44
Galatian Faction Rosters .............................................. 44
Ambacti Reform:........................................................... 45
AoR or Reform Restricted Units for Celtic Factions.... 45
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Rhaeti........................................................................... 47
Liguria (Ambrones) ................................................... 49
Venetkens ................................................................... 50
British Isles Factions .................................................. 53
Brittoi Faction Roster ................................................... 53
Eblani Faction Roster ................................................... 54
AoR or Reform Restricted Units for British Factions .. 55
Ptolemaike Basileia (Ptolemaics) ............................. 56
Ptolemy IV Reform: ...................................................... 57
Ptolemy V Reform: ....................................................... 57
Ptolemy VI Reform: ...................................................... 57
I B.C. Troops: ............................................................... 57
AoR or Reform Restricted Units for Ptolemaic ............ 58
Spaniard Factions ...................................................... 60
Iberian Faction Roster .................................................. 60
Turdetani Faction Roster ............................................. 62
Celtiberian Faction Roster ............................................ 64
Lusitanian Faction Roster ............................................ 65
AoR or Reform Restricted Units for Spaniard Factions67
Lybia ............................................................................ 68
Germanics ................................................................... 70
Western Germanic Faction Roster ............................... 70
II B.C. Troops: .............................................................. 71
I B.C. - I A.D. Troops: .................................................. 72
Eastern Germanic Faction Roster ................................ 72
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II-III A.D. Troops: ........................................................ 72
Celto Germanic Faction Roster .................................... 73
II B.C. troops: ............................................................... 74
I-II A.D. troops: ............................................................ 74
AoR or Reform Restricted Units for Germanic Factions74
Illyrians ....................................................................... 76
AoR or Reform Restricted Units for Illyrians .............. 77
Apeiros (Epirus)......................................................... 78
AoR or Reform Restricted Units for Epirus ................. 79
Makedonia .................................................................. 80
Amphipolis Reform....................................................... 82
Andriskos Event: .......................................................... 82
AoR or Reform Restricted Units for Makedonia .......... 82
Lakedaimon (Sparta) ................................................. 83
Kleomenes Reform: ....................................................... 84
Nabides Reform: ........................................................... 84
AoR or Reform Restricted Units for Lakedaimon ........ 85
Athenai ........................................................................ 86
Syrakousai .................................................................. 87
Massalia ...................................................................... 89
Kyrenayke Pentapolis ............................................... 91
Krete ............................................................................ 93
Kypros ......................................................................... 95
Rhodos ........................................................................ 96
Numidia ...................................................................... 97
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II B.C. Troops: .............................................................. 98
AoR or Reform Restricted Units for Numidia ............. 99
Gaetuli ....................................................................... 100
Berbers....................................................................... 102
Geto-Dacian Factions .............................................. 103
Burebista Reform: ....................................................... 104
Decebalus Reform: ...................................................... 104
AoR or Reform Restricted Units for Geto-Dacian Factions
104
Unit Technology Upgrades: ....................................... 105
Thracian Factions ..................................................... 106
Bithynia ..................................................................... 107
Arche Seleukeia (Seleucid Empire) ....................... 109
II B.C. Troops: ............................................................ 111
AoR or Reform Restricted Units for Seleucids ........... 111
Pergamon .................................................................. 114
II B.C. Troops ............................................................. 116
AoR or Reform Restricted Units for Pergamon ......... 116
Medopersian Factions ............................................. 116
AoR or Reform Restricted Units for Medopersian factions
118
Baktriane ................................................................... 119
II B.C. Troops ............................................................. 121
AoR or Reform Restricted Units for Baktriane .......... 121
Kappadokia .............................................................. 122
Black Sea Greeks ...................................................... 124
AoR or Reform Restricted Units for Black Sea Greeks125
Caucasian .................................................................. 126
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Hayq (Armenia) ....................................................... 127
Tigran Mets Empire: .................................................. 128
AoR or Reform Restricted Units for Hayq ................. 129
Pontos ........................................................................ 130
Pontic League: ............................................................ 131
AoR or Reform Restricted Units for Pontos............... 132
Maurya Samraj (Arachosia) ................................... 133
Hashmannim ............................................................ 135
Hordus the Great Reform: .......................................... 136
AoR or Reform Restricted Units for Hashmannim .... 136
Arabs ......................................................................... 137
AoR or Reform Restricted Units for Arab factions .... 138
Kash (Meroe) ............................................................ 139
AoR or Reform Restricted Units for Kash.................. 140
Blemmyes.................................................................. 141
Aksum ....................................................................... 142
AoR or Reform Restricted Units for Aksum .............. 143
Saka (Massagetae).................................................... 143
Skuda (Scythians) .................................................... 144
AoR or Reform Restricted Units for Skuda................ 146
Daha........................................................................... 146
Parni (Parthia) .......................................................... 147
Parthian Empire Reform: ........................................... 148
AoR or Reform Restricted Units for Parni................. 149
Sarmatians ................................................................ 150
AoR or Reform Restricted Units for Sarmatian factions151
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Yueh-Chih (Tocharian/Kushan) ........................... 151
Kushan Empire Reform: ............................................. 152
AoR or Reform Restricted Units for Yueh-Chih ........ 153
Mercenaries .............................................................. 154
Scripted Events not linked to Unit Reforms ........ 156
Secundo Triumviratus (Augustus) ....................... 156
Faction Rosters ......................................................... 156
Mercenaries .............................................................. 157
Scripted Events not linked to Unit Reforms ........ 158
De Bello Gallico (Caesar in Gaul) .......................... 158
Faction Rosters ......................................................... 159
Mercenaries .............................................................. 159
Secundum Bellum Punicum (Hannibal at the Gates)159
Faction Rosters ......................................................... 159
Mercenaries .............................................................. 160
Emporion .................................................................. 161
Archidamian War (Wrath of Sparta) .................... 162
Faction Rosters ......................................................... 163
Mercenaries .............................................................. 163
Lakedaimon .............................................................. 164
Athenai ...................................................................... 165
Koinon ton Boioton ................................................. 166
Koinon Thessalon .................................................... 167
Korinthos .................................................................. 168
Makedonia ................................................................ 169
Parsa .......................................................................... 170
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Thraike ...................................................................... 171
Other Greek Factions .............................................. 171
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CAC General Gameplay Changes
CAC includes a great deal of changes to the original Rome 2 game and we have
described some of the changes in more detail in the following sections.
CAC includes a total rework of the factions unit rosters with more diversity between the
factions compared to vanilla Rome 2. In order to achieve this we included more than 640
new land units, which meant a total of more than 1100 units. All the units’ physical
appearance (including clothing color) and equipment is made from ground-up primarily
making use of components already included in the game, but also by adding some CAC
specific components (unit parts).
Changes on the Battle Map
We have modified the battle and Battle AI settings to make fights last longer, unit move
at a realistic pace and tire in a realistic way. This means that tactics concerning unit
placement, flanking maneuvers and timely commitment of units have a greater
importance.
Projectile range, hitting power, reload time and armor penetration are changed to
realistic values and made more diverse for the units. No longer will you see an archer,
javelin or slinger unit be able to decimate an enemy unit in a short timeframe.
Melee weapon values for units are more diverse compared to vanilla Rome 2 and reflect
the most important melee weapon the particular unit is equipped with (many CAC units
are equipped with different weapons). The same applies for shield values.
Armor values for units are also more diverse compared to vanilla Rome 2 and reflect the
actual armor the unit is equipped with. For example a unit that has 50% men without
armor, then the unit’s total armor value is somewhat lower than the actual armor value
for the 50% men equipped with armor.
Unit’s speed, health, height and weight are more diverse compared to vanilla Rome 2
based on training, role and ethnicity. This means that an ordinary Germanic soldier is
taller and weighs more than an ordinary Roman; therefore he also has a few more hit
points to reflect the difference in body mass. Horses are likewise differentiated, so a
horse from the British Isles is generally smaller than a horse used by Eastern factions.
Additional hit points are calculated and assigned to units based on the type of
headwear, cape, trousers/greaves etc. they wear.
We have modified the unit spacing for the different unit types and removed all
“fantasy” abilities from the units themselves.
Siege engines are made immobile unless equipped with wheels (in a historical context!)
and city walls are stronger, so don’t expect you can knock a hole in the wall with one
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Ballista alone. We have also modified the towers to have a realistic kill-rate when
shooting at the attackers.
Naval units have a more varied type of deck equipment like Scorpions and Towers. The
ships themselves move more realistically in the water and transport ships are vulnerable
from ramming attacks.
Changes on the Campaign Map
We have modified the Campaign AI settings on abroad front that results in a more
challenging campaign with less predictable (but still reasonable) opponents.
We have changed the effects for technologies, buildings, regions, seasonal changes,
army/navy stances, traits etc. for a more varied and interesting gameplay compared to
vanilla Rome 2.
We have included many historical scripted events primarily dealing with unit
availability or army/navy reforms. Some of the reforms are coupled to unit upgrade via
technology research in order to improve existing units, where applicable.
Religious buildings are expanded or modified for the different cultures with more
varied building effects as a consequence.
General models are expanded or modified to match the different cultures and their
physical appearances, which also adds to the variations between the factions.
All garrison units are CAC only units and we have added specific garrison units for
some factions. The mercenary are also completely modified and uses the CAC as basis.
More can be found in the campaign section.
We have replaced most event images with more eye catching ones that are artistically
more pleasing. The same is done for the loading images that use the 7 wonders of
antiquity as outset.
All units are in general available from Tier II buildings and most non-generic units are
restricted to a certain Area of Recruitment and sometimes also capped to a specific
number of available units.
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Religions in CAC
CAC uses a greater number of religions than vanilla Rome 2 to represent the different
cultures better:
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Punic
Latin
Celtic
Hellenic
Germanic
Nomadic
Eastern
Desert Nomadic
Baltic (New)
Iberian
Illyrian (New)
Italic
Geto-Thracian (“New”)
Jewish (New)
African (New)
Makedonian (WoS)
Other Greek (WoS)
Akaian (WoS)
Dorian (WoS)
Ionian (WoS)
Persian (WoS)
Barbarian (WoS)
Aiolian (WoS)
Modified Religious Buildings
In CAC we have heavily modified the religious buildings for the non-WoS religions to
give the player more opportunities when selecting the religious building in a particular
province since the have different positive and negative effects in the region, province or
for the faction. In the following sections you will find the available building lines with a
note of one of their epithets and in some instances a description.
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Latin Religion
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Jupiter: King of Gods
Mars: God of War
Minerva: Goddess of Wisdom
Vulcan: God of Fire
Neptune: God of the Sea
Juno: Protector of State
Venus: Goddess of Love
Apollo: God of Light and Sun
Diana: Goddess of Hunt
Vesta: Goddess of Hearth
Mercury: God of Commerce
Ceres: Goddess of Agriculture
Hellenic Religion
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Athena: Goddess of Wisdom
Zeus: King of Gods
Hephaistos: God of Fire
Poseidon: God of the Sea
Ares: God of War
Demeter: Goddess of Agriculture
Aphrodite: Goddess of Love
Apollo: God of Light and Sun
Artemis: Goddess of Hunt
Hera: Goddess of Marriage
Hermes: God of Commerce
Dionysos: God of Grape Harvest
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Punic Religion
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Eshmun: God of Healing
Ba'al Hamon: Chief God
Tanit: Chief Goddess
Astarte: Goddess of Fertility
Melqart: Hero and War God
Allatu: Goddess of the underworld
Moloch: God of Fire and Sacrifice
Ba'al Shamim: Sky God
Kothar: God of Wisdom
Adonis: God of Vegetation
Celtic Religion
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Taranis: God of War and Thunder (“Taran” meant “Thunder), symbolized by a
chariot wheel, the noise of the running chariot evoking both the rumble of
thunder and the upcoming of battle.
Cathubodva: Goddess of Battle and Massacre (in Gaelic Mythology known as
Morrigan), symbolized by the raven
Lugus: God of crafts and arts
Teutates: God of Society and Collectivity
Belenos: God of the Sun
Sucellor: Literally “The good hitter”, in Gaelic known as Dagda, God of
Abundance and Farming, represented by a man holding a club and a cauldron,
accompanied by a dog.
Cernunnos: Literally “The Horned One”. God of Nature and Beasts, but also of
arcane lore, patron of the Druids. Represented by a man with deer’s antlers,
sometimes holding a serpent with a ram head or a plate full of coins.
Arduinna: Goddess of Hunting, similar to the Latin Diana, represented by a
maiden riding a wild boar
Ucuetis: God of Smiths and Metalcraft, cited in the epigraph of Alesia
Epona: Goddess of Horses
Rosmerta: Goddess of abundance and fertility
Brigantia: Goddess of mountains, fortresses, and defensive warfare (he Romans
called her “Gallic Minerva”). Highly honored in Gallia Cisalpina (northern Italy),
a very important temple of her was in Medhelanon. Romans reported that in her
temple the Insubres kept the “Unmovable Standards”, some sacred battle
standard that were called “unmovable” because were normally kept inside the
temple for magical defense purposes. These standards were taken outside the
temple and brought to the battlefield only in extraordinary occasions, if a battle
was considered highly risky and important.
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Hellenic Religion (Egypt)
Actually in the Ptolemaic Egypt there was a fusion between the old Egyptian deities and
the Greek ones of the Macedonian rulers. However, apparently the Macedonians
embraced quite a lot the local religion, adding to it just some little changes.
Actually Ptolemy I even created a commission of scholars and priests, both Egyptians
and Greeks, to analyze the possibility of merging the two pantheons, and they came up
with a main triad of Gods, Serapis (former Egyptian Osiris - Apis), his wife Isis and their
son Arporcrates (formerly Horus).
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Serapis: God of Kingship, chief of all the gods, a merging of Zeus and the old
Egyptian Osiris
Isis: Goddess of Fertility
Arpocrates: God of Silence, former Egyptian Horus in his child form
Zeus Ammon: Interpretation of the Egyptian Amun, was the god of Prophecy
Bastet: Cat-Goddess. In the Egyptian time she was also a solar Goddess, with the
Greek influence she became a moon Goddess, being identified with Artemis.
Hathor: in origin a complete feminine goddess, also with aspects linked to
warfare, in the Ptolemaic period she became a version of the love goddess
Aphrodite
Theuth: Greek name of Thoth, the Ibis-God, it was the god of literature and
writing
Anubis: God of the Afterlife was linked to the Greek Hermes.
Germanic Religion
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Teiwaz: God of Judgement and War (in the future it will be the Viking Tyr.) With
the coming of the migration period, he became less and less important, in favor
of Wodanaz (Wodan/Otan/Odin), but in our timeframe he is still the head of the
Germanic “pantheon”
Wodanaz: God of Knowledge, Magic and Travel, but also of Battle and Fury
Thuranaz: God of Thunder and Weather, protector of the common people
Nerthuz: Goddess of Fertility
Tiwisko: Godfather of all the Germanic people, born from the earth soil itself and
son of Teiwaz, father of Mannaz, the first man
Sunna: Goddess of the Sun
Nehalennia: Goddess of the Travelers
Iberian Religion
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Trebaruna: Supreme God of the Sky
Nabia: Supreme Goddess of health, wealth and fertility, wife of Trebaruna
Ataecina: Goddess of the Underworld
Eacus: God of weather
Cariociecus: God of War
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Dercetius: God of Mountains
Endouellicus: God of Healing
Thracian Religion
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Sabazios: God of horses and godfather of all the Thracians
Bassareus: God of Wine and Instinct, equal to the Greek Dionysus. Actually the
Greeks wrote that their Dionysus and its cult came from Thrace, so probably
Bassareus was the original Dionysus.
Kotys: God of War
Darzelas: God of abundance
Zibelthiurdos: God of Thunder
Bendis: Goddess of the moon and hunting, equal to the greek Artemis
Semele: Earth Mother Goddess
Desert Nomadic (Arabs)
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Hubal: Chief of the gods
Manāt: Goddess of Fate and Destiny
Al-lāt: Goddess of the Underworld
Al-‘Uzzá: Goddess of Beauty
Amm: God of the Moon and of Lightning
Al-Quaum: God of War and of the Night, also protector and patron of the
caravans
Dushara: God of the Mountains
Wadd: God of Love and Friendship, and patron of the snakes
Reto-Ligurian factions
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Penn: God of the mountain tops
Bekkos: Another mountain God related to war, part man, par bull.
Bormios: God of water springs, thermal waters, and healing
Reitia: Goddess of Healing
Camulos: God of war. Its Celtic name point out it was borrowed from the Gauls.
Belenos: Sun-God, also borrowed from the Gauls
Mauryan Empire, Kushan Empire
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Buddha: Actually the first Maurya Emperor, Chandragupta, converted himself to
Buddhism from Induism, and Buddhism became the official religion of the
empire. The Kushans inherited the Buddhistic religion from the Maurya.
Jewish
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Yhwh: the transcription of Yawéh
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African (“black”)
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Apedemak: Lion God related with kingship, ruling and war, representative of
the military and noble class
Amani: the Nubian version of the Egyptian Amon, was the god of ruling and
prophecy, representative of the sacerdotal class.
Amesemi: Goddess of Protection, wife of Apedemak
Sebiumeker: God of Birth and Procreation
Mekhit: Lion Goddess of Vengeance
African (Berber)
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Amun: Chief God of the Lybian “Pantheon”
Sinifer: Berber god of water, maybe identified by the Greeks with Triton and/or
Poseidon, that to classical accounts was highly honored in Libya
Neith: Goddess of war and hunting adopted by the Egyptians from the Berber
Gurzil: Berber god of war, represented by a head of bull
Lilu: God of Rain
Baltic
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Dievas: Dievas was the chief of all the Gods.
Perkūnas: God of Thunder. His symbol was the oak three
Saule: Goddess of the Sun and Fertility
Bangpūtys: God of Sea and Storm
Vejopatis: God of Rivers
Laima: Goddess of Luck
Dalia: Goddess of Fate and Weaving
Eastern
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Spandaramet: Goddess of Death
Royal Sanctuary
Ahura Mazda: Literally meaning light and wisdom
Illyrian (vanilla ones)
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Bindus
Armatus
Anzotica
Medaurus
Vidasus
Steppe (vanilla ones)
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Api
Agrimpasa
Papaios
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Tabiti
Goitosyros
Regional Effects
Regional effects are added to regions on the campaign maps (Main campaign and
Augustus DLC campaign). Each type of regional effect has positive and negative effects
on that particular region, province or the owning faction as whole. The different types of
Regional Effects are:
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Food - essential for everyday life and ensures population growth
Coinage - ensures increased trade and taxes but increases the local corruption
Engineering - the world’s great achievements are due to intelligent and visionary
engineers
Knowledge - know more than your opponent and you already have the
advantage
Religion - common people needs to believe in something to see the bigger
meaning of life
Marine trade - quicker than overland trade routes but attracts pirates
Local Trade - increases the regional wealth and attracts foreigners as well
The Silk Road - spanning from Europe to China and makes the civilizations
interact on an economic level
Local Rebels - and resistance makes your soldiers become battle hardened
Heavy Infantry - is better trained in this region
Light Cavalry - is better trained in this region
Heavy Cavalry - is better trained in this region
Horse Skirmishers - are better trained in this region
Missile Infantry - is better trained in this region
Toll and Taxes - are collected in abundance in this region
The Desert - your local troops will become familiar in this environment
Fragrant - are sold on the marketplace to the highest bidder
Roads - increases the movement speed but are expensive to build and maintain
Pirates - flourish in this area and increase your regional revenue but it comes at a
price
Wealth - is always sought by the people and improves the happiness when taxes
are lowered
Bronze - this region contains Tin and Copper deposits making it possible to
produce better armor
Mercenaries - are attracted to this region seeking booty and fame
Elephants - are traded in this region and some are even trained as War Elephants
Textiles - are produced in this region and used by Warriors and Commoners
Craftsmen - are flourishing here and produces better goods and weapons
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Construction - and design on a grander scale is commonplace in this region
Natural Pigments - are sold on the marketplace in this region to the rich and
wealthy
Naval Base - all that is needed is a natural harbor and strategic location to build
up your regional navy
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Campaigns available in CAC
CAC includes a modification of all the available campaigns in Rome 2, including the
DLC campaigns:
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Grand Campaign, 272 B.C.
Secundo Triumviratus
De Bello Gallico
Secundum Bellum Punicum
Archidamian War
Grand Campaign, 272 B.C.
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Completely reworked campaign starting position
More than 50 factions are playable
Extensive use of scripted events and unit availability restrictions
Comprehensive Area of Recruitment System
2 turns-per-year
Faction Rosters
A great number of faction rosters are available in the Grand Campaign and encompasses
all factions. The following sections show the layout of each faction roster with the
following information (if applicable):
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All available units
Specific units that are restricted by AoR or Script (or both)
Unit upgrade path via technology research and scripted reforms
If a particular faction is playable it will be noted like this: (p)
The following Faction Rosters/Groups are available in the Grand Campaign (minor
deviations from the actual implementation may occur especially concerning naval units
and artillery):
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Rome
Carthage
Gallic/Belgae
Pannonian
Galatian
Ligurian
Rhaetian
Venetkens
Turdetani
Celtiberian
Iberian
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Lusitanian
Western Germanic
Eastern Germanic
Celto-Germanic
Brittoi
Eblani
Syracuse
Sparta
Athens
Massalia
Numidian
Gaetuli
Berber
Libyan
Illyrian
Ptolemaic
Makedonia
Apeiros
Kyrenayke
Neokretikoi
Thracian
Bithynia
Dacian
Seleucid
Pergamon
Baktria
Medopersian
Kappadokia
Black Sea Greeks
Pontos
Armenia
Caucasian
Maurya Samraj
Hashmannim
Arab
Kash
Blemmyes
Aksum
Saka
Scythian
Daha
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Parni
Sarmatian
Tocharian
Rome (Senatus Populusque Romanus)
The Romans succeeded where all others have failed (or, as in the case of the Celts, we
like to think had not had the time to...)!
While many other peoples of Europe stagnated in a monolithic castal division which
relegates the war only to the ones which could do it for birthright -and when necessity
disrupt this state of things the results from a military point of view are often quite
unsatisfactory - while on the other hand the Greeks shaped the war itself artificially, to
meet the need of relying on personnel of no military background, ...Romans they simply
“square the circle”.
The working class Citizen and the Warrior are the same person very early in Roman
society, no more two different persons from two different castal levels, but two sides of
the same coin. The Roman is freed from the caste division, and he can be, depending in
the needs of the moment, producer, military or priest, and every of this with competence.
Of course, the transition from castal system to this new one is neither painless nor fast,
and can't be done lightly.
The archaic warrior is a man -at-arms because that is the role it deserves, and in war he
do things which, if performed by a civilian (producer) would be considered
blasphemous and antisocial acts, worthy of prosecution, while if made by a member of
the warrior caste are source of pride. The Roman therefore, depending on the need,
became able to fluctuate among the castes, which are now no longer properly a close
system, and receives an initiation, a new birth, every time he goes from one role to
another.
Once considered capable of the levy, the Roman citizens must transform themselves in
soldiers, and they do so by taking an oath, the Sacramentum, from which they will be
untied only by death (as for members of the archaic military caste) or by the end of the
war (the crucial and innovative element).
Becoming a soldier means to belong to another community, whose rules of life and
actions are different from those of civil life, and sometimes the opposite.
The leader of this community, whether Consul or Praetor, has the right of life and death
on the soldiers and officers, that leave their status under patria potestas (rule of the legal
father), being no longer subjected to their pater familias (legal father), and becoming
under the total rule of their military leader, that becomes their new pater, not by
bloodline but in a spiritual way.
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The Sacramentum submits the soldier to the general, but freed him from the restrictions
of civil life: he now can kill and injure other men, enemies or even his comrades, if
ordered by the general, and not be stained with their blood.
This is why the soldier didn’t wear the Toga, civil suit for excellence, or a tunic of light
colors: the traditional Legionnaires' dress is a dark-red tunic (which symbolically does
not show up eventual blood stains).
Although, the Roman man is multi-purpose, he is not really a member of a warrior caste,
and then when he comes back to his civilian occupation will again be a "producer" in all
respects. Similarly, without the Sacramentum, even if armed from head to feet, the
Roman cannot fight, because he is still a civilian.
Like almost all aspects of roman culture, here rituality and sacredness mixes and is
equivalent with a practical state of things: on the one hand , the Romans are able to
"transform" themselves into warriors ritually through Sacramentum, that functions like
an initiation, a “spell”, on the other to recite it also implies a subsequent involving in all
the martial training.
Without actually Sacramentum the Roman remains a civilian and cannot fight: he is not
a military in the eyes of tradition, but also from a practical point of view it would not be
better than, for example, any Celtic armed farmer.
Figure 1 Antesignani Imperii
Rome (p) has access to the following units during the course of the campaign:
Starting Troops:
Land Units
 Volones
 Accensi
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Leves
Rorarii
Hastati
Hastati Sociorum
Principes
Principes Sociorum
Triarii
Triarii Sociorum
Pedites Extraordinarii
Equites
Equites Sociorum
Equites Extraordinarii
Velites
Velites Sociorum
Naval Units
 Assault Bireme - Hastati
 Assault Bireme - Socii Hastati
 Assault Quadrireme - Hastati
 Assault Quadrireme - Socii Hastati
 Assault Qadrireme - Socii Extraordinarii
 Assault Hexareme - Principes
 Assault Hexareme - Socii Principes
 Artillery Hexareme - Roman Ballista
Artillery
 Roman Ballista
 Roman Giant Ballista
Auxiliary Troops
 Auxilia Sagittarii Creticorum
 Auxilia Sagittarii Rutenorum
 Auxilia Funditores Opiterginorum
 Auxilia Funditores Rhodiorum
 Auxilia Funditores Balearicorum
 Auxilia Levium Armorum Numidiorum
 Auxilia Levium Armorum Ligurorum
 Auxilia Clavati Germanorum
 Auxilia Ilergetorum
 Auxilia Thracorum
 Auxilia Illyricorum
 Auxilia Gallorum
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Auxilia Equites Germanorum
Auxilia Equites Haeduorum
Auxilia Equites Venetorum
Auxilia Equites Thracorum
Auxilia Equites Maurorum et Numidiorum
Auxilia Equites Cantabrici
Auxilia Elephantorum Libycorum
Raiding Hemiola - Auxilia Illyricorum
Pursuit Trihemiola - Auxilia Illyricorum
Assault Bireme - Auxilia Illyricorum
Missile Trireme - Auxilia Sagittarii Creticorum
Missile Quinquireme - Auxilia Sagittarii Creticorum
Missile Trireme - Funditores Rhodiorum
Missile Quinquireme - Funditores Rhodiorum
Missile Trireme - Funditores Balearicorum
Cornelian Reform:
Land Units
 Hastati Cornelii
 Principes Cornelii
 Triarii Cornelii
 Velites Cornelii
Naval Units
 Assault Bireme - Hastati Cornelii
 Assault Quadrireme - Hastati Cornelii
 Assault Hexareme - Principes Cornelii
Marian Reform:
Land Units
 Cohors Rei Publicae
 Antesignani
 Evocati
Naval Units
 Assault Bireme - Levis Lorica Classiarii
 Assault Quadrireme - Levis Lorica Classiarii
 Assault Hexareme - Levis Lorica Classiarii
Augustean Reform
Land Units
 Cohors Imperii
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Gravis Lorica Legionari
Gravis Lorica et Manica Legionari
Evocati Imperii
Praetorianii
Antesignani Imperii
Equites Singulares
Naval Units
 Assault Quadreme - Gravis Lorica Classiarii
 Tower Hexareme - Gravis Lorica Classiarii
 Assault Hexareme - Gravis Lorica Classiarii
 Scorpion Trireme - Levis Lorica Classiarii
 Artillery Hexareme - Roman Onager
Artillery
 Roman Scorpio
 Roman Onager
 Roman Heavy Onager
 Roman Cheiroballistra
Auxiliary Troops
 Pedites Auxiliarii Civium Romanorum
 Pedites Auxiliarii Gallorum
 Pedites Auxiliarii Dalmatorum
 Pedites Auxiliarii Thracorum
 Pedites Auxiliarii Hispaniorum
 Pedites Auxiliarii Levantinorum
 Pedites Auxiliari Batavorum
 Ala Civium Romanorum
 Ala Gallorum
 Ala Batavorum
 Ala Thracorum Sagittarorum
 Ala Dromedariorum
 Numerus Equites Sarmatorum
 Ala Sarmatorum Cataphracta
 Auxilia Sagittarii Levantinorum
 Auxilia Sagittarii Thracorum
AoR or Reform Restricted Units for Rome
This section includes a list of the different units available to Rome that have special AoR
or Reform restrictions.
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Hastati Sociorum, AoR Italia Province, Magna Graecia Province
Principes Sociorum, AoR Italia Province, Magna Graecia Province
Triarii Sociorum, AoR Italia Province, Magna Graecia Province
Pedites Extraordinarii, AoR Italia Province, Magna Graecia Province
Auxilia Sagittarii Creticorum, AoR Magna Graecia Province, Macedonia Province,
Hellas Province, Neapolis Region, Aegyptus Province, Lybia Province
Auxilia Sagittarii Rutenorum, AoR Aquitania Province
Auxilia Funditores Opiterginorum, AoR Patavium Region
Auxilia Funditores Rhodiorum, AoR Hellas Province, Asia Province, Cilicia Province,
Syracusa region
Auxilia Funditores Balearicorum, AoR Iol region, Tingis region, Ibossim region, Qart
Hadasht region, Arse Region
Auxilia Levium Armorum Numidiorum, AoR Iol region, Dimmidi region, Thapsus
region, Carthago region
Auxilia Levium Armorum Ligurorum, AoR Genua region
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Auxilia Clavati Germanorum, AoR Belgica Province, Magna Germania Province,
Germania Minor Province, Silesia Province, Hercynia Province
Auxilia Ilergetorum, AoR Tarraco region
Auxilia Thracorum, AoR Thracia Province
Auxilia Illyricorum, AoR Illyria Province
Auxilia Gallorum, AoR Cisalpina Province, Provincia Province, Aquitania Province,
Celtica Province, Belgica Province, Raetia et Noricum Province, Pannonia Province,
Ancyra region
Auxilia Equites Germanorum, AoR Belgica Province, Germania Minor Province,
Magna Germania Province, Silesia Province, Hercynia Province, Suebia Province
Auxilia Equites Gallorum, AoR Cisalpina Province, Provincia Province, Aquitania
Province, Celtica Province, Belgica Province, Pannonia Province, Raetia et Noricum
Province, Ancyra region
Auxilia Equites Haeduorum, AoR Bibracte region
Auxilia Equites Venetorum, AoR Patavium Region
Auxilia Equites Thracorum, AoR Thracia Province
Auxilia Equites Maurorum et Numidiorum (Mauretania Province, Thapsus region,
Carthago region
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Auxilia Equites Cantabrici, AoR Tarraconensis Province
Auxilia Elephantorum Libycorum, AoR Phazania Province
Raiding Hemiola - Auxilia Illyricorum, AoR Illyria Province
Purstuit Trihemiola - Auxilia Illyricorum, AoR Illyria Province
Assault Bireme - Auxilia Illyricorum, AoR Illyria Province
Missile Trireme - Auxilia Sagittarii Creticorum, AoR Magna Graecia Province,
Macedonia Province, Hellas Province, Neapolis Region, Aegyptus Province, Lybia
Province
Missile Quinquireme - Auxilia Sagittarii Creticorum, AoR Magna Graecia Province,
Macedonia Province, Hellas Province, Neapolis Region, Aegyptus Province, Lybia
Province
Missile Trireme - Funditores Rhodiorum, AoR Hellas Province, Asia Province, Cilicia
Province, Syracusa region
Missile Quinquireme - Funditores Rhodiorum, AoR Hellas Province, Asia Province,
Cilicia Province, Syracusa region
Missile Trireme - Funditores Balearicorum, AoR Iol region, Tingis region, Ibossim region,
Qart Hadasht region, Arse Region
Pedites Auxiliarii Civium Romanorum, AoR Italia Province, Magna Graecia Province,
Cisalpina Province, Provincia Province, Macedonia Province, Corsica et Sardinia
Province, Hellas Province
Pedites Auxiliarii Gallorum, AoR Aquitania Province, Celtica Province, Belgica
Province, Raetia et Noricum Province, Pannonia Province
Pedites Auxiliarii Dalmatorum, AoR Illyria Province
Pedites Auxiliarii Thracorum, AoR Thracia, Macedonia
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Pedites Auxiliarii Hispaniorum, AoR Tarraconensis Province, Cartaginiensis
Province , Baetica Province, Lusitania Province
Pedites Auxiliarii Levantinorum, AoR Nabataea Province, Syria Province, Aegyptus
Province
Pedites Auxiliari Batavorum, AoR Belgica Province, Germania Minor Province
Ala Gallorum, AoR Celtica Province, Aquitania Province, Belgica Province
Ala Batavorum, AoR Belgica Province, Germania Minor
Ala Thracorum Sagittarorum, AoR Thracia Province
Ala Dromedariorum, AoR Nabataea Province, Arabia Magna Province, Arabia Felix
Province
Numerus Equites Sarmatorum, AoR Dacia Province, Sarmatia Province, PontoCaspia Province, Scythia Province, Bosporus Province
Ala Sarmatorum Cataphracta, AoR Dacia Province, Sarmatia Province, Ponto-Caspia
Province, Scythia Province, Bosporus Province
Auxilia Sagittarii Levantinorum, AoR Syria Province, Nabataea Province
Auxilia Sagittarii Thracorum, AoR Thracia Province
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Unit Technology Upgrades/Availability:
Cornelian Reform takes place from 209 B.C. onwards when Rome controls one of the
Regions in the Cartaginensis Province.
Marian Reform takes place in 107 B.C.
Augustean Reform takes place in 44 B.C.
Augustean Auxiliary Reform takes place in 6 B.C.
Starting units
Hastati
Principes
Triarii
Leves
Velites
Rorarii
Accensi
Hastati Sociorum
Principes
Sociorum
Triarii Sociorum
Equites
General
Auxilia Gallorum
Auxilia
Illyricorum
Auxilia
Thracorum
Auxilia
Ilergetorum
Auxilia Clavati
Germanorum
Auxilia Equites
Venetorum
Equites Sociorum
Equites
Extraordinarii
Auxilia Equites
Gallorum
Cornelian
Reform
Hastati Cornelii
Principes
Cornelii
Triarii Cornelii
Velites Cornelii
Velites Cornelii
Velites Cornelii
Velites Cornelii
Marian Reform
Augustean Reform
Cohors Rei Publicae
Cohors Rei Publicae
Cohors Imperii
Cohors Imperii
Cohors Rei Publicae
Antesignani
Antesignani
Antesignani
Antesignani
Cohors Rei Publicae
Cohors Rei Publicae
Cohors Imperii
Antesignani Imperii
Antesignani Imperii
Antesignani Imperii
Antesignani Imperii
Cohors Imperii
Cohors Imperii
Cohors Rei Publicae
Levis Lorica
Classiarii
Evocati
Cohors Imperii
Gravis Lorica Classiarii
Cohors Rei Publicae
Evocati Imperii
Gravis Lorica Legionari
Gravis Lorica et Manica Legionari
Praetorianii
Cohors Imperii
Equites Singulares
Pedites Auxiliarii Gallorum
Pedites Auxiliarii Dalmatorum
Pedites Auxiliarii Thracorum
Pedites Auxiliarii Hispaniorum
Pedites Auxiliari Batavorum
Ala Civium Romanorum
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Auxilia Equites
Haeduorum
Auxilia Equites
Germanorum
Ala Gallorum
Ala Batavorum
Auxilia Sagittarii Thracorum
Ala Thracorum Sagittarorum
Auxilia Equites
Thracorum
Pedites
Extraordinarii
Volones Hastati
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Volones
Cornelii
Cohors Volonium
Ala Dromedariorum
Numerus Equites Sarmatorum
Ala Sarmatorum Cataphracta
Auxilia Sagittarii Levantinorum
Pedites Auxiliarii Levantinorum
Pedites Auxiliarii Civium
Romanorum
Cohors Urbana
Carthage (Qart-Hadasht)
About the part of the Carthaginian army composed of proper Carthaginian troops -not
mercenaries- the argument is very complex. Even if Carthage always relied heavily on
mercenaries, Carthaginans, Lybo-Phoenicians and Lybians always played a part in the
military structure of the army.
If Lybians in the ancient period are mercenaries like Spaniards and Celts, with the
expansion of Carthage in the African hinterland, gradually became a part of the
Carthaginian society, and the term "Lybo-Phoenician" itself became something more
variegated, inteded to define both Carthaginian citizen and meteci of mixed heritage and
Lybians fully influenced by Carthaginian culture.
At the battle of Crimissus (341 B.C.), within various groups of mercenaries, was
deployed a force of "ten thousand hoplites with white shields, and for the splendour of
their weapons, the measured and disciplined way of marching, were identified as
Carthaginians" (Plutarch, Parallel Lives, Timoleon - 27). Writing about the same battle,
Diodorus named a particular unit of 2500 men, all from noble carthaginian families, that
formed a "Sacred Battalion" or "Sacred Band" (X, 20, 6 and XVI, 80, 4), that have been
connected with the theban hoplite battallion with the same name.
More or less one century afterward, the situation appeared not so different: even if
finding the necessity to rely on the military counsel of the spartan Xantippus, it appears
that him gave a better organization to the army, but didn't change basically its approach
to the battle: at the Battle of Tunis, the Carthaginians were deployed in a phalanx
formation, in the center of the army, distincted from the mercenaries units that were
deployed on the right wing (Polybius, Histories, I, 33). Obviously we can't be sure that
the phalanx employed at the Battle of Tunis was a Hellenistic phalanx or a hoplite
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phalanx, but the little Carthaginian iconography we have for the period depicts panoply
that seems quite hoplitic.
However, even at the time of the First Punic War probably Carthaginian soldiers weren't
only hoplites: at the battle of Adys, Carthaginian infantry was deployed on rough
terrain where, Polybius states, other Carthaginian corps, elephants and cavalry, would
have been of no use, implying however that Carthaginian infantry was able to operate
on rough terrain (Polyb. I, 30, 6-7). That probably implies that at last some "thyreosbearers" were already in use in the Carthaginian army in that period.
In any case, the real twist in the Carthaginian army probably occured during Hamilcar's
occupation of Spain. The Iberian areas intersted by Carthaginian influence started to
present an increasing number of thyreos shields, which in the Iberian and Turdetanian
contest is heavily frequent, even over the local kind of shield, the round caetra.
A possibility is that in the necessity to enable his army to confront the Iberian hit-andrun warriors in their harsh context, in a specular and parallel manner of wich occurred
to the Roman army during the occupation of the harsh Samnium, Hamilcar reform is
army in more versatile and maneuverable ways. As a matter of fact, when defining the
tactical groups of the African veterans in Barcids army, Appian and Polybius will use
the word speirai, the same word that is used to describe roman maniples, or in general a
maneuverable formation, in opposition to syntagma, that is used to define tactical
groups of a phalanx.
Moreover, Polybius states that the gaulish king Braneus, helped Hannibal's men during
the expedition toward the Alps, and "replaced all their old or worn weapons with new
ones" (Pol. III, 49, 11), and also the Libyans and the Lybo-Phoenicians, according to both
Polybius and Livy (Polyb. 3.87.3, 114.1; Liv. 22.46.4) at some point of the invasion of Italy
were armed with the best Roman equipment looted from the battles of the Trebia and
Trasimene, and this clearly states that they were accustomed to use a thyreos-like shield,
and all that follows: being accustomed to a shock-and -charge tactic with heavy missile
weapons followed by hand-to-hand combat with swords.
Looking onward, during the Third Punic War, when Carthage starts to rearm, they
produced "Thyreos, Xyphos, Saunion (socketed-pilumlike javelin) and Longche"
(Appian, Punike, 93), and in the list of the weapons that Carthage surrended to the
Romans, are cited only throwing spears and javelin.
There is no reference at all about oplon or doru, and obviously no mention of sarissa
pikes at all. The misconception of a Carthaginian army with an "African Hellenistic
Pikemen Phalanx" is due to an infamous wrong traduction of Loeb, adopted also by
Connely, of the term "Lonchophoroi" in Polybius that was misinterpreted for a synonym
of "sarissophoroi" and so translated like "pikemen".
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The "longche" used by the Lybian and Lybo-Phoenician wasn't at all a sarissa, but a
relatively short spear, with a broad head, used both for stabbing and as a throwing
weapon, (Strabo, XVII.3.7), and moreover the the Lonchophoroi in specific weren't the
African Veteran line infantry, but light, skirmish troops, paired with Balearic slingers
and used in the rough terrain during the Trasimene ambush:
"Hannibal, coasting the lake and passing through the defile occupied himself the hill in
front, encamping on it with his Spainards and Africans; his slingers and Lonchophoroi
he brought round to the front by a detour and stationed them in an extended line under
the hills to the left, he placed them in a continous line under the hills to the right of the
defile, and similarly taking his cavalry and the Celts round the hills on the left, he placed
them in a continuous line under these hills, so that the last of them were just at the
entrance to the defile, lying between the hillside and the lake."
And more: "When the Roman cavalry fell back and left the flanks of the infantry exposed,
the Carthaginian Lonchophoroi and the Numidians in a body, dashing past their own
troops that were in front of them, fell on the Romans from both flanks, damaging them
severely and preventing them from dealing with the enemy in their front." (Polybius III,
73, 7)
The fact that Polybius use the term "Lonchophoroi" (lett. "spear-bearer") instead of
"Akontistai" or "Psiloi", normally used in Greek to define skirmishers, is probably due to
the huge versatility of Hannibal's light infantry, probably a mix of caetrati, Celtiberians
and Lusitanians (Livy, Ab Urbe Condita, XXI, 57) and Lybians (the warrior depicted on
Smirat's Relief in Tunisia, with round shield and spears/javelins, desc), equipped not
only with missiles like falaricae (all of them) and soliferrea (the Spaniards), but even
with a spear that could be used both for throwing and as a thrusting weapon (cfr. J.
Lazenby, "Hannibal's War"), maybe the same "small broad-bladed longchai" that Strabo
linked to some Lybian light troops (XVII.3.7).
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Figure 2 Carthaginian Citizen Levy Hoplitai
Carthage (p) has access to the following units during the course of the campaign:
Starting Troops:
Land Units
 Libyan Javelinmen
 Libyan Thyreophoroi Spearmen
 Libyan Levy Hoplitai
 Blastophoenician Militia
 Carthaginian Citizen Levy Hoplitai
 Carthaginian Mariners
 Carthaginian Citizen Cavalry
 Libophoenician Cavalry
 Mistophoroi Oskoi
 Apuani Warriors
 Celtic Swordsmen
 Celtic Skirmish Cavalry
 Numidian Skirmish Cavalry
 Edetani Scutarii Spearmen
 Sardi Pelliti Militia
 Balearic Slingers
 Mauri Archers
Naval Units
 Artillery Hexērēs - Ballista
 Assaul Tetreres - Carthaginian Mariners
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Assault Dieres - Carthaginian Mariners
Tower Penteres - Carthaginian Mariners
Missile Penteres - Balearic Slingers
Raiding Heimiola - Balearic Slingers
Assault Hepteres - Carthaginian Mariners
Missile Trieres - Balearic Slingers
Pursuit Trihemiolia - Balearic Slingers
Assault Hexeres - Carthaginian Mariners
Heavy Tower Hepteres - Carthaginian Mariners
Artillery
 Polybolos
 Katapeltai
 Lithoboloi
 Megas Lithoboloi
Hamilcar Reform:
Land Units
 Libophoenician Thyreophoroi
 Libophoenician Thorakitai
 Celtiberian Cavalry
 Turdetani Scutarii
Naval Units
 Assault Tetreres - Libophoenician Thyreophoroi
 Assault Dieres - Libophoenician Thyreophoroi
Hannibalic Reform:
Land Units
 African Veterans
 Lonchophoroi
 Ilergete Scutarii
 Celtiberian Scutarii
 Cantabri Axemen
 Lusitanian Caetrati
 Oretani Warriors
AoR or Reform Restricted Units for Carthage
This section includes a list of the different units available to Carthage that have special
AoR or Reform restrictions.
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Lonchophoroi, AoR in North Africa
Blastophoenician Militia, AoR in Spain
Sardi Pelliti Militia, AoR in Sardinia
Cantabrian Axemen, AoR in Spain
Lusitanian Caetrati, AoR in Spain
Apuani Warriors, AoR Tapsus, Carthago and Italy
Mistophoroi Oskoi, AoR Tapsus, Carthago and Italy
Celtiberian Scutarii, AoR in Spain
Oretani Warriors, AoR Kartuba, Qart-Hadasht
Edetani Scutari Spearmen, AoR Qart Hadasht, Arse
Turdetani Scutarii, AoR Kartuba, Gadira
Ilergete Scutarii, AoR Tarraco
Mauri Archers, AoR in North Africa
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Hamilcar Reform IV takes place from 235 B.C onwards when Carthage controls one of
the Regions in the Cartaginensis Province or one of the Regions in the Baetica Province.
Hannibalic Reform takes place in 219 B.C.
Starting units
Libyan Thyreophoroi
Spearmen
Hamilcar Reform
Libophoenician
Thyreophoroi
Libophoenician Thorakitai
Hannibalic Reform
African Veterans
African Veterans
Celtic Factions
In the passage from IV B.C. and III B.C. a major change occur in celtic warfare, at least in
continental Europe. Celts weren't a united nation with a central government, and due to
political, cultural and natural boundaries, sometimes innovation spread in a less
immediate way, in some cases never reaching some isolated areas (like for example the
British island or the communities in the Alpine valleys). On the other hand, the constant
"ebb and flow" of Celtic communities based on the mercenary and brigand warbands'
vectors of movement, gave someway an unexpected fluidity (i.e. some Belgic and
Narbonensis communities were actually born by scattered remnants of the Great
Expedition to Greece of 280 B.C.).
However, if IV B.C. has been for the Celts "The Age of the Mercenaries", III B.C. could be
more likely described as "The Age of a People's Army". With the constant contact with
the Mediterranean area some big changes occurred in the very structure of Celtic society
(stabilization of the main body of the communities, coinage, building of major cities like
Medhelan/Milan in Northern Italy), and this, united with a more important
participation of Celtic communities to the political context of the Mediterranean world,
reflected in the military organization, that in the past centuries was for the Celts
substantially a field of interest for just high and middle aristocracy, that usually formed
small warbands whose purpose varied from organizing cattle raids against the
neighbors, offering themselves as mercenaries and eventually promoting mass
migration in a direct or indirect way.
With the intensification of political and subsequently mass scale military operations, the
only aristocracy couldn't simply manage the warfare alone.
If during the special occasion of mass migrations of the past centuries virtually all the
members of the community would perform military tasks, in III B.C. became necessary
to make the peasants somehow self sufficient and as possible efficient on the battlefield,
in a way that possibly wouldn't expose them to the risk of excessive losses, due to the
impossibility of stantial communities on the way of becoming proto-state entities to
sustain the percentage of losses that a migrating entity would otherwise accept: too
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many casualties simply would destroy the productive cycle of the community even if
winning a conflict.
To do so, the Celts assimilate some aspects of Mediterranean warfare. So, from III B.C.
onward, Spearmen became the backbone of the celtic armies. Spears started to be found
in gaulish graves in a huge percentage: more that the double of the swords, and only 7%
of them have been identified as javelins, having the others a 40 cm length head, and with
an overall length estimated around 2,5 meters, sometimes even more.
To be noted, spears are to be found not only in rich graves, but in relatively modest
graves too, and very often spear butts are rounded or even spherical (cfr. A. Rapin,
GOURNAY II, Editions Errance, Paris, 1988).
All this elements, united with historical documentation, bring to the conclusion that the
middle (artisans, farmers, small landowners) and middle-low (peasants, fishermen and
herders) elements of the society, that during the year were busy on the productive cycle
and couldn’t spend time on military training, when called to arms used to fight in tight
formations, that lacking on martial training on the battlefield tried to exalt coordinate
effort, running against the enemy with at least three orders of pointes spears, clashing
against the enemy formation and then star pushing to break it, as Greek hoplites did
(Cfr. Livy, Ab urbe Condita, XXXV, 5-6; and Caesar, De Bello Gallico, II, 25 ), and that
Romans and Greeks recognized to be “hoplite phalanx like” (Callimachus, Hymn to
Delos; and Caesar, De Bello Gallico, II, 25).
Moreover, with the birth of celtic coinage, the flourishing of commerce start to give
benefits not only to the nobles, and some artisans and landowners became richer.
This reflects in the military scene with the production of valuable elements of military
equipment (like helmets and swords) on a major scale, that were used by that “middleclass” that economically benefited of the development of society: merchants, artisans,
landowners, cadets of low-noble families in search of fortune (Cfr. A. Rapin,
L’armament celtique en Europe: cronologie de son evolution technologique du V au I S.
AV. J.-C., in Gladius, n° XIX, 1999, p.62).
On the other hand, as a consequence of a major scale production, a lot of the swords
manufactured in this period are of scarce quality, even if as always paired with the
suspension chain and the metal scabbard, their blade is of lenticular section, without
central ridge, so easier and faster to craft, but also easy do bend in combat (Plutarch, Life
of Camillus, 41, 4; Dionysius of Alicharnassus, Antiquity of Rome, XIV, 10;
Polybius,Histories, II, 30 and II, 33).
The suspension chain-belt was a crafty celtic invention of III B.C. that permitted the
swordsman, holding the sword tight to his side, to run very fast and move with a lot of
agility. So we can imagine an important dichotomy of an infantry of spearmen that
could perform little more than shieldwalls, running against the enemy and try with the
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impact and the subsequent pushing to break the enemy formation, and a more
maneuverable and trained shock infantry with sword and javelin.
In the graves of swordsmen are both to found javelins and spears, testifying that
probably the better trained swordsmen could fight or together as a separate unit,
capable of good level tactical maneuvers (shock&charge, multiple attacks&retreats), or
lead the close formation spear-phalanx of the peasants and commoners.
By III B.C. is attested also the presence of a celtic light infantry (first record at the battle
of Telamon (Polybius, Histories, II, 27, 6), and it appear to operate mainly as a support
for the cavalry. As we can read in historical accounts, Celts didn’t really “separates”
slingers, bowmen and skirmishers, but usually mixed them creating a nonhomogeneous light infantry (Caesar, De Bello Gallico, VII, 80; V, 34-35; VII, 18),
equipped with “the weapons of the hunters” (Tacitus, Annales, III, 43), that actually was
composed by the poorest and the inhabitants of the smaller peripheral villages.
The Celts didn’t have a strong archery tradition (even if Caesar, when was spoiled by
Pompey of the possibility of recruiting Cretan archers put up an auxiliary forces of
bowmen from the celtic tribe of the Ruteni -Caesar, De Bello Civili, 51-). Actually, we
haven’t found any La Téne bow, and there is no account about how it was: we just found
iron and bronze arrowheads, which are almost one, different to another.
The only thing that appears frequently in celtic arrowheads, is an harpoon-like shape
with a single hook (something like a “half arrowhead”), that have been interpreted as
another clue for the mainly hunting purpose of the instrument (the arrow pierce, and the
asymmetrical structure of the point flange the wound, obtaining more blood loss that
would tire a fleeing animal). We can reasonably assume, confronting with the bows in
the first middle ages of celtic areas, that it was a short bow, probably similar to the
Welsh clansmen’s bows described by Giraldus Cambrensis “not in horn, ivory or yew,
but in wild elm, rough and coarse but strong, not designed to shoot an arrow at a great
distance, but to inflict serious injuries in relatively close range” (Periegesis Cambriae, 77).
An interesting annotation about the use of the sling: Caesar wrote that in some occasions
the Gauls used “scorched clay slingshot” (Caesar, De Bello Gallico, V, 43) during sieges
to set fire to the roman tents.
About celtic cavalry, if in the IV B.C. it appears just a skirmish unit of mounted
javelinmen as described by Xenophon. In III B.C. it was probably something capable of
more direct confrontation, organized in three-man cooperative microunits
If probably cavalry was in any case formed by nobles (horses were expensive, and
horses trained for battle were more expensive), even more after the disappearing of war
chariots in continental europe, Celtic aristocrats fought also as footmen, like the Soldurii,
highly professional warriors, coming from the ranks of the nobility, bounded by oath to
a chieftain (Caesar, De Bello Gallico, III, 22, 1-3), or the Gaesatae (“Gaesum-bearers”), the
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famous “naked fanatics”. Diodorus spoke about them (Diodorus Siculus, Biblioteca
Historica, V, 30), and Polybius states that they were a kind of mercenaries, because the
“make war in exchange of money” (Polybius, Histories, II, 22).
The habit of fighting naked clearly link them with some sacred aspect, and the
description of Polybius, that wrote about “Golden torcs and bracelets”, without doubt
link them also with richness, moreover using them the Gaesum, that being an all-iron
javelin (Julius Pollux, Onomastikon, VII, 156) would have been a quite expensive
weapon (devastating in piercing shield and harassing close formations). So, some kind
of sacred warriors, that probably do the mercenaries both for living and for sacred
purpose.
A further twist to celtic warfare happened during II B.C. The more advanced celtic
society became on economical bases, the more new social classes appeared, like the one
of the Ambacti.
The Ambacti (meaning literally “the ones that operate next to”, but normally translated
as “Personal Guards”, being the term equal to the Latin “Satellites”) were actually
freemen that had sold to a chieftain their vote right in the tribe’s plenary, in exchange of
being maintained with food, clothes and weapons.
As a matter of fact, they “automatically voted” in any occasion for their patron, that fed
and armed them, while they also became some sort of his personal army, that could
benefit of a good training not needing to farm the land or do other jobs because of their
patron economical support (Caesar, De Bello Gallico, VI, 15, 2; and A. Daubigney,
Reconnaissance des formes de la dépendance gauloise, in Dialogues d'histoire ancienne,
Vol. 5, n° 5, 1979, pp. 145-189).
In contemporary with these important social changes, other appeared in the structure of
the weapons. The spears became even longer, reaching in some examples 3,5 meters or
more, and its blade became more and more specialized in piercing, developing the
structure defined “a bayonet”, with cruciform section (A. Rapin, Bouclier et lances, in
Gournay II, 1988, pp. 124-125).
A new kind of armor appeared on Caesar's coins with the display of the weapons of the
defeated Gauls, that resembled a medieval gambeson: The suspension chain-belt, after
one century of constant development, disappears (even if not at all) replaced by two
single iron rings and probably leather straps, and the sword became more and more
longer and with a rounded ending( T. Lejars, L'armement des Celtes en Gaule du Nord à
la fin de l'époque gauloise, in Revue arcéologique de Picardie,Vol. 3, n° 3-4, 1996, p. 96),
while appears the so-called gaulish horned saddle, that gave to the rider a lot of more
stability.
All this clues suggest that while the commoner’s infantry specialized itself as an effective
spear wall, most of sword owners a.k.a. nobles became cavalrymen.
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Celtic factions encompasses the Gallic/Belgae, Pannonian and Galatian faction rosters
(subcultures).
Figure 3 Ambacti Spearmen
Gallic/Belgae Faction Rosters
The following factions are part of the Gallic/Belgae faction roster: Bituriges Vivisci (p),
Namnetes, Pictones, Carnutes(p), Arverni(p), Aedui(p), Helvetii, Uolcoi, Insubres(p),
Treveri, Atrebates(p), Nervii(p) Boii(p), Sequani, Treveri
Gallic/Belgae factions have access to the following units during the course of the
campaign:
Land Units
 Celtic Hunters
 Celtic Skirmishers
 Celtic Slingers
 Celtic Levies
 Gallic Spearmen
 Gallic Swordsmen
 Gallic Warband
 Gallic Skirmish Cavalry
 Gallic Soldurii
 Gallic Trimarcisia (only Gallic)
 Gallic Gaesatae
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






Celtoligi Warriors
Celtoligian Cavalry
Ligurian Skirmishers
Orobii Axemen
Vindelici Axemen
Vindelici Shortswordsmen
Celto-Germanic Warriors
Naval Units
 Celtic Hunters Raider
 Celtic Slingers Raider
 Gallic Warriors Medium Raider
 Gallic Warband Medium Raider
 Gallic Soldurii Heavy Raider
 Gallic Warriors Veneti Raider
 Gallic Soldurii Veneti Raider
Ambacti Reform:
Land Units
 Ambacti Swordsmen
 Ambacti Spearmen
 Celtic Heavy Cavalry (only Gallic)
Pannonian Faction Rosters
The following factions are part of the Pannonian faction roster: Taurisci(p), Eravisci,
Scordisci(p), Anartes, Boihaemum(p)
Pannonian factions have access to the following units during the course of the campaign:
Land Units
 Celtic Hunters
 Celtic Slingers
 Celtic Levies
 Pannonian Spearmen
 Pannonian Swordsmen
 Pannonian Warband
 Pannonian Skirmish Cavalry
 Pannonian Soldurii
 Pannonian Trimarcisia
 Pannonian Gaesatae
 Illyrian Spearmen
 Illyrian Levies
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


Celto-Germanic Warriors
Vindelici Axemen
Vindelici Shortswordsmen
Naval Units
 Pannonian Warriors Medium Raider
 Pannonian Warband Medium Raider
 Pannonian Soldurii Heavy Raider
 Illyrian Levies Medium Raider
 Illyrian Spearmen Medium Raider
Ambacti Reform:
Land Units
 Celtic Heavy Cavalry
Galatian Faction Rosters
The following factions are part of the Pannonian faction roster: Koinon Galaton(p),
Kingdom of Tylis(p)
Galatian factions have access to the following units during the course of the campaign:
Land Units
 Celtic Hunters
 Celtic Slingers
 Celtic Levies
 Pannonian Spearmen
 Pannonian Warband
 Pannonian Skirmish Cavalry
 Pannonian Soldurii
 Pannonian Trimarcisia
 Pannonian Gaesatae
 Galatikoi Thyreophoroi
 Galatikoi Armai
 Galatikoi Drepanophoroi Armai
 Thracian Levies
 Thraikioi Peltastai
 Cohors Deiotariana
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Naval Units
 Pannonian Warriors Medium Raider
 Pannonian Warband Medium Raider
 Pannonian Soldurii Heavy Raider
 Galatikoi Thyreophoroi Heavy Raider
Ambacti Reform:
Land Units
 Celtic Heavy Cavalry
AoR or Reform Restricted Units for Celtic Factions
This section includes a list of the different units available to the Celtic factions that have
special AoR or Reform restrictions.
Celtoligi Warriors, AoR Provincia Province, Genua Region
Celtoligian Cavalry, AoR Provincia Province, Genua Region
Ligurian Skirmishers, AoR Provincia Province, Genua Region
Orobii Axemen, AoR Medhlan Region
Vindelici Axemen, AoR Noreia Region
Vindelici Shortswordsmen, AoR Noreia Region
Celto-Germanic Warriors, AoR Germania Minor Province, Belgica Province, Hecynia
Province, Silesia Province, Magna Germania Province, Suebia Province, Galic Region,
Petrodava Region
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Veneti Naval Units, AoR Namnetum Region
Illyrian Spearmen, AoR Segestica Region, Singidun Region, Illyria Province
Illyrian Levies, AoR Segestica Region, Singidun Region, Illyria Province
Thracian Levies, AoR Thracia Province
Thraikioi Peltastai, AoR Thracia Province
Apuani Warriors, AoR Genua Region, Velathri Region and Ariminum Region
Euganei Skirmishers, AoR Patavium Region, Koria Region
Cenomanes Warriors, AoR Patavium Region, Medhlan Region
Cenomanes Skirmish Cavalry, AoR Patavium Region, Medhlan Region
Rhaetic Levies, AoR Patavium Region, Koria Region
Ambacti Reform takes place in 199 B.C.
Starting units
Gallic Swordsmen/Pannonian
Swordsmen
Gallic Spearmen/Pannonian Spearmen
Servants of the Elite Technology
Ambacti Swordsmen
Ambacti Spearmen
Celtic Noble Cavalry
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Rhaeti
According to Livy (Ab urbe Condita, V, 33), the Rhaeti, a people living in the Alps, of
dubious origins, were born from some of the Etruscans, who driven from the Po Valley
from the Gallic Invasion, had sheltered in the mountain areas of nowdays Veneto,
Trentino-Sud Tyrol and Austria, and there melted with the indigenous peoples,
gradually becaming barbaric, losing many of their customs and acquiring the local's
habits.
Pliny also mentions the same thing: "It is believed that the Rhaeti, descendants of the
Etruscans led by Reto, were driven by the Gauls." (Pliny the Elder, Naturalis Historia, III,
133)
Actually, the reality is still debated, but the theory mostly accepted is that Rhaetians
were a very ancient, Pre-Indeuropean people, in part ethnically related to the Ligures, so
that the Romans wrote time to time that some mountain tribes -like the Stoni- to be
Rhaetic or Ligurian. While Ligures had benefit from indeuropean elements in ancient
times, and after that by a partial celtization, Rhaetians have maintained more their
ancient heritage, even if they received mixed superficial influences by Etruscans,
Venetkens and Celts.
In the brief mentions of the roman sources, Rhaetians are described as barbaric
populations, made wild by the harshness of their territory, a warlike people armed with
one bladed axes, with the habit of raiding vale villages and traders, a dangerous obstacle
to the freedom of transit through the Alps (Strab., IV.6.6.; 6.8.; V.1.6.; Horace Carm. IV 14,
7-6, 17-22).
The Rhaeti were a fierce and indomitable people indeed, and in Val di Fassa there still is
a legend that recalls the desperate defense of the last Rhaetic “Castelliere” (mountain
stone rampart) from the Romans of the “evil Munez” (probably Lucius Munatius
Plancus, one of the conquerors of Rhaetia), in which the people of the mountains,
understanding they were going ultimately to loose, used their own babies as
ammunitions, throwing them from the rampart under siege against the Roman
legionaries.
Speaking of the Rhaetic panoply, the evidence are very scarces, and except from Negau
and Italic-Alpine helmets, battle axes (also quoted several times by the Romans and
depicted in Venetken art) and short swords quite similar to the one of the Celts of
mountain region (like Orobii or Lepontii), there isn't a lot.
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Figure 4 Rhaetic Noble Riders
Rhaeti(p) has access to the following units during the course of the campaign:
Land Units
 Rhaetic Slingers
 Rhaetic Skirmishers
 Rhaetic Levies
 Rhaetic Spearmen
 Rhaetic Axemen
 Rhaetic Nobles
 Rhaetic Noble Riders
Naval Units
 Rhaetic Slingers Raider
 Rhaetic Levies Raider
 Rhaetic Axemen Medium Raider
 Rhaetic Nobles Heavy Raider
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Liguria (Ambrones)
Ambrones was the name used by the Ligures to define themselves. We came to know
this by an interesting statement of Plutarch about a very curious fact that happened
shortly before the clash between the Roman and the Teuton armies at Aquae Sextiae.
When a german tribe part of the Teuton army, named “Ambrones”, shouted their
warcry, that actually was their tribal name, the Ligurian Auxiliaries within the Roman
armies, although surprised, respond shouting the same word in remand, because
“Ambrones” was also the name they used to define themselves (Parallel Lives, Life of
Marius, 10, 5-6). Needles to say, there is no real etymological or cultural link between the
Germanic Ambrones and the Ambrones of Liguria.
The origin of Ambrones is still unknown, but probably their people were formed by the
overlapping of an Indoeuropean element to a Pre-Indeuropean substrare akin to
Rhaetians, and after that by another overlapping of celtic elements.
Even if some region the Ambrones intermingled deeply with the Celts, giving life to
tribes like the Salluii in Provence or the Taurini in Piedmont, that were define by the
Romans as “Celtoligi” (Celto-Ligurians) or “Semigalli” (Demi-Gauls), generally they
maintain their individuality as a different people, and Posidonius wrote that
“Many times a huge and big Gaul has been beaten by a small Ligurian” (Posidonius, V,
39, 6)
Diodorus describes the Ambrones being: "Tough and rugged , small in stature , lean,
nervous […] because of continuous physical work and the scarcity of food , remain in
the body strong and vigorous […] with muscular bodies […]Generally women of these
places are as strong as men and men as beasts .. . They are brave and noble, not only in
war but also in those conditions of life not devoid of danger " (Diod . IV , 20,1,2)
Actually they were known for being poor line fighters, for lacking a lot in discipline
(with the notable exception of the Apuani) and for having poor weapons and armors…
and actually archaeological findings give us more or less an image of a poorer version of
the Gallic panoply.
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Figure 5 Ambrones Nobles
Ambrones(p) has access to the following units during the course of the campaign:
Land Units
 Ambrones Slingers
 Ambrones Skirmishers
 Ambrones Levies
 Ambrones Spearmen
 Ambrones Swordsmen
 Apuani Warriors
 Celtoligi Warriors
 Ambrones Nobles
 Celtoligian Cavalry
Naval Units
 Ambrones Slingers Raider
 Ambrones Levies Raider
 Ambrones Swordsmen Medium Raider
 Ambrones Nobles Heavy Raider
Venetkens
Called Veneti or Eneti by the Romans and Henetoi by the Greeks, according to an
ancient myth these brave people were originatin from Paphlagonia, in Asia, and took
part in the Trojan War as allied of Troy. After the fall of the city, they came to the east
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shores of northern Italy under the guide of Antenores, a Trojan noble on the run, in a
similar way Aeneas did.
This myth, that attributes also the founding of Padua to Antenores and his Henetoi, was
long handed down by Strabo (V, 1, 4) and Livy (I,1,1-3), as a demonstration of the
ancient link, friendship and kinship between Venetkens and Romans
Actually, Venetkens were an Italic people, originating from Central Europe, strictly
related to Latins and that in his material production had been influenced by the east
branch of Hallstatt Culture.
With the Gallic Invasion of Northern Italy (approx 400 B.C.), the Venetkens were almost
the only people of the Po Valley to mantain there independence, an not only: actually, if
the first contact with the Celts were obviously rough, Venetkens manage no only to stop
the Gallic invasion more or less at their borders, but after defeating the invaders,
progressively to establish relations of friendshio with them (in the specific, the
Cenomanes Gauls), by mixed marriages and commerce.
We can't say that the Venetkens became "Celtizised", but actually, they took from the
Celts a lot of military equipment, as swords, helmets, chainmails and shields, and
actually, if the IV B.C. Venetken warrior was a hoplite, the III B.C. one was equipped
more or less like a Gaul, with some archaic local elements like kopis swords,
linothorakes or Negau Helmet.
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Figure 6 Ventekens Noble Cavalry
Venetkens(p) has access to the following units during the course of the campaign:
Land Units
 Opitergine Slingers
 Euganei Skirmishers
 Cenomanes Warriors
 Cenomanes Skirmish Cavalry
 Rhaetic Levies
 Venetkens Spearmen
 Venetkens Swordsmen
 Venetkens Nobles
 Venetkens Horsemen
 Venetkens Noble Cavalry
Naval Units
 Opitergine Slingers Raider
 Rhaetic Levies Venetkens Raider
 Cenomanes Warriors Medium Raider
 Venetkens Swordsmen Medium Raider
 Venetkens Nobles Heavy Raider
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British Isles Factions
British Isles factions encompass Brittoi and Eblani faction rosters.
Figure 7 Priteni Warriors
Brittoi Faction Roster
In the British Islands somehow, Celtic military and social evolution stopped to the IV
B.C.
Isolated from the rest of Europe, even if subjected from time to time to influences from
the mainland, the Britons never had to compete and confront themselves with different
social and military systems like the Celts of the rest of Europe, and if in the continent the
Gauls had to adapt progressively to more intensive and extensive forms of warfare,
amplifying the levy basin and employing new kind of tactics to use the mass of the
farmers and workers as effective or at least auto sufficient fighters, the Britons
maintained the old, semi-ritualistic ways of fighting.
Until the arrival of the Romans, warfare in Britain remained what was for the earliest
Celts: not really structured military operations, but more or less just cattle riding and
champions challenge.
The following factions are part of the Brittoi faction roster: Trinovanti(p), Dumnoni,
Demetae, Brigantes, Caledones(p).
Brittoi factions have access to the following units during the course of the campaign:
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Land Units
 Brittoi Slingers
 Brittoi Skirmishers
 Brittoi Levies
 Brittoi Warband
 Brittoi Riders
 Combrogi
 Combrogi Riders
 Brittoi Assedoi
 Silures Hillmen
 Priteni Warriors
 Qriteni Warriors
 Bolgi Warband
Naval Units
 Brittoi Slingers Raider
 Brittoi Warband Medium Raider
 Bolgi Warband Medium Raider
 Combrogi Heavy Raider
 Bolgi Heavy Raider
Eblani Faction Roster
Eblani was the term used by the first classical geographers to define the people
inhabiting Ireland, and probably was taken from the own language of that people
(Ptolemy, Geography, 2.2.7-8 and subsequent analysis of O’Rahilly and Muller).
The people inhabiting Ireland were the product of different subsequent invasions from
the continent and from the British Isles, but however the main culture was Celtic. As for
the Briton context, war in Ireland was far from being a mass scale operation, but more
related on cattle riding and champions challenge.
Eblani(p) has access to the following units during the course of the campaign:
Land Units
 Eblani Hunters
 Keterna
 Keterna Slingers
 Keterna Spearmen
 Keterna Riders
 Fian
 Eblani Assedoi
 Priteni Warriors
 Qriteni Warriors
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
Bolgi Warband
Naval Units
 Eblani Hunters Raider
 Keterna Slingers Raider
 Keterna Raider
 Fian Raider
 Bolgi Warband Medium Raider
AoR or Reform Restricted Units for British Factions
This section includes a list of the different units available to the British Islanders that
have special AoR or Reform restrictions.
Silures Hillmen, AoR Moridunon Region
Priteni Warriors, AoR Elidon region
Qriteni Warriors, AoR Eblana region
Bolgi Warband is available from 195 B.C via campaign script. AoR Iska region Camulodunon region- Eblana region- Belgica Province - Germania Minor Province.
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Ptolemaike Basileia (Ptolemaics)
Figure 8 Machariphoroi
Apparently the Egyptian local population was considered both unreliable and not fitted
for military service by the Macedonians.
Even if there was a social class called Machimoi -actually in the last days of Pharaos’
Egypt a military caste of mixed Egyptian, Lybian and partially black Nubian heritagefor a long period they were employed just for police and guard duty, or as auxiliaries
troops, like at the battle of Gaza in 312 b.C.
“Of his army some were Macedonians and some were mercenaries, but a great number
were Egyptians, of whom some carried the missiles and the other baggage but some
were armed and serviceable for battle”Diod.XIX.80.85
The only sector were native regular troops apparently were heavily employed was the
fleet, as reported by Pausanias (III, 6, 5)
Ptolemaics(p) has access to the following units during the course of the campaign:
Land Units
 Machimoi
 Machimoi Epibatoi
 Machimoi Akontistai
 Machimoi Toxotai
 Machimoi Sphendonetai
 Hoplitai Karai
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













Pezoi Kyrenaykoi
Klerouchoi Pezoi
Klerouchoi Hippeis
Klerouchoi Hippeis Xystophoroi
Klerouchoi Hippeis Thessaloi
Galatai Klerouchoi
Thrakioi Klerouchoi
Hypaspistai Peltastai
Basilikon Agema
Mistophoroi Kretikolakedaimonioi Peltastai
Mistophoroi Toxotai Neokretikoi
Akrobolistiai Hippakontistai Tarentinoi
Stratiotai Iudaeoi
Peri Ten Aulen Hippeis
Ptolemy IV Reform:
 Machimoi Epilektoi
 Katoikoi Pezoi
 Katoikoi Hippeis
 Katoikoi Hippeis Xystophoroi
 Katoikoi Hippeis Thessaloi
 Galatai Katoikoi
 Thrakioi Katoikoi
Ptolemy V Reform:
 Machimoi Hippeis
 Machimoi Laarchia
 Galatai Epigonoi
 Thrakioi Epigonoi
Ptolemy VI Reform:
 Katoikoi Thyreophoroi
 Katoikoi Thorakitai
I B.C. Troops:
 Pedites Gabiniani
 Equites Gabiniani
Naval Units
 Missile Penteres - Machimoi Akontistai
 Raiding Heimiola - Machimoi Akontistai
 Missile Trieres - Machimoi Akontistai
 Pursuit Trihemiolia - Machimoi Akontistai
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














Missile Penteres - Machimoi Toxotai
Raiding Heimiola - Machimoi Toxotai
Missile Trieres - Machimoi Toxotai
Pursuit Trihemiolia - Machimoi Toxotai
Missile Penteres - Machimoi Machimoi Sphendonetai
Raiding Heimiola - Machimoi Sphendonetai
Missile Trieres - Machimoi Sphendonetai
Pursuit Trihemiolia - Machimoi Sphendonetai
Assaul Tetreres - Machimoi Epibatoi
Assault Dieres - Machimoi Epibatoi
Tower Penteres - Machimoi Epibatoi
Assault Hepteres - Machimoi Epibatoi
Assault Hexeres - Machimoi Epibatoi
Heavy Tower Hepteres - Machimoi Epibatoi
Artillery Hexērēs - Ballista
Artillery
 Polybolos
 Katapeltai
 Lithoboloi
AoR or Reform Restricted Units for Ptolemaic
This section includes a list of the different units available to the Ptolemaics that have
Machimoi, AoR Aegyptus Province, Lybia Province, Aethiopia Province
Machimoi Akontistai, AoR Aegyptus Province, Lybia Province, Aethiopia Province
Machimoi Toxotai, AoR Aegyptus Province, Lybia Province, Aethiopia Province
Machimoi Sphendonetai, AoR Aegyptus Province, Lybia Province, Aethiopia
Province
Hoplitai Karai, AoR Aegyptus Province
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Pezoi Kyrenaykoi, AoR Lybia Province
Stratiotai Iudaeoi, AoR Jerusalem region
Machimoi Epilektoi , AoR Aegyptus Province, Lybia Province, Aethiopia Province
Machimoi Hippeis, AoR Aegyptus Province, Lybia Province, Aethiopia Province
Machimoi Laarchia, AoR Aegyptus Province, Lybia Province, Aethiopia Province
Pedites Gabiniani is available from 55 B.C via campaign script.
Equites Gabiniani is available from 55 B.C via campaign script.
Ptolemy Reform IV takes place in 217 B.C.
Ptolemy V Reform takes place in 197 B.C.
Ptolemy VI Reform takes place in 160 B.C.
Starting units
Ptolemy IV Reform
Ptolemy V Reform
Ptolemy VI
Reform
Machimoi Epilektoi
Machimoi Laarchia
Machimoi Hippeis
Klerouchoi Hippeis
Klerouchoi Hippeis
Xystophoroi
Kerouchoi Hippeis
Tessalikoi
Klerouchoi Pezoi
Galatai Klerouchoi
Thrakioi Klerouchoi
Katoikoi Hippeis
Thyreophoroi
Katoikoi Hippeis
Xystophoroi
Katoikoi Hippeis Thessaloi
Katoikoi Pezoi
Galatai Katoikoi
Thrakioi Katoikoi
Galatai Epigonoi
Thrakioi Epigonoi
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Katoikoi
Thyreophoroi
Katoikoi
Thorakitai
Pedites Gabiniani
Equites Gabiniani
Spaniard Factions
Spaniard factions encompasses the Turdetani, Celtiberian, Iberian and Lusitanian faction
rosters.
Figure 9 Celtiberian Iuventus
Iberian Faction Roster
Actually, the origin of the Iberians is still debated, and still remained a mistery.
If they were a native people of Iberia or an Atlantic people coming from Northern Africa
is not known, however, it’s sure they weren’t Indoeuropeans.
The Iberians were divided into many mainly pastoralists tribes, and their coastal
communities benefited relatively early from Greek and Punic influences.
In the field of war Iberians seems mainly to favor skirmish and ambush more than
frontal confrontation, and this reflected heavily on their equipment, that was quite light.
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Early Iberian shields appear to be relatively small, round in shape with a central umbo
(caetra), even if more rarely appear depicted a second type, something like a tower
shield that is supposed to be in wooden planks or wicker.
During the passage between IV and III a.C., increasing contacts with Carthaginian in the
south-east and Gauls in the north-east brought Iberians to adopt also the thyreos, both
with or without metal umbo on the spina.
In the field of the throwing weapons the Iberians show a notable specialization, with the
development of various specialized javelins like the Falarica (similar to the italic
saunion/light pilum) and the soliferreum, actually a copy of the Celtic gaesum, but if
the latter was an elite weapon, thank to the iron richness of Spain the soliferreum was
far more common.
Characteristic Iberian sword above all was the Falcata an improved version of the Italic
Kopis: if the latter was just a chopping weapon, the Falcata, even if curved was
sharpened on both sides, being usable even as a thrusting weapon.
Helmets and armors were quite rare in Iberian context, and if in the V B.C. the iberians
adopted, thanks to their experience in fighting as mercenaries aside and against
Carthaginians and Greeks, the cardiophylax, at the end of IV B.C. that form of armor
was already abandoned, sometimes favor of simply broad cross leather or felt straps, or
linothorakes.
Metal helmets were quite rare too, and if too heavy models would fit badly with a light
and agile warfare, the rare headgear depicted on vases probably was in leather.
The following factions are part of the Iberian faction roster: Edetani, Ilergetes(p),
Bastetani
Iberian factions have access to the following units during the course of the campaign
(minor deviations between the factions):
Land Units
 Iberian Spearmen
 Iberian Caetrati
 Iberian Skirmish Cavalry
 Iberian Slingers
 Ilergete Warriors
 Ilergete Cavalry
 Edetani Scutari Spearmen
 Edetani Nobles
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
Edetani Heavy Cavalry
Naval Units
 Iberian Slingers Raider
 Iberian Caetrati Medium Raider
 Iberian Caetrati Heavy Raider
Turdetani Faction Roster
Among the powerful peoples of Iberia during the III-II b.C, the first to catch the eye are
the Turdetani, who occupied the southern part of Spain , along the coast between Cadiz
and Malaga. Not really Iberians, but the heirs of the Tartessic Culture ( Strabo ,
Geography, III, 2 , 11) , of uncertain origin , their nation is already mentioned in the
Bible under the name of Tarshis as a trading partner of the Phoenicians of Tyre (Ezekiel ,
27, 12) .
Tartessic Culture is if possible more mysterious than the Iberian, however, it had a
completely different language from Iberian, even if, as the latter, not Indoeuropean.
Herodotus describes the great wealth of the mythical Tartessian king Arganthonios
(“Silver One” or by extension “Tresaurer”, probably a mythical transposition of a god)
and the prosperous market of Tartessos, founded on its thriving metal trade (Herodotus,
Histories, I.163; IV.152). Tartessos’ wealth came from rich sources of copper, lead, gold,
and silver in the Sierra Morena of Southern Iberia (with mining settlements dating from
the eighth to sixth centuries B.C. The Tartessians traded heavily with the Greeks, and
moreover with the Phoenicians, who founded their own port nearby at Gades (modernday Cádiz). Around 500 B.C.E. the Tartessians fought the Phoenicians at their trading
town of Gades, so the Phoenicians called in the help of the Carthaginians.
After the Carthaginians calmed the unrest in the region, they took control of Gades and
even if their control on the region didn’t last long, they managed to destroy the city of
Tartessos (Livy History, XXIII, 26-27). After that, the term Tartessos falls out of favor
amongst Greco-Roman authors around this time as well, replaced by the term
Turdetania to refer to the same region. Strabo will notice a substantial difference
between the Turdetani and other peoples of Iberia, and will recognize the latter a much
more advanced level of culture: "The Turdetani are the most civilized of the Iberians :
they know to write and possess books, and also poems and a code of laws that they
consider older than seven thousand years ..." (Strabo , Geography, III , 1, 6 )
Strabo also wrote about a rich economy based on an abundant production of resources
and manufacturing for export and a large commercial fleet "...so numerous as to almost
compete with that of Libya [of Carthage ] "( Strabo , Geography, III, 2 , 6)
Strabo also states clearly that the Bastetani, an Iberian people with strong Phoenician
influence that lived along the eastern coast of Spain to Mastia (Cartagena), east of
Turdetania , were vassals of Turdetani , as well as many other populations which in turn
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bordered with Bastetani. "But these Bastetani which I have just narrated , too, are under
the dominion of Turdetania , and so the Bastetani over river Anas , and most of their
neighbors "( Strabo , Geography, III, 2 , 11)
Actually, when the Carthaginians invaded again Spain, this time leaded by Hamilcar
Barca, in 237, the Turdetanian lead a league of Iberian peoples and employed even
Celtiberian mercenaries to confront him. Comparing Strabo with Livy, that indicates a
conflict between the Turdetani and the Saguntini, which are referred to as their
neighbors, it is reasonable to assume that at some point of history the control of
Turdetani to be extended not only on Bastetani, but along throughout the south-eastern
coast of Spain, going to cover also the area of Contestani and Edetani, the latter actually
bordering with Saguntus. "With the inhabitant of Saguntius there was not yet war, but
disputes that could become a pretext and that had already been stirred up between them
and their neighbors, especially the Turdetani "( Livy, Ab Urbe Condita, XXI, 6)
This huge area of control is not demonstrate however until the end of III B.C., and is
probable to assume that, after defeating them and making them their vassals, the
Carthaginian boosted Turdetanian control over eastern Iberia. Having a leading role
based on commercial and cultural power, the Turdetanian themselves weren’t
particularly fierce or effective warriors, and Livy defined them as "The least belligerent
of all Spaniards", and wrote that after engaging war with the Romans, after the first
defeats , they relied on Celtiberians mercenaries ( Livy, Ab Urbe Condita , XXXIV, 17).
Indeed in chronicles of the Punic Wars they are given only once as an active element
within the Carthaginian army, together with the Edetani, sent to Africa as a
reinforcement by Hannibal while preparing his expedition to Italy (Polybius , Histories ,
III, 33). Regarding the characteristic armament of Turdetani warriors, except from the
clear depiction of Linothorakes, it doesn’t seem particularly different from the one of
Iberians, and both by iconography and archaeological findings we can infer the presence
of both Thyreophoroi (oblong shield-bearers), and Caetrati (round shield bearers) , with
a characteristic crested helmets and armed with the Falcata.
Turdetani(p) has access to the following units during the course of the campaign:
Land Units
 Iberian Slingers
 Iberian Spearmen
 Iberian Skirmish Cavalry
 Turdetanian Scutarii
 Turdetanian Caetrati
 Turdulian Caetrati
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
Turdulian Thyreophoroi
Naval Units
 Iberian Slingers Raider
 Turdetani Scutarii Medium Raider
 Turdetani Scutarii Heavy Raider
 Raiding Heimiola Turdetanian Caetrati
 Assault Dieres TurdetanianCaetrati
 Raiding Heimiola Blastophoenician Militia
Celtiberian Faction Roster
With the terms of Celtiberians are described from time to time tribes born from mixed
marriages between Celts coming from north the Pyrenees and local Iberians, or Celtic
enclaves that coming to settle in Iberia became influenced by the local culture.
The born of Celtiberian enclaves is difficult to define, but probably it was a process
started already during Hallstatt period (700-500 B.C.), with the infiltration of Hallstatt
Culture in Spain, and proceeding with the progressive arrival of La Téne Celtic
warbands during 500-400 B.C.
Celtic newcomers adapted quite well, and adopted in the field of warfare numerous
elements of the locals, mainly the round caetra, employing even bigger caetrae in wicker
"as large as an hoplite shield " (Diodorus Siculus, Historical Library , V , 33 ),
abandoning nearly at all the thyreos, and never undergoing to the IV-III military change
that brought other continental Celts to adopt phalanx formation.
Moreover, having settled mainly in central Spain (in particular the Meseta), they didn’t
benefit from Carthaginian influence until the II Punic War, so the curious overall
situation of shields in Spaniards panoplies of III B.C. found the Celtiberians, that
formerly used the thyreos, that had largely adopted the caetra, and the Iberians viceversa.
In the field of throwing weapons Celtiberians were identical to Iberians but their main
blade weapons were quite different: even if the Falcata was used, it was a rarity, and the
main weapon was the Cladeimos,a straight sword developed from celtic longsword:
actually a broader and more pointed La Tène blade, excellent both on slashing and
thrusting, that the Romans copied to develop their Gladius, that actually in its earlier
phase was named Hispaniensis (Spanish).
In the field of body protection Celtiberians warriors were normally light as the Iberians,
and even if Linothorakes and Chainmail were probably present, as pointed put by some
scarce findings and cross analysis with Lusitanian context, common Celtiberian warrior
fought just with his tunic.
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Same was for helmet, even if from III B.C. Montefortino helmets are sometimes present,
always as spoils of war taken from Carthaginians and Romans, and always modified
with the removal of the cheekpieces that would have limited the peripheral vision
influencing negatively the skirmish fighting way. Rarer, although present, are AtticChalcidian helmets, again spoils of war, probably taken from Romans or their Italic
Allies.
Moreover, from the depiction of Numantia vase the use of greaves in organic material
have been hypnotized, corroborated with cross analysis with the Lusitanians.
The following factions are part of the Celtiberian faction roster: Callaeci, Areuakoi(p),
Celtici, Cantabri(p)
Celtiberian factions have access to the following units during the course of the campaign
(minor deviations between the factions):
Land Units
 Celtiberian Caetrati Spearmen
 Celtiberian Caetrati
 Celtiberian Slingers
 Celtiberian Cavalry
 Cantabrian Axemen
 Cantabrian Skirmish Cavalry
 Celtiberian Scutarii
 Celtiberian Iuventus
 Celtiberian Devoti
Naval Units
 Celtiberian Slingers Raider
 Celtiberian Caetratii Medium Raider
 Celtiberian Caetrati Heavy Raider
Lusitanian Faction Roster
Many things have been written on the origin of the Lusitanians, and actually even the
classical writers hadn’t a clear idea, attributing them time to time to the Celtiberian
(Pliny, Naturalis Historia, III, 13) or to the Iberian family (Diodoro Siculo, Biblioteca
Storica, V, 34).
However, even if in the past were regarded by modern scholars as a Celtic people
related to Celtiberians, some recent analysis have pointed out a close relation with the
Italic branch (F. Villar e R. Pedrero, La nueva inscripción lusitana: Arroyo de la Luz III,
in Religión, lengua y cultura prerromanas de Hispania, 2001, pp.663-698), and ultimately
it came up that Lusitani were representative of an authentic culture on their own, related
in the same way both to Celts and Italics (V. Blazek, Lusitanian Language, in Studia
minora facultatis philosophicae universitatis Brunensis, vol. 11).
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Even so, Lusitanian were deeply celticized in their way of life, and it reflected in their
military structure, with the adoption of Celtiberian military customs like the institution
of Devoti and Iuventus (Diodorus Siculus, V, 34).
Lusitanian panoply is described more or less identical to the Celtiberian one, with a
particular intensive use of soliferrea, the peculiar and use of little caetrae made of a
resistant vegetal fiber named esparto, and what appears to be the maintenance of the old
kardiophylax.
“The Lusitanii are the strongest amongst Iberians; to war, they carry very small shields,
made out of esparto (a natural hard vegetable fiber), with which can easily defend their
bodies. During battle they wield it skilfully, moving it from one side to the other of their
bodies, defending themselves with ability from every blow that falls upon them. They
also use spears, entirely made of iron with harpoon-shaped tips, and ware helms and a
sword very similar to the Celtiberians; they throw their spears with precision and to a
great distance, very frequently causing grevious wounds. They are swift while moving
and fast while running, so they flee and chase quickly (). With these light armors, being
able to run very fast and being very sharp-minded, they can only be defeated with
difficulty. They consider the rocks and ranges their homeland and so seek refuge in
them, because they are impracticable to large and heavy armies. So, because of that, the
Romans, who have organized countless expeditions against them, although being able to
counter their daring, have not, dispite of their commitment, been able to end their
pillaging”Diodorus Siculus, V, 34
“At any rate, the Lusitanians, it is said, is given to laying ambush, given to spying out, is
quick, nimble, and good at deploying troops. They have a small shield two feet in
diameter, and suspended from the shoulder by means of thongs (for it has neither armrings nor handles). Besides these shields they have a kopis or a butcher's knife. Most of
them wear linen cuirasses; a few wear chainmail and helmets with three crests, but the
rest wear helmets made of sinews. The foot-soldiers wear greaves also, and each soldier
has several javelins; and some also make use of spears”(Strabo, Geography, III,3,6)
Lusitani(p) has access to the following units during the course of the campaign:
Land Units
 Lusitanian Caetrati
 Lusitanian Caetrati Spearmen
 Lusitanian Devoti
 Lusitanian Iuventus
 Lusitanian Skirmish Cavalry
 Lusitanian Slingers
 Celtiberian Kontophoroi
 Cohors Sertoriana
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Naval Units
 Lusitanian Slingers Raider
 Lusitanian Caetrati Medium Raider
 Lusitanian Caetrati Heavy Raider
AoR or Reform Restricted Units for Spaniard Factions
This section includes a list of the different units available in Spain that have special AoR
Oretani Warriors, AoR Mastia region
Edetani Scutarii Spearmen, AoR Arse region
Edetani Nobles, AoR Arse region
Edetani Heavy Cavalry, AoR Arse region
Ilergete Scutarii, AoR Tarraco region
Ilergete Cavalry, AoR Tarraco region
Blastophoenician Militia, AoR Baetica Province, Mastia region, Ibossim Region
Balearic Slingers, AoR Ibossim region
Turdulian Caetrati, AoR Kartuba region
Turdulian Thyreophoroi, AoR Kartuba region
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Cantabrian Cavalry, AoR Aracillum region
Cantabrian Axemen, AoR Aracillum region
Celtiberian Scutarii is available from 215 B.C via campaign script.
Cohors Sertoriana is available from 80 B.C via Sertorian event (campaign script).
Celtiberian Kontophoroi is available from 80 B.C via Sertorian event (campaign
script).
Lybia
Lybia actually was a term used by Greeks to define alternatively the whole Africa or its
northern coast. Lybian peoples were actually of Berber stock; in some regions slightly
mixed with subsaharian black Africans.
Some Lybian tribes had obtaind an amazing level of technology for their context and
enviroment, and for example Garamantes had build a network of subterranean
irrigation channels to bring on the surface the water underneath the desert to fertilize
their crops, while the Lybian tribes of the coastline had assimilated some aspects from
Greek and Carthaginian culture.
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Figure 10 Libophoenician Cavalry
Lybia has access to the following units during the course of the campaign:
Land Units
 Libophoenician Cavalry
 Libyan Levy Hoplitai
 Libyan Thyreophoroi
 Libyan Javelinmen
 Berber Archers
 Berber Slingers
 Libophoenician Militia
Naval Units
 Assaul Tetreres - Libophoenician Militia
 Assault Dieres - Libophoenician Militia
 Pursuit Trihemiolia - Libophoenician Militia
 Raiding Heimiola - Libophoenician Militia
Artillery
 Lithoboloi
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Germanics
Germanic factions encompass the Western Germanic, Eastern Germanic and CeltoGermanic faction rosters.
Figure 11 Hundingaz
Western Germanic Faction Roster
The archaeological evidence of the Western German peoples has been identified with the
Culture of Jastorf and its successive developments, the Culture of Ripdorf and the
Culture of Seedorf.
Actually, these cultures had been deeply influenced by the last phase of the proto-Celtic
culture of Hallstatt and the Celtic culture of La Tène. Actually, a huge part of West
Germanic artifacts are bad and poorer copies of Celtic ones, especially in the field of war
equipment.
Offensive and defensive weapons of the commoners were often in wood and bone (G.
Rosenberg, Hjortspringfundet) with little or no metal parts at all, and probably the most
common Germanic weapon was the Framea (Tacitus, De origine et situ Germanorum, 6),
a short spear used both as a throwing weapon and for melee, with a small tip,
sometimes in metal, sometimes in bone or even simply a sharpened wood shaft.
A good description of a Germanic army is given by Tacitus in the where he states: “The
Germans had no armor or helmet or even shields reinforced with iron or leather, but
wicker shields and painted wooden planks.
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Only the first line of combat -if you even could call it that way-, was armed with proper
spears, the others had short fire-hardened wooden darts" (Annales, II, 14).
Other melee weapon employed were the club, crude but effective, so even the Romans
employed Auxiliary Germanic clubmen against heavy armored enemies, as we can see
in the depictions on the Trajan Column, and the one handed axe, both a weapon and a
tool, whose presence is attested in German warrior graves.
Swords in earlier Germanic context were very rare, and the few founded were or copies
or La Tène celtic swords, or stabbing shortswords of local production.
If armors were even rarer, in the site of Hjortspring dated III B.C., have been found
various fragment of chainmail, probably the panoply of some rich noble.
About headgears there is almost no evidence, except for wool caps like the one of the
Tollundmanden, and copies of Negau helmets in wood founded in Uglemose, Denmark
(T. Mathaissen, "Træhjelmene fra Uglemosen"), even if the use of boiled leather caps has
been hypothesized.
The following factions are part of the Western Germanic faction roster: Ermunthuroz,
Heruskoz(p), Frisii(p), Himroz(p), Sweboz(p)
Western Germanic factions have access to the following units during the course of the
campaign:
Land Units
 Germanic Hunters
 Germanic Skirmishers
 Western Germanic Clubmen
 Western Framea Warriors
 Western Germanic Warband
 Western Germanic Riders
 Western Germanic Nobles
 Western Germanic Noble Horsemen
 Celto Germanic Warriors
 Harjoz
Naval Units
 Western Framea Warriors Raider
 Western Framea Warriors Medium Raider
 Western Germanic Warband Medium Raider
 Western Germanic Nobles Heavy Raider
II B.C. Troops:
 Celtogermanic Longspears
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Celtogermanic Noble Cavalry
I B.C. - I A.D. Troops:
 Western Germanic Cavalry
 Late Western Germanic Warband
 Late Western Germanic Nobles
Naval Units
 Late Western Germanic Warband Medium Raider
 Late Western Germanic Nobles Heavy Raider
Eastern Germanic Faction Roster
With Eastern Germans we can define all the Germanic tribes that migrated from
Norway and Sweden between IV and III B.C., settled on the Baltic shores and from there,
during a long period of time, moved into Poland and Ucraina, even reaching the shores
of the Black Sea.
A little known people in the first period of their history, they will grow in importance in
the III A.D., when they became gradually the main European enemies of the Roman
Empire.
The following factions are part of the Eastern Germanic faction roster: Guthiuda(p),
Rygir.
Eastern Germanic factions have access to the following units during the course of the
campaign:
Land Units
 Eastern Germanic Skirmishers
 Eastern Germanic Clubmen
 Eastern Framea Warriors
 Eastern Germanic Warband
 Eastern Germanic Riders
 Eastern Germanic Nobles
 Eastern Germanic Noble Horsemen
 Hundingaz
Naval Units
 Eastern Framea Warriors Raider
 Eastern Germanic Warband Raider
 Eastern Germanic Nobles Medium Raider
II-III A.D. Troops:
 Late Eastern Germanic Warband
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Late Eastern Germanic Nobles
Eastern Germanic Heavy Cavalry
Naval Units
 Late Eastern Germanic Warband Raider
 Late Eastern Germanic Nobles Medium Raider
Celto Germanic Faction Roster
With the term Celtogermans we can define two distinct realities in Eastern Europe,
highly interconnected to each other: the Lugii (Lougoi) and the Bastarnae (Bastijanthai).
The Lugii (possibly meaning "The Bright Ones", from Celtic root) were a powerful
confederation of different tribes, located in the area of modern Poland.
Despite the efforts of Polish archaeologists to assign a Proto-Slavic identity to the Lugii
during the '30s, by analyzing the archaeological evidence in detail, identifiable in the
Przeworsk Culture, the common theory today is that they were a composite reality,
dominated by a strong Celtic element but incorporating sacral elements of Germanic
martial culture (the Harii brotherhood) and various tribal entities speaking a Germanic
language belonging to the West Germanic branch, such as the Elveconi and Buri (cfr..
Carl Waldman e Catherine Mason, Encyclopedia of European People, p. 498).
During the transition between the first century BC and the first century AD, the
Germanic influence within the Lugian confederation grew exponentially, due to the
overlap of new Germanic elements, this time coming from the eastern branch, until it
became an entirely Germanic milieu, eventually giving life to the Vandals .
The following factions are part of the Celto Germanic faction roster: Basthijanthai(p),
Lougoi(p).
Celto Germanic factions have access to the following units during the course of the
campaign:
Land Units
 Western Germanic Clubmen
 Western Germanic Riders
 Harjoz
 Eastern Germanic Riders
 Eastern Germanic Warband
 Celtogermanic Warriors
 Lougoi Axemen
 Keltoskythai Riders
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Bastijanthai Rhomphaiophoroi
Naval Units
 Celtic Skirmishers Raider
 Celtic Skirmishers Medium Raider
 Pannonian Swordsmen Medium Raider
 Pannonian Swordsmen Heavy Raider
 Bastikanthai Romphaiophoroi Medium Raider
 Bastikanthai Romphaiophoroi Heavy Raider
II B.C. troops:
Land Units
 Costoboki Spearmen
 Costoboki Noble Horsemen
I-II A.D. troops:
Land Units
 Wandili Warriors
AoR or Reform Restricted Units for Germanic Factions
This section includes a list of the different units available to Germanic factions that have
Celtogermanic Longspears is available from 200 B.C via campaign script. AoR
Germania Minor province, Belgica province, Aquitania Province, Celtica Province,
Raetia et Noricum Province, Hercynia Province, Pannonia Province
Celtogermanic Noble Cavalry is available from 200 B.C via campaign script. AoR
Germania Minor province, Belgica province, Aquitania Province, Celtica Province,
Raetia et Noricum Province, Hercynia Province, Pannonia Province
Celto-Germanic Warriors, AoR Germania Minor Province, Belgica Province, Hecynia
Province, Silesia Province, Magna Germania Province, Suebia Province, Galic Region,
Petrodava Region
Late Eastern Germanic Warband, AoR Ponto-Caspia Province
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Late Eastern Germanic Nobles, AoR Ponto-Caspia Province
Eastern Germanic Heavy Cavalry, AoR Ponto-Caspia Province
Harjoz, AoR Silesia Province
Lougoi Axemen, AoR Silesia Province
Keltoskythai Riders (Petrodava region, Olbia Region, Solokha Region, Tur region,
Galic region
Bastijanthai Rhomphaiophoroi, AoR Dacia Province
Costoboki Spearmen is available from 190 B.C via campaign script. AoR Dacia
Province, Olbia region
Costoboki Noble Horsemen is available from 190 B.C via campaign script. AoR Dacia
Province, Olbia region
Wandili Warriors is available from 10 A.D via campaign script. AoR Silesia province
Starting Units
Western Germanic Warband
Western Germanic Nobles
Western Germanic Noble Horsemen
Eastern Germanic Warband
Eastern Germanic Nobles
Eastern Germanic Noble Horsemen
Trimarcisia Technology
Late Western Germanic Warband
Late Western Germanic Nobles
Western Germanic Cavalry
Late Eastern Germanic Warband
Late Eastern Germanic Nobles
Eastern Germanic Heavy Cavalry
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Illyrians
With the term Illyrians are defined all that tribes that share an authentic language and
culture, coming from the East Hallstatt Cultural Facies and living in the area of modern
ex-Jugoslavija and Albania. Even if the different Illyrian tribes were quite different one
another, being somehow celticized in the north and hellenized in the south, Classical
writers identified a common root for all of them, and common habits (for example, the
use of tattoo).
Illyrians were also famed pirates, and their ships, Lembos, Pristis and Libyrnis, were
well known for being very fast and highly maneuverable, and were even copied by
more civilized nations like Makedonia.
The following factions are part of the Illyrian faction roster: Delmetae, Daorsi(p),
Ardiaei(p), Breuci.
Figure 12 Iapodes Warriors
Illyrian factions have access to the following units during the course of the campaign:
Land Units
 Illyrian Archers
 Illyrian slingers
 Illyrian Skirmishers
 Illyrian Levies
 Illyrian Levy Spearmen
 Illyrian Spearmen
 Illyrian Axemen
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Illyrian Riders
Illyrian Hoplitai
Illyrian Cavalry
Peltastai Agrianoi
Iapodes Skirmishers
Iapodes Warriors
Naval Units
 Illyrian Slingers Lembos
 Illyrian Skirmishers Lembos
 Illyrian Levies Lembos
 Illyrian Archers Lembos
 Illyrian Levy Spearmen Lembos
 Illyrian Spearmen Pristis
 Illyrian Axemen Pristis
 Illyrian Skirmishers Pristis
 Illyrian Slingers Pristis
 Illyrian Archers Libyrnis
 Illyrian Spearmen Libyrnis
 Illyrian Axemen Libyrnis
AoR or Reform Restricted Units for Illyrians
This section includes a list of the different units available to Illyrians that have special
Illyrian Hoplitai, AoR Epidamnos region, Delminium region
Illyrian Cavalry, AoR Epidamnos region, Delminium region
Peltastai Agrianoi, AoR Epidamnos region
Iapodes Skirmishers, AoR Iader region
Iapodes Warriors, AoR Iader region
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Apeiros (Epirus)
An important percentage of the Apeiros roster is composed by troops that actually aren’t
available in the Epirote homeland and starting position, but could be recruited only in
Italy… starting the game in the year of Pyrrhus death, not long ago the Italic expedition,
leaving as an open possibility the management of the war with Sparta and Makedonia
and a “return” in Southern Italy could be intriguing for the player... also, it provides
historically attested units of Italiotae and Italics for the roster, that without it would be
simply a cheaper version of Makedonia.
Figure 13 Chaonon Logados
Epirus(p) has access to the following units during the course of the campaign:
Land Units
 Toxotai
 Sphendonetai
 Akontistai
 Phalangitai Apeirotai
 Chaonon Logades
 Basilikon Agema
 Hippeis Thessalioi
 Hippeis Apeirotai
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Hippeis Apeirotai Xystophoroi
Hippakontistai Akrobolistai Terentinoi
Epibatoi Apeirotai
War Elephants with turret
Hoplitai Italiotai
Mistophoroi Oskoi
Hippeis Oskoi
Leukaspides Tarentinoi
Naval Units
 Missile Penteres - Akontistai
 Raiding Heimiola - Akontistai
 Missile Trieres - Akontistai
 Pursuit Trihemiolia - Akontistai
 Missile Penteres - Toxotai
 Raiding Heimiola - Toxotai
 Missile Trieres - Toxotai
 Pursuit Trihemiolia - Toxotai
 Missile Penteres - Sphendonetai
 Raiding Heimiola - Sphendonetai
 Missile Trieres - Sphendonetai
 Pursuit Trihemiolia - Sphendonetai
 Assaul Tetreres - Epibatoi Apeirotai
 Assault Dieres - Epibatoi Apeirotai
 Tower Penteres - Epibatoi Apeirotai
 Assault Hepteres - Epibatoi Apeirotai
 Assault Hexeres - Epibatoi Apeirotai
 Heavy Tower Hepteres - Epibatoi Apeirotai
Artillery
 Polybolos
 Ballista
 Giant Ballista
AoR or Reform Restricted Units for Epirus
This section includes a list of the different units available to Epirus that have special
Hoplitai Italiotai, AoR Magna Graecia province
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Mistophoroi Oskoi, AoR Magna Graecia province, Italia province
Hippeis Oskoi, AoR Magna Graecia province, Italia province
Leukaspides Tarentinoi, AoR Magna Graecia province
Makedonia
In 272, when Pyrrhus was defeated by the united forces of Spartans and Makedon, the
Kingdom of Makedonia started to recover… the past years a huge percentage of the
standing army deserted and passed to the Epirotes, and even if the enemy was
vanquished, the main base of the Macedonian army simply ceased to exists, with a lot of
deserters fleeing in other successors kingdoms.
So Antigonos army at start was mainly composed by some groups of mercenaries
(mainly Thracian, Celts, Neocretans and Greeks), the elite corps of Hypaspistai Peltastai
and the Agema, while in case of need a military levy would be instituted, calling farmers
and workers to build up the phalanx.
This phalanx was probably the same that is defined with the term of Leukaspides (white
shields), named just in few accounts, a reserve levy troop employed only in time of great
need.
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Figure 14 Euzonoi Peltastai
Makedonia(p) has access to the following units during the course of the campaign:
Land Units
 Toxotai
 Sphendonetai
 Akontistai
 Peltastai Agrianoi
 Leukaspides
 Euzonoi Peltastai
 Hypaspistai Peltastai
 Basilikon Agema
 Hippeis Thessalioi
 Hiera Ilai
 Hippakontistai Akrobolistai Terentinoi
 Hippeis Makedonikoi
 Hippeis Xystophoroi Makedonikoi
Naval Units
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Missile Penteres - Toxotai
Raiding Heimiola - Toxotai
Missile Trieres - Toxotai
Pursuit Trihemiolia - Toxotai
Missile Penteres - Sphendonetai
Raiding Heimiola - Sphendonetai
Missile Trieres - Sphendonetai
Pursuit Trihemiolia - Sphendonetai
Assaul Tetreres - Epibatoi Makedonikoi
Assault Dieres - Epibatoi Makedonikoi
Tower Penteres - Epibatoi Makedonikoi
Assault Hepteres - Epibatoi Makedonikoi
Assault Hexeres - Epibatoi Makedonikoi
Heavy Tower Hepteres - Epibatoi Makedonikoi
Lembos - Sphendonetai
Lembos -Akontistai
Lembos-Toxotai
Lembos-Epibatoi Makedonikoi
Libyrnis-Toxotai
Libyrnis- Epibatoi Makedonikoi
Artillery
 Polybolos
 Katapeltai
 Lithoboloi
Amphipolis Reform
 Chalkaspides
 Thrakioi Klerouchoi
Andriskos Event:
 Thrakioi Peltastai
 Thrakioi Hippakontistai
AoR or Reform Restricted Units for Makedonia
This section includes a list of the different units available to Makedonia that have special
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Chalkaspides is available from 205 B.C via Amphipolis Military reform (campaign
script).
Thrakioi Klerouchoi is available from 205 B.C via Amphipolis Military reform
(campaign script).
Thraikioi Peltastai is available from 149 B.C via Andriskos event (campaign script).
Thrakioi Hippakontistai is available from 149 B.C via Andriskos event (campaign
script).
Lakedaimon (Sparta)
In the III B.C. Spartan society undergoes great changes. Even during the second part of
IV B.C., due to economic, social and especially demographic decrease, the number of
proper Spartiatai (full citizens) fall exponentially to a very low percentage, and
according to Plutarch in 250 there were just only 700 Spartiates in Laconia.
As a result, Spartan army became actually formed with an increasing percentage of
middle class citizens, the Peiriokoi that became organized in mixed morai (military unit)
with the Spartiatai, and no more in different units as in the past.
Figure 15 Hoplitai Spartiatai
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Lakedaimon(p) has access to the following units during the course of the campaign:
Land Units
 Sphendonetai
 Akontistai
 Toxotai
 Hippakontistai Skiritai
 Akontistai Skiritai
 Hoplitai Skiritai
 Hoplitai Lakedaimonioi
 Hoplitai Spartiatai
 Hippeis Spartiatai
Kleomenes Reform:
Land Units
 Hoplitai Lakedaimonioi (Reformed)
 Diskilioi
Nabides Reform:
Land Units
 Hoplitai Lakedaimonioi (Reformed)
 Thyreophoroi Kretikoi
 Peltastai Kretikoi
 Epibatoi Kretikoi
 Akrobolistai Hippakontistai Tarentinoi
Naval Units
 Missile Penteres - Epibatoi Kretikoi
 Raiding Heimiola - Epibatoi Kretikoi
 Missile Trieres -Epibatoi Kretikoi
 Pursuit Trihemiolia - Epibatoi Kretikoi
 Assaul Tetreres - Epibatoi Kretikoi
 Assault Dieres - Epibatoi Kretikoi
 Tower Penteres - Epibatoi Kretikoi
Artillery
 Polybolos
 Katapeltai
 Lithoboloi
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AoR or Reform Restricted Units for Lakedaimon
This section includes a list of the different units available to Lakedaimon that have
Hippakontistai Skiritai, AoR Lakedaimon region
Akontistai Skiritai, AoR Lakedaimon region
Hoplitai Skiritai, AoR Lakedaimon region
Hoplitai Lakedaimonioi, AoR Lakedaimon region
Hippeis Spartiatai, AoR Lakedaimon region
Hoplitai Lakedaimonioi is available from 227 B.C via Kleomenes reform (campaign
script). AoR Hellas province
Diskilioi is available from 227 B.C via Kleomenes reform (campaign script).
Hoplitai Lakedaimonioi is available from 207 B.C via Nabides reform (campaign
script).
Peltastai Kretikolakedaimonioi is available from 207 B.C via Nabides reform
(campaign script).
Thyreophoroi Kretikolakedaimonioi is available from 207 B.C via Nabides reform
(campaign script).
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Athenai
Athenai is renowned for its architecture, art and writing, Athens has long been famed
for its achievements. Its buildings, such as the Parthenon, dedicated to Athena the
patron of the city, and culture including the works of Aristophanes, Plato, Socrates, and
Sophocles, mean that Athenian culture is almost synonymous with Greek culture.
During the Greco-Persian and Peloponnesian Wars, the city state remained both fiercely
independent and a leading power of the time, but became part of the wider Macedonian
Empire following Phillip II’s decisive victory at the Battle of Chaeronea in 338 BC.
Figure 16 Iphikratou Peltastai
Athenai(p) has access to the following units during the course of the campaign:
Land Units
 Sphendonetai
 Akontistai
 Toxotai
 Peltastai Athenaioi
 Hoplitai Athenaioi
 Iphikratou Peltastai
 Thyreophoroi Athenaioi
 Thorakitai Athenaioi
 Akrobolistai Hippakontistai Elaphroi
 Akrobolistai Hippotoxotai
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Politikoi Hippeis
Naval Units
 Assaul Tetreres - Epibatoi Athenaioi
 Fire Pot Dieres - Epibatoi Athenaioi
 Assault Dieres - Epibatoi Athenaioi
 Tower Penteres - Epibatoi Athenaioi
 Assault Hepteres - Epibatoi Athenaioi
 Assault Hexeres - Epibatoi Athenaioi
 Heavy Tower Hepteres - Epibatoi Athenaioi
Artillery
 Polybolos
 Katapeltai
 Lithoboloi
Syrakousai
Founded by Greek colonists from Corinthos, the pòlis of Syracuse grow to became one
of the main powers of the Mediterranean.
Historical adversary of Carthage in the domain of Sicily, Syracuse managed to gather
under his control the main Siceliots centers, and gradually was percieved as the
midpoint for excellence for all the Greeks of Italy.
As his rival Carthage, Syracuse heavily relied on mercenary troops, including in his
armies Gauls, Iberians, Greek and Italic mistophoroi (mercenaries).
Even if maintining strongly their Greek heritage, Siceliots and Magno-Greeks adopted
sometimes in their panoply elements from the local Italic peoples, ecpecially when
founded both effective and cheap, like the Montefortino helmet.
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Figure 17 Hoplitai Sikeliotai Epilektoi
Syrakousai (p) has access to the following units during the course of the campaign:
Land Units
 Sphendonetai
 Akontistai
 Toxotai
 Hoplitai Sikeliotai
 Hoplitai Sikeliotai Epilektoi
 Peltastai Sikeliotai
 Thyreophoroi Sikeliotai
 Thorakhitai Sikeliotai
 Hippeis Sikeliotai
 Mistophoroi Toxotai Kretikoi
 Mistophoroi Sphendonetai Rhodioi
 Mistophoroi Galatai
 Mistophoroi Oskoi
 Mistophoroi Galatai Hippakontistai
 Mistophoroi Iberoi
Naval Units
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Missile Trieres - Mistophoroi Sphendonetai Rhodioi
Pursuit Trihemiolia - Mistophoroi Sphendonetai Rhodioi
Missile Penteres - Mistophoroi Sphendonetai Rhodioi
Raiding Heimiola - Mistophoroi Sphendonetai Rhodioi
Missile Penteres - Mistophoroi Toxotai Kretikoi
Raiding Heimiola - Mistophoroi Toxotai Kretikoi
Missile Trieres - Mistophoroi Toxotai Kretikoi
Pursuit Trihemiolia - Mistophoroi Toxotai Kretikoi
Assaul Tetreres - Epibatoi Sikeliotai
Fire Pot Dieres - Epibatoi Sikeliotai
Assault Dieres - Epibatoi Sikeliotai
Tower Penteres - Epibatoi Sikeliotai
Assault Hepteres - Epibatoi Sikeliotai
Assault Hexeres - Epibatoi Sikeliotai
Heavy Tower Hepteres - Epibatoi Sikeliotai
Artillery
 Polybolos
 Katapeltai
 Lithoboloi
Massalia
Massalia is rich Greek colony founded by the Phoceans on the shores of southern Gaul.
The historical accounts said that the leader of the Phocean colonists, whose name was
reported being Protis or Eussenos, married the daughter of Nannos, king of the
Segobriges, the Celto-Ligian tribe ruling the land, and that grants him the right of
founding the colony.
In the III B.C. Massalia is a strong maritime commercial power, with a mixed population
mainly of Greeks in the city and Celto-Ligian in the countryside, in a very good
relationship with the Romans and always in competition with Carthage to gain the best
trading routes.
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Figure 18 Thorakitai Massaliotai
Massalia(p) has access to the following units during the course of the campaign:
Land Units
 Sphendonetai
 Akontistai
 Toxotai
 Ambrones Skirmishers
 Celtoligian Cavalry
 Celtoligian Warriors
 Peltastai Massaliotai
 Hoplitai Massaliotai
 Thyreophoroi Massaliotai
 Thorakitai Massaliotai
 Politikoi Hippeis
Naval Units
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Assaul Tetreres - Epibatoi Massaliotai
Fire Pot Dieres - Epibatoi Massaliotai
Assault Dieres - Epibatoi Massaliotai
Tower Penteres - Epibatoi Massaliotai
Assault Hepteres - Epibatoi Massaliotai
Assault Hexeres - Epibatoi Massaliotai
Heavy Tower Hepteres - Epibatoi Massaliotai
Artillery
 Polybolos
 Katapeltai
 Lithoboloi
Kyrenayke Pentapolis
Kyrene was a Greek colony founded on the coasts of Lybia by Dorian settlers coming
from Thera, a small island near Crete. In 440 B.C. Kyrene formed a league with other
four major Greek colonies on the Lybian coast, which were known as Kyrenayke
Pentapolis (Five Cities of Cyrenaica).
The people of the Pentapolis are broadly divided in Greeks in the cities and Lybian
Preiokoi (half-citizens) in the peripheral villages. This latter part of the society wasn’t
always good disposed to their Greek masters, and time to time are recorded revolts of
the Lybians against the Greeks, sometimes helped by independent Lybian tribes of the
hinterland.
Formally a satrapy of the Persian Achaemenid Empire, the Kyrenayke Pentapolis passed
under the rule of Alexander and after him of the Ptolemyes, even if frequent revolts
against Ptolemaic Egypt are recorded, like the 276 one by Magas, stepson of the king of
Ptolemaike Basileia Ptolemy I Soter, that crowned himself king of the Pentapolis.
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Figure 19 Hoplitai Kyrenaykoi
Kyrenayke Pentapolis (p) has access to the following units during the course of the
campaign:
Land Units
 Toxotai
 Sphendonetai
 Akontistai
 Lybian Skyrmishers
 Lybian Hoplitai
 Lybian Thyreophoroi
 Pezoi Kyrenaykoi
 Hoplitai Kyrenaykoi
 Hoplitai Kyrenaykoi Epilektoi
 Politikoi Hippeis Kyrenaykoi
Naval Units
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Pursuit Trihemiolia - Akontistai
Missile Penteres - Toxotai
Assaul Tetreres - Epibatoi Kyrenaykoi
Assault Dieres - Epibatoi Kyrenaykoi
Tower Penteres - Epibatoi Kyrenaykoi
Assault Hepteres - Epibatoi Kyrenaykoi
Assault Hexeres - Epibatoi Kyrenaykoi
Heavy Tower Hepteres - Epibatoi Kyrenaykoi
Artillery
 Polybolos
 Katapeltai
 Lithoboloi
Krete
Figure 20 Toxotai Kretikoi
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Krete has access to the following units during the course of the campaign:
Land Units
 Sphendonetai
 Akontistai
 Toxotai Kretikoi
 Peltastai Kretikoi
 Thyreophoroi Kretikoi
Naval Units
 Missile Penteres - Toxotai Kretikoi
 Raiding Heimiola - Toxotai Kretikoi
 Missile Trieres - Toxotai Kretikoi
 Pursuit Trihemiolia - Toxotai Kretikoi
 Assaul Tetreres - Epibatoi Kretikoi
 Assault Dieres - Epibatoi Kretikoi
 Tower Penteres - Epibatoi Kretikoi
 Assault Hepteres - Epibatoi Kretikoi
 Assault Hexeres - Epibatoi Kretikoi
 Heavy Tower Hepteres - Epibatoi Kretikoi
Artillery
 Polybolos
 Katapeltai
 Lithoboloi
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Kypros
Figure 21 Peltastai Neokretikoi
Kypros(p) has access to the following units during the course of the campaign:
Land Units
 Toxotai
 Sphendonetai
 Akontistai
 Toxotai Neokretikoi
 Peltastai Neokretikoi
 Thyreophoroi Neoretikoi
Naval Units
 Missile Penteres - Toxotai Neokretikoi
 Raiding Heimiola - Toxotai Neokretikoi
 Missile Trieres - Toxotai Neokretikoi
 Pursuit Trihemiolia - Toxotai Neokretikoi
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Assaul Tetreres - Epibatoi Neoretikoi
Assault Dieres - Epibatoi Neoretikoi
Tower Penteres - Epibatoi Neoretikoi
Assault Hepteres - Epibatoi Neoretikoi
Assault Hexeres - Epibatoi Neoretikoi
Heavy Tower Hepteres - Epibatoi Neoretikoi
Artillery
 Polybolos
 Katapeltai
 Lithoboloi
Rhodos
Figure 22 Sphendonetai Rhodioi
Rhodos has access to the following units during the course of the campaign:
Land Units
 Toxotai
 Sphendonetai Rhodioi
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Akontistai
Toxotai Neokretikoi
Peltastai Neokretikoi
Thyreophoroi Neoretikoi
Akrobolistai Hippakontistai Elaphroi
Naval Units
 Missile Penteres - Toxotai Neokretikoi
 Raiding Heimiola - Toxotai Neokretikoi
 Missile Trieres - Toxotai Neokretikoi
 Pursuit Trihemiolia - Toxotai Neokretikoi
 Missile Penteres - Sphendonetai Rhodioi
 Raiding Heimiola - Sphendonetai Rhodioi
 Missile Trieres - Sphendonetai Rhodioi
 Pursuit Trihemiolia -Sphendonetai Rhodioi
 Assaul Tetreres - Epibatoi Neoretikoi
 Assault Dieres - Epibatoi Neoretikoi
 Tower Penteres - Epibatoi Neoretikoi
 Assault Hepteres - Epibatoi Neoretikoi
 Assault Hexeres - Epibatoi Neoretikoi
 Heavy Tower Hepteres - Epibatoi Neoretikoi
Artillery
 Polybolos
 Katapeltai
 Lithoboloi
Numidia
A Berber kingdom divided in numerous nomadic tribes prized for its cavalry, Numidia
is a strong ally of Carthage, providing it with fast and effective mounted skirmishers.
Politically unstable, Numidia is actually divided in two different main tribal groups, the
Masaesyli in the west and the Massylii in the east. The two tribal groups are constantly
quarrying against one another to obtain total control of Numidia, constantly allying with
foreign power in exchange of support, and eventually betraying the former ally if
someone more profitable came along.
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After changing repeatedly sides during the II Punic War, finally the Massylii allied with
Rome and the Masaesyli with Carthage. This actually granted Massylii to become the
true leaders of Numidia that become a powerful kingdom of north-western Africa,
under the protective influence of Rome.
Figure 23 Cohors Numidica
Numidia(p) has access to the following units during the course of the campaign:
Land Units
 Numidian Noble Cavalry
 Numidian Cavalry
 Berber Slingers
 Berber Archers
 Berber Spearmen
 Numidian Skirmishers
Naval Units
 Missile Raider - Berber Archers
 Missile Raider - Numidian Skirmishers
II B.C. Troops:
Land Units
 Iberian caetrati
 Gallic Swordsmen
 Cohors Numidica
 Numidian Late Cavalry
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Mauri Skirmishers
Berber Camel Archer
Berber Camel Riders
Numidian Elephants
Numidian Elephants with turret
Naval Units
 Missile Dieres-Berber Archers
 Missile Dieres-Numidian Skirmishers
 Missile Dieres-Berber Slingers
 Assault Trieres - Cohors Numidica
Artillery
 Polybolos
 Ballista
 Giant Ballista
AoR or Reform Restricted Units for Numidia
This section includes a list of the different units available to Numidia that have special
With the passing of power in Numidia from Massaesyli to Massyli and the alliance with
Rome, the Numidian Kingdom extended its power to the whole of Mauretania, thereby
taking the Gaetulian tribes under control and also receiving help from Roman military
counsellors that helped to form Legionary like chosen fighters in Numidia. With the
control of the whole of Mauretania, Numidia is thus able to recruit new and more
advanced units. King Juba also managed to reinforce his army with stable mercenary
companies of Iberian caetrati and Gaulish warriors, and furthermore captured and
tamed elephants for war purpose.
The following units are available to Numidia from 202 B.C. onwards when Numidia
controls Iol, Tingis, Dimmidi and Migdol (campaign script).
Iberian caetrati
Gallic Swordsmen
Cohors Numidica
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Numidian Late Cavalry
Mauri Skirmishers
Berber Camel Riders
Berber Camel Archer
Numidian Elephants
Numidian Elephants with turret
Gaetuli
The Gaetuli, often identified with the Mauri, were a group of nomadic Berber tribes
related to Numidians that lived on the southern sides of the Aures and Atlas mountain
systems to the shores of the Atlantic Ocean and the oasis of northern Sahara.
Probably the ancestors of the modern Tuaregh people, some of their tribes were deeply
intermingled with subsaharian black peoples, and identified by Greek historians with
the name of Melanogaetuli (Black Gaetuli).
They were prized horsemen almost like the Numidians, and known to have provided
Hannibal’s army with mercenary archers and skirmishers.
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Figure 24 Mauri Horsemen
Gaetuli(p) has access to the following units during the course of the campaign:
Land Units
 Mauri Horsemen
 Mauri Skirmishers
 Mauri Archers
 Berber Slingers
 Berber Spearmen
 Berber Camel Archer
 Berber Camel Riders
Naval Units
 Missile Raider - Berber Archers
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Berbers
The following factions are part of the Berber faction roster: Garamantes(p), Nasamones.
Figure 25 Berber Camel Riders
Berber factions have access to the following units during the course of the campaign:
Land Units
 Berber Chariots
 Libyan Skirmisher
 Libyan Hoplites
 Libyan Thyreophoroi
 Berber Slingers
 Berber Archers
 Berber Spearmen
 Berber Camel Archers
 Berber Camel Riders
Naval Units
 Raiding Hemiola - Berber Slingers
 Raiding Heimiola - Lybian Skirmishers
 Assault Dieres - Lybian Thyreophoroi
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Geto-Dacian Factions
The following factions are part of the Geto-Dacian faction roster: Getai(p), Daoi(p).
Figure 26 Tarabostes Warriors
The Komatai (long-hairs) were the lower class of Geto-Dacian society. Most of them
were farmers or herders, absolutely not professional fighters. They were called to arms
in time of great need, but never formed a stabile army.
Geto-Dacian factions has access to the following units during the course of the campaign:
Land Units
 Komatai Levies
 Komatai Skirmishers
 Komatai Spearmen
 Komatai Archers
 Komatai Drepanophoroi
 Tarabostes Warriors
 Tarabostes Riders
 Getai Hippotoxotai
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
Getai Noble Riders
Naval Units
 Komatai Skirmishers RaiderKomatai Bowmen Raider
 Komatai Spearmen Medium Raider
 Tarabostes Spearmen Medium Raider
 Tarabostes Warriors Heavy Raider
Burebista Reform:
Land Units
 Costoboki Spearmen
 Costoboki Noble Riders
Decebalus Reform:
Land Units
 Tarabostes spearmen
 Bastjanthai Rhomphaiophoroi
 Raokhshna Kontophoroi
 Raokhsna Hippotoxotai
Naval Units
 Tarabostes Spearmen Raider
Artillery
 Dacian Scorpio
 Dacian Bastion Ballista
AoR or Reform Restricted Units for Geto-Dacian Factions
This section includes a list of the different units available to Geto-Dacian factions that
Tarabostes Warriors, AoR Zarmizegetusa Region
Tarabostes Riders, AoR Zarmizegetusa Region
Getai Hippotoxotai, AoR Malva Region
Getai Noble Riders, AoR Malva Region
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The following units are available to the Geto-Dacian factions from 99 B.C. onwards once
one of them controls Malva, Zarmizegetusa, Petrodava, Odessos, Olbia, Singidun and
Istros (Burebista reform campaign script).
Costoboki Spearmen, AoR Petrodava Region, Olbia Region
Costoboki Noble Riders, AoR Petrodava Region, Olbia Region
Unit Technology Upgrades:
Starting Units
Tribal Council Land and Community
Laws
Komatai Levies
Late Komatai Levies
Komatai Skirmishers
Late Komatai Skirmishers
Komatai Spearmen
Late Komatai Spearmen
Komatai Archers
Late Komatai Archers
Komatai Drepanophoroi
Late Komatai Drepanophoroi
Tarabostes Warriors
Late Tarabostes Warriors
Tarabostes Riders
Late Tarabostes Riders
Getai Hippotoxotai and Getai Noble Riders are not accessible anymore.
The following units are available to the Geto-Dacian factions from 49 B.C. onwards once
one of them still controls Malva, Zarmizegetusa and Petrodava (Decebalus reform
campaign script).
Tarabostes Spearmen
Dacian Scorpio
Bastjanthai Rhomphaiophoroi, AoR Petrodava Region, Olbia Region
Raokhshna Kataphraktoi Hippotoxotai, AoR Petrodava Region, Olbia Region
Raokhshna Kataphraktoi Kontophoroi, AoR Petrodava Region, Olbia Region
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Thracian Factions
The Thracians were a huge group of Indoeuropean people that lived in the oriental part
of the Balkans.
They are normally divided in two distinct branches: “proper” Thracians and GetoDacians, which appeared to be a northern branch of the Thracian family.
Even if influenced in different regions by other cultures, like the Celts, the Greeks and
the Scythians, without any doubts the roots of Thracian culture are quite authentic.
The Thracian armies were quite characterized by the huge implement of skirmish
troops… virtually, almost all the Thracian warriors were, save some small distinctions,
skirmishers and fond of hit-and-run tactics.
The following factions are part of the Thracian faction roster: Basileion Odryson(p),
Triballoi(p).
Figure 27 Thrakioi Rhomphaiophoroi
Thracian factions has access to the following units during the course of the campaign:
Land Units
 Thrakioi Toxotai
 Thrakioi Sphendonetai
 Thrakioi Peltastai
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Thracian Levies
Thrakioi Machairophoroi
Thrakioi Rhomphaiophoroi
Thracian skirmish cavalry
Thracian Noble Horsemen
Celto-Thracian Warriors
Peltastai Agrianoi
Naval Units
 Raider - Thrakioi Toxotai
 Raider - Thrakioi Sphendonetai
 Medium Raider - Thrakioi Machairophoroi
 Medium Raider - Thrakioi Toxotai
 Heavy Raider - Thrakioi Toxotai
Bithynia
The region of Bythinia was invaded in ancient times by the Thracian tribes of the Thyni
and Bithyni. Incorporated for a long time inside the Lydian kingdom, becoming again
independent, Bithynia was strongly influenced by the Hellenistic world. Prizing
strongly its independece, Bythinia was capable of resisting even to the Macedonians.
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Figure 28 Machairophoroi Bithynoi
Bithynia(p) has access to the following units during the course of the campaign:
Land Units
 Toxotai
 Sphendonetai
 Akontistai
 Bithiniaikoi Promachoi
 Thyreophoroi Bithynoi
 Machairophoroi Bithynoi
 Hoplitai Bithynoi
 Bithynoi Hippeis
Naval Units
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Assaul Tetreres - Thyreophoroi Bithynoi
Assault Dieres - Thyreophoroi Bithynoi
Tower Penteres - Thyreophoroi Bithynoi
Assault Hepteres - Thyreophoroi Bithynoi
Assault Hexeres - Thyreophoroi Bithynoi
Heavy Tower Hepteres - Thyreophoroi Bithynoi
Artillery
 Polybolos
 Katapeltai
 Lithoboloi
Arche Seleukeia (Seleucid Empire)
Figure 29 Kataphraktoi Hetairoi
"Pantodapoi" means "from all other places", and actually was a term used to define lowprofile native troops of mixed ethnicity, coming from the lower levels of society in the
huge Seleucid empire. Not divided into specific ethnic corps, these soldiers could be a
mix of Persians, mesopotamians, leucosyrians, anatolians etc.
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The use of Pantodapoi troops was diverse, and if often they were used as support troops,
in other cases they were armed in the Macedonian manner and fought as a phalanx.
Furthermore, the Seleucid navy was also for the bigger part composed by "Pantodapoi",
in the specific case Jews, Syrians, Phoenicians and all other peoples with a seafaring
tradition.
Arche Seleukeia (p) has access to the following units during the course of the campaign:
Land Units
 Pantodapoi Sphendonetai
 Pantodapoi Toxotai
 Pantodapoi Akontistai
 Iudaeoi Stratiotai
 Medopersikoi Stratiotai
 Hippotoxotai Medopersikoi
 Toxotai Persikoi
 Sphendonetai Persikoi
 Hippotoxotai Elymaioi
 Dahae Hippotoxotai
 Dahae Levies
 Arabes Kamelotoxotai
 Euzonoi Mysoi
 Hippotoxotai Mysoi
 Cappadocian Levies
 Thyreophoroi Neokretikoi
 Pantodapoi Phalangitai
 Chalkaspides
 Argyraspides
 Hypaspistai
 Hippeis Akrobolistai Tarentinoi
 Politikoi Hippeis Xystophoroi
 Aphraktoi Heitairoi
 Agema
 Elephantes Indikoi
 Drepanophoroi Armai
Naval Units
 Missile Penteres - pantodapoi Akontistai
 Raiding Heimiola - pantodapoi Akontistai
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Missile Trieres - pantodapoi Akontistai
Pursuit Trihemiolia - pantodapoi Akontistai
Missile Penteres - pantodapoi Toxotai
Raiding Heimiola - pantodapoi Toxotai
Missile Trieres - pantodapoi Toxotai
Pursuit Trihemiolia - pantodapoi Toxotai
Missile Penteres - pantodapoi Sphendonetai
Raiding Heimiola - pantodapoi Sphendonetai
Missile Trieres - pantodapoi Sphendonetai
Pursuit Trihemiolia - pantodapoi Sphendonetai
Assaul Tetreres - Pantodapoi Epibatoi
Assault Dieres - Pantodapoi Epibatoi
Tower Penteres - Pantodapoi Epibatoi
Assault Hepteres - Pantodapoi Epibatoi
Assault Hexeres - Pantodapoi Epibatoi
Heavy Tower Hepteres - Pantodapoi Epibatoi
Artillery
 Polybolos
 Katapeltai
 Lithoboloi
II B.C. Troops:
Land Units
 Thorakitai
 Galatikoi Thorakitai Hippeis
 Kataphraktoi
 Kataphraktoi Heitairoi
 Politikoi Hippeis Thyreophoroi
 Elephantes Indikoi Kataphraktoi
AoR or Reform Restricted Units for Seleucids
This section includes a list of the different units available to Seleucid faction that have
Elephantes Indikoi , AoR Mesopotamia, Media Magna, Persis, Parthia, Carmania,
Aria, Gedrosia, Arachosia, Bactria, Transoxania
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PERSIAN, MEDIANS AND ELAMITE TROOPS
Medopersikoi Takabara Stratiotai, AoR Media Magna, Persis, Carmania, Parthia, Aria
Amaseia region, Samosata region
Medopersikoi Sparabara Stratiotai, AoR Media Magna, Persis, Carmania, Parthia,
Aria, Amaseia region, Samosata region
Toxotai Persikoi, AoR Media Magna, Persis, Carmania, Parthia, Aria
Sphendonetai Persikoi, AoR Media Magna, Persis, Carmania, Parthia, Aria
Hippotoxotai Elymaioi, AoR Seleucia region, Charax region, Susa region
Median Asabara, AoR Media Magna, Armenia, Amaseia region, Samosata region
CAPPADOCIAN TROOPS
Cappadocian Asabara, AoR Iconium region, Mazaca region, Samosata region, Tarsus
region
Cappadocian Levies, AoR Iconium region, Mazaca region, Samosata region, Tarsus
region
DAHAE TROOPS
Dahae Hippotoxotai, AoR Chorasmia, Parthia, Transoxiana, Schythia, Ponto-Caspia,
Merv region
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Dahae Levies, AoR Chorasmia, Parthia, Transoxiana, Schythia, Ponto-Caspia, Merv
region
ARAB AND JEWISH TROOPS
Iudaeoi Stratiotai, AoR Jerusalem region
Arabes Kamelotoxotai, AoR Syria, Nabataea, Arabia Magna, Arabia Felix
Araboi Euzonoi, AoR Syria, Nabataea, Arabia Magna, Arabia Felix
Araboi Stratiotai, AoR Syria, Nabataea, Arabia Magna, Arabia Felix
GREEK and ILLYRIAN TROOPS
Euzonoi Mysoi, AoR Bithynia et Pontos, Asia
Hippotoxotai Mysoi, AoR Bithynia et Pontos, Asia
Toxotai Neokretikoi, AoR Asia, Cilicia, Bithynia et Pontos, Antioch Region, Tyros
Region, Mazaca Region, Samosata Region, Iconium Region, Jerusalem Region
Peltastai Neokretikoi, AoR Asia, Cilicia, Bithynia et Pontos, Antioch Region, Tyros
Region, Mazaca Region, Samosata Region, Iconium Region, Jerusalem Region
Thyreophoroi Neokretikoi, AoR Asia, Cilicia, Bithynia et Pontos, Antioch Region,
Tyros Region, Mazaca Region, Samosata Region, Iconium Region, Jerusalem Region
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Sphendonetai Agrianoi, AoR Asia, Cilicia, Bythinia et Pontos, Antioch region
The following units are available to the Seleucids from 197 B.C. (campaign script).
Thrakioi Katoikoi
Thorakitai Seleukoi
Galatikoi Thorakitai Hippeis, AoR Galatia et Cappadocia, Bithynia et Pontus, Asia
Kataphraktoi
Kataphraktoi Heitairoi
Politikoi Hippeis Thyreophoroi
Elephantes Indikoi Kataphraktoi AoR Mesopotamia, Media Magna, Persis, Parthia,
Carmania, Aria, Gedrosia, Arachosia, Bactria, Transoxania
Pergamon
The Kingdom of Pergamon was founded in 282 B.C. by Philethaerus, once follower of
Lysimachus, one of the Diadochs of Alexender. Philethaerus betrayed Lysimachus
during his struggle against Seleucus, and after the death of Seleucus remaind faithful to
the Seleucid Empire. Not being a totally indipendant kingdom, Pergamon however had
a pratial independence, at least on its local administration.
Historically in 263 B.C. Pergamon became totally independant, probably thanks to the
subterranean help of the Ptolemies, and his king Eumenes I defeated the Seleucid army
of Antiochus I. Pergamon was a well known mercenary haven, and lot of mecenaries
came to Pergamon for being hired: Greeks from Southern Italy and Massilia, Celts, and
obviouly the omnipresent "Neocretans".
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Figure 30 Politikoi Hippeis
Pergamon (p) has access to the following units during the course of the campaign:
Land Units
 Toxotai
 Sphendonetai
 Akontistai
 Euzonoi Mysoi
 Hippotoxotai Mysoi
 Thyreophoroi Neokretikoi
 Hippeis Akrobolistai Tarentinoi
 Phalangitai Pergamonioi
Naval Units
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Assaul Tetreres - Epibatoi Pergamonioi
Assault Dieres - Epibatoi Pergamonioi
Tower Penteres - Epibatoi Pergamonioi
Assault Hepteres - Epibatoi Pergamonioi
Assault Hexeres - Epibatoi Pergamonioi
Heavy Tower Hepteres - Epibatoi Pergamonioi
Artillery
 Polybolos
 Katapeltai
 Lithoboloi
II B.C. Troops
Land Units
AoR or Reform Restricted Units for Pergamon
This section includes a list of the different units available to Pergamon that have special
Euzonoi Mysoi, AoR Bithynia et Pontos, Asia
Hippotoxotai Mysoi, AoR Bithynia et Pontos, Asia
Medopersian Factions
The former satrapies of the Achaemenid Empire, under the Seleucids retained partially
their traditional armies. Some of them, even, succeded to obtain a status of partial
indipendence or even total, like Atropatene.
The use of local soldiers was quite common among the Seleucids, and if some of them
were organized in macedonian-like fashion, like the "Phalangitai Pantodapoi" at Raphia,
other mantained their traditional equipment. Cissians, Cadusians, Carmanians, Persians
and Medians were some of the various Iranic people among the Seleucid army, and if
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some specific ethnic units are precisely described (like Persian archers and slingers, or
Elamite horse-archers) for the others, when not quoted as pantodapoi phalangites, we
must assume that they retained their old equipment.
The following factions are part of the Medopersian roster: Atropatene, Persia(p),
Parthava(p), Sagartia, Aria(p), Dranghiane (p).
Figure 31 Medopersikoi Sparabara Stratiotai
Medopersian factions have access to the following units during the course of the
campaign:
Land Units
 Medopersikoi Takabara Stratiotai
 Medopersikoi Sparabara Stratiotai
 Hippotoxotai Elymaioi
 Median Asabara
 Dahae Levies
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Arya Hillmen
Persikoi Hippotoxotai
Naval Units
 Missile Trieres - pantodapoi Akontistai
 Pursuit Trihemiolia - pantodapoi Akontistai
 Missile Penteres - Toxotai Persikoi
 Raiding Heimiola - Toxotai Persikoi
 Missile Trieres - Toxotai Persikoi
 Pursuit Trihemiolia - Toxotai Persikoi
 Missile Penteres - Sphendonetai Persikoi
 Raiding Heimiola - Sphendonetai Persikoi
 Missile Trieres - Sphendonetai Persikoi
 Pursuit Trihemiolia - Sphendonetai Persikoi
 Assaul Tetreres - Pantodapoi Epibatoi
 Assault Dieres - Pantodapoi Epibatoi
 Tower Penteres - Pantodapoi Epibatoi
 Assault Hepteres - Pantodapoi Epibatoi
 Assault Hexeres - Pantodapoi Epibatoi
 Heavy Tower Hepteres - Pantodapoi Epibatoi
Artillery
 Polybolos
 Katapeltai
 Lithoboloi
AoR or Reform Restricted Units for Medopersian factions
This section includes a list of the different units available to Medopersian factions that
Merv region
region
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Hippotoxotai Elymaioi, AoR Seleucia region, Charax region, Susa region
Median Asabara, AoR Media Magna
Arya Hillmen, AoR Aria, Transoxiana, Baktria, Arachosia
Baktriane
In spite of being the most far east of the Seleucid satrapies, actually Baktria was quite
deeper Hellenized in respect of other territories of Arké Seleukeia.
After two huge uprisings of the greek colonist population against the central power, in
325 and 323 B.C., the first one motivated with the will of the colonists to abandon Baktria
and return to their former homes in Greece (Diodorus Siculus, XVII, 99, 5-6) and the
second one to obtain social rights superior to the natives and commodities of the
"Hellenic mode of life" (Diodorus Siculus, XVIII, 7), the Seleucis rulers strongly
enhanced the immigration of the greek population in the area, first by a continuous flow
of greek mercenaries, expecially from Ionia and Caria, that were settled to secure the
region, and after that developing a stron city-building policy.
Between the end of IV B.C. and the first half of III B.C. going to Baktria as a mercenary
became so popular that was even a cliché in Greek comedy (cfr. Menander's "Samia"),
and the fact that the bigger part of the new colonists were Ionian Greeks is probably
reflected by the terms "Yavana" and "Yonaka" used in the Indian sources (Mahabharata
and Milindapanha) ti identify the greco-macedons.
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Figure 32 Thyreophoroi Indohellenikoi
Baktriane (p) has access to the following units during the course of the campaign:
Land Units
 Arya Hillmen
 Dahae Levies
 Elephantes Indikoi
 Elephantes Indikoi Kataphraktoi
 Phalangitai Baktrioi

 Thyreophoroi Indohellenikoi
 Elaphroi Baktrioi
 Hippeis Baktrioi
 Baktrioi Hippotoxotai
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Naval Units
 Missile Penteres - Toxotai Persikoi
 Raiding Heimiola - Toxotai Persikoi
 Missile Trieres - Toxotai Persikoi
 Pursuit Trihemiolia - Toxotai Persikoi
 Missile Penteres - Sphendonetai Persikoi
 Raiding Heimiola - Sphendonetai Persikoi
 Missile Trieres - Sphendonetai Persikoi
 Pursuit Trihemiolia - Sphendonetai Persikoi
Artillery
 Polybolos
 Katapeltai
 Lithoboloi
II B.C. Troops
Land Units
 Kataphraktoi
AoR or Reform Restricted Units for Baktriane
This section includes a list of the different units available to Baktriane that have special
Merv region
region
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Arya Hillmen, AoR Aria, Transoxiana, Baktria, Arachosia
Elephantes Indikoi , AoR Mesopotamia, Media Magna, Persis, Parthia, Carmania,
Aria, Gedrosia, Arachosia, Bactria, Transoxania
The following units are available to Baktria from 197 B.C. (campaign script).
Kataphraktoi
Politikoi Hippeis Thyreophoroi
Elephantes Indikoi Kataphraktoi AoR Mesopotamia, Media Magna, Persis, Parthia,
Carmania, Aria, Gedrosia, Arachosia, Bactria, Transoxania
Kappadokia
Former satrapy of the Achaemenid Empire and now satrapy of the Seleucids,
Kappadokia have a mixed heritage.
If some of the lowland cities have a mixed population of Greeks and locals, the
highlands are inhabited by the indigenous population, which dated its heritage from the
ancient peoples of the Hittites and the Kashka.
They were depicted wearing Phrygian caps in Persian art, and depicted as horsemen in
local southern Anatolian art, with pilos crested helmets, linothorakes or spolades and
spear.
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Figure 33 Cappadocian Levies
Kappadokia (p) has access to the following units during the course of the campaign:
Land Units
 Pantodapoi Sphendonetai
 Pantodapoi Toxotai
 Cappadocian Asabara
Naval Units
 Missile Penteres - pantodapoi Toxotai
 Raiding Heimiola - pantodapoi Toxotai
 Missile Trieres - pantodapoi Toxotai
 Pursuit Trihemiolia - pantodapoi Toxotai
 Raiding Heimiola - pantodapoi Sphendonetai
 Missile Trieres - pantodapoi Sphendonetai
 Pursuit Trihemiolia - pantodapoi Sphendonetai
Artillery
 Polybolos
 Katapeltai
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

Lithoboloi
Megas Lithoboloi
Black Sea Greeks
All the eastern and northern coastal area of the Black Sea has been colonized by Ionian
Greeks, since the VII and the VI B.C. In these peripheral areas the Greeks at first
established trading stations, that progressively became independent poleis.
The relations with the natives varied from friendship, collaboration or hostility, and
while the Greek settlers undoubtedly influenced the locals, the Greeks themselves
intermingled deeply with them.
The following factions are part of the Black Sea Greek roster: Kolchis, Trapezos,
Basileion tou Kimmerikou Bosporou (p).
Figure 34 Peltastai Euxinoi
Black Sea Greek factions have access to the following units during the course of the
campaign:
Land Units
 Sphendonetai
 Toxotai
 Akontistai
 Toxotai Euxinoi
 Thyreophoroi Euxinoi
 Peltastai Euxinoi
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
Kolchides Axemen
Kolchides Heavy Axemen
Machariophoroi Euxinoi
Politikoi Hippeis
Sindoi Hippotoxotai
Sindoi Toxotai
Naval Units
 Missile Penteres - Peltastai Euxinoi
 Missile Penteres - Toxotai Euxinoi
 Pursuit Trihemiolia - Peltastai Euxinoi
 Assaul Tetreres - Thyreophoroi Euxinoi
 Assault Dieres - Thyreophoroi Euxinoi
 Tower Penteres - Thyreophoroi Euxinoi
 Assault Hepteres - Thyreophoroi Euxinoi
 Assault Hexeres - Thyreophoroi Euxinoi
 Heavy Tower Hepteres - Thyreophoroi Euxinoi
Artillery
 Polybolos
 Katapeltai
 Lithoboloi
AoR or Reform Restricted Units for Black Sea Greeks
This section includes a list of the different units available to the Black Sea Greek factions
that have special AoR or Reform restrictions.
Sindoi Hippotoxotai, AoR Bosporus, Ponto-Caspia, Scythia, Sarmatia
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Sindoi Toxotai, AoR Bosporus, Ponto-Caspia, Scythia, Sarmatia
Caucasian
In the Iron Age the regions of Caucasus were divided in two different regions, Kartli,
known to the Romans as "Caucasian Iberia" and responding to modern days Georgia,
and Aguank, known to the Romans as "Caucasian Albania" and responding more or less
to modern days Daghestan.
Even if culturally influenced by nearby Armenia, and probably sharing a common
ancestor with the Armenians (the Anatolian people of the Moschoi or Mushki),
Kartvelians and other Caucasians can't be assigned as a part of the armenian family,
having a language and a culture on their own.
The following factions are part of the Caucasian roster: Kartli(p), Aguank.
Figure 35 Caucasian Axemen
Caucasian factions have access to the following units during the course of the campaign:
Land Units
 Caucasian Archers
 Caucasian Levies
 Caucasian Spearmen
 Caucasian Axemen
 Caucasian Swordsmen
 Caucasian Heavy Spearmen
 Caucasian Horse Archers
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

Caucasian Cavalry
Caucasian Cataphracts
Naval Units
 Light raider - Caucasian Archers
 Light raider - Caucasian Levies
 Medium Raider- Caucasian Archers
 Medium Raider- Caucasian Levies
 Heavy Raider - Caucasian Axemen
Hayq (Armenia)
Armenia was a kingdom born from the ashes of the ancient Urartu kingdom.
After becoming a satrapy of the Achaemenid Empire, it passed to Alexander and from
him to the Seleucids, even if in time to time it tried to throw off the Seleucids' yoke.
The Armenians were the product of the fusion of different peoples, mainly the local
Urartians and settlers from Phrigia, the people of the Moschoi or Mushki, but they
recieved also some influences from the nearby Medes.
Figure 36 Armenian Phalangitai
Hayq(p) has access to the following units during the course of the campaign:
Land Units
 Armenian Levies
 Armenian Archers
 Armenian Slingers
 Armenian Spearmen
 Armenian Ayrudzi archers
 Armenian Ayrudzi
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
Armenian Ayrudzi Cataphract
Naval Units
 Missile Penteres -Armenian Archers
 Raiding Heimiola - Armenian Archers
 Missile Trieres - Armenian Archers
 Pursuit Trihemiolia - Armenian Archers
 Missile Penteres - Armenian Slingers
 Raiding Heimiola - Armenian Slingers
 Missile Trieres - Armenian Slingers
 Pursuit Trihemiolia - Armenian Slingers
 Assaul Tetreres - Armenian Levies
 Assault Dieres - Armenian Levies
Tigran Mets Empire:
Land Units
 Armenian Phalangitai
 Cohors Mithridatica
 Arabian Skirmishers
 Arabian Warriors
 Arabian Camel Archers
 Caucasian Cataphract
 Caucasian levies
 Caucasian Spearmen
 Caucasian Axemen
 Medopersikoi Takabara Stratiotai
 Medopersikoi Sparabara Stratiotai
 Median Asabara
 Mardian Horse Archers
Naval Units
Artillery
 Polybolos
 Katapeltai
 Lithoboloi
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
Megas Lithoboloi
AoR or Reform Restricted Units for Hayq
This section includes a list of the different units available to Hayq that have special AoR
The following units are available to the Hayq from 96 B.C. onwards once Hayq controls
Arsamosata, Armavir, Tushpa, Tyros, Palmyra, Antiochia, Edessa, Tarsus, Gazaca and
Samosata (Tigran Mets Empire campaign script).
Armenian Phalangitai
Cohors Mithridatica, AoR Armenia, Trapezos region, Amaseia region, Samosata
region from 82 B.C after Sertorius send aid to Pontos
Arabian Skirmishers
Arabian Warriors
Arabian Camel Archers
Caucasian Cataphract, AoR Caucasia, Armavir region
Caucasian levies
Caucasian Spearmen
Caucasian Axemen
Medopersikoi Takabara Stratiotai
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Medopersikoi Sparabara Stratiotai
Median Asabara
Mardian Horse Archers
And siege Engines in general
Pontos
Pontos was a Hellenistic kingdom on the northern shores of Anatolia, East from Bithynia.
The Pontinc kingdom, during the Achaemenid period, was part of the Persian satrapy of
Kappadokia, and undergo to numerous different influences.
On the Anatolian foundation, Mysian and Cappadocian overlapped Greek influence of
Ionian colonists and after that Medo-Persian influence during the achaemenid rule.
Finally, Pontos was depply Hellenized, as a response of Alexander and after him
Diadochs' rising power.
Figure 37 Cohors Mithridatica
Pontos(p) has access to the following units during the course of the campaign:
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Land Units
 Sphendonetai
 Toxotai
 Akontistai
 Thyreophoroi Euxinoi
 Chalkaspides Pontikoi
Naval Units
 Assaul Tetreres - Thyreophoroi Euxinoi
 Assault Dieres - Thyreophoroi Euxinoi
 Tower Penteres - Thyreophoroi Euxinoi
 Assault Hepteres - Thyreophoroi Euxinoi
 Assault Hexeres - Thyreophoroi Euxinoi
 Heavy Tower Hepteres - Thyreophoroi Euxinoi
Artillery
 Polybolos
 Katapeltai
 Lithoboloi
Pontic League:
Land Units
 Peltastai Euxinoi
 Kolchides Axemen
 Sindoi Hippotoxotai
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

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

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


Toxotai Sindoi
Douloi Phalangitai
Cohors Mithridatica
Caucasian Cataphract
Medopersikoi Takabara Stratiotai
Medopersikoi Sparabara Stratiotai
Median Asabara
Armenian Spearmen
Armenian Ayrudzi Cataphract
Naval Units
 Missile Penteres - Peltastai Euxinoi
 Pursuit Trihemiolia - Peltastai Euxinoi
AoR or Reform Restricted Units for Pontos
This section includes a list of the different units available to Pontos that have special
The following units are available to the Pontos from 121 B.C. onwards once Pontos
controls Panticapaeum, Phanagoria, Tanais, Trapezos and Phasis (Pontic League
campaign script).
Peltastai Euxinoi, AoR Bosporus, Trapezos region, Phasis region
Kolchides Axemen, AoR Bosporus, Trapezos region, Phasis region
Sindoi Hippotoxotai, AoR Bosporus, Ponto-Caspia, Scythia, Sarmatia
Sindoi Toxotai, AoR Bosporus, Ponto-Caspia, Scythia, Sarmatia
Douloi Phalangitai
Cohors Mithridatica, AoR Armenia, Trapezos region, Amaseia region, Samosata
region from 82 B.C after Sertorius send aid to Pontos
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Caucasian Cataphract, AoR Caucasia, Armavir region
Medopersikoi Takabara Stratiotai, AoR Media Magna, Persis, Carmania, Parthia, Aria
Amaseia region, Samosata region
Medopersikoi Sparabara Stratiotai, AoR Media Magna, Persis, Carmania, Parthia,
Aria, Amaseia region, Samosata region
Median Asabara, AoR Media Magna, Armenia, Amaseia region, Samosata region
Armenian Spearmen, AoR Armenia, Amaseia region, Samosata region
Armenian Ayrudzi Cataphract, AoR Armenia, Amaseia region, Samosata region
Maurya Samraj (Arachosia)
The Maurya empire was an founded in 322 by Chandragupta Maurya (in the greek
accounts recorded as Sandrokottos), that taking advantage of the apparent stagnation of
the Nanda empire, seized it, and succeeded also to expand the indian ruled territories.
Chandragupta expanded the borders of his empire westward, and succeeded in conquer
various Indian and Indo-Arian clans and even the Macedonian outposts that Alexander
had left on the eastern border of the Macedonian empire.
In 305 Chandragupta started a war against Seleucus for the control of the Indus Valley,
and even if we have no records about the progression of the conflicts, it appeared that
the Indians were on the winning side, being the Seleucus more concerned in fighting
against the other Diadochs in the west.
To end the losing war against the Mauryan Empire and focus his attention in the west,
in 301 a.C. Seleucus negotiated a peace and ceded Alexander's Indian territories to
Chandragupta. Later Selecus would form an alliance with the marriage of his daughter
to Chandragupta, in return as dowry, Seleucus received 500 War Elephants.
In 272, the starting year of the game, the son and heir of Chandragupta, Bindusara, died,
and his successor was Ashoka the Great, probably one of India's greatest emperors.
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Figure 38 Sindhu Bowmen
Mayrya Samraj(p) has access to the following units during the course of the campaign:
Land Units
 Sindhu Bowmen
 Sindhu Skirmishers
 Sindhu Levies
 Sindhu Levy Spearmen
 Ksatriya Spearmen
 Kstariya Warrior
 Ksatriya Noble Warriors
 Ksatriya Chariots
 Sindhu War Elephants
 Sindhu Armoured Elephants
 Kamboja Horsemen
 Yavana Warriors
 Yavana Horsemen
 Arya Hillmen
 Saka Horse Archers
 Saka Levies
Naval Units
 Light raider - Sindhu Bowmen
 Light raider - Sindhu Levy Spearmen
 Medium Raider- Sindhu Bowmen
 Medium Raider - Sindhu Levy Spearmen
 Heavy Raider - Sindhu Bowmen
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
Heavy Raider - Sindhu Levy Spearmen
The units are limited for AoR recruitment on the Eastern part of the map!
Hashmannim
Hashmannim is in emerging faction representing the Jews revolting against the ruthless
new rulers that have spoiled Jerusalem Tempe, ransacked it and dedicated it to their
own gods. The Rabbi Matitiyahu ben Yochanan starts a guerrilla revolt that will grow to
enormous proportion.
Figure 39 Ekatontamachoi
Hashmannim has access to the following units during the course of the campaign:
Land Units
 Hashmannim slingers
 Hashmannim Skirmishers
 Hashmannim Archers
 Hasmannim Levies
 Hashmannim Levy Spearmen
 Hashmannim Skirmish Cavalry
 Hasmannim Cavalry
 Hashmannim Thyreophoroi
 Ekatontamachoi
 Idumaean Levies
 Idumaean Levy skirmishers
Naval Units
 Missile Penteres - Hashmannim Skirmishers
 Raiding Heimiola - Hashmannim Skirmishers
 Missile Trieres - Hashmannim Skirmishers
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










Pursuit Trihemiolia - Hashmannim Skirmishers
Missile Penteres - Hashmannim archers
Raiding Heimiola - Hashmannim archers
Missile Trieres - Hashmannim archers
Pursuit Trihemiolia - Hashmannim archers
Missile Penteres - Hashmannim Slingers
Raiding Heimiola - Hashmannim Slingers
Missile Trieres - Hashmannim Slingers
Pursuit Trihemiolia - Hashmannim Slingers
Assaul Tetreres - Hashmannim Levy Spearmen
Assault Dieres - Hashmannim Levy Spearmen
Tower Penteres - Hashmannim Levy Spearmen
Assault Hepteres - Hashmannim Levy Spearmen
Assault Hexeres - Hashmannim Levy Spearmen
Heavy Tower Hepteres - Hashmannim Levy Spearmen
Artillery
 Polybolos
 Katapeltai
 Lithoboloi
Hordus the Great Reform:
Land Units
 Ituraean archers
 Zamaris Horse Archers
 Gallogermanic Guard
 Thracian Guard
 Doryphoroi Herodioi
 Sebastenoi
AoR or Reform Restricted Units for Hashmannim
This section includes a list of the different units available to Hashmannim that have
Idumaean Levies, AoR Jerusalem region, Petra region
Idumaean Levy skirmishers, AoR Jerusalem region, Petra region
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The following units are available to Hashmannim from 37 B.C.
Ituraean archers, AoR Jerusalem region, Tyros region
Zamaris Horse Archers
Gallogermanic Guard
Thracian Guard
Doryphoroi Herodioi
Sebastenoi
Arabs
Pre-Islamic Arabic peninsula sought the birth of many tribal communities and city-states.
For the III B.C. timeframe archaeological evidence is quite scarce, as historical reference,
but without doubt there was a slight difference between the Arabic communities of
Arabia Felix (southern Arabia) and the rest of the country.
In Arabia Felix ("Happy" in the sense of "fertile") flourished city states like Mascat, or
Saba and Himyar, the last two able to establish trading posts on the African coasts.
The following factions are part of the Arab roster: Saba(p), Himyar, Hagar, Al Anbat(p),
Ma in, Mascat(p), Qadirān.
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Figure 40 Kaldu Spearmen
Arab factions have access to the following units during the course of the campaign:
Land Units
 Arab Skirmishers
 Arab Archers
 Arab Spearmen
 Arab Warriors
 Arab Noble Swordsmen
 Arab Noble Archers
 Arab Camel Archers
 Kaldu Spearmen
 Arab Cavalry
 Blemmy Camel Archers
 Aksumite Skirmishers
 Aksumite Spearmen
Naval Units
 Light raider - Arab Archers
 Light raider - Arab Warriors
 Medium Raider- Arab Noble Archers
 Heavy Raider - Arab Noble Archers
AoR or Reform Restricted Units for Arab factions
This section includes a list of the different units available to Arab factions that have
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Kaldu Spearmen, AoR Gerrha Region
Arab Cavalry, AoR Arabia Felix, Nabataea Region
Blemmy Camel Archers, AoR Ptolemais Threon region
Aksumite Skirmishers, AoR Aksum region
Aksumite Spearmen, AoR Aksum region
Kash (Meroe)
Kash, recorded as Kushite kingdom, is an ancient black African state that developed in
1070 B.C. in the area the Romans called Nubia.
Strongly influenced by the Egyptian culture, actually the kingdom of Kash was born
from the ashes of an ancient Egyptian colony, founded in Nubia during the 16th century
B.C. and abandoned with the collapsing of the New Egyptian Kingdom.
Recorded in old Egyptian accounts as traditional enemies of Egypt, in fact the Kushites
were in some ways the heirs of Egyptian culture, and starting from their kingdom in
Nubia they were even able to conquest all Egypt after it was occupied by the Lybians
tribes of the Meshwesh in the 8th century.
The Kushite dynasty of Egypt lasts for a century, until it was overthrown by invading
Assyrians that placed an Egyptian ruler, Psammetichus I, actually a simple viceroy, and
chased the Kushites back to Nubia.
In VI B.C. the Kushites moved their capital from Napata, that was near the Egyptian
border, to the city of Medewi, recorded in classical accounts with the name of Meroe,
placed in the southern woodland area of Nubia, and begin to commerce through the Red
Sea with Greeks and Sabeans.
This change of capital has been interpreted, thorough the analysis of classical records,
with a change of powers that from the Egyptian-like priest caste of Napata centered
more on the figure of the king. Actually Diodorus Siculus wrote about Ergamenes, king
of Meroe, whose native name was Arqamani that slaughtered the priests of Napata and
strengthen the power of the crown.
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Arqamani is also recorded for his good relations with Ptolemaike Basileia and for being
instructed on Greek philosophy.
Figure 41 Kushite Swordsmen
Kash(p) has access to the following units during the course of the campaign:
Land Units
 Kushite Archers
 Kushite Spearmen
 Kushite Axemen
 Kushite Swordsmen
 Kushite War Elephants
 Blemmy Skirmishers
Naval Units
 Light raider - Kushite Archers
AoR or Reform Restricted Units for Kash
This section includes a list of the different units available to Kash that have special AoR
Kushite War Elephants, AoR Aithiops
Blemmy Skirmishers, AoR Ptolemais Threon region
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Blemmy Camel Archers, AoR Ptolemais Threon region
Blemmyes
Blemmyes are recorded as a nomadic people, and the first that had trained the camel in
Eastern Africa.
They were neighbour of the Kushites, and while the Meroitic Kingdom occupied more
or less the fertile lands nearby the Nile, the Blemmy tribes dwelled in the eastern desert.
They were feared for their attitude to ambushes.
Apart from some slightly Arab influences, they are unchanged nowadays, known with
the Arab name of Beja.
Figure 42 Blemmy Camel Archers
Blemmyes has access to the following units during the course of the campaign:
Land Units
 Blemmy Archers
 Blemmy Skirmishers
 Blemmy Spearmen
 Blemmy Swordsmen
Naval Units
 Light raider - Blemmy Archers
 Light raider - Blemmy Swordsmen
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Aksum
The Kingdom of Aksum starts forming itself between the III and the II B.C. from the
merging of the so called "proto-Axumite kingdoms", the remnants of the collapse of the
of the previous Aethiopian-Eritrean kingdom of D'mt.
Even if the D'mt heritage is sure, it is believed that in its ethnogenesis Aksum benefits
from Sabaean elements coming fro Arabia Felix.
Figure 43 Aksumite Nobles
Aksum(p) has access to the following units during the course of the campaign:
Land Units
 Aksumite Archers
 Aksumite Skirmishers
 Aksumite Spearmen
 Aksumite Swordsmen
 Aksumite Nobles
 Aksumite War Elephants
 Aksumite Cavalry
 Arab Spearmen
 Arab Warriors
Naval Units
 Light raider - Arab Warriors
 Light raider - Axumite Archers
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AoR or Reform Restricted Units for Aksum
This section includes a list of the different units available to Axum that have special AoR
Aksumite War Elephants, AoR Aithiops
Arab Spearmen, AoR Arabia Felix, Arabia Magna, Nabataea, Aksum region
Arab Warriors, AoR Arabia Felix, Arabia Magna, Nabataea, Aksum region
Saka (Massagetae)
Ethnically the Steppes of Central Asia were always a quite fluid environment. If the
huge Scythian/Saka group is defined as Iranic or East-Indoeuropean, actually in their
constant movement the tribes mingled one another, divided apart, and absorbed
different elements: if the Iranic is surely the main elements, the Steppe tribes time to
time absorbed sometimes Western Indeuropean, Baltic or even Turkish communities.
Actually that brought a very variegated physical appearance, that varied from blonde,
fair-haired (e.d. more common between Sarmatic group) to dark hair and sometimes
olive skin (more common between the Parthians, that on the other hand still have
“Nordic” types between them). Needless to say, Steppe peoples had the best Shock
Cavalry and the best Archers in the time period.
A constant training, especially in horse-riding shooting, made steppe peoples perfect
archers, and the use of “bodkin-type” arrows (square section), that in the West would be
extensively used only in the Middle Ages (e.d. English Longbowmen) combined with
the use of the composite bow, made them quite lethal.
On the other hand, their infantry was one of the poorest, for training and morale: steppe
people were not trained normally to fight on foot, and footmen were discarded as lowclass citizens, without a horse, so almost low-lives.
The following factions are part of the Saka roster: Saka(p), Tis-Saka-it(p).
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Figure 44 Saka Cataphracts
The Saka were the North-Eastern Scythians that maintained a more “traditional” way of
life and material culture, if confronted with the partially Hellenized Scythians of Crimea
and Pontus shores.
Saka factions have access to the following units during the course of the campaign:
Land Units
 Scythian Levies
 Scythian Archers
 Scythian Horse Archers
 Scythian light cavalry
 Saka Noble Horse Archers
 Saka Cataphracts
 Scythian Levies
Skuda (Scythians)
Royal Scythians were partially influenced by the near Greek colonies of the Pontus
Euxinus, and even if maintaining their traditions they copied some of the material
culture of the Hellenes.
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Figure 45 Skythohellenikoi Noble Riders
Skuda has access to the following units during the course of the campaign:
Land Units
 Scythian Levies
 Scythian Noble Horse Archers
 Skythohellenikoi Warriors
 Skythohellenikoi Toxotai
 Hippotoxotai Skythohellenikoi
 Skythohellenikoi Noble Riders
 Budini Hunters
 Budini Skirmishers
 Scythian Levies
 Skythohellenikoi Toxotai
 Hippotoxotai Skythohellenikoi
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AoR or Reform Restricted Units for Skuda
This section includes a list of the different units available to Skuda that have special AoR
Keltoskythai Riders (Petrodava region, Olbia Region, Solokha Region, Tur region,
Galic region
Skythohellenikoi Warriors, AoR Bosporus, Siracena region, Gelonus region
Skythohellenikoi Toxotai, AoR Bosporus, Siracena region
Hippotoxotai Skythohellenikoi, AoR Bosporus, Siracena region
Skythohellenikoi Noble Riders, AoR Bosporus, Siracena region
Budini Hunters, AoR Gelonus region
Budini Skirmishers, AoR Gelonus region
Daha
The Dahae were part of the Saka family. Their lands border south with the Seleucid
empire, and they are noted both as mercenaries and enemies of the Seleucids.
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Figure 46 Dahae Noble Horse Archers
Daha has access to the following units during the course of the campaign:
Land Units
 Dahae Levies
 Dahae Archers
 Dahae Horse Archers
 Dahae light cavalry
 Dahae Noble Horse Archers
 Dahae Cataphracts
Parni (Parthia)
With king Arsaces I of Parthia, in 238 B.C. the Parni tribe of the Dahae conquest the
Satrapy of Parthava, that rebelled from the Seleucid empire, and put the basis of the
Parthian empire. The Parni partially adopeted some aspects of the Seleucids and the
Persians, the latter being nevertheless distant relatives.
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Figure 47 Parthian Asbaran Archers
Parni has access to the following units during the course of the campaign:
Land Units
 Dahae Levies
 Dahae Archers
 Dahae Horse Archers
 Dahae light cavalry
 Dahae Noble Horse Archers
 Dahae Cataphracts
Parthian Empire Reform:
Land Units
 Parthian Thyreophoroi
 Parthian Archers
 Parthian Asbaran Archers
 Parthian Asbaran Cataphracts
 Parthian Camel Cataphracts
 Parthian War Elephants
 Parthian Armoured Elephants
Naval Units
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Missile Penteres - pantodapoi Toxotai
Raiding Heimiola - pantodapoi Toxotai
Missile Trieres - pantodapoi Toxotai
Pursuit Trihemiolia - pantodapoi Toxotai
Missile Penteres - pantodapoi Sphendonetai
Raiding Heimiola - pantodapoi Sphendonetai
Missile Trieres - pantodapoi Sphendonetai
Pursuit Trihemiolia - pantodapoi Sphendonetai
Assaul Tetreres - Pantodapoi Epibatoi
Assault Dieres - Pantodapoi Epibatoi
Tower Penteres - Pantodapoi Epibatoi
Assault Hepteres - Pantodapoi Epibatoi
Assault Hexeres - Pantodapoi Epibatoi
Heavy Tower Hepteres - Pantodapoi Epibatoi
AoR or Reform Restricted Units for Parni
This section includes a list of the different units available to Parni that have special AoR
The following units are available to Parni from ca. 238 B.C. onwards when Parni controls
the Province of Parthia.
Parthian Thyreophoroi (upgrade for Dahae Levies via Plains Horsemanship
technology)
Parthian Archers (upgrade for Dahae Archers via Plains Horsemanship technology)
Parthian Asbaran Archers (upgrade for Dahae Horse Archers and Dahae light
cavalry via Plains Horsemanship technology)
Parthian Asbaran Cataphracts (upgrade for Dahae Cataphracts and for Dahae Noble
Horse Archers via Plains Horsemanship technology)
Parthian Camel Cataphracts, AoR Mesopotamia, Siria, Arabia, Nabataea, Arabia
Magna, Arabia Felix, All of African continent)
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Parthian War Elephants, AoR Baktria, Aria, Parthia, Arachosia, Gedrosia
Parthian Armoured Elephants, AoR Baktria, Aria, Parthia, Arachosia, Gedrosia
Sarmatians
The Sarmatians or Sauromatae (conventionally divided in Iaziges, Roxolani/Alani and
Aorsi) were the Western part of the Scythian macro-culture. They are recorded
especially for the occasional presence of warrior women in their ranks that spread the
myth of the amazons.
The Sary Aszi, known as Siraces by the Greeks, was a sub-tribe of the Iaziges, and was
known for their good relations with the Greek colonies of Bosporus and their strong
hellenization.
The following factions are part of the Sarmatian roster: Aszi, Sary Aszi, Raokhshna(p),
Aw-ar.
Figure 48 Sarmatian Skirmish Cavalry
Sarmatian factions have access to the following units during the course of the campaign:
Land Units
 Sarmatian Levies
 Sarmatian archers
 Sarmatian Horse Archers
 Sarmatian Skirmish Cavalry
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Sarmatian lancers
Sarmatian Cataphracts
Sarmatian Cataphract Archers
Budini Hunters
Budini Skirmishers
Skythohellenikoi Warriors
Skythohellenikoi Toxotai
Hippotoxotai Skythohellenikoi
Skythohellenikoi Noble Riders
AoR or Reform Restricted Units for Sarmatian factions
This section includes a list of the different units available to Sarmatian factions that have
Skythohellenikoi Warriors, AoR Bosporus, Siracena region, Gelonus region
Skythohellenikoi Toxotai, AoR Bosporus, Siracena region
Hippotoxotai Skythohellenikoi, AoR Bosporus, Siracena region
Skythohellenikoi Noble Riders, AoR Bosporus, Siracena region
Budini Hunters, AoR Gelonus region
Budini Skirmishers, AoR Gelonus region
Yueh-Chih (Tocharian/Kushan)
Yueh-Chih is and emerging faction representing the Tocharian invasion of Baktria
around 140 B.C.
The Tocharians were and Indeuropean people that lived between China and Russia.
Their physical appearance (red hairs were common), and some aspect of their material
culture (e.g the use of tartan cloth) make archaeologists of the ’30 (and fanatics
nowadays) mistake them for Celts. Actually they were a West Indoeuropean people that
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had moved east probably in the Bronze Age. They were also known as Yueh-Chih or
Yuetzi.
Strongly influenced by Massagetae and other Saka-Scythian steppe cultures, during the
II B.C. they were pushed westward by the Chinese and by Turkish tribes and they
invaded around 140 B.C. the hellenized Baktria and the Maurya Empire.
Figure 49 Tocharian Horse Archers
Yueh-Chih has access to the following units during the course of the campaign:
Land Units
 Tocharian Levies
 Tocharian Archers
 Tocharian Horse Archers
 Tocharian Light Cavalry
 Tocharian Noble Horse Archers
 Tocharian Cataphract
Kushan Empire Reform:
Land Units
 Kushan Swordsmen
 Kushan Spearmen
 Kushan Horse Archers
 Kushan Archers
 Kushan Noble Spearmen
 Kushan Noble Swordsmen
 Kushan Cataphracts
 Kushan War Elephant
 Kushan Armoured Elephant
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Naval Units
 Light raider - Kushan Archers
 Light raider - Kushan Spearmen
 Medium Raider- Kushan Archers
 Medium Raider - Kushan Spearmen
 Heavy Raider - Kushan Archers
 Heavy Raider - Kushan Swordsmen
AoR or Reform Restricted Units for Yueh-Chih
This section includes a list of the different units available to Yueh-Chih that have special
The following units are available to Yueh-Chih from ca. 140 B.C. onwards when YuehChih controls the Provinces of Baktria and Transoxania.
Kushan Swordsmen, AoR Baktria, Transoxania, Arachosia, Gedrosia
Kushan Spearmen, AoR Baktria, Transoxania, Arachosia, Gedrosia
Kushan Horse Archers
Kushan Archers
Kushan Noble Spearmen, AoR Baktria, Transoxania, Arachosia, Gedrosia
Kushan Noble Swordsmen, AoR Baktria, Transoxania, Arachosia, Gedrosia
Kushan Cataphracts
Kushan War Elephant, AoR Baktria, Transoxania, Arachosia, Gedrosia
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Kushan Armoured Elephant, AoR Baktria, Transoxania, Arachosia, Gedrosia
Mercenaries
The following mercenaries are available in the Grand Campaign:
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Mistophoroi Galatikoi
Mistophoroi Galatikoi Hippeis
Mistophoroi Thyreophoroi Neokretikoi
Mistohporoi Peltastai Neokretikoi
Mistophoroi Toxotai Kretikoi
Mistophoroi Oskoi
Mistophoroi Hippeis Oskoi
Mistophoroi Thyreophoroi
Mistophoroi Peltastai
Mistophoroi Sphendonetai Rhodioi
Mistophoroi Hippeis Akrobolistai Tarentinoi
Gallic Swordsmen
Gallic Warband
Gallic Skirmish Cavalry
Pannonian Warband
Gallic Gaesatae
Keltoskythai Riders
Western Germanic Riders
Celtogermanic Warriors
Eastern Germanic Riders
Libyan Thyreophoroi
Libyan Hoplitai
Numidian Skirmish Cavalry
Mauri Archers
Mauri Skirmishers
Mistophoroi Thrakai Peltastai
Mistophoroi Thrakai Machairophoroi
Mistophoroi Thrakai Rhomphaiophoroi
Thracian Skirmish Cavalry
Mistophoroi Peltastai Agrianoi
Illyrian Levies
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Illyrian Spearmen
Illyrian Axemen
Illyrian Skirmishers Lembos
Illyrian Spearmen Pristis
Illyrians Axemen Libyrnis
Oretani Warriors
Celtiberian Caetrati
Celtibetrian Cavalry
Celtiberian Iuventus
Cantabrian Axemen
Cantabrian Skirmish Cavalry
Lusitanian Caetrati
Lusitanian Iuventus
Balearic Slingers
Iberian Caetrati
Edetani Scutari Spearmen
Turduli Caetrati
Brittoi Warband
Priteni Warriors
Qriteni Warriors
Fian
Scythian Horse Archers
Kamboja Horsemen
Arya Hillmen
Sarmatian Cataphract
Sarmatian Horse Archers
Sarmatian Lancers
Arya Hillmen
Blemmy Camel Archers
Kushite Archers
Arab Camel Archers
Arab Warriors
Arab Skirmishers
Mardian Horse Archers
Caucasian Levies
Caucasian Axemen
Thyreophoroi Euxinoi
Berber Camel Archers
Berber Camel Riders
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Getai Hippotoxotai
Scripted Events not linked to Unit Reforms
Ca. 240 B.C. Great Mercenary Mutiny may occur near Carthage with one Libyan army
stack. War is declared the following turn.
Ca. 113 B.C. Cimbri Migration. Three full Cimbri army stacks emerges near Noreia!
Following turn war is declared on Taurisci, Rome, Venetkens and Insubres.
Ca. 91 B.C. Socii War revolt near Neapolis. One army stack emerging.
Ca. 73 B.C. Slave revolt near Neapolis to simulate Spartacus revolt. One army stack
emerging.
Ca. 52 B.C. Vercingetorix revolt may occur with one Arverni army stack emerging near
Nemossos. War is declared on Rome the following turn.
Secundo Triumviratus (Augustus)
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Completely reworked campaign starting positions
More than 10 new factions are made playable
Comprehensive Area of Recruitment System
Faction, region and settlement names are edited
Faction Rosters
The faction rosters in this campaign are a subset of the faction rosters from the Grand
Campaign, meaning that unit availability reflects the reforms that would have occurred
in the Grand Campaign.
The following factions are playable:
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Romans – Augustus, Antonius, Pompey, Lepidus (Marian Reform roster)
Al Anbat
Saba
Dacia
Basileion Odryson
Axum
Mauretania Ulterior
Kash
Hashmannim
Parthian Empire
Ishtakr (Medopersian roster)
Hayq
Pontos
Kwethaniz (Western Germanic)
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Markamanniz (Western Germanic)
Ptolemaike Basileia
Charecene (reduced Seleucid roster)
Trinovanti
Kushan Empire
Saka
Koinon Galaton
Basileion tou Kimmerikou Bosporou
Lusitani
Mercenaries
The following mercenaries are available in Secundo Triumviratus Campaign:
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Mistophoroi Galatikoi
Mistophoroi Galatikoi Hippeis
Mistophoroi Thyreophoroi Neokretikoi
Ambacti Longspears
Ambacti Swordsmen
Gallic Warband
Pannonian Warband
Eastern Germanic Riders
Mauri Archers
Mauri Skirmishers
Illyrian Levies
Illyrian Spearmen
Illyrian Axemen
Cantabrian Axemen
Lusitanian Caetrati
Lusitanian Iuventus
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Balearic Slingers
Iberian Caetrati
Brittoi Warband
Priteni Warriors
Qriteni Warriors
Fian
Hippotoxotai Elymaioi
Scythian Horse Archers
Sarmatian Cataphract
Sarmatian Cataphract Archers
Sarmatian Horse Archers
Sarmatian Lancers
Arya Hillmen
Blemmy Camel Archers
Kushite Archers
Arab Camel Archers
Arab Warriors
Arab Skirmishers
Caucasian Levies
Caucasian Axemen
Thyreophoroi Euxinoi
Berber Camel Riders
Berber Archers
Berber Slingers
Budini Hunters
Skythohellenikoi Warriors
Scripted Events not linked to Unit Reforms
At turn#4, five pro-Octavian armies revolt in Gaul and should attack Antonius.
At turn#80 or later a Gaulish revolt may occur in Gaul near Bibracte and war is declared
on Roman factions.
At turn#188 or later Dalmato-Pannonian revolt may occur near Salona and war is
declared on Roman factions.
De Bello Gallico (Caesar in Gaul)
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Completely overhauled campaign starting positions
12 factions are made playable
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Area of Recruitment System in place
Faction Rosters
in the Grand Campaign.
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Senatus Populusque Romanus (Marian Reform roster)
Sweboz
Aedui
Arverni
Nervii
Eburoni (Belgic roster)
Helvetii
Veneti (Gallic roster with Veneti naval units)
Belgae
Carnutes
Massalia
Sequani
Mercenaries
The following mercenaries are available in De Bello Gallico Campaign:
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Ambacti Longspears
Ambacti Swordsmen
Gallic Warband
Secundum Bellum Punicum (Hannibal at the Gates)
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Completely reworked campaign starting positions
Area of Recruitment System in place
Faction Rosters
in the Grand Campaign (later units from I B.C. are also not available).
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Qart-Hadasht (pre-Hanniballic Reform roster)
Senatus Populusque Romanus (pre-Cornelian Reform roster)
Emporion (New roster)
Ilergetes
Insubres
Massalia
Syrakousai
Turdetani
Venetkens
Lusitani
Areuakoi
Lybia
Mercenaries
The following mercenaries are available in Secundum Bellum Punicum Campaign:
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Mistophoroi Oskoi
Mistophoroi Hippeis Oskoi
Samnite Warriors
Samnite Cavalry
Mistophoroi Thyreophoroi
Mistophoroi Hippeis Akrobolistai Tarentinoi
Gallic Swordsmen
Gallic Warband
Gallic Skirmish Cavalry
Gallic Gaesatae
Libyan Thyreophoroi
Libyan Hoplitai
Libyan Skirmishers
Mauri Archers
Mauri Skirmishers
Oretani Warriors
Celtiberian Caetrati
Celtibetrian Cavalry
Celtiberian Iuventus
Cantabrian Axemen
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Lusitanian Caetrati
Lusitanian Iuventus
Balearic Slingers
Iberian Caetrati
Edetani Scutari Spearmen
Turduli Caetrati
Berber Camel Riders
Berber Archers
Berber Slingers
Mistophoroi Apuani (CAC Apuani Warriors)
Ilergete Warriors
Ilergete Horsemen
Ambrones Swordsmen
Celtoligi Warriors
Sardi Pelliti Militia
Emporion
Figure 50 Hoplitai Phokaioi
Emporion(p) has access to the following units during the course of the campaign:
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Land Units
 Sphendonetai
 Akontistai
 Toxotai
 Peltastai Phokaioi
 Thyreophoroi Phokaioi
Naval Units
 Assaul Tetreres - Epibatoi Phokaioi
 Assault Dieres - Epibatoi Phokaioi
 Tower Penteres - Epibatoi Phokaioi
 Assault Hepteres - Epibatoi Phokaioi
 Assault Hexeres - Epibatoi Phokaioi
 Heavy Tower Hepteres - Epibatoi Phokaioi
Artillery
 Polybolos
 Katapeltai
 Lithoboloi
Archidamian War (Wrath of Sparta)
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All faction unit rosters reworked and more diverse compared to vanilla Rome 2
Faction names are edited
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Faction Rosters
The faction rosters in this campaign made from scratch and are somehow diverse for the
more special factions. Due to the limited size of the map, no AoR is in place.
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Athenai
Koinon ton Boioton
Korinthos
Lakedaimon
Byzanthion
Koinon Ionon
Knossos
Makedonia
Parsa
Koinon Thessalon
Thraike
Mercenaries
The following mercenaries are available in Archidamian War Campaign:
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Mistophoroi Peltastai Agrianoi
Mistophoroi Hoplitai
Mistophoroi Thrakai Rhomphaiophoroi
Mistophoroi Toxotai Arkadikoi
Getai Hippotoxotai
Mistophoroi Lydian Hoplitai
Mistophoroi Hoplitai Karai
Mistophoroi Hippeis Thessaloi
Mistophoroi Euzonoi Mysoi
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Lakedaimon
Figure 51 Hoplitai Spartiatai
Lakedaimon has access to the following units during the course of the campaign:
Land Units
 Sphendonetai Helotai
 Akontistai Helotai
 Toxotai Helotai
 Hippakontistai Skiritai
 Akontistai Skiritai
 Hoplitai Skiritai
 Neodamodes Hoplitai
 Hoplitai Perioikoi
 Hoplitai Spartiatai
 Hippeis Spartiatai (available via technology research)
Naval Units
 Dieres – Toxotai Helotai
 Trieres - Toxotai Helotai
 Dieres – Akontistai Helotai
 Trieres - Akontistai Helotai
 Dieres – Sphendonetai Helotai
 Trieres - Sphendonetai Helotai
 Dieres – Epibatoi Spartiatai
 Trieres – Epibatoi Spartiatai
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Athenai
Figure 52 Epibatoi Athenaioi
Athenai has access to the following units during the course of the campaign:
Land Units
 Sphendonetai
 Akontistai
 Toxotai
 Peltastai
 Hoplitai Athenaioi
 Ekdromoi Athenaioi
 Hippotoxotai Athenaioi
 Iphikratou Peltastai (available via technology research)
Naval Units
 Dieres – Toxotai
 Trieres - Toxotai
 Dieres – Akontistai
 Trieres - Akontistai
 Dieres – Sphendonetai
 Trieres - Sphendonetai
 Dieres – Epibatoi Athenaioi
 Trieres – Epibatoi Athenaioi
 Dieres – Iphikratou Epibatoi (available via technology research)
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Trieres – Iphikratou Epibatoi (available via technology research)
Koinon ton Boioton
Figure 53 Hieròs Lóchos
Koinon ton Boioton has access to the following units during the course of the campaign:
Land Units
 Sphendonetai
 Akontistai
 Toxotai
 Peltastai
 Hoplitai Boiotoi
 Ekdromoi Boiotoi
 Hieròs Lóchos (unit capped to 1 and 300 men strong, available via technology
research)
 Hoplitai Thebaioi (upgraded, available via technology research)
 Hieròs Lóchos (upgraded, available via technology research)
Naval Units
 Dieres – Epibatoi Boiotoi
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Trieres – Epibatoi Boiotoi
Koinon Thessalon
Figure 54 Hippeis Thessaloi
Koinon Thessalon has access to the following units during the course of the campaign:
Land Units
 Sphendonetai
 Akontistai
 Toxotai
 Peltastai
 Hoplitai Thessaloi
 Ekdromoi Thessaloi
 Hippeis Thessaloi
Naval Units
 Dieres – Epibatoi Thessaloi
 Trieres – Epibatoi Thessaloi
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Korinthos
Figure 55 Hoplitai Korinthoi
Korinthos has access to the following units during the course of the campaign:
Land Units
 Sphendonetai
 Akontistai
 Toxotai
 Peltastai
 Hoplitai Korinthoi
 Ekdromoi Korinthoi
Naval Units
 Dieres – Epibatoi Korinthoi
 Trieres – Epibatoi Korinthoi
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Makedonia
Figure 56 Pezethairoi
Makedonia has access to the following units during the course of the campaign:
Land Units
 Sphendonetai
 Akontistai
 Toxotai
 Peltastai Agrianoi
 Hoplitai Makedonikoi
 Hippeis
 Pezethairoi (available via technology research)
Naval Units
 Dieres – Epibatoi Makedonikoi
 Trieres – Epibatoi Makedonikoi
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Parsa
Figure 57 Anûšiya
Parsa has access to the following units during the course of the campaign:
Land Units
 Persian Archers
 Takabara
 Sparabara
 Persian Light Horsemen
 Deylamite Horse Archers
 Median Asabara
 Mardian Horse Archers
 Cappadocian Asabara
 Hoplitai Karai
 Lydian Hoplitai
 Phrygian Hoplitai
 Lykian Warriors
 Anûšiya
Naval Units
 Dieres – Persian Archers
 Trieres - Persian Archers
 Dieres – Egyptian Marines
 Trieres - Egyptian Marines
 Dieres – Phoenician Marines
 Trieres - Phoenician Marines
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Thraike
Uses same roster as Basileion Odryson in Grand Campaign with small deviations
concerning naval units.
Other Greek Factions
Figure 58 Ekdromoi
Other Greek Factions have access to the following units during the course of the
campaign:
Land Units
 Sphendonetai (Rhodos also has Sphendonetai Rhodioi)
 Akontistai
 Toxotai (Cretan factions also have Toxotai Kretikoi)
 Peltastai
 Hoplitai
 Ekdromoi (except Apeiros)
Naval Units
 Dieres – Epibatoi
 Trieres – Epibatoi
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Conflictus Antiquarum Culturarum (CAC)

Transcription

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