Cadastral Map Renovation - An analysis of the South Korean

Transcription

Cadastral Map Renovation
- An analysis of the South Korean Perspective -
Won Ho Song
March, 2008
Enschede, Netherlands
Cadastral Map Renovation
by
Won Ho Song
Thesis submitted to the International Institute for Geo-information Science and Earth Observation in
partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Geo-information Science
and Earth Observation, Specialisation: (fill in the name of the specialisation)
Thesis Assessment Board
Chairman: Prof. Ir. Paul van der Molen
External examiner: Dr. Martin Salzmann
Supervisors: Ir. Christiaan Lemmen
Ir. Walter de Vries
Mr Chris Paresi
INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR GEO-INFORMATION SCIENCE AND EARTH OBSERVATION
ENSCHEDE, THE NETHERLANDS
Disclaimer
This document describes work undertaken as part of a programme of study at the International
Institute for Geo-information Science and Earth Observation. All views and opinions expressed
therein remain the sole responsibility of the author, and do not necessarily represent those of
the institute.
CADASTRAL MAP RENOVATION – A SOUTH KOREAN PERSPECTIVE –
Abstract
The existing land administration system in South Korea was established in 1910s during the Japanese
regime. A title registration system was adopted in which geometric quality was most important.
Today the existing land records in the paper based system are mostly outdated and do not accurately
reflect the ground realities. For instance, the parcel which is divided by sheets is not represented as a
topological correct polygon. The quality of the cadastral map is not adequate to satisfy today’s
customer requirements. Customers increasingly want more reliable and useful datasets derived from
the cadastral based information.
The role of the cadastral map is relevant to set up the basis of the National Spatial Data Infrastructure.
The Ministry of Government And Home Affairs tried to get the approval for a cadastral resurvey
project. The project was rejected twice by the opposition in Korean parliament. One of the main
reasons is that the requested budget (collected from taxes) is too high.
Cadastre in Korea faces the challenge of having to change the coordinates system or to use two coordinate systems in parallel (the classical reference system and the Korean ITRF/TM based system) to
allow GPS (GNSS) based surveys. This change can support the renovation of the existing cadastral
maps. The cadastral map renovation not only reduces the budget for its maintenance but also improves
the geometric quality of the cadastral map as done elsewhere in the world.
The main objective of this research is to find a methodology for geometric quality improvement of the
cadastral map. The Korea Cadastral Survey Corporation developed cadastral survey management
software few years ago. The company is preparing the implementation of the Survey Information
Processing System which manages the survey decision profiles and contains field sketches. Some
frequently surveyed areas have a field sketch map that covers the whole region. In those areas, there is
no need to resurvey at all, except getting additional attributive data. Furthermore, large scale
topographic map and high resolution aerial photos indicate which cadastral boundary has to be
adjusted. In fact nobody expects such land reformed area to be surveyed again. The real problem is
the parcels that have discrepancy areas - this comprises less than five percent (5%) of all the cadastral
maps which is about 1 million parcels.
For the successful implementation of the cadastral map renovation project, the scope of this research
encompasses user requirements, good practices, technical approaches, Strength-WeaknessOpportunity-Threat analysis, strategies, policies and laws, harmonisation of registered area and
calculated area, and other more. Finally the impact analysis on different aspects is done. These areas
of analysis consider the technical impact, legal and social impact, financial impact, and economic
impact.
Technically speaking, there are many methods to renovate the cadastral map. In case of Korea, the
most important issue is the cadastral boundary on the map which is stored in the spatial database
because it has a legal meaning. It shows the personal ownership. Therefore, rectifying boundary
records needs precise and careful approaches. In this research, 7 different technical approaches are
analysed to find the best solution for the problem.
This is a uncommon research. A lot of research focuses on the field of cadastral discrepancy. Pilot
projects are recommended to finalize the detailed plans.
Many people in Korea say they want cadastral resurveys – this is easy to say without a financial
picture. The total estimated costs of resurvey would be 3400 million Euros. If cadastral map
renovation improves the quality of cadastral map, then it is worth to do it.
i
Acknowledgements
Success means the fact that you have achieved something that you want or have been trying to do. To
be successful, you need to know what you want or what you are trying to do first. In my case, I’d like
to say that what I want is to see that all concerns are satisfied, which means that this research does not
end up here. ITC education whets my appetite for more learning and gives me a lot of questions on the
issue of satisfaction, like how can I give the various users the satisfaction. I am sure that I did not
satisfy everyone and addressed every issues, thus, this research is not an end but a new start.
First of all, I would express my gratitude to MOGAHA and KCSC. The companies allow me to get a
chance to study abroad by providing financial support and other invisible support. I won’t forget all
these support, and I will try my best to apply my knowledge on my work at the office.
I wish to thank my colleagues and co-workers in KCSC for their active participation in the
questionnaires. Special thanks to Dong Kyu Kuak and the branch office members for supplying me
prototype materials and in collecting the questionnaires.
I would like to give my utmost thanks and appreciations to my supervisors Ir. C.H.J. Lemmen, Ir.
Walter de Vries, and Chairman Chris Paresi for their invaluable suggestions and contributions. They
always gave me an inspiration and challenges during my thesis period.
I would also like to place on record my great gratitude to Prof Tian-Yuan Shih in the National Chiao
Tung University in Taiwan, Conrad Tang in Polytechnic University in Hong Kong, Henk Veen in
Dutch Kadaster, for their hospitality during my visit and their kindness to spare their valuable time in
explaining the practical experiences.
If I write down the names of my supporter, this paper will not be enough, but I have to mention,
Klaas.van der Hoek (Dutch Kadaster), Erh-Sang Lu (Director of Ministry of Examination, Taiwan),
Liu Jeng-Lun (Deputy Director of Land Survey Bureau, Ministry of Interior, Taiwan), Tsai, Ji-Shin
(Specialist, Cadastral Resurvey Section, Land Survey Bureau, Taiwan), Chen, He-Chin (Executive
Officer, Survey Technology Section, Land Survey Bureau, Taiwan), SUNG Hon-kwong (Chief of
Survey & Mapping Office, Land Department, The Government of the Hong Kong), and LAW King
Wai (Chief of Legislation Section, Survey & Mapping Office, Land Department, The Government of
the Hong Kong) for cooperating and supplying me with the required data, materials, and information.
I would like to give my acknowledgement to my friendly colleagues, Loida Jones-Philippines and
Ervin Ramonllari-Albania. They always give me a laugh and watch me during thesis periods. I will
remember you for the rest of my life as my friends. We shared together good and bad, pain and joy.
My heart felt thanks must go to my parents, my wife’s parents, my wife and two lovely kids, Woo-Jin
and Yun-Jung. My thesis is done with their understanding. Especially I thank my father who guided
me to the cadastre.
Thank you all indeed.
Won Ho Song, March, 2008, Enschede.
ii
Table of contents
1.
Introduction ......................................................................................................................................1
1.1.
Background .............................................................................................................................1
1.2.
Research Problems..................................................................................................................2
1.3.
Reserch objectives and scope .................................................................................................3
1.4.
Research questions..................................................................................................................3
1.5.
Research methodology............................................................................................................3
1.6.
Review of prior work..............................................................................................................4
1.7.
Thesis structure.......................................................................................................................5
1.8.
Timetable ................................................................................................................................5
2. Quality aspects of spatial data..........................................................................................................7
2.1.
Introduction.............................................................................................................................7
2.2.
Spatial Data Quality Characteristics.......................................................................................7
2.2.1. Quantitative Data quality elements ....................................................................................7
2.2.2. Relevant data quality situation for South Korean cadastre ................................................8
2.3.
The quality model .................................................................................................................10
2.3.1. Acquisition precision and identification precision...........................................................10
2.3.2. Least squares adjustment for the cadastral survey ...........................................................11
2.4.
Harmonization of legal and renovated parcel area ...............................................................12
2.4.1. Quality control and its permissible range.........................................................................12
2.5.
Metadata and its requirements ..............................................................................................13
2.5.1. Relevant metadata elements for South Korean cadastre ..................................................14
2.6.
Concluding remarks ..............................................................................................................14
3. Challenges related to cadastral map renovation.............................................................................15
3.1.
Introduction...........................................................................................................................15
3.2.
Current cadastral map and topographic map ........................................................................15
3.2.1. Current cadastral map.......................................................................................................15
3.2.2. Current topographic map..................................................................................................16
3.3.
Current cadastral data management methods and IT infrastructure .....................................17
3.3.1. Total station with computer..............................................................................................17
3.3.2. GPS...................................................................................................................................17
3.3.3. KLIS .................................................................................................................................17
3.3.4. SIPS (survey information processing system)..................................................................18
3.4.
Investigate main stakeholders and challenges for map renovation.......................................18
3.4.1. E-Government in Korea....................................................................................................18
3.4.2. NGIS Project ....................................................................................................................19
3.4.3. Real property information management centre (RPIMC) ................................................19
3.5.
Concluding remarks ..............................................................................................................19
4. The methodology for cadastral map renovation.............................................................................20
4.1.
Introduction...........................................................................................................................20
4.2.
Case Studies..........................................................................................................................20
4.3.
Cadastral data user needs analysis in Korea.........................................................................20
4.3.1. Methodology for data collection ......................................................................................20
iii
4.3.2. The analysis of user requirement in general.................................................................... 21
4.3.3. Cadastral data user requirements for the case in Korea .................................................. 22
4.4.
SWOT analysis .................................................................................................................... 25
4.4.1. Vision ‘To-Be’ situation for KCSC in South Korea ....................................................... 25
4.4.2. Step by step approach ...................................................................................................... 25
4.5.
Cadastral map renovation process ....................................................................................... 29
4.5.1. Approach for renovation.................................................................................................. 29
4.5.2. Existing work process...................................................................................................... 30
4.5.3. Cadastral map renovation and maintenance process ....................................................... 31
4.5.4. Workflow of cadastral map conversion........................................................................... 31
4.6.
Concluding remarks ............................................................................................................. 33
5. Designing improvement strategies for map renovation in Korea.................................................. 34
5.1.
Introduction.......................................................................................................................... 34
5.2.
Conceptual framework for ICT strategy .............................................................................. 34
5.2.1. System and user requirements ......................................................................................... 35
5.2.2. Geo-ICT development ..................................................................................................... 35
5.3.
Organization structure.......................................................................................................... 36
5.3.1. Current situation .............................................................................................................. 37
5.3.2. Desired organizational role in map renovation stage ...................................................... 38
5.4.
Desired System Architecture in map renovation stage ........................................................ 39
5.4.1. Overall Component diagram for cadastral domain.......................................................... 39
5.5.
Datum transformation .......................................................................................................... 41
5.5.1. Coordinates system in Korea........................................................................................... 41
5.5.2. KGD2002 (Korea Geodetic Datum 2002)....................................................................... 41
5.5.3. Datum transformation recommendations ........................................................................ 42
5.6.
Policy and laws .................................................................................................................... 43
5.6.1. Policy including ICT ....................................................................................................... 43
5.6.2. Special laws ..................................................................................................................... 43
5.7.
Concluding remarks ............................................................................................................. 44
6. Comparing and validating the renovation strategies ..................................................................... 45
6.1.
Introduction.......................................................................................................................... 45
6.2.
Approaches to compare........................................................................................................ 45
6.2.1. Data collection and regulation......................................................................................... 46
6.2.2. Comparing transformation methods ................................................................................ 48
6.2.3. Using Cadastral editor in ArcGIS.................................................................................... 48
6.2.4. Using block by block approach ....................................................................................... 49
6.2.5. Using point by point approach......................................................................................... 50
6.2.6. Sheet by sheet approach .................................................................................................. 51
6.2.7. Reconciliation methods ................................................................................................... 51
6.2.8. Correlation methods ........................................................................................................ 52
6.2.9. Resurvey method ............................................................................................................. 52
6.2.10.
Comparison of each methods ...................................................................................... 53
6.3.
Impact analysis..................................................................................................................... 56
6.3.1. Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 56
6.3.2. Technical impact ............................................................................................................. 56
iv
6.3.3. Legal and social Impacts ..................................................................................................58
6.3.4. Financial Impact ...............................................................................................................59
6.3.5. Economic Impact ..............................................................................................................60
6.4.
Conclusion remarks ..............................................................................................................61
7. Conclusions and recommendations................................................................................................63
7.1.
Introduction...........................................................................................................................63
7.2.
Conclusions...........................................................................................................................63
7.3.
Recommendations.................................................................................................................66
Appendix 1.
Least Suqeares Adjustment Formuale..........................................................................72
Appendix 2.
Metadata specifications................................................................................................73
Appendix 3.
Case studies..................................................................................................................75
Appendix 4.
SWOT analysis ............................................................................................................89
Appendix 5.
Cadastral map renovation process................................................................................91
Appendix 6.
Cadastral map maintenance process ............................................................................93
Appendix 7.
Special law for Cadastral map renovation ...................................................................94
Appendix 8.
Comparison between 7 cadastral map renovation approaches.....................................99
Appendix 9.
Comparison between 7 cadastral map renovation prototypes....................................100
Appendix 10.
Statistic of Questionnaire.......................................................................................101
v
List of figures
Figure 1 Concept of KLIS system (Sun Tae Kim, 2005)........................................................................ 1
Figure 2 The relation between acquisition precision, identification precision and the resulting
precision (Martin Salzmann, 1997)....................................................................................................... 11
Figure 3 Sample feature code of topographic map (http://www.encyber.com/) ................................... 16
Figure 4 Concept of SIPS (KCSC, 2007.9)........................................................................................... 18
Figure 5 Activity diagram of procedure of cadastral Surevy (Young Ho Lee, 2005)........................... 30
Figure 6 Register process in Supreme Court in Korea.......................................................................... 30
Figure 7 Workflow of Cadastral map conversion ................................................................................. 31
Figure 8 Conceptual framework for developing ICT strategy (Todorovski Dimo, 2006) .................... 34
Figure 9 Component Diagram for Cadastral domain in Korea ............................................................. 40
Figure 10 Class Diagram for Attribute DB Combined with Integrated DB.......................................... 40
Figure 11 Proposed procedure by KCSC and Inha university and UBIST co ...................................... 42
Figure 12 Example of matching Aerial photos and field records ......................................................... 47
Figure 13 Example of overlap all datasets ............................................................................................ 47
Figure 14 Before and after Affine transformation ................................................................................ 48
Figure 15 Before and after Simplicity transformation .......................................................................... 48
Figure 16 Flow Chart of Cadastral Resurvey Operation in Taiwan...................................................... 82
Figure 17 Overview of the map renovation project in the Netherlands (Salzmann. M. A., Auke
Hoekstra and Ted Schut, 1998) ............................................................................................................. 84
Figure 18 Major steps in map renovation in the Netherlands (Salzmann. M. A., Auke Hoekstra and
Ted Schut, 1997) ................................................................................................................................... 85
vi
List of tables
Table 1 Data quality elements and sub elements (ISO/FDIS 19113:2002) .............................................7
Table 2 Data quality situation in case of South Korea.............................................................................8
Table 3 ISO 19115 Core Metadata Elements (FDGC) ..........................................................................13
Table 4 Cadastral map scales and Map numbers in South Korea (YoungHo Lee. 2004) .....................15
Table 5 Cadastral discrepancy area (2002.12) .......................................................................................15
Table 6 Topographic map production (http://www.ngii.go.kr)..............................................................16
Table 7 Digital map production (http://www.ngii.go.kr).......................................................................16
Table 8 Statistic results of user requirement in Korea...........................................................................21
Table 9 Satisfaction rate on the survey fee according to the province ..................................................23
Table 10 Satisfaction rate on the geometric accuracy according to the province..................................24
Table 11 Sample of international Market (KCSC, 2007) ......................................................................29
Table 12 Current organizational tasks in Korea.....................................................................................38
Table 13 Desired organizational task in map renovation stage..............................................................38
Table 14 Data quality positional accuracy measures .............................................................................54
Table 15 Summary of relative quantitative quality information............................................................54
Table 16 Summary of elements in Identification information category (Kumar, 2006)........................73
Table 17 Summary of elements in Data quality category ......................................................................73
Table 18 Summary of elements in spatial reference information category ...........................................73
Table 19 Summary of elements in distribution information category ...................................................74
Table 20 Summary of elements in metadata reference information category........................................74
Table 21 Statistics of Cadastral Resurvey in Taiwan ............................................................................80
Table 22 Value of the idealization precision as used in the Netherlands ..............................................86
vii
List of abbreviations
viii
CARI
: Cadastral Research Institute
DB
: Database
FIG
: International Federation of Surveyors
G4C
: Government for Citizen
GII
: Global Information Infrastructure
GIS
: Geographic Information System
GML
: Geography Markup Language
GPS
: Global Positioning System
HRM
: Human Resource Management
H/W
: Hardware
ICT
: Information and Communications Technology
ISO
: International Organization for Standardization
ISO/FDIS
: International Organization for Standardization / Final Draft International Standard
IT
: Information technology
Kadaster
: Cadastre and Land Registry Agency of the Netherlands
KCSC
: Korea Cadastral Survey Corporation
KLIS
: Korea Land Information System
LMIS
: Land Management Information System
MOCT
: Ministry of Construction and Transportation
MOGAHA
: Ministry of Government and Home Affairs
NGDI /NSDI
: National Geo-spatial Data Infrastructure / National Spatial Data Infrastructure
NGII
: National Geographic Information Institution
NGIS
: National Geographic Information Systems
NMA
: National Mapping Agency
OECD
: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development
OGC
: Open GIS Consortium
OS
: Operating System
PBLIS
: Parcel Based Land Information System
RMSE
: Root Mean Square Error
SDI
: Spatial Data Infrastructure
SIMC
: Korea Satellite Imagery Information Management Centre
SIPS
: Survey Information Processing System
SWOT
: Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats
S/W
: Software
TSS
: Total Survey System
U-KOREA
: Ubiquitous KOREA
1. Introduction
1.1.
Background
The current cadastral map in South Korea was established by the National Land Surveying Project
(1901-1918) and the National Forestry Surveying Project (1916-1924) using plane table. After
completing the country-wide survey of Korea, the cadastral map was managed by the Ministry of
Government Administration and Home Affairs (MOGAHA) and the Korea Cadastral Survey
Corporation (KCSC).
In the past 100 years there have been large numbers of subdivision surveys, and plane table based
‘scale changes’ performed of varying precision. Those operations generate errors and it is very
difficult in practice to identify boundaries in the real world solely based on these maps.
From the period 1999 to 2003, MOGAHA and KCSC converted about 750,000 sheets of cadastral and
forestry paper maps to a digitized environment in order to establish a Parcel Based Land Information
System (PBLIS) as a component of the National Spatial Data Infrastructure (NSDI). And in 2001, the
MOGAHA and the Ministry of Construction and Transportation (MoCT) have agreed to integrate
their systems, the PBLIS and the Land Management Information System (LMIS), respectively, into
the Korea Land Information System (KLIS).
Figure 1 Concept of KLIS system (Sun Tae Kim, 2005)
The quality of the (digitised) cadastral map is not homogeneous. The geometric quality of the current
cadastral map is not good enough to provide survey reference – because it is based on the cadastral
map established in 1910s. The data acquisition method used at that time and many years following is
far less accurate compared to the surveying methods used presently. It is very difficult to identify the
real location of the parcel boundary with these outdated maps.
Although the current cadastral maps are in very poor condition, they are valid legally. And though the
entire cadastral map has been digitized, the procedure of the cadastral field work did not change.
Surveyors overlay the field-surveyed map data with the current cadastral map data using Total survey
system. The results are inaccurate and inconsistent causing inconvenience. And often disputes occur.
This method of processing surveyed observations from the field can serve only as a temporal solution.
1
With the use of GIS technology, integration capabilities with other spatial data sets show a lot of
inaccuracies in the digitized analogue map sheets. Most of the Geo-information utility companies
require a more useful, accurate and consistent cadastral map database such as a seamless cadastral
map. Customers require more reliable cadastral information as well as an adequate relationship
between map and reality Therefore a map revision or ‘map renovation’ process has to be developed
and used in as a basis for spatial data management and cadastral spatial data production line with
regards to high accurate fieldwork datasets.
In addition, users’ requirements have expanded with the growth of internet, as analysed in this thesis
work.
Cost charges for cadastral map errors are huge in South Korea. KCSC paid about 55 million Euros for
258,000 parcels of discrepancy area annually. Even though KCSC has access to modern technologies,
KCSC has not been able to use those technologies fully. The principle of survey in South Korea
forced KCSC to use the present method, this is observed in the public domain.
In the view of litigations, 10% of about 90.000 average monthly civil court actions are related to
parcel boundaries. Civil actions are estimated to cost about 300 million Euros. (Korea public land law
association. INC)
From 1960 to 2004, cadastral related cases filed at the Supreme Court include disputes on boundary,
area, cadastral survey and so on. MOGAHA made a cadastral resurvey first plan in 1995 and made a
public hearing. The fundamental plan costs 4,600 million Euros for a period of 13 years. But it was
dispelled by the opposition of other organizations. MOGAHA made a plan again in 2000 that needs
3400 million Euros investment during 10 years period. Again, it was also dispelled by the opposition.
1.2.
Research Problems
The current cadastral map in South Korea was established by the National Land Surveying Project
using plane tables. After that, many updates have been done e.g. subdivisions. The quality of the
current cadastral map is far from optimal to provide survey based information and as a basis for new
survey activities. With the development of IT infrastructure, people’s interpretation of digital data is
growing, e.g. using Google Earth. People learn and understand how to (roughly) calculate distance
between two points and what is the area of the parcel.
Since 2003, cadastral surveyors use digitized maps in survey process and update the cadastral map
digitally. Many parcels in the cadastral map database were resurveyed. The surveyed parcel map from
cadastral survey is more accurate than the current cadastral paper map.
Furthermore the land price of South Korea comes to expensive year by year. The disputes between
citizens become serious because of the value of lands.
The current cadastral map established in 1910s needs to be renovated for the following reasons:
• The quality of the current (legal) cadastral map is not good enough to provide some services.
• The parcels drawn in the original paper maps were represented on more than one sheet and
are not yet represented as closed polygons, because the original paper map has still a legal
meaning.
• Customers are dissatisfied with cadastral survey approaches and results and want more
reliable survey – which can easily be achieved with modern technology.
• Inconsistencies between cadastral and registration information (especially areas)
2
•
•
•
1.3.
‘Neighbour’ cadastral maps (with different scales) give different (‘non linear’) representation
of the same boundary
Increase of Cadastral map area with discrepancy because surveyor’s intuition in cadastral
survey cannot decide the survey result at discrepancy area and sometimes it generates wrong
decision with discrepancy.
No efficient map revision process is available
Reserch objectives and scope
The objective of this research is to develop an approach (methodology) to improve the geometric
quality of the Korean cadastral map. This quality improvement is a condition to use the cadastral map
as a base map for many other applications.
Approach / Objective
1. To identify the relevant data quality elements and define a quality model for the cadastral
map.
2. To identify an efficient map revision (renovation) process – based on experiences in other
countries with more or less similar problems.
3. To propose a methodology for geometric quality improvement of cadastral map using
resurveyed digital datasets.
4. To implement and test the proposed quality model (renovation methods) in prototyping
environments.
1.4.
Research questions
In order to achieve the above mentioned objectives the following questions are relevant:
1. What are the quality aspects of cadastral map and why is there a need for geometric quality
improvement?
2. What is the current work process in cadastral information production?
3. What is the recommended process of cadastral map renovation and how to convert from map
sheet to seamless map?
4. How to manage between legal area and calculated area of the improved map for a parcel and
how to access the accuracy of a renovated map.
5. How to maintain historical data?
6. What is the impact of this methodology from technical, legal and financial perspective?
7. How can the proposed system be developed and verified?
1.5.
Research methodology
The methodology for the study has been conducted in several research phases. This research focussed
not only on the geometric quality aspects but also an actual guide in implementing a map renovation
approach.
1. Literature review
• Study quality standards on ISO 9000/19113/19114 quality system
3
•
•
2.
3.
4.
5.
1.6.
Literature reviews on geometric quality improvement.
Investigate which institutional and other factors must be considered for the establishment
of a data quality Improvement Process
Review of current situation in South Korea
• Questions for management needs and customers needs.
• Review of current cadastral data management process and IT Infrastructure.
• Review of the existing work process including data acquisition methods, products and
services
Methodology for improving the quality of cadastral map
• Case study (Analysis of Dutch/Taiwan/Hong Kong Cases)
• Investigate main stakeholders and challenges of efficient data quality improvement
process.
• Perform a SWOT analysis on the quality issues related to the cadastral map.
• Identify the organizational and technical issues to be considered at data quality
improvement stage.
• Propose a suitable framework for the cadastral system in South Korea in the near future.
• Propose a (digital to digital) conversion process from map sheets to a seamless map.
• Propose a management method between legal area and calculated area of the improved
map for a parcel and propose an assessment method of the renovated map accuracy.
• Propose a strategy to implement the map renovation of the current cadastral map.
Developing and validating the proposed quality model.
• Develop prototype and testing the accuracy.
• Impact of this methodology in terms of legal, institutional, technical aspects.
Conclusions and recommendations
Review of prior work
The international organization for standardization (ISO) is a worldwide federation of national
standards bodies (ISO member bodies). They produce world-wide industrial and commercial
standards after it was founded in 1947. The ISO 9000/19113/19114 standards specify the quality
characteristics like process, data and product.
This research is to be seen as a follow-up of:
• Nirmalendu Kumar, ITC IFA (2006) Renovating Cadastral Map – An Indian Perspective.
• Jong Cheul Park, (2004), Designing System Architecture for Cadastral Information
Dissemination using Internet
• Young Ho Lee, (2005), Design of the Survey Record Management System(SRMS) to
support LIS in South Korea
• Kim, Y.H., (2007) Designing a delivery system for integrated cadastral information for
mobile services
4
1.7.
Thesis structure
The thesis structure is as follows
• Chapter one : Introduction
This chapter focuses on the background of the research, problem definition, objectives,
research questions and methodology
• Chapter two : Quality aspects of spatial data
This chapter focuses on the evolution of quality concept. It describes ISO series standards and
components. And relevant situation in Korea is analyzed.
• Chapter three : Challenges for cadastral map renovation
It describes the current map situation and its management methods in Korea, the main
stakeholders, and the challenges are discussed.
• Chapter four : The methodology for cadastral map renovation
This chapter describes the implementation methods with the best practices. Case studies and
user requirements are analyzed. SWOT analysis results are given and cadastral map
renovation processes are proposed.
• Chapter five : Designing improvement strategies for map renovation in Korea
This chapter describes the implementation strategies. Institutional and other factors that must
be considered to adopt the methodology will be described.
• Chapter six : Comparing and validating the renovation strategies
This chapter focuses on the prototyping and validating methods used to compare several kinds
of approaches. Impacts of the desired method take into account technical, legal, and financial
perspectives.
• Chapter seven : Conclusion and Recommendation
1.8.
Timetable
ID
Work
Start
End
2007-9
Week
9-2
1 Literature review
2 Fieldwork
3
Identify Current cadastral data
management process
2007-09-03
11/29/2007
12.8w
9/11/2007
9/24/2007
2w
9/25/2007
10/1/2007
1w
4 Identify User requirements
10/2/2007
10/8/2007
1w
5 Set Goals/Creteria for improvement
10/10/2007
10/16/2007
1w
Management method in organzational
6
and technical perspective
10/18/2007
10/31/2007
2w
7 Design Quality Model & Process
11/1/2007
11/14/2007
2w
8 Develop Prototype & Validation
11/14/2007
11/29/2007
2.4w
9 Impact analysis
2007-11-30
2007-12-06
1w
10 Write Thesis
2007-12-07
2008-02-22
11.2w
9-9
9-16
2007-10
9-23
9-30
10-7
10-14
10-21
2007-11
10-28
11-4
11-11
11-18
11-25
2007-12
12-2
12-9
12-16
12-23
2008-1
12-30
1-6
1-13
1-20
2008-2
1-27
2-3
2-10
2-17
5
2. Quality aspects of spatial data
2.1.
Introduction
Quality is an important issue for the cadastre spatial data set in South Korea. The cadastral map in
South Korea is converted to digital form from 1999 to 2003. After that all the revisions are checked
by some quality items. For instance, geometric shapes, parcel attributes etc. Accuracy, consistency,
completeness are important quality elements in the cadastral map database. The cadastral map needs
to be accurate or pass a certain standard before it can be used as a base map.
For this research, two (2) definitions of data quality are adapted. First, quality is defined as the totality
of characteristics of a product that bear on its ability to satisfy stated and implied needs (ISO 8402,
1994). Second, in the new ISO 9000 standard, the definition of quality is the “ability of a set of
inherent characteristics of a product, system or process to fulfil requirements of customers and other
interested parties” (Jakobson 2002).
In this chapter, the quality aspects of the spatial data are evaluated for the purpose of enumerating the
requirements a map renovation approach. In the first section of this chapter, spatial data quality
characteristics are reviewed. And then the quality model, least squares adjustment, and metadata are
reviewed from the perspective of the Korean Cadastre.
2.2.
Spatial Data Quality Characteristics
Data quality is often identified as internal and external quality. Internal quality comprises intrinsic
properties resulting from data production methods. Another definition is the “fitness for use” as often
identified as external quality (Juran, 1974). This definition is a relative concept regarding to the users
and usage. Users look at both internal and external quality while producers look at internal quality.
The producers focus on data capture and product specification while users focus on the “fitness for
use”.
2.2.1.
Quantitative Data quality elements
This is related to measurable parts of quality parameters. The data quality elements and sub elements
are given in table 1. This type of elements depends on both dataset’s contents and its product
specifications.
Table 1 Data quality elements and sub elements (ISO/FDIS 19113:2002)
Data quality element
Description
Sub-element
Completeness
Presence and absence of features, their attributes and relationships.
Commission
Excess data present in a data set
Omission
Data absent from a data set
Logical consistency
Degree of adherence to logical rules of data structure, attributes and relationships
Conceptual consistency
Adherence to rules of the conceptual schema
Domain consistency
Adherence of values to the value domains
7
Format consistency
Degree to which data is stored in accordance with the physical structure of the data set
Topological consistency
Correctness of the explicitly encoded topological characteristics of a data set
Positional accuracy
Accuracy of the position of features
Absolute or external accuracy
Closeness of reported coordinate values to values accepted as or being true
Relative or internal accuracy
Closeness of the relative positions of features in a data set to their respective
relative positions accepted as or being true
Girded data position accuracy
Closeness of girded data position values to values accepted as or being true
Temporal accuracy
Accuracy of the temporal attributes and temporal relationships of features
Accuracy of a time measurement
Correctness of the temporal references of an item (reporting of error in time
measurement)
Temporal consistency
Correctness of ordered events or sequences, if reported
Temporal validity
Validity of data with respect to time
Thematic accuracy
Accuracy of quantitative attributes and the correctness of non-quantitative
attributes and of the classifications of features and their relationships
Classification correctness
Comparison of the classes assigned to features or their attributes to a universe of
discourse (e.g. ground truth or reference data set)
Non-quantitative attribute
correctness
Quantitative attribute
Correctness of non-quantitative attributes
Accuracy of quantitative attributes
Correctness
2.2.2.
Relevant data quality situation for South Korean cadastre
In the context of quality improvement of cadastral map, the most relevant elements are found in table
2 using the concepts of quality.
Table 2 Data quality situation in case of South Korea
Data quality element
Sub-element
Completeness
Logical consistency
Positional accuracy
Temporal accuracy
Thematic accuracy
8
South Korea case
The cadastral map in South Korea contains all parcels, identification
number and land use
There is no topological structure in the cadastral spatial data set – it is
of a ‘spaghetti’ type. Some parcels have overlap(s) or gap(s) with
adjacent parcel(s).
The accuracy of the parcel position is more or less close to the reality in
a common sense. However, there are distortions in the neighbourhood
of the original map sheet borders. So conjunctions with adjacent map
sheet make a worse positional accuracy.
The current cadastral map was made about 100 year’s age. They usually
are distorted near the edge. Therefore, a revision coefficient factor is
used to compensate map distortion.
KLIS checks with Land Register records. And the owner profile of a
parcel is checked at the Personal Register records.
- Geometric quality (Positional accuracy)
According to Salzmann (1996) the geometric quality consists of two components, namely precision
and reliability. Precision describes the sensitivity of the product due to random error in the data. It is
described by variance-covariance matrix of co-ordinates or derived quantities such as standard
deviation and error ellipse. In South Korea, precision is limited to a certain degree of tolerance in
cadastral law as shown in Article 42 in Enforcement Decree of the Cadastral Act and 52, 54 in
Enforcement regulation of the Cadastral Act.
Article 42: (area tolerance and distribution of the tolerance according to the scale changes and the
subdivision)
1. In case of scale changes
① Area tolerance between the area registered in the forest map and the area which will be registered
in the land map uses the following formulas. In case of scale 1:3000, the denominator of the scale is
6000.
A ＝ 0.026²M√F
(A=acceptable area, M=scale denominator, F=average value of observed area two times on the paper
map)
Article 54: (decision of survey result)
① In case of connection error between survey result and audit result, the tolerance value is less than
the following clauses. The decision should be based on the survey result except in cases where there
are other proofs stating otherwise.
• Cadastral triangulation: 0.20 meters
• Cadastral Complementary Triangulation: 0.25 meters
• Supplementary control
• Numerical registered area: 0.15 meters
• Other area: 0.25 meters
• Boundary point
- numerical area: 0.10 meters
3
M
- other area: 10 (M: denominator of scale)
② In cases where the cadastral survey result is calculated by computer, the result may be stored as
survey document and area measure document.
Article 52: (Methods of area calculation)
① Area calculation methods by coordinates are described below:
1. Coordinates derived from survey using theodolite should be used in area calculation of each parcel.
2. Calculated area is determined by the exactitude of 1/10 m 2 based on the calculated value of
exactitude of 1/1000m2
② Area calculation by digital area calculator is described below:
1. If the area intersection measured twice on the map is below the area of tolerance, the average is the
calculated area
A ＝ 0.023²M√F (A=acceptable area, M=scale denominator, F=average value of calculating area 2
times)
9
Reliability describes the sensitivity of the result of model errors. Precision combined with reliability
are often referred to as accuracy. If no model errors are presented, precision is a sufficient
measurement of the geometric quality of a product. (Salzmann, 1996)
In South Korea, even though high accuracy GPS is used in measuring control points, the high
accuracy control points sometime do not match with the cadastral map. Because the cadastral map in
South Korea does not have high geometric accuracy in terms of reliability.
- Logical Consistency
The cadastral map is a structured map with topology. This means that each boundary must have
certain rules. For instance, the boundary of a parcel must not overlap with adjacent parcel. In South
Korea, the current cadastral map in KLIS is in spaghetti structure. It means that there could be
overlaps, gaps between parcels.
- Completeness
The cadastral map in South Korea contains parcels, but not buildings and street names.
- Currency
The cadastral map in South Korea is updated to reflect the legal situation on a daily basis.
2.3.
The quality model
For a unified quality description of large scale mapping products, generally a model is developed for
the geometric quality of point fields, since a standardized description of geometric quality is not
readily available (see e.g. (Caspary 1993)). The geometric quality has been described by relative
precision of points since one is interested in the relative location to nearby objects.
Since the characteristic quantity of the model is relative precision, it is necessary that quality
requirement be specified in terms of relative precision. In practice, existing quality requirements
regarding geometry can be translated into requirements based on the relative precision between points
(Salzmann, 1997).
2.3.1.
Acquisition precision and identification precision
The relative precision of points is a function of acquisition precision and identification precision.
Acquisition precision would be assigned in points after data capture and data processing.
Identification precision with which a point can be pointed out in the terrain can be modelled as a
mathematical value. It depends on the types of point obviously.
The concept of acquisition precision and identification is illustrated in figure 2. (Martin Salzmann
1997)
10
Figure 2 The relation between acquisition precision, identification precision and the resulting precision
(Martin Salzmann, 1997)
The precision is represented by error ellipse (not to the scale).
Acquisition precision is derived from acquisition and processing methods assuming that the distance
is independent so that the relative error ellipses are of equal size between all points. (a) The
identification precision varies from point to point depending on their characteristics. For instance the
size of the error ellipse in the corner of the building is much smaller than in the side of the ditch. (b)
The resulting relative precision is a function of both (c). (Martin Salzmann, 1997)
2.3.2.
Least squares adjustment for the cadastral survey
A least squares adjustment is based on the mathematical theory of probability and the condition that
the sum of the squares of the errors times their respective weights is minimized (Craig and Eahl,
2003). Least squares adjustment can identify mistakes and improve the quality of measurement.
Any least squares adjustment model includes the mathematical model and stochastic model. The first
one is a set of relations between measurements and unknowns. The last one describes the expected
error distribution of the measurement.
Prudent surveyors always make redundant measurements in their work, for the two reasons indicated
above: (1) to enable assessing errors and making decisions regarding acceptance or rejection of the
measurements, and (2) to make possible an adjustment whereby final values with higher precisions are
determined for the unknowns. (Wolf and Ghilani, 1996)
Least squares adjustment has the advantage that after an adjustment, a complete statistical analysis
can be made of the results. Based on the sizes and distribution of the errors, various tests can be
conducted to determine if the survey meets the acceptable tolerances or whether the measurements
must be repeated. If blunders exist in the data, these can be detected and eliminated. Least squares
enables precisions for the adjusted quantities to be determined easily and these precisions can be
expressed in terms of error ellipses for clear and lucid depiction. (Wolf and Ghilani, 1996)
11
Least squares adjustment would be performed with the relative weights which are assigned to the
observations in accordance with the precisions of different equipment and field procedures. If the
result does not reach a certain precision, adjustments will be run again. In this process observations
can be added and deleted.
2.4.
Harmonization of legal and renovated parcel area
This map renovation approach will change the area of a parcel. The calculated area of a parcel before
and after renovation will vary but its legal area will remain same, as it is a legal identity. However,
since the boundary on the ground remains the same, the change in calculated area of a parcel will not
affect directly the owner of the parcel. Therefore, it is suggested that there is no need to publish the
new calculated area after renovation for the general public, because once someone come to know that
his parcel area has been reduced, he could be confused. This will in fact open a Pandora box of
another set of litigations for the already jam packed court. However, that does not mean that the
difference in legal and calculated area will be left as it is without a quality control check. In fact, a
limit on the variation of the calculated area and legal area has to be put in placed.
Area of all the parcels after renovation will be checked against corresponding legal areas, and the
difference must be within permissible range. The permissible range is described in the next section.
2.4.1.
Quality control and its permissible range
If X percentage confidence limit is Y square meter, it means X percentage of area will have a
difference in legal and calculated area less than Y square meter. In this case, 98% confidence limit is
proposed so that only for 2% cases, resolution of differences is required. Adjustment of this difference
will be first tried with the consultation of field records, and if it is not possible to resolve, fieldwork
will be resorted to only as a last means.
Permissible difference in area, tolerance, can be expressed as a function of original area by means of a
simple equation as suggested by (Lemmen 2003).
Tolerance ( m 2 ) = q a
Here ‘q’ is a constant and depend upon quality of the cadastral map. Area is represented by ‘a’ in
units of 100 m 2 . It is suggested that the constant ‘q’ may be calculated for the different scales, to get
survey result more close to reality. In Dutch cadastre, value of ‘q’ for rural, urban and city centre are
1, 0.5, and 0.1 respectively.
The methodology given here will help to find the value ‘q’ from original dataset generated during
renovation process. The appropriate sampling technique and sample size may be chosen as per the
area under consideration. The value may be calculated in a simple table given below. Here ‘d’ is a
positive difference between the legal area and the calculated area.
S
No.
1
2
3
.
12
Parcel
No.
Legal area of parcel in
Calculated area of parcel in
m2
m2
A1
A2
|A1-A2|
Positive difference
d
q=
m2
d
A2
In Korean case, the parameter q is:
scale
Count
Minimum
Maximum
Average
Summary
Standard Deviation
Variation
600
796
4E-04
2.449
0.189
150.8
0.179
0.032
1000
199
3E-04
3.351
0.402
80.08
0.469
0.22
1200
12948
1E-04
9.94
0.52
6730
0.699
0.489
6000
222
0.046
9.961
2.633
584.4
2.267
5.139
In this table, the average value is calculated with standard deviation. For instance, the average value is
0.52 at scale 1:1200 using the table above. The standard deviation is higher than the average value.
This means the average value is adjusted towards bigger average value. Otherwise, too many of the
parcel (area’s) are above tolerance. It needs more practical researches. In this case, possible value may
be 0.7~0.8 in order to minimize the above tolerance.
2.5.
Metadata and its requirements
Metadata are “standards information” about information defined as “data about data”. In 1990, the
Federal Geographic Data Committee (FDGC) was created to coordinate the use, sharing, and
dissemination of geospatial data on a national basis. Standards cover (1) Data classifications, (2) Data
content, (3) Data Symbology or Presentation, (4) Data Transfers, and (5) Data Usability. In other
words, metadata consist of information that describes the content, quality, condition, and other
characteristics of data that helps a user to locate and understand data. Metadata are used to provide
documentation for the data products. In essence metadata answers who, what, when, where, why, and
how about every facet of data that are being documented.
(http://www.nku.edu/~yannarella/news9811.html)
With the proliferation of ICT technology, storage of spatial information in database coupled with GIS
technology, the inclusion of metadata related to access, exchange and ascertaining suitability is
inevitable.
Table 3 ISO 19115 Core Metadata Elements (FDGC)
Mandatory Elements:
Conditional Elements:
Dataset title
Dataset reference date
Dataset language
Dataset topic category
Abstract
Metadata point of
contact
Metadata date stamp
Dataset responsible party
Geographic location by
coordinates
Dataset character set
Spatial resolution
Distribution format
Spatial representation type
Reference system
Lineage statement
On-line Resource
Metadata file identifier
Metadata standard name
Metadata standard version
Metadata language
Metadata character set
13
2.5.1.
Relevant metadata elements for South Korean cadastre
A metadata specification for this research is attached in the appendix 2. It is the same with
Nirmalendu Kumar 2006 who based it on Gatachew 1998. The metadata elements have been grouped
into five higher level category and sub-category based on the similarity of functions and properties.
2.6.
Concluding remarks
After cadastral map digitization, Cadastral organisations faced challenges to develop and supply
products and services in line with and according to external environments. To do this, the cadastral
map quality has to be assured.
Quality aspects of spatial data are introduced in the beginning of this chapter. Details of the data
quality situation in Korea are reviewed to explain quantitative quality aspects. In the case of Korea,
positional accuracy has to be improved. And quality issues are analyzed using quality model, least
squares adjustment, and Metadata.
ISO19114 provides a framework of procedures for determining and evaluating quality. In this research,
the quality evaluation is based on the ISO/FDIS approach.
14
3. Challenges related to cadastral map
renovation
3.1.
Introduction
The objective of this chapter is to analyze the current cadastral map and to identify key drivers for
cadastral map renovation. And KLIS will be discussed as well as some processes of the system.
There are two main reasons why a land information system is lacking in South Korea. One reason is
that is the cadastral map, the topographical map and the land registry are managed by 3 organizations.
Integration is difficult. Another reason is the cadastral map quality itself.
In this chapter, the current cadastral map and the topographic map, its management methods and work
processes are described. The main stakeholders and the challenges to be considered at the data quality
improvement stage are investigated.
3.2.
3.2.1.
Current cadastral map and topographic map
Current cadastral map
The Korean cadastral map includes an official notification of cadastral boundary which shows the
shape of a parcel, recorded in the cadastral land book or cadastral forest book. The cadastral map
provides information on location and land use category, cadastral boundary, cadastral parcel number,
and so on. Cadastral boundaries in South Korea are important because it represents land ownership.
These maps have been graphically revised up to now. There are 7 different kinds of scales which are
not presently interoperable. There is a problem in integrating map sheets with other base maps.
Table 4 Cadastral map scales and Map numbers in South Korea (YoungHo Lee. 2004)
Type
Cadastral Map
Forestry Map
Scale
Area
1:500
Urban
40,495
1:600
Urban
15,136
1:1000
Farm
142,889
1:1200
Farm
513,136
1:2400
1:3000
Farm
Mountain Area
23
14,890
1:6000
Mountain Area
44,964
Total Map sheets
Number
771,533
Table 5 shows the rate on the cadastral discrepancy area in Korea. In that area, a survey is impossible
because current survey method uses surveyor’s intuition and the representation of the maps are very
far from the reality.
Table 5 Cadastral discrepancy area (2002.12)
Cadastral records(A)
Parcels
Areas (Km2)
35,462,332
99,538.00
Discrepancy Areas(B)
Parcels
Areas(Km2)
1,054,420
1,265.78
Rates(A/B)
Parcels (%)
Areas (%)
2,973
1,271
(2002.12.10 Korea Society of Cadastre)
15
3.2.2.
Current topographic map
The NGII is producing the topographic maps under the Surveying and Mapping law. They produce 6
scales of topographic maps that cover the whole territory: 1/5000, 1/10000, 1/25000, 1/50000,
1/100000, 1/250000. Digital maps are available at scales between 1/1000 and 1/25000, having 9 layers
like rail way, stream, road, building, tributary, institution, topography, administration, regional
boundary and cycle. There are 750 Feature codes in use. (NGII Korea)
Table 6 Topographic map production (http://www.ngii.go.kr)
Scale
Number of Sheets
Managing duration
Size
Map distance per 1km (㎝)
1/5000
16,561
‘85～
1´30˝× 1´30˝
20
1/10000
282
‘90～‘97
3´× 3´
10
1/25000
793
‘75～
7´30˝× 7´30˝
4
1/50000
239
‘75～
15´× 15´
2
1/250000
22
2000
1˚45´× 1˚
0.25
1/1000000
1
2000
6˚× 12˚
0.01
Thematic map of land use
720
‘82～‘98
7´30˝× 7´30˝
4
Table 7 Digital map production (http://www.ngii.go.kr)
Scale
Number of Sheets Managing duration
Size
Map distance per 1km (
㎝)
1/1000
12,753
‘95～
18˝× 18˝
100
1/5000
16,236
‘95～
1´30˝× 1´30˝
20
1/25000
786
‘96～
7´30˝× 7´30˝
4
1/250000
13
2000
1˚45´× 1˚
0.25
Thematic map of land use
414
2000
7´30˝× 7´30˝
4
Thematic map of land specification
(1/1000)
9,709
1999
18˝× 18˝
100
Thematic map of land specification
(1//5000)
7,125
1999
1´30˝× 1´30˝
20
Figure 3 Sample feature code of topographic map (http://www.encyber.com/)
16
3.3.
3.3.1.
Current cadastral data management methods and IT infrastructure
Total station with computer
Since 2003, when the project of digitization of cadastral map was completed, KCSC started to use the
Total Survey System (TSS) which is a modernized surveying system using rugged computer and total
station. Total Survey System has a survey program which contains many functions such as real time
GPS with a projection, storing field records, transformation calculation, wireless connection between
computer and total station, a link with the KLIS, and so on. From 2003 the survey method has
gradually changed from using plane table to using TSS. Thus the digital data acquired from the field
are accumulated in the database.
3.3.2.
GPS
For control points, KCSC uses GPS rather than other methods. The organization uses a static
observation for control points which can calculate coordinate very precisely.
3.3.3.
KLIS
The KLIS (Korea Land Information System) is a system which is integrated with two systems: the
PBLIS (Parcel Based Land Information System) in MOGAHA and the LMIS (Land Management
Information System) in MOCT. KLIS provides parcel (land) related information such as parcel
history, transaction, land value and parcel owners, etc
Before the introduction of KLIS, the government officers used PBLIS for cadastral work and used
LMIS for Land information work. The data storage was also separated in two: the PBLIS DB dealt
with map sheets and the LMIS DB dealt with seamless maps. There was no easy way to update
seamless maps in the neighborhood of map sheet borders. It was faced with the problem of
consistency and integrity.
KLIS includes 6 unit systems (Sun Tae Kim, 2005)
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
Cadastral record management system
Seamless map/ compiled map management system
Cadastral survey management system
Civil application issuing system
DB conversion management system
Street name/Building number management system
Some of the dilemmas KLIS faced were:
• Due to the various condition of parcel relation, the seamless/compiled map is not applied to
the changes of cadastral map.
• The cadastral map DB’s are located in municipalities. So the issue of cadastral information
from remote area’s is often banned and isolated from the internet by reason of internet policy.
17
3.3.4.
SIPS (survey information processing system)
Office work
Field work
Field Data acquisition
and management
Survey work
synchronization
Survey data management
Control point data acquisition
Local DB
Survey result
storing
Detail survey data acquisition
Field sketch
DB storing
Survey job
selection
KCSC local office server
Traverse survey
Detail survey
Survey information
calculation and
management
Survey resources
management
Survey DB management
Spartial
DB
Cadastral
information
DB
Control point calculation and
management
Detail survey calculation and management
Enterprise survey information usage
Local job
On-Line
Figure 4 Concept of SIPS (KCSC, 2007.9)
KCSC introduced the Survey Information Processing System (SIPS). The main purpose of this system
is to upgrade the previous survey result management system, and to ideally manage the survey
information and to develop new survey calculation system.
The merit of this system is that it maintains cadastral survey data in a spatial DB. This information
contains the survey information such as distances, angles, coordinate’s, obtained from the total
station. Surveyors can find survey data in the spatial DB.
3.4.
3.4.1.
Investigate main stakeholders and challenges for map renovation
E-Government in Korea
E-Government refers to government’s use of information technology to exchange information and
services with citizens, businesses, and other arms of government. E-Government may be applied by
the legislature, judiciary, or administration, in order to improve internal efficiency, the delivery of
public services, or processes of democratic governance. The primary delivery models are
Government-to-Citizen or Government-to-Customer (G2C), Government-to-Business (G2B) and
Government-to-Government (G2G) & Government-to-Employees (G2E). The most important
anticipated benefits of e-government include improved efficiency, convenience, and better
accessibility of public services.
U-Korea is a strategy for the pursuit of economic development by means of intelligence and
networking at every levels in the nation based on the ubiquitous computing technology. To realize UKorea, Korea developed IT839 strategy which indicates 8 services, 3 infrastructures, 9 technologies.
An ad-hoc committee was organized for e-Government under the Presidential Committee on
Government Innovation in January 2001 and it officially announced 11 key tasks to complete the
framework for e-Government, most of which need inter-agency collaboration and coordination. The
vision and goal of Korean e-Government is to enhance services to the citizens, providing the optimal
18
business environment for enterprises, and improving efficiency, effectiveness, and transparency of
government administration. Eleven tasks were designed to reach the most complex state with the
highest expected values by developing the whole life cycle of the service, providing Internet-based
two-way transactions including electronic payment. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are
exploited in various areas of water, sewage, road, and disaster management as well as land
administration at the government sectors in Korea. However, GIS has been managed in a dispersed
and fragmented way among agencies because of institutional or technical reasons. It is important to
share geographic information among agencies and to manage the integrated system at a national level
in order to prevent redundant investment and to save government budget. Recognizing its importance,
the Ministry of Construction and Transportation (MOCT) has initiated two-staged National GIS
Project since 2000 and now implements its services. However, the e-Government plan has not
reflected the importance of spatial components into their agendas so far. It is desirable to integrate and
link GIS into the nation-wide G4C (Government for Citizen) and other e-Government services.
(Young Ho Lee, 2006)
3.4.2.
NGIS Project
The National Geographic Information Systems (NGIS) project began in 1995. MOCT launched
master plans every 5 year. The first phase (1995~2000) focused on the development of GIS
infrastructures and the second phase (2001~2005) focused on those applications and maintenances
such as establishment of a distribution system for spatial data and the use of GIS applications, among
others. The main vision of the 3rd NGIS is to set-up infrastructures.
The NGIS consists of seven subcommittees responsible for areas such as human resource
development, development of data distribution technologies, cadastral systems, standards
development, surveying, and related technologies under the Minister of Construction and
Transportation.
3.4.3.
Real property information management centre (RPIMC)
MOGAHA set up a RPIMC to support government policy of land derived by the plan of house market
stabilization in 2003. The main role of RPIMC is to prevent land speculation and provides tax
information.
3.5.
Concluding remarks
The cadastral map in South Korea was digitized and has been managed by a GIS system. However,
unless people want better land information services, the information provision is difficult to organize
because of the geometric quality of the data. It has 7 different kinds of scales which are not presently
interoperable. NGII produces a topographic map with 6 scales.
To manage the cadastral data, KLIS and SIPS are used with various data acquisition methods, for
example a total station with a computer and a GPS. Investigating the main stakeholders and challenges
for the map renovation is reviewed.
The Korean government is trying to proceed to E-government, U-Korea. In this, the cadastral map will
be an important base map to support all GII related works.
19
4. The methodology for cadastral map
renovation
4.1.
Introduction
In this chapter, methodologies for cadastral map renovation are examined from various aspects. In the
first section of this chapter, case studies are referenced. In the next section, the user requirements are
analyzed. Based on that, a SWOT analysis is performed. Finally a cadastral map renovation process
(approach) is suggested.
4.2.
Case Studies
The case studies are conducted in Hong Kong, Taiwan, and the Netherlands. It should be observed
that for Korea it is more relevant to use the Dutch case for this research because the Hong Kong case
has different cadastral system and it is not suitable for adaptation at South Korea for the reason that
the geometric information has no legal basis in Hong Kong. In Taiwan case a resurvey method has
been used, which requires lots of time and fiscal budget. In addition, the resurvey plan has been
proposed twice already by MOGAHA and both have been rejected. The detailed case studies are
attached in the appendix 3.
4.3.
Cadastral data user needs analysis in Korea
The object of this section is to identify users’ requirements based on the analysis of collected
questionnaire data. Users’ requirements are analysed from 3 different perspectives; the general public,
the cadastral surveyors and the professional customers.
4.3.1.
Methodology for data collection
The questionnaire is intended for 3 different groups of users. The first group is the general public, to
find out the user’s satisfaction. The second group is the cadastral surveyors, to find out what are the
current problems in cadastral domain and suggested solutions. The third group is the professionals, to
find out different angles of viewpoints with regard to the cadastral domain and what are the datasets
needed.
The questions were translated into Korean and distributed to each party.
The questions for the general public and professional customers were sent to municipalities. And the
questions for the cadastral surveyors were sent to the KCSC.
The Overview of the questions is shown below;
• Period : 1-Dec-2007 ~ 31-Dec-2007
• Objects: General public, KCSC employees, professional customers
• Number of responses : total 345 (115, 162, 68)
• Method: By email.
20
•
Main questions:
- Introduction and objectives of this questions
- Customer satisfaction on data quality, price and so on
- Users needs on products and services
- Institutional framework
- Pricing policy
- Geometric quality accuracy
4.3.2.
The analysis of user requirement in general
The analysis that the researcher come up with based on the results of the questions are listed below.
The detailed statistic results are attached in the appendix 10.
Table 8 Statistic results of user requirement in Korea
Question type
Satisfaction of the price
Satisfaction of the quality
Satisfaction of the delivery time and process time
Question type
General public
Satisfy (70.4%)
Dissatisfy (29.9 %)
Satisfy (85.3%)
Dissatisfy (13.9 %)
Satisfy (87%)
Dissatisfy (13.0 %)
Classification
Cadastral surveyors (100%)
Why is the cadastral map needed?
For surveying
How did you get it?
Systematic
Satisfaction on cadastral map
accuracy
Satisfaction on consistency with
register
Satisfaction on cadastral map
products
Satisfaction on coordinates system
Reasonably satisfied (14.8%)
Dissatisfied (84.6%)
Professional customers
Public officer (58.8%)
Private surveyors (14.7%)
Real estate (10.3%)
Others (bank, gas, electric power,
architectural design and so on)
Bank
to appraise land value
Utility companies:
location of the gas line and
power lines
Real estate
to find location of the parcels
Go to the office (51.5%)
Use the internet (19.1%)
Reasonably satisfied (29.4%)
Properly (14.8%)
Case by case (64.8%)
19cm for city area
30.2cm for rural area
19.5cm for district area
Properly (30.9%)
Case by case (52.9%)
15.6cm for city area
29.6cm for rural area
15.3cm for district area
Opinion on handling complains
Suitable accuracy
Cadastral surveyors
21
Establish a new organization (28)
Management has to move to MOCT
(15)
Connect the workflows between GI
organizations (14)
Institutional structure
Others are cadastral resurvey and so on
* Total number of answers : 70
Don’t want other products (64)
Various thematic map (29)
Need other Products
Expanding cadastral services like
real estate, thematic, internet etc
(27)
Land consulting and so on
Need other Services
Reasonable survey fees
Important issues
Expected problems
Any suggestions
4.3.3.
4.3.3.1.
100% increase (24.1%)
50% increase (32.7%)
No increase (6.2%)
Legal issue (37.9%).
Technical issue (36.8%)
Organizations (12.6%)
Technical issue is an important
issue claiming cadastral resurvey
or partial consolidation.
Others are finance and law
reforms, dispute control, etc
Cadastral resurvey is the only way
(18)
partial consolidation (14)
Others are human resource,
changing survey fee system, 3D
cadastre etc.
Unification of cadastral,
topographical and register
organization (21)
* Total number of answers :24
Combination use of digital
topographic map and aerial photos,
3D maps and digital thematic maps
and so on
Provision of thematic map
Internet dissemination and
improving the cadastral survey
services.
No increase (41.2%)
Legal issue33.7%).
Technical issue (32.6%)
Organizations (21.1%)
finance and the law
cadastral resurvey and fiscal
budget, and coordinates systems,
etc
Cadastral data user requirements for the case in Korea
User requirements of the general public
In case of the general public in Korea, most of the respondents have experiences in cadastral products
or services like cadastral map and cadastral surveys. They are satisfied with the quality of the
cadastral map and the delivery time and process time in general. On the other hands, some of the
general public want better products, various methods to access cadastral information’s, less system
problems, shortened delivery period, and better map quality.
In view of the price, about 30% of respondents are not satisfied with the price. They said the survey
fee is too expensive.
Table 9 shows the satisfaction rate on the survey fee according to the province. There are not many
differences between them. And it is impossible to find the relation.
22
Table 9 Satisfaction rate on the survey fee according to the province
Province
Seoul
PuSan
InCheon
KyungKi
KangWon
ChungBuk
ChungNam
JunNam
KyungBuk
KyungNam
JeJu
Total
4.3.3.2.
satisfied
3 (60%)
14 (74%)
6 (55%)
11 (79%)
6 (60%)
4 (80%)
4 (100%)
10 (77%)
6 (55%)
8 (80%)
9 (69%)
81 (70%)
Satisfaction rate on the Survey fee
unsatisfied
Empty
2 (40%)
5 (26%)
5 (45%)
2 (14%)
1 (7%)
4 (40%)
1 (20%)
0 (0%)
3 (23%)
5 (45%)
2 (20%)
4 (31%)
33 (29%)
1 (1%)
Total
5
19
11
14
10
5
4
13
11
10
13
115
User requirements of the professional customers and cadastral
surveyors
As shown in table 8, cadastral data can be used in many areas. For instance, a bank employee needs
the cadastral map to appraise land value, and utility companies need the cadastral map to locate gas
lines and power lines, and real estate needs the cadastral map to find the location of the parcels.
More than half of the customers still go to the office to get those products or services. Customers are
not satisfied with the current cadastral map accuracy (Professional customers: 61.7%, Cadastral
surveyors: 84.6%), map consistency with register (61.8%, 77.8%), cadastral map products (54.4%,
79.7%), and the coordinates systems (47%, 67.2%) in general. This means those aspects have to be
improved. Cadastral surveyors who are familiar with those products are in general dissatisfied.
Complaints are filed depending on the type of the cases. Based on the survey, more than half (52.9%,
64.8%) of the customers answered that it depends on the cases. This means that people want a better
or standard procedures to deal with complaints.
Professional customers want more accurate survey results compared to the cadastral surveyors, who
have a responsibility of the survey activity.
Professional customers want to connect the GI related organizations, while cadastral surveyors want
to establish a new organization responsible in unifying all GI organizations. Some cadastral
surveyor’s want the cadastre moved to MOCT. It is observed that most of the respondents want to
change organizational structures to improve the workflows.
Cadastral surveyors don’t want to produce other products in general. The reason why they don’t want
to expand their products in this moment is to avoid work overload. But, about one fourth of cadastral
surveyors and professional customers want to have a combined usage of digital topographic map and
aerial photos, 3D maps, and digital thematic maps, etc
In view of the services, professional customers want to expand cadastral related services like thematic
map, land consulting, internet dissemination, etc.
23
There is little difference in the cadastral fees. Professional surveyors do not want to increase the
survey fee by over 10% (76.5%), while cadastral surveyors want to increase the survey fees by about
50% (56.8%).
Most of respondents answered that legal issues (33.7%, 37.9%) and technical issues (32.6%, 36.8%)
are more important than organizational issues. With this observation, priority of work can be defined.
Professional customers expect that the finance and the law would be the problem, while cadastral
surveyors expect that technical issue is more important. Most of them suggest that cadastral resurvey
is the best methods to reform the map.
Table 10 shows the satisfaction rate on the geometric accuracy according to the province. Customers
are not satisfied with the geometric quality of the cadastral.
Table 10 Satisfaction rate on the geometric accuracy according to the province
Province
Head office
Seoul
PuSan
InCheon
Kyungki
KangWon
ChungBuk
ChungNam
Junbuk
JunNam
Kyungbuk
KyungNam
JeJu
Total
4.3.3.3.
Satisfaction rate on the geometric accuracy
satisfied
unsatisfied
1 (6%)
17 (94%)
3 (16%)
16 (84%)
1 (50%)
1 (50%)
2 (13%)
14 (88%)
3 (16%)
16 (84%)
0 (0%)
6 (100%)
0 (0%)
1 (100%)
1 (20%)
4 (80%)
0 (0%)
1 (100%)
5 (26%)
14 (74%)
1 (8%)
11 (92%)
4 (29%)
10 (71%)
4 (13%)
26 (87%)
25 (15%)
137 (85%)
Total
18
19
2
16
19
6
1
5
1
19
12
14
30
162
Summary of cadastral data needs in Korea
The cadastral map is a base map with many applications. Most of the customers are not satisfied with
the quality of the cadastral map. They want to reduce the tolerance (accuracy) of cadastral survey
within 20cm which is currently 24cm in city area.
There is a small gap between customers and cadastral surveyors. Cadastral surveyors tend to keep
their working boundary and make a little progress in expanding cadastral services or products.
Customers want more useful datasets.
As a conclusion, the cadastral domain has to expand their working boundary. And the finance needs a
bit of increase but not more than 10% as a result of this research. If this is sufficient is another
question. It may be concluded that the priority issues are legal, technical, organizational, and financial
or workflows in sequence. Customers still want cadastral resurvey. However, if the other methods
would yield similar results then it is worth to try it.
Changing the organizational structure is also an important issue to consider.
24
4.4.
SWOT analysis
A SWOT analysis has been performed to propose a strategy to implement the process of map
renovation of the current cadastral map. A good practice of fieldwork would be used as a significant
input when developing a strategy for South Korea. SWOT analysis result is attached in the appendix 4.
4.4.1.
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Vision ‘To-Be’ situation for KCSC in South Korea
Develop a mid and long term planning of business strategy with regards to the customer's
perspectives.
Upgrade IT department to prepare for the map renovation. It is recommended to create a new
team to carry out the map renovation project.
Introduce HRM. Korea is a very dependent society of human relation, school relation and
regional relation. To avoid this, HRM needs to be combined with more strict regulations.
The map renovation S/W and the relevant systems have to be prepared.
Develop a data warehouse to integrate all the local data'. This would provide a standard and
security for data exchange with private and public sectors.
Introduce staff education about GIS and image analysis, mapping, legal framework, data
security (copyright, privacy, and liability) and so on. Not to outsource major and critical
sector is recommended to keep data security and to grow in competence.
To get an agreement of the government, a pilot project for cadastral map renovation has to be
in the first place. The outcome of this could be the basis for new laws and regulations for map
renovation.
Cooperate with public and private sector to share cadastral information. A specific legal
framework has to be defined for data sharing with private and public sectors. Government has
a crucial role to re-align and re-make efficient governance and to develop a SDI project for
organizations to communicate and share information.
For the future, KCSC should explore new business and diversify products and services based
on the renovated map. Various application S/Ws have to be developed to support them. New
marketing mechanism and also wireless technologies are recommended.
4.4.2.
Step by step approach
To implement ICT strategy, a ‘step by step’ approach is used in this research, considering the amount
of activities to be planned and executed.
4.4.2.1.
Step 1: preparations
Preparation is important basic step for the progress of the following steps. These steps contain crucial
issues for successful implementation.
a) Make a channel to get customer’s requirements.
This is an important activity to continuously identify the users’ requirements. It will increase
competences with new products and services. KCSC ought to expand user groups and contact them
directly or indirectly. Getting the customers’ requirements is a fundamental input for developing mid
and long term planning for education and IT and business strategies. In this research, all the strategies
represent a solid ground for future planning. Getting user’s needs continuously would help to maintain
strategies.
25
b) Develop a mid and long term planning
This stage includes special plan for map renovation. This will answer the following questions:
- “How many people will be used for map renovation?”
- “Which ability do they have to have?”
- “What is the main focus of the map renovation?”
- “How to organize the activities?”
- “What is the sequence of the activities?” etc.
This step would mean collaboration with other organizations rather than planning on itself.
Government may be included in this planning for the purpose of getting agreement for the future. And
users are very important factor to include the users’ requirement for the map renovation.
c) Introduce HRM
The problem most companies have is not so much the number of staff, but rather the correct mix of
staff. Planning engages the company into taking actions now in anticipation of the future. Workforce
planning aims to have the right people in the right place at the right time - all the time. Where HRmanagement and strategic planning were once thought to be mutually exclusive, it is now clear that
the ‘knowledge management’ requires focus on the people factor. An effective HR planning system
will require HR managers who are in every sense business managers and who have knowledge of the
overall operations of the company. Importantly, they must be able to integrate the various HR
functions so as to be consistent with the company’s strategic plans. (Ernst Biesalski, 2003)
d) Standards
Standardization is the nationwide basis for the supply of regular product and exchange of products.
Upgrading and amending the ICT is easier in standardized ICT environment. All the H/W, S/W,
Network, Platforms and procedures have to be standardized.
d) Get an agreement from public
Agreement of public will force the government to approve permission of map renovation. And this
will mitigate a lot of disputes which will appear from misunderstanding of map renovation process. A
marketing mechanism is required.
4.4.2.2.
Step 2: Initialization.
The following items are going to determine how to approach and what is needed for the following
steps. Initialization is the continuation of the preparation, but already more operational than strategic.
In this period, most of the “practical environment” would be prepared.
a) IT part and human resources
‘People are most valuable asset’. Still there is no standard rule to select a person for a specific role.
HRM may help to gather IT experts to IT department. Skill management supports companies in
recognizing skills of their employees, and to use these skills systematically. The knowledge on the
skills of the employees can, for example, be used to extend the skills of the employees with training
measures, or it can be useful to recruit new employees.
26
A data warehouse is needed to store all local data which are currently in the municipality. Web based
application are needed to communicate well with private and public sectors. Map renovation software
has to be developed and tested – this requires IT experts with knowledge on surveying and mapping.
b) Continuous growing and training of IT people
IT develops very fast and gradual upgrading becomes an important issue in almost all the
organizations. IT forces the organization to standardize and become effective. Corresponding to the
rapid change of IT techniques, IT employees should take proper measures in continuous educating
oneself.
In case of Dutch cadastre, the IT people ratio is about 20%. It reveals that IT would be a more
important element in the near future. KCSC has very few IT staff comparing to the Dutch case.
Market needs combined with IT sector is a global trend. Flexible and fast response to a variety of
request from the market is necessary. IT staffs must have concepts of not only programming but
security, copyright, legal framework and management, etc. Special education on IT staffs is essential
not to outsource major and critical S/W and secure data and to address various services. This may
increase their chance to succeed against any competition.
c) Organization culture.
Basically, organizational culture is the personality of the organization. Corporate culture may be
viewed as a system. Inputs include feedback from, e.g., society, professions, laws, stories, heroes,
values on competition or service, etc. The process is based on the assumptions about values and
norms, e.g., values on money, time, facilities, space and people. Outputs or effects of culture are
reflected in the organizational behaviours, technologies, strategies, image, products, services,
appearance, etc.
The concept of culture is important when attempting to manage organization-wide change.
Practitioners start to realize that despite the best-laid plans, organizational change must include not
only changing structures and processes, but also changing the corporate culture as well.
(http://www.managementhelp.org/org_thry/culture/culture.htm)
Korean government created team structure in the central level and forced it to sub-organizations. Even
though organizational structure had changed into team structure, the corporate culture still remains
unchanged. Changes are limited only on the structure. The working procedure inside the organization
is the same. Thus it is recommended that all the systems have to be combined with HRM and WFMS
respectively.
4.4.2.3.
Step 3: The pilot project of Cadastral Map Renovation
a) Prepare cadastral map renovation software.
The cadastral map renovation software would support optimized procedures and improves the
efficiency and the productivity. A product produced from the standard software is reliable and
verified. This software has to support all technical aspects – e.g. all kind of adjustments,
transformations etc - and procedures.
27
b) Executing pilot project
A pilot project is recommended before the execution of map renovation nationwide. This will prove to
get relevant information such as organizational issues, technical issues, and social issues. And:
societal issues!!
c) Getting government agreement and suggesting new law
It is most important to get an approval of government. Without that, KCSC cannot do anything by
law. Cadastral map renovation is a big project next to cadastral reform. This will be a good experience
to go for global market. So far there are many countries trying to convert and renovate maps. Korean
government should put their support on cadastral map renovation. Map renovation means amending
the laws as well. The result of pilot project will be reported and new laws for the map renovation
would be suggested which would support the amendment of law.
This also would be a good opportunity to introduce satellite images, topographic maps and so on into
cadastral domain. And: further use of GNSS. Pilot project is recommended to find best procedure and
methods.
4.4.2.4.
Step 4: The cadastral map renovation
a) Cooperate with public and private sector and the execution of cadastral map renovation.
Map renovation needs a national corporation. During the map renovation, the topographic maps and
aerial photos are used for the revision of the cadastral maps. Sometimes private sector may need to
conduct cadastral survey. The execution of cadastral map renovation is an enormous work to be done.
There is insufficient capacity within KCSC, it has been observed from the questionnaires that the
workload is already big. There is a need to cooperate with public and private sector. Thus, the relation
should be set up. The result will promote win-win situation, making all the users satisfied. The main
issues for corporation will be legislation, organizational structure and its roles, standards,
management etc. The map renovation process itself is introduced in paragraph 4.5.
b) Data warehouse
The main strategy of the 3rd NGIS is to make infrastructures (U-Korea fundamental plan, 2006). For
this, SDI is an essential item to expand and maximize usage of geographic information. The role of
the organization has to be adjusted using the most suitable process of governance. A NSDI project is
recommended after setting up the role of each organization. Cooperation between public and private
sector to unify and to share data, a spatial data warehouse at national level has to be established with
an NSDI.
c) Establish a legal framework
Government needs to make a legal framework in line to the efficient governance and according to the
analysis of the user’s requirements.
28
4.4.2.5.
Step 5: Explore new business using map renovation experience
a) Explore new market
The competence not only within Korea peninsula but also in the world would increase year by year.
The global market of cadastral survey and potentials will expand in a few years. As shown in table 11,
some country is conducting cadastral related work across the world. (KCSC, 2007,)
KCSC tries to venture a new business overseas. The lack of experience and lack of expertise in
topographic, image processing, and GIS, bring about difficulty of processes. Experts in processing
spatial data’s combined with IT expertise are needed.
KCSC has a role of cadastral survey with simple processes, products, and services. With regards to
the use’s requirement, various products and services using topographic, images, GIS have to be
introduced which needs organizational cooperation to hold the global companies in check.
Table 11 Sample of international Market (KCSC, 2007)
Country (company)
Number of Country
Sweden (Swedsurvey)
39
Australia (LEI)
12
Netherlands (Dutch Kadaster)
Finland, Germany, Canada etc
Cadastral council ting
Nations
Africa(11), Europe(12), Asia(13), Central and
South America(3)
Africa(1), Europe(2), Asia(7), Central and
South America(1), Oceania(2)
Africa, Europe etc
b) Various products and services.
It comprises a development of S/Ws to make diverse products such as thematic map, land parcel map
and to utilize business experiences.
c) Marketing mechanism.
Develop marketing mechanisms that could be used to better identify the users’ requirements.
Advertising of new products and services would increase market confidence and lessen negative
effects to KCSC. That could include establishment of user board and council. Developing marketing
mechanism has been geared towards citizen’s satisfaction.
4.5.
4.5.1.
Cadastral map renovation process
Approach for renovation
For the renovation of the Korean cadastral map, existing data may be utilized for quality improvement
process and new survey may be employed only, when it cannot be done away with. Both the
approaches will be considered depending upon the availability of source material, field records,
topographical maps and requirement of the users.
For those areas, where high quality field data are available and situation warrants (e.g. urban fringe),
another methodology, e.g. as proposed by Masters 1999 or Elfick 2005 may be adopted. In case of
deficiency in field data, topographic maps and aerial images can be used to get the required accuracy.
In the areas where field measurements are not available and the quality of existing cadastral map is
poor or unknown, a methodology is proposed, called renovation based on reconciliation, which is
based on Dutch renovation experience.
29
4.5.2.
Existing work process
KCSC is dedicated to cadastral surveys. The cadastral law provides protection of the property
ownership of the public and private sectors – and this is the main basis and goal of cadastral activities.
When customers request cadastral survey, KCSC carries out survey activities. The municipality
examines the result of the survey before the final cadastral survey result map is sent to the customers.
This is shown in figure 5.
Figure 5 Activity diagram of procedure of cadastral Surevy (Young Ho Lee, 2005)
The court is in charge of transferring ownership. Buyer and seller apply for their trade. And the court
examines the application. If it is approved, the customer can get the authority in accordance with the
updated document. The detailed procedure is shown in figure 6.
Figure 6 Register process in Supreme Court in Korea
30
4.5.3.
Cadastral map renovation and maintenance process
Detailed cadastral map renovation process and maintenance process are attached in the appendix 5
and 6.
4.5.4.
Workflow of cadastral map conversion
Planning and preperation
(National Coordinate system etc)
Aerial Images
Digital
topographic map
Digital Cadastral Map
Control points
Transform
Coordinate system
Transform
Coordinate system
Alter Local Control
points to Global
Control points
Alter Local Control
points to Global
Control points
Transform
Coordinate system
Transform
Coordinate system
Surveyed Parcel map
With control points
Transform
Coordinate system
Matching Control
points and Surveyed
parcel map
Correction
N
Overlap of Cadastral
map and Surveyed
parcel map
Local adjustment of
cadastral parcel
(least square)
Error Handling?
Y
Principle Cases and
regulation
Correction
N
Error Handling?
Y
Topology Editing
Correction
N
Error Handling?
Y
Publish
Figure 7 Workflow of Cadastral map conversion
The details related to this workflow are explained below.
31
4.5.4.1.
Planning and preparation
As explained above, the Korean cadastral map was digitized and the current survey method uses
computerization. The Korean cadastral map is based on paper map with different scales.
After analyzing the good practices around the world, a general trend is clearly visible that for
renovation, fieldworks are limited to the barest minimum, as it is very costly. Hence, existing data was
utilized for this quality improvement process and new survey has been resorted to only, where it
cannot be done away with.
Two prominent approaches for renovating cadastral maps are found. First, is by reconciliation and
harmonization process using the other more accurate maps of the same area and the second, is by
using the available surveyor’s field records (distances, bearings and angles) and standard parametric
least squares adjustment and constraint equations techniques. The former approach has been taken in
Dutch renovation process (Salzmann 1997; 1998 and van Osch 1995) and the latter by Australian
(Masters 1999), Croatian (Rolae 1998), Slovenian (Triglav 1998).
4.5.4.2.
Procedures
1. Datum transformation including control points
Rearrangement of control point requires two steps. The first one is make a skeleton of overall Korean
peninsula. The second one is detail rearrangement of the skeleton network.
Note that the current control points do not match with cadastral map, but fixing the position of control
points is important since it is used to move a block (of parcels or maps) from the current position to a
relative position. This is for the global level of matching, while moving blocks is for the local or
parcel level of matching. The surveyed points and adjusted points can have an attribute of weight
according to the reliability which will be used in the overlay adjustment process.
2. Fixing surveyed parcel map position
All of the surveyed maps have control points, because it is stipulated by company regulation that
when they survey, they have to use control points. Fixing the surveyed parcel map to control points
needs GIS software, and needs expertise in both GIS and fieldwork.
An ordinary Helmert transformation method can be used to transform the old coordinates into the
current coordinate system, and to serve as a standard for assessing the reliability of the peripheral
point positions of the adjustment area selected.
3. Overlap of cadastral map and surveyed parcel map and topographic map
Surveyed parcel map has a better accuracy than the cadastral map, and topographic map has a
homogeneous quality while the cadastral map is not homogeneous in quality.
The current cadastral map is made by using plane table while the surveyed parcel map is made by high
accurate survey equipment. Plane table has a tolerance of 24cm and total station has a tolerance of
0.1cm (if boundary points are well identified and the mirrors are stable). If the surveyed parcel map is
available, it is assumed that those areas have been resurveyed.
The Helmert transformation method will be used to adjust. Choosing the best identical point depends
on the map situation. At least 4 points are chosen to move the blocks to obtain improved approximate
values.
32
4. Map border connection
The border of the adjacent two maps generally does not exactly fit together. Similar with previous
procedures, the map border connection have to be conducted using available dataset’s. The result of
this process contributes to a seamless cadastral map.
5. Local adjustment of cadastral parcel (interpolation)
After finishing the previous step, the residuals in the adjusted map are interpolated in the map to
maintain the homogeneity of the cadastral map. The topographic map will be used for the residuals
and free blocks in the adjusted map. A least square interpolation technique will be used.
6. Topology editing and Reconciliation
Topology will be introduced – this allows for area calculation. Reconciliation which is mostly time
consuming activity will improve the quality of the map locally. The geometric relations in the map are
better warranted.
7. Error handling
Municipality decides the result of products.
4.6.
Concluding remarks
In the beginning of this chapter, case studies for Hong Kong, Taiwan and Netherlands were performed.
Hong Kong uses correlation methods with correlated land records that will gradually become a defacto land boundary record. Taiwan uses resurvey methods to renew the cadastral map. Forty-eight
percent (48%) of the land parcels were resurveyed until 2005. The Dutch used reconciliation methods
between cadastral and large scale topographic map. The Dutch achieved quality improvement in their
cadastral maps and are now preparing for the next map renovations.
User requirements are identified based on the analysis of the result of the questionnaires collected
from different respondents, namely, the general public, professional customers and KCSC staff
members. Most of the customers are not satisfied with the quality of the cadastral map. Customers
want various products combined with cadastral information. Most of the customers want a cadastral
resurvey.
SWOT analysis is used to propose a Vision ‘To-Be’ situation for KCSC. Consequently, 9 visions are
established and the 5th step approach is introduced to arrange many activities which have to be
planned and executed. And a relevant cadastral map renovation process is proposed.
33
5. Designing improvement strategies for map
renovation in Korea
5.1.
Introduction
In this chapter, a conceptual framework is suggested for the map renovation which means that the
original role of each organization is not changed after map renovation. An SDI project is
recommended during renovation stage since map renovation requires a lot of data exchanges. This
will help communication between organizations especially on the working process.
In the first section of this chapter, conceptual framework and organizational issues are analyzed and a
desired organizational role is proposed. And system architecture, datum transformation, and policy
and laws are discussed.
5.2.
Conceptual framework for ICT strategy
Strategy is a course of actions involving logical combination of actors, factors, and action chosen to
reach a long-term goal or vision. It is important to distinguish policy from strategy. Policies are
general guidelines to achieve given objectives. Strategy incorporates a logical sequence of steps
(ISNAR, 1998)
Strategic planning is a process by which an organization builds a vision of its future and develops the
necessary structure, resources, procedures, and operations to achieve it (ISNAR, 1998)
Experience acquired by many organizations has revealed that appropriate support from ICT is
essential to the achievement of the business objectives. On the symposium at ITC, in Enschede 2003,
it was concluded that a strategy for change management and business re-engineering (there are cases
where this approach failed!) is strongly related to the capacity of the organization, e.g. staff in IT
department. A strategy should be developed for a big time frame (think big), but work small and act
quickly (Molen and Lemmen, 2003).
Strategy can be defined as the path from the ‘As-Is’ situation to the ‘To-Be’ situation. At the time
when initially developing a strategy, development requires strategy to define the methodology and
framework. One of the objectives of this research is to develop a framework of ICT strategy.
Fi
t
Figure 8 Conceptual framework for developing ICT strategy (Todorovski Dimo, 2006)
34
For the achievement of developing strategy, a few elements should be taken into consideration.
• Business strategy
• Good practices
• System and user requirements
• Manageable and sustainable ICT
• ‘To-Be’ situation
• Awareness of current available ICT systems
• develop ICT strategy based on scientific literature and the MIT model
Illustrating these elements and their correlation shows a conceptual framework as represented in the
figure 8. Each element has its unique value and should be analyzed in respected manner. After that,
they are integrated with respect to the real situation of organizations. (Todorovski Dimo, 2006)
This is used in the context of this research.
5.2.1.
System and user requirements
Skilled human resources and availability of the well organized and institutionalized technology could
lead to an efficient and effective performance. Resources should meet the system and user
requirements
Since the customer satisfaction and relationship are the most important, it is argued that a customer
satisfaction model should be an integral part of organizational strategy model to deliver efficient and
effective services and products to the customer (Tuladhar and Van der Molen, 2003).
In the near future, customers want to have access to information 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, at
home, in the office, and in the field. They want to be served in a professional way, through userfriendly tools to information that is timely, up to date, reliable, complete, accurate, and relevant, if
necessary customized, well integrated with customer’s working procedures (Oosterom and Lemmen,
2002).
5.2.2.
Geo-ICT development
Recent developments in Geo-ICT, such as information system modelling standards, database
technology, global poisoning system, Internet technology development, wireless communication and
acceptance of geometry standards have been given a push toward the development of new cadastral
systems and the improvement of or extension of existing cadastral system (Van Oosterom, 2002).
In order to combat the negative effects of multiple data collection, storage and dissemination, data
sharing is a solution. This means that government bodies at all levels use data that is collected by
others and that the government does not spend money on collecting the same (duplicate) data. This is
in fact the researcher’s view that the main challenge lies on the conceptualizing of data
infrastructures. With regards to the spatial component of data, the concept is identified as ‘geo-spatial
data infrastructure’, and it is defined as the encompassment of networked spatial databases and data
handling facilities, the complex of institutional, organizational, technological, human and economic
resources which interact with one another and underpin the design, implementation, and maintenance
of mechanisms facilitating the sharing, access to, and responsible use of geospatial data at an
affordable cost for a specific application domain or enterprise (Groot, 2000).
35
While working on infrastructures, practice reveals that the impact of the concept of information
infrastructures develops along two lines. Namely on one hand the need for what is called
interoperability, thus the ability to combine and integrate data-sets from different origin, and on the
other hand the need for the government to re-organize government data-sets that everybody knows are
of a fundamental importance. The first need, interoperability, is normally divided in three forms, the
interoperability of data, software, and information (Pichler, 2004).
The second need looks after governmental data-sets that are of vital importance for many users. If
these fundamental data-sets are not available, it appears difficult to reap the financial and intangible
benefits of data-sharing. (Groot, 2000) speaks in this respect of ‘framework-data’, such as
• Geodetic control network (‘national triangulation’)
• Digital terrain models (‘height’)
• Topographical maps
• Geographical names
• Administrative boundaries
• Hydrography
• Cadastral data
• Land use/cover
The different kinds of geospatial datasets has to be integrated for the sake of E-Government in Korea.
On the basis of this concept, users can add their specific information to the framework datasets. In
order to cope with the demand for framework datasets, governments develop the so called authentic
registers or base-registers and to introduce international standards like OpenGIS.
There is a lot of capacity in IT. The developments in Geo-ICT would be assured of key drivers to
change cadastral organizations and to keep pace with the changing environment.
A conceptual framework is used in research (see figure 8) to outline possible courses of action or to
present a preferred approach to a system analysis project. The framework is built from a set of
concepts linked to a planned or existing system of methods, behaviours, functions, relationships, and
objects.
5.3.
Organization structure
Korean organizations are usually structured according to functional areas instead of product lines. The
functional structure groups specialized in similar skills in separate units. A functional structure is well
suited to organizations which have a single or dominant core product because each subunit becomes
extremely adept at performing its particular portion of the process. They are economically efficient,
but lack flexibility. Communication between functional areas can be difficult.
In case of map renovation, the organization has various cases to solve. It is not only the matter of one
organization but also linkage to other GI organizations. It is essential that the function of an
organization or organizational unit is decided before start.
36
5.3.1.
Current situation
As shown below, GI agencies in Korea have their own role in society. KCSC has a role in cadastral
survey. NGII has a role of providing topographic map and images. The Court has a role of registering.
In the perspective of GI, the organization wants to link with other agencies. The NGIS project in
Korea is well adopted. A SDI project is recommended for map renovation, because of the inclusion of
private companies.
5.3.1.1.
KCSC
The Korea Cadastral Survey Corporation (KCSC) deals with cadastral survey activities which were
formerly the role of the government. However the monopoly of KCSC in cadastral survey market
ended 3 years ago and KCSC became a special corporation by law. This means that the government
will give KCSC special roles substituting the cadastral survey activities - which will gradually
decrease in the future.
This situation forces KCSC to develop new strategy such as going abroad to find new business, etc.
KCSC have about 3.5 thousand employees. More than 90% of the employees are surveyors. Normally,
they act as manager or surveyors depending on the office needs. Managing human resources is a very
important issue in KCSC.
5.3.1.2.
MOGAHA (cadastral information)
MOGAHA governs 5 special cities, 12 provinces, and 266 municipalities where cadastre in
concerned. MOGAHA manages the cadastral law and cadastral strategy to improve the cadastral
systems. MOGAHA has about 2000 employees to manage the cadastral map DB. The cadastral
information contains parcel identification number, location, land category, boundary, area, yield class,
owner’s name, address, civic number, map scale, land use, control points, and so on. However,
information about buildings, public utilities, mortgages, easements, and other rights on land are not
included in the cadastral records.
5.3.1.3.
MOCT (topographic information)
NGII is the central surveying and mapping organisation under the Ministry of Construction &
Transportation which is responsible for the production of the topographic map. NGII developed the
SIMC (Korea Satellite Image Information Management Centre) to provide satellite images to the public.
They are in charge of providing information services for geodetic data, aerial photographs, levelling,
ground control survey and national land information and others. The organization has insufficient
human capacity in managing the resources. It means in practise that most of jobs are outsourced.
5.3.1.4.
Supreme Court (real estate information)
The Korean land registration system was established in 1912. There is low influence by business
establishments and high authority and no competition in society. The local courts take the role of real
estate registration which maintains and provides the land register, building register, shipping register
including the information of ownership, leasehold, easement, and mortgage and to maintain and
update those information’s. The Supreme Court has started the “Project of Land Registration
37
Computerization” since 1994 in order to realize epoch-making improvements for registry application
and issue, to support the following objectives:
• Information provision for capturing all types of tax sources according to deals with real estate
• Information provision for policy-making and for eradicating real estate speculation
• Information provision in digital form to reduce issuing time (Jong Cheul Park, 2004)
Table 12 Current organizational tasks in Korea
structure
information
produced
data
requiremen
t to be
linked with
(MOGAHA)
KCSC
Land Parcel
Information
(Cadastral
Survey and
management
)
12 regional
office and
208 local
office, more
than 3500
employees
Land Book,
Forest
Book,
Cadastral
Map,
Forest Map,
Numerical
Terrier
Cadastral
File
register
information
and
National
geo-spatial
data
(MOCT)
NGII
National
Geo-spatial
Data
(Topographi
c survey and
mapping,
managing
Satellite
images etc)
6 department
111
employees
Satellite
images
Topographi
c map
Digitized
maps
governmental
office under
Supreme
Court
Land
Register,
Ship
Register
Building
Register,
Commercial
Register
(Supervising
Government)
Agency
(Supreme
Court)
Local Court
5.3.2.
General Task
and
information
Register
information
(Manage
Register
information)
data
collection
methods
informatio
n
utilization
existing
information
system
data
format
Cadastral
Law
surveying
routine
work,
decision
making,
policy
making
KLIS
Total
Survey
System
SIPS
Gothic
Dxf
etc
Cadastral
Information
and register
information
Building
and
utilizing of
NGIS Law
surveying
and mapping
(Usually
Outsourcing
)
routine
work,
decision
making,
policy
making
SIMC
Topographi
c Map
Service
centre
TIFF
DWG
Cadastral
Information
and register
information
Real Estate
Registratio
n Law
requested
from public
routine
work
Register
TXT
Adopted
laws
Desired organizational role in map renovation stage
As described in previous section, Korean organizations are in uneven state in terms of role. Some
organization has huge roles and low human resources, other organization have many employees but
limited authority and related roles. It is suggested reconsider this situation - not only in this map
renovation stage but in a structural way for the future.
During the map renovation, Court and municipality have a role of auditing the map renovation product.
The Municipalities are experienced in auditing of the digital map conversion project. The Court is a
very good examiner for attributive data. KCSC and NGII have a role of operation of map renovation.
Both organizations have expertise in mapping, surveying, and cadastral and topographic information.
And the arbitration department as a temporal institution has a role of intermediation between
disputants.
Table 13 Desired organizational task in map renovation stage
Current Status
Map Renovation Stage
Organization
Roles
Organization
Roles
Ministry of
management level
Ministry of Government
management level
Government and
(Cadastral information)
and Home Affairs
38
Home Affairs
Ministry of
construction and
transportation
Court
management level
(Topographic information)
Ministry of construction
and transportation
management level
(land register)
Court
(land register)
Municipality
Customer contact point,
auditing survey, manage
cadastral map
Municipality
Korea cadastral
survey co
operational level
Korea cadastral survey co
NGII
operational level
NGII
Arbitration dept (consist of
persons who is expert in
their area)
5.4.
Higher Intermediation
(Intermediation of
resurveying project)
Auditing
customer contact point,
auditing survey, manage
cadastral map
Auditing
operational level (Cadastral
information)
Operation level
(Map renovation)
operational level
Operation level
(Map renovation)
Operational level
(Intermediation of
Arbitration)
Desired System Architecture in map renovation stage
The core cadastral domain model being a task for FIG Commission 7 is adopted for the development
of Land Administration standards in the context of appropriate ICT support for modern land
administration and land management. Every cadastral system stores contents of relationship between
persons and land, via rights up-to-date (based on the legal transactions) and provides information on
the registration (Lemmen et al., 2003).
Lemmen and van Oosterom (2003) stressed that the system should avoid reinventing and reimplementing the same functionality over and over again, but provide an extensible basis for efficient
and effective cadastral system development. And this should provide standard data among different
systems.
5.4.1.
Overall Component diagram for cadastral domain
Component diagram shows the physical structure of the code in terms of code components. A
component contains information about the logical class or classes it implements. Components may be
shown using any of the interfaces that they are exposed to, such as OLE/COM (object linking and
embedding/ component object model) interfaces, and they can be grouped together in packages.
(Hans-Erik Eriksson, UML 2 Toolkit)
When it comes to the perspectives of spatial distributors, standards, distribution, data collection, geoprocessing and so on need to be addressed. Providers distribute their raw product through the
interfaces, and then operator could handle the data and generate standard results. Users can access the
result through the interfaces with security. Managers would implement useful policies to effectively
and efficiently manage the system.
39
Figure 9 Component Diagram for Cadastral domain in Korea
A class diagram shows the static structure of classes in the system. The classes represent the “things”
that are handled in the system. Classes can be related to each other in a number of ways. The diagram
is considered static in that the structure described is always valid at any point in the system’s life
cycle. (Hans-Erik Eriksson, UML 2 Toolkit)
One class diagram is suggested for the map renovation. It is based on the second draft of the core
cadastral domain model (van Oosterom et al., 2003), though some classes were added which are
deemed useful for map renovation. Important classes are address class and metadata class. Metadata
classes are discussed in the chapter 2.5.
Figure 10 Class Diagram for Attribute DB Combined with Integrated DB
40
5.5.
5.5.1.
Datum transformation
Coordinates system in Korea
The reasons why NGII adopted the national geodetic system are:
1. The coordinates which is obtained from GPS survey are perfectly compatible with Korean Geodetic
System 2002.
2. World national trend forces South Korea to change world geodetic system.
3. In Korea, National Oceanographic Research Institute and Korea Army Mapping Center have
adopted National geodetic system since 1997.
The needs for coordinate transformation of cadastral maps are that:
1. It is impossible to get a control points coordinates only for cadastral domain. Unification and
common use of control points is needed
2. A control point should have the same co-ordinates on both the cadastral map and topographic map.
3. This is an international trend to provide direct coordinates from survey.
Before the Revision of survey law, surveyors can use both the Tokyo datum and ITRF2000 datum
from 2003 to 2006. Surveyors have to use ITRF2000 datum starting 2007. So all these situation give
the chance of turning point to cadastral part.
(KCSC and Inha University and UBIST co., (2005), Introduction of KGD2002)
5.5.2.
KGD2002 (Korea Geodetic Datum 2002)
KGD2002 is a new horizontal reference system which is based on ITRF2000 coordinates system
(International Terrestrial Reference Frame) of horizontal reference system and GRS80 (Geodetic
Reference System 1980) ellipsoid of reference ellipsoid. This is enacted in 2007.
Map projection is TM projection – Gauss-Kruger projection methods - which is same since 1974.
The areas affective with the switching over from Tokyo datum to KGD2002 datum are;
1. Spatial reference system
2. Representing method of location
3. The coordinates of control points and boundary points.
4. The area of the map sheet or parcels
(KCSC and Inha University and UBIST co., (2005), Introduction of KGD2002)
A lot of research had been done in datum transformation area. Especially in Cadastral research
institute in KCSC. Several results are described below.
Sort out cadastral survey reference points following the introduction of World Geodetic
Coordinates System (Sanggu Kang, JunSik Kim, 2005)
o The result of national cadastral control network from 2003 till 2005 researched by
MOGAHA and KCSC.
o This is a ITRF result based on the 32 GPS station
Coordinates unification of cadastral control points over the country (Chul-Soo Yang, Inje Woo,
2006)
o Parameter calculation of Korea in BESSEL
o Local parameter of several provinces
o Special region parameter
41
Updating and Re-establishment of cadastral Control Points in Korea by Using GPS Observations
(Chul-Soo Yang, 2005)
Cadastral surveying in Korea is based on the cadastral triangulation points which are originated from
the old surveying network established in early years of 20th century. The datum is different from New
Korea Geodetic Datum 2000 (NKGD2000) which employs the ITRF97 and GRS80 ellipsoid.
In order to improve quality of old cadastral surveying network, which will not be accurate enough to
meet modern needs, the network is investigated by GPS measurements and trilateral adjustment is
carried out. In this process, coordinate transformation between the old and NKGD2000 datum, and
local geoid model is used to find out accurate control points using 461 triangulation points over South
Korea. The adjustment computation by using the GPS observations on 32 triangulation points
distributed over Kyungki province (100km x 100km) has shown the control points employed in
cadastral surveying have coordinate errors up to one meter or more. The computation also has shown
the estimated coordinate error of the adjusted points is within 5cm, highly accurate as well as highly
consistent. (Chul-Soo Yang, 2005)
Introduction of KGD2002, (KCSC and Inha university and UBIST co., 2005)
o Change of cadastral coordinates representation into OAH (Offset-Azimuth-Height)
method
o Proposed procedure of cadastral map coordinates conversion
Figure 11 Proposed procedure by KCSC and Inha university and UBIST co
5.5.3.
Datum transformation recommendations
From these researches, some recommendation on coordinate conversion work is suggested.
Cooperating GPS permanent station, NGII and KCSC have to solve the discrepancy of the
coordinates of control points.
This conversion work needs to incorporate the topographic maps and control points.
By law, the topographic map has already been changed to the KGD2002 datum. This means using
topographic map can reduce lots of considerations for map conversion such as transformation
parameters.
Control points need to be integrated and calculated for use in both topographic map and cadastral
map databases. So Institutional cooperation is a very important issue in this
Field records have very high accurate information. Well-defined control networks and field
records play an important role in cadastral map renovation.
42
5.6.
Policy and laws
The government is recommended to know that the GII and ICT are very important issues for the NGIS
and U-Korea. Base maps in Korea like topographic map and cadastral map have to be integrated in a
SDI project.
For this purpose, preparing special laws and changing some organizational roles and some guidelines
are needed.
5.6.1.
Policy including ICT
The cadastral map needs to be amended by larger scale of topographic map, field sketch and so on.
An awareness of developing strategy for the map renovation needs to be instilled to each
organization.
The performance of the map renovation project would fully depend on the availability of ICT and
skilled staffs, thus the establishment of fundamental ICT department/sector and education for
employees is needed.
The existing laws, which do not allow map renovation, need to change.
Web-based interface should be Standardized and user-friendly. And it has to meet customer’s
needs.
Critical activities should not be outsourced. And personnel who are confident and committed are
very important.
Customer satisfaction is one of the main goals in this project. Feedback from users is important to
find out the rate of users’ satisfaction periodically.
SDI project will connect to other organization for data sharing/exchange. This development leads
each organization to become a leader in GI provision field.
Each organization has to transform towards customer oriented production and provision of
products and services using ICT.
To avoid the duplication and to reduce government expense for spatial data infrastructure, central
institution needs to be established for efficient geographical data exchange.
The Government may pay attention to this cadastral map renovation. The cadastral map
renovation project is not only to improve the geometric accuracy of map but to improve spatial
data infrastructure.
Use standards to manage and sustain fundamental datasets for better utilization. Included is
continuous quality improvement.
5.6.2.
Special laws
Hereunder are some of the sections that should be included in the Special law, to wit;
Aim and Definition of terms
Cadastral map renovation and its rules
Organization’s cooperation and authorities
Education
Mediation procedure
And so on.
Detailed law for cadastral map renovation process is suggested in the appendix 7.
43
5.7.
Concluding remarks
A conceptual framework for ICT strategy has been introduced to establish an environment in
implementing the cadastral map renovation project. To conduct the cadastral map renovation project,
organizational cooperation is the critical ingredient that will make or break the nest devised plans.
Organizational issues at KCSC, MOGAHA, MOCT, and Supreme Court are considered at the data
quality improvement stage. Desired organizational structures and desired organizational role in map
renovation stage is described using component and class diagrams.
The cadastral map renovation process is illustrated using workflow diagrams. Recommended
procedures are datum conversion, fixing surveyed parcel map position, overlay all possible maps, map
border connection, interpolation, topology editing and reconciliation, error handling.
Policies and laws are suggested for the success of cadastral map renovation and SDI project.
44
6. Comparing and validating the renovation
strategies
6.1.
Introduction
In the previous chapter, the improvement strategies for cadastral map renovation were outlined.
In this chapter, an analysis of approaches are compared and validated for these objectives with regard
to the predefined methodology. The seven (7) technical approaches to find out which technical
approach is fit for South Korea situation is elaborated. All prototyping are verified by quality sheets.
And the impact analysis is conducted based on the technical, legal and social, financial, and economic
aspects.
6.2.
Approaches to compare
In this research, 7 approaches are compared;
1) Cadastral editor in ArcGIS
ArcGIS provides an efficient management tool to support cadastral workflows. Using this
software is convenient in managing a cadastral dataset.
2) Block by block approach
Block by block approach is a method to make overall adjustment. Blocks would be separated by
road, river, ditch, etc., which are considered government property. It is easier to compare block
by block in different kinds of maps.
3) Point by point approach
Point by point approach is a method to use higher accurate points. The highest accurate point
among the points which can be calculated of the same points will be the decided point.
4) Sheet by sheet approach
Sheet by sheet approach is a fast method to combine map sheets and to make seamless map.
5) Resurvey method
Resurvey method is a method to renew all cadastral spatial related information.
6) Reconciliation method
Reconciliation method is a method used by the Dutch. And it will provide a good representation
of cadastral map combined with topographic map.
7) Correlation method
Whenever cadastral map is surveyed, the field sketch and final result will be stored in different
layer to keep those dataset.
All the approaches could be highly supported by a datum transformation, which is a very mathematical
approach but straightforward operation.
These methods are however compared by the following criteria.
45
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
6.2.1.
Focus on
What the main purpose of the method is. For instance, overall adjustment of the map; simply
connect sheet by sheet; or parcel maintenance.
Original data source
Which kinds of data the method shall use. For instance, the topographic map is not needed in the
resurvey method.
Procedures
One may consider if the parcel would have been transformed manually or by selecting manually
and calculate in a systematic way, or in a systematic way.
Technical methods
What is the main technique used in the method.
Over-tolerance parcel count
After the method, how many parcels are above tolerance values. There are 3 tolerance values.
Summation of over-tolerance
How big the tolerance is. Summation of over-tolerance indicates the change rate of area.
The gap between the registered area and calculated area
If this gap is small, one can assume it will make little difference on the area before and after the
renovation, but the geometric quality would have been improved.
Maintenance
After the renovation, selection on which data or which technique would be used to improve the
map quality must be decided upon.
Expected working period
It can be estimated how long the project may be completed by determining the time the method
would take. It has been calculated by comparing the cadastral map digitization period in South
Korea.
Advantage / Disadvantage / Opinion
This explains some ideas about what the advantage / disadvantage is. Finally some opinions are
described.
Data collection and regulation
For the prototyping, here are some of the collected data:
Region : A-san City, ChungNam Province
Data’s
Aerial Photos : 3 files, 1GB (20cm), Tiff format
1:1000 Topographic map : 43 Sheets, DXF format
Cadastral map ; 14,165 parcels, CIF format
1: 600 ;
796 parcels
1:1000 ; 199 parcels
1:1200 ; 12,948 parcels
1:6000 ; 222 parcels
Survey record file – SVY format
46
Before the start of actual prototyping, datum transformation and data regulation is a common work to do
further prototyping work. Datum transformation is a straight forward work which can be easily done
using utilities.
Datum transformation (None -> Korea Geodetic Datum 2000)
Data conversion ; CIF, SVY -> SHP format (Source modify and programming)
TIFF -> Spatial referencing
Control point Extraction from CIF file
Connect each survey record to the Control point (Sometimes Using Helmert Transformation)
Remove Irregular attribute
After datum transformation, try to match field records with control points using edge matching method.
And following comparisons are carries out:
Comparison among Aerial photos, Cadastral maps, Topographic maps, field records and control
points
Figure 12 Example of matching Aerial photos and field records
Figure 13 Example of overlap all datasets
In this view, aerial photos, topographic map, control point and field records is seen to be almost identical
while on the cadastral map, gaps or overlaps can be observed between the original map sheets.
The researcher has collected 29 parcels which would be used in each adjustment method. These parcels
(show above) have a gap between the map sheets.
47
6.2.2.
Comparing transformation methods
In this prototyping, 3 kinds of transformation was tried, it includes Affine, Simplicity, and Helmert.
Affine transformation transforms the shape of boundary greatly.
Figure 14 Before and after Affine transformation
Figure 15 Before and after Simplicity transformation
6.2.3.
Using Cadastral editor in ArcGIS
From the ArcGIS 9.2 service pack 3, cadastral editor is included in ArcGIS as an extension. Cadastral
editor in Survey Analyst introduces a new set of tools for maintaining land records within ArcGIS.
Parcel datasets, known as cadastral fabrics are created and maintained using fabric editing tools and
are adjusted with control points in a Least Squares Adjustment. GIS feature classes using the cadastral
fabric as a base map, are kept in alignment with the adjusted cadastral fabric in a GIS Feature Class
Adjustment.
This methodology is suitable for the area where field data is available and cadastral boundary
database (CBDB) exist. This adjustment technique is based on standard parametric least squares
adjustment and formulation of Constraint equations for each data type or conditions (Masters 1999;
Elfick 2005). The basic assumption used in this process is the CBDB has its own inherent shape that
should be preserved unless other higher accuracy information is available. Thus, the most
fundamental data is the distances and directions between points in the database, as defined by the line
work. The Australian Cadastre used this technique for their upgrade process (Masters 1999).
The knowledge of boundary definition processes and their evolution can also be used in developing
conditions, which can be used in upgrading process. The procedure to use Cadastral editor in ArcGIS is
shown in the appendix 9.
6.2.3.1.
Prototyping
Installing service pack 3 had been successful with the help of helpdesk. To import field records into
survey project, two methods were used, by importing ASCII file with delimiter and by GSI format,
which is a field record file supported by LEICA Co. The two approaches were successful in importing
48
data. After that, creating parcels had been done from CAD format directly. Cadastral editor works with
job books. Job books record all the modification and creation of parcel historically. More tools are
available in this editor such as join parcel; match a control point to a point and so on.
6.2.3.2.
Result and validating
Least squares adjustment will act on extra measurements in order to be able to calculate RMSE. Every
time a new survey result is available, it can be updated by the cadastral fabric. This method is a proven
method that improves the quality of GI.
By the way, the field records which have been collected in Korea are not sufficient for adopting least
squares adjustment. Field records cover the whole country sporadic. It can be joined with control points
though.
To solve interoperability among topographic map, cadastral map, aerial photos and field record needs
operations among different layers. In this case, the least squares adjustment is not available.
Cadastral editor is a workflow inside ArcGIS Survey Analyst that enables users to add new parcels
from subdivision plats, split parcels, add control points, and improve the spatial position of parcels
without changing the original survey record data stored in the database. Cadastral editor also stores
cadastral survey records in a dataset called the cadastral fabric. The cadastral fabric is a layer of
parcels representing multiple land record sources that are seamlessly connected and integrated.
(www.esri.com)
6.2.4.
Using block by block approach
The topographic map has a homogeneous quality and cadastral field surveys are very accurate. Further,
the topographic map which has been used in this prototyping is more accurate than the cadastral map
(Scale 1:1000 to 1:1200). So the topographic map and aerial photos indicate which portions have to be
amended. A parcel which is divided into several pieces by the grid lines will get a greater improvement
then one with a accurate closed polygon. The procedure to use block by block approach is shown in the
appendix 9.
6.2.4.1.
Prototyping
Overlaying all possible layers is the first thing to do. The overlay maps indicate which portion of the
cadastral boundaries has to be fixed. A block is selected which is separated by roads, river or ditches
and so on. Select and link well-defined points corresponding to more than 4 points between
appropriate measured points and current cadastral map on the boundary of the block. Using the
results, additional connection points can be selected or deleted to eliminate gross errors and to get
improved approximate values. Then move the block to correct position for Helmert transformation
methods.
Following is a detailed procedure to move and adjust blocks.
• select spatial adjustment method
• calculate parameters
• perform the adjustment
• reconciliation
• introduce topology
49
After moving the blocks there is a small gap and overlap around the block boundary, one may adjust
the block boundary by area comparison with field records and topographic boundaries. In most cases
the difference could be easily adjusted.
One should always consider the topographic boundary. In case of overlap and gap, one can decide
which parcel should include the gap and overlap portion by area comparison. If it is not adoptable for
parcels, the topographic boundary must be followed and adjust the boundary inside the block to check
with legal area. This approach assumes that cadastral and topographic boundaries are identical.
Area comparison has to be taken soon after finishing all the boundary adjustment. As a reference a
least square interpolation technique had been used in the Dutch cadastre.
6.2.4.2.
Block by block approach gives a high quality improvement and keeps the preserved area. The average
gap between registered area and calculated area has improved from 0.96 to 0.85. The parcel count which
is above the tolerance is the same as current status, while the summation of over-tolerance area has
improved from 72.6 to 67.9.
The difference between block by block and point to point is that point to point approach uses highly
accurate points while block by block approach uses area comparison.
6.2.5.
Using point by point approach
This method is almost the same as block by block approach. The difference between them is the unit of
moving. Block by block approach uses block while point by point approach uses the higher accurate
points. The procedure to use point by point approach is shown in the appendix 9.
6.2.5.1.
Prototyping
Lay-out all possible layers. Choose one parcel and find correlated parcel location. Investigate which
target point has the highest accuracy, and the first boundary point would be moved to that point. The
highest priority is the field sketch. The second is the topographic map. And third one is aerial photo
according to the resolution and scales.
According to the scale of the map, the boundary will be adjusted to the direction of highest accuracy
point.
After moving parcel by point to point, parcel correction and its relationship is adjusted. The relationship
between adjacent parcels has been investigated to find a gap or overlap between them.
6.2.5.2.
Point by point approach gives high quality improvement. The average gap between registered area and
calculated area has improved from 0.96 to 0.80. And the summation of over-tolerance area has improved
from 72.8 to 67.6.
A problem is occurs when the point has no indication because of insufficient field records or smaller
scale topographic maps. If a point in the cadastral map does not match with “higher” point, assuming or
using another available data may be used because the aerial photo available has 20cm resolution which is
big. And in the prototyping, the researcher used a larger scale topographic map. Note that there are
many regions which does not have larger scale topographic map.
The other problem is less concern to areas. Therefore, this method if combined with area comparison,
would greatly improve the map quality.
50
6.2.6.
Sheet by sheet approach
Sheet by sheet approach is a fast method to make seamless map. This method doesn’t consider the inside
boundary of the grid line. Only the parcel which is across the grid line is to be considered. The procedure
to use sheet by sheet approach is shown in the appendix 9.
6.2.6.1.
Prototyping
The topographic map and cadastral map is overlapped in the GIS. Gaps and overlaps were found along
the grid lines. The parcel is adjusted by not only moving the boundary points of the parcels but choosing
mid-point, connecting points. The topographic map indicates a direction which way the parcel has to be
moved.
6.2.6.2.
This method only focuses on the parcels which are across the grid lines. These parcels could not be
joined correctly because of the distortion of map. The geometric quality would be worse after joining
because the edge matching method will generate different shape, and area of the parcel. This method
would not allow the map-shift moving along the grid lines. Parcels which are inside the grid lines on the
map are not part of the concern. There is a boundary problem still remains inside the sheet. The benefit
of this method is to get a seamless map in a short period. By the way, the resulting quality of the map is
not good enough because there are still discrepancies as it were. So, it is no use to adjust only the
boundary across the grid lines. Finally, the expected work load will be low while, the resulting quality
will be low also.
The average gap between registered area and calculated area is worst, from 0.93 to 7.8. And the
summation of over-tolerance areas is 155.6m2 while block by block approach is 72.6 m2. The area
change rate is too big which may cause complaints.
6.2.7.
Reconciliation methods
Reconciliation method is an approach to conciliate cadastral information’s to topographic map. The
cadastral map of the Netherlands has been improved by map renovation, including map digitization
focusing on improving the graphical presentation with accuracy attributes.
The procedure of reconciliation method is shown in the appendix 9.
6.2.7.1.
Prototyping
When one acquires a data, the precision of the data is known. It is called acquisition precision.
According to this acquisition precision shown in table 22, least squares adjustment is adopted on these
datasets.
In the prototyping, it is assumed that the precision of the datasets is according to the scale or precision of
the equipment which the data had been collected. The parcel is adjusted using topographic map and not
to cross the building boundaries. If the connection between (field sketch) points crosses the building,
adjust the boundary using the topographic lines. Since there is a road outside the block, it was assumed
that the road would be less precise than parcel boundaries.
6.2.7.2.
The major issue is reconciliation between topographic map and cadastral map. The average gap between
registered area and calculated area has improved from 0.96 to 0.60. And the summation of over-tolerance
51
area is 82.2m2. This method is good for conciliating with topographic map and graphical representation
and even including buildings. This method will help to integrate cadastral map and topographic map.
But the problem in this case is, the area change rate is 11 parcels out of the 29 parcels are above
tolerance. The important thing in Dutch case is the significance of the organization. All the GII related
datasets are in one organization. So the organization can handle the large scale topographic map and
cadastral map simultaneously.
6.2.8.
Correlation methods
Correlation method is an approach to introduce the eternal update procedure. Correlation method will
take long period and needs a hierarchical system. The procedure of Correlation method is shown in the
appendix 9.
6.2.8.1.
This method has a reiteration process. It will gradually update the cadastral map. It is a time consuming
procedure. The expected problem is how to manage two different layers whenever they update the
boundaries, even in the dissemination or geometric calculation.
The merit of this approach is that it keeps the current cadastral survey work: when surveyors survey a
parcel boundary they can update the parcel as they surveyed it. The latest surveyed parcel has a better
accuracy and it would be preserved in a different layer. The expected costs will be the lowest because
there is no additional project. This method is not adoptable for South Korea situation because there is
no way to mediate the conflict of lands while this approach is progressing. The reason why Hong
Kong could use this approach is that they have a deed registration system. The cadastral survey result
is the only reference for the deed registration system, while Cadastral map boundary has a legal
meaning in South Korea.
6.2.9.
Resurvey method
Cadastral resurvey method is an approach to renew all the cadastral information. Several countries like
Japan and Taiwan are doing cadastral resurvey for decades. Still it is on-going because it is a very time
consuming process and needs a lot of finances to finish. The procedure to use for resurvey approach is
shown in the appendix 9.
6.2.9.1.
Prototyping
From the GPS control station, calculate the GPS coordinates in each control point. Using these points,
every parcel has been resurveyed using high accuracy equipments. The coordinates calculated by those
equipments are fixed coordinates of cadastral boundary. The difference between registered area and
resurveyed area will be bigger than other approaches.
In this prototyping, the researcher used only field records with control points. The field records map is
moved according to the control points to match the control point in the control point’s layer and the
control points in the field records map.
To make a parcel boundary polygon, connecting point to point has been done. The result of this approach
is shown below.
52
6.2.9.2.
Resurvey methods depends on accurate field survey. This approach can produce a high quality cadastral
map. The difference between reality and map will be minimized. This method needs field records for all
the parcels. At least it will take more than 10 years and lots of finances as shown in the Taiwan case.
And expected complaints are highest because the scope of this operation is the whole lands of South
Korea and the parcels will be changed in the context of shape, area and location, etc.
The average gap between registered area and calculated area has been worse from 0.96 to 7.5. And the
summation of over-tolerance areas is biggest at 202.6m2 in this prototyping.
This method will change everything like geometry, attributes, missing parcels, and parcels which have to
be eliminated and so on. And: the compensation will be a major issue. If one parcel has been eliminated
and the owner doesn’t want to eliminate that parcels then this is a problem as well because the resurvey
method has to use the field records in reality not in register. So this method would cause a lot of
problems.
6.2.10.
Comparison of each methods
The detailed table for comparison of each method is attached in the appendix 8.
In this respect, it is suggested that combined usage of block by block approach and reconciliation
method is most likely to fit for the South Korea situation. Two steps are recommended. One is overall
adjustment and another is introducing WFMS for individual parcels updates.
6.2.10.1.
Total area change
In this prototyping, the total area of the 29 parcels is calculated. The registered area is 3896.2m2. After
adjustment, the total area has increased to 3984.4m2. The increase of the area did not occur for this
specific method but for all the other methods tested in this research.
The possible reasons are:
• The thickness of pencil and the use of planimeter to calculate the area inside the boundary
• People do not want to pay much tax so they put the smallest area possible at the time of
Japanese ruling.
• Datum transformation, Bessel use parameters as a=6,377,397.155m and 1/f=299.1528128
while GRS1980 use parameters as a=6,378,137m and 1/f=298.257222101. The GRS1980
ellipsoid is bigger than Bessel. And so on.
Whichever method is used, the area will be increased. This means if government rectify the records
and adopt the new measurement, this will bring the government a fortune for taxes.
6.2.10.2.
Data quality evaluation and assessment
ISO19114 indicates some useful evaluation and assessment methods.
In this research the geometric quality, that is, positional accuracy in the quantitative quality elements
is assessed. Table 14 shows the data quality positional accuracy measures. Table 15 shows the relative
quantitative quality information. The quality of positional accuracy had been calculated by comparing
distance between topographic boundary and cadastral boundary.
The reconciliation method is thought of as the best method to be interoperable with topographic map.
However, if the parcel boundary has a big gap compared to the topographic boundary and is above the
value of ideal precision, the parcel boundary could not adjust with reconciliation methods.
Block by block approach is also a good method to keep their positional accuracy.
53
Table 14 Data quality positional accuracy measures
Data quality component
DQ_Scope
DQ_Element
DQ_Subelement
DQ_Measure
DQ_MeasureDesc
DQ_MeasureID
point
block
sheet
Recon
cadastral
Correlation
by
by
by
resurvey ciliatio
editor
point
block
sheet
n
All nodes forming the cadastral boundary is within the tolerance with
larger scale topographic map
Positional accuracy
relative or internal accuracy
average difference for each boundary point
133-22
DQ_EvalMethod
DQ_EvalMethod
Type
External
DQ_EvalMethod
Desc
for each node in the parcel measure the error distance between the
topographic node and cadastral node, and calculate RMSE
DQ_QualityResult
DQ_ValueType
DQ_Value
DQ_ValueUnit
DQ_Date
DQ_ConformanceLevel
Dataset parameters
Quality result meaning
Number
0.716 0.65
2.212
0.788
0.432
Meter
1/17/2008
Not specified
Omitted
RMSE of distance of the nodes is m. since conformance quality level
is not specified; only the RMSE is reported.
Table 15 Summary of relative quantitative quality information
data quality
element
Completeness
Logical
consistency
Positional
accuracy
54
data quality
sub element
commission
point by
point
Yes
block by
block
yes
sheet by
sheet
yes
yes
Reconcilia
tion
yes
cadastral
editor
yes
Correlatio
n
yes
omission
conceptual
consistency
domain
consistency
format
consistency
topological
consistency
absolute or
external
accuracy
relative or
internal
accuracy
gridded data
position
accuracy
Yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
Yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
Yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
Yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
Yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
Yes
yes
no
yes
yes
yes
yes
No
yes
no
no
yes
no
no
No
no
no
no
no
no
no
resurvey
temporal
accuracy
thematic
accuracy
accuracy of a
time
measurement
temporal
consistency
temporal
validity
classification
correctness
nonquantitative
attribute
correctness
quantitative
attribute
accuracy
Yes
yes
yes
yes
Yes
yes
yes
Yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
Yes
Yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
Yes
Yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
Yes
Yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
Yes
Yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
Yes
In Korea, the data capture, processing, update, and auditing method are computerised. The cadastral
data updating is done on a “daily basis”. Municipalities audit the cadastral updates, except the
boundary surveys. This means the quantitative quality like completeness, logical consistency,
temporal accuracy, and thematic accuracy are assured. The yellow shaded cells in the table above
indicate those facts. The non-shaded cells indicate the positional accuracy. All the presented methods
use the field sketch, which can be thought of having an almost absolute accuracy, except for the sheet
by sheet approach. In the relative accuracy, when the cadastral map uses topographic map, the
researcher put yes on that.
6.2.10.3.
Analysis and conclusion
As described in chapter 2, the current tolerance (accuracy) is based on the area and scale of the map
which shows a curve while the tolerance suggested shows a linear line. In this approach, the new
tolerance values like q parameter as 0.5, q parameter as 0.7 is adopted. The current tolerance is very
similar with q parameter as 0.7. This is one way assure the quality of the map.
The block by block approach is the recommended method for the South Korea situation. When the
block was selected, the outside of the block is considered also. There must be a road, river and ditches
which is a property of the government. In this condition, if the block is moved to a new location, there
is no difference inside and outside of the block. In this case, Helmert transformation set with a scale
factor as 1 is recommended. If the outside of the block meets another block, there would be a small
gap and overlaps which can be adjusted by larger scale topographic map. Then the individual parcel
area can be considered in the larger topographic map, and aerial photos to the direction of reducing
difference between registered area and calculated area.
The main point why one should use this method is the land consolidation areas. South Korea has a lot
of farmland reform, and land readjustment is ongoing. These regions (after finalisation) do not have
problems with survey because the whole regions have been resurveyed already. The only concern in
this case is the regional boundary adjustment because the outside of the regions still have
inharmonious boundaries. But this reform result should be used as it is. Fortunately, most of the
outside the reform areas are ditches, rivers and roads.
In the view of the expected work load and expected working period, cadastral resurvey is the most
time consuming and huge work load. Cadastral resurvey has to survey the whole Korean peninsula. It
55
will probably take more then 10 years with most expertise employed as shown in the Taiwan case.
And it may cause lots of inconvenience.
It took 5 years to digitize the whole cadastral map with approximately 760 hundred sheets. It is
expected that the period using the other approaches are at least 2 times faster than the cadastral map
digitization. Digitization work needed lots of processes like manual digitizing, scanning, connecting
polygons, giving attributes and so on. It is related with finance too. Less time takes less finance.
Cadastral editor has to be used in map updating procedures combined with newly developed program
which includes least squares adjustment.
Such an approach will cause less complains. Persons would consider not only the geometric
correction but also the area comparison (Chapter 2.4).
Reporting is an important work to protect illegal activities and find out the quality of the results. The
most important thing is the area itself. After the cadastral map renovation, it may be expected that
there is no more gap or overlap in the cadastral map. There are topologies, harmonize with
topographic map and aerial photos and control points. The geometric quality will improve also
6.3.
6.3.1.
Impact analysis
Introduction
Impact Analysis is a technique that helps users thinks through the full impacts of a proposed change.
As such, it is an essential part of the evaluation process for major decisions. More than this, it gives
the ability to spot problems before they arise, so that companies can develop contingency plans to
handle issues smoothly. This can make the difference between well-controlled and seeminglyeffortless project management, and an implementation that is seen by your boss, team, clients and
peers as a shambles.
The cadastral map renovation is one of the approaches identified to improve map quality. Most of
surveyors and government employees want cadastral resurvey in whole peninsula. Anent to this, an
analyses of the impact of map renovation is made.
Korea developed rapidly starting 1960s, fuelled by high savings and investment rates, and a strong
emphasis on education. The nation became the 29th member country of the Organisation for
Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) in 1996.
6.3.2.
6.3.2.1.
Technical impact
Improvement of the geometric quality of Cadastral map
6.3.2.1.1. Topology and seamless map
The current cadastral map has management method using spaghetti format. This means it allows
overlaps between parcels and one parcel may have many partitions. This renovation create new
seamless map with topology.
6.3.2.1.2. Improve the geometric quality
Least squares adjustment allows the better calculation of parcel fabrics. Metadata has an important
role in quality aspects. The resolution of spatial element is kept in the metadata. For instance,
converted map originating from analogue map is less accurate than captured map using high accurate
devices in the field. We can put different weight on each spatial element. For instance the corner of
56
the building should have a higher weight than the middle of the river. This allows best suitable
combination among not only parcel fabrics but also distributed field sketches.
6.3.2.2.
Improvement of the survey quality of Cadastral map
Recently, most of the survey companies in South Korea use digital technology in the survey fields. As
we have seen in the user’s requirement, the only problem is the data itself. If this map renovation will be
realized, the survey activity will dramatically change because of the digital environment.
Surveyors use still their intuition in making survey decisions. There is little way to judge the decision
automatically. If the updating procedure using least squares adjustment is justified by the government,
the quality of the cadastral map will increased gradually.
6.3.2.3.
Quality assurance
6.3.2.3.1. Using standards and security
OpenGIS committee sets lots of standards to disseminate GIS data to other related organizations. The
standards comprise the XML, GML and so on. There is a security need also especially if people learn
how to access and get data from GML site. Thus, using standards with a well-defined security option
can improve the communication ability. It is recommendable to use standards in all procedures like
data acquisition, management and distribution of spatial information.
6.3.2.3.2. Historical database
The cadastral database should be up-to-date and surveyors have access to historical records of the
cadastre. Surveyors are always looking for available evidence. Of course in the current law, the survey
should be executed based on the evidence of the former survey result. The development of GIS can
allow the users to keep the historical data and manage it.
6.3.2.3.3. Quality assurance
The current cadastral map had been made in about 1910s. Therefore the quality of the map accuracy is
not acceptable nowadays. It is suggested that all the procedure is reviewed to be assured of the quality.
To do this, the whole activities starting with the data acquisition to data dissemination have to involve
quality assurance. Using very high accuracy equipment such as total station and GPS is one of the
quality assurances. The surveying methods also have to be changed in a systematic way and not
graphical way, which is depend on surveyor’s intuition. The results from the field are stored and
systematic updated. And these data should pass or follow a certain standard.
All procedures have to be supported by quality assurance. To do this, cadastral map renovation is a
recommended to ensure quality assurance.
Quality is the key to a successful business, whether it is a profession, a service industry or in
manufacturing. The quality of goods and services is now recognized as a prerequisite to commercial
success. It is a management approach that aims to achieve continuous improvement in all process,
goods and services through the creative involvement of all people (Raubenheimer, 1998). The present
system of licensing should be replaced by quality assurance so that companies as well as individuals
can undertake all forms of cadastral work, including boundary surveys and spatial data management.
Quality assurance should be backed by professional indemnity insurance (UN HABITAT, 1990).
57
6.3.2.4.
Sustainable quality management
This map renovation process is not executed only in map renovation stage. This process introduces
the new technology including least squares adjustment. This process will lead to continuous accuracy
improvement by permanent map revision process.
In this process we always consider the consistency with topographic map and field survey sketch.
6.3.3.
Legal and social Impacts
This section investigates the legal and social impacts of cadastral map renovation. In this regard, the
special law and social impact will be proposed.
6.3.3.1.
National SDI with Partnership
Implementation of the proposed system requires involvement of all partners. Organization can reduce
their budgets if all GIS related organizations join this National SDI project. For the organizations to
cooperate, there is a need for collaboration. This should be back by a legal framework because the
implementation of this proposed system needs strong legal support. These kinds of legal framework
will affect good governance of the government. Finally this legal framework is the basis for putting all
products and services on the global level in Korea.
And the changes of the national coordinate system play an important role in interoperability within
organizations.
6.3.3.2.
Land disputes
One of reasons why users are not satisfied with the cadastral activity is the cadastral data itself. The
cadastral data are not in accordance with the category, boundaries, size, and ownership of parcels in
reality. Errors in control points propagate through the cadastral spatial data. Furthermore when
subdividing land parcels, the errors propagate through the parcels.
These kinds of errors often cause land disputes. The problem is that the current cadastral system is not
equipped to solve land disputes. Cadastral map renovation will help in reducing land dispute. Most of
the cadastral map renovation works are expected to be done in the office. In case a field survey is
needed, both neighbours will be there in cadastral survey.
For illustration, usually a lot of disputes come from the boundary problems. If government can
forward the boundary problem to the area problem and redefine the area tolerance according to the
renovation result, it will reduce a great number of disputes. People could agree on their legal area
even if there is a bit of problem on the boundary.
6.3.3.3.
Legislation
A special law is needed for cadastral map renovation. The current cadastral law does not allow
rectification of cadastral boundaries intuitionally. For instance, the parcel which is originally one
closed parcel and is represented as a divided parcel due to the map grid, amending the record to one
closed polygon is forbidden. To rectify this special law is required to make map more reliable and
realistic. This is a government role.
6.3.3.4.
Social Impact
People in South Korea cling to their parcel areas. They might not put up with the change or loss of
their land. Changes may cause a lot of disputes even though providers do not give accurate
58
information. A committee is needed to mediate those conflicts. Cadastral surveying requires both
neighbours to be there in the field!
6.3.4.
6.3.4.1.
Financial Impact
Financial Impact
Most of Korean surveyors prefer cadastral resurvey for the whole territory of the country.
Governmental efforts for cadastral resurvey failed twice already. The possible reason is not obtaining
consents from the citizens.
In any case, a cadastral resurvey project will take far more than 10 years (the Japanese case proved
this already). The problem with this is it will cost a lot of socio-economic values. And to harmonise
the U-Korea and e-Government plans which will end-up on the next 5 years, it is highly unexpected
that the project will be completed on time. So, the cadastral map renovation is really the best method
to integrate all base maps and use it in NSDI.
It is obvious that the cadastral map renovation cost will be less than cadastral resurvey. It is
recommended that centralised approach of map renovation is taken to minimize the expenditure of
local government with the reducing fiscal resources.
6.3.4.2.
Cost recovery
Van der Molen (2003) stated that the ‘cost recovery’ is the maintenance of the equity as specified in
the balance sheet within a certain range, irrespective of any developments of relevance to the equity in
the market. When trying to see around the corner and look into the future, it is quite obvious that
national mapping organization, the national cadastre and other GIS sectors in GDI environments will
share much from the developments in the forthcoming years, and definitely more than in the past.
Original cadastral finance comes from the cadastral survey activity and issuing land titles. There is no
incoming fiscal support from the government.
The current law includes some indication to compensate the parcel areas such as guideline for
rearranging cadastral discrepancy area (MOGAHA regulation 177), cadastral law 23 (scale change),
24 (registered information change), enforcement ordinance of cadastral law 24, 26 (scale change
settling accounts), etc. To compensate the cadastral map renovation costs, there will be several make
up methods. (ByungMuk Kim, 2005)
1. Local Tax for the public or put tax on trade of real estate
2. Increasing the fee of issuing cadastral documents. It is estimated that the current cadastral map
issuing fee is about 50 cents. If the fee is increased to about 1 Euro, approximately 27 million
copies will yield 13.5 million Euros. The fees of attested copy of register information will
increase also.
3. Lottery for land
The estimated gain from issuing cadastral lottery is about 24 million Euros.
4. Issuing national bonds
5. New charges on the cadastral data transactions.
The map renovation project can generate new cadastral infrastructure in South Korea. So, providing
services to the society will decrease the overall finance requirements like other infrastructure.
59
6.3.4.3.
Pricing policy
The current cadastral pricing policy is outdated. The cadastral survey price is classified by the area
not by the value of the land. This is the fact that should be changed. Because surveying high value
land contains high value risks and liabilities.
And according to the investigation of this research for South Korea, more than half of the professional
customers are willing to pay for cadastral map renovation. (Appendix 10-professional customers) So it
is reasonable to put some extra costs to the price of cadastral survey. This also reduces dispute
between land owners. But an area related average price approach is most transparent.
6.3.5.
6.3.5.1.
Economic Impact
Importance of base map
We can see that cadastral map is a base map. The cadastral map in South Korea is one of the most
important base maps. It looks as if the role of the cadastral map did not much influence the economy
until now where the cadastral map is thought to have only a duty of protecting personal estate.
It is hoped that e-Government and U-Korea will improve the Korean infrastructure. It is also
suggested that all the base maps have to be integrated. And the method to integrate base maps is not
yet clearly defined – as highlighted in this research.
This means that if all the maps in South Korea are interoperability with each other, the cadastral map
will play an important position in base maps.
6.3.5.2.
Improved reliability and user satisfaction
The cadastral map has a vital role in the land market. People want more reliable land information.
Cadastral map renovation will change the area of the parcel into more accurate data. This will lead to
more accurate valuation to satisfy the users. The products of cadastral map renovation will have
enough quality to provide additional information to the public. These qualities do not only mean
geometric quality but also parcel attributes. Most of utility companies will not need to amend raw
cadastral information as they do presently. This also provides cadastral information to land related
companies including real estate, utility companies, others possible. Consequently the cadastral map
renovation will contribute to the development of economy in South Korea.
6.3.5.3.
Introducing standards and NGDI
Groot R. & McLaughlin J. (2000) state that the National Geospatial Data Infrastructure (NGDI) seeks
to support the sharing of data in the national context by means of a set of standards, such as: national
spatial reference systems, a national topographic template, a national elevation model, any other
standardized data set of national scope such as geographical names, administrative boundaries, certain
thematic data sets (soils, hydrology, vegetation population, etc.), and meta data standards to describe
in a consistent manner each of the GDI holdings.
The output of the map renovation process is expected to be of good quality cadastral maps and most
important: cadastral spatial database(s). NGDI will be used for map dissemination and
interdependency using standards like GML is a must.
The Geography Markup Language (GML) is an XML encoding for the transport and storage of
geographic information, including both the spatial and non-spatial properties of geographic features
60
(Simon Cox, 2002). GML uses the W3C XML Schema Definition Language to define and constrain
the contents of its XML documents.
The national geographic information clearinghouse was established in 2001. At present 22 different
digital maps are accessible such as: digital topographic map (1/1000, 1/5000), land use map, soil map
and Digital Elevation Model (DEM) etc. digital maps, which are currently accessible at national
geographic information clearinghouse web site (http://www.ngic.go.kr).
The combined usage of topographic map and cadastral map will affect various aspects. This combination
takes an important role as a base map in South Korea.
6.3.5.4.
Land administration
Relevant material for land administration is cadastral spatial data. One cannot manage the cadastral
system exactly without good cadastral data. The map renovation approach is expected to support in
better land administration. The continuous efficient procedure of map updating supports to good
governance.
The SDI integration of work process allows for combining the benefits of centralized IT services and
decentralized information management. The strategy which is introduced in the previous chapter
makes a better land administration.
6.3.5.5.
GIS market and various products and services
Cadastral data is useful key information in various industries. Overall industries want cadastral
information to use for their working area such as navigation, map publication, school, and so on. This
demand is increasing in accordance with the growth of GIS industry.
As illustrated in to-be situation, the needs of relation among GIS related organization is increasing and
to make it efficient government should provide essential data to the public.
These data are essential datasets to produce various products using cadastral data as a base map. As a
consequence cadastral map renovation leads to GIS market growth.
6.4.
Conclusion remarks
For the prototyping, 7 kinds of approaches are evaluated and examined by the quality report
(Appendix 8 and Chapter 6.2.10.2, 6.2.10.3). The overall area is increased for all the methods tested
in this research. Cadastral resurvey is the most time consuming and needs lots of fiscal budgets. In
case of consolidation areas like farmland reform and land readjustment, these reform results may be
used as it is. And the larger scale cadastral map such as 1:500, 1:600, 1:1000, too.
In all these respects, the appropriate method for South Korea is recommended to use block by block
approach. The merit of this approach is that the original shape and area of cadastral boundary is
preserved. The larger scale topographic map helps cadastral map to indicate which way the boundary
lines have to be rectified. For further adjustment, a reconciliation method is recommended.
Impact analysis of cadastral map renovation is elaborated including legal, technical, and financial
perspectives. In the technical impacts, the map renovation improves not only the geometric quality of
the cadastral map but also the survey quality itself. Least squares adjustment is introduced for the
sustainable quality improvement which can be thought of as part of the quality assurance. For the
legal and social impact, national SDI, land disputes, legislation are proposed. For the financial impact,
some of the cost recovery and pricing policy are proposed. The map renovation will affect national
61
economy. Most of the users will be satisfied with this result and land administration will be expanded
to include GIS market with various products and services.
The main findings revealed that cadastral map renovation could be thought as one of infrastructure
which can draw industry development.
62
7. Conclusions and recommendations
7.1.
Introduction
The main objective of this research is to develop an approach (methodology) to improve the geometric
quality of the Korean cadastral map.
In order to achieve the research objectives, a review of quality aspects and challenges for this research
has been set up in chapter 2 and 3. A SWOT analysis based on the user requirements, conceptual
framework, map renovation process, policy and laws is presented in chapter 4 and 5. A comparison of
various prototyping of technical approaches has been done to find out which approach is most
adoptable and suitable in the South Korean situation. And an impact analysis has been conducted in
terms of economical, technical, legal and social aspects.
This chapter presents the conclusions and recommendations from those aspects.
7.2.
Conclusions
Research question 1. What are the quality aspects of cadastral map and why is there a need for
geometric quality improvement?
•
Cadastral maps in South Korea were made in early 20th century during the Japanese ruling.
Comparing the method used during that time with the latest survey technology, the plane table is
an (for today’s requirements) inaccurate survey technique having scales like 1:1200, 1:6000 which
allows big tolerance (accuracy). Furthermore, the parcel which is divided by the map sheet is not
represented as a closed polygon (no full topology). Matching is difficult because of the distortion
of the map.
Research question 2. What is the current work process in cadastral information production?
•
Chapter 4.5.2 shows current work processes in cadastral information production and register
process. Many parts of the cadastral works are computerized. The answer for the institutional
structure in chapter 4.3.2 shows that most of customers want to integrate those systems, the
cadastral domains and register domain. And: including topographic maps.
Research question 3. What is the recommended process of this cadastral renovation and how to
convert from map sheet to seamless map?
•
Chapter 4.5.3 presents the recommended processes for the cadastral renovation and maintenance.
This map renovation comprises activities like converting map sheets to a seamless map.
Research question 4. How to manage between legal area and calculated area of the improved
map for a parcel and how to access the accuracy of a renovated map.
63
•
The cadastral map renovation will cause a significant difference on the legal area and the
calculated area. To manage this problem, 7 different prototyping were conducted to find out best
solution. A detailed analysis is included in appendix 8. The combined usage of the block by block
approach and the reconciliation method can minimize the area difference between the registered
area and the calculated area and a new tolerance value is directly related to the type of parcel in
that approach. People could use the tolerance value to better understand the accuracy of a
renovated map. (Chapter 2.4 and Chapter 6.2.10.3)
Research question 5. How to maintain historical data?
•
The current cadastral map management uses 3 different DBs. These datasets manage the historical
data every time a transaction occurs. The map renovation process does not change the historical
datasets itself. To update map renovation results, only one transaction is needed which may be
managed by any of those DBs – this fulfils the existing legal framework.
Research question 6. What is the impact of this methodology from technical, legal and financial
perspective?
•
An impact analysis of the cadastral map renovation has been conducted in terms of economical,
technical, legal and social aspects, and financial aspects.
o Economic impact: the cadastral map is among the important maps that comprises the base
maps. The result of the map renovation is a more reliable standard map to satisfy the users.
This does not only include improvement on the cadastral map but the national spatial
reference systems, the national topographic templates and many others. Furthermore,
cadastral map renovation will lead to good land administration and good governance. And this
affect the GIS markets as well, various products and services can be created as a result.
o Financial impact; it is obvious that the cadastral map renovation will cost less money than a
cadastral resurvey. Cadastral map renovation is expected to decrease the transaction costs and
reduce lots of activities by supporting various products and services. This will make a great
contribution towards the GI market and e-Government.
o Technical impact; the current cadastral map needs a topological structure and a seamless map.
Cadastral map renovation creates a new cadastral seamless map with topology and geometric
quality improvement and included in a new coordinates system. From all those things together
with standards, incredible technical improvement would be reaped by the Korean society such
as least square adjustment, spatial mapping techniques, and datum transformation and so on.
Furthermore, this may be used for overseas markets.
o Legal and social impact; the map renovation can support in the reduction of the number of
land disputes in Korea. One conclusion that may be gleaned from the legal aspect is that
South Korea needs a special law which approves the conduct of the map renovation project.
The base maps draw together a partnership within the GI organizations. This map renovation
could serve to manage all these aspects.
Research question 7. How can the proposed system be developed and verified?
64
•
This research compared 7 map renovation approaches and suggests a combined usage of block by
block approach and reconciliation methods for the Korean society. Those approaches are evaluated
and examined by the quality report. (Appendix 8 and Chapter 6.2.10.2, 6.2.10.3)
•
To execute the map renovation, the most important issue is to get an approval from the
government. To do this, it is recommended to make detailed strategies like institutional
arrangement, presentation of the effect and impact of map renovation, and an approach on how to
cover the financial problems.
•
A first exploratory survey shows that most of the Koreans want cadastral resurvey. As explained in
the introduction of chapter 1, the cadastral resurvey second plan, in year 2000, will cost about
3400 million Euros for the 10 years duration. Comparing the cadastral map digitization project
which took 76 million Euros during 5 years, the map renovation project will take less than the
digitization projects. Digitization work needed lots of processes like manual digitizing, scanning,
connecting polygons, giving attributes and so on. It is related with finance too. Less time takes less
finance. The digitization project has so many steps like scanning, digitizing, geometric formation,
giving attribute, auditing and so on.
•
As explained in chapter 6.2.10.1, the overall area increased due to several reasons. It is not always
good if the whole area gets bigger. There is no one that intends to pay for that. So the
compensation method affects the society as less as possible. In addition to chapter 6.3.4, for
instance Google provides a map to link with other organization or websites like hotel finder, etc to
find a nearest hotel and other purposes. It is obvious that a renovated cadastral map could support
in providing more up-to-date maps and can cover some of the financial needs.
•
The usability of digital cadastral map and digital field sketch gives the possibility for combinations
with large scale topographic maps and aerial photo’s easily. And the combination of those maps
could be used as a base map for the South Korean government and NSDI (GII).
•
The major concern of this approach is to improve the geometry. Attributes of parcels are compared
already with the registered property at the time of developing PBLIS datasets, so there is
consistency already from that perspective.
•
Table 4 shows the number of cadastral maps separated by scales. Approximately 25% of cadastral
map which is under scale 1:1000 does not need to be included in the renovation process. These
maps are the result of land reform and land consolidation. Only the relation between control points
and map needs to be revised. And about 3% of cadastral maps with discrepancy area have to
undergo resurvey. (Chapter 3.2.1)
•
A level of fitness has to be set up before starting a map renovation project. If the 1:6000 scale map
fit the 1:1200 scale map, then the accuracy of the 1:6000 map will be improved. Comparing
different scales of maps gives the lower scale map a quality improvement.
65
•
The tolerance tested in this research is 0.7 of q which is almost same as the current tolerance. If the
area gets bigger then current tolerance tends to reduce the factor to make the tolerance smaller
while the tolerance suggested in this research shows linear tendency. There is no need to reduce
tolerance. The tolerance has linear tendency based on the area because the map renovation project
is an overall map adjustment, and it is needed to know the balance between quality and actual
implementation.
•
Customers want more useful datasets, fit for use. For this purpose, institutional arrangement is an
important issue for the introduction of effective workflows and combined usage of datasets. Later,
SDI could provide essential tools and good co-operation within GI related organizations.
•
In the SDI (GII) perspective, the e-Government in South Korea is the most important project.
Major concerns for this project include improved efficiency, convenience, and better accessibility
for public services. In this research, most of the customers want to integrate GI related
organization or their functions. For that reason, e-Government comprises the GI related functions
like cadastral renovated map, topographic map and registers. And the Korean government is
preparing the new address system in 2009. The combined infrastructure of new address system and
renovation map will cause a synergy.
•
In technical terms, the security and the capacity of computer hardware are also important issues.
For the security, electronic signature has an important role to protect the illegal usage. Korea has
many certification authorities like KICA (Korea Information Certificate Authority INC), yessign
digital certification center, SignKorea and registration authorities. To protect the illegal usage of
documents, the document itself has its own copy protections. For computer capacity requirement,
roughly when 300-400 persons use the system simultaneously, it needs at least 100Mbps dedicated
line and 200GB traffics.
7.3.
Recommendations
The recommendations for the implementation of the cadastral map renovation are the following:
•
It is proposed that the Korean government pay attention to various methods to improve the
cadastral map quality. The resurvey is one of the methods. If the other methods improve the quality
of the map instead of the cadastral resurvey, it is proposed to explore those methods as long as the
quality of the map is maintained continuously. <<<put this as first recommendation
•
The map renovation gives homogeneous quality, national reference frame, relation to base-map,
consistency with administration information. After map renovation, a qualified map has to be
convincing to use it as a national base map. It is recommended to stop using plane tables in the
field.
66
•
The preferred method is the combined usage of the block by block approach and the reconciliation
method. This method can minimize the area difference between the registered area and the
calculated area so that there will be fewer complaints than with the other methods.
•
It is proposed that the map renovation approach is done in 3 phases. These are using current map
as intact (about 25%), renovation approaches (about 72%), and resurvey approach (about 3%).
This figure is just an estimate and needs further detail plans by municipality. That is, which area
needs cadastral resurvey, which area does not need any improvement at all.
•
It is recommended to implement a pilot project in order to find finer details which contain many
different cases with the above prerequisite, and the purposed technical framework. Identifying the
pilot area has to be circumspect to be more real.
•
It needs a holistic approach for this project. Cadastral map renovation is within complex
environment involving policy, legislation, institutional arrangements, the land market and
economic development and social customs and norms. Hence, for the successful implementation of
cadastral map renovation all the GI organizations concentrate on this. And it needs to cooperate
with each other for the national SDI.
•
System capacity, performance and security have to be carefully designed to avoid the user’s
inconvenience.
•
The organizational and social impact is analysed before the cadastral map renovation project can
commence. It is recommended that social impacts use the tolerance equation between registered
area and calculated area properly. If the tolerance is less than the current tolerance then the quality
of the map have improved while the parcel which is out of the tolerance, the area is increased as
well.
•
This map renovation gives Korean government a lot of technical experience which could be used
to meet diverse quality improvement requirement from other countries. Korea has already lots of
experiences with map digitization, GPS, surveying techniques, internet distributions, software
development etc. Korea can go abroad for business based on those experiences.
•
The map renovation project may causes lots of complains from the society. A proper complaint
mitigation mechanism is also recommended to deal with complains. Hence, a committee with
technical know how judges may be appointed for this purpose.
•
A public campaign is a commendable move to minimise the opposition. Public campaign
announces the benefits of this new system, so that it will minimize the inherent resistance to
adoption. A seminar for the professional customers is a recommendable activity to adopt the map
renovation project which needs consent from both the politicians and the public. A seminar may be
organized to discuss the various aspects of the map renovation project. All the major stakeholders
from the central government, state government, political representatives, NGOs, and others will be
invited to participate. This does not only orient the stakeholders but promote coordination among
67
them. The success of this map renovation project depends on creating awareness amongst the
citizen and involvement of the various stakeholders.
•
In case of KCSC, the company almost use the latest technology with H/W applications. These
components should match adequately with S/W application. On the other hand, the rate of usage of
GIS in KCSC is too low and there is few skilled staff. Thus, the maintenance will be a problem in
the future. This is the big deficiency in competence with other country or other organization.
Another very important point is introduction and implementation of international standards. It is
recommended that KCSC refers to the available standards (ISO, OpenGIS, etc). This is an
important step towards the improvement and development of the organization. Choosing
technology should involve manageable and sustainable DB driven and Web enabled technology
utilized with all available standards.
•
Dutch experience shows that human resource is important because map renovation needs ‘good’
operators to make many decisions. Therefore experience of several years in cadastral survey work
is recommended for joining in the operations of the project.
•
As it was revealed in Dutch case and user requirement, utility companies want to use cadastral map
in their work. They might pay for the cadastral map renovation without hesitation. Professional
customers want ‘fitness for use’ dataset. For this, relation between public and private organizations
is an essential issue. So it is recommended that all GI related public and private organization make
a consortium to improve efficiency between them.
•
This research is very uncommon. Much of the researches done are on cadastral discrepancy area.
For the project to succeed, it needs more relevant researches in terms of legal, technical, and
social-economic aspects because most of the customers want cadastral resurvey.
68
References
1. ByungMuk Kim, 2005, Finance arrangement methods for Cadastral resurvey plan in South
Korea.
2. Cheng Nga-fong, Tang Hong-wai Conrad, (2002), An Analysis and Implementation of
Cadastral Survey System in Hong Kong
3. Chul-Soo Yang, 2005, Updating and Re-establishment of cadastral Control Points in Korea by
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
Using GPS Observations
Chun-Sung Chen & Ta-Kang Yeh, (2007), Performance improvement of network-based RTKGPS positioning in North Taiwan
Todorovski, Dimo, (2006), FIG2006, Developments of the State Authority for Geodetic
Works from IT perspective.
Erh-Sang Lu, Tian-Yuan Shih, (2002), Parcel boundary identification with computer assisted
boundary overlay process for Taiwan. Computers, Environment and Urban systems
September 2002.
Eriksson Hans-Erik, Penker Magnus, Lyons Brian, Fado David, Wiley Publishing, INC.,
UML 2 Toolkit
Ernst Biesalski, (2003), Knowledge management and e-Human Resource Management,
Forschungszentrum Informatik (FZI) & DaimlerChrysler AG, Plant Worth D-76131,
Karlsruhe, Germany, [email protected]
Groenendijk, L., (2003), Planning and Management Tools; A reference book. The
International Institute for Geo-Information Sciences and Earth Observations (ITC), Enschede,
the Netherlands.
INSAR, (1998). Strategic Planning. Annex 1: Glossary and Support Reference Materials.
ISNAR.
ISO/DIS 19114
ISO/FDIS 19113:2002
Jong Cheul Park, (2004), Designing System Architecture for Cadastral Information
Dissemination using Internet
Juran, J.M., F.M.J. Gryna, and R.S. Bingham Quality Control Handbook McGraw-Hill, New
York, 1974.
KCSC, (2007), Creation of Blue Ocean in advance of global market,
KCSC, (2007.9), Final report of developing Survey Information Processing System.
Kumar Nirmalendu, ITC IFA (2006) Renovating Cadastral Map – An Indian Perspective.
Lemmen, C.H.J., van Oosterom, P.J.M. (Eds.). (2006). Special issue on ‘Cadastral systems’ of
computers, Environment and Urban Systems. An International Journal, 30.
Lemmen., C., 2003. Core cadastral domain model, the Workshop Cadastral Data
modelling(WCDM), ITC, Enschede, the Netherlands.
Meyer, Nancy von and Scruggs, Robert, Surveying and Land Information Systems, Vol. 51,
No. 1, 1991, pp. 49-52, Cadastral Survey Data Modeling for the Bureau of Land Management
Land Information System
Meyer, Nancy von and Scruggs, Robert, Surveying and Land Information Systems, Vol. 51,
No. 1, 1991, pp. 49-52, Cadastral Survey Data Modeling for the Bureau of Land Management
Land Information System
69
22. Oosterom, P. Van (1997). Maintaining consistent topology including historical data in a large
spatial database. Proceeding Auto-Carto 13, Seattle WA., April 8-10.
23. Open Geospatial Consortium Inc, (2003-09-16), OGC 03-040, OGC reference model
24. Osch, G.M. van (1991). Cadastral LIS in the Netherlands. Proceedings of the OEEPEworkshop on data quality in land information systems. OEEPE official publication No.28,
pp.71-90, IFAG, Frankfurt.
25. Rey-Jer You and Hwa-Wei Hwang, (2006), Coordinate transformation between Two Geodetic
Datum’s of Taiwan by Least Squares Collocation
26. Salzmann, Martin, (1997), JEC-GI’97, Quality Issues in Cadastral Map Renovation
27. Salzmann, M. A. (1996) On the modeling of geometric quality for large-scale mapping
products. Surveying and Land information Systems, September.
28. Salzmann, M. A., Hoekstra, Auke and Schut, Ted (1997) Quality issues in cadastral map
renovation. Cadastre and Public Registers Agency of the Netherlands.
29. Salzmann, M. A., Hoekstra, Auke and Schut, Ted (1998) Cadastral Map Renovation : A
Dutch Perspective. Cadastre and Public Registers Agency of the Netherlands.
30. SangDeuk Han and HeungMuk Cho, (2001), Development of National Spatial Data
Infrastructure in Korea
31. Sun Tae Kim, KALI Vol. 34, pp. 50-55, (2005.9), Review and perspective of KLIS
32. Tang, Conrad, (2002), Cadastral Survey System Enhancement in HKSAR
33. Thomas A., (2007), Geo-information management (Module 6)
34. U-Korea fundamental plan, 2006, Ministry of information and communication republic of
Korea
35. Y.H.Kim., (2007) Designing a delivery system for integrated cadastral information for mobile
services
36. Young Ho Lee, (2005), Design of the Survey Record Management System(SRMS) to support
LIS in South Korea
37. Young Ho Lee, (2006), FIG2006, The role of Cadastral Information for the Good Land
Administration in South Korea
70
Web References
1. Coordinates system in Taiwan
(http://scitation.aip.org/getabs/servlet/GetabsServlet?prog=normal&id=JSUED200013200000
2000064000001&idtype=cvips&gifs=yes)
2. DooSan Encyclopedia (http://www.encyber.com/)
3. ESRI (www.esri.com)
4. Free management library (http://www.managementhelp.org/org_thry/culture/culture.htm)
5. ISO/TC 211 Geographic Information/ Geomatics (http://www.isotc211.org/)
6. Land Survey Bureau in Taiwan (www.lsb.gov.tw)
7. National Geographic Information Clearinghouse (http://www.ngic.go.kr)
8. National Geographic Information Institute
(http://www.ngii.go.kr/jsp/main/info/info_04_1.jsp?MenuCode=080401)
9. Open Geospatial Consortium Inc (http://www.opengeospatial.org/standards)
10. Polytechnic University in Hong Kong ((http://www.lsgi.polyu.edu.hk/)
11. Re-survey scheme in Taiwan (http://www.lsb.gov.tw/lsb/lsbeng/10_people/02.php)
12. What Constitutes a “Good Practice?”
(http://www.un.org/womenwatch/resources/goodpractices/guideline.html)
71
Appendix 1. Least Suqeares Adjustment Formuale
Type
Formulae
Explanation
y = (m) vector of observations;
e = (m) vector of corrections;
Mathematical model
y = Ax +e + a
A = (m × n) design matrix;
x = (n) vector of unknowns;
a = (m) vector of constants.
Stochastic model
Q y = σ 2Q =
1
σ2
P −1
Qy
= (m x m) variance-covariance matrix;
σ2
= a-priori variance-of-unit-weight;
Q = (m x m) weight coefficient matrix;
P = (m x m) weight matrix.
t
e P e = minimum
Least squares criterion
The solution is:
( At PA) = N = (n × n) normal matrix;
x = ( At PA) −1 At P( y − a )
s 2 = a-posteriori variance-of-unit-weight.
s2 =
The variance-covariance m
atrix of the unknowns value
s
The solution for the vector
of unknown
x
e t Pe
m−n
Qx = σ 2 N −1
x = x0 + d x
The least squares approach requires a set of l
inear equations
It is available after a series of iterative updat
es
d x of the approximate values x 0
After each iteration, the new solution is compared with the previous one. If the difference between the two solut
ions is negligible, the iteration process converges and is ended with the final values defined by the results of the
last iteration.
72
Appendix 2. Metadata specifications
Table 16 Summary of elements in Identification information category (Kumar, 2006)
Category
Identification
information
Sub
category
Citation
Description
Data
currency
Dataset
status
Access
Element
Custodian
originator
Title
Jurisdiction
Abstract
Description
/ The organization responsible for the datasets
The name of datasets
The state or country of the custodian
Short description of dataset including intention of
development
Supplemental
Descriptive information of dataset including
information
availability and type of format
Search work(s) Key Words for non expert to look for the datasets
Bounding
Numerical value of map boundary
coordinates
Dataset credits Recognition of those who contributed to the dataset
Native dataset Descriptions for producer’s environment, including
environment
name of OS, S/W, data size etc
Beginning date Earliest date of data in the dataset
Ending date
Last date of information in the dataset
Progress
The status of the process of the creation of dataset
Maintenance
The frequency with which changes and additions are
and
update made to the dataset after the initial dataset is
frequency
completed
Access
Restriction and prerequisites for accessing the
constraint
dataset.
Use constraint Restriction and prerequisites for using the dataset
after access is granted.
Table 17 Summary of elements in Data quality category
Category
Element
Description
Data quality
information
Attribute
accuracy
Logical
consistency
Completeness
Positional
accuracy
Lineage
A brief assessment of the reliability of values assigned to features in the
dataset in relation to their real world values.
A brief assessment of the logical relationship between items in the dataset.
A brief assessment of the completeness of coverage. Classification and
verification.
A brief assessment of the closeness of the location of spatial objects in the
dataset in relation to their true position on the earth.
A brief history of the source and processing steps used to produce the
dataset.
Table 18 Summary of elements in spatial reference information category
Category
Sub
Element
Description
category
Spatial
Geographic Latitude resolution
The minimum difference between two adjacent latitude
reference
values expressed in geographic coordinate units of measure
information
Longitude
The minimum difference between two adjacent longitude
(Horizontal
resolution
values expressed in geographic coordinate units of measure
coordinates
Geographic
Degree, minute, second
73
system
definition)
Planer
Geodetic
Model
coordinate unit and
Grid
coordinate
system
Geographic
coordinate unit and
Grid
coordinate
system
Zone number
Horizontal datum
Ellipsoid name
Semi-major axis
Flattening ratio
UTM: a grid system based on Transverse Mercator
projection, applied between latitude 84 degrees north and 80
degrees south on earth surface
UTM zone number
Horizontal datum name
Ellipsoid name: identification given to established
Representations of the earth’s surface
Radius of the equatorial axis of the ellipsoid
Flattening ratio of chosen ellipsoid
Table 19 Summary of elements in distribution information category
Category
Sub category Element
Description
Distribution Distributor
Contact
The name of the organization to which the contact type
information
organization
applies
Contact position
The relevant position in the contact organization
Address
Postal address of contact position
Telephone
Telephone of contact position
Fax
Fax of contact position
Website
Website of distributor
Email
Email address of the contact of the contact position
Hour of service
Time duration when individuals can speak or contact to the
organization or individual.
Distribution
Statement of the liability assumed by the distributor
liability
Table 20 Summary of elements in metadata reference information category
Category
Element
Metadata reference Metadata date
information
Metadata
use
constraint
Additional
metadata
74
Description
The date on which the metadata created or last updated
Restriction and legal prerequisites for using the metadata
after access is granted
Reference to other sites or systems, which contains further
information about the dataset.
Appendix 3. Case studies
1.
1.1.
Hong Kong case
Introduction
Nearly a hundred and fifty years ago, Hong Kong has adopted a general boundary with fairly low
survey accuracy. The first and the only one comprehensive boundary survey – Demarcation District
Survey for the purpose of assessment, was carried out in the New Territories (NT) around 1905. The
Survey provided evidences as to the most probable position of the boundary. Nevertheless, little
improvement is done on the legal documents to correlate the boundary of land parcels in the NT.
(Cheng Nga-fong, Tang Hong-wai Conrad, 2002)
Hong Kong follows the deeds registration. The Hong Kong boundary system does not have a "fixed
boundary” because of a lack of adjudication law that ascertains the parcel boundary in the registration
system. There is no simple adjudication process allowed under the Registration Ordinance. The
cadastral system deals with land boundary surveys. Hong Kong had no land survey law until 1995,
instead it had a land registration law intended to provide efficient transactions. The land boundary
survey had long been a sole function of the government land administration until the 1980’s.
The land sale plans (land grant plans) and the Land Boundary Plans are treated as documents
registered under the Land Registration Ordinance, whereas boundary survey information is kept by
the Survey and Mapping Office.
1.2.
Cadastral Survey system
There is a need expressed by Survey and Mapping Office for an overall boundary survey law to
improve or verify the land boundary situation such that the government survey department could
administer the legal definition of a new grant land parcel and the redefinition of an old land parcel,
with appropriate technical accuracy acceptable to the general public.
If there would be survey law, it could provide an opportunity to apply knowledge and modern
technology in determining land boundary and act as the expert boundary arbitrator. Efficient and
economical boundary systems is not so much a matter of registration mode, but rather it depends on
whether a government is going to provide a secure land boundary system to her people.
Boundaries in Hong Kong are described by the textual or graphical document of the land grant and in
this way the registered document is the legal evidence of the boundary.
The deeds registration system has an official record for all land boundary rights. A land parcel
boundary is described in words and in an attached plan together with the deeds. It is weak in dealing
with a land parcel boundary. Hong Kong has a Land Survey Ordinance (1995) that can be used to
build up better land boundary records. The parcel boundary of many missing or dilapidated land
records cannot be constructed from the deed itself. In situations like this, a judge may allow a land
surveying expert to be a witness and give evidence in a court case.
Wherever there is an ambiguity in a grant, Common law courts give an order of importance of
evidence in redefining boundaries to ascertain the intent of the parties. The orders are Natural
boundaries, Original monuments, Original possession, Measurements.
75
1.3.
The boundary problems
The deficiency of the boundary system is a deficiency in property description, as it creates uncertainty
in land lease documents and in land boundary records. The most common property boundary problem
is the discrepancy between the registered area and the actual site areas. It is not an obligation to keep
the accurate description of property.
Uncertainty in land lease records and inadequacy in using existing land boundary records are related
to the land boundary problem. If the boundary is not clear, then the land lease also is not clear. People
demand for more accurate boundary records but the court decided that no boundary could be known
within 1 meter. After a land boundary survey is conducted, the land boundary should be accurate to
within centimetres. This, however, is legally not the case.
Government did not fulfil the land grant procedure. The land boundary is in an undetermined state. In
fact, there is no law for proper land boundary sanction or record updating. Even though the land
boundary survey is properly performed by a certified land surveyor, the survey result is not accepted
as a real evidence for land boundary. In Hong Kong land survey is only seen as a profession.
There is no way that a landowner is assured that a land boundary survey is legally acceptable. Users
want certainties in land boundary rights.
1.4.
Boundary rectification
SMO tried to get the government approval for the whole-area rectification survey of the New
Territories in the 1980s. But it was rejected. After that, the SMO sought government approval for
individual boundary rectification. But it was also rejected in the early 1990s.
Early in 2002, the Boundary Survey Advisory Committee was informed that there are no survey
records for about 210,000 lots in the New Territories. In April 2002, President of HKIS decided to
seek approval from the Chief Executive of the Hong Kong, SAR, for the funding of $HK 1.9 billion
over the period of ten years. It finally handed the case to the Lands Bureau for further consideration.
But, at least, because of the efforts of the land surveying profession, a good start in survey law has
been made.
The SMO has accumulated two decades of experience in the correlation exercise having been warned
that correlated boundaries should not be interpreted as definitive. Boundary rectification in Hong
Kong is very difficult for both the general public and the government properties.
1.5.
Correlation
• Block Government Lease (Block Crown Lease)
Since these leases were granted and registered in a block according to the DD number or DD name,
the grant documents were called Block Crown Leases (BCL) as against leases for individual lots.
Many of the BCLs were signed by the Governor Sir Nathan in 1905 while some BCLs were signed by
Governor May in 1907. Each DD has its own Schedule Book with a copy of the DD Sheet attached.
For those DD Sheets drawn on 1:3960 scale, the House Lots with respect to different villages were
recorded in separate Schedule Books. The Schedule tabulates the leased lots’ information in
sequential order of lot numbering: the information includes the leaseholder’s name, use, area, status
and crown rent payable etc of the lots. The Indenture stated the terms and conditions of lease: 75 years
commencing from 1.7.1898 less the last 3 days and renewable for 24 years. It is a legal document
setting out the terms and conditions of the lease registered in the DD Survey of New Territories from
Nov 1899 to Apr 1904. It consists of 3 parts, the Indenture, the Schedule and the plan. The Indenture
76
was signed by Governor which states the terms and conditions of lease. The Schedule tabulates the
private lots information. The plan is normally called a DD Sheet. (http://www.lsgi.polyu.edu.hk/)
• Demarcation District Sheet (DD Sheet)
It is a cadastral map showing all lots registered in the schedule of Block Crown Lease (now called
Block Government Lease). After the leasing of the New Territories and New Kowloon, a
comprehensive survey of occupation was carried out from Nov. 1899 to May 1903 for identifying land
ownership and assessing Crown rents. The whole New Territories and New Kowloon were divided
into 477 Demarcation Districts (DD) and New Kowloon into Survey Districts (SD) with an area of
about 200 acres for each district. The scales of DD maps were in 16 inches to one mile or 32 inches to
one mile (1:3960 or 1:1980). Initial Control Surveys, although not comprehensive, were adequate for
the task in hand as the survey methods employed were simply by plane table. There were 85 DD/SD
Sheets plotted at 1:3960 scale and 471 Sheets at 1:1980. (http://www.lsgi.polyu.edu.hk/)
• Field Area Statement (FAS)
In conjunction with the DD sheet preparation, surveyors also prepared the Field Area Statement
(FAS) to calculate the area of the lots. The area of the lots were scaled from the DD sheet to nearest
0.01 acre which corresponded to the smallest amount of the Crown Rent assessable, i.e. 1 cent. The
FAS served as a calculation check sheet., and a record of the land use (for the derivation of rent).
Afterward, the information was transcribed to become the registered area and rent in the Schedule.
(http://www.lsgi.polyu.edu.hk/)
• Correlation
This is effectively a compilation exercise of identifying details of the survey sheet to correspond with
the boundaries, shown on the DD Sheet. Owing to the inaccuracies of the DD Sheets, correlation does
not mean a simple transfer of boundaries by superimposing one sheet on another. Much graphical
analysis and mapping reasoning have to be applied in the exercise. As a result, a DD boundary needs
to be locally adjusted in position.
The overriding consideration is that the original DD boundaries were in fact lines following ground
features. Whilst their planimetric positions may not be reliable, their "Occupation-dependent" nature
must hold true. It therefore follows that details shown on the current survey sheet which appear to be
features surviving over the years and resembling the DD boundaries must be adopted for correlation to
be put into effect. (http://www.lsgi.polyu.edu.hk/)
•
Correlating Enlarged DD and Survey Sheet
Correlation will be carried out on Quarter Sheet transparencies in accordance with Drawing Office
Instruction. Reference must always be made to district control sheets, records of previous correlation,
plans attached to New Grant Register, Memorials etc. All discrepancies found during correlation will
be completed and attached to the relevant Quarter Sheet dyeline copy. When the Quarter Sheet
transparencies have been prepared, they will be passed to the Land staff together with 2 dyeline copies
and the Lot Record sheets for action (i.e. Field investigation).
77
PROCEDURE OF CORRELATION
1. Check BCL; Government land will not be correlated
2. Digitize DD sheet
3. Area of lots computed
4. Plot DD boundaries to 1:1000
5. Overlay DD boundaries to survey sheet
6. Correlate lot boundaries as guided
7. Calculate correlated lot area
8. Compare area
9. Solve problem by field survey
GUIDE LINES OF CORRELATION
1. Start with the best fit lot
2. Trace lot boundary with four kinds of line style:
3. Blue solid line show boundaries followed by occupation. It is reliable.
4. Blue pecked line show boundaries followed by occupation. It is unreliable
5. Red solid line show boundaries but do not follow occupation. It is reliable.
6. Red pecked line show boundaries but do not follow occupation. It is unreliable.
7. "Reliable" is determined by the lot area difference before and after correlation: used is
limited to10 square meter.
8. Follow fences or roads alignment
9. If the lot boundary fits the existing feature within 2mm, then the existing features are
treated as lot boundaries
11. New grant lots on DD is unreliable.
12. Boundaries shape and area are more important than orientation
13. Each lot is individually treated but not the whole area
14. Common sense: No lot boundaries run through a permanent structure
15. No whole lot found in swamp, pond, etc.
16. No lot boundary to occupy a part of road
1.6.
Effects of correlated land records
In the daily practice of land administration, the correlated land records are use by the government and
gradually become a de-facto land boundary record. The use of such record should be limited to the
identification of property, but not for precise definition of the lot boundary. Technically speaking, the
dimensional and positional uncertainty should normally be in the range of 2 meters. Still, the scaled
area, from the correlated land records, is accepted as more reliable than the text record in the Schedule
or land register. (Conrad, 2002)
Should there be any land boundary disputes, the colonial administration would first mediate the
dispute. If this failed then the case would go to court to be settled under contract law or land title
issues. Boundary disputes must have happened but no court judgments about boundary disputes in
Hong Kong before the Second World War have been found yet.
78
1.7.
Summary of the Hong Kong renovation practice
Hong Kong administrates 10 districts and has 10 survey offices. They use a digital spatial DB based
on 1:1000 scale maps for cadastral management which was started about 10 years ago using the field
survey and aerial photos.
When people sell their land, the Survey and Mapping office or a private institution survey the land
and the Land office confirms the boundary. If it is surveyed then it would be registered in the database
as a different layer with tolerance accuracy.
The important issue on the Hong Kong registration system is that it registers land with fixed points
every time it a survey is conducted. They are gradually making new fixed boundary maps.
The Survey and Mapping Office has a responsibility in preparing maps, survey plans, identify
boundaries, subdivision, setting out, etc. But there are no (efficient) laws and legal influence that
backs the office, even though they are responsible for all kinds of cadastral related matters to manage
land boundary records.
In Hong Kong case, technically speaking, they already have very accurate survey methods with an
accuracy of 10 ppm. Consequently, an efficient law to support the improvement of map quality is
important in this case.
2.
2.1.
Cadastral Resurvey in Taiwan
Introduction
The existing cadastral maps were duplicates of the originals made during Japanese administration
period and after Taiwan’s retrocession. Those paper maps have been used for a long time. So the
storage conditions of paper maps were poor and indistinct over a whole map sheet. And the scales of
maps were too small to meet the need of the users. All these influence had them call for reestablishing cadastres to proceed cadastral resurvey for producing new maps so as to clarify cadastre
and establish precise cadastral information and management.
2.2.
Reasons for cadastral resurvey
The cadastral maps were produced during Japan’s ruling. Only the duplicates and the second
duplicates were left after the 2nd World War. Because of financial limitation and manpower shortage,
the government could not re-survey and produce new cadastral maps. The duplicates were used as the
only dependable data with expedience for general registration of land. These cadastral maps had been
used for a long time and were damaged or distorted all over, so as some cadastral maps were not
suitable for continued uses. In addition, the land value continually increases. Land revision and
subdivision happened more frequently. The boundaries on the area were often shifted and unstable
causing inconsistency among map. Scales were too small to avoid errors and mistakes. The precision
of the originals was limited by the technology and the equipment used at that time. These cadastral
problems often led to the difficulty of imposition work.
79
2.3.
Cadastral Resurvey in Taiwan
Taiwan made special laws called "parcel survey caution items" and "registration method by parcel resurvey" in order to renew cadastral map and protect property right of citizens.
The cadastral resurvey projects primarily aim at the areas where the cadastres were seriously
damaged, ruined, scale changed, and other significant causes to reproduce new ones. The first step of
this process is to investigate all boundary points of individual land parcels, mutually acknowledged by
the landowners of the adjacent parcels. Those determined points were marked and set up with stakes
on the spot and then surveyed with new technical instruments. Each parcel area is calculated for land
registration and land description to ensure people’s legal property right and to set up the bases of
financial administration on tax revenue and corrects the cadastre. The result is used for the cadastral
management and for all national economic construction projects. Taiwanese do not settle accounts
according to the area disparity.
In case of obscure boundary,
1. Confirm the boundary by assistance procedure
2. Register by boundary and area
2.4.
Resurvey Schemes
The first resurvey scheme is contained in 3 phases from 1976 to 1988. At the beginning of the
scheme, they used a graphical method (resolution method). And they used a digital method to perform
resurvey since 1981. It was very successful. It was extended and developed gradually year by year.
The government drew up a follow-up scheme from 1990 to 2005 with the priority of the urban areas
and suburban areas.
The LSB tried to commit cadastral renovation work with a private organization from 1997 to 1999.
They did not get much outcome on account of the below listed reasons:
1. Lack of investment.
2. Small scale private organization
3. Poor manpower
4. High rate of occupation change
5. Lack of survey experience
6. Etc
Table 21 Statistics of Cadastral Resurvey in Taiwan
Scheme
Fiscal year
Total
80
Area(hectares)
Parcels
3,558,000
11,800,000
Pilot Plan
1973~1975
12,684
241,043
Resurvey Scheme
1976~1988
106,861
2,323,438
1989 Project
1989
4,407
133,163
Follow-up Scheme
1990~2005
244,451
2,983,771
Finish
368,403
5,681,415
Rate
10%
48%
2.5.
2.5.1.
Technical issue
Coordinate Transformation between Two Geodetic Datum’s of Taiwan
by Least-Squares Collocation
Recently, the new Taiwan geodetic datum 1997 (TWD97) based on the Global Positioning System
measurements has been established. Compared to the old geodetic datum, namely the Hu-Tzi-Shan
datum, the TWD97 datum is more precisely defined. Since the TWD97 datum is a three-dimensional
geocentric datum, while the Hu-Tzi-Shan datum is a locally defined horizontal datum with its
triangulation points found deficient in the precise ellipsoidal height information, a three-dimensional
coordinate transformation between both datum is therefore inappropriate. Moreover, there are
perceptible systematic errors in the triangulation networks in the Hu-Tzi-Shan datum. It is difficult to
handle the systematic errors by ordinary datum transformation methods. In the paper, the technique of
least-squares collocation is applied to the two-dimensional transformation from the Hu-Tzi-Shan
datum to the TWD97 datum. Using the present method, the systematic errors are predicted, and the
coordinates of common points of both datum remain unchanged after the transformation. Results show
that better transformation accuracy can be achieved by the least-squares collocation. (Rey-Jer You and
Hwa-Wei Hwang, 2006)
2.5.2.
Technical approach
Taiwan used a numerical survey method to solve the boundary problem. Aerial survey method was
used for pilot project but it is not executed on further project. The project starts in urban areas and
proceeds to the rural area. GPS is used to establish all control points, comprising supplementary
control points, all over the country. And then network adjustment is made in the field using total
station with computer. The result was announced to the public for inspection. Resurvey results must
be announced for landowners to view their properties within 30 days according to the law.
An inquiry system by internet commenced since 1999 for landowners to check the graphics, boundary
length, and area to check the difference before and after the resurvey of the parcel.
81
2.6.
Procedures of Cadastral Resurvey
It can be classified into 14 categories of steps. (See the following flow chart)
1. Planning and
Preparation
2. Parcel
Investigation
3. Urban Planning Stakes
Survey and Implement
2.1 Assistance to
Boundary Stake
Setup
4. Control Survey
4-1 4th Order Control
4-2 Traverse Survey
5. Parcel Survey
6. Area Calculation
7. Results Inspection
8. Changes Process & List
Printing
9. Announcement Cadastres
Plotting
10. Announcement Notes
Mailing
11. Objections Process
12. Land Description Changes
Registration
13. Cadastral Map Production
14. Results Statistics and Report
Completion
Figure 16 Flow Chart of Cadastral Resurvey Operation in Taiwan
82
2.7.
Precautions for the landowners
During the cadastral investigation, if the landowner comes to the site but has difficulty in defining the
borders, he/she should ask the surveyor to define the borders and border points, which should be
deemed as the definition of the land once agreed by the landowner; or he/she can apply for boundary
identification at competent Land Office with charge so as to define the boundary of land as the basis
of cadastral investigation and surveying.
Disputes between the neighboring landowners on the inconformity of the boundary definition should
first be coordinated at the Land Office, if the dispute is not solved, it should be reported to the
“Committee on Property Dispute Conciliation”. Any party who refuses to abide by the terms of the
conciliation shall, within 15 days on receipt of the notice of the said terms, bring the case before the
judicial authorities for settlement. If he fails to bring the case before the judicial authorities within the
said time limit, the terms of the conciliation shall be carried out accordingly.
According to Article 46-2 of the Land Act, when carrying out resurvey of cadastre, the landowners
should establish their respective boundary marks and come to the site for definition of the boundary
within the period notified by the land administration authority. In case they fail to establish the
boundary marks or come to the site for definition of the boundary, the cadastral survey shall be carried
out according to the following order of precedence: Boundaries of adjacent land; Boundaries
identified by current users; Boundaries with references to old cadastral maps; Local custom.
According to Article 46-3 of the Land Act, if the landowners failed to set up border marks or to
identify land borders according to the Land Act article 46-2, they may not apply for a re-survey.
Therefore, in order to ensure ownership rights, the landowner must come to the site to identify the
borders on the designated date.
During the resurvey, if the landowners have questions about the resurvey, they come to the local
county government, Land Office or surveying workstation of the cadastral resurveying area for
consultation or contact relevant personnel by phone. The undertaking personnel will provide the
landowner with detailed explanation. (Land Survey Bereau in Taiwan, http://www.lsb.gov.tw)
2.8.
Summary of the Taiwanese renovation practice
The effects and benefits of Cadastral Resurvey is renewal of boundaries of people’s property and
clarify cadastral information. It solves latent boundary disputes to reach sound Cadastral
Management. There was an overall digitization during Resurvey to promote precision and
establishment of Land Basic Information for multi-purposes applications.
After resurvey, digital cadastral data can be integrated and overlaid with other digital topographic
data, air photos, and satellite images for national land planning, engineering, land management, land
use investigation, building checking, fire disaster rescue, and commercial investigation on multipurposes uses to reach the goal of information sharing.
During the resurvey project, Connection with Urban Planning Stakes was checked simultaneously,
implemented, and surveyed under the same coordinate system. Unregistered parcels were found for
convenience of Public Land Use
Cadastral survey not only provides the bases of land planning and economic construction but the
prime business of cadastre clarification to ensure people’s property. In Taiwan, activities of cadastral
resurvey are cooperatively performed by the central and local governments and have smoothly been
completed. Hopefully, prosperous development and creativeness will succeed in the future to march
toward the goal of e-Taiwan.
83
3.
3.1.
Dutch case study
Introduction
The cadastral map of the Netherlands is improved by map renovation stages, which included map
digitization, from 1980 to 1998. The focus of the map renovation was to improve cadastral update
process internally and promote flexibility of combined usage of different map-series externally.
Finally, the graphical presentation has changed on consistency with accuracy attributes related to
boundaries. The question was “How do we make the best picture?” and they were mostly concerned
about “Where is my parcel?” then “What is my exact boundary?” since this is good enough for the
public and citizens.
Government policy states that all the geo-information should be in one organization and has to be
integrated.
Reconciliation of cadastral geometry with topographic geometry is the major challenge in the Dutch
cases. This means cadastral map boundary had to coincide with topography as a base map.
3.2.
Overview
The overall procedure is shown below. The main activity is reconciliation between maps. The purpose
of this action varies. Build-up of a national seamless cartographic DB is the one of main purposes. To
do this, Dutch focused on the standards geometric quality and consistency between cadastral map and
registration.
Figure 17 Overview of the map renovation project in the Netherlands (Salzmann. M. A., Auke Hoekstra
and Ted Schut, 1998)
3.3.
Procedures
Homogeneous parts of the map could be selected for map renovation. This kind of procedure always
begins with a transformation which allows elimination of gross errors. Well defined points in the
maps were selected to calculate approximate parameters by Helmert-transformation.
84
In some cases after the transformation, least squares connection adjustment is done for error detection
and determination of the quality of the map. This needs a stochastic model of the connecting points, if
possible one can use acquisition and identification precision.
In the Netherlands the Cadastre currently uses a least-squares interpolation technique which was
originally developed for the interpolation of control network. This interpolation method is based on
all connection points and its covariance function is modelled as a linear function of distance of the
free point to the connection points. This method is not efficient computationally, but it works very
well for homogeneous point fields. Numerous other interpolation methods exist (see, e.g.,
Wiens(1986)), but have not been extensively used in the Netherlands.
In order to improve the local relationship within the map one can use additional information such as
surveying measures and geometric relationship to improve the quality of the map locally.
Building is a 1st priority in matching Topographic map and cadastral map. They develop a routine for
reconciliation based on the least squares adjustment and weighting condition. Reconciliation is a
digital operation in both maps: cadastral map and topographic map. It has been decided that surveying
information should be used sparsely. Only in difficult cases, measurements derived or taken from the
field sheet are used.
Here, one has to decide which boundary coincides with a topographic element in the base map.
Generally speaking, it is indispensable to use of the cadastral field sheet. Finally the topology and the
attributes of the map are checked.
The procedure of map renovation is shown below.
Figure 18 Major steps in map renovation in the Netherlands (Salzmann. M. A., Auke Hoekstra and Ted
Schut, 1997)
3.4.
Why did they use the large-scale topographic map as a base-map?
The topographic map has a homogeneous quality while cadastral map has an inhomogeneous quality.
The common object between two maps is the main-buildings. And both maps are managed by one
organization. Precision requirements required in a cadastral map are met. And this could be almost
done in the office and not in the field. This means that the map renovation in Netherlands was much
cheaper and faster than the other countries which used methods like resurveying.
3.5.
Quality objectives
Usually Positional accuracy depends on the relative precision. Therefore to describe quality and to
describe quality requirement based on the relative precision is logical. The relative precision standard
85
for building is 40 2cm in rural areas and 20 2cm in built-up areas. If the relative precision is
better than the standards, the boundary is adjusted according to the clues like field sketch and
topographic maps.
The relative precision of points is a function of acquisition precision and identification precision.
Acquisition precision depends on the data capture and data processing technique and quality of source
materials. Identification precision is a precision which can be modelled as a mathematical quantity.
For instance, the corner of a building can be pointed out more precisely than the middle of the ditch.
Table 22 gives characteristic values of the identification precision for objects.
Table 22 Value of the idealization precision as used in the Netherlands
Type of object
Marker, building
Fence
Hedge
Ditch
Interval idealization precision [cm]
0-2
2-5
5-10
10-20
Standard deviation of idealization [cm]
1
3.5
7.5
15
Completeness, consistency with topology and up-to-dateness is also checked while attention to the
aspects of geometric quality, completeness and attribute accuracy is never missed.
3.6.
Geometric map improvement
Quality can be quantified using a model to avoid ambiguity. And metadata to describe specification of
quality plays an important role for standardization.
Geometric map improvement has diverse conditions depending on the situations. Therefore map
renovation S/W has to provide a number of tools instead of the fixed procedure. By the way, there are
limiting conditions applied to the map renovation activities.
•
•
•
The geometric of the base map is left unchanged.
After geometric improvement the buildings of the base map are also considered as the
reference for the cadastral map and are therefore made an element of the cadastral map
The (geometric) quality of the cadastral map should be correctly described after map
renovation. (M.A. Salzmann 1998)
In practice the map renovation process consists of a number of steps. Firstly corresponding points or
objects are selected (mostly points of buildings). Based on these connection points the cadastral map
is locally fitted into the base map. Secondly the buildings of the base map are copied into the cadastral
map. Thirdly the cadastral boundaries are compared with topographic objects in the base map. This is
reconciliation step. At this stage it is decided if the boundary and topographic object do coincide or
not. (Martin Salzmann, 1997)
3.7.
Human resources
In the Netherlands, the Kadaster IT people have gradually increased due to the needs and importance
of IT. Nowadays, about 450 people are working in the IT department for an office with about 2000
employees. This means IT is a very important part of all work processes.
86
3.8.
Implementation of the model
The quality model was implemented by using a diagonal covariance matrix. The acquisition precision
had been used as parameters. Dutch cadastral information system stores the acquisition precision and
identification precision separately for each point. This makes it easy to derive relative precision
between any two points.
3.9.
Summary of the Dutch renovation practice
In the Netherlands, cadastral map renovation was implemented by reconciling the cadastral map with
the topographic map. During implementation, one of their major concerns is the lack of knowledge of
quality description. Before and after the map renovation, the whole descriptions of geometric quality
need to be stored.
Dutch case study shows that good operators is needed to make many subjective decisions.
Dutch Kadaster is preparing for next map renovation. It would include national boundary and entrance
of the building and so on. To do this, advanced modelling of map renovation processes is
recommended.
87
SWOT analysis
WO Strategy
• Introduce a special education program for GIS and image analysis, 3D
• Contract with related organization to share data's and to improve efficiency
• Develop business strategies to increase competence with perspective of new
products and services based on map renovation quality
• Education program for mapping and GIS to integrate origin points
• Introduce HRM
• Using HRM to fine out best fit person to map renovation
• Use government to re-align and re-make efficient governance
• Introduce quality process and procedure in WFMS
• Most of them are surveyors. Lack of marketing expertise.
• only few persons are good for cadastral map quality and
3D
• Cadastre, Topographic and Land registration are
separated by law
• Employees don't want to take risk works
• Geometric quality of cadastral map is not good
• Too many origin points have to be integrated
• Lack of experience in mapping and GIS
• Management of the resources is in immature phase
• No willingness to cooperate between different departments
• old and outdated working procedures, pricing policy
• All working activity has to be probed by MOGAHA
• Undifferentiated products and services
Make the channel to get customer's requirements
Put government's support to cadastral map renovation
Introducing satellite image in cadastral map renovation
Corporate with the WFMS to improve efficiency in work
develop an application S/W to control map renovation
Make a project of cadastral map renovation nationwide
Take a chance to get map renovation to have a experience in map
renovation
• Cooperate with public sector on a agreement/contract
• Staff education for image processing and new technology
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
WT Strategy
Advertisement of map renovation
To get needs for user's requirement
Upgrade a sub department to expand business
Explore new market of map renovation
Do not outsource major and critical part
To secure data
Develop marketing mechanism
Suggest amending laws to improve cadastral map quality
Collaborate with private sectors and public sector
89
• Prepare for mid and long term business strategies based on
customer's perspectives
• Simplify and connect processes to reduce response time
• Educate staffs to renovate maps
• Increasing expertise and human capacity in marketing, renovation
and 3D
• develop a SDI project to communicate organizations
• Upgrading HRM and WFMS
• re-align working procedure
• Increasing computerization department
• Differentiate products and services on the basis of renovated
maps
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
ST Strategy
• Users require more reliable cadastral information
• Survey market is opening by cadastral laws to the private. A new
competitor in your home market
• A competitor has a new, innovative product or service and
investments in data access and provision
• KCSC doesn't have a authority to improve cadastral map quality
• Most of the government organization wants to stick their original
roles
• Almost tie-up market only for cadastral survey
• Digital data's are easy to copy without security illegally
• Cadastral law is not adoptable for map renovation
• Needs for the satisfaction of the users
• Price is introduced on your product or service by government.
• KCSC goes abroad to get new business. Map renovation will be the one of
the services to provide to new international market.
• Independent institution for cadastral survey supported by MOGAHA
• The cadastre is an essential role of government.
• Users want to pay if cadastral map quality would improve
• Users demands for diverse and quality
• The relation with North Korea has become better. Map renovation also has to
be used in that area.
• The survey equipments and technologies are progressing
• The internet environment is the best in the world
• Now we can get 1m level satellite images in South Korea
• Government want to establish 3D system
• MOGAHA has a inherent role for managing cadastral map
• Possibility to recover loss cost as a government institution
• Trainings, education of the staff, capacity building
• Chance to get Merging, joint or strategic alliances
SO Strategy
T (Thread)
O (Opportunity)
W (Weakness)
• MOGAHA has about 2000 employees to manage cadastral
map database.
• KCSC has about 3500 skilled employees for the cadastral
survey
• Fluent experience in cadastre and survey
• The annual budget of IT department is increasing
• KCSC is a very strict hierarchical organization
• All information’s about land are provided by KLIS
• Unique basic map ready to add value on them
• Potential energy for development of new/innovative
products and services
• Flexible and active usage of employees
S (Strength)
Business Case
Appendix 4.
90
• Geometric quality of cadastral map is not good to
provide
• Needs for variety of education items
• Needs for variety of business items
• usage of human capacity and work process is not
optimal
• Risk and security management is needed
• Growing needs for IT resources
• Ubiquitous working environment
• Needs of data models
• Data exchange with security
• Lack of skilled GIS staff
• Weak human capacity in programming
• Poor quality goods and services
W (Weakness)
Developing 3D cadastral system
On-line retrieval of cadastral information
Continuous upgrading of IT infrastructure and H/W
Good internet and computer environment
All documents and data's are stored in databases
accurate observation data's are accumulated in
database
• Potential energy to provide new products or
services
• KCSC developed SIPS
•
•
•
•
•
•
S (Strength)
IT Case
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Develop mid and long term Planning for education and IT business
Use HRM, gathering IT expertise person to IT dept
Design of new working model
Continuous growing and training of IT people
Make a new department to support and develop S/W by oneself
WO Strategy
Use standards for creation of efficient integrated system
Collaborate with other organization IT dept
Connect with DB of other organization for sharing data
Develop application S/W to control map renovation
Connect to WFMS combined with wireless technique
Optimize production and service system
Upgrade IT dept and skilled staff with HRM
SO Strategy
Growing new market needed to be equipped with system development
Growing power of internet access and wireless access
Growing demands for diverse of services and products
Standards (UML, GML, OpenGIS etc)
Collaboration with other organization IT department based on public or
private partnership
• New knowledge came from business experience overseas
•
•
•
•
•
O (Opportunity)
ST Strategy
Data’s are stored in municipality. Global Integration problem
Data has to be secure
No specific legal framework for data sharing
Do not outsource in critical part (develop S/W ourselves)
Define copyright problem
S/W Technology is changing rapidly
Pilot project for geometric quality improvement
Education for data security and legal framework
Explore New business combined with IT
Educate skilled IT employees separately (legal, programming,
management etc)
• Education for copyright, privacy, liability etc
• Differentiate quality goods and services
•
•
•
•
WT Strategy
• Develop a Data warehouse to contain all local data's and integrate them
with security
• Continuous growing and training of IT people
• Develop web based application to communicate with private and public
sectors
• Define specific legal framework for data sharing
• Using SIPS to map renovation stage
• Cooperate with private and other governmental IT sector
•
•
•
•
•
•
T (Thread)
Appendix 5.
Cadastral map renovation process
91
Appendix 6. Cadastral map maintenance process
Customer
Request survey
KCSC
Municipality
NGII
Court
Receive request
Inquire Control points &
Topographic & Aerial photos
Send survey plan
Prepare inspection document
Receive the announcement
Announce to the customer
Send relevant dataset
Prepare survey
Send cadastral dataset
Participate to the field survey
Link with register infromation
Field survey & Mapping
Send cadastral fablic
Inspect Cadastral fablic
No
Yes
Updating the information
Generate
new records
Create
Survey result
Deliver the result
Receive & examine the result
Examine & confirm the records
No
No
Yes
Update new information
by survey result
Yes
Updating the records
Send Confirmation
Receive Confirm
Send Confirm
Send confirmation
Customize the result
Receive result
Send result
93
Appendix 7. Special law for Cadastral map renovation
Chapter I General rules
Article 1 (Aim) This law is enacted to execute the cadastral map renovation. Unless provided in this
law, other relevant laws are applied.
Article 2 (Definition of terms)
1. The term “cadastral map renovation” as used in this Law means renovation of cadastral map that is
to improve the quality of cadastral map in order to use as a national base map
2. The term “cadastral fabric” as used in this Law means
Article 3 (Cadastral map renovation)
1. Government should newly record all cadastral boundaries by inspecting all cadastral parcels of area
and geometry
2. The scope of this map renovation is limited in geometry and area correction.
3. The purpose and object in this map renovation is to improve the geometric quality of cadastral map
by determine new boundary coordinates.
Article 4 (organization) GI-related organizations should organize renovation authority to carry out and
supervise these activities. This renovation authority can have two hierarchical structures. One is
management level in the central government and the other is operational level in the local government.
This authority should comprise GI-related organizations.
Article 5 (rectification authority)
1. This map renovation only can be carries out by cadastral surveyors.
2. Renovation authority has an authority to rectify cadastral boundary. This authority is enacted only
in map renovation procedure.
Article 6 (applications and educations)
1. Renovation authority can develop systems to enforce the activity of map renovation. Cadastral map
renovation software should comprise structural editing tools and standards code.
2. Applications for this renovation have to get approval from MOGAHA.
2. Renovation authority should prepare for proper education to implement map renovation.
Article 7 (Cooperation) GI-related organizations should cooperate mutually in terms of working areas,
coordinate system, datasets, on-line link, mutual agreements etc
Article 8 (Commission)
1. The landowners shall organize the independent Commission for improving land use and broaden
arrangements of renovation area Readjustment.
2. The Readjustment Commission should get the agreement of more than one half of landowners who
hold more than one half of lands in the readjustment area, and get the approval from the Renovation
authority.
94
Article 9 (Announcement)
1. The Renovation authorities should announce publicly and notify the owner or landlord to in the
readjustment area during thirty days.
The competent authority should mediate the opposition opposed by private landowners in the
readjustment area during the course of the public announcement mentioned in the preceding
paragraph.
2. The Renovation authority should announce publicly the result of redistribution of land readjustment.
The course of the public announcement in the preceding paragraph is thirty days.
Article 10 (opposition) The landowners should oppose their opinions in writing to the Renovation
authority during the course of public announcement. If not, the result of redistribution should be
confirmed after the course of public announcement. The refuse of not taking over shall be referred as
been taken over.
Article 11 (mediation procedure) the Renovation authority takes over the mediation. The landowner
should raise an opposition on the spot, if they are not satisfied about the mediation. The competent
authority should apply to the higher authority for ruling the opposition within ten days.
Chapter 2 detail work
Article 12 (work flow) cadastral map renovation procedure is as follows:
1. planning
2. Preparation
3. Coordinates transformation
Article 13 (Coordinate system)
1. The coordinate system which will integrate all local coordinate system in this map renovation use
same coordinates system in topographic map.
2. All the maps have to convert to one national coordinates system.
Article 14 (reference datasets) this cadastral map renovation should take a operation by referencing
datasets like Aerial photos, Topographic map and so on.
Article 15 (Cadastral fabrics) there are two types of cadastral fabrics. One is based on the cadastral
boundary which is called cadastral fabric in this law, the other is based on the survey records which is
called survey record fabric.
Article 16 (Copy of map) renovation authority reserves the all original maps to be used in map
renovation process. This course should be performed after map renovation confirmation. Cadastral
law article 15 have to be used for the usage of digital cadastral map.
Article 17 (least squares adjustment)
Amending cadastral fabric has to use least squares adjustment.
Article 18 (Region selection) region selections follows public agreements
95
Article 19 (Overlap) All maps should overlap to give them interoperability to rectify cadastral
boundaries.
Article 20 (decision of map coordinates)
1. Decision of map coordinates should be decided by renovation authority.
2. Renovation authority should inspect all possible evidences. These inspections have to be used as a
base evidence to improve quality of cadastral map.
Article 21 (boundary rectification rules)
1. Cadastral map has to be amended according to the evidence of other materials.
2. Followings are procedures
a. survey record fabrics have to integrated into control points.
b. cadastral section which is a group of assembled parcels can move along to topographic section in
case the topographic scale is larger than the cadastral map scale. And also cadastral section can
be magnified by using best fit scale.
c. if the topographic map scale is smaller than the cadastral map scale then topographic map has a
reference role to amend.
d. cadastral boundary can be amended by existing evidence of survey record or larger scale
topographic map and aerial photos.
e. area comparison should compulsory executed to each parcel. If the area difference is more or less
than tolerance, adjacent parcels can help to find to minimize the difference.
2. Cadastral fabrics have to adopt at the latest.
3. In case of uncertainty, followings are suggested:
a. large scale map have a priority than small scale map.
b. survey record fabric is prior than topographic map
Article 22 (Use of public lands) The land for original roadway, pond, ditch, or other land for public
use in the readjustment area shall be modified or eliminated for helping to implement land
readjustment.
Article 23 (Area comparison) Renovation authority should investigate the location and area every lot,
and compare the land area before and after readjustment. If the area is not within the tolerance,
renovation authority appraises the fact and judges it.
Article 24 (product of continuous cadastral map)
Cadastral parcel have to represent by one closed polygon in cadastral map. Neighbour parcel should
have a relation between parcels. These topological rules have to be defined by renovation authority.
Article 25 (Public inspection) The government and renovation committee audit the result of map
renovation. The procedure and items of auditing can be defined by MOGAHA.
Chapter 3 miscellaneous
Article 26 (reservation of original geometry) The Renovation authority should keep the geometric
change until finishing map renovation.
96
Article 27 (authority of map) The redistributed land after land readjustment is deemed as original
land since the day of redistribution confirmed.
Article 28 (Use of map renovation product) The Renovation authority should publish a final report
and provide the data’s in accordance with the proceeding agreement with other organization. The map
has to be used for public purpose.
This renovated map can be used as a base map for NSDI and combined usage of topographic map.
Article 29 (Finance) The government could raise the surveying fees in accordance with the land
value and put extra costs on the computerized transaction activities.
Article 30 (Enforcement) The Enforcement Rules of this law is formulated and promulgated by the
Central Competent Authority.
Article 31
(implementation) This law is implemented from the day of promulgation.
97
Fast operation
After this operation, the
problems of geometric
quality would still
remain
Difficulty in cooperating
It is applicable if this
with topographic map
operation could integrate
Difficulty in getting
GI
cadastral fabrics
Opinion
Needs software
Increased area gaps
Reduced area gaps
Usage of government
property
Disadvantage
Parcel maintenance
1 ~ 2 years
1.5 ~ 3 years
High resolution
Airborne scanning and
Difficulty in overlapping large scale topographic
map is needed for this
other maps
operation
Advantage
(at the same condition of 500
person)
Expected working period
760,000 sheets / (3~6
sheet per a person a day
* 260 * 500) =
760,000 sheets / (2~4
sheet per a person a day
* 260 * 500) =
7.8
Using comparison
manually
0.85
The gap between registered
area and calculated area
(After)
0.93
7 / (150.1)
10 / (168.8)
7 / (155.6)
Edge matching
Semi-automatic
Using transformation
0.96
The gap between registered
area and calculated area
(current)
Using cadastral fabric
6 / (67.9)
Over Tolerance count (q=0.7)
Maintenance
10 / (86.0)
Over Tolerance count (q=0.5)
Helmert transformation
Least squares
adjustment
6 / (72.6)
Semi-automatic
Topographic map
Cadastral map
Aerial photos
Field records
Automatic
Field records
Topographic map
Cadastral map
Overall adjustment
Sheet by sheet
Sheet connection
adjustment
Block by block
Over tolerance parcel count /
(Sum of over tolerance)
Technical methods
Procedures
Original data source
Parcel maintenance
Focus on
Cadastral fabric
Cadastral map
Cadastral Editor
Methods
It will take too much
time and according
to that complains
from public will
increase
Takes too long time
Increased area
differences
Renew all cadastral
information
More than 35 years
760,000 / 65,000 =
11.69 * 3 person per
a team =
Less than 0.5 sheet
per 1 team a day *
about 260 working
day * 500 team =
65,000 sheet
Using resurveyed
dataset
7.5
0.96
8 / (195.7)
14 / (219.5)
The number of over
tolerance parcel is high
Integrate with
topographic map
1.5 ~ 3 years
* 260 * 500) =
(2~4 sheet per a person
a day
760,000 sheets /
Using topographic map
and field sketch
0.60
0.96
11 / (74.7)
14 / (99.7)
11 / (82.2)
Least squares
adjustment
Semi-Automatic
Topographic map
Cadastral map
Field records
Reconciliation
There are problems if there
is no reference map which large scale topographic
map is needed for this
is more accurate
information than current
operation
cadastral map
Not homogeneous
accuracy
Reduced area gaps
1.5 ~ 3 years
760,000 sheets / (2~4
sheet per a person a day *
260 * 500) =
Using field sketch
0.80
0.96
6 / (67.6)
10 / (86.7)
7 / (72.8)
Point to point matching
Updating parcel
information
8 / (202.6)
Manual
Topographic map
Cadastral map
Aerial photos
Field records
Adopt highest accuracy
Point by point
Almost automatic
Field records
Renew all parcels
Resurvey
Appendix 8. Comparison between 7 cadastral map renovation approaches
large scale
topographic map is
needed
Reducing area gaps,
minimise the
difference with
topographic map
1.5 ~ 3 years
760,000 sheets / (2~4
sheet per a person a
day * 260 * 500) =
Using topographic
map and field sketch
Least squares
adjustment (Dutch)
Helmert
transformation
(Block)
Semi-automatic
Topographic map
Cadastral map
Aerial photos
Field records
(Block by block +
Reconciliation)
Overall adjustment
Suggestion 1
Overall adjustment
Difficulty in cooperating from block by block
with topographic map
approach and least
It would take long time square for internal
adjustment
Difficulty in managing
cadastral maps
It can maintain current
cadastral workflow
Using field sketch
Updating parcel
information with latest
information
Semi-automatic
Cadastral map
Aerial photos
Field records
Correlation
Correlation methods
99
After map renovation,
using least squares
adjustment for daily
working
Needs software which
can manage GI
Parcel maintenance
Daily work
Using cadastral fabric
Least squares
adjustment
Automatic
Cadastral map
Field records
(develop software)
Parcel maintenance
Suggestion 2
100
Pictures
Sample
Procedures
Prototype
Modify individual parcel
Making a parcel fabric
Managing jobs
Cadastral Editor
Prototype testing
Block by block
Prototype testing
Sheet by sheet
Prototype testing
Resurvey
Prototype testing
Point by point
Comparison between 7 cadastral map renovation prototypes
Appendix 9. Comparison between 7 cadastral map renovation prototypes
Prototype testing
Correlation methods
Appendix 10. Statistic of Questionnaire
(General public)
Total number of answers: 115
Did you buy one of our products or services?
a. Yes
108 (93.9%)
b. No
7 (6.1%)
•
If you answer ‘yes’ on the question 1, which products or services did you buy?
(Cadastral map, Cadastral survey, Parcels-Register for Site and so on)
Are you satisfied with the quality?
a. Yes. Definitely
b. reasonably satisfied
c. reasonably unsatisfied
d. I cannot satisfied at all
No answer
41 (35.7 %)
57 (49.6 %)
16 (13.9 %)
1 (0.9%)
* Eventually remarks
•
Map quality suggestions
o The printed land is too small or too big
o Parcel is divided by grid line or the map is not joined sheet by sheet
(4)
•
Staff members are kind or good services
(4)
•
User’s demand
o Various accessibility on requesting
o Reduce the total period
(4)
Are you satisfied with the price?
a. Yes. Definitely
d. I cannot satisfy at all
No answer
25 (21.7%)
56 (48.7%)
30 (26.1%)
3 (2.6%)
1 (0.9%)
•
•
Too expensive survey fee
Good services
(19)
(3)
Are you satisfied with the delivery time and process time?
a. Yes. Definitely
37 (32.2%)
d. I cannot satisfied at all
No answer
62 (53.9%)
15 (13.0%)
0
1 (0.9%)
101
•
•
•
•
Reduce the long survey period
System problems
o Often breaking
o No internet dissemination and no connection with other city
(4)
Good services
Various accessibility on requesting
(3)
(1)
Further remarks
• Good services
• Users demand
o More detail cadastral map
o More detail explanation on survey result
o Sheet by sheet problem
o Clean the office
102
(2)
(4)
(4)
(Professional customers)
1.
Which institution are you in?
a. Private survey institute
b. municipality
c. banks
10 (14.7%)
40 (58.8%)
2 (2.9%)
d. utility (gas, water etc)
3 (4.4%)
e. real estate
7 (10.3%)
f. insurance
0
g. others
6 (8.8%)
* The others are architectural design company and personal business and so on.
2.
What is the function of your institution?
b. municipality
c. banks
e. real estate
f. insurance
g. others
Construction survey and design
Public services
finance
gas and electric power company
purchase and sale of land
architectural design or personal business
3.
Why is the cadastral map needed in your work?
cadastral survey needs cadastral map
b. municipality
Public services, Taxes, road design etc
c. banks
to appraise land value
for the location of gas line and power lines
e. real estate
trade and confirming location
f. insurance
g. others
Permission of new building
4.
How do you get it?
a. go to the office
35 (51.5%)
b. by Internet
13 (19.1%)
c. other
14 (20.6%)
No answer
6 (8.8%)
* In case of municipality they manage the map by their own.
5.
Are you satisfied with current cadastral map accuracy?
a. Yes. Definitely
6 (8.8%)
20 (29.4%)
36 (52.9%)
d. I am not satisfied at all
6 (8.8%)
103
6.
Are you satisfied with current cadastral map consistency with register?
a. Yes. Definitely
4 (5.9%)
21 (30.9%)
31 (45.6%)
11 (16.2%)
No answer
1 (1.5%)
7.
Are you in general satisfied with current cadastral map product?
a. Yes. Definitely
8 (11.8%)
23 (33.8%)
29 (42.6%)
8 (11.8%)
8.
Are you in general satisfied with current coordinates system?
a. Yes. Definitely
4 (5.9%)
30 (44.1%)
23 (33.8%)
9 (13.2%)
No answer
2 (2.9%)
9.
When complain is occurred, is it managed proper way?
a. Yes
21 (30.9%)
b. No
10 (14.7%)
c. It depends on the cases
36 (52.9%)
No answer :
1 (1.5%)
10. What do you think the most suitable tolerance would be in cadastral survey?
15.6cm
•
City area
29.6cm
•
Rural area
15.3cm
•
District area
11. Do you have suggestions for improvement from your perspective?
Items
Cadastral map
Topographic map
Management
MOGAHA
MOCT
Court
Updating
Municipality
NGII
Court
Survey
KCSC, Private Institute
NGII
* MOGAHA : Ministry Of Government And Home Affairs
* MOCT : Ministry Of Construction and Transportation
* NGII : National Geographic Information Institute
* KCSC : Korea Cadastral Survey Co
104
Register
Suggestions
• Unification of cadastral and topographic and register organization
(21)
•
settlement of discrepancy area or resurvey
(2)
•
as good as it is
(2)
12. Do you need other products?
• Digital topographic map and Aerial photos
(5)
•
3 dimensional cadastral map
(5)
•
Digital thematic map (Building, planning etc)
(6)
•
Digital cadastral map and survey result
(2)
•
Scale less
(1)
•
No need
(6)
13. Do you need other services?
•
historical management of survey
(1)
•
Underground and ground facility information
(1)
•
Internet dissemination
(4)
•
(5)
•
Provision of thematic map (Owner category, 3D, cadastral
map file, building with topographic map)
Improving the cadastral Survey service
•
No need
(5)
(2)
14. If that kind of map quality improvement may causes increasing survey fee, what is your opinion?
a. An increase of 100% is reasonable.
4 (5.9%)
b. An increase of 50% is reasonable.
10 (14.7%)
c. An increase of 10% is reasonable.
24 (35.3%)
d. No increase
28 (41.2%)
No answer
2 (2.9%)
15. What do you think is the most important issue to improve cadastral map quality? (More than 1
answer is possible)
a. technical issue (e.g. Survey equipment and control points etc)
31 (32.6%)
b. organizational issue (e.g. register is in different organization etc)
20 (21.1%)
c. legal issue (e.g. there is no law to improve it etc)
32 (33.7%)
d. work procedure (e.g. wrong procedure etc)
9 (9.5%)
e. other
3 (3.2%)
* The others are finances
16. Please write down your expected problems in technical, legal, and financial perspective.
(1)
•
Organizational structure
(2)
•
Cadastral resurvey
•
Financial problem
(6)
105
•
•
•
Dispute control
(1)
Special law is needed
(5)
Current problems
(4)
17. We would appreciate to find any suggestions which can help in improving our business.
(1)
• Advertisement
106
•
Cadastral resurvey
(7)
•
Current problems
(6)
•
Unification of coordinates system
(2)
•
fiscal budget expansion
(2)
•
Finances
(2)
•
3D cadastre
(1)
•
Increase the authority of government office work
(1)
•
Unification of cadastre and register
(1)
(KCSC employees)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Are you satisfied with current cadastral map accuracy?
a. Yes. Definitely
1 (0.6%)
24 (14.8%)
74 (45.7%)
63 (38.9%)
Are you satisfied with current cadastral map consistency with register?
a. Yes. Definitely
2 (1.2%)
34 (21.0%)
84 (51.9%)
42 (25.9%)
Are you in general satisfied with current cadastral map product?
a. Yes. Definitely
2 (1.2%)
31 (19.1%)
73 (45.1%)
56 (34.6%)
Are you in general satisfied with current coordinates system?
a. Yes. Definitely
2 (1.2%)
51 (31.5%)
72 (44.4%)
37 (22.8%)
When complain is occurred, is it managed proper way?
a. Yes
24 (14.8%)
b. No
31 (19.1%)
c. It depends on the cases
105 (64.8%)
No answer
2 (1.2%)
What do you think the most suitable tolerance would be in cadastral survey?
19.0cm
•
City area
30.2cm
•
Rural area
19.5cm
•
District area
107
7.
Do you have suggestions for improvement from your perspective?
Items
Cadastral map
Topographic map
Register
Management
MOGAHA
MOCT
Court
Updating
Municipality
NGII
Court
Survey
KCSC, Private Institute
NGII
* MOGAHA : Ministry Of Government And Home Affairs
* MOCT : Ministry Of Construction and Transportation
* NGII : National Geographic Information Institute
* KCSC : Korea Cadastral Survey Co
Suggestions
8.
9.
108
•
Establish a new organization to unify GI related organizations
(28)
•
Management has to move to MOCT
(15)
•
Unification of workflow between GI organizations
(14)
•
Cadastral resurvey
(5)
•
Management has to move to MOGAHA
(3)
•
Management has to move to Court
(2)
•
as good as it is
(2)
•
other
(1)
Do you need other products?
• various thematic map (Underground, facility, building, Aerial photos etc)
(29)
•
Provision of Digital cadastral map and survey result
(9)
•
3 dimensional map
(8)
•
Customer’s demand
(3)
•
internet service of cadastral map
(1)
•
Unification of land and forest map
(1)
•
Yes, it is
(8)
•
No need
(64)
Do you need other services?
• Broadcasting of GPS site signals
(1)
•
Yes it is
(7)
•
No need
(12)
•
3D Service
(3)
•
Customer’s demand
(7)
•
Mobile service based on location
(1)
•
Land consulting and architectural design and survey
(10)
•
Expanding cadastral services (real estate, thematic, internet and so on)
(27)
10. If that kind of map quality improvement may causes increasing survey fee, what is your opinion?
a. An increase of 100% is reasonable.
39 (24.1%)
b. An increase of 50% is reasonable.
53 (32.7%)
c. An increase of 10% is reasonable.
52 (32.1%)
d. No increase
10 (6.2%)
No answer
8 (4.9%)
11. What do you think is the most important issue to improve cadastral map quality? (More than 1
answer is possible)
a. technical issue (e.g. Survey equipment and control points etc)
96 (36.8%)
b. organizational issue (e.g. register is in different organization etc)
33 (12.6%)
c. legal issue (e.g. there is no law to improve it etc)
99 (37.9%)
d. work procedure (e.g. wrong procedure etc)
29 (11.1%)
e. other
4 (1.5%)
* The others are cadastral resurvey; reconstruct cadastral DB and decision of surveyors
12. Please write down your expected problems in technical, legal, and financial perspective.
(18)
• the cadastral resurvey is the only method
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
financial approach
o Increasing survey fees
o Use fiscal finance
(12)
Partial consolidation
o Consolidate control points
o Map Scale, Grid line
(13)
law reform
(4)
Education
(3)
Dispute control
(2)
Provision of integrated information
(1)
Keep the standards
(1)
13. We would appreciate to find any suggestions which can help in improving our business.
(18)
• the cadastral resurvey is the only method
•
•
Partial consolidation
o Use official authority on parcels which are out of tolerance
o Make cadastral seamless map
o Solve the problem of scale and grid line
(14)
Others
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
(10)
Reinforce personal responsibility
Research new survey technique to use ortho photos
Use topographic map instead of cadastral map
Human resource improvement
survey fee system has to change
3D cadastre
Expand Internet services
109

Cadastral Map Renovation - An analysis of the South Korean

Transcription

Similar documents

cadastre - Shawville

cadastre

From the Digitalized Cadastral Map toward a Vestorized one for the

SMARTKADASTER

Croatia

3D Cadastre in the province of Quebec: A First experiment for the

Renovation project in a popular location, with beautiful

go 4Dimension cadastre

European Location Framework and INSPIRE