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Pak. j. entomol. Karachi. Volume 25 (2) 2010 (July-December) CODEN: PJENEL, ISSN: 1018-1180
THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF KARACHI, PAKISTAN (1971)
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DREYER, M. (1984). Effects of aqueous neem extracts and neem oil on the main pests of
Cucurbita pepo in Togo. Proc. 2nd Int. Neem Conf. (Rauischholzhausen, 1983), pp. 435-443.
EDWARDS, C.A. AND HEATH, G.W. (1964). The Principles of Agricultural Entomology.
Chapman and Hall, London, 418 pp.
NAQVI, S.N.H., ASHRAFI, S.H. AND QADRI, M.A.H. (1968). Acid phosphatase activity in the
digestive system of the desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria (Forskål). Aust. J. Biol. Sci. 21: 1047-52.
RAUPP, M.J. AND DENNO, R.F. (1983). Leaf age as a predictor of herbivore distribution and
abundance. In: Denno, R.F. and McClure, M.S. (eds.): Variable Plants and Herbivores in Natural
and Managed Systems. Academic Press, New York, USA, pp. 91-124.
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Composed and Designed at: Muhammed Afzal Husain Qadri Biological Research Centre, University
of Karachi, Gulshan-e-Iqbal Town, Karachi-75270, Sindh-Pakistan.
CONTENTS
01.
02.
03.
04.
05.
06.
07.
08.
09.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
THE CLADISTIC ANALYSIS OF GENERA OF MENOPONIDAE (PHTHIRAPTERA:
AMBLYCERA), FOUND IN KARACHI REGION, PAKISTAN………………………………...
RIZVI, S.A. AND NAZ, S.
DISTRIBUTIONAL DIVERSITY OF HYMENOPTERANS POLLINATOR BEES FROM
DISTRICT SKARDU, NORTHERN AREAS OF PAKISTAN…………………………………..
HUSSAIN, A., KHAN, M.R., TAMKEEN, A., ANWAR, T., TAHIR, S. AND AHMAD, I.
DISTRIBUTION OF ORDER HYMENOPTERA IN MANGROVE FORESTS NEAR
KARACHI, PAKISTAN…………………………………….......................................................
FAROOQ, S.
EFFECTS OF CADMIUM, CHROMIUM, AND LEAD ON ENZYME INHIBITION IN
TREATED MARINE BIRD, LARUS ARGENTATUS THE HERRING GULL………………...
RAZA, N., SAQIB, T.A., ARSHAD, M.A. AND NAQVI, S.N.H.
A NEW SPECIES OF TANYMECUS GERMAR (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE)
FROM SINDH-PAKISTAN………………………………………………………………………..
AHMED, Z., RIZVI, S.A., KHATRI, I. AND ARIEN, N.
RE-DESCRIPTION OF PEDICULUS HUMANUS CORPORIS LINNAEUS, 1758
(ANOPLURA)………………………………………………………………………………………
KAKARSULEMANKHEL, J.K.
TOXICITY AND RESIDUAL EFFECT OF YELLOW-BERRIED NIGHTSHADE,
SOLANUM SURRATTENSE LEAVES EXTRACT AGAINST RED FLOUR BEETLE,
TRIBOLIUM CASTANEUM……………………………………………………………………….
PERVEEN, F., YASMIN, N., AKBAR, M.F., NAQVI, S.N.H. AND MEHMOOD, T.
DENGUE FEVER VIRUS VECTOR MOSQUITO (AEDES) PREVALENCE SURVEY
REPORT OF SINDH PROVINCE BY SEVEN DIFFERENT METHODS AND OUTBREAK
OF DENGUE IN KARACHI, 2010………………………………………………………………..
TARIQ, R.M. AND ARSHAD, M.A.
REVISION OF THE GENUS HIPPOTION HUBNER (LEPIDOPTERA : SPHINGIDAE)
WITH FIRST TIME RECORDED SPECIES HIPPOTION ROSETTA FROM
PAKISTAN………………………………………………………………………………………….
YOUNUS, M.F. AND KAMALUDDIN, S.
EXTERNAL
MORPHLOGY
OF
CICINDELA
HISTRIO
SCHISTSCHERINE
(COLEOPTERA: CARABOIDEA: CICINDELIDAE) FROM PAKISTAN……………………..
KAMALUDDIN, S., AKBAR, A. AND YASMIN, N.
LIST OF THE LIFE FELLOWS/FELLOWS/MEMBERS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL
SOCIETY OF KARACHI PAKISTAN (1971) DURING THE YEAR 2010……………………
BIOLOGICAL AND MORPHOLOGICAL STUDIES OF COTTON MEALYBUG
PHENACOCCUS SOLENOPSIS TINSLEY (HEMIPTERA: PSEUDOCOCCIDAE)
DEVELOPMENT UNDER LABORATORY ENVIRONMENT…………………………………
SAHITO, H.A., ABRO, G.H., KHUHRO, R.D., LANJAR, A.G. AND MAHMOOD, R.
LARVICIDAL ACTIVITY OF MARINE MACRO-ALGAE FROM KARACHI COAST
AGAINST DENGUE VIRUS VECTOR MOSQUITO, THE AEDES AEGYPTI L.…………...
HIRA, SULTANA, V., TARIQ, R.M., ARA, J. AND EHTESHAMUL-HAQUE, S.
STUDIES ON VARIETAL RESISTANCE OF SUNFLOWER CROP AGAINST BEMISIA
TABACI GENN. AND AMRASCA DEVASTANS DIST………………………………………..
LANJAR, A.G. AND SAHITO, H.A.
SEMINAR ON APPLICATION OF PCR TECHNIQUES ON THE HAEMOCOELIC
FLUID/BLOOD OF INSECTS & USE OF HPLC & GC FOR ANALYSIS OF PESTICIDES
IN INSECTS AND MAMMALIAN TISSUES………………………………………………….....
REPORT: YOUSUF, M.J.
65-80
81-86
87-90
91-96
97-100
101-106
107-112
113-116
117-122
123-129
130-130
131-141
143-146
147-151
152-152
Pak. j. entomol. Karachi 25 (2): 65-80, 2010
THE CLADISTIC ANALYSIS OF GENERA OF MENOPONIDAE
(PHTHIRAPTERA: AMBLYCERA), FOUND IN
KARACHI REGION, PAKISTAN
SYED ANSER RIZVI AND SAIMA NAZ
Department of Zoology, University of Karachi. Karachi, 75270 Pakistan.
[email protected]; [email protected]
(Received for publication May, 2010)
ABSTRACT
The present work covers the phylogenetic relationship of nine genera of family Menoponidae
(Phthiraptera: Amblycera), recorded from Karachi region, Pakistan. These are analyzed cladistically and
shown by the cladogram, using their apomorphic characters. The key to the genera of family
Menoponidae has also been formulated for the nine genera. This is the first attempt to cladistic analysis
of the family Menoponidae from the region.
Key words: Phthiraptera, Menoponidae, Cladistic Analysis, Karachi, Pakistan.
INTRODUCTION
The ‘Mallophaga’ (chewing lice) has been used
as orderinal level by many taxonomists (Kim and
Ludwig, 1978; 1982; Ferris, 1951) but Weber (1939),
Eichler (1941), Königsman (1960) and Haub (1980)
had used ‘Phthiraptera’ and include all lice groups as
subordinal levels. The suborder Amblycera has been
considered the most primitive group amongst all lice
(Lyal, 1985; Lakshminarayana, 1986). It consists of
seven
families
viz.
Boopiidae
Mjöberg,
Laemobothriidae Mjöberg, Ricinidae Neumann,
Trimenoponidae Harrison, Gyropidae Kellogg,
Abrocomophagidae Emerson and Price and
Menoponidae Mjöberg (Hopkins and Clay, 1952;
Clay, 1970; Richards and Davies, 1977; Marshall,
2002).
The family Menoponidae is the largest and
oldest amongst all seven families of Amblycera. The
taxonomy of the family is relatively stable, but the
subfamilial classification within this group has been
difficult (Clay, 1970; Marshall, 2003; Johnson and
Clayton, 2003). The key to genera of Menoponidae
(Clay, 1969) covered only 15 genera with two main
groups, Colpocephalum-complex and Menacanthuscomplex. Marshall (2003) covered 35 menoponid
genera and provided phylogenetic analysis of
morphological characters to support four major
groups of Menoponidae.
Besides the morphological phylogeny, the
molecular phylogenetic analysis has also supported
the relationship between menoponid genera
(Johnson and Whitting, 2002). Barker (1991) has
studied the phylogenetics of amblycera using both
morphological and molecular data.
Lyal (1985) has studied the phylogeny and
classification of the Psocodea with reference to lice
(Phthiraptera) in which he gave the apomorphies of
Psocodea and both Phthiraptera and Psocoptera are
considered to be holophyletic, but lies separately.
Mallophagan lice should be valuable evidence on the
phylogeny of their hosts; they discussed three
factors in the principle of host–parasite co-evolution,
discontinuous distribution, secondary infestation and
parallel evolution (Chandler, 1916; Clay, 1950). They
also have considered the amblycera to be the most
primitive lice, their ancestors may start to live as
ectoparasitic of warm blooded animals in Triassic
Period (225–190 million years ago) and the
Ischnoceran lice might be evolved since Cretaceous
(135–65 million years ago) or even in the Jurassic
Period (Howard, 1950; 1955; Wappler, et. al., 2003).
By the phylogenetic and cladistic analysis, it is
believed that the chewing lice have evolved from an
ancestral stock before the division into Anoplura and
the Ischnocera, other that they diverged from those
Ischnocera, which are already parasitic on mammals
(Kim, et. al., 1973; Marshall, 2002).
The intension of the present study was to know
Mallophagan fauna from the host birds of Karachi
region and to see whether new facts thus obtained
could contribute to the existing knowledge of the
phylogeny. Unfortunately not a single family has
been revised from this region.
The
morphological
characters
and
characterstats have been derived from Clay (1969)
and Marshall (2002). The illustrations have been
made by using NIKON Japan Light Microscope with
micro-ocular graticule in line graph of 0.5 mm.
KEY TO THE GENERA OF FAMILY
MENOPONIDAE OF KARACHI REGION
1. Sternal and femoral ctenidia present……………2
- Sternal
and
femoral
setal
brushes
present……………………………………………..3
66
A. Rizvi & S. Naz
2. Dorso-lateral margin of head with preocular slit;
ocular and occipital nodi weakly developed or
reduced; hypopharyngeal sclerite weakly
developed; prosternal plate flat and straight;
metasternal plate weakly developed; sternite III
with two ctenidia; female anal margin fringed
with
short
and
fine
setae…...............................Afrimenopon (fig. 1)
- Dorso-lateral margin of head with preocular
notch; ocular and occipital nodi well developed;
hypopharyngeal
sclerite
well
developed;
prosternal plate narrow to convex or pointed;
metasternal plate well developed; sternite III with
three ctenidia; female anal margin fringed with
long
and
thick
setae…..…….…………..Colpocephalum (fig. 2)
3. Postpalpal processes absent; hypopharyngeal
sclerite well developed…………………….……..4
- Postpalpal process present; hypopharyngeal
sclerite
weak
or
well
developed………………………………………….7
4. Dorso-lateral head margin with preocular notch;
dorso-anterior region of male head bears few
scattered microsetae; prosternal plate pointed
posteriorly, with well developed lateral margins;
tibia I-III bear lateral row of submarginal
microsetae; femur III with thick setal brushes on
its venter; euplantulae with horizontal lines; at
least one sternite IV with thick setal brushes;
female terminalia with additional pre-anal plate
and post-vulval plate; female subgenital plate
with short and stout setae; male subgenital plate
divided mid-laterally; female vulval margin with
short
and
fine
setae…………………………Heleonomus (fig. 3)
- Dorso-lateral margin of head with or without
preocular slit; dorso-anterior region of male head
without such setae; tibia I-III without lateral outer
submarginal setae; femoral setal brushes
usually thin; euplantulae with vertical line; two
sternites, either III-IV or IV-V with setal brushes;
female terminalia without additional plates;
female subgenital plate with short and fine
setae; male subgenital plate undivided; female
vulval
margin
with
short
and
stout
setae..…...…………….……………………………5
5. Dorso-lateral head margin straight, without
preocular slit; flagellomere II globulate and
rounded; gular plate well sclerotized; prosternal
plate well developed, pointed or dented
posteriorly, with weak to little strong lateral
margins; mesosternal plate either fused or
separated from coxae II and III; female
abdominal tergites well sclerotized, complete or
divided; sternites IV-V with well developed setal
brushes; female anal margin with short stout or
fine setae…………………………………………..6
- Dorso-lateral head margin with preocular slit;
flagellomere II elongated and oval; gular plate
weakly sclerotized; prosternal plate weakly
developed, with reduced lateral margins and
convex posterior margin; mesosternum isolated,
separated from coxae II and III; abdominal
tergites weakly sclerotized, always complete;
pleural ribs weakly present; sternite III-IV with
weakly developed setal brushes; female anal
margin
with
short
and
spinous
setae……...…………………...…Menopon (fig. 4)
6. Anterior head margin smooth and broadly
straight; preocular margin straight and narrow;
occipital setae DHS 21 and 22 small microsetae;
temples large and expanded; posterior margin of
prosternal plate tapering to pointed, with
moderately
sclerotized
lateral
margins;
mesosternal plate fused with coxae II and III,
forming a ring around mesothorax; male
abdominal tergites with single row of posterior
tergal marginal setae; sternite IV with a-typical
thick, spinous setae at latero-posterior ends;
tergites usually divided; female subgenital plate
with short and stout setae; female anal margin
fringed
with
short
and
fine
setae…..………..……….……… Myrsidea (fig. 5)
- Anterior head margin smooth and narrowly
convex; preocular margin straight and broad;
occipital setae DHS 21 and 22 long macrosetae;
temples small and rounded; posterior margin of
prosternal plate with two or three dentations and
weakly sclerotized lateral margins; mesosternum
separated from coxae II and III; male abdominal
tergites V-IX with small scattered microsetae,
forming multiple rows of tergal setae, along with
the posterior marginal tergal setae; sternite IV
without such setae; tergites undivided; female
subgenital plate with short and fine setae;
female anal margin with four-five a-typical setae
on anterior margin along with the short and stout
setae……….………………Holomenopon (fig. 6)
7. Postpalpal processes short; hypopharyngeal
sclerite well developed; gular plate divided
medially with lateral sclerotization; pedicel with
short dorso-lateral process; flagellomere I
completely sclerotized; flagellomere II elongated
and oval; antennal groove long and shallow;
pleurites normal, without inner ventro-posterior
process; male abdominal tergites with single row
of tergal marginal setae; female subgenital plate
bearing marginal thick and long setae; male
genitalia short with complex armature;
parameres little straight, with posterior end
shorter
than
posterior
margin
of
endomere……………………………………………
…...………Neokelerimenopon gen. nov. (fig. 7)
- Postpalpal
processes
long
and
sharp;
hypopharyngeal sclerite weakly developed; gular
plate completely sclerotized; pedicel with short
or long dorso-lateral process; flagellomere I
incompletely
sclerotized;
flagellomere
II
globulate and rounded; antennal groove short
and little deep; pleurites normal or may be with
Cladistic Analysis of Menoponidae (Phthiraptera: Amblycera)
inner ventro-posterior process; male abdominal
tergites with double rows of tergal marginal
setae; female subgenital plate with scattered
small to fine setae; male genitalia moderate to
long, with simple or unique armature; parameres
curved outwards inside, with posterior end
longer
than
posterior
margin
of
endomere………………….……………………….8
8. Anterior head margin broadly convex; pedicel
with very short dorso-lateral process; DHS 9
submarginal in position; DHS 24 large,
macrosetae; DHS 26 separated from the
alveolus of DHS 27; pleurites usually normal;
sternal setal brushes relatively well formed; male
genitalia unique in armature; anterior end of
basal apodeme broad to
straight;
male
genital
sac
sclerite
well
developed………………….Menacanthus (fig. 8)
- Anterior head margin narrowly convex; pedicel
with long, thumb like dorso-lateral process; DHS
9 marginal in position; DHS 24 small,
microsetae; DHS 26 contiguous with the
alveolus of DHS 27; pleurites may be with inner
ventro-posterior process; sternal setal brushes
relatively weak; male genitalia long and simple in
armature; anterior end of basal apodeme narrow
and tapering to pointed; male genital sac sclerite
weak to reduced…………….Hohorstiella (fig. 9)
CLADISTIC ANALYSIS OF GENERA OF FAMILY
MENOPONIDAE OF KARACHI REGION
List of Characters:
a0. Anterior margin of head narrow to taper.
a1. Anterior margin of head smooth and narrowly
convex (Hohorstiella, Holomenopon, Menopon)
a2. Anterior margin of head smooth and broadly
convex
(Afrimenopon,
Colpocephalum,
Menacanthus, Neokelerimenopon)
a3. Anterior margin of head smooth and broadly
straight (Myrsidea, Heleonomus)
b0. Dorso-lateral preocular head margin sinuate or
wavy.
b1. Dorso-lateral preocular head margin straight
(Myrsidea, Holomenopon)
b2. Dorso-lateral preocular head margin with notch
(Colpocephalum, Heleonomus)
b3. Dorso-lateral preocular head margin with slit
(Afrimenopon,
Menacanthus,
Menopon,
Hohorstiella, Neokelerimenopon)
c0. Temples short and reduced.
c1. Temples small and rounded (Afrimenopon,
Holomenopon,
Hohorstiella,
Menopon,
c2. Temples large and expanded (Myrsidea)
large
and
quadrato-angular
c3. Temples
(Colpocephalum, Heleonomus)
d0. Preocular setae DHS 8-11 absent.
d1. Preocular
setae
DHS
8-11
present
(Afrimenopon, Colpocephalum, Heleonomus,
e0.
e1.
e2.
f0.
f1.
f2.
g0.
g1.
h0.
h1.
i0.
i1.
i2.
i3.
j0.
j1.
j2.
k0
k1.
k2.
l0.
l1.
m0.
m1.
m2.
n0.
n1.
67
Hohorstiella, Holomenopon, Neokelerimenopon,
Menacanthus, Menopon, Myrsidea)
DHS 9 absent.
DHS 9 marginal in position (Hohorstiella,
Neokelerimenopon, Holomenopon, Heleonomus,
Menopon, Colpocephalum, Myrsidea)
DHS 9 submarginal in position (Menacanthus,
Afrimenopon)
DHA 10 and DHS 11 equal in length.
DHS 10 > DHS 11 (Heleonomus, Menopon)
DHS 10 < DHS 11 (Colpocephalum,
Menacanthus, Neokelerimenopon, Afrimenopon,
Hohorstiella,
Holomenopon,
Myrsidea,
Holomenopon)
Mid-dorsal setae DHS 14-17 absent.
Mid-dorsal
setae
DHS
14-17
present
Ocular setae DHS 19 and 20 absent.
Ocular setae DHS 19 and 20 present
Occipital setae DHS 21-22 absent.
Occipital
setae
DHS
21-22
present
Occipital setae 21-22 long macrosetae
Hohorstiella, Holomenopon, Neokelerimenopon
Menacanthus, Menopon)
Occipital setae 21-22 short, microsetae
(Myrsidea)
Temporal seta DHS 23 undeveloped.
Temporal seta DHS 23 developed macroseta
(Afrimenopon,
Colpocephalum,
Neokelerimenopon, Heleonomus, Holomenopon,
Hohorstiella, Menopon, Menacanthus)
Temporal seta DHS 23 absent (Myrsidea)
DHS 23 contagious with DHS 22.
DHS 23 near DHS 22 in straight line
(Colpocephalum, Hohorstiella, Afrimenopon,
Menopon, Neokelerimenopon, Menacanthus)
DHS 23 far up to temples (Holomenopon,
Heleonomus)
Temporal setae DHS 24-31 absent.
Temporal
setae
DHS
24-31
present
DHS 24 undeveloped, reduced.
DHS 24 small, microseta (Colpocephalum,
Hohorstiella,
Afrimenopon,
Menopon,
Holomenopon, Heleonomus, Myrsidea)
DHS 24 large, macroseta (Neokelerimenopon,
Menacanthus)
DHS 25 very reduced and unevident.
DHS 25 short, microseta (Myrsidea)
A. Rizvi & S. Naz
68
1
2
3
4
5
7
6
8
9
Figure 1-9: 1- Afrimenopon waar (Eichler, 1947); 2- Colpocephalum tausi (Ansari, 1951); 3- Heleonomus
adnani Naz, et. al., 2009; 4- Menopon gallinae (Linnaeus, 1758); 5- Myrsidea splendenticola Klockenhoff,
1973; 6- Holomenopon sp. n.; 7- Neokelerimenopon khawajai Naz, et. al., In Press; 8- Menacanthus
stramineus (Nitzsch, 1818); 9- Hohorstiella lata (Piaget, 1880).
n2.
o0.
o1.
o2.
p0.
p1.
p2.
q0.
q1.
q2.
r0.
r1.
r2.
r3.
r4.
r5.
s0.
s1.
s2.
s3.
t0.
t1.
u0.
u1.
DHS 25 large, macroseta (Afrimenopon,
Colpocephalum, Heleonomus, Hohorstiella,
Holomenopon,
Menacanthus,
Menopon,
Neokelerimenopon)
DHS 26 undeveloped.
DHS 26 short, microseta (Colpocephalum,
Hohorstiella, Afrimenopon, Neokelerimenopon
Menopon)
DHS 26 large, macroseta (Holomenopon,
Heleonomus, Menacanthus, Myrsidea)
Alveoli of DHS 26 far away from DHS 27.
Alveoli of DHS 26 is separated from DHS 27
(Menacanthus, Heleonomus, Holomenopon,
Myrsidea)
Alveoli of DHS 26 touching the alveoli of DHS
27
(Menopon,
Neokelerimenopon
Afrimenopon, Hohorstiella, Colpocephalum)
DHS 29 terminal in position.
DHS 29 marginal in position (Afrimenopon,
Neokelerimenopon Menopon, Menacanthus,
Myrsidea)
DHS
29
submarginal
in
position
(Colpocephalum, Hohorstiella, Holomenopon,
Heleonomus)
Dorsal head sensillae a-e present.
Dorsal
head
sensillae
a-d
present
(Menacanthus)
Dorsal
head
sensillae
a-c
present
(Afrimenopon, Colpocephalum, Menopon,
Neokelerimenopon)
Dorsal head sensillae a and c present only
(Holomenopon)
Dorsal head sensillae a present only
(Heleonomus)
All dorsal head sensillae absent (Hohorstiella,
Myrsidea)
Ocular and occipital nodi absent.
Ocular and occipital nodi weakly developed
(Afrimenopon, Neokelerimenopon)
Ocular and occipital nodi well developed
(Colpocephalum, Heleonomus, Myrsidea)
Only
occipital
nodi
weakly
present
(Hohorstiella,
Holomenopon,
Menopon,
Menacanthus)
Mouth parts without mandibles.
Mouth parts with developed mandibles
Hohorstiella,
Holomenopon,
Neokelerimenopon, Menacanthus, Menopon,
Myrsidea)
Maxillary palpi with less than four segments.
Maxillary
palpi
with
four
segments
Hohorstiella,
Holomenopon,
Myrsidea)
v0.
v1.
v2.
v3.
v4.
w0.
w1.
w2.
x0.
x1.
x2.
x3.
y0.
y1.
z0.
z1.
za0.
za1.
za2.
za3.
zb0.
zb1.
69
Posterior
part
of
maxillary
palpi
undeveloped.
Posterior part of maxillary palpi not
developed into postpalpal processes
(Afrimenopon,
Colpocephalum,
Holomenopon, Heleonomus, Menopon,
Myrsidea)
Posterior part of maxillary palpi developed
into postpalpal processes (Hohorstiella,
Postpalpal
processes
short
(Neokelerimenopon)
Postpalpal processes large and sharp
(Menacanthus, Hohorstiella)
Hypopharyngeal sclerite reduced.
Hypopharyngeal
sclerite
weakly
developed (Afrimenopon, Hohorstiella,
Menacanthus)
Hypopharyngeal sclerite well developed
(Colpocephalum,
Holomenopon,
Heleonomus,
Neokelerimenopon
Menopon, Myrsidea)
Gular plate absent.
Gular
plate
weakly
sclerotized
(Afrimenopon, Hohorstiella, Menopon,
Menacanthus)
Gular
plate
well
sclerotized
(Holomenopon, Myrsidea, Heleonomus,
Colpocephalum)
Gular plate only laterally sclerotized
(Neokelerimenopon)
Antennae filiform.
Antennae
capitate
(Afrimenopon,
Colpocephalum,
Heleonomus,
Hohorstiella,
Holomenopon,
Neokelerimenopon,
Menacanthus,
Menopon, Myrsidea)
Flagellomeres less than two segments.
Flagellomeres always two segments,
segments III and IV (Afrimenopon,
Colpocephalum,
Heleonomus,
Hohorstiella,
Holomenopon,
Neokelerimenopon,
Menacanthus,
Menopon, Myrsidea)
Pedicel without dorso-lateral process.
Pedicel with very short dorso-lateral
process (Neokelerimenopon)
Pedicel with short dorso-lateral process
(Holomenopon,
Colpocephalum,
Pedicel with long dorso-lateral process
(Afrimenopon, Hohorstiella)
Flagellomere I unsclerotized.
Flagellomere I incompletely sclerotized
(Holomenopon,
Colpocephalum,
Hohorstiella, Menacanthus, Menopon)
70
A. Rizvi & S. Naz
zb2. Flagellomere
I
completely
sclerotized
(Neokelerimenopon Afrimenopon, Myrsidea,
Heleonomus)
zc0. Flagellomere II filiform.
II
elongated
and
oval
zc1. Flagellomere
(Colpocephalum,
Menopon,
Neokelerimenopon Heleonomus)
zc2. Flagellomere II globulated and rounded
(Menacanthus, Hohorstiella, Holomenopon,
Myrsidea, Afrimenopon)
zd0. Ventro-lateral antennal groove absent.
zd1. Ventro-lateral antennal groove short and little
deep (Hohorstiella, Menacanthus)
zd2. Ventro-lateral antennal groove short and
shallow
(Colpocephalum,
Holomenopon,
Myrsidea, Afrimenopon)
zd3. Antennal groove long and shallow (Menopon,
Neokelerimenopon, Heleonomus)
ze0. Ventro-lateral marginal setae on anterior
termination absent.
ze1. Ventro-lateral marginal setae on anterior
termination present, one long and one short
Hohorstiella,
Holomenopon,
Myrsidea)
zf0. Transverse pronotal carina absent.
zf1. Transverse
pronotal
carina
present
Hohorstiella,
Holomenopon,
Myrsidea)
zg0. Posterior pronotal setal row incomplete
zg1. Posterior pronotal setal row complete
Hohorstiella,
Holomenopon,
Myrsidea)
zh0. Postnotum on pronotum absent.
zh1. Postnotum
on
pronotum
present
Hohorstiella,
Holomenopon,
Myrsidea)
zi0. Anterior mesonotal setae absent.
zi1. One pair of anterior mesonotal setae present
(Myrsidea)
zi2. Two pairs of anterior mesonotal setae present
Hohorstiella,
Holomenopon,
Neokelerimenopon, Menacanthus, Menopon)
zj0. Anterior mesonotal setae contagious.
zj1. Anterior mesonotal setae lie closed together
(Colpocephalum, Menopon, Holomenopon,
Menacanthus, Afrimenopon, Myrsidea)
zj2.
zk0.
zk1.
zl0.
zl1.
zm0.
zm1.
zm2.
zn0.
zn1.
zn2.
zo0.
zo1.
zo2.
zo3.
zp0.
zp1.
zp2.
zp3.
zp4.
zq0.
Anterior mesonotal setae lie separated
widely (Neokelerimenopon, Hohorstiella)
Mesonotum fused with metanotum.
Mesonotum not fused with metanotum
(Afrimenopon,
Colpocephalum,
Heleonomus, Hohorstiella, Holomenopon,
Neokelerimenopon,
Menacanthus,
Menopon, Myrsidea)
Metanotal terminal setal row absent.
Metanotal
terminal
row
present
(Afrimenopon,
Colpocephalum,
Heleonomus, Hohorstiella, Holomenopon,
Neokelerimenopon,
Menacanthus,
Menopon, Myrsidea)
2nd seta of metanotal terminal setal row
very large macrosetae.
developed as outer seta (Colpocephalum,
Neokelerimenopon
Holomenopon,
Hohorstiella, Afrimenopon, Myrsidea,
Heleonomus)
peg like or stout and shorter than outer
seta (Menopon, Menacanthus)
Prosternal plate absent.
Prosternal plate weakly developed
(Colpocephalum,
Menopon,
Neokelerimenopon,
Menacanthus,
Afrimenopon)
Prosternal
plate
well
developed
(Holomenopon,
Heleonomus,
Hohorstiella, Myrsidea)
Anterior setae on prosternal plate absent.
Anterior setae present on prosternal plate
(Heleonomus, Myrsidea)
Anterior setae present anterior to
prosternal plate with narrow space
(Afrimenopon,
Colpocephalum,
Neokelerimenopon,
Menacanthus,
Menopon)
Anterior setae present anterior to
prosternal plate with wide space
(Holomenopon, Hohorstiella)
Lateral margins of prosternal plate absent.
Lateral margins of prosternal plate
reduced (Colpocephalum, Menopon)
Lateral margins of prosternal plate weakly
present
(Neokelerimenopon
Holomenopon,
Hohorstiella,
Menacanthus, Afrimenopon)
moderately sclerotized (Myrsidea)
strongly present (Heleonomus)
Posterior margin of prosternal plate
absent.
zq1. Posterior margin of prosternal plate flat and
straight (Afrimenopon)
zq2. Posterior margin of prosternal plate convex
(Menopon, Colpocephalum, Menacanthus)
zq3. Posterior margin of prosternal plate tapering to
pointed (Heleonomus, Hohorstiella, Myrsidea,
Neokelerimenopon)
zq4. Posterior margin of prosternal plate dented
(Holomenopon)
zr0. Mesosternum absent.
zr1. Mesosternum present, separated from coxa II
and
III
(Afrimenopon,
Holomenopon,
Heleonomus, Hohorstiella, Colpocephalum,
Menacanthus, Menopon, Neokelerimenopon)
zr2. Mesosternum present, fused completely with
pleurites to mesonotum forming a ring around
the segment (Myrsidea)
zs0. Metasternal plate absent.
zs1. Metasternal
plate
weakly
developed
(Menopon, Afrimenopon)
zs2. Metasternal
plate
well
developed
(Colpocephalum,
Neokelerimenopon,
Holomenopon, Hohorstiella, Menacanthus,
Myrsidea)
zt0. Femur III without setae.
zt1. Femur III with brushes of setae, arranged in
central of venter (Menopon, Menacanthus,
Myrsidea, Neokelerimenopon, Holomenopon,
Hohorstiella, Heleonomus)
zt2. Femur III with thin brushes of setae on its
venter
(Menopon,
Myrsidea,
Neokelerimenopon,
Holomenopon,
Hohorstiella)
zt3. Femur III with thick brushes of setae on its
venter (Heleonomus, Menacanthus)
zt4. Femur III with combs of setae on venter
(Colpocephalum, Afrimenopon)
zu0. Euplantulae undeveloped.
zu1. Euplantulae with vertical lines (Afrimenopon,
Colpocephalum, Holomenopon, Hohorstiella,
Menopon,
Myrsidea,
Menacanthus,
Neokelerimenopon)
zu2. Euplantulae
with
horizontal
lines
(Heleonomus)
zv0. Tarsal claws serrated.
zv1. Tarsal claws not serrated (Afrimenopon,
Holomenopon,
Neokelerimenopon,
zw0. Tergites of female undeveloped.
zw1. Tergites of female complete and undivided
(Afrimenopon, Neokelerimenopon, Menopon,
Menacanthus, Holomenopon, Heleonomus,
Hohorstiella)
zw2. Tergites of female divided into two or three
parts (Colpocephalum, Myrsidea)
zx0.
zx1.
zx2.
zx3.
zy0.
zy1.
zz0.
zz1.
zz2.
zza0.
zza1.
zza2.
zzb0.
zzb1.
zzb2.
zzb3.
zzb4.
zzc0.
zzc1.
zzc2.
zzd0.
zzd1.
zzd2.
zze0
71
Posterior row of tergal setae absent.
Single row of posterior tergal setae
(Holomenopon,
Menopon,
Neokelerimenopon
Afrimenopon,
Myrsidea)
Double row of posterior tergal setae
(Colpocephalum,
Menacanthus,
Heleonomus, Hohorstiella)
Multiple rows of posterior tergal setae on
last few segments, at least in male
(Holomenopon)
Spiracles pleural in position.
Spiracles tergal in position (Afrimenopon,
Colpocephalum,
Heleonomus,
Hohorstiella,
Holomenopon,
Neokelerimenopon,
Menacanthus,
Menopon, Myrsidea)
Postspiracular setae absent.
Postspiracular setae posterior to spiracles
(Heleonomus,
Holomenopon,
Neokelerimenopon,
Menacanthus,
Menopon, Myrsidea)
Postspiracular setae latero-posterior to
spiracles (Colpocephalum, Hohorstiella,
Afrimenopon)
Abdominal sternites without setae.
Abdominal sternites with brushes of setae
(Menopon,
Neokelerimenopon,
Holomenopon, Heleonomus, Hohorstiella,
Menacanthus, Myrsidea)
Abdominal
sternites
with
ctenidia
Setal arrangement on sternites III-V.
Setal arrangements on sternite III only
Setal arrangement on sternite IV only
(Heleonomus)
Setal arrangement on sternite III and IV
(Menopon)
Setal arrangement on sternite IV and V
(Neokelerimenopon,
Holomenopon,
Hohorstiella, Menacanthus, Myrsidea)
Sternal setal brushes irregular.
Sternal setal brushes weakly developed
(Menopon,
Neokelerimenopon,
Hohorstiella)
Sternal setal brushes well developed
(Menacanthus,
Holomenopon,
Heleonomus, Myrsidea)
Sternal ctenidia multiple in numbers.
Two pairs of sternal ctenidia present
(Afrimenopon)
Three or may be more pairs of sternal
ctenidia present (Colpocephalum)
Male external genitalia very long, reaching
above the segment IV.
72
A. Rizvi & S. Naz
zze1. Male external genitalia moderate to long,
extending up to segment IV (Holomenopon,
Menopon,
Afrimenopon,
Hohorstiella,
Colpocephalum, Heleonomus, Menacanthus)
zze2. Male external genitalia short, extending up to
segment VI-VII (Neokelerimenopon, Menopon)
zzf0. Male genitalia armature very reduced.
zzf1. Male genitalia armature simple (Afrimenopon,
Colpocephalum, Hohorstiella, Menopon)
zzf2. Male
genitalia
armature
complex
(Heleonomus,
Holomenopon,
Neokelerimenopon)
zzf3. Male genitalia armature complex or a-typical
and unique (Menacanthus)
zzg0. Basal apodeme absent.
zzg1. Basal apodeme well sclerotized (Heleonomus,
Hohorstiella,
Menacanthus,
Neokelerimenopon, Myrsidea)
zzg2. Basal
apodeme
weakly
sclerotized
(Colpocephalum, Holomenopon, Afrimenopon)
zzg3. Basal apodeme reduced and undeveloped
(Menopon)
zzh0. Anterior end of basal apodeme flat.
zzh1. Anterior end of basal apodeme broad and
blunt (Neokelerimenopon, Menacanthus)
zzh2. Anterior end of basal apodeme narrow and
blunt (Myrsidea)
zzh3. Anterior end of basal apodeme tapering to
pointed
(Colpocephalum,
Afrimenopon,
Heleonomus, Hohorstiella, Holomenopon)
zzh4. Anterior end of basal apodeme reduced to a
membranous form (Menopon)
zzi0. Parameres reduced.
zzi1. Parameres
straight,
short
and
stout
(Colpocephalum,
Afrimenopon,
Neokelerimenopon, Myrsidea)
zzi2. Parameres
curved
outwards
inside
(Heleonomus,
Menopon,
Holomenopon,
Hohorstiella, Menacanthus)
zzj0. Posterior end of paramere parallel to posterior
margin of endomere.
zzj1. Posterior end of paramere shorter than
posterior
margin
of
endomere
(Colpocephalum,
Afrimenopon,
Neokelerimenopon)
zzj2. Posterior end of paramere longer than
posterior margin of endomere (Menacanthus,
Menopon,
Holomenopon,
Hohorstiella,
Heleonomus)
zzk0. Female subgenital plate without setae.
zzk1. Female subgenital plate with short and stout
setae (Heleonomus, Myrsidea, Menopon)
zzk2. Female subgenital plate with short and fine
setae
(Afrimenopon,
Holomenopon,
Hohorstiella, Menacanthus)
zzk3. Female subgenital plate with long thick
setae
(Neokelerimenopon,
Colpocephalum)
zzl0. Anal margin of female without setal fringe.
zzl1. Anal margin of female with short setae
(Menopon,
Neokelerimenopon,
Holomenopon,
Menacanthus,
Afrimenopon, Myrsidea, Heleonomus,
Hohorstiella)
zzl2. Anal margin of female with fringe of short,
spinous
setae
(Menopon,
Neokelerimenopon)
zzl3. Anal margin of female with short, a-typical
setae, along with short and stout setae
(Holomenopon)
zzl4. Anal margin of female with fringe of short
and
fine
setae
(Menacanthus,
Afrimenopon, Myrsidea, Heleonomus,
Hohorstiella)
zzl5. Anal margin of female with fringe of longer
and thick setae (Colpocephalum)
Characterstates and Analysis:
Anterior Margin of Head (a)
Anterior margin of head smooth and
narrowly convex in Hohorstiella, Holomenopon
and Menopon show their synapomorphic
condition (a1). The anterior margin of head is
smooth and broadly convex in Afrimenopon,
Colpocephalum,
Menacanthus
and
Neokelerimenopon,
show
their
derived
synapomorphic condition (a2). In Myrsidea and
Heleonomus, the anterior head margin is
smooth and broadly straight, showing their more
derived synapomorphic condition (a3).
Dorso-lateral Margin of Head (b)
Dorso-lateral preocular margins of head are
straight in Myrsidea and Holomenopon, show
their synapomorphic condition (b1). Dorso-lateral
margins of head with preocular notch in
Colpocephalum and Heleonomus, show their
derived synapomorphic condition (b2). In
Afrimenopon,
Menacanthus,
Menopon,
Hohorstiella and Neokelerimenopon, the dorsolateral margins of head with preocular slit, show
their more derived synapomorphic condition
(b3).
Shape of Temples (c)
Temples are small and rounded in
Afrimenopon,
Holomenopon,
Hohorstiella,
Menopon,
Menacanthus
and
Neokelerimenopon, showing the synapomorphic
condition (c1). These are large and expanded in
Myrsidea, show their autapomorphic condition
(c2). In Colpocephalum and Heleonomus, the
temples are large and quadrate, show their derived
synapomorphic condition (c3).
Preocular Setae DHS 8-11 (d)
The preocular setae DHS 8-11 are always
present in all menoponids, including Afrimenopon,
Colpocephalum,
Hohorstiella,
Heleonomus,
Holomenopon, Menopon, Menacanthus, Myrsidea
and Neokelerimenopon, show their synapomorphic
condition (d1).
Position of DHS 9 (e)
DHS 9 is marginal in position in Hohorstiella,
Neokelerimenopon, Holomenopon, Heleonomus,
Menopon, Colpocephalum and Myrsidea, show their
synapomorphic condition (e1). In Menacanthus and
Afrimenopon, the DHS 9 is little submarginal in
position, showing their derived synapomorphic
condition (e2).
Length of DHS 10 and 11 (f)
Length of DHS 10 is more than DHS 11 in
Heleonomus
and
Menopon,
show
their
synapomorphic condition (f1). In Colpocephalum,
Menacanthus, Neokelerimenopon, Afrimenopon,
Hohorstiella,
Holomenopon,
Myrsidea
and
Holomenopon, the DHS 10 is shorter than DHS 11,
showing their derived synapomorphic condition (f2).
Mid-dorsal Setae DHS 14-17 (g)
The mid-dorsal setae DHS 14-17 are present in
Afrimenopon,
Colpocephalum,
Heleonomus,
Menacanthus, Menopon and Myrsidea, showing their
synapomorphic condition (g1).
Ocular Setae DHS 19 and 20 (h)
Ocular setae DHS 19 and 20 are present in
Afrimenopon,
Colpocephalum,
Heleonomus,
Menacanthus, Menopon and Myrsidea show their
synapomorphic condition (h1).
Occipital Setae 21 and 22 (i)
Occipital setae DHS 21 and 22 are present in
Afrimenopon,
Colpocephalum,
Heleonomus,
Menacanthus, Menopon and Myrsidea showing their
synapomorphic condition (i1). These two setae are
long, macrosetae in Afrimenopon, Colpocephalum,
Heleonomus,
Hohorstiella,
Holomenopon,
Neokelerimenopon, Menacanthus and Menopon,
show their derived synapomorphic condition (i2). In
Myrsidea, these are short, microsetae show their
autapomorphic condition (i3).
Temporal Seta DHS 23 (j)
Temporal seta DHS 23 is very developed and
macrosetae in Afrimenopon, Colpocephalum,
Neokelerimenopon, Heleonomus, Holomenopon,
Hohorstiella, Menopon and Menacanthus, show their
synapomorphic condition (j1). In Myrsidea the DHS
73
23 is usually absent, showing their derived
synapomorphic condition (j2).
Position of DHS 23 (k)
DHS 23 is near DHS 22, in a straight line in
Colpocephalum, Hohorstiella, Afrimenopon,
Menopon,
Neokelerimenopon
and
Menacanthus, show their synapomorphic
condition (k1). It is far up to temples in
Holomenopon and Heleonomus, show their
derived synapomorphic condition (k2).
Temporal Seta DHS 24-31 (l)
Temporal setae 24-31 are present in
Afrimenopon, Colpocephalum, Heleonomus,
Menacanthus, Menopon and Myrsidea, show
their synapomorphic condition (l1).
Nature of DHS 24 (m)
DHS
24
is
small,
microseta
in
Menopon, Holomenopon, Heleonomus and
Myrsidea,
showing
their
synapomorphic
condition (m1). In Neokelerimenopon and
Menacanthus, it is large macrosetae, show their
derived synapomorphic condition (m2).
Nature of DHS 25 (n)
In Myrsidea, the DHS 25 is small,
microsetae, shows its synapomorphic condition
(n1). It is large macroseta in Afrimenopon,
Holomenopon, Menacanthus, Menopon and
Neokelerimenopon,
show
their
derived
synapomorphic condition (n2).
Nature of DHS 26 (o)
DHS
26
is
short
microseta
in
Neokelerimenopon and Menopon, show their
synapomorphic condition (o1). In Holomenopon,
Heleonomus, Menacanthus and Myrsidea, it is
large
macroseta,
show
their
derived
synapomorphic condition (o2).
Alveoli of DHS 26 and 27 (p)
The alveoli of DHS 26 and 27 are separated
from each other in Menacanthus, Heleonomus,
Holomenopon and Myrsidea, show their
synapomorphic condition (p1). The alveoli of
DHS 26 and 27 are contagious in Menopon,
Neokelerimenopon, Afrimenopon, Hohorstiella
and Colpocephalum, showing their derived
synapomorphic condition (p2).
Position of DHS 29 (q)
DHS 29 is marginal in position in
Afrimenopon, Neokelerimenopon, Menopon,
Menacanthus and Myrsidea, show their
synapomorphic condition (q1). DHS 29 is little
submarginal in position in Colpocephalum,
Hohorstiella, Holomenopon and Heleonomus,
74
A. Rizvi & S. Naz
show their derived synapomorphic condition (q2).
Dorsal Head Sensillae a-e (r)
Dorsal head sensillae a-d are present in
Menacanthus, shows its autapomorphic condition
(r1). Dorsal head sensillae a-c are present in
Afrimenopon, Colpocephalum, Menopon and
Neokelerimenopon, show their synapomorphic
condition (r2). In Holomenopon, only dorsal head
sensillae a and c are present, shows its derived
autapomorphic condition (r3). In Heleonomus, only
dorsal head sensilla a is present, shows its more
derived autapomorphic condition (r4). In Hohorstiella
and Myrsidea, there is no dorsal head sensillae,
showing derived synapomorphic condition (r5).
Ocular and Occipital Nodi (s)
Ocular and occipital nodi weakly developed in
Afrimenopon and Neokelerimenopon, show their
synapomorphic condition (s1). Ocular and occipital
nodi are well developed in Colpocephalum,
Heleonomus and Myrsidea, show their derived
synapomorphic condition (s2). In Hohorstiella,
Holomenopon, Menopon and Menacanthus, only
occipital nodus is weakly developed, showing the
more derived synapomorphic condition (s3).
Mouth Parts (t)
Mouth
parts
of
menoponids,
including
Afrimenopon,
Colpocephalum,
Heleonomus,
Menacanthus, Menopon and Myrsidea are with
developed mandibles, show their synapomorphic
condition (t1).
Maxillary Palpi (u)
Maxillary palpi consist of four segments in all
menoponids,
including
Afrimenopon,
Colpocephalum,
Heleonomus,
Hohorstiella,
Holomenopon, Neokelerimenopon, Menacanthus,
Menopon and Myrsidea, show their synapomorphic
condition (u1).
Postpalpal Processes (v)
Postpalpal
processes
are
absent
in
Afrimenopon, Menopon, Holomenopon, Myrsidea,
synapomorphic condition (v1). Postpalpal processes
are present in Menacanthus, Neokelerimenopon and
Hohorstiella, show their derived synapomorphic
condition (v2). In Neokelerimenopon, the postpalpal
processes are short in size, showing their
autapomorphic
condition
(v3),
whereas
in
Menacanthus and Hohorstiella, it is usually large in
size, show their more derived synapomorphic
condition (v4).
Hypopharyngeal Sclerite (w)
The hypopharyngeal sclerite is weakly
developed in Afrimenopon, Hohorstiella and
Menacanthus, show their synapomorphic condition
(w1). It is well developed in Colpocephalum,
Menopon, Neokelerimenopon, Heleonomus,
Holomenopon and Myrsidea, show their derived
synapomorphic condition (w2).
Gular Plate (x)
Gular plate is weakly sclerotized in
Afrimenopon, Hohorstiella, Menacanthus and
Menopon, show their synapomorphic condition
(x1). Gular plate is fully well sclerotized in
Holomenopon, Myrsidea, Heleonomus and
Colpocephalum,
show
their
derived
synapomorphic
condition
(x2).
In
Neokelerimenopon,
it
is
only
laterally
sclerotized, shows its autapomorphic condition
(x3).
Type of Antennae (y)
Antennae of all menoponids including
Menacanthus, Menopon and Myrsidea are
capitate, showing their synapomorphic condition
(y1).
Number of Flagellomeres (z)
Flagellomeres are two in Afrimenopon,
Holomenopon,
Neokelerimenopon,
Menacanthus, Menopon and Myrsidea, showing
their synapomorphic condition (z1).
Shape of Pedicel (za)
The pedicel of Neokelerimenopon bears
very short dorso-lateral process, shows its
autapomorphic condition (za1). The pedicel of
Holomenopon, Colpocephalum, Menacanthus,
Menopon and Myrsidea is without dorso-lateral
process, showing their synapomorphic condition
(za2). The pedicel of Afrimenopon and
Hohorstiella is with long dorso-lateral process,
show their derived synapomorphic condition
(za3).
Sclerotization of Flagellomere I (zb)
Flagellomere I is incompletely sclerotized in
Holomenopon, Colpocephalum, Hohorstiella,
Menacanthus and Menopon, show their
synapomorphic condition (zb1). It is completely
sclerotized in Neokelerimenopon, Afrimenopon,
Myrsidea and Heleonomus, show their derived
synapomorphic condition (zb2).
Shape of Flagellomere II (zc)
The flagellomere II is elongated and oval in
shape
in
Colpocephalum,
Menopon,
Neokelerimenopon and Heleonomus, show their
synapomorphic condition (zc1). It is globulated
and rounded in Menacanthus, Hohorstiella,
Holomenopon, Myrsidea and Afrimenopon,
(zc2).
Ventro-lateral Antennal Groove (zd)
The ventro-lateral antennal groove is short and
little deep in Hohorstiella and Menacanthus, show
their
synapomorphic
condition
(zd1).
In
Colpocephalum, Holomenopon, Myrsidea and
Afrimenopon, it is short and shallow, showing their
derived synapomorphic condition (zd2). In Menopon,
Neokelerimenopon and Heleonomus, the ventrolateral antennal groove is long and shallow, show
their more derived synapomorphic condition (zd3).
Setae on Ventro-lateral Margin (ze)
Ventro-lateral marginal setae on anterior
termination present, one long and one short in
Afrimenopon,
Colpocephalum,
Heleonomus,
Menacanthus, Menopon and Myrsidea showing their
synapomorphic condition (ze1).
Transverse Pronotal Carina (zf)
Transverse pronotal carina is present in all
menoponids,
including
Afrimenopon,
Colpocephalum,
Heleonomus,
Hohorstiella,
Holomenopon, Neokelerimenopon, Menacanthus,
Menopon and Myrsidea, show their synapomorphic
condition (zf1).
Posterior Pronotal Setal Row (zg)
Posterior pronotal setal row complete in
Afrimenopon,
Colpocephalum,
Heleonomus,
Menacanthus, Menopon and Myrsidea, show their
synapomorphic condition (zg1).
Postnotum on Pronotum (zh)
Postnotum is always present on pronotum in
Afrimenopon,
Colpocephalum,
Heleonomus,
Menacanthus, Menopon and Myrsidea, show their
synapomorphic condition (zh1).
Anterior Mesonotal Setae (zi)
In Myrsidea, only one pair of anterior mesonotal
seta present, shows its synapomorphic condition
(zi1). In Afrimenopon, Colpocephalum, Hohorstiella,
Heleonomus,
Holomenopon,
Menacanthus,
Menopon
and
Neokelerimenopon,
anterior
mesonotal setae are present in two pairs, show their
derived synapomorphic condition (zi2).
Position of Anterior Mesonotal Setae (zj)
Anterior mesonotal setae are closed together in
Colpocephalum,
Menopon,
Holomenopon,
Menacanthus, Afrimenopon and Myrsidea, show
their synapomorphic condition (zj1). The anterior
mesonotal setae lie separated widely in
Neokelerimenopon and Hohorstiella, show their
derived synapomorphic condition (zj2).
Nature of Mesonotum and Metanotum (zk)
Mesonotum not fused with metanotum in
Afrimenopon,
Colpocephalum,
Heleonomus,
75
their synapomorphic condition (zk1).
Metanotal Terminal Setal Row (zl)
Metanotal terminal setal row is present in
their synapomorphic condition (zl1).
2nd Seta of Metanotal Terminal Row (zm)
2nd seta of the metanotal terminal row is
developed as outer seta 1 in Colpocephalum,
Neokelerimenopon, Holomenopon, Hohorstiella,
Afrimenopon, Myrsidea and Heleonomus, show
their synapomorphic condition (zm1). It is peg
like or stout and shorter than the outer seta 1 in
Menopon and Menacanthus, show their derived
synapomorphic condition (zm2).
Prosternal Plate (zn)
Prosternal plate is weakly developed in
Colpocephalum, Menopon, Neokelerimenopon,
Menacanthus and Afrimenopon, show their
synapomorphic condition (zn1). In Heleonomus,
Holomenopon, Hohorstiella and Myrsidea, the
prosternal plate is well developed, show their
derived synapomorphic condition (zn2).
Prosternal Setae (zo)
Anterior prosternal setae present on the
plate in Heleonomus and Myrsidea, show their
synapomorphic condition (zo1). In Afrimenopon,
Colpocephalum,
Neokelerimenopon,
Menacanthus and Menopon, the anterior
prosternal setae present anterior to the plate
with narrow space, show their derived
synapomorphic condition (zo2). In Holomenopon
and Hohorstiella, the anterior prosternal setae
are present anterior to the plate with wide
space, show their more derived synapomorphic
condition (zo3).
Lateral Margins of Prosternal Plate (zp)
Lateral margins of prosternal plate are
reduced in Colpocephalum and Menopon, show
their synapomorphic condition (zp1). The lateral
margin of prosternal plate are weakly developed
in
Neokelerimenopon,
Holomenopon,
Hohorstiella, Menacanthus and Afrimenopon,
(zp2). In Myrsidea, the lateral margins of
prosternal plate are moderately sclerotized,
shows its autapomorphic condition (zp3),
whereas in Heleonomus, these are strongly
developed, shows its derived autapomorphic
condition (zp4).
Posterior Margin of Prosternal Plate (zq)
The posterior margin of prosternal plate is
flat and straight in Afrimenopon, shows its
autapomorphic condition (zq1). The posterior
76
A. Rizvi & S. Naz
margin of prosternal plate is convex in Menopon,
Colpocephalum,
Menacanthus
show
their
synapomorphic condition (zq2). The posterior margin
of prosternal plate is tapering to pointed in
Heleonomus,
Hohorstiella,
Myrsidea
and
Neokelerimenopon,
showing
their
derived
synapomorphic condition (zq3), whereas in
Holomenopon, the posterior margin of prosternal
plate is dented, shows its derived autapomorphic
condition (zq4).
Mesosternal Plate (zr)
Mesosternal plate is separated from coxa II and
III in Afrimenopon, Holomenopon, Heleonomus,
Hohorstiella,
Colpocephalum,
Menacanthus,
Menopon and Neokelerimenopon, showing their
synapomorphic condition (zr1). Mesosternal plate is
fused completely with pleurites to mesonotum,
forming a ring around the segment in Myrsidea,
shows its derived synapomorphic condition (zr2).
Metasternal Plate (zs)
Metasternal plate is weakly developed in
Menopon
and
Afrimenopon,
show
their
synapomorphic condition (zs1). Metasternal plate
well
developed
in
Colpocephalum,
Menacanthus and Myrsidea, show their derived
synapomorphic condition (zs2).
Chaetotaxy of Femur III (zt)
Femur III with patches of setae, arranged in
central of venter in Menopon, Menacanthus,
Myrsidea,
Neokelerimenopon,
Holomenopon,
Hohorstiella
and
Heleonomus,
show
their
synapomorphic condition (zt1). In Menopon,
Myrsidea, Neokelerimenopon, Holomenopon and
Hohorstiella, the femur III is with thin brushes of
setae on its venter, show their derived
synapomorphic
condition
(zt2),
whereas
in
Heleonomus and Menacanthus, femur III bears thick
brushes of setae on its venter, show their more
derived synapomorphic condition (zt3). The femur III
of Colpocephalum and Afrimenopon is with ctenidia
on its venter show their most derived synapomorphic
condition (zt4).
Lines on Euplantulae (zu)
Euplantulae of all legs are with vertical lines in
Afrimenopon,
Colpocephalum,
Holomenopon,
Hohorstiella, Menopon, Myrsidea, Menacanthus and
condition (zu1). In Heleonomus, there are horizontal
lines on euplantulae, showing its autapomorphic
condition (zu2).
Tarsal Claws (zv)
The tarsal claws of all legs are smooth and not
serrated
in
Afrimenopon,
Colpocephalum,
Heleonomus, Hohorstiella, Holomenopon, Menopon,
Menacanthus, Myrsidea and Neokelerimenopon,
show their synapomorphic condition (zv1).
Tergites of Female Abdomen (zw)
Tergites of female abdomen are complete
and
undivided
in
Afrimenopon,
Neokelerimenopon, Menopon, Menacanthus,
Holomenopon, Heleonomus and Hohorstiella,
show their synapomorphic condition (zw1).
Tergites are divided medially or laterally in
Colpocephalum and Myrsidea, showing their
derived synapomorphic condition (zw2).
Posterior Row of Tergal Setae (zx)
In
Holomenopon,
Menopon,
Neokelerimenopon, Afrimenopon, Hohorstiella,
Myrsidea and Menacanthus, there is single row
of posterior tergal setae, show their
synapomorphic condition (zx1). There are
double rows of posterior tergal setae in
derived synapomorphic condition (zx2). In
Holomenopon, the male abdomen contains last
few tergites bear multiple tergal setae, showing
its autapomorphic condition (zx3)
Position of Abdominal Spiracles (zy)
The abdominal spiracles are always tergal
in position in Afrimenopon, Colpocephalum,
Menopon,
Menacanthus,
Myrsidea,
Neokelerimenopon,
Hohorstiella, he
and
Holomenopon,
show the
synapomorphic
condition (zy1).
Postspiracular Seta (zz)
The postspiracular seta is posterior to
spiracles in Heleonomus, Holomenopon,
Neokelerimenopon, Menacanthus, Menopon
and
Neokelerimenopon,
show
their
synapomorphic condition (zz1). It is lateroposterior to the spiracles in Colpocephalum,
Hohorstiella and Afrimenopon, show their
derived synapomorphic condition (zz2).
Chaetotaxy of Abdominal Sternites (zza)
Abdominal sternites with setal brushes in
Menopon, Neokelerimenopon, Holomenopon,
Heleonomus, Hohorstiella, Menacanthus and
Myrsidea, show their synapomorphic condition
(zza1). Abdominal sternites with ctenidia in
Colpocephalum and Afrimenopon, show their
derived synapomorphic condition (zza2).
Setal Arrangement on Sternites III-V (zzb)
Setal arrangements on only sternite III in
Colpocephalum and Afrimenopon, show their
synapomorphic condition (zzb1). In Heleonomus,
the setal arrangement is on sternite IV only,
shows their autapomorphic condition (zzb2).
Setal arrangement on sternite III and IV of
abdomen of Menopon, showing derived
autapomorphic
condition
(zzb3).
In
Menacanthus and Myrsidea, sternites IV and V bear
the setal arrangement, show their derived
synapomorphic condition (zzb4).
Condition of Sternal Setal Brushes (zzc)
The sternal setal brushes are thin and weakly
developed in Menopon, Neokelerimenopon and
Hohorstiella, show their synapomorphic condition
(zzc1). Sternal setal brushes are thick and well
developed
in
Menacanthus,
Holomenopon,
Heleonomus and Myrsidea, show their derived
synapomorphic condition (zzc2).
Number on Sternal Ctenidia (zzd)
In Afrimenopon, there are two ctenidia are
present showing its synapomorphic condition (zzd1),
where as in Colpocephalum, three ctenidia are
present, shows its derived synapomorphic condition
(zzd2).
Length of Male External Genitalia (zze)
Male external genitalia is moderate to long and
extends up to abdominal segment IV in
Holomenopon, Menopon, Afrimenopon, Hohorstiella,
Colpocephalum, Menacanthus and Heleonomus,
show their synapomorphic condition (zze1). The
male external genitalia is short and extends up to
abdominal segment VI-VII in Neokelerimenopon and
Menopon, show their derived synapomorphic
condition (zze2).
Male Genitalial Armature (zzf)
Male genitalia armature is simple in
Afrimenopon, Colpocephalum, Hohorstiella and
(zzf1), where as in Heleonomus, Holomenopon and
Neokelerimenopon, the male genitalia is complex in
armature, show their derived synapomorphic
condition (zzf2). The male genitalia of Menacanthus
is complex or a-typical and very unique in armature,
shows its autapomorphic condition (zzf3).
Nature of Basal Apodeme (zzg)
The basal apodeme is well sclerotized in
Heleonomus,
Hohorstiella,
Menacanthus,
Neokelerimenopon and Myrsidea, show their
synapomorphic condition (zzg1). Basal apodeme of
Colpocephalum, Holomenopon and Afrimenopon is
weakly
sclerotized,
showing
their
derived
synapomorphic condition (zzg2), whereas in
Menopon, the basal apodeme is reduced and
undeveloped, showing its autapomorphic condition
(zzg3).
Anterior End of Basal Apodeme (zzh)
Anterior end of basal apodeme is broad and
blunt in Neokelerimenopon and Menacanthus, show
their synapomorphic condition (zzh1). The anterior
end of basal apodeme is narrow and blunt in
Myrsidea, shows its autapomorphic condition (zzh2),
where as in Colpocephalum, Afrimenopon,
77
Heleonomus, Hohorstiella and Holomenopon,
the anterior end of basal apodeme is tapering to
pointed, show their derived synapomorphic
condition (zzh3). Anterior end of basal apodeme
is reduced to a membranous form in Menopon,
shows its derived autapomorphic condition
(zzh4).
Shape of Parameres (zzi)
Parameres are short, stout and straight in
Colpocephalum,
Afrimenopon,
Neokelerimenopon and Myrsidea, show their
synapomorphic condition (zzi1). In Heleonomus,
Menopon, Holomenopon, Hohorstiella and
Menacanthus, the parameres are little to highly
curved outwards inside, showing their derived
synapomorphic condition (zzi2).
Condition of Posterior Ends of Parameres and
Endomere (zzj)
Posterior end of parameres is shorter than
posterior
margin
of
endomere
in
Colpocephalum,
Afrimenopon
and
condition (zzj1). The posterior end of parameres
is longer than posterior margin of endomere in
Menacanthus,
Menopon,
Holomenopon,
Hohorstiella and Heleonomus, show their
derived synapomorphic condition (zzj2).
Female Subgenital Plate (zzk)
The female subgenital plate bears short and
stout setae in Heleonomus, Myrsidea and
(zzk1).
In
Afrimenopon,
Holomenopon,
Hohorstiella and Menacanthus, the female
subgenital plate contains short and fine setae,
(zzk2), whereas in Neokelerimenopon and
Colpocephalum, the female subgenital plate is
furnished with long and thick setae, showing
their more derived synapomorphic condition
(zzk3).
Anal Margin of Female (zzl)
Anal margin of female with short setae in
Menopon, Neokelerimenopon, Holomenopon,
Menacanthus,
Afrimenopon,
Myrsidea,
Heleonomus and Hohorstiella, show their
synapomorphic condition (zzl1). The anal margin
of female is furnished with fringe of short,
spinous
setae
in
Menopon
and
Neokelerimenopon,
show
their
derived
synapomorphic
condition
(zzl2).
In
Holomenopon, the anal margin of female bears
short a-typical setae, along with the short and
stout setae, shows its autapomorphic condition
(zzl3). Anal margin of female is furnished with
fringe of short and fine setae in Menacanthus,
Afrimenopon, Myrsidea, Heleonomus and
A. Rizvi & S. Naz
78
Hohorstiella,
show
their
more
derived
synapomorphic condition (zzl4). In Colpocephalum,
the anal margin of female bearing fringe of long and
thick setae, shows its derived autapomorphic
condition (zzl5).
DISCUSSION
The Family Menoponidae Mjöberg comprising of
nine genera viz. Afrimenopon Price, Colpocephalum
Nitzsch, Heleonomus Ferris, Hohorstiella Eichler,
Holomenopon Eichler, Menacanthus Neumann,
Menopon Nitzsch, Myrsidea Waterston and
Neokelerimenopon gen. nov. presently included
appear to fall into two groups (fig. 10). Group I
includes Afrimenopon and Colpocephalum which
appear to be closely related and play sister group
relationship to each other by having apomorphies of
femur III with combs of setae on its venter (zt4) and
abdominal sternites with ctenidia (zza2).
The Group II further consisting of two
subgroups. Subgroup I comprises of Heleonomus,
Myrsidea, Holomenopon and Menopon of which
Heleonomus plays out group relationships with rest
of the three genera in having the apomorphies of
dorso-lateral preocular head margin with notch (b2),
lateral margins of prosternal plate strongly present
(zp4), posterior margin of prosternal plate tapering to
pointed (zq3), femur III with thick brushes of setae on
its venter (zt3), euplantulae with horizontal lines
(zu2), sternite IV with setal arrangements (zzb2),
sternal setal brushes well developed (zzc2), female
subgenital plate with short and stout setae (zzk1) and
anal margin of female with fringe of short and fine
setae (zzl4).
Among the other three genera of this subgroup,
Myrsidea and Holomenopon appear to play sister
group relationship with each other by having the
apomorphies of dorso-lateral preocular head margin
straight (b1), gular plate well sclerotized (x2),
flagellomere II globulated and rounded (zc2),
prosternal plate well developed (zn2), with lateral
margins weakly or moderately sclerotized (zp2,3),
posterior margin of prosternal plate tapering to
pointed or dented (zq3,4), tergites of female complete
and undivided or divided into two or three parts
(zw1,2), setal arrangement on sternite IV and V
(zzb4), with well developed setal brushes (zzc2) and
anal margin of female with short, a-typical setae,
along with short and stout or fine setae (zzl3,4) and
play out group relationships with Menopon which
have apomorphies of dorso-lateral preocular head
margin with slit (b3), gular plate weakly sclerotized
(x1), flagellomere II elongated and oval (zc1),
prosternal plate weakly developed (zn1), lateral
margins of prosternal plate reduced (zp1),
posterior margin of prosternal plate convex
(zq2), tergites of female complete and undivided
(zw1), setal arrangement on sternite III and IV
(zzb3) with weak setal brushes (zzc1) and anal
margin of female with fringe of short, spiniform
setae (zzl2).
The
Subgroup
II
comprises
of
Neokelerimenopon,
Menacanthus
and
Hohorstiella in which Menacanthus and
Hohorstiella play sister group relationships to
each other by having postpalpal processes large
and sharp (v4), hypopharyngeal sclerite weakly
developed (w1), gular plate weakly sclerotized
(x1), pedicel with short or long lateral process
(za2,3), flagellomere I incompletely sclerotized
(zb1), flagellomere II globulated and rounded
(zc2), ventro-lateral antennal groove short and
little deep (zd1), double row of posterior tergal
setae (zx2), male external genitalia moderate to
long, extending up to segment IV (zze1), male
genitalia armature simple or a-typical and
unique (zzf1,3), parameres curved outwards
inside (zzi2), posterior end of paramere longer
than posterior margin of endomere (zzj2) and
female subgenital plate with short and fine setae
(zzk2) show apomorphic characters and also
play
out
group
relationship
with
Neokelerimenopon which has the apomorphies
of
postpalpal
processes
short
(v3),
hypopharyngeal sclerite well developed (w2),
gular plate only laterally sclerotized (x3), pedicel
with very short dorso-lateral process (za1),
flagellomere I completely sclerotized (zb2),
flagellomere II elongated and oval (zc1),
antennal groove long and shallow (zd3), single
row of posterior tergal setae (zx1), male external
genitalia short, extending up to segment VI-VII
(zze2), male genitalia armature complex (zzf2),
parameres straight, short and stout (zzi1),
posterior end of paramere shorter than posterior
margin of endomere (zzj1) and female
subgenital plate with long thick setae (zzk3).
Afrimenopon Colpocephalum Heleonomus
Menacanthus Hohorstiella
- a3
- c2
- zx1
- zw2
- zzk1
- zzl4
- zq3
- zp3
- i3
- zr2
- zq3
- zzc2
- zp4
- b2
- zzl4
-zt3
- zu2
-zzb2
- zzk1
- b2
- s2
- w2
- zq2
- zzd2
- zzl5
- zs2
- b3
- s1
- w1
- zq1
- zzd1
- zzl4
- zs1
- zza2
- zt4
Myrsidea
- b1
- zn2
- zzl3,4
- zp2,3
- zw1,2
- zzb4
- zq3,4
- zzc2
- x2
- zc2
Holomenopon
-a1
-c1
-zx3
-zw1
-zzk2
-zzl3
-zq4
-zp2
- i2
-zr1
79
Menopon Neokelerimenopon
-b3
-zn1
-zzl2
-zp1
-zw1
-zzb3
-zq2
-zzc1
-x1
-zc1
-p1
-a2
-e2
-m2
-zzh1
-za2
-zzc2
-zzf3
-v4
-w1
-x1
-za2,3
-zc2
-zd1
-zx2
-zzk2
-zze1
-zzf1,3
-zzi2
-zzj2
-zb1
-v3
-w2
-x3
-za1
-zc1
-zd3
-zx1
-zzk3
-zze2
-zzf2
-zzi1
-zzj1
-zb2
- b1,3
- zzl1
- zt2
- zu1
- zzb3,4
- zzk1,2
- w2
- v1
-p2
-a1
-e1
-m1
-zzh3
-za3
-zzc1
-zzf1
w1,2
v2
- zza1
- zt1
Figure 10: Cladogram of Genera of the Family Menoponidae, found in Karachi Region.
A. Rizvi & S. Naz
80
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DISTRIBUTIONAL DIVERSITY OF HYMENOPTERANS POLLINATOR
BEES FROM DISTRICT SKARDU, NORTHERN AREAS OF PAKISTAN
ALTAF HUSSAIN1, MUHAMMAD RAHIM KHAN*1, ANSA TAMKEEN1,
TAHIR ANWAR2, SEEMA TAHIR3 AND IMTIAZ AHMAD4
1. Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Rawalakot,
District Poonch, Azad Kashmir, Pakistan
2. Pesticide Research Institute, Southern Zone Agricultural Research Centre, Pakistan Agricultural
Research Council, Karachi University Campus, Karachi-75270
3. Department of Zoology, University of Karachi
4. M.A.H Qadri Biological Research Centre, University of Karachi, Karachi- 75270, Pakistan
*Corresponding author: E-mail [email protected]
(Received for publication March, 2010)
ABSTRACT
Studies were undertaken on diversity of Hymenopterans pollinators in a diverse agro-ecosystems
comprising fruit orchards of pome and stone fruits at different altitudes. Field experiments were
conducted in seven commercial fruit orchards at five various localities. Out of 448 specimens 60.94 %
specimens were found in ante-meridian (A.M.) and 39.06% specimens were found in post-meridian
(P.M.). Rank abundance values revealed that 9 species in 5 genera of 4 families of order Hymenoptera
comprises the diversity of Osmia cornifrons Panzer, Anthophora niveo-cincta (Smith), Anthophora
himalayensis Rad., Anthophora crocea Bangham, Bombus tunicatus (Smith), Xylocopa dissimilis Lepel.,
Xylocopa rufescens Smith, Andrena harrietae Bangham and Andrena anonyma Cam. The calculated
values of all diversity indices showed the lowest diversity was found in a monoculture with well weeded
orchards whereas the diversity of pollinators was found greater in multiple culture with partially weeded
orchards particularly during the successional stage of flowering. This study suggests that diverse
habitats with partially weeded orchards and their undisturbed surrounding natural ecosystem could be a
better choice for conserving the pollinators.
Key words: Diversity, Agro-ecosystem, Fruit orchards, Hymenopterans pollinators.
INTRODUCTION
Pollination management is a branch of
agriculture that seeks to protect and enhance
present pollinators and often involves the culture and
addition of pollinators in monoculture situations, such
as commercial fruit orchards. Plants and their
pollinators are often in coevolutionary mutualisms
(Free, 1993). Pollination has been recognized to be
an important ecological process to maintain and
promote biodiversity on earth. More than 16,000
pollinator bee species (Hymenoptera: Apidae) have
been described worldwide (Michner, 2000). All postpollination
inputs
either
growth
regulators,
herbicides, fungicides and insecticides are generally
designed not to increase yield, but to conserve
losses (Knutson et al., 1990). More seeds develop
when large numbers of pollen grains are transferred.
Seeds in turn, stimulate surrounding ovary tissue to
develop so that, for example, an apple with many
seeds will be larger than one with fewer seeds. In
this way, good pollination improves both fruit yield
and size (Gautier-Hion and Maisels, 1994) Khan M.R
and M.R. Khan 2004). Among the pollinators the
hymenopterans group play a major role in
maintaining the quality of fruits and more better yield
(Free, 1993) (Li et al., 2007). It is estimated that
bees accomplish more than 80 percent of the insect
pollination. Yields of fruit, legumes & vegetable
seeds often have been doubled or tripled by
providing adequate number of bees for pollination
(McGregor, 1976). The wild bees including bumble
bees, leaf-cutting bees, alkali bees & carpenter bees
are especially adopted for gathering pollens and
nectars from flowers (Bohart, 1972). Globally the
annual contribution of pollinators to the agricultural
crop has been estimated at about US$54 billion
(Kenmore and Krell, 1998). In a recent survey
(Jasra and Rafi 2008) concluded that 84% of the
formers of northern area have no perception about
the importance of pollination for their orchards and
crops. To prepare an inventory of distributional
diversity of Hymenopterous pollinator bees from fruit
orchards of Skardu District the study was conducted
in spring 2008.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Field survey
Field surveys were undertaken in five locations
in District Skardu of Northern Areas of Pakistan. The
A. Hussain et al.
82
detailed survey of commercial fruit orchards in five
localities was conducted during early spring of 2008.
These orchards and localities were City Park (37.5
acres), PCSIR Orchard ( 12.5 acres) and Agricultural
Fruit Orchard Hamid Ghardh (7.5 acres) in Skardu
City, Fruit Orchard of Shangrilla (Avg. 35 acres) in
Kachura, Agricutural Fruit Orchard of Sermik (Avg.
10 acres) in Sermik, Agricultural Fruit Orchard
Mehdiabad (Avg.10 acres) in Kharmang and
Hashupi Fruit Orchard (11.5 acres) in Shighar. The
clusters of orchard are located in a radius of 20 km.
The occurrence and distribution of pollinators varies
with the topographic change. The flowering period of
major fruit plants of District Skardu is given in (Table
01). At each location roving survey was taken up
once in 15 days. In roving survey, the occurrence of
pollinators were assessed by taking observations on
five randomly selected plants. The hymenopterans
pollinators in orchard ecosystem were sampled by
using sweep net (30x60x45 cm). Twenty-five sweeps
were made diagonally across each canopy and
samples were placed in separate plastic sachets. A
total of 12 samplings were taken from each orchard.
In order to study the proportion of each species
within the local community, species diversity was
computed based on Shannon-Wiener formula, also
been called the Shannon index or Shannon-Wiener
index (Humphries et al., 1996). Where, H is the
Shannon-Wiener biodiversity index; Pi is the
proportion of each species in the sample (relative
abundance); log e Pi is the natural log of Pi; and S is
the number of species in the pollinators community.
The index has been defined in three different ways
(Simpson, 1949).
Simpson’s index (D). This denotes the
probability that two randomly selected individuals in
the community belong to the same species. The
form of the Simpson’s index used is:
S
C = ∑ {ni (ni-1) ⁄ N(N-1)}
i=1
Where, “ni” is the number of individuals in the”
ith” species and “N” is the total number of individual
in the sample.
The form of the Nakamura’s index used is:
S
RI = ∑ Ri ⁄ S (M-I)
r=i
Where “S” is the number of investigated species
of insects, “M” is the number of rank of abundance
(0, 1, 2, 3… M-I) and “R” is the rank value of “ith”
species in the sample.
Rank abundance values
For
studying
the
species
dominance
ofpollinators throughout the flowering period, rank
abundance values were worked out by taking the
sum of individual species found throughout the crop
period and ranks were given based on the
dominance of Hymenopterous species.
Species evenness (J)
With a view to understand the measure of how
similar the abundance of different species, species
evenness was calculated to estimate the equitability
component of diversity (Pielou, 1969).
H´= C {log10N-1⁄N∑ (log10 nr log10)}
Where, H is the Shannon-Wiener biodiversity
index; and S is the number of species in the
community.
Species richness (Ma.)
In order to assess how the diversity of the
population is distributed or organised among the
particular species, this index was calculated (Pielou,
1975).
Ma = S-1
log e N
Where, S is the total number of species
collected; and N is the total number of individuals in
all the species.
Simpson’s diversity index
This accounts for both richness and proportion
(per cent) of each species in the local community.
RESULTS
Occurrence of Hymenopterous bee pollinators in
Orchard ecosystems
A total of nine species of bee pollinator from five
families were during March 2008.
A maximum number of predators activity was
observed during the full bloom and fruit setting.
All the specimens were identified up to species
level. Nine (9) species of Hymnopterous pollinator
bee in five (5) genera of four (4) families were
identified (Table 2).
The abundance, richness and evenness
(equitability) found in each sampled commercial fruit
orchard and total abundance of each species and
total abundance of species collected from all
sampled commercial fruit orchards are in
accordance with (Jasra et al 2000, Jasra and Rafi
2008).
Abundance, richness and evenness (equitability)
of the Hymenopterous pollinator bees found at peak
during the successional flowering time in the
orchards of both pome and stone fruits in various
Distributional diversity of Hymenopterans pollinator bees
localities. Previously Verma and Pertap 1993 also
highlighted the impact of mountain pollinators during
spring from Himalayan region.
Ante-meridian (Before Noon) collection surveys
During ante-meridian (A.M.) collection a total of
two hundreds and seventy three (273) specimens
were collected from all sampled commercial fruit
orchards of district Skardu Which is the 60.94% of
the total collected specimens in both ante-meridian
(A.M.) and post-meridian (P.M.). It shows that
Hymenopterous pollinator bees prefer to visit flowers
during ante-meridian (A.M.) phase as compared to
post-meridian (P.M.) phase of the day time.
Post-meridian (After Noon) collection surveys
During post-meridian (P.M.) collection a total of
one hundred and seventy three specimens (175)
were collected from all sampled commercial fruit
orchards That is the 39.06% of the total specimens
collected in both ante-meridian (A.M.) and postmeridian (P.M.). It indicates that Hymenopterous
pollinator bees less prefers to visit flowers during
post-meridian (P.M.) phase as compared to antemeridian (A.M.) phase of the day time.
Abundance, richness and evenness (equitability)
of the Hymenopterous pollinator bees found in all
commercial fruit orchards of district Skardu at postmeridian (P.M.) are diagrammatically represented in
fig. 3.8.Table 6: The collective rank list along with the
list of taxa collected at post-meridian from different
commercial fruit orchards of district Skardu
During the present study four (4) diversity
indices namely; Shannon-Wiener’s diversity index
along with its equitability component, Margalef’s
index, Simpson’s index and Nakamura and
Toshima’s index were used for the calculation of
abundance, richness and evenness (equitability).
The calculated values and comparison of calculated
values of four diversity indices for each sampled
commercial fruit orchards of district Skardu are given
in table 04.
Shannon-Wiener’s diversity index (H')
The first index used is the Shannon-Wiener’s
diversity index. This index measures the richness
and abundance of the calculated species in the
sample or sampling area (Shannon-Wiener,
1963).This index is distribution dependent and
suffers least from the criticism of validity in biological
data (Gray, 1980).The calculated values of this index
in different commercial fruit orchards of District
Skardu ranged from 2.262 (Agricultural Fruit Orchard
Mehdiabad) to 2.945 (PCSIR Fruit Orchard Skardu).
Remaining all the commercial fruit orchards yielded
the values in between above-mentioned values
(2.262-2.945).
83
The calculated values showed that there is no
big difference in the calculated values of ShannonWiener’s diversity index. Which means the
Hymenopterous pollinator bees are well distributed
in all commercial fruit orchards of district Skardu.
However, the maximum diversity value calculated
from the PCSIR Fruit Orchard Skardu (2.945) and
minimum diversity value calculated from the
Agricultural Fruit Orchard Mehdiabad (2.262).
A). Shannon’s equitability (J')
Shannon’s equitability index measures the
evenness (equitability) of the calculated species in
the sample or sampling area (Shannon, 1963).
The calculated values of the Shannon’s
equitability index ‘J’ in sampled commercial fruit
orchards of District Skardu ranged from 0.875
(Agricultural Fruit Orchard Mehdiabad) to 0.988
(Agricultural Fruit Orchard Hamid Ghardh).
Remaining all the sampled fruit orchards yielded the
values in between these two (Table 04). Which
means
the
equitabity
(evenness)
of
the
Hymenopterous bees from all seven sampled
commercial fruit orchards of district Skardu
(N..areas) is not significantly different from each
other.
The calculated values of Shannon-Wiener’s
diversity index is very much coinciding with the
values of Shannon’s equitability index ‘J’ which
means the evenness, richness and abundance of
Hymenopterous pollinator bees from all sampled
commercial fruit orchards of District Skardu support
normal distribution and none of the sampled
orchards showed disturbed communities, because
the values of the Shannon’s diversity index in
perturbed situations are usually more than (Pileou,
1975).
Margalef’s index
Margalef’s index is used to measure the
richness of the species distributed in the sample or
sampling area (Margalef, 1969). This index is used
frequently in the biological data.
The calculated values of the Margalef’s index in
seven commercial fruit of district Skardu ranged from
1.298 (Agricultural Fruit Orchard Mehdiabad) to
1.671 (PCSIR Fruit Orchard Skardu). Remaining all
the sampled commercial fruit orchards yielded the
values in between these two (Table 04). The yielded
values of this index from all the sampled commercial
fruit orchards indicate that there was no any big
difference in the richness of Hymenopterous
pollinator bees in these orchards of district Skardu
Simpson’s index
This index is used to measure the abundance of
individual in the sampling unit or sampling area
(Simpson, 1949). The value of Simpson (C) index
A. Hussain et al.
84
varies from 0 to 1 and if the value tends towards
zero it indicates higher diversity. The calculated
values of the Simpson’s index from sampled
commercial fruit of district Skardu calculated as:
0.965 (City park Skardu), 0.959 (Agricultural Fruit
Orchard Hamid Ghardh Skardu) and remaining all
sampled commercial fruit orchards 0.999 (Table 4).
PCSIR Fruit Orchard Skardu (0.642), and remaining
all sampled commercial fruit orchard (0.666). The
yielded values of this index indicates that the
diversity of City Park Skardu and PCSIR Fruit
Orchard Skardu was slightly higher then remaining
all sampled commercial fruit orchard of district
Skardu (Table 4).
The yielded values of this index indicate that the
abundance of City Park Skardu and Agricultural Fruit
Orchard Hamid Ghardh Skardu were slightly higher
than remaining all sampled commercial fruit orchards
of district Skardu.
The calculated values of all the indices from the
entire sampled commercial fruit orchards showed
that despite the big difference in the total number of
individuals (abundance) there was not a big
difference in the richness and evenness of
Hymenopterous pollinator bees in district Skardu.
Nakamura’s index (RI)
The community turnover showed a significant
difference in the orchards surrounded by natural
ecosystem compare to the clean cultivated orchards
in a same geographic situation (Table 5). It in
accordance with (Louadi, K and S. Doumandji, 1998)
the diversity density of bee pollinators perhaps
decreased in mono culture more rapidly.
Nakamura and Toshima’s index measures the
richness of the species. The calculated value of
Nakamura (RI) index ranges from 0-1. If the value
tends to zero, the diversity will increase (Nakamura
and Toshima, 1999).
The calculated values of the Nakamura’s index
(RI) from sampled commercial fruit orchards of
district Skardu are calculated as: City park Skardu
Table 1. Flowering period of the major fruit plants of district Skardu.
Flowering Period
S. No.
Plant’s Name
Date of Initiation
th
Date of Closing
th
1
Almond
20 March
15 April
2
Cherry
25th March
15th April
3
Apricot
27th March
20th April
4
Apple
1st April
30th April
5
Peach
1st April
28th April
Table 2. Specific, generic and family wise detail of the specimens collected
from different commercial fruit orchards of district Skardu.
Family
Genus
Species
No. of species
Apidae
Bombus
tunicatus
1
Anthophrodae
Anthophora
niveo-cincta
himalayensis
crocea
3
Anthophrodae
Xylocaopa
Dissimilis
Dissimilis
rufescens
3
Andrina
harriete
1
Osmia
anonyma
cornifrons
2
Andrenidae
Megachilidae
Distributional diversity of Hymenopterans pollinator bees
85
Rank
Name of Taxa
Abundance
City Park orchard
d Hamid Gardh
orchard
PCSIR Fruit
Orchard
Shangrila orchard
Kachura
Fruit Orchard
Sermik
Agril. Fruit Orchard
Mehdiabad
Fruit Orchard
Hushupi, Shigar
Table 3. The collective rank list along with the list of taxa collected
from different commercial fruit orchards of district Skardu
1
Osmia cornifrons
87
25
13
12
11
12
0
14
2
Anthophora niveocincta
84
18
11
9
12
11
13
10
3
Anthophora
himalayensis
69
14
11
9
8
6
10
11
4
Bombus tunicatus
58
8
9
10
9
5
8
9
5
Xylocopa dissimilis
57
9
15
9
5
6
7
6
6
Andrena harrietae
44
8
8
7
6
5
6
4
7
Andrena anonyma
37
9
8
5
6
4
3
2
8
Anthophora crocea
7
7
0
0
0
0
0
0
9
Xylocopa rufescens
5
0
0
5
0
0
0
0
∑N=448
N=98
N=75
N=66
N=57
N=49
N=47
N=56
8
7
8
7
7
6
7
No of individuals
No of species
Table 4. Calculated values of diversity Indices from different commercial
fruit orchards of District Skardu, N. areas.
S.
No.
Name Orchard
ShannonWiener’s
Index (H´)
Margalef’s
Index (D)
Simpson’s
Index (C)
0.921
1.527
0.965
2.774
0.988
1.389
0.959
2.945
0.982
1.671
0.999
2.764
ShannonWiener’s
Index (H´)
1
City park
2
3
PCSIR Fruit Orchard
4
Orchard of Shangrila
Kachura
2.945
0.982
1.671
0.999
5
sermick
2.698
0.958
1.542
0.999
6
Mehdiabad
2.262
0.875
1.298
7
Hashupi, Shighar
2.617
2.932
1.490
Nakamura’
s index (RI)
0.642
0.666
0.642
0.642
0.666
0.999
0.700
0.999
0.666
A. Hussain et al.
86
Table 5. Pollinators guild in a clean cultivated and a bush surrounding orchards.
S. No.
Pollinators fauna
Orchard with bushy
surrounding
Orchard with clean
cultivation
1
Osmia cornifrons
14.38 + 0.14
8.64+ 0.08
2
Anthophora niveo-cincta
9.34 + 0.19
7.20 + 0.19
3
Anthophora himalayensis
5.26 + o.o6
4.21 + 0.14
4
Bombus tunicatus
4.37 + 0.18
3.84 + 0.010
5
Xylocopa dissimilis
7.30 + 0.15
4.34 + 0.14
6
Andrena harrietae
3.34 + 0.010
3.24 + 0.19
7
Andrena anonyma
2.23+ 0.16
3.13 + 0.18
8
Anthophora crocea
4.12 + 0.17
2.24 + 0.14
9
Xylocopa rufescens
3.38 + 0.26
4.22+ 0.25
REFERENCES
BOHART, G. E. (1972). Management of wild bees
for the pollination of crops. Annual Review of
Entomology 17: 287-312.
FREE, J. B. (1993). Insect pollination of crops. 2nd
edition, Academic press, London.
GAUTIER-HION, A. AND MAISELS, F. (1994).
mutualism between a leguminous tree and large
African monkeys as pollinators. Behavioural
Ecology and Socio-biology 34: 203-210.
GRAY, J. S. (1980). Why do ecological monitoring?
Mar. Poll. Bull. 11:62-66.
JASARA, A. W., ASHFAQ, S. AND KASI, A. M.
(2000). Apple pollination in Balochistan,
Pakistan. National Arid land Development and
Research Institute, Ministry of Food, Agricultural
and Livestock, Islamabad p 33.
JASARA, A. W. AND RAFI, M. A. (2008). Pollination
management of apricot as a livelihood source in
northern areas. Pakistan Journal of Agriculture,
Agricultural Engineering and Veterinary Science
24:34-40.
KHAN, M. R. AND KHAN, M. R. (2004). The role of
honey bees Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera:
Apidae) in pollination of apple. Pakistan Journal
of Biological Sciences 7: 359-362.
KENMORE, P. AND KRELL, R. (1998). Global
perspectives on pollination in agriculture and
agro-ecosystem management. International
workshop on the conservation and sustainable
use of pollinators in Agriculture with emphasis
on Bees October 7-9 Sao Paulo, Brazil.
KNUTSON, R. D., TAYLOR, R. G., PENSON, B. J.
AND SMITH, G. E. (1990). Economic Impacts of
Reduced
Chemical
Use.
Knutson
and
Associates, College Station, Texas pp 30- 31.
LI, L., CHAODONG, Z., FENGHE, W., DUNYUAN,
H., YANZHOU, Z., LIANG. D., HAIRONG, H.
(2007). Current research on the status of wild
bees and their pollination roles. Biodiversity
Science 15: 687-692.
LOUADI, K AND DOUMANDJI, S. (1998). Diversity
and gathering activity of bees (Hymenoptera:
Apoidea) in a therophyte lawn in Constantine
(Algeria). Canadian Entomologist 130: 691-702
MARGALEF, S. R. (1969). Diversity and stability: A
practical proposal: a model of instarsdependence. Brookhaven Symposium of Biology
22: 25-37.
MCGREGOR, S. E. (1976). Insect pollinators of
cultivated crop plants. United State Department
of Agriculture, Agriculture Hand book p 496.
NAKAMURA, H. AND TOSHIMA, H. (1995).
Environmental evaluation by distribution of
butterflies on the case in Kagawa prefecture
using the RI index. Journal of Environmental
Entomology and Zoology, Japan 6: 143-159.
SHANNON, E. R. AND WEINER, W. (1963). The
mathematical
theory
of
communication.
University of Illinois Press. Urbana, Illinois 117.
SIMPSON, E. H. (1949). Measurement of diversity.
Nature 163: 688.
VERMA, L. R. AND PARTAP, U. (1993). The Asian
Hive bee Apis cerana as a pollinator in
Vegetable Seed Production. International Centre
for Integrated Mountain Development Katmandu
Nepal p 183.
DISTRIBUTION OF ORDER HYMENOPTERA IN MANGROVE FORESTS
NEAR KARACHI, PAKISTAN
SUMERA FAROOQ
Department of Zoology, University of Karachi, Karachi-75270, Pakistan
E-mail:[email protected]
(Received for publication July, 2010)
ABSTRACT
The mangrove forests at Sandspit backwater and Korangi-Phitti Creek were surveyed for the
distribution of insects belonging to Order Hymenoptera. Two families Apidae and Formicidae were
identified.This is the first report on the distribution of Order Hymenoptera from mangroves of Pakistan.
This study provides the baseline data on the abundance and diversity of insect fauna of mangrove
habitats.
Key words: Hymenoptera, Mangroves, Abundance.
INTRODUCTION
Mangrove forests are the most promising feature
of our coastal areas. Mangroves were reported to
provide habitat and shelter to wide variety of fauna
and flora (Wells, 1983). Several studies were carried
out on the diversity and abundance of crustacean
fauna but very little attention has been paid towards
the value of mangroves as a habitat for insect fauna.
Insects were reported to play important role in soil
fertility and ecosystem health (Van Straalen 1997).
They form the important fauna of mangroves and
reported to play significant role in detritus formation
(Santhakumaran, 1983). Several reports are
available from different parts of the world (e.g.,
Hockey and De Barr, 1988; Raji and Remadevi
2005) but no attention has been paid on the diversity
and distribution of mangrove insects in Pakistan.
This is the first report on the abundance of Order
Hymenoptera associated with mangrove forest along
the coast of Karachi.
RESULTS
Two families Family Apidae and Family
Formicidae were identified during the survey. Figure
1 shows the abundance of these two families at
Sandspit backwaters and Korangi-Phitti mangrove
stands. Higher numbers of insects were observed at
Korangi-Phitti mangrove stand. The total number of
specimens belonged to Family Formicidae was
higher as compare to Family Apidae at both sites
(Figure1).
The highest numbers of specimens were
collected from leaves and stems of mangrove trees
and lowest number of specimens was recorded from
mangrove tree trunk and pneumatophores (Figure
2). Table 1 shows the abundance of Family
Formicidae and Family Apidae on sediments and
mangrove parts. Statistical analysis also confirms
that mangrove stem, leaves and sediments were the
most preferred habitat of Family Formicidae
(Figure3).
MATERIAL AND METHOD
DISCUSSION
Regular surveys of mangrove stands at Sandspit
backwater (S) and Korangi-Phitti Creek (K) area
were carried out during 2004-2006 in South-West
Monsoon season to collect representatives of Order
Hymenoptera. A total of 30 trees were observed on
each site to record the presence of insects. Insects
were counted on site and only few representatives
were collected randomly by hand picking and by
using insect net from mangrove tree trunks, leaves,
pneumatophores and sediments. For statistical
analysis, the data was standardized, transformed
and subjected to Bray-Curtis similarity analysis to
visualize similarity in habitat preference.
Family Apidae and Family Formicidae of Order
Hymenoptera are the common features of studied
mangrove forests near Karachi. Studies on
mangrove insect fauna revealed that ants were the
dominant hymenopteran group (Clay and Anderson,
1996). Similar results were obtained during this
study. Species belonging to Family Formicidae are
common on the sediments in rhizosphere zone, stem
and underside of leaves of the Avicennia marina
where they construct nest and obtain their food. At
least two species of ants were observed during the
survey. Members of Family Apidae were observed
on trees which are more than 7 feet in height.
Sumera Farooq
88
The higher abundance at Korangi-Phitti
mangrove forest may be due to tall trees and thick
canopy cover which provides the suitable
environment for the insects. They were reported to
feed on mangrove leaves and other mangrove
associates (Murphy, 1990; Veenakumari and
Prashanth, 2009). The study provides the base line
data on the occurrence of insects in mangrove
forests which is also evident from the signs of
herbivory on mangrove leaves.
60
Total abundance %
K
S
40
20
0
Family Apidae
Family Formicidae
Figure 1 Comparative abundance of Family Apidae and Family Formicidae at Sandspit (S)
and Korangi-Phitti (K) mangrove forests.
6%
8%
8%
30%
48%
Tree trunk
Leaf
Pneumatophores
Stems
Flowers/ Buds
Figure 2 Comparative abundance of insect on different mangrove parts
Distribution of order Hymenoptera in Mangrove forests near Karachi, Pakistan
Table 1 Abundance of Family Apidae and Family Formicidae on mangrove
parts and sediments
Habitat
Family Apidae
Family Formicidae
Tree trunk
0
8
Stems
4
26
Leaf
3
45
Flowers/ Buds
8
0
Pneumatophores
0
6
Sediments
0
56
Total
15
141
Figure 3 Habitat preference of Hymenopteran insects calculated from
Bray-Curtis similarity resemblance
89
Sumera Farooq
90
REFERENCES
CLAY, R.E. AND ANDERSEN, A.N. (1996). Ant
fauna of a Mangrove Community in the
Australian Seasonal Tropics, With Particular
Reference to Zonation. Aust. Jr. of Zool. 44(5):
521 - 533
HOCKEY, M. J. AND DE BARR, M. (1988). Insects
of the Queensland mangroves. Part 2.
Coleoptera. The Colepterist Bull. 42(2): 157160.
MURPHY, D.H. (1990). The recognition of some
insects associated with mangrove in
Thailand. Mangroves ecosystem occasional
papers, 15-24.
RAJI,
B., AND REMADEVI, O.K. (2005).
Entomofaunal diversity in the mangrove
forest of west coast (South India.). Ann For.
13:323–331.
SANTHAKUMARAN, L.N. (1983). Incidence of
marine wood borers in mangrove in the vicinity
of Panaji coast. Goa. Mahasagar, Bull. Nat.
Ocean. 16:299-307.
VAN STRAALEN, N.M. (1997). Community structure
of soil arthropods as a bioindicator of soil
health. In: Pankhurst C.E., Doube B.M. and
Gupta V.V.S.R. (eds): Biological Indicators of
Soil Health. CAB International, Wallingford,
UK, pp. 235–264.
VEENAKUMARI, K., AND PRASHANTH, M. (2009).
A note on the entomofauna of mangrove
associates in the Andaman Islands (Indian
Ocean: India). Jr. Nat. Hist., 43 (13 & 14):807823.
WELLS, F. (1983). Western Australia. Bull. Mar. Sci.
33(3): 736-744.
EFFECTS OF CADMIUM, CHROMIUM, AND LEAD ON ENZYME
INHIBITION IN TREATED MARINE BIRD, LARUS ARGENTATUS
THE HERRING GULL
NOREEN RAZA1, TASNEEM A. SAQIB2, M. ARSHAD AZMI2 AND S.N.H. NAQVI3
Defense Authority, Degree College for Women, Phase-VII (Ext), DHA, Karachi, Karachi-Pakistan.
Department of Zoology, University of Karachi, Karachi-Pakistan
Baqai Medical University, Toll Plaza, Super Highway, Karachi, Karachi-Pakistan
(Received for publication August, 2010)
ABSTRACT
Herring gulls (Larus argentatus) were collected from an area of Hawks bay, Karachi Coast to study the
effects of metals (cadmium, chromium and lead) on glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) and
glutamic pyruvate transaminase (GPT) inhibition of liver, kidney, and gizzard. High doses (0.0004
gm/0.004 ml) of cadmium chloride, chromium chloride, lead nitrate and low doses (0.0002 gm/0.002 ml)
of cadmium chloride, chromium chloride and lead nitrate were injected to birds by insulin syringe. The
results showed increased GOT and GPT inhibition in liver, kidney and gizzard of herring gull as a result
of high dose of cadmium chloride, chromium chloride and lead nitrate as compared to low doses.
Key words: Larus argentatus, Liver, Kidney, Gizzard, Metals, GOT, GPT, Enzyme.
INTRODUCTION
The contamination of environment by heavy
metals is a serious problem they are widely
distributed in our environment through geological,
metrological, biological, and anthropogenic activities.
(Winder et al., 1997). In polluted aquatic
environment, water fowls have been found to
accumulate high levels of metals in their tissues.
(Dieter et al., 1976). Environmental pollutants are
potential harmful to each bird species regardless of
the age of the individual. Birds are not only the most
threatened groups by chemical agents, but also very
sensitive indicators of the pollution in their
environment. (Peczely, 1987; Hoffman,1990; Vodela
et al., 1997). Heavy metals produce negative effects
on physiological and biochemical functions of test
organisms. (Khandelwal et al., 1991 and Uyanik
et al., 2001). Liver and kidney are the primary organs
involved in heavy metal excretion and where
accumulation of heavy metal is more. (Devy and
Khan, 2006). In present study, herring gulls (Larus
argentatus) were selected to observe the effects of
cadmium, chromium, and lead on the transaminase
enzymes like glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase
(GOT) and glutamic pyruvate transaminase (GPT) of
body tissues.
Alive herring gulls (Larus argentatus) were
caught from an area of Hawks bay, Karachi. They
were kept in the controlled condition for 15 days in
three groups (Group-A, Group-B, and Group-C)
before experimental work. After 15 days, three stock
solutions were prepared by dissolving 1 gm of each
salt (cadmium chloride, chromium chloride, and lead
nitrate) in 100 ml distilled water. High dose
(0.0004gm/0.004
ml)
and
low
dose
(0.0002gm/0.002ml) were injected to each bird in
Group-A and Group-B, respectively by insulin
syringe. While Group-C was quarantined in
laboratories conditions as Control. After eight hours,
birds were sacrificed and dissection was made to get
liver, kidney, and gizzard to estimate GOT and GPT.
0.5 gm of each tissue was taken from each organ.
Each tissue was crushed with mortar and pistle.
Then they were homogenized in Teflon Pyrex tissue
grinder for 5 minutes at 1000 rpm. The homogenates
were centrifuged at 3500 for 30 minutes in Labofuge
200 Ind Rotar (Heraeus). Supernatants were kept in
separate
tubes.
During
experimental
work
homogenates, supernatants, and reaction mixtures
were kept in ice box at 10 ºC. Enzyme kit of
Cromatest Lot #13032 of GOT and Lot # 12853 of
GPT was used. A principle, Procedures and
calculation method was used according the
standardized method described by IFCC., (2002) to
estimate GOT and GPT. The mean of result was
calculated to obtain the average change in
absorbance per minutes (ΔA /min) by using the
formula: u/l = ΔA /min x 3333 (37 ºC)
RESULTS
The effect of low and high dose of cadmium
chloride, chromium chloride, and lead nitrate on
Glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) and
glutamic pyruvate transaminase (GPT) inhibition in
liver of Larus argentatus. Control samples showed
4.166 u/l and 6.666 u/l GOT and GPT in liver,
respectively (Fig1a and 1b). Whereas GOT levels
were 703.263 u/l, 273.306 u/l, 396.627 u/l in liver as
a result of high dose of lead nitrate, chromium
chloride, and cadmium chloride, respectively and
92
Effects of Metals on Enzyme Inhibition in Marine Bird, the Herring Gull
29.997u/l, 189.981 u/l, 336.633 u/l in liver as a result
of low dose of lead nitrate, chromium chloride, and
cadmium chloride, respectively(Fig 1a). GPT levels
were found 370.796 ug/l, 700.763 u/l, 249.975 u/l as
result of high dose of lead nitrate, chromium
chloride, and cadmium chloride, respectively and
246.642 u/l, 105.822 u/l, 78.325 u/l as a result of low
dose of lead nitrate, chromium chloride, and
cadmium chloride, respectively in liver of Larus
argentatus (Fig 1b).
Fig 2a and Fig 2b indicates the levels of GOT
and GPT in gizzard of Larus argentatus,
respectively. In control group, GOT and GPT levels
were recorded 3.333ul/l and 4.166 u/l in gizzard,
respectively. While as a result of high dose of lead
nitrate, chromium chloride, and cadmium chloride,
GOT in gizzard of Larus argentatus was 199.98 u/l,
19.998 u/l, 309.969 u/l and 6.666 u/l, 10.832 u/l,
96.657 u/l, respectively (Fig 2a). In Fig 2b, GPT
levels were 738.259 u/l, 333.466 u/l, 164.983 u/l as a
chloride, and cadmium chloride and 234.143 u/l,
149.985 u/l, 102.489 u/l as a result of low dose of
lead nitrate, chromium chloride, and cadmium
chloride, respectively. Fig 3a shows the levels of
GOT in kidney of Larus argentatus. Control samples
showed 9.999 u/l and 2.499 u/l GOT and GPT in
kidney of Larus argentatus,respectively (Fig 3a and
Fig 3b). As a result of high and low dose of lead
nitrate, chromium chloride, cadmium chloride, GOT
levels were found 25.830 u/l, 593.274 u/l, 406.626 u/l
and 20.831 u/l, 399.96 u/l, 383.295 u/l, respectively
(Fig 3a). Whereas Fig 3b indicates the levels of GPT
in kidney of Larus argentatus. Levels of GPT were
found 693.264 u/l, 207.479 u/l, 155.817 u/l as a
chloride, cadmium chloride and 100.823 u/l, 129.153
u/l, 17.498 u/l in kidney as a result of low dose of
lead nitrate, chromium chloride, and cadmium
chloride, respectively as shown in Fig. 3b.
DISCUSSION
In present study, GOT level in Liver (4.166 u/l),
gizzard (3.333 u/l), kidney (9.999 u/l) and GPT level
in liver (6.666 u/l), gizzard (4.166 u/l), kidney (2.499
u/l) was found in control group. These levels were
low as compare to high and low dose samples. The
highest GOT (703.263 u/l) and GPT (738.259 u/l)
was found in liver and gizzard of Larus argentatus,
respectively as a result high dose of lead nitrate.
This is due to certain tissue cells contain
characteristic enzymes which enter the blood only
when the cells to which they are confined are
damaged or destroyed.
Cain et al., (1983) found significant decreases in
packed cell volume, and hemoglobin concentration
and a significant increase in serum GPT in mallard
duckling (Anas platyrhynchos) fed 20 ppm cadmium.
Meenakshi et al., (1989) observed decreased
enzyme activity in the cadmium chloride treated
animals due to the decreased translocation of the
enzyme areas epithelial membrane. Reduction in
activity also reflected loss of brush border membrane
besides inactivation of the enzyme. Abu-Sinna et al.,
(1991) studied the effect of lead nitrate in 3 day
incubated chicken eggs and lead nitrate increased
the activity of all investigated enzymes (Alkaline and
acid phosphatase, GOT,GPT). In present work, GOT
and GPT activities were increased by high dose of
lead nitrate. Shakoori et al., (1992) investigated
biochemical changes following lead acetate
exposure in liver and muscles of fresh water fish
(Cirrhina mrigala). Within one week of treatment,
AP,GPT, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and amylase
activities were increased, respectively. (61%, 23%,
48%, 84% after dose of 0.25 mg/ml) and during 1st
week of metal exposure (1.0 mg/ml), GPT activity
was decreased (35%). Bag et al., (1999) found the
toxic effects of heavy metal contaminants from
sludge supplemented diets on male wistar rats. The
sludge was found to be contaminated with Zn, Ni,
Pb, Co, Cr, and Cd. The toxic effects of sludge
supplemented diets were noted in serum, liver,
muscles, and brain. Levels of liver GPT activities
were found higher. Benkoel et al., (2000) observed
the hepatotoxic effects of heavy metals (Cd, Hg, Cu)
on enzyme histochemical activities of yellow legged
gull (Larus cachinnans michahellis). Robert., (2001)
observed that decreased hepatocellular production
inhibition results in decreased of GOT and GPT
activity. In present investigation, the lowest levels of
GOT (29.997 U/L) and GPT (78.325 U/L) were found
in liver as a result of low dose of lead nitrate and
cadmium chloride, respectively. Uyanik et al., (2001)
described the effects of Cd and Zn in the organs of
broiler chicks. These compounds reduced the weight
and damages were observed in liver, kidney, and
bursa of fabricius. GPT activity lowered and other
enzyme activities were slightly increased. Present
findings showed the decreased GPT activity as a
result of low dose of cadmium chloride, chromium
chloride and lead nitrate in liver, kidney, and gizzard
compared to high doses. Erdogan et al., (2005)
studied the effects of ascorbic acid on Cd-induced
oxidative stress and performance of broilers. Cd was
given via the drinking water at a concentration of 25
mg/L for 6 weeks. Cd decreased body weight and
feed efficiency but liver function enzymes, AST, ALT,
LDH, and gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT)
activities were not changed by cadmium. Whereas in
present study, changes were noted in the levels of
GOT and GPT activity in liver, kidney, and Gizzard
as compare to control group.
Devy and Khan (2006) studied the effects of
cadmium chloride in liver and kidney of male and
female wistar rats at three different dose levels: 0.5,
1.0, and 2.0 mg/kg., given intraperitoneally daily for
15 days. There is an increase of GOT in the kidney
tissues and decreased in liver tissues of both male
and female rats. Whereas, GPT level was desreased
Raza N. et al.
in liver and increased in kidney in both male and
female rats. In present study, there was an increase
of GOT in kidney as compare to liver and levels of
GPT were increased in liver as compare to kidney.
Jadhav et al., (2007) studied the effects of
subchronic exposure via drinking water to a mixture
of eight water-contaminating metals (Arsenic,
cadmium, lead, mercury, chromium, manganese,
93
iron, and nickel) on male wistar rats. After 60 days of
exposure, increased activities of GOT and alkaline
phosphatase were found but GPT activity was not
affected. Whereas in present findings, both GOT and
GPT activities were affected by low and high dose of
cadmium chloride, chromium chloride, and lead
nitrate compared to control group.
Fig. 1a
Fig. 1b
94
Fig. 2a
Fig. 2b
Raza N. et al.
Fig. 3a
Fig. 3b
95
96
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2 effects on reproductive performance egg
quality and embryo toxicity in broiler breeders.
Poultry Sci. 76(11), 1493-1500.
A NEW SPECIES OF TANYMECUS GERMAR (COLEOPTERA:
CURCULIONIDAE) FROM SINDH-PAKISTAN
ZUBAIR AHMED1*, SYED ANSER RIZVI2, IMRAN KHATRI3 AND
NAEEMUDDIN ARIEN1
1
Department of Zoology, Federal Urdu University of Arts, Sciences and Technology, Karachi, Pakistan.
Corresponding author E-mail: [email protected], Cell # 0300-2052767
2
Department of Zoology, University of Karachi, Karachi Pakistan.
3
Department of Entomology, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam, Pakistan.
(Received for publication October, 2010)
ABSTRACT
The new species of Tanymecus pakistanensis is described with reference to various parts of the body
including male genitalia and compared with its closest allies.
Key Words: Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Tynymecus, New Species, Sindh, Pakistan.
INTRODUCTION
The work on weevil genus Tanymecus Germar
carried out from Indian subcontinent by Marshall,
1916 and Supare et al, 1990. Marshall (1916)
described 43 species of Tanymecus, later on Supare
et al (1990) revised these species and described 44
species including two new genera Burmanicus and
Krauseus and one new species T. bhagwani
whereas Tanymecus simplex Marshall only confined
in Pakistan. They described all species with detailed
account of their morphology, male and female
genitalia and economic importance with their host
plants. Anderson (2002) described classification of
Nearctic Curculionidae and its subfamilies and
genera with their key. Ramamurthy and Ayri (2010)
revised the Tanymecini endemic genus Indomias
with 25 species described with key and illustrations
of various parts of the body including male and
female genitalia.
The present taxon was collected from Tandojam,
Sindh by hand picking method. The measurement
and illustrations were made by using ocular grid
microscope. For the study of male genitalia, the
abdomen was excised at the base and boiled in 10%
KOH solution for about 10 minutes. It was then
washed in tap water. The aedeagus was dissected
out and examined under glycerin. After studying the
male genitalia, the material was placed in microvials
with a drop of glycerin and pinned with the
specimens for Natural History Museum, University of
Karachi (NHMUK).
In Pakistan, a virtually work has been carried out
by Aslam, 1966a, 1966b but only three genera
Strophosomoides Aslam, Achlaenomus Waterhouse
and Hyperomias Marshall with their species related
to Tanymecini described (Aslam,1966, 1966). Rizvi
et al (2003) and Zubair et al (2006) described two
new species of Tanymecus from Pakistan with
reference to their male genitalia.
There could be more species of the genus
Tanymecus in Pakistan and it could increase the
listing of genus Tanymecus from Indian
subcontinent.
RESULTS
Tanymecus pakistanensis sp.nov. (Plate 1, Figs.
a-d.)
Coloration:
Body black entire covered with dense short pale
white and dull reddish to yellowish pile.
Head:
Small with rugosely punctured, slightly convex;
eyes subdorsal, rounded, a crescent grayish mark
encircled eyes with dull reddish shade; rostrum
emerginate anteriorly with a median long carina and
two lateral small carinae, anteriorly shallow; scrobes
elongate laterally, black; antennae exerted in the
scorbes laterally, piceous brown, not reaching the
posterior margins of eyes, scape long, cylindrical,
98
A new species of Tanymecus Germar (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) from Sindh-Pakistan
gradually dilated at apex, funicle with seven
segmented, 1st segment longer and robust than 2nd
segment, 2nd segment longer than 3rd segment, club
compact, three segmented, mucronate; gular region
covered with dense dull reddish to pale white pile.
Thorax:
Slightly wider than longer, rugosely punctured,
sides parallel, deflected internally just beyond the
middle, anterior margin narrower than posterior,
covered with dense short pale white pile; mesocoxae
close to each others; scutellum small, shield shaped,
dull black, covered with dense pile; elytra with
shoulders distinctly broader than base of thorax,
strial margins indistinct, interstriae rugosely
punctured covered with dense pale white and dull
reddish pile and posteriorly yellow pile, apices
mucronate scarce covered with dense pile; legs
piceous brown, femora rounded medially then
narrower their both ends, tibiae elongate, covered
with dense pile, middle and hind tibiae bear stiff pile
at their apexes yellowish to ochraceous, tarsi three
segmented, 1st segment longer than others, 3rd
segment bilobed, spongy beneath, claws curved,
close, pointed.
Abdomen:
Black covered with much dense of dull reddish
and yellowish pile.
Male genitalia:
Aedeagus with penis longer than apophyses,
broadest at just beyond the middle, tubular, dorsally
apical opening ovately elongate, in profile penis
strongly arcuate, apical process bifurcated, each
piece truncated to conical; apophyses with apices
enlarged and bluntly rounded; tegmen with
parameres long, spatulate shaped, manubrium
curved, apex rounded with spatulate form; speculum
gastrale with stem slender, basally thick, gradually
narrower at apex, apex deflected, bluntly pointed,
basal prongs unequal with apices tapering and
rounded.
Female genitalia:
Spermatheca unavailable, spicule elongate,
slender, mucronate apically with bluntly rounded
apex, basally pointed, medially triangular semi
sclerotized membrane fused with spicule.
Material Examined:
Pakistan; Sindh, Tandojam, Holotype 1 Male,
22.v.2010, leg Ashraf on ground; Paratype 7 Male
and 1 Female with same data as Holotype.
Comparative note:
The new species Tanymecus pakistanensis is
closely related to T. xanthurus and T. mixtus in
having elytra with tufted apical process, body
coloration black covered with pale white to dull
reddish and yellowish pile but it can be easily
separated with tibiae of male and female not
denticulate, shape of thorax differ dorsally from
previous species, aedeagus with apical process not
angulate as in T. xanthurus, spicule of female
genitalia apically mucronate with rod like structure
and other characters noted in the description.
REFERENCES
AHMED, Z., RIZVI, S.A., AKHTER, M.A., AND
YASIR, I. (2006). A new species of Tanymecus
Germar (Coleoptera:Curculionidae:Tanymecini)
from Pakistan. International Journal of Biology
and Biotechnology. 3(1): 19-21.
ANDESDON, R.S. (2002). Family 131.Curculionidae
Latreille 1802. American Beetles, Vol 2: 722815.
ASLAM, N.A, (1966a). A new Tanymecine genus
from the Himalayas (Coleoptera, Curculionidae).
Annals and Magazine of Natural History,
Ser.13,vol.ix: 129-136.
ASLAM, N.A. (1966b). Revision of Tanymecine
genera,
Achlaenomus
Waterhouse
and
Hyperomias and designation of type for
Strophosomoides
Aslam
(Coleoptera,
Curculionidae). Annals and Magazine of Natural
History, Ser.13, vol.ix: 405-416.
MARSHALL,
G.A.K.
(1916).
Coleoptera,Rhynchophora:Curculionidae. Fauna
of British India, 367pp. Taylor and Francis,
London.
RAMAMURTHY, V.V and AYRI, S. (2010). Revision
of the genus Indomias Marshall (Coleoptera,
Curculionidae, Entiminae, Tanymecini) from
India. Zootaxa 2357:1-49.
RIZVI, S.A, AHMED, Z., AND NAZ, S. (2003). A new
species of the genus Tanymecus Germar
(Coleoptera: Curculionidae:Brachyderinae) from
Karachi, Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of
Entomology Karachi, 18(1&2): 19-20.
SUPARE, N.A., GHAI, S., AND RAMAMURTHY, V.V.
(1990). A revision of Tanymecus from India and
adjacent countries (Coleoptera: Curculionidae).
Oriental Insects, Vol.24:1-126.
Zubair et al.
Plate 1: Tanymecus pakistanensis sp. nov.
99
100
A new species of Tanymecus Germar (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) from Sindh-Pakistan
Figs. a-d. Tanymecus pakistanensis sp. nov. (Scale bar: 0.6 mm): a. Antenna,
b. Aedeagus, lateral view, c. Aedeagus, ventro-lateral view, d. Male Spiculum
gastrale.
RE-DESCRIPTION OF PEDICULUS HUMANUS CORPORIS
LINNAEUS, 1758 (ANOPLURA)
JUMA KHAN KAKARSULEMANKHEL
Taxonomy Expert of Sand Flies, Ticks, Lice & Mosquitoes, Research Directorate,
Balochistan University of I.T., Eng., & Management Sciences (BUITEMS),
Air Port Road, Quetta, Pakistan. [email protected]
(Received for publication September, 2010)
ABSTRACT
Pediculus humanus corporis Linn. is re-described from Pakistan in detail with special reference to its
mouth-parts and genitalia. Taxonomic structures not discussed and not illustrated before are described
and illustrated as additional information to facilitate zoologists and veterinarians in correct identification
of female and male of this louse. A key is erected to Anopluran families and genera highlighting the
relationships of included families. It is hoped that this paper will provide an anatomical base for future
morphological studies.
Key words: Re-description, Pediculus humanus corporis, Pediculidae, Balochistan, Pakistan.
INTRODUCTION
Human lice are obligate ectoparasites. They
suck the blood of humans. They have specially
designed mouth-parts for piercing the skin of
humans and retrieving the blood that is present
(Chew, et al., 2000). Head lice cause greatest
nuisance, and have been experimentally infected
with Rickettsia prowazeki de Rocha-Lima. Head and
pubic lice both have never been implicated directly in
active disease transmission (Roy and Brown, 1954).
In Pakistan, so far no serious efforts have been
exercised to study morpho-taxonomy of human body
lice, except a short note on morphological characters
of Pediculus humanis capitis Linnaeus, 1758
(Kakarsulemankhel, 2007). Owing to their medical
significance and to fill the gap of knowledge,
Pediculs humanus humanus (Linn.) is re-described
in detail to help zoologists in correct identification of
this louse.
Human body lice were collected from the clothes
of Coal mine laborers 2 working at Mach,
Balochistan, Pakistan during May, 22, 2009.
Samples were transferred to vials containing 70%
alcohol for laboratory examination. Lice were placed
in Phenol for 3-4 days at room temperature. Head
region and genitalia of lice were removed from the
body for detail examination and placed in 20% KOH
for half an hour. De-hydrated in graded series of
alcohols and cleared in xylene and mounted
permanently in Canada Balsam. Structures were
observed and measured under 40X and 100X
magnifications at Binocular microscope (CH-2,
Olympus, Japan). Diagrams were made with a
Camera Lucida. Measurements were taken in
millimeters (mm). All the diagrams are to the given
scales. Prepared permanent slides were deposited
with the Author’s collection of Lice, BUITEMS, Air
Port Road, Quetta.
RESULTS
The genus Pediculus is defined on the basis of
following characters: Head with eyes, 5-segmented
antenna, thorax with single pair of spiracles in
between the I and II pair of legs, abdomen with
seven obvious segments, first six abdominal
segments bear spiracles, pleural plates developed.
The genus Pediculus includes two sub species
namely humanus corporis and humanus capitis.
Corporis subspecies can easily be recognized on the
basis of its slender and comparatively larger bodies,
narrow thorax than abdomen, abdomen with marked
lateral notches antennae are longer whereas
humanus corporis can easily be distinguished on
basis of characters: smaller body, shorter and thicker
antennae, lateral abdominal notches less distinct.
Key to the families and genera
1. Body flattened, having hairs in rows, 7 pairs of
spiracles, 1 pair on each of the meso-thorax and
abdominal segments (III-VIII), 3-5 segmented
antennae,
infesting
land
mammals
………………………………………………………2
-
Body large, having strong bristles/spines/scales, 9
pairs of spiracles:1 pair on each of meso-thorax,
meta-thorax, and abdominal segments
(II–VIII,
infesting marine carnivores….………Echinophthiriidae
Juma Khan Kakarsulemankhel
102
2. Eyes well developed and pigmented, rostrum
short, tibia and tarsus not separated by a distinct
sclerite infesting?…………….………….......……3
-
Eyes absent or vestigial, very long rostrum, tibia
and tarsus separated by a distinct sclerite,
infesting mammals except man…..…..…………4
3. Abdominal segments III to V fused in to one,
bearing 3 pairs of spiracles, last four abdominal
segments bearing wart-like structures on the
sides, crab like in appearance infesting?
………...……………. (genus Phthirus) Phthiridae
-
Abdominal segments free, normally located spiracles,
wart-like structures on abdominal segments absent,
slender in appearance, infesting monkeys and
man……........………… (genus Pediculus) Pediculidae
4. 5-segmeted antennae, infesting sheep, goats,
hogs,
dogs,
rodents
and
insectivores
……………………………….……Haematopinidae
-
3-segmented antennae, infesting rodents and
monkeys …………..…………Haematopinoididae
Pediculus humanus corporis Linnaeaus, 1758
(Figs. ♀ A1-A16; ♂ B1-B10)
Female total body length: 2. 39–2. 45 long,
0.86–0.88 broad; head longer than wide and
constricted into short neck; anterior apical portion
0.15-0.17 long, 0.20–0.22 broad.
External Anatomy: Dorso-ventrally flattened
body, Head, thorax, and abdomen clearly separated,
head prognathus with the mouth opening terminal.
Mouth parts (Fig.A1-A10): Highly specialized
mouthparts are not visible externally, strictly 3
slender stylets present in a ventral pouch and this
constitute a set of fine cutting apparatus which can
be protruded during action to puncture the host’s
skin and blood is sucked in to the prestomum (true
mouth, haustellum) (Fig.A1) by a muscular cibarial
pump (Fig.A2), prestomum is furnished with fine
teeth (Fig.A3), if not in use stylets are retracted in to
stylet sac (Fig.A4) usually lies under the pharynx
(Fig.A5), the dorsal stylet (Fig.A6) represent
maxillae, the ventral stylet (Fig.A7) stronger than
others bears teeth at tip (Fig.A8) and used for
piercing the skin of the host (Ferris, 1951), represent
the terminal part of labium, the median stylet
(Fig.A9) represent hypostome (true mouth)
(haustellum), stylets are forked at their proximal
ends (Fig. A10).
Palps: Absent.
Eyes: Definite eyes
externally on lateral lobes.
with
lenses
present
Antenna: 5 segmented, combined length of I
and II segment larger than length of III-V segment.
Legs: 3 pairs: All legs not similar in shape and
size but first two pairs comparatively shorter and
attached at anterior thoracic region while the III pair
comparatively larger borne at anterior abdominal
segment, claws strong, tibia short bearing spines
and hairs, there is only single tarsal segment.
Spiracle: 1 pair of meso-thoracic spiracles
present in between I and II pair of legs on the thorax,
six pairs of spiracles present at sides of III-VIII
abdominal segments.
Thorax: Wider than head but less wider than
abdomen, three thoracic segments fused, sclerotized
sternal plate on the thorax.
Abdomen (Fig.A11): 9-segemented, I and II
segments fused and always concealed, III–IX quite
obvious, abdomen poorly sclerotized, pleural plates
present (Fig.A11) at both sides of abdominal
segments III–VIII, anus lies below the gonopods in
the last abdominal segments.
Genitalia (Fig. A12-A15): In the female the last
segment of the abdomen (IX segment) bifurcates in
to two larger posterior lobes (Fig.A12), female can
easily be distinguished by having a strong chitinised
triangular structure (0.3 long, 0.15 broad) known as
genital plate (Fig.A13) and 2 pairs of lateral
gonopods (Fig.A14),
vaginal orifice (Fig.A15)
located in the middle of both the gonopods.
Chaetotaxy (Fig. A16): Head: Most apical
anterior part bear 1 long seta and 2-3 short setae at
each sides, sides of the head also bear short setae.
Antennae and Legs: All segments bear lateral as
well as dorsal setae. Abdomen: Each abdominal
segment has strictly 2 zig zag rows of abdominal
setae, each row with 10 or above setae dorsally as
well as ventrally projecting posteriorly. A curved row
of about 10 strong spines present in the VII
abdominal segments above the tri-angular chitinized
structure. The apical end of the two hind lateral parts
of the IX segment bear some 5-7 small setae
(Fig.A16).
Male: A little shorter in size than ♀, antennae
same as in ♀, abdomen comparatively little shorter
as in ♀.
Legs (Fig. B1-B2): The anterior leg of the ♂
much stouter and provided with a larger tibial thumb
(Fig.B1) and a larger tarsal claw (Fig.B2) for
grasping the posterior leg of the female during
copulation.
Abdomen (Fig. B3): Hind end of abdomen (IX
segment) almost rounded (Fig.B3).
Genitalia (Fig. B4-B9): It starts from abdominal
segments VII–IV with two chitinized rod like structure
(0.64-0.66 long) (Figs.B4 (X100) & B5 (X400)
running from segment VII to IX, anteriorly the gap
between rods more (0.18) which gradually narrows
Re-description of Pediculus humanus corporis Linnaeus, 1758 (Anoplura)
till the terminal end, also known as vaginal dilator
which is hooked deep into the vagina, casually this
structure projecting from the sex opening of male
(Figs.B6 (X100) & Fig.B7 (X400), apical-distal part of
the aedeagus (Fig.B8 (X400) is chitinized but its
basal-proximal part is in the form of a thin walled
chitinous sac (Fig.B9 (X400).
Chaetotaxy (B10): Almost similar as in ♀ except
the lateral side of hind end of last abdominal
segment bear a row of some 10-14 long and medium
sized setae projecting outwards (Fig.B10 (X400).
Material examined:
11 ♀, 9 ♂, Balochistan, May, 2009.
Distribution: Worldwide.
Comparative note:
Pediculus group is entirely isolated with
apomorphies of slender bodies, thorax little broader
than abdomen, 7-segmented abdomen, stouter legs,
and more hairy body. Within this group, corporis
(body lice) and capitis (head lice) both share some
characters except shorter antennae in corporis.
However, Phthirus group is quite distinct from the
two species of human lice and can be easily
differentiated for its autapomorphies of broad short
body, long, clawed legs, very broad thorax with all
segments fused and comparatively shorter abdomen
with first three segments fused, last four abdominal
segments bearing wart-like structures on the sides
and last pair particularly large. The capitis may be
recognized on the basis of indentations between
successive abdominal segments which are more
clearly marked than they are in corporis. Legs of the
head lice are shorter than those of body lice.
Table 1. Comparison Pediculus corporis L. (present study) with
Pediculus capitis L. (author’s unpublished data) (in mm).
♀
♂
♀
♂
W
♀
♂
♀
♂
♀
♂
♀
♂
♀
♂
Head L
W
L
W
Thorax L
W
L
Abdomen L
W
L
W
Antennae L
W
L
W
Legs-I
L
L
Legs-II
L
L
Legs-III
L
L
103
Pediculus corporis L.
Pediculus capitis L.
0.40-0.42
0.35-0.38
0.40-0.42
0.35-0.38
0.39-0.41
0.55-0.58
0.36-0.38
0.50-0.53
1.60-1.62
0.86-0.88
1.37-1.40
0.55-0.60
0.29-0.31
0.05-0.06
0.28-0.30
0.05-0.06
0.73-0.75
0.70-0.75
0.68-0.70
0.65-0.68
0.60-0.65
0.60-0.65
0.38-0.40
0.32-0.34
0.37-0.38
0.34-0.36
0.39-0.40
0.52-0.55
0.33-0.34
0.48-0.50
1.57-1.60
0.83-0.85
1.33-1.35
0.54-0.56
More or less
same as
In
Corporis L
0.70-0.72
0.66-0.68
0.68-0.70
0.65-0.68
0.58-0.62
0.59-0.61
104
Fig.
♀ Pediculus humanis corporis L.: Mouth-parts (X100): A1, Prestomum; A2, Cibarial
pump; A3, Fine Teeth of Prestomum; A4, Stylet sac; A5, Pharynx; A6, Dorsal stylet;
A7, Ventral stylet; A8, Teeth of ventral stylet; A9, Median stylet; A10, All three
stylets are forked at their distal ends. A11, Pleural plate. Genitalia (X100) : A12,
Posterior lobes; A13, Genital plate; A14, Gonopods; A15, Vaginal orifice; A16,
Apical end of posterior lobes bearing setae.
1 mm
_______________________
Re-description of Pediculus humanus corporis Linnaeus, 1758 (Anoplura)
Fig.
105
♂ Pediculus humanis corporis L.: B1 (X100), Large tibial thumb; B2 (X100), Large
tarsal claw; B3 (X100), hind end of abdomen rounded. Genitalia : B4 (X100) & B5
(X400) Two chitinized rod like structures; B6 (X100) & B7 (X400), Dilator projecting
from sex opening of ♂; B8 (X400), Apical distal portion of the aedeagus; B9
(X400), Basal proximal part of aedeagus like thin walled sac; B10 (X400), Lateral
sides of last abdominal segment bearing setae.
1 mm
_______________________
0.5 mm
_________________
106
DISCUSSION
Kim and Emerson (1968) have observed that the
taxonomy of the family Pediculidae is in chaotic state
and description and knowledge of all the known
species of the Pediculidae are insufficient to indicate
their taxonomic status, except for Pediculus
humanus L. and Phthirus pubis (L.).
Results of the present study have been
compared with humanus capitis L. (author’s
unpublished data). Corporis sub species was
observed to be little larger than its closely related
sub species Capitis.
Body lice may pose the most serious health
threat in many countries. These lice are known
vectors of epidemic or louse borne typhus caused
by Rickettsia prowazeki, trench fever, caused by
Rochalimaea quintana (Schmincke) Krieg (also
known as Rickettsia quintana) and louse–borne
relapsing fever, caused by Borrellia recurrentis
(Lebert) (P.A.H.O., 1973; Weems and Fasulo, 2007).
It is hoped that present findings would provide a
basis for further research on lice taxonomy.
REFERENCES
CHEW, A., BASHIR, S. AND MAIBACH, I. (2000).
Treatment of Head Lice. Lancet. 9229: 523-524.
FERRIS, G.F. (1951). The sucking lice. Mem. Pacif.
Cst. ent. Soc. 1: 1-320.
KAKARSULEMANKHEL, J.K. (2007). Morphological
characters of sucking louse Pediculus humanus
capitis, Linnaeaus, 1758 (Order: Anoplura,
Family Pediculidae (Leach, 1817). 27th Pak.
Cong. Zool., Feb. 27-March, 1, 2007. B.Z.
University Multan. Abstract, ENT-10. p. 75.
KIM, K.C., AND EMERSON, K.C. (1968).
Descriptions of two species of Pediculidae
(Anoplura) from Great Apes (Primates,
Pongidae). J. Parasitol., 54: 690-695.
P.A.H.O. (Pan American Health Organization)
(1973). The Control of lice and lice-borne
diseases. Proc. Int. Symp. On the Control of Lice
& Louse borne Diseases, Washington, DC, 4-6
December, 1972. World Health Organization,
Washington, DC. Scientific Publ. 263, 311 pp.
ROY, D.N. AND BROWN, A.W.A. (1954).
Entomology
(Medical
&
Veterinary)
including Insecticides and Insect & rat control.
2nd Ed. Calcutta: Excelsior Press, India, 413 pp.
WEEMS, H. V. JR. AND FASULO, T.R. (2007).
Human Lice: Body Louse, Pediculus humanus
humanus Linnaeaus and Head Louse,
Pediculus humanus capitis DeGeer (Insecta:
Pthiraptera) (=Anoplura) : Pediculidae). EENY 104 (IN261), Entmol. Nematol. Dept, Florida
Coop. Ext. Serv. Inst. Food and Agric. Sci.
University of Florida, http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu.
TOXICITY AND RESIDUAL EFFECT OF YELLOW-BERRIED
NIGHTSHADE, SOLANUM SURRATTENSE LEAVES EXTRACT
AGAINST RED FLOUR BEETLE, TRIBOLIUM CASTANEUM
FARZANA PERVEEN1, NIKHAT YASMIN2, M. FAHEEM AKBAR3, S.N.H. NAQVI4
AND TARIQ MEHMOOD1
1
Department of Zoology (Chairperson), Hazara University, Garden Campus, Mansehra-21300
[email protected], Cell # 0300-2253872, Off. Tel.: (092) 997–414131, 414266
2
3
Department of Agriculture & Agribusiness Management, University of Karachi, Karachi-75270
4
Baqai Medical University, Super Highway, Toll Plaza, Karachi.
(Received for publication November, 2010)
ABSTRACT
Recent trend for the control of insect pests has been towards the use of substances of plant origin.
Toxicity and residual effects of yellow-berried nightshade, Solanum surrattense Burm. leaves extract
were determined against adults of red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) by contact method
during a period of 8-days under laboratory condition. The lowest mortality 15% was observed at the
minimum dose 2.4 μl/cm2 and the highest 100% was observed at the maximum 16.8 μl/cm2 after 24 h.
The LD50 of S. surrattense was found 8.02 μl/cm2. Finally, residual effects of the same plant extract was
st
2
observed, during 1 day, mortality, the lowest was 49.4% at minimum 2.4 μl/cm dose and the highest
2
th
mortality was 91.6% at maximum 12.0 μl/cm dose. During 7 day, mortality, the lowest was 5.0% at 2.4
2
2
th
μl/cm and the highest was 60.5% at 12.0 μl/cm . During 8 day, mortality, the lowest was 0.4 % at 2.4
2
2
μl/cm and the highest was 16.0% at 12.0 μl/cm . The mortality percentage of T. castaneum was
increased with the increase of doses and time-period in both toxicity and residual effects. It is concluded
that leaves extract of S. surrattense could be useful for managing populations of T. castaneum.
Key words: Contact method, leaves extract, residual effect, Solanum surrattense, Tribolium
castaneum, toxicity.
INTRODUCTION
Red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst)
(Coleoptera: Tenberionidae) is one of the most
common pest of stored grains and their products (Ali
et al., 2009). The damage caused by this insect to
various stored and food commodities like grains,
flours and dried fruits is recoded to be 15-20% which
is capable of incurring losses worth million rupees
every year in developing countries (Siddiqui et al.,
2006). In Pakistan, T. castaneum is commonly found
in association with other pests in storage. It has
great effect on the economy of Pakistan which is
always under estimated (Tripathi et al.; 2001).
Kouninki et al. (2007) observed insect infestation,
mainly by T. castaneum in gunny bags of stored
sorghum and reported that loss due to the infestation
was 3.6% and 25.7%, respectively after six and nine
months of storage.
Annual post-harvest losses resulting from insect
damages, microbial deterioration and others factors
are estimated to be 10-25% of worldwide production
(Matthews, 1993). In Pakistan, the losses caused by
insect pests to crops and stored materials etc, alone
were 23.2% worth of Rs. 140 million annually. The
losses are approximately double the world average
(10.9%) and also higher than that of Asia. They
could be compared with U.S.A. 9.4, Australia 7.0,
South America 10.0, Europe 5.1, Africa 13.0,
U.S.S.R. 10.5, China 11.5 and Asia 20.7% (Ali et al.,
2009).
In Karachi, T. castaneum is found damaging
more wheat in Dockyard areas probably due to
damp climate which, soften the hard pericarp of
wheat grain. Control of these pests is prime
important in order to meet the demands of increasing
population. The outbreaks of these pests could be
avoided either by protect ion and/or by treatment of
the stored commodities with chemicals. Protection
includes all the prophylactic measures and
disinfection of stores, bins, bags and grains by using
BHC, Baythion, Diazinon, Gardona, Malathion etc.
These chemicals are applied before the grains are
being stored in order to eliminate chances of future
infestation of the pests (Naqvi and Perveen, 1991).
Treatment of grains, on the other hand, has to be
carried out with fumigants when infestation of the
pests appears during the storage (Mahuliker and
Chavan, 2007). Various companies recommended
HCN, acrylonitrile, chloropicrin, ethylene dibromide,
methyl bromide, ethylene oxide, ethylene dichloride,
carbon tetrachloride, petrol and DDVP etc for
Perveen F. et al.
108
fumigation against insect pests of stored products
(Anonymous, 1986; Naqvi and Perveen, 1993).
Fumigation has been an important method for
controlling insects and mites in stored products.
There is a lot of work on the development of special
techniques, mostly to obtain better distribution of
fumigates in the product by improved stirring, forced
circulation or by using vacuum fumigation. Major
factors in the development of these new techniques
have been, for example, proof of the great
penetrative power of methyl bromide, the relative
safety in the use of brominated aliphatic
hydrocarbons; the increase use of gas concentration
at intervals of time in different parts of the products
to investigate the behavior of the fumigant and to
bring forward reasons for success or failure in
practice (Rehman et al., 2001). In the view of the
above fact the aim of present study was to find a
better and economical control agent of T.
castaneum. For this purpose, the toxicity and
residual effects of leaves extract of S. surrattense
was tested against the adults of T. castaneum.
The present research work was carried out in the
Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of
Zoology, Kohat University of Science and
Technology, Kohat, Pakistan.
Insect rearing
Experiments were conducted with adults of T.
castaneum taken from a stock that was established
from 25 pairs of adults obtained from local godowns
of grains, Kohat, Pakistan and were reared in (6 cm
dm × 13 cm high) plastic bottles containing 250 gm
wheat flour with bran in the laboratory under
controlled conditions. The rearing temperature was
maintained at 25±1 °C, with a LD 16:8 h photoperiod
and 50–60% r.h. Therefore, the insects of uniform
age and size were available throughout the year.
The experiments were started when pure culture
(after 4 generations) and sufficient population was
available.
Preparation of plant extract
Extracts were prepared from the leaves of S.
surrattense collected from the KUST Campus.
Leaves (250g) were rinsed with distilled water, dried
and ground to a solution with an electrical blender
and added ethanol and distilled water (1:1). Then it
was concentrated on rotary evaporator under
reduced pressure for 2 h, dark green gummy residue
(30 g) was obtained. The residue was dissolved in
distilled water on the basis of increasing polarity to
obtain ethanolic extract and doses were made
accordingly. They were tested for toxicity and
residual effects against T. castaneum.
Toxicity
Toxicity was determined according to procedure
used by Naqvi and Perveen (1993) to find out the
effective range of S. surrattense leaves extract. The
experiments were conducted on the adults of T.
castaneum by contact method/ filter feeding
mechanism. Extract was applied on the filter paper
(90 mm dm) in petri dishes at different
concentrations of 0.5ml 1.0ml 1.5ml 2.0ml 2.5ml
3.0ml & 3.5ml. These concentrations were selected
after preliminary trials. Therefore, the amounts of
insecticide applied on filter paper were 2.36, 4.72,
7.08, 9.44, 11.80, 14.16 & 16.52 respectively. The
petri dishes were then air dried for few min and five
pairs of adult were released to each petri dish. The
untreated and control (2 ml of solution containing
ethanol and distilled water: 2:1) batches were
prepared to observe environmental and solvent
effects, respectively. These batches were kept under
the same environmental conditions as those used for
the rearing stock culture. They were examined after
24 h and mortality was recorded. If the mortality was
more than 10% in untreated and control then
experiments were discarded. Each experiment was
set in three replicates and average values of fifteen
experiments were analyzed.
Residual effects
The residual effects of S. surrattense leaves
extract on adults of T. castaneum were determined
by using the same method and doses as used for
Toxicity. After drying the petri dishes five pairs of
adult were released to each petri dish daily up to 8 d,
without changing the filter paper and mortality
readings were taken after every 24 h.
Statistical analysis
The volume of S. surrattense leaves extract was
calculated using the Charles’s Equation: C1V1=C2V2;
where C1: concentration of the solution; V1: volume
of the solution; C2: concentration to be made; V2:
volume of the required concentration. For Toxicity,
the mortality % was calculated using Abbott's
formula: % mortality = (% test mortality –% control
mortality)/ 100 –control mortality ×100. For Residual
effect, the standard deviation was calculated by
using the following formula: SD=√ Σx2–n (x )2/n-1;
where S.D.: standard deviation; x2: notation for
variation of variable x; n: total number of
observation; X: average of variable x. The LD50 was
calculated through probit analysis.
RESULTS
Toxicity
The toxicity of S. surrattense leaves extract
against adults of T. castaneum was measured by
contact method. Five doses were used to find the
most toxic dose among them. Mortality was
increased with the increase in doses as evident from
Fig. 1 and Table 1. The lowest mortality (15%) was
Toxicity and residual effect of Solanum surrattense against Tribolium castaneum
observed at the minimum dose 2.4 μl/cm2 and the
highest (100%) was observed at the maximum dose
12.8 μl/cm2 after 24 h. The LD50 of S. surrattense
was found to be 8.02 μl/cm2 as shown in Fig. 1.
Residual effects
For determination of the residual effects, five
doses of S. surrattense leaves extract were used
against adults of T. castaneum by contact method.
During 1st day residual effects of 2.4, 4.8, 7.2, 9.6
and 12.0 µl/cm2 of S. surrattense leaves extract
showed 49.4, 49.4, 63.5, 80.3 & 91.6% mortality of
adults of T. castaneum, respectively. On 2nd day, the
same doses showed 20, 30, 50, 65 and 80%
mortality, respectively. On 3rd day, mortality was
25.3, 40.7, 48.5, 71.7 and 89.7%, at the same
doses, respectively. On 4th day, mortality was 15.0,
37.5, 42.5, 7.5 and 79.5%, respectively. On 5th day,
mortality was 12.5, 25.0, 35.0, 62.5 and 70.7%,
respectively. On 6th day, mortality was 5.0, 25.0,
35.0, 62.5 and 9.5%, respectively. On 7th day,
mortality was 5.0, 22.5, 35.0, 55.0 and 60.5%,
respectively. On 8th day, mortality was 0.4, 0.6, 5.0,
14.4 and 16.0%, respectively (Fig. 2).
DISCUSSION
The natural plant pesticides may be used to
control insect pests due to their less harmful effects
to the non-target-species and environment as
compared to synthetic pesticides. Therefore, the
toxicity and residual effects of S. surrattense leaves
extract were analyzed against adults of T.
castaneum. The LD50 of S. surrattense was 8.02
μl/cm2. This indicates that plant has significant
toxicity against T. castaneum. No similar work has
been reported on S. surrattense so far.
However, Rashid et al. (2009) reported that crude
dichloromethane extract of Salvia cabulica exhibited
significant (80%) insecticidal activity at the highest
dose against T. castaneum. In present studies, the
S. surrattense leaves extract exhibited a significant
(91.6%) insecticidal activity by the highest dose 12.0
μl/cm2 against T. castaneum after 24 h. The
difference in mortality was due to different plant
species or solvent used.
Khanam et al. (1995) reported the effect of
Thevetia neriifolia leaves extract on T. confusum
adults where acetone extract was found to be the
most effective toxicant followed by ethyl acetate,
petroleum ether and methanol extracts. The present
results (Table 1) showed that S. surrattense leaves
extract also extended its effect on the adults of T.
castaneum. Two studies are almost in agreement
with each other as far as toxicity is concerned,
however, different species as well as different
solvents were used.
109
Azmi & Naqvi (1998) showed contact toxicities of
neem extract RB-a and coopex using impregnated
paper, the activity was found to be 34% with a 1257.
1 µg/cm2 dose of RB-a while 24, 28, 32 and 50%
mortalities were observed by applying 1.1, 2..5, 3.7
and 6.2 µg/cm2 coopex against Sitophilus oryzae,
respectively. In present studies, it is reported that 48,
49, 63, 80 and 92 % mortalities were observed when
applied 2.4, 4.8, 7.2, 9.6 & 12.0 μl/cm2 doses of S.
surrattense leaves extract using filter feeding
mechanism against adults of T. castaneum,
respectively. The differences were due to use of
difference in procedure, different plant or insect
species used.
Jbilou et al. (2006) reported significant
insecticidal activity against T. castaneum larvae by
crude methanol extract of Peganum harmala,
Aristolochia baetica, Ajuga iva and Raphanus
raphanistrum having mortality count 58, 34, 31 and
26%, respectively, as extracts were mixed with the
diet at concentration of 10%. In present research, S.
surrattense leaves extract showed 15, 25, 40, 55,
75, 85 & 100% mortality against adults of T.
castaneum by filter feeding mechanism. These
variations were due to different plant species used in
two experiments or difference in procedure used.
Ogunleye and Adefemi (2007) tested dust and
methanol extracts of Garcinia kolae against
Callosobruchus maculatus and Sitophilus zeamais.
They found the dust had no significant effect on the
two insects while the methanol extracts had rapid
lethal effects on both C. maculatus and S. zeamais.
The mortality of C. maculatus by the lowest
concentration of methanol extracts ranged from
95~100% whereas in S. zeamais, the mortality
ranged from 87.5~100 and 70~100% in
concentrations of 3 ml methanol was added to 1 g
extract and 5 ml methanol was added to 1 g extract,
respectively, from 24 to 48 h. The present result
showed that the S. surrattense leaves extract had
rapid lethal effects on T. castaneum. The mortality of
T. castaneum was ranged from 48, 49, 63, 80 and
92% by the lower to higher concentration of leaves
extracts. The differences were due to different plant
and insect specie used or due to difference in
concentration of extract in two studies. The results of
residual effects showed that leaves extract of S.
surrattense has significant results during first day
and shows 49.4, 49.4, 63.5, 80.3 and 91.6 %
mortality with the doses used 2.4, 4.8, 7.2, 9.6 and
12.0 μl/cm2.
Naqvi and Perveen (1991) investigated residual
effect of Nerium indicum crude extract as compared
with coopex against adults of T. castaneum and
found that both the samples did not have prolonged
residual effect by method used. The present results
showed significant residual effects (Table 2) were
different from found by Naqvi and Perveen. This may
110
Perveen F. et al.
be due to low toxicity of the leave extract and
difference in the plant species.
Ahmed
et
al.
(2004)
assessed
five
organophosphorus compounds, five synthetic
pyrethroids and three insect growth regulators
against T. castaneum in peanuts stored. Activity
against adults and progeny was assessed
separately. Of the insecticides tested, chlorpyrifosmethyl, methacrifos and deltamethrin applied
completely prevented the development of progeny.
In the present research, S. surrattense leaves
extract gave high mortality against adult of T.
castaneum. Differences in both results were due to
different insecticides used.
Mondal and Khalequzzaman (2006) tested
contact and fumigant toxicity of the three essential
oils, viz., cardamom (Elletaria cardamomum Maton),
Cinnamon (Cinnamomum aromaticum Nees), and
Clove (Syzygium aromaticum (L.) against T.
castaneum larvae and adults. The results revealed
that cardamom oil was generally a more effective
contact poison or fumigant against the adults of T.
castaneum. In present studies, different doses of S.
surrattense leave extract were tested against T.
castaneum and n-butanol fraction was found to be
most toxic than others. A direct comparison of the
potency of contact toxicities of the essential oils
could not be made because different experimental
methods were employed.
Arthur (2008) applied insecticidal pyrrole
chlorfenapyr to adults of T. castaneum and T.
confusum and placed them on 3 different surfaces
(concrete, tile and plywood) for 2 and 4 h, removed,
and held without food for 7 d post-exposure. All
beetles survived the initial exposures, but survival of
both species decreased during the 7 d holding
period, with T. confusum being the more susceptible
species. Efficacy also varies depending on the
surface substrate. In the present research, different
doses of S. surrattense leaves extract was checked
for their efficacies against adults of T. castaneum in
petri dishes and it was found that mortality was
increased with the increase of doses and it
decreased gradually during increased of days. The
difference here may be due to fact that in first
studies synthetic pesticide was used while in present
work plant extract was applied.
Epidi and Odili (2009) tested the efficacy of
powders of plant parts from Telferia occidentalis
(fluted pumpkin), Zingiber officinale (ginger), Vitex
grandifolia (Vitex) and Dracaena arborea (dragon
tree) using completely randomized design (CRD)
against T. castaneum in groundnut and found that V.
grandifolia and D. arborea both can serve as
protectants against T. castaneum. In the present
studies, S. surrattense leaves extract was tested
against T. castaneum. It was found to be most toxic
against T. castaneum. A direct comparison of the
potency of contact toxicities of the essential oils
could not be made because different experimental
methods were employed. The S. surrattense leaves
extract is proven to toxic against the adult of T.
castaneum, therefore, its further investigation will be
made in future.
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Toxicity and residual effect of Solanum surrattense against Tribolium castaneum
111
Table 1. The toxicity of S. surrattense leaves extract against adults of T. castaneum after
24 hour of application.
Doses in ml Doses in μl/cm2 Mortality after 24 h
S. No.
0
Control
-
-
1
0.5
2. 4
15%
2
1.0
4.8
25%
3
1.5
7.2
40%
4
2.0
9.6
55%
5
2.5
12.0
75%
6
3.0
14.4
85%
7
3.5
16.8
100%
100
Mortality %
80
60
40
20
0
00
2.4
4.8
7.25
9.6
12.0
14.410 16.8
15
Doses in μl/cm2
Fig. 1. Toxicity curve for determination of LD50 of S. surrattense leaves extract against the
T. castaneum showing the mortality% on y-axis, dose in ul/cm2 on x-axis
and LD50 at 8.02 ul/cm2
112
Perveen F. et al.
Fig. 2. The residual effects of S. surrattense leaves extract against adults of T. castaneum
during 1st to 8th day after application: untreated: ▀ ; control: □; 2.4: ♦; 4.8: ∆; 7.2: ▲; 9.6:
○;12.0: ● doses in μl/cm2.
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W.J. (Eds.). (2001). Bioassay Techniques for
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SIDDIQUI, A.R., JILANI, G., REHMAN J.U. AND
KANVIL, S. (2006). Effect of turmeric extracts on
settling response and fecundity of peach fruit fly
(Diptera: Tephritidae). Pakistan Journal of
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TRIPATHI, A.K., PRAJAPATI, V., AGGARWAL, K.K.
AND KUMAR, S. (2001). Toxicity, feeding
deterrence, and effect of activity of 1,8 -Cineole
from Artemisia annua on progeny production of
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Journal
of
Economic
Entomology, 94: 979-983.
DENGUE FEVER VIRUS VECTOR MOSQUITO (AEDES) PREVALENCE
SURVEY REPORT OF SINDH PROVINCE BY SEVEN DIFFERENT
METHODS AND OUTBREAK OF DENGUE IN KARACHI, 2010
RAJPUT M. TARIQ AND M. ARSHAD AZMI
MAH Qadri Biological Research Centre, University of Karachi, Karachi-75270, Pakistan
ABSTRACT
Survey was carried out for the prevalence of Dengue Fever Virus Vector-mosquito (DFVV-mosquito),
the Aedes spp., in four Divisions (Hyderabad, Mirpur, Sukhur & Larkana) of Sindh province, during
January 2007 to December 2009 (3-years). During this survey seven (7) different methods; 1) Tyre
shop larval collection (TSLC)-method, 2) Tyre shop, adult collection (TSAC)-method, 3) Human
residency larval collection (HRLC)-method, 4) Human residency adult collection (HRAC)-method, 5)
Verbal inquiry information confirmation (VIIC)-method, 6) Night stay adult collection (NSAC)-method
and 7) Literature cited information confirmation (LCIC)-method were used. Among these four Divisions,
in Hyderabad Division, only at place near the entrance of Hyderabad city in between Karachi &
Hyderabad on main Super High Way Road in a big tyre shop both larval & adult stage of Aedes spp.,
was recorded, on 27th October 2007 for the 1st time, by TSLC-method & TSAC-method and then in 2008
& 2009 as well. Whereas according to VIIC-method in some parts of Sindh province during this survey
visits, such as in Hyderabad city, Badin, Mirpurkhas, Nawabshah & Naushahro Firoz, the dengue cases
were reported by the people, due to Media based awareness and information. But no larval and adult
collection evidence was recorded in these four Divisions except near Hyderabad city entrance. No
evidence of Aedes spp., was recorded in any part of these Divisions by HRLC-method, HRAC-method
& NSAC-method. In all parts of these Divisions, the malaria vector-mosquitoes, the Anopheles spp., &
common dirty water-mosquitoes, the Culex spp., were recorded by all seven methods. Karachi Division
has been recorded Dengue Zone since 1995, because the epidemic condition appeared in 1995, for the
first time and then in 2001 and shoot up in 2006 as dengue outbreak in Karachi Division, since then it is
extending to other Divisions as recorded in Hyderabad city at one place, from where it may increase
and extend easily in other parts of Sindh province.
Key words: Survey, Aedes, Sindh province Divisions, Outbreak of DFV in Karachi 2010.
INTRODUCTION
The zoological name of dengue virus vector
mosquito is Aedes spp., its English common name is
Asian Tiger, but now-a-days its local common name
is Zebra machcher, (Zebra mosquito) due to having
Zebra lining on its legs. The vector mosquito of
Dengue has been reported 0.75 century ago in Asia
including Pakistani areas by Barroud (1934). The
dengue vector mosquito was well known for yellow
fever or break bone fever (Suleman et al., 1996). In
1953 the dengue was recognized for the first time in
Philippine. The pathogenesis report of dengue was
reported by Halstead (1981). At present 4 serotypes
Den-1, Den-2, Den-3 & Den-4 of DFV are reported.
Outbreak of dengue fever virus took place at Rio
de Janeiro in 1986 (Schatzmayr et al 1986).
Outbreak of classical fever of dengue caused by
Serotype 2 in Araguaiana, Tocantins Brazil in 1993
(Vasconcelos et al 1993). Now like malaria, dengue
has also become a global problem, as reported by
Pinheiro & Corber (1997), Gubler (1998). Dengue is
becoming a great risk to all developed and
developing countries (Monath 1994). The outbreak
of Dengue Hemorrhagic fever in Karachi took place
in 1995 for the first time (Chan et al. 1995). The
epidemiology of Dengue virus infection among
urban, jungle and rural populations in Amazon region
of Peru was reported in 1996 (Hayes et al. 1996).
Dengue fever; a post-epidemic sero-epidemiological
survey in an urban setting at a north western country
of Sao Paulo State, Brazil was reported in 1999
(Lima et al. 1999). Dengue outbreak took place in a
Brazilian city (Pontes et al. 2000). In Karachi the
dengue outbreak took place in 2006 in which 4000
people were infected as reported by Qadri (2006).
The population of Dengue vector mosquitoes is
increasing day by day in Karachi Division and its
neighbouring Division Hyderabad, since 1995 as
reported by Naqvi et al., (1997), Tariq & Zafar
(2000), Jawad et al. (2001), Tariq & Qadri (2001),
Tariq (2001), Qadri (2006), Qadri et al. (2007), Tariq
& Qadri (2008), Ahmad et al. (2009), Tariq et al.
(2009) & Tariq et al. (2010a), Tariq et al. (2010b)
and from Hyderabad Division the vector mosquitoes
are spreading to other areas of Sindh province. In
the present work the prevalence of these mosquitoes
in four divisions i.e. Hyderabad, Sukkhur, Larkana &
Mirpur has been reported after survey visits.
Tariq and Azmi
114
Talukas & Villages of Khairpur: Gambat,
Ranipur, Their, Pirjogoth.
Survey was done during January 2007 to
December 2009 by visiting 4 Divisions of Sindh
province for DFV-Vector mosquito by using seven
methods viz.
Talukas & Villages of Ghotki: Khanpur, Mirpur
Mathilo, Daherki, Ubouro.
1) Tyre shop larval collection (TSLC)-method,
2) Tyre shop, Adult collection (TSAC)-method,
3) Human residency larval collection (HRLC)method, 4) Human residency Adult collection
(HRAC)-method, 5) Verbal inquiry information
confirmation (VIIC)-method, 6) Night stay adult
collection (NSAC)-method and 7) Literature cited
information confirmation (LCIC)-method were used.
The following areas of the 4 divisions of Sindh
province were surveyed:
Mirpur Division: Districts:
Sanghar, Umarkot & Thar Parkar.
Mirpur
Khas,
Talukas & Villages of Mirpur Khas: Goth
Dargah Qazi Sahib, UC Mirwah, Goth Makhan Khan,
Goth Nizamuddin, Mirwah Gorchani, Digri, Tando
Jan Muhammad, Jhudo, Kot Ghulam & Jamrao
Talukas & Villages of Sanghar: Tando Adam,
Shahdadpur, Jhol Shareef, Shahpur Chaker, Pirjo
Goth, Sindhri, Khipro (Goth M. Ilyas UC Khori,
Kahujo Dara, JIya, Tando Mitha Khan and Bakar.
Talukas & Villages of Umar Kot: Pitharo,
DhoroNaro, Nayachor, Umarkot, Nabisar, Kunri,
Samaro, M. Rahim Kalro.
Talukas & Villages of Thar Parkar: Naukot,
Mithi, Goth Jog Larnareja, Islam Kot, Nagarparkar.
Hyderabad Division: District: Hyderabad city,
Dadu, Badin & Thatta.
Talukas & Villages of Hyderabad city: Mulla
Katyar, Tando M. Khan, Tandojam, Tando Allahyar,
Hala.
Talukas & Villages of Dadu: Thano Bula Khan,
Sehwan Shareef, Bhan Sayadabad, Johi, Khairpur
Nathan Shah.
Talukas & Villages of Thata: Gharo, Makli,
Mirpur Sakro, Sujawal, Keti Bunder, Garho, Daro.
Talukas & Villages of Badin: Tando Bago,
Shadilarge, Khadero, Talhar, Matli, Tando Ghulam
Ali, Golarchi, Lowari.
Sukhur Division: Districts: Ghotki, Khairpur,
Nawabshah, Naushahro Firoz.
Talukas & Villages of Nawabshah: Sakrand,
Qazi Ahmad, Jamali Shah, Nawab Wali M. Khan,
Doulatpur, Bandhi.
Talukas & Villages of Naushahro Firoz:
Shahpur, Moro, Tharoshah, Kandiaro, Rasoolabad
village, Behlani.
Larkana Division:
Shikarpur, Larkana city.
Districts:
Jacobabad,
Talukas & Villages of Larkana city: Ratodero,
Shahdad Kot, Sapna Restaurant, Mirokhan, Kambar,
Warah.
Talukas & Villages of Shikarpur: Garhi Yasin,
Khanpur, Habibkot, Garhi Khuda Bux.
Talukas & Villages of Jacobabad: Garhi
Khario, Ramzanpur, Mauladad, Dilmurad, Mir Dost
Ali, Kashmor.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
There are 5 Divisions (Karachi, Hyderabad,
Sukkhur, Mirpur & Larkana) of Sindh province.
Among these Karachi & Larkana Divisions were
reported positive for DFVV-mosquito, the Aedes
spp., (Barroud 1934), but in the present survey
report no evidence of larval or adult collection of
Aedes mosquitoes has been found by any of the 7
methods used in this survey in Larkana Division. A
survey reported this mosquito from Karachi Division,
but not from neighbouring division Hyderabad i.e.
Dadu, Badin & Thatta (Kamimura et al. 1986).
Whereas in the present survey Hyderabad city was
found positive, but Thatta, Badin & Dadu were not
found positive by any of the seven methods.
Therefore the report of Kamimura is in the line with
the current survey report. By 1980’s, the distribution
of this mosquito (Aedes) was limited to south eastern
parts of Sindh province i.e. only Karachi Division
(WHO, 1989). Naqvi et al., (1997). They reported
seasonal population fluctuation of mosquito larvae in
different locations of Karachi region, including Culex,
Anopheles & Aedes spp., Naqvi (1992) published a
survey report of mosquitoes of Karachi region in
which he reported different species of Culex,
Anopheles & Aedes on the basis of larval & adult
collection. But in the current survey only the Aedes
spp., was taken into consideration and was recorded
by TSLC-method & TSAC-method only from one
place near the entrance of Hyderabad city, on
27thOctober 2007 for the 1st time, and then in 2008 &
2009 as well. The Aedes spp., was not recorded in
Larkana Division during this survey by any of the
seven methods during 2007 to 2009, but by only
LCIC-method that Larkana was reported positive for
this mosquito in 1934 by Barroud. According to WHO
(1989) the Aedes was limited in Karachi Division, but
in this present survey, the Aedes has been also
confirmed in Hyderabad division, which means that,
the DFV-Vector mosquito may have been spreading
by means of quick, rapid & continuous transport
Survey report of Sindh province for the prevalence of DFV vector-mosquito, Aedes
service by buses & railways with resting vector in
them from Karachi to Hyderabad and other parts of
Sindh province or by transportation of tyres from
Dengue zone, the Karachi Division to Hyderabad
Division, within 2-3 hours many times in a day.
Ahmad et al. (2009) and Tariq et al. (2010a) have
reported the whole Karachi Division as positive for
DFV vector- mosquito in their survey report,
including all 18 Towns of Karachi Division. Due to
this reason Karachi Division has been declared
Dengue zone of Sindh province. To save Sindh
province it is necessary to control DFV-vector in
Karachi Division on firs priority. During the current
survey in 3 years (2007-2009) no larval and adult
evidence has been found from any part of the four
Divisions i.e. Hyderabad, Sukkhur, Mirpur & Larkana
except Hyderabad city only at one place. The
dengue cases reported there in these areas may be
due to the infection by vector in dengue zone area
i.e. Karachi or Hyderabad city during their journey
period or stay in these areas, as the symptoms
appear after 4-6 days after mosquito bite infection,
when the patient is present in non-dengue zone area
where vector is absent. Therefore the spread of DFV
not takes place but only the patient of DFV appear
as reported by Schwartz et al. (2000). Similar may
be the case for other areas of Sindh province. As the
cases are being reported in Hyderabad city, Mirpur
Khas, Nawabshah, Naushahro Firoz & Sukkhur.
These are those areas which are continuously
connected with Karachi & Hyderabad by means of
transport service. Another important point for these
urban areas is that the Aedes spp., bread in the
human populated urban areas as reported by
Teixeira et al. (2002). This seems to be true that the
two big thickly populated cities of Sindh province
Karachi & Hyderabad are found positive, the same is
true for Lahore in Punjab province. Now-a-days all
developed and developing countries are on risk to
dengue as reported by Monath (1994). Chan et al.
(1995) reported Dengue Hemorrhagic fever (DHF)
outbreak in Karachi (Sindh) for the 1st time, then
Jawad et al. (2001) reported outbreak of DHF in
Karachi (Sindh). In 2006 the Dengue Hemorrhagic
fever outbreak took the epidemiological condition
and more than 4000 people were infested but no
control strategy for vector was adapted, due to which
in 2010 after raining season due to heavy rains
again we face the outbreak of DHF in Karachi Sindh.
Tariq et al. (2010a) also reported two species of
Aedes i.e. Ae. Aegypti and Ae. unilineatus from two
different Towns, the Site & Gulshan-e-Iqbal Town. In
the near future the population of Ae. unilineatus may
also increase in all towns of Karachi as Ae. aegypti
has been reported in all towns of Karachi. The Ae.
aegypti is being increasing and extending to other
divisions of Sindh from Karachi division, similarly the
Ae. unilineatus may also increase and extend not
only in other areas of Karachi division, but also from
Karachi division to other divisions of Sindh province
115
and then the option of controlling the vector may be
if not possible but very difficult. Therefore, controlling
strategy should be planned currently and
immediately beside the other precautionary
measurements. The concentration or preference
should be given more to the vector control for
effective, quick and long lasting control.
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REVISION OF THE GENUS HIPPOTION HUBNER (LEPIDOPTERA :
SPHINGIDAE) WITH FIRST TIME RECORDED SPECIES
HIPPOTION ROSETTA FROM PAKISTAN
MUHAMMED FAHEEM YOUNUS AND SYED KAMALUDDIN
P.E.C.H.S. Education Foundation Govt. Degree Science College, Karachi
Department of Zoology, Federal Urdu University of Atrs, Science and Technology
Gulshan-e-Iqbal Campus, University Road, Karachi
ABSTRACT
Two species of the genus Hippotion Hubner are described in detail first time from Pakistan with
special refrence to its head, venations of fore and hind wings, male and female genitalia. The Hippotion
rosetta is also first time recorded and the systematic position is also briefly discussed.
Key words: Revision, Hippotion, Lepidoptera, Sphingidae, Pakistan.
INTRODUCTION
Bell and Scott (1937) described the Hawk moths
are large sized with thickly built and brilliantly
coloured body with worldwide distribution. The work
on various aspects were attempted by Moore (1882),
Hampson (1896), Beutelspacher (1967), Kamal et al.
(1968), Kernbach (1969), Darge (1970), and Grant
and Eaton (1973).
More (1882-83) in his Lepidoptera of Ceylon
described only one species Hippotion celerio (L.) on
superficial characters. Bell and Scott (1937)
described five species from Oriental region. Hashmi
and Tashfeen (1992) listed 32-genera in a checklist
“Lepidoptera of Pakistan.” Kamaluddin et al. (1999)
attempted cladistic analysis, key to the genera and
distributional ranges of Sphingidae of Pakistan.
Kamaluddin and Haque (2000) rediscribed
Acherontia styx Westwood from Pakistan and
discussed its systematic position.
The Hawk moth Hippotion celerio (L.) and H.
rosetta are collected from various localities of
Pakistan and identified with the help of literature at
hand specially Moore (1882) and Bell and Scott
(1937 and I.J.Kitching, Entomologist Natural History
Museum London. For the study of male and female
genitalia the abdomen was detached from the base
and warmed in 10% KOH for about 5- minutes, It
was then washed in tap water and was inflated
under leitz binocular microscope in the water. The
examination of various structures were made and
their diagrams were drawn by placing them on the
cotton threads immersed in glycerin with the help of
eye-piece graticules and were later preserved in
microvials with a drop of glycerin pinned with the
specimens.
RESULTS
Genus: Hippotion Hubner
Hippotion Hubner, 1822, Verz. Bek. Schmett: 134;
Roths & Jord, 1903: Revision of Sphingidae: 747;
Bell and Scott, 1937, Faun. Brit. Ind. Moths 5: 413
Diagnostic features: Body generally brown with
hind wing reddish, medium or small sized with
gradually narrowed and pointed abdomen, frons
broad, produced anteriad, palpi simple, first segment
densely scaled at apex on inner side, second
segment without apical tuft of scales, eyes large and
lashed, proboscis very short, not passing thorax,
antennae clubed in female but not clubed and longer
in male. Fore wings very large, elongated, with
apical angle acutely produced, anterior margin
almost straight, posterior margin distinctly sinuated,
veins R4 and R5 largely stalked not anastomosing
with M1, M1 originating from upper angle of cell,
veins Cu1 and Cu2 parallel and wide apart to each
other, only anal vein 1A preset. Hind wings much
shorter with anterior margin sinuated, outer margin
sinuated with apical angle sub-rounded, veins
Sc+R1 medially close to Rs, Rs and M1
anastomosing at base and originating from upper
angle of cell, M3 originates from lower angle of cell,
anal veins 1A, 2A present.
Male genitalia simple, paramere oblongated with
not more than 5 friction scales, aedeagus with series
of dentations near distal end of theca, conjunctival
lobe membranous. In female papillae anales large
apophysis posteriors longer than apophysis
anteriors, ductus bursae large, elongated, corpus
bursae large, bag-like with large cornuti.
Comparative notes: This genus is most closely
related to Rhyncholaba Roths and Jord and Theretra
Hubner in having apex of first segment of palpi with
118
Younus & Kamaluddin
dense and regular scales on inner side, but it can
easily be separated from the same in having inner
margin of 2nd segment of palpi without apical tuft of
scales and by the other characters as noted in the
description.
Type species: Hippotion celerio (L.)
Distribution: Palaearctic, Oriental and Australian
regions.
Hippotion celerio (L.): (Figs. 1-8)
Sphinx celerio L. 1758, Syst. Nat. ed. 10: 491.
Chaerocampa celerio Moore.1865, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond. 794; Butler, 1881A. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.
613; 1886, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond: 379; Swinhoe,
1884, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 388: 1885A, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond. 288; 1888, Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc. 3: 118;
Hampson, 1892, Faun. Brit. Ind. Moths, 1:87:
Hippotion celerio Moore, 1882, Lep. Ceylon, 2: 16;
Roth & Jord, 1903. Revision of Sphingidae: 751:
Jordan, 1912, Macrolep, Faun. Pal. 2: 258; Mell,
1922, Boil, u. System. der Sudchin. Sphing. : 280:
Seitz, 1929, Macrolep. 10: 564: Scott, 1931, Bomb.
Nat. Hist. Soc. 35 (2): 362-381; Bell and Scott, 1937,
Faun. Brit. Ind. Moths, 5: 417-420.
Coloration: Head and thorax brown with white
lateral stripe, thorax with some obscure pale streaks,
abdomen brown with a broken white dorsal stripe
and a white dorso-lateral spot on each segment, fore
wing paler brown with a silvery band from apex to
inner margin and a median narrow dark line along it
and some silvery and black streaks all over, hind
wing with bright pink area at base, blackish, outer
area ochraceous brown with a black sub-marginal
band.
Head: (Fig. 2). Frons sub-roundly produced
anteriad, proboscis very short, hardly reaching
middle of thorax, palpi with basal segment much
longer than 2nd, later thick and much broader, 3rd
segment shortest, triangular shaped, about 1/3rd of
the 2nd.
Fore wings: (Fig. 3). Large, about two times the
length of hind wing, anterior margin almost straight,
convex near apex, posterior margin distinctly
sinuated, outer margin wavey with apical angle
acutely produced, veins R3 and R4 largely stalked
and anastomosing with R5 and originating from
upper angle of cell, M1and M2 parallel to each other,
later originating from lower angle of cell, Cu1
originating from below lower angle of cell, Two anal
veins A1 and A2 are present.
Hind wings: (Fig. 4). Short with anterior margin
convex outer margin distinctly sinuated with apical
angle narrowly rounded, posterior margin somewhat
convex, veins Sc+R1 medially close to Rs but well
beyond, Rs and M1 anastomosing at base and
originating from upper angle of cell, M3 originating
from lower angle of cell, Cu1 and Cu2 parallel and
widely separated, only one anal vein A1 present.
Male genitalia: (Figs. 5-7). Tegumen somewhat
oblongate, saccus large, broad, semispherical,
uncus stout large, curved with sharply pointed apex,
outer margin covex, longer than gnathos, later thin
with sharply pointed apex, paramere oblongate with
sub-rounded apex beset with small scales, dorsoinner sub-apical margin have 3-spines, ventro-outer
median margin armed with a thorn-like proces;
aedeagus (Fig.7) tubular with distal margin armed
with minute spines, membranous conjunctival lobe
small without cornuti.
Female genitalia: (Fig. 8). Papillae anales large
somewhat oval-shaped with posterior margin
medially humped beset with scattered small scales,
apophysis posteriors large thorn-like, dilated at base
and blunt at apex, much longer than apophysis
anteriors, later broad, armed at base, ductus bursae
very large, tubular, proximally highly sclerotized,
corpus bursae large balloon-like with folded margins
beset with large cornuti at dorsal surface.
Total length: Wing expanse – 60-80 mm.
Material examined: 5 males, 5 females; Sindh,
University Campus, Malir, Karachi, On light; 08-0889,08-08-96,16-07-96,02-09-10,07-09-10; lodged at
Kamaluddin’s collection.
Comparative notes: This species is most closely
related to velox (F.) in having general body pattern,
but it can easily be separated from the same in
having hind wing with base and anal angle bright
pink, veins black and by the other characters as
noted in the description.
Hippotion rosetta (Swinhoe) (Figs. 9–15)
Choerocampa rosetta Swinhoe, 1892, Cat. east. and
Aust. Lepid. Heterocera Colln. Oxf. Univ. Mus. 1 : 16.
Hippotion depictum Dupont, 1941 in Dupont, F. &
Roepke, W. Heterocera javanica. Fam : Sphingidae,
Hawk moths. Verh. Ned. Akad. Wet. (Tweede Sectie)
40 :70.
Colouration: Head, thorax and abdomen ochraceous,
thorax with white lateral stripe, fore wing ochraceous
with median and apical brownish bands, hind wings
rosaceous with dark brown band on apical margin.
Head: (Fig. 10). Frons rounded, not produced,
proboscis large passing much beyond thorax, palpi
with basal segment much longer than 2nd, later thick
and much broader, 3rd segment shortest, triangular
shaped, about 1/6th of the 2nd.
Fore wings: (Fig. 11). Large about two times the
length of hind wing, anterior margin slightly sinuated,
convex near apex , posterior margin distinctly
sinuated, outer margin wavey with apical angle subacutely produced. Veins R3 and R4 well stalked,
anastomosing with R5 and originating from upper
angle of cell, M1 and M2 parallel to each other, later
originating from lower angle of cell, Cu1 originating
from below lower angle of cell, two anal veins A1
and A2 are present.
Revision of the genus Hippotion hubner with 1st time recorded spp. H. rosetta from Pakistan
Hind wings: (Fig. 12). Short with anterior margin
convex, outer margin slightly sinuated with apical
angle sub-rounded, posterior margin sinuated, veins
Sc+R1 not close to Rs,Rs and M1 shortly stalked and
originating from upper angle of cell, M3 originating
from lower angle of cell, Cu1 and Cu2 parallel and
widely separated, only one anal vein A1 is present.
Male genitalia: (Figs. 13-15). Tegumen (Figs.13-14)
somewhat oval-shaped, saccus large, broad,
semispherical, uncus stout, bifurcated, apically
distinctly curved with sharply pointed apex, outer
margin sinuated longer than gnathos, later curved
sharply pointed apex, paramere broad with rounded
apex beset with small scales, dorso-inner sub-apical
margin have 2-spines, ventro-outer median margin
with a beak-shaped process; aedeagus (Fig. 15)
tubular, distal inner margin with small dentition,
membranous conjunctival lobe without cornuti.
Total length: Wing expanse 54 mm.
Material examined: 2 males; Sindh, Malir, Karachi; on
light; 10-08-96, 25-06-08; loged at Kamaluddin΄s
collection.
Comparative notes: This species is closely related to
H. celerio (L.) in having general body pattern, structure
of wings and the shape of male genitalia but it can
easily be separated from the same in having body
generally ochraceous, paramere with two spines near
apical side and a beak-shaped process at median
margin and by the other characters as noted in the
description.
DISCUSSION
The representatives of the genus Hippotion
Hubner is distributed in Paleartic, Australian and
Oriental region. This genus plays sister group
relationships with Rhyncholaba and Theretra by their
synapomorphy like apex of first palpus segment with
dense and regular scales on inner side (Kamaluddin
et al., 1999).
The genus Hippotion consist of six species
which are recorded from the above region. Among
these the species celerio plays sister group
relationship with velox and outgroup relationship by
its autapomorphies like hind wing with base and anal
angle bright pink, palpi with basal segment much
longer than 2nd, fore wing with veins R4 and R5
largely stalked but not anastomosing with M1, in
male uncus stout large and curved with sharply
pointed apex, in female corpus bursae large balloonlike with folded margins beset with large cornuti at
dorsal surface.The species rosetta (Swinhoe) also
plays sister group relationship with celerio and
outgroup relationship by its autopomorphies like
body generally rosecious, in male uncus highly
curved, paramere with 2-spines at sub-apical margin
and a beak shaped process at ventro-medium
surface.
119
Illustration of figures
Figs. 1-8. Hippotion celerio (L.): 1. Entire, dorsal
view; 2. Head, lateral view; 3. Fore wing, dorsal
view; 4. Hind wing, dorsal view; 5. Tegumen, ventral
view; 6. same, lateral view; 7. Aedeagus, lateral
view: 8. Female genitalia, lateral view.
Figs. 9-15. Hipption rosetta (Swinhoe): 9. Entire,
dorsal view; 10. Head, lateral view; 11. Fore wing,
dorsal view; 12. Hind wing, dorsal view; 13.
Tegumen, ventral view; 14. same, lateral view; 15.
Aedeagus,lateral view.
REFERENCES
BELL, T.R.D. AND SCOTT, F.B. (1937). The fauna
of British India including Ceylon and Burma.
Moths Sphingidae, 5: 1-537.
BEUTELSPACHER, C. (1967). Morphological study
of Erinnyis ello (L.) (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae).
Ann. Biol. Univ. Nac. Autm. Mex. Ser. Zool., 38:
59-74.
DARGE, P. (1970). Lepidoptera, Attacidae and
Sphingidae from the Island of Sao Tome. Bull.
Inst. Endam. Afr. Noire. Ser. A. Sci. Nature, 32:
495-500.
GRANT, G.D. AND EATON, J.L., (1973). Scent
brushes of the male tobacco hornworm
Manduca sexta (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae). Ann.
Ent. Soc. Am, 66: 901-904.
HAMPSON, G.F. (1892). The Fauna of British India
Including Ceylon and Burma Moths. 1. 65-123.
HAMPSON, G.F. (1896). Ibid., 4: 452-453.
HASHMI, A.A. AND TASHFEEN. A, (1992).
Lepidoptera of Pakistan. Proc. Pakistan Congr.
Zool., 12: 171-206.
KAMAL. E.D., YOUSSAF. H., ASEEM, M.A. AND
HAMMAD. S.M. (1968). On the biology of
Acherontia atrops. L. in Egypt (Lepidoptera:
Sphingidae). Bull. Soc. Ent. Egypte, 52: 503504.
KAMALUDDIN. S., AHMAD, I. AND HAQUE. E.
(1999). Cladistic analysis, key to the genera and
distributional ranges of Sphingidae of Pakistan.
Proc.Pakistan Congr. Zool., 19: 159-171.
KAMALUDDIN, S. AND HAQUE, E. (2000).
Redescription of Acherontia styx Westwood
(Lepidoptera: Sphingidae: Acherontiinae) from
Pakistan and its systematic position. Proc.
Pakistan Congr. Zool. 20. 117-122.
KERENBACH, K. (1969). The sphingid genus
Sphinx L. (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae). Dt. Ent. Z.,
16: 91-114.
MORE (1882-83). The Lepidoptera of Ceylon.2: 132.
ROTHSCHILD, W. AND JORDAN, K. (1903). A
revision of the Lepidopterus family Sphingidae.
Novit. Zool. 9, Suppl.: 1-972, 67 pl.
120
Younus & Kamaluddin
Revision of the genus Hippotion hubner with 1st time recorded spp. H. rosetta from Pakistan
121
122
Younus & Kamaluddin
EXTERNAL MORPHLOGY OF CICINDELA (LOPHYRA) HISTRIO
SCHISTSCHERINE (COLEOPTERA: CARABOIDEA: CICINDELIDAE)
FROM PAKISTAN
SYED KAMALUDDIN1, ADIL AKBAR 2AND NIKHAT YASMIN2:
1. Department of Zoology, Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science &
Technology, Gulshan-e-Iqbal, Karachi
2. Department of Zoology, University of Karachi-75270.
ABSTRACT
The external morphology of tiger beetle, Cicindela (Lophyra) histrio Tschistecherine of the family
Cicindelidae carried out with detail description of the sclerites and appendages of head, thorax and
abdomen. These characters are compared with other carabids and cicindelids already reported or
studied and the apomorphies of the species discussed to help build a background for the cladistics of
the group.
Key words: Morphology, Cicindela (Lophyra) histrio, Cicindelidae.
INTRODUCTION
distribution of 55-species of the representatives of
14-genera.
Kamaluddin et al. (2006) studied new
information of genitalia of Cicindela fabicii W. Horn
from Pakistan. Recently Cassola (2010) gave a list
of 52-species including seven tiger beetle species
first time from Pakistan. Chaudhry et al. (1970) listed
and recorded five species of the genus Cicindela
from various localities viz Sikkim, Assam, Burma,
Bangladesh, India and Pakistan in their survey of
insect fauna of forest of Pakistan.
Hashmi and Tashfeen (1992) listed 65species of the representatives of six genera in their
Coleoptera of Pakistan. Among these fifty five
species listed under the genus Cicindela Morgan
et al. (2000) studied new taxonomic status of the
endangered tiger beetle Cicindela limbata albissima
and discussed the phylogenetic relationships to
getting evidence from mtDNA.
A large number of works on different aspects
were attempted by various authors throughout the
world on tiger beetles viz. Erwin and Aschero
(2004), Cassola and Sato (2004), Cassola (2004),
Jaskula (2005), Jaskula et al. (2005). Pearson and
Cassola (2005), Avgin and Ozdikmen (2007),
Cassola and Brzoska (2008). Neil and Majka
(2008), Cassola (2008 and 2009) and Cassola and
Putchkov (2009).
Cassola and wiesner (2009) described a new
species, Akhteri of the genus Myriochia from
Baluchistan and compared it to African species. M.
(M.) dorsata Brulle and M. (M.) mirei Rivalier. Rafi
et al. (2010) published a check list, faunistic of tiger
beetles from Pakistan, giving biogeographic
The species of Cicindela (Lophyra) histrio
Tchistscherine of the family Cicindelidae were
collected from various localities of Karachi District by
conventional searching technique under the barks of
large trees. The specimens including male and
female were boiled in 10% KOH solution for 5 to 10
minutes for the study of detail external morphology.
After boiling the entire specimen, the part of the body
including appendages detached, wash out then
examined and draw their diagrams placing these on
the cotton threds under glycerine. The photograph
were taken using camera where necessary. The
techniques were usually followed by Kamaluddin and
Najam (1995) and Kamaluddin and Hahmi (1999).
RESULTS
Speices examind:
Tschistscherine
Cicindela
(Lophyra)
histrio
Head (figs.2-4): Globalor (fig.2) narrower than the
prothorax, more or less as board as long ,clypears
(clp.) strip-like, much narrower than the space
between the points of insertion of the antennae and
the clypeal suture (cls.) which separates the clypeus
and front (fro.), anterior margin of clypeus slightly
concave with slightly convex lateral margin, behind
and beneath the eyes, the gnnae (gn.) present,
lateral margin about the eye rounded, but not
extending beyond the lateral margin of eye. On the
124
Kamaluddin et al.
under side (fig. 3) two longitudinal gular sututre (gst.)
are presnt in between the middle line and inner
margin of eyes, and a transverse suture separates
the mentum from the submentum or gula (gu.), the
gula is entire.
Eyes (Figs. 1-4): Eyes (e.) are well prominent finely
and clearly faceted, eyes are markedly circular (fig.
2), on ventral side (fig. 3) eyes are slightly less
marked as on dorsal side (fig. 2)
Labrum (Fig. 5): The labrum (lbr.) is generally
transverse anteriorly produced into tooth- like
structure sinuated, lateral margin convex, posterior
margin broadly convex with thicky bristles.
Mandible (Fig.6): The mandibles (md.) or outer jaws
are highly powerful, wide at base. Outer margin
convex, inner basal area with five small tooth beset
with hairs, inner apcial area with three large tooth,
the basal outer portion is called scrobe, an important
taxonomic character (Andrewes 1929).
Maxilla (Fig. 7): Each of maxilla or inner jaw
attached to the head through the cardo (crd.),
consists of three lobes, an inner lobe lacinia (lc.) and
outer lobe galea (gl.) and an externally attached
palpus with the help of palpigera (plg.). The inner
lobe or lacinia is broad, inner margin with sharpcurved spines and thickly bristles, apex with a
curved thorn, the outer lobe or galea is elongated
and slightly longer than lacinia, apical joint narrowed
at apex.
The maxillary palpus (mxp.) four segmented and
attached to the base of the maxilla or its outer side
by the stipes, which exticulates with the distal end of
the cylindrical piecal cardo (crd.) and has at its outer
extremity of small piece called squama or palpigera
(plg.) supporting the palpus. Basal segment very
short and about 1/4th of the 2nd segment, 3rd segment
broad at apex and about the length of 4th, later
apically narrowed. All the segments beset with few
long hairs.
Labium (Fig. 8): The labium or 2nd pair of maxillae
consists of two parts, the proximal is metum (mnt.)
and the distal part is called ligula (lg.) mentum is
transverse, strip-like, medio-proximal margin convex,
latero-proximally produced into thron-like, laterally
produced into arm-like process. the ligula is
moderate plate-like, medially produced into knob.
The labial palpus (lp.) attached by a squama or
palpigera (plg.) to the base of the ligula near distal
inner margin of mentum. The labial palpi are three
segmented, basal segment very short, 2nd segment
larget and about two times the length of 3rd besets
with spines.
Hypopharynx: Reduced, wanting
Antennae (Fig 9): Antennae 11-segmented from 1,
the basal segment to 11, the apical segment
(Primiitive character of Carabidae described by
Abdullah (1971). Antennae inserted immediately
behind the mandibular articulation, and are free at
their base. Basal antennal segment broadest, longer
than 2nd and 3rd segment, outer margin with distinct
spines, 4th segment longest, successive segment
gradually shorter, apical segment rounded at apex.
Thorax (Fig-10-13)
Prothorax (Figs 10-13): Prothorax (fig- 10)
somewhat rectangular shaped, a median vertical line
(smdv.l.) present, anterior and posterior margins
markedly found, anterior angle (a.ang.) sub-rounded,
humeral angles (h.ang.) sub-acute, lateral margin
(lmr.) sinuated, stereum (fig. 10) of prothorax divided
into three parts, the central and larger portion
occupies anterior to posterior called prostersaum
(prst.) where as the smaller part just below the coxal
cavity (p.cxc.) divided by an blique small suture
called epimmeron (em.) lateral broad area just below
the lateral margins called episternuas (est.) procoxal
cavities (p.cxc.) formed by all these three parts. In
between the coxal cavities prostenum trapeizoid
form medially elevated. In enterior view (fig. 11), the
fulcar arm (fr. Arm.) present.
Meso and metastramum (Fig 12): Mesosternum
(ms.st.) much shorter than metasernum (mt.st.),
meso-sternum narrow, arrow shaped medially
raised, mesepimeron almost quadrangular shaped,
anteriorly lobed, meso-coxal cavity (ms.cxc.)
enclosed by the mesoterum mesepimeron and
metasternum, the metasternum (mt.st.) is very large,
about quardrangular, medially posteriorly prolonged
into spine-like, met-epimeron (mt.epm) narrow striplike, metacoxal (mt.cxc.) short, exposed strip- like.
Elytra (Figs. 13 & 14): The elytra or wing cases,
cover the whole of the abdomen, the received part
beneath, and all the outer lateral sides (Fig. 13) is
called epipleuron (ep.pl.) which is wide near the
shoulder and gradually narrowed in width till it
disappears before the apex inner margin medially
slightly convex, outer margin slightly convex,
posterior outer margin serrated apex acute. In
between each elytra at base there is a small
triangular piece the scutellum present.
Hind wing (Fig. 15): Hind wings membranous and
well developed, the humeral portion of hind wings
have three axillaries (Ax.); axillary third (Ax3) is
largest, costal vein (c.) fused with the costal margin.
Radial veins (R1, R2 and R3) are present. The
median vein (M) gives of three median veins (M1,
M2 and M3) towards apical margin. At the base of
median vein two (M2) there is a somewhat triangular
External morphology of Cicindela (Lophyra) histrio Tschistscherine from Pakistan
shaped cell called oblongum (o.) is present, this
character usually found in caraboids group. The
cubitus have two cubital veins(Cu1, and Cu2)
forming bifurcated appearance, anal area have two
2anal viens (A1 & A2), at the base of anal vein there
is a particular enclosed oval shaped cell the cuneus
(Cn) present.
Legs (Figs. 16-18): The legs are usually for fast
running, narrow and very large as compare to body
ratio, the normal form, cusist of coxa, trochanter,
femur, tibia and tarsus.
Prothoracic legs. (Fig. 16):Coxa (cox.) large and
somewhat spherical, trochanter (trc.) small
hemispherical shaped, femur (fr.) medially dilated,
gradually narrowed towards distal end, besets with
fine hairs. Tibiae (tb.) almost equal to meso-tibiae
and much shorter than metatibiae, the distal end of
all tibiae dilated with a pair of spurs at inner distal
margin. Tarsi (trs.) 5-segmented, basal segment
largest, 2nd to 4th segments gradually shorter, the last
segment equal to 3rd segment.
Mesothoracic leg (Fig. 17): Coxa slightly shorter
than procoxa, trochanter quadrangular-shaped,
femur, tibiae and tarsi almost as procoxal leg.
Metathroacic leg (Fig. 18): Coxa very short, ringlike, trochanger very large, oval shaped, femur
cylindrical much longer than femur of pro and mesolegs. Tibiae very large about 1.5 X of pro and mesotibia, 4th and 5th tarsal segments almost equal in
sized.
Abdomen (Fig.): Convex beneath, usually visible 6th
segments, were as ventral side (Fig.20) six
segments are visible leteraly 2nd to 5th ventral
segments beset with silvery bristles (brs.), the first
ventral segment lying opposite the second dorsal
segment (Fig.19). The first ventral segment medially
widely separated, somewhat triangular shaped
laterally prolonged into truncated apices, 2nd ventral
segment medially armed, later medially notched, all
segments almost equally broad except last broadest,
and postero – medially notched.
125
Male genitalia (Fig. 21): The external morphological
structure of male genitalia of Coleoptera described
by Snod grass (1935), Tuxan (1956), Kamaluddin
and Najam (1995), Kamaluddin and Hashmi (1999),
Attique and Kamaluddin (2002) in detail. In
Coleoptera the male genitalia consists of so-called
“phallic” structure only Snodgrass (op.cit). The
Aedeagus or male genitalia composed of sclerites
and membranes arranged around the terminal
portion of ducts ejaculatorius. The 9th abdominal
segment takes part in this apparatus and is therefore
called the genital segment, in which the aedeagus is
suspended.
In present species Cicindela (Lophyra) histrio
tschitscherine the genital segment large elongated,
rectangular shaped with proximal margin truncated
and distal margin slightly convex. No further
elements belonging to abdominal segments seem to
be incorporated in the genital tube (Hopkins 1915,
Muir 1918, Snodgrass 1935, Mischener 1994, Tuxan
1956, Kamaluddin and Najam 1995 and Kamaluddin
and Hashmi 1999).
Aedeagus is tubular, distally curved and narrowed
with like opening, proximally broad, membranous
conjunctive reduced, disto- ventrally a plate-like
small thecal appendage, on which invented Vshaped hanging structure is present, the paramare
(pm).
Female genitalia (Fig. 22): The female genilalia of
coleopteran described by Tuxan (1956), Kamaluddin
and Najam (1995), Kamaluddin and Hashmi (1999)
and Attique and Kamaluddin (2002) in detail. The 9th
abdominal segment is an important part of external
genitalia, sub-genital segment posteriorly bilobed
and anteriorly divided into thron-like rami-sternite as
a rule divided into a pair of hemisternites. Each
hemisternite bears an articulating process, the
stylus. Each stylus consist of three pieces, anterior,
median an posterior pieces, the anterior piece large,
anteriorly pointed, median broad, posterior divided
into two rami, inner rami slightly shorter and pointed,
outer rami slightly boad and large, 8th sternite
trilobied lateral lobes short besets with hair.
126
Kamaluddin et al.
Cicindela (Lophyra) histrio Tschistscherine Figs. 1. Enitire body. Dorsal view, 2.Head. Dorsal view, 3.
Head Ventral view, 4. Head lateral view, 5. Labrum. Dorsal view, 6. Mandible. Dorsal view, 7. Maxilla. Dorsal
view, 9. Hypopharynx. Dorsal view, 10. Antennae lateral view, 11. Pronotum. Dorsal view, 12. Pronotum
Ventral view, 13. Meso and metasternum. Ventral view, 14. Meso and metasternum. Inner view.
127
Cicindela (Lophyra) histrio Tschistscherine Figs. 1. Enitire body. Dorsal view, 2. Head. Dorsal view, 3.
Head Ventral view, 4. Head lateral view, 5. Labrum. Dorsal view, 6. Mandible. Dorsal view, 7. Maxilla. Dorsal
view, 9. Hypopharynx. Dorsal view, 10. Antennae lateral view, 11. Pronotum .Dorsal view , 12. Pronotum
Ventral view, 13. Meso and metasternum. Ventral view, 14. Meso and metasternum. Inner view.
Kamaluddin et al.
128
KEY TO THE LETTERINGS: A1. Fist anal.
A2.Second anal vein. Ax. Axillaries. Ax1-Ax3. First to
third axillaries. C. costal vein. Cu1. First cubitus vein.
Cu2. Second cubitus vein. Cun. Cuneus. M. median
vein. M1. Frist. median vein. M2. Second Median
vein. o. oblongum. R1. Frist radius vein. R2. Second
radius vein. sc. sub-costal vein. a.ang. anterior
angle. ap . apex. buc . bursa copulatrix. cl . claws.
clp. clypeus. cls . clypeal suture. cox. coxae. crd.
cardo. du . bu . ductus bursae. du.ej. ductus
ejaculatorius. e . eye. em. epimeron. ep. pl.
epipleuron. est. episternum. fer. femur. fr .
front(frons.). g .gula. gn. gena. gs.g. genital
segment. gst. gular suture. hyp. hypopharynx. inm.
inner margin. int. s. internal sac. lbr. labrum. lc.
lacinia. lg . ligula. l.imp. lateral impression. lmr.
lateral margin . lp .labial palp. l.st. lateral setae.
md.mandible. md. m. mandibular muscles. mdv.l.
median vertical line. mnt. mentum. ms. cxc.mescocoxal cavity. ms.ep. meso-epimeron. ms.st. mesosternum. mt.cxc. meta-coxal cavity. mt.ep. metaepimeron. mt.st. meta-sternum. mxp. maxillary palp.
ost. ostium. otm. Outer margin. plg. palpigera. pm.
Paramere.
post.
ang.posterior
angle.
pr.
Pronotum.pr.cxc. procoxal cavity. pst. prosternum.
pul. Pulvilus. Sg.lb. 1-3 segment of labial palpone to
three. Sg.mx. 1-4. Segment of maxillary palp one to
four. so.p. supra orbital pore. so.st. supra orbital
setae. so.sot. supra orbital suture. sp. Spermatheca.
sp.du. Spermathecal duct. st. setae. stp. Stipes. sty.
stylus. tb. Tibiae. trc. trochanten. trs. tarsi. vt. vertex.
2nd.seg. 7th seg. second to seventh segment of
abdomen. 8th seg. eight segment
DISCUSSION
The external morphological study of Cicindela
histrio Tschistecherine provide a basis for the
comparison of the family Cicindelidae and
Carabidae in the Carbaboidea in the light of works
by Andrewes (1929), Snodgrass (1935), Abdullah
(1971), Kamaluddin and Najam (1995) and
Kamaluddin and Hashmi (1999).
Abdullah (1971) described primitive and
derivative characters of the families of the
Coleoptera. Kamaluddin and Najam (1995) and
Kamaluddin and Hashmi (1999) also discussed the
apomorphies amont Nebriini and Carabini of the
family Carabidae.
Among the family Cicindelidae legs very long,
cylinder, specially mid and lind legs about equal to
body length and adapted for fast running, mandibles
very long with highly developed cutting and
mastically teeth, labrum with 3-7 dentiness at
anterior margin and lacinia of maxilla with a large,
sharp spine at distal end shows apomorphies of the
family.
In the present species the labrum with three
dentation with median large, mandible with three
cutting and five chewing dentitions, maxilla with 2nd
segment about equal to combine 3rd and 4th
segments, elytra with zigzag patch, in male the
anterior end of aedeagus is trilobed and in female
the eight segment anteriorly medially notched and
the rami are of unequal sized shows its
autapomorphic condition among the entire genus
Cicindela.
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Morphology. Mc Graw-Hill Book Company, Inc.,
New York and London.
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genitalia of insect (1st ed.). Ejnar Munksgaard,
Copenhagen,
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pp.
130
Kamaluddin et al.
LIST OF LIFE FELLOWS / FELLOWS / MEMBERS OF
THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF KARACHI PAKISTAN (1971) DURING 2010
01. Dr. S.N.H. Naqvi (Prof.)
46. Mr. M. Asif Iqbal
02. Dr. Imtiaz Ahmad (Prof.)
47. Mr. Aftab Hussain
03. Dr. Nikhat Yasmin (Prof.)
48. Mr. M. Rahim Khan
04. Dr. Syed Kamaluddin (Prof.)
49. Mrs. Ansa Tamkeen
05. Dr. M. Arshad Azmi (Prof.)
50. Mr. Adil Akbar Shuja
06. Dr. M. Farhanullah Khan (Prof.)
51. Miss Noreen Raza
07. Dr. Syed Anser Rizvi (Prof.)
52. Mr. Imran Khatri
08. Dr. Masarrat J. Yousuf (Prof.)
53. Mr. Naeemuddin Araien
09. Dr. Seema Tahir (Prof.)
54. Mr. Tariq Mehmood
10. Dr. M. Zaheer Khan (Prof.)
55. Mr. Ghulam Hussain Abro
11. Dr. Rahila Tabassum (Prof.)
56. Mr. Rab Dino Khuhro
12. Dr. Rajput M. Tariq (R.O.)
57. Mr. Riaz Mehmood
13. Dr. Tahir Anwar (SSO)
58. Mr. M. Attique
14. Dr. S.M.N. Zafar (Manager)
59. Miss Tehreem
15. Dr. S. Aminullah Khan (SSO)
60. Miss Sumaira Anjum
16. Dr. Tasneem A. Saqib (Prof.)
61. Miss Farah Rabiya
17. Dr. Riffat Sultana (A.P.)
62. Miss Syeda Safoora
18. Dr. Ehteshamul Kabeer K.
63. Miss Noorulain
19. Dr. Muhammed Athar Rafi
64. Mr. Islamdad
20. Dr. Sumera Farooq (Asstt. Prof.)
65. Mr. M. Samiullah Channa (PARC)
21. Dr. Farzana Perveen
66. Miss Sadaf Qureshi
22. Dr. Abdul Ghani Lanjar
67. Miss Shehla Qureshi
23. Dr. Juma Khan Kakar
68. Miss Marium
24. Dr. A.Sattar Burrero
69. Miss Rabiya Faiz
25. Dr. M. Ahmed Azmi (Prof.)
70. Miss Riffat Zafeer
26. Dr. Saima Naz
71. Miss Maria Wahid
27. Dr. R. Perveen (Assoc. Prof.)
72. Miss Shaheen Inam
28. Dr. M.S. Wagn (Prof.)
73. Mr. Attaullah
29. Dr. Nasreen Memon (Prof.)
74. Miss Ulfat (Karachi)
30. Dr. M. Zahid (Asstt. Prof.)
75. Miss Neelum Shareef
31. Dr. S.S. Qadri (Asstt. Prof.)
76. Miss Hira Aalam
32. Dr. M.A. Mateen (Prof.)
77. Miss Safia Razzaq
33. Dr. M. Shoaib (Asstt. Prof.)
78. Miss Noshaba Razzaq
34. Mr. Faheem Yunus
79. Miss Rabiya Ahmed
35. Mr. Hakim Ali Sahito
80. Miss Shumaila Jawed
36. Mr. Zubair Ahmed
81. Miss Shumaila Ahsan
37. Mr. Muhammed Hanif Qureshi
82. Mr. M. Faheem Akbar
38. Mr. Muhammed Irshad
83. Mr. Rizwanul Haq
39. Mr. Kareem Gabol (Asstt. Prof.)
84. Miss Nasreen Khan
40. Mr. Faheem Akbar
86. Miss Arshia Lateef
41. Mrs. T. Fatima (Assoc. Prof.)
86. Mr. M.A. Rustamani
42. Mr. S.M. Nizamani
87. Mr. Habibullah Rana
43. Miss Nowshad Bibi
88. Mr. Ilyas (Mansehra)
44. Miss Tabinda Attique
89. Miss Shaheen Naz
45. Miss Riffat Amir
90. Mr. M. Khan Lohar
131
BIOLOGICAL AND MORPHOLOGICAL STUDIES OF COTTON
MEALYBUG PHENACOCCUS SOLENOPSIS TINSLEY
(HEMIPTERA: PSEUDOCOCCIDAE) DEVELOPMENT
UNDER LABORATORY ENVIRONMENT
HAKIM ALI SAHITO*1, GHULAM HUSSAIN ABRO**, RAB DINO KHUHRO**,
ABDUL GHANI LANJAR** AND RIAZ MAHMOOD*
**Department of Entomology, Sindh Agriculture University Tandojam
*Center of Agriculture and Bio-science International, South Asia. Pakistan
*1Part of Ph.D thesis of first author
Correspondence: [email protected], [email protected] Cell #. 0301-3515723
ABSTRACT
The biology of the cotton mealybug Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae)
was studied in the laboratory of Entomology section, ARI, Tandojam. Two sets of experiments were
st
0
th
conducted in the summer (1 June, 2008 at 25.51±2.05 C) and winter (15 November, 2008 at 16.83 ±
0
2.02 C) seasons. The insects were provided cotton green leaves and residual leaves in petridishes,
respectively. There was great variation observed between each sex (♂♀) i.e. reproduction, fecundity,
fertility, developmental period of immature stages longevity, survival and sex ratios. The variation was
also observed between sexual and asexual reproduction.
The egg developmental period during both the seasons were recorded as 1.90 days in summer and
2.90 days in winter. The oviposition (4.60±35.43) with 95.77 % fertility were recorded in summer season
st
nd
rd
and (189.60±23.20) with 86.76 % fertility in winter season. The development period for 1 , 2 , 3
instars and adult female were recorded as (5.64±0.22), (12.94±0.56), (4.34±0.37) and (22.17±0.57),
respectively in summer and (8.48±0.24), (5.11±0.23), (6.24±0.51) and (51.08±0.42) in winter seasons.
st
Similarly, development period for 1 instar, cocoon and adult male were recorded as (5.16±0.28),
(8.20±0.83) and (2.55±0.22) days, respectively in summer and (7.76±0.21), (12.66±0.28) and
(3.86±0.74) days in winter seasons. Stadium time as (10.35±0.55), (6.97±0.41) and (6.63±0.43) hours
were recorded after 1st , 2nd and 3rd instars in summer season and (20.49±1.39), (11.11±1.16) and
(13.37±1.26) hours, respectively in winter seasons. The oviposition last for (25.73±10.41) in summer and
(45.38±3.64) days in winter seasons whereas, the sex ratios (2.82♀:1♂) and (2.23♀:1♂) were recorded
in summer and winter seasons, respectively. Mortality percentages 3.47, 12.48, 9.99, 7.82 and 2.35 were
st
nd
rd
recorded in eggs, 1 , 2 , 3 and adult female, respectively in summer and 7.38, 20.93, 20.15, 26.18
and 7.23 in winter season. Similarly, mortality percentages during development of adult male in various
life stages were recorded as 22.71, 17.59 and 17.59 in 1st instar, cocoon and adult stages in summer
season and 7.73, 11.46 and 4.28, respectively in winter season. The survival (70.02%) for female and
(83.14%) for male in summer season whereas, it was (67.07%) and (55.29%) for female and male,
respectively in winter seasons. The female produced more eggs (460.10±35.34) sexually in summer and
(189.60±23.20 eggs) in winter as well. However, in asexual reproduction (parthenogenesis) the female
produced more eggs (416.54±21.57) when fed on cotton leaf than starved female (330.81±28.44) in
summer season. In winter unstarved female produced more eggs (236.60±2.93) asexually than starved
female (196.50±26.76). It is concluded that more fecundity, fertility and percent survival were observed in
summer season. Adult and immature lived shorter life in summer than winter season. Maximum
emergence of adult female was also recorded in summer season. The starved female produced the least
no. of eggs asexually.
Key words: Mealybug, Developmental biology, Fecundity, Longevity, Survival, Morphological
variations.
INTRODUCTION
The eruption of mealy bug on cotton and other
plants in Pakistan was first recorded at Vehari
Agriculture Farm, Pakistan. It has now spread
throughout the cotton growing areas of Pakistan and
is influencing the crop yield adversely, (CABI. 2005).
In 2006, it was seen in epidemic form at Multan,
Bahawalpur, Vehari and Khanewal. Cotton yield
suffered a severe setback due to the attack of this
insect (The daily DAWN June 2, 2006). In Sindh,
southern winds below from May to September and
the intercropping are very common which might have
favoured this pest to infest cotton. Situation in Sindh
was even worse than in Punjab. Severe damage of
132
Sahito et al.
mealybug was recorded first time on an area of
about 3000 acres in Kot Ghulam Mohammad,
Tandoallahyar, Tandojam, Mirpurkhas and Sanghar
district in 2005 and 2006. Pakistan is the 4th largest
exporter of cotton in the world; this outbreak is of
major economic importance. The infestation with
cotton mealybug was recorded from 11 out of the 18
cotton growing areas covering 45,000 sq. km
(Anonymous, 2005). (Chris Hodgson, et al. 2008)
reported since 2005, a possibly introduced mealybug
of the genus Phenacoccus has been causing serious
damage to cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) over much
of the Sindh and Punjab districts of Pakistan and in
north-western India. Recently; the cotton mealybug
P. solenopsis is being reported due to the invasive to
the Eastern region of Sri Lanka (Prishanthini and
Laxmi 2009).
The mealy bug species are widespread
throughout the world. Mealybugs are found outdoors
in the warmer climatic zones of India, Pakistan,
America, Europe, Africa, and Hawaii. Mealybugs
produce large amounts of honeydew which is
responsible for the development of a black fungus
commonly known as sooty mold (Gullan and
Kosztarab, 1997).
The cotton mealybug P. solenopsis has been
described as a serious and invasive pest of cotton in
Pakistan and India (Hodgson et al. 2008). This kind
of pest is reported from the Caribbean and Ecuador
(Ben-Dov 1994), Chile (Larrain 2002), Argentina
(Granara de Willink 2003), Brazil (Mark and Gullan
2005).
Mealybug species have been found on a
relatively wide variety of host plants including
species of economically important families such as
Cucurbitaceae,
Fabaceae,
Solanceae
and
Malvaceae. The first record of Phenacoccus
solenopsis in Brazil, infesting tomato plants found on
common weeds in Manguinhos indicating that
mealybug originating from nearby weeds might had
infested those crops. The feeding of mealybug may
cause leaf yellowing, defoliation, reduced plant
growth and in some cases death of plants (Culik and
Gullan 2005). The cotton mealybug P. solenopsis
pest found on china rose hibiscus rosa-sinensis
Malvaceae in Nigeria (Akintola and Ande 2008).
This pest also attacks to the ornamentals,
vegetable, and weed plants (Wang et al. 2009) and
also attacks on cotton crop in China (Wu and Zhang
2009). A mealybug has recently invaded Japan
(Kawai. 2003). A similar outbreak of mealy bug on
cotton was also recorded at Gujrat, India
(Muralidharan and Badaya, 2000).
It is also reported a decade ago from non cotton
growing areas from few states of India and
suggested as a non invasive pest. (Bambawale
2008) described that detailed study was done on the
existence of seasonal morphological variations in
cotton mealybug P. solenopsis from Indian and
Pakistan sp. that provided strong support to its
presence. (Hodgson et al. 2008 and Abbas et al.
2009) described the dominant mealy bug species of
Pakistan as P. gossypiphilous. In the summer, the
entire mealybug colony is covered in white, sticky,
elastic, woolly wax, most of which is the ovisacs on
the adult females. It is mainly found on the young
growth, including twigs, leaves, flower buds and
petioles but can occur even on the stems in heavy
infestations.
The infested plants become stunted, growth
appears to stop and most plants look dehydrated. In
severe outbreaks, the bolls fail to open and
defoliation occurs; including the loss of flower buds,
flowers and immature bolls. In addition, the plants
become covered in a dense mat of sooty moulds,
which grows on the large amount of exuded
honeydew. This honeydew also attracts ants
(Formicidae: Hymenoptera) of several species.
The infestation of cotton mealybug P. solenopsis
and its damage to cotton crop in 9 states of Indian
during
2008-09
formulated
strategies
for
management (Dharajyoti et al. 2008; Dhawan et al.
2008 and 2009; Jhala and Bharpoda 2008a; Suresh
and Kavitha 2008). The mealybug P. solenopsis has
a wide geographical distribution with its origin in
Central America (Fuchs et al. 1991) and a survey
was done in India about 47 locations during 2007-08
established the predominance of P. solenopsis
(Nagrare et al. 2009); (Williams and Granara1992)
reported the occurrence, severity, and epidemic
forecast of mealybugs on cotton were made from
Gujarat during the 2004-07 crop seasons. The
involved species identified as cotton mealybug
P. solenopsis and documented during these recent
years by (Jhala and Bharpoda 2008b) and (Jhala et
al. 2008).
Keeping in view the outbreak of mealybug on
cotton crop the studies on the biology of cotton
mealybug was conducted to the information gained
through the study and will be utilized in developing
economical efficient and environmental friendly IPM
studies against mealybug on cotton.
Species confirmation:
The reproducing females of cotton mealy bugs
P. solenopsis were taken to the laboratory from
experimental field (unsprayed) of CABI, South Asia
model farm ARI, Tandojam from newly attacked
cotton crop variety NIAB-78. Mean while the
samples were sent to CABI, to confirm as cotton
mealybug Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley.
Biological and morphological studies of cotton mealybug under laboratory environment
Culture maintains for biological studies:
The experiments were conducted in summer
(June – August, 2009) and winter (NovemberJanuary 2009). Ten females individually kept in 10
Petri dishes (4" dia) i.e. 10 replicates to record
fecundity and fertility. The eggs pouches were
detected from the females and the numbers of the
eggs produced by each female in its pouch were
counted separately. All eggs were left to be hatched
in 1st instar crawlers. The time period when 50% of
1st instars were hatched out that was considered
incubation period. Similarly, the development period
of 1st, 2nd and 3rd instars (1st instar and cocoon in
case of male) were recorded. At the transformation
of adult, the male and female ratios were also
recorded. Adult longevity was recorded from newly
emerged adults till their death. Time period between
two molts were considered as stadium. The
temperature (25.51±2.05) 0C and (16.83 ± 2.02) 0C
were maintained in summer and winter seasons,
respectively. The photoperiod 16.L: 8.D. was uniform
for both the seasons. Observations were taken at
one hour intervals. During biological studies the
morphological characters viz. antennae segments,
body segments, caudal filaments, hairs on body
parts, and setae of egg to adult were observed under
microscope and photography in captured. The
statistically analysis was carried out in statistical
software statistics-8.1 to see the statistical difference
in population.
Sexual and asexual reproduction:
To confirm sexual and asexual reproduction the
experiments were laid in 3 treatments and 5
replications.
T1 = sexual reproduction, the females of each
replication were confined in Petri dishes for egg
laying. Cotton leaves were provided to the female to
feed. The egg pouches produced by females were
detected and opened to count the number of eggs
laid by female. There after, the eggs were kept for
hatching. The fertility of the eggs was ascertained by
counting hatched and unhatched eggs. T3 = asexual
(parthenogenesis) reproduction. To record the
fecundity and fertility the same procedure were
adopted as in case of T1. T2 = asexual
(parthenogenesis) reproduction without food. After
becoming 3rd instars, the mealybugs were kept in
white plastic capsule (2cm long and 0.5 cm width).
They were left with out food till the end of adult
stage. The egg pouches produced by the females
with in the capsule were taken out and the numbers
laid by the females with in the pouch were counted
then the same eggs were again shifted to the
capsules to record the fertility. The observations
were taken at one hour intervals. The counting of
133
eggs and subsequent stage were made under
microscope.
RESULTS
Development of Egg:
The egg incubation period of the mealybug
reared on both summer and winter seasons on
cotton leaves indicated that minimum incubation
period was recorded when reared in summer season
on cotton leaves and maximum period was observed
when reared in winter on cotton residue leaves.
However, incubation period on cotton during summer
in June 1-6-2008 revealed that minimum period was
recorded from egg (1.90±0.18) days in summer on
cotton followed by (2.90±0.77) on cotton residue
leaves in winter off spring season during November
15-11-2008, respectively. Beside of this, it was
further observed that, if eggs were kept under
artificial light (100 voltage bulb) within 5 to 6 hrs. that
were hatched in 1st crawler and scratches its ovarian
cocoon slowly started from mouth parts and ended
to behind legs. The egg hatching period was
(6.21±0.26) and (12.73±1.24) in hours observed
from the pouch in summer and in winter.
Description of 1st instar:
The numbers of antennal segments were 6 with
3 pairs of legs, without waxy powder with light
yellowish colour and black eyes as newly hatched in
1st instar crawler. After few hours; whitish waxy
secretion covers entire body that looks white in
colour but without caudal filaments around the body.
Minute hairs were seen on antennae and legs. This
stage of crawlers were moving faster than other
instars, this stage likes to forward to light where
there is lamb, bulb or tube light observed in lab
condition. After resting few days the molting process
occurred to go in the 2nd instar. Therefore, the
development period of 1st crawler of female
mealybug (5.64±0.22) and (8.48±0.28) days were
observed in summer during June-August 2008 in
cotton crop season and in winter during NovemberJanuary 2008-09 whereas; male of mealybug spent
(5.16±0.28) and (7.76±0.21) days in both seasons.
After 1st instar it takes 1st stadium and then develops
its fully foamy cover on whole body to go in to 2nd
instar. Beside of this, male of mealy bug went
beyond the pupation and covered foamy cocoon.
Description of 2nd instar:
After 1st molting, it turns up terminal abdominal
part and fixes its mouth part in leaves and white
powdery mass (secretion) develops. This stage is
not faster comparatively to 1st instar because this
stage prefers to sap the juice from injected food. It
increases in size with 2 longitudinal dorso lateral
134
Sahito et al.
black strips appear on abdomen first and after wards
extends on thorax with gap in between thorax and
abdominal black strips which remains from 2nd stage
to adult besides, increasing of body. The caudal
filaments appeared around the body with white wax.
Number of antennal segments increased to 7 parts
and lateral short bud like filaments about (9-12) pairs
appear on around the thorax and abdomen in this
stage. White waxy secretion (powdery mass)
appears up to molting. When ever, it takes molting
process it leaves foamy cover (molted cover) which,
scratched with the help of legs and become soft
crystal in colour. It covers new foam on whole body
appeared on second day. The powdery mass is also
present on caudal filaments before molting it goes to
resting stage to occur the new one foam on body.
Having occurred 2nd molt, powdery waxy mass
disappeared due to molting and goes in the 3rd
instar. For this purpose, the development of 2nd
instar was longer (12.94±0.56) in summer on cotton
and (5.11±0.23) in winter on cotton residue leaves.
But in case of male mealybug the 2nd or 3rd instar is
not present only 1st instar sup the sap from the food.
After completion of 2nd instar it covers foamy cocoon
where, it develops it body structure and passes
(12.66±0.28) and (8.20±0.83) days and then 2nd
stadium occurs in summer and winter respectively.
Description of 3rd instar and adults:
After molting the 3rd instar grows in larger size
with powdery foam and adult of female mealybug is
oval in shape and bigger size without wings with
powdery wax and numerous caudal filaments. The
antennae of female are with 8 parts in third instar
and on 3rd day 9th part of antennae appears that is
sign of fully adult and able to mate and make ovisac.
In summer season parthenogenesis process
occurred in lab condition study but in winter that is bit
different that few produce pouch and a few have
absent but ultimately produce crawlers.
When the males are fully-grown, they enclose
themselves in a white case in which they develop
into an adult male only males pupate. Adult males
are small in size comparatively to female, delicate,
pair of long antennae, two-winged, and with whitish
wings along, brownish in body colour, inactive mouth
parts, two pair of long filaments 1st is short and 2nd
one is in long comparatively to each other that helps
at the time of matting to female, three pairs of legs. It
has good ability to fly and search its female for
matting, during this act it spends 3-4 minutes and
female develops its ovicac after 3 days in summer
and 5-6 days in winter and hatches eggs
consequently till end and after that it dies. The 3rd
instar of female mealybug observed (4.34±0.37) and
(6.24±0.51) days in both seasons. After completion
of 3rd instar it covers foamy structure where, it
develops 3rd stadium. The life longevity of adult
female (22.17±0.57); (51.08±3.42) days and male
(2.55±0.28); (3.86±0.25) days therefore; the total
days of female mealybug (47.69±1.92) and male
(15.92±0.74) days were observed in summer and
during winter the female spent much time averagely
(75.00±0.94)
and
male
(24.27±0.74)
days
comparatively. The morphology of male mealybug
varies from female. After copulation the adult died
after 2-3 days in summer and 3-4 days in winter.
Study showed that female reproduction sexually
as well asexually more number of female emerged
than males. The mortality percentage during
incubation period in pouches (3.47%) and incubation
under 100 w. bulb (16.27%) in hrs. occurred and 1st
instar (12.48%), 2nd instar (9.99%) and 3rd instar
(7.82%) was observed. The survival percentage
during incubation period in pouches; (96.52%) in
days and under 100 w. bulb in hours (83.72%), 1st
instar (87.50), 2nd instar (90.00%) and 3rd instar
(92.17%) also observed. Thus; it is much difficult to
distinguish 1st instar in male and female both are fast
motile active and feed therefore; the male could be
identified during develop the cocoon in 2nd stage
therefore; mortality of 1st instar observed (22.71%)
with the survival (77.28%) and the pupae was
(17.59%) and the survival (82.40%) along with
female survival ratio (258.10± 5.24) with mortality
(29.97%) and survival (70.02%), whereas; in male
ratio (91.50± 3.5) with mortality (16.85) and fertility
(83.14) observed during summer. Further; the
analysis of variance showed a highly significant
(F=72.83, DF=9, P<0.001) difference among all
instars of female mealybug. However, the overall
means showed that the maximum day means
observed on 1st instar of mealybug (Table-1).
Whereas; in winter the mortality percentage
during incubation period in pouches (7.38%) and
under 100 w. bulb (45.62%) in hrs. occurred and in
1st instar (20.93%), 2nd instar (20.15%) and 3rd instar
(26.18%) observed. Thus; survival percentage
observed during incubation period in pouches
(92.62%) in days and incubation under 100 w. bulb
in hrs. (54.38%); 1st (79.06), 2nd instar (79.11%) and
3rd instar (73.81%) also observed. Consequently;
mortality of 1st instar of male (20.88%) with the
survival (79.12%) and the cocoon / pupal (45.36%)
and (54.63%) with female survival ratio (69.90±2.64),
mortality (32.93%), fertility (67.07%) and male ratio
(31.30±1.77), mortality (44.69%), survival (55.29%)
was observed at (25.51±2.05)0C and (16.83±2.02)0C
with comparative R.H (47.87±1.42) and (30.73±1.46)
in lab condition during these seasons. The maximum
mortality was recorded in 1st instar than all other
stages in winter respectively (Table-2).
Description of stadiums:
After 1st instar, the 1st stadium occurred that took
time (10.35±0.55) in hrs. with mortality (1.35%) and
survival (98.64%). After 2nd instar, the 2nd stadium
occurred that took time (6.97±0.41) in hrs. with
mortality (1.40%) and survival (98.39%). After 3rd
instar, the 3rd stadium occurred that passed
(6.63±0.42) in hrs. with mortality (0.55%) and
survival (99.44%) during summer season. After 1st
instar, the 1st stadium occurred that took time
survival (92.26%). After 2nd instar, the 2nd stadium
occurred that took time (11.11±1.16) in hrs. with
mortality (11.46%) and survival (88.53%). After 3rd
instar, the 3rd stadium occurred that passed
survival (95.71%) during winter season respectively
(Table-3).
135
females. Maximum fecundity (36) recorded in F-8
and minimum (9) was recorded in F-2 with mean of
(20.50±1.18) and (5.26±0.80) %. The 1st instar
larvae hatched from fertilized eggs varied with
maximum number (513) in F-8 and minimum (217) in
F-1 with mean of (382.70±4.66) were observed.
Whereas, the overall mean of mealybug fecundity
(330.87±28.24) % and fertility (84.74±3.06) % was
observed.
(T.3) parthenogenesis reproduction:
It was observed that increase in temperature
shortened the life of the female and male of
mealybug. However, R.H had little effect on life cycle
development which increases the life of both female
and male mealybug.
The data indicates that hatching percent varied
from 80.95 to 92.40 % with mean of (89.64±2.85) %
of ten females in (T.3) parthenogenesis
reproduction. The unfertile eggs were recorded in all
(21.50±1.79) and (10.35±1.38) %. The 1st instar
Further, the overall mean of mealybug fecundity
observed during biological study.
Description of reproduction in summer:
Description of reproduction in winter:
(T.1) sexual reproduction life cycle:
(T.1) sexual reproduction:
The trials were conducted on 2/5/2009 to check
sexual, asexual and parthenogensis reproductions in
different treatments as; (T.1) sexual reproduction
(T.2) parthenogenesis reproduction in one inch
capsule without food / starved (asexual reproduction
confirmation) (T.3) parthenogenesis reproduction (on
food) observed in summer.
The trials were conducted on 25/11/2009 to
check sexual, asexual and parthenogensis
reproductions in different 3 treatments in winter
respectively. Data indicates that hatching percent
varied from (86.58 to 96.59) % with mean of
(91.57±3.00) % of ten females on winter season in
(T.1) sexual reproduction. The unfertile eggs were
recorded in all females kept in the biological study.
Maximum fecundity (35) recorded in F-2 and
minimum (12) was recorded in F-5 with mean of
(24.60±1.38) and (8.42±1.00) %. The 1st instar
Whereas, the overall mean of mealybug fecundity
observed.
of ten females in summer season in (T. 1) sexual
females kept in the biological study. Maximum
fecundity (29) recorded in F-6 and minimum (8) was
recorded in F-7 with mean of (18.40±1.52) and
(6.79±0.79) %. The 1st instar larvae hatched from
fertilized eggs varied with maximum number (589) in
F-4 and minimum (228) in F-5 with mean of (413.40
±6.07) were observed. Thus overall mean of
mealybug fecundity (460.10 ±35.43) % with fertility
(95.77±3.11) was observed.
A sexual reproduction life cycle in summer:
(T.2) parthenogenesis reproduction in capsules:
of ten females in (T.2) parthenogenesis reproduction
in capsules. The unfertile eggs were recorded in all
A sexual reproduction life cycle in winter:
(T.2) parthenogenesis reproduction in capsules:
The data in (Table-4) indicate that hatching
percent varied from 84.78 to 97.08 % with mean of
88.41±2.94% of ten females kept in (T.2)
parthenogenesis reproduction confirmation in
capsules (starved). The unfertile eggs were recorded
in all females. Maximum fecundity (34) recorded in
F-1 and minimum (8) was recorded in F-8 with mean
of 21.00±1.84 and (11.59±1.17) %. The 1st instar
Sahito et al.
136
F-4 with mean of 196.50±4.97 were observed
respectively. Whereas, the overall mean of
mealybug fecundity (196.50±26.76) % and fertility
(76.41±2.94) % was observed.
(T.3) parthenogenesis reproduction:
The data indicate that hatching percent varied
of ten females in (T. 3) parthenogenesis
13.90±0.84 and (11.68±0.90) %. The 1st instar larvae
hatched from fertilized eggs varied with maximum
number (175) in F-8 and minimum (82) in F-7 with
mean of (118.60±2.93) were observed. During winter
female fewer emergences in reproduction and
parthenogenesis with or bit ovisac / pouch observed
comparatively. Whereas, the overall mean of
mealybug fecundity (238.60±21.44) % and fertility
(81.31±3.03) % was observed.
The data given above were to confirm type of
reproduction of the cotton mealyug P. solenopsis at
laboratory temperature 25±2°C and (16.83±2.02)0C
in summer and in winter seasons in laboratory during
2009. (T.1) sexual reproduction (T.2) confirmation of
parthenogenesis reproduction in capsules (starved)
(T.3) parthenogenesis reproduction data showed
that the sexual and asexual reproduction hatching
crawler varied from each other in both seasons. In
10 females, the unfertile eggs were recorded in all
females varied from maximum and minimum number
of eggs per female. The hatching percent also varied
with mean numbers respectively.
DISCUSSIONS
The mealybug, Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley
(Hemiptera:
Pseudococcidae)
was
reported
attacking many crops particularly cotton in Sindh.
Arif et al. (2007) reported the occurrence of the
same species on many crops along with cotton crop,
however, the mealy bug specie Phenacoccus
gossypiphyllou nomen nudum is a synonym of
Phenacoccus solenopsis.
Ben-Dov (1994) who described genus
Phenacoccus contains about 180 species. Only
three species currently share these characters: P.
defectus Ferris, P. solani Ferris and P. solenopsis
(Williams, 2004) but all three are present in Central
and South America (Williams & Granara De Willink,
1992;
Ben-Dov et al., 2007). Its novelty was also
suggested by (Sahito et al. 2009). The results of
present studies further reveals that there was great
variation between reproduction, fecundity, fertility,
developmental period of immature stages, longevity,
survival and sex ratios in summer and winter
seasons in lab conditions.
Jhala and Bharpoda (2008) and Wang et al.
(2009) described that due to the biotic and abiotic
factors; it is difficult to understand about the life
history and also biological activities in the field
condition of the cotton crop therefore; for the
purpose of biology study the lab condition is more
suitable.
Cox (1983) and Chong et al. (2003) described
variation in biotic and a biotic factors affect the
biological parameters of mealy bugs. The results
further indicate that the variation was also observed
between sexual and asexual reproduction. The egg
developmental period was smaller in summer than
winter season. Higher fertility % was recorded in
summer. Shorter development periods of 1st, 2nd, 3rd
instar nymphs, (Pupa after 1st instar nymph in case
of male), female and male longevity were recorded
in summer season. Maximum females emerged in
summer than winter as compared to male. USDAUSDA-APHIS (1998) reported that the female of
hibiscus mealybugs produced more than six hundred
eggs in summer season. It completed its entire life
cycle in 23 to 30 days. This was well supported by
(Baker, 2002 and Hoy et al., 2002). Ali and Ahmed
(1990) reported that in May-June the life cycle of
Maconellicoccus sp. was completed in 25-30 days.
Chong et al. (2003) mentioned female lived
longer at 30°C. The present studies also suggest
that the maximum survivorship % was recorded in all
life stages in summer; however, maximum mortality
was observed in 1st instar nymph in summer and 3rd
instar nymph in winter. The maximum survivorship
was recorded in both the sexes in summer season.
Chong et al. (2008) mentioned that the average
cumulative survival rate of M. hirsutus at 25 and
27°C was 72%, which was significantly higher than
51 and 62% at 20 and 30°C, respectively. Tanwar et
al. (2007) attributed the buildup of P. solenopsis to
abiotic changes in the environment. The same
description was made by (Hodgson et al. 2008).
Vennila et al. (2010) reported much shorter
developmental periods of all life stages of P.
solenopsis on cotton leaves (at 23.3 oC and 40.5%
RH.). The female produced more eggs sexually in
summer than winter. Female also produced
asexually (parthenogenesis). Parthenogenesis was
higher in unstarved females than starved.
Ali and Ahmed (1990) reported mealybug,
Maconellicoccus sp. reproduced egg asexsually
(parthenogenesis). Meyerdirk (1996) studied that the
eggs of mulberry mealy bug reproduction continues
through parthenogenesis if there are no males.
137
Table 1. Life table of mealybug in (summer)
Particulars
Eggs/Female
Eggs hatching (%)
Incubation in pouches in
days
Ist instar
2nd instar
3rd instar
Adult
Total days
Female Ratio
Total developmental period
Mean +S.D
Range
460.10±35.43
246-607
95.77±3.11
89.83-97.60
Survival-%
-
1.90±0.18
1-3
3.47
96.52
5.64±0.22 b
12.94±0.56 a
4.34±0.37 c
22.17±0.57
47.69±1.92
258.10± 5.24
5-7
12-16
3-6
20-25
44-48
188-345
12.48
9.99
7.82
2.35
29.97
87.51
90.00
92.17
97.64
70.02%-
Range
4-6
7-9
2-4
13-19
47-123
22.71
17.59
17.59
16.85
77.28
82.40
82.39
83.14
Life table of male
Ist instar
Cocoon
Adult
Total days
Male Ratio
Mortality-%
4.60
5.16±0.28 b
8.20±0.83 a
2.55±0.22 c
15.92±0.74
91.50± 3.5
Table- 2. Life table of mealybug in (winter)
Total developmental period
Particulars
Mean +S.D
Range
Mortality- %
Eggs/Female
189.60±23.20
97-275
86.76± 3.03 71.13-92.52
13.24
Eggs hatching (%)
Incubation period in days
2.90±0.77
2–4
7.38
Ist instar
8.48±0.28 a
7 – 10
20.93
2nd instar
5.11±0.23 b
4-6
20.15
3rd instar
6.24±0.51 c
4-8
26.18
Adult
51.08±0.42
30 - 64
7.23
75.00±0.94
49 – 85
Total days
Female Ratio
69.90±2.64
31-115
32.93
Ist instar
Cocoon
Adult
Total days
Male Ratio
Life table of male
7.76±0.21 b
12.66±0.28 a
3.86±0.25 c
24.27±0.74
31.30±1.77
Range
7–9
11 – 14
3–6
22 – 26
17-53
20.87
45.36
19.77
44.69
Survival- %
92.61
79.06
79.84
73.81
92.71
67.07
79.12
54.63
80.22
55.29
Sahito et al.
138
Morphometric characters in life stages of Phenococcus solenopsis
in developmental biological studies:
Eggs in ovisac
Mature eggs about to hatch
1st instars (crawlers) disperse from pouch
1st and 2nd instars of cotton mealy bug
2nd instar
2nd instar of cotton mealybug molts
3rd instar (adult) female
Male of cotton mealy bug
139
Table 3. Mean (S.E) time interval during ecdysis in summer and winter
Stadium time b/w instars
After 1st instar, 1st St. in hrs.
After 2nd instar, 2nd St. in hrs.
After 3rd instar, 3rd St. in hrs.
Total Hours
10.35±0.55
a
6.97±0.41 b
6.63±0.42 b
7.98±0.46
Stadium time b/w instars
20.49±1.39
After 1st instar, 1st St. in hrs.
a
11.11±1.16
After 2nd instar, 2nd St. in hrs.
b
13.37±1.26
After 3rd instar, 3rd St. in hrs.
b
14.99±0.96
Total Hours
Range
Mortality%
Survival%
8.20-12.05
1.35
98.64
5.25-9.03
5.05-9.02
7.11-9.21
1.40
0.55
-
98.39
99.44
-
Range
10.1523.51
7.73
92.26
11.46
88.53
4.28
95.71
-
-
7.15-15.12
7.45-16.45
9.19-19.23
Table 4. Description of reproduction in summer and in winter
SUMMER SEASON
Treatment
Fecundity- (%)
Fertility- (%)
460.10 ±35.43 a
95.77±3.11 a
T. 1
330.87±28.24 bc
84.74±3.06 c
T. 2
416.54±21.57 b
89.64±2.85 b
T. 3
WINTER SEASON
189.60±23.20 a
86.60±3.03 bc
T. 1
196.50±26.76 b
76.41±2.94 b
T. 2
238.60±21.44 ab
81.31±3.03 a
T. 3
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I am appreciatively recognized the financial
support from CABI, South Asia in the MINFA project
“Control of cotton mealybug in Pakistan” to
conducted the present study and scrupulous help is
due to Dr. Abdul Sattar Burriro, (Director and
Entomologist); ARI, Tandojam, Sindh.
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LARVICIDAL ACTIVITY OF MARINE MACRO-ALGAE FROM KARACHI
COAST AGAINST DENGUE VIRUS VECTOR MOSQUITO,
THE AEDES AEGYPTI L.
Hira1, Viqar Sultana1, Rajput M. Tariq2, Jehan Ara3 and S. Ehteshamul-Haque4,
1. Biotechnology and Drug Development Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry,
University of Karachi, Karachi-75270, Pakistan
2. Muhammed Afzal Husain Qadri Biological Research Centre,
3. Postharvest & Food Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Food Science & Technology,
4. Agricultural Biotechnology and Phytopathology Laboratory, Department of Botany,
ABSTRACT
Dengue is the most prevalent mosquito-borne viral disease in people and all the four serotypes of the
virus are transmitted mainly by Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. The disease has become epidemic, affecting
110 countries throughout the world and it is increasing day by day in Pakistan. There is urgent need to
control the disease outbreak via controlling the vector population with minimum use of chemicals. Today
use of natural products have been replacing the synthetic insecticides due to their eco-friendly nature.
The marine macro algae have unique properties due to the secondary metabolites they possess. In this
study we have tested 13 different species of seaweeds belongs to Phaeophyta, Chlorophyta and
th
Rhodophyta for larvicidal activity against 4 instar larvae of Aedes aegypti (dengue virus vector) and
mortality was examined after 24 hours exposure. The ethanolic extract of Sargassum sp., has showed
potent larvicidal activity (LC50=1000ppm) followed by Caulerpa taxifolia, Dictyota dichotoma var.
velutricata, D. indica, Melanothamnus somalensis, Sargassum swartzii, S. wightii, S. variegatum,
Stoechospermum marginatum and Stokeyia indica (LC50 = 1500 ppm). These findings may help in
developing the control measures for dengue virus vector mosquito, the Aedes aegypti.
Key words: Larvicidal activity, Marine Macro-Algae, Karachi Coast, DFV. Vector-Mosquito.
INTRODUCTION
Dengue viruses are members of the family
Flaviviridae, genus Flavivirus (Henchal & Putnak,
1990; Wilder-Smith & Schwartz, 2005; Teyssou,
2009). The four serotypes of the dengue virus
(DEN1-4) cause a spectrum of illness ranging from
the self-limiting dengue fever (DF) to more severe,
life threating forms of the disease termed dengue
hemorrhage fever (DHF) and dengue shock
syndrome (DSS) (Balmaseda et al., 2005). The
dengue is continues to spread throughout tropical
and subtropical regions world wide, affecting an
estimated 50-100 million people each year (Gibbons
& Vaughn, 2002). Whereas Teyssou (2009) reported
that dengue is affecting 110 countries throughout the
world and placing over 3 billion people at risk of
infection, where 70-500 million persons are infected
every year including 2 million who develop
hemorrhagic form and 20,000 die (Teyssou, 2009).
In Pakistan, dengue is emerging one of the most
serious life threating disease (Tariq & Zafar 2000,
Tariq et al. 2010). It is the most prevalent mosquitoborne viral disease in people and all the four
serotypes of the virus are transmitted mainly by
Aedes aegypti mosquitoes (Deen et al., 2006).
Susceptible humans become infected after bitten by
an infected female Aedes mosquito and infected
person develop dengue fever within three to seven
days (Gubler, 1998). There is no specific treatment
of dengue and prevention requires control of vector
mosquitoes which is difficult to implement and
maintain (Teyssou, 2009). As the mosquitoes are the
vector for large number of human pathogens than
any other group of arthropods (El-Hag, et al., 1999),
it is reasonable to control this vector on priority,
rather than treat the patients after infection. There is
an urgent need to develop the effective ways for the
management of virus outbreak via controlling the
vector.
The poor effectiveness of the control
strategies (Medronho, 2008) and non target, specific
nature of synthetic insecticides and larvicides had
lead an increased number of investigations aiming to
find novel larvicidal agents in natural products (Tariq
& Qadri. 2001; Selvin, & Lipton, 2004; Manilal, et al.,
2009; Alarif, et al., 2010).
Considerable evidence has been accumulated in
recent years to support and identify the benefits
associated with the use of seaweed in pest and
disease managements. Application of seaweed have
been reported to decreased levels of nematode
attack on plants (Wu et al., 1997; 1998) and root
rotting fungi (Sultana et al., 2007, 2008, 2009). In
our previous studies
we have reported the
nematicidal effect on Meloidogyne javanica (Ara et
al., 1998), cytotoxicity on brine shrimp (Ara et al.
1999), antibacterial (Ara
et al., 2002a) and
hypolipidaemic (Ara et al., 2002b) activities of
seaweed of Karachi coast. The present report
Hira, et al.
144
describes the mosquito larvicidal effect of some
seaweeds.
Algal material: Thirteen seaweed species,
belonging to Phaeophyta (Dictyota dichotoma var.
velutricata, D. indica, Sargassum swartzii (Turn.) C.
Ag., S. tenerrimum J. Ag., S. variegatum, S. wightii
Grev. Sargassum sp., Spatoglossum asperum J.
Ag., Stoechospermum marginatum C. Ag., Stokeyia
indica Thivy et Doshi, Chlorophyta (Caulerpa
racemosa (Forsk.) J. Ag, Caulerpa taxifolia (Vahl) C.
Ag.) and Rhodophyta, Melanothamnus somalensis
were collected from the coast of Karachi (Buleji
beach) at low tide, washed and dried under shade.
The dried seaweed were grinded to powder and
stored in polyethylene bags at room temperature
until used.
Preparation of ethanol extract: 500 gm of
seaweed species were macerated in ethanol (2 liter)
for a week. The extracts were pooled and filtered
through cotton wool, concentrated to semisolid state
on rotary vacuum evaporator at 40ºC.
Larvicidal activity: The eggs of dengue virus
mosquito (Aedes aegypti) were collected and
allowed to hatch and proliferate in normal laboratory
conditions. The young fourth instar larvae were used
for experiment feed with powered shrimps (Siddiqui,
et al., 2009) Ten fourth instar larvae of Aedes
aegypti were transferred to 50 ml beaker containing
20 ml of tap water. Ethanol extract of seaweeds
were added to prepare a concentration of 500, 1000,
1500, 2000 and 2500 ppm. Larvae kept in tap water
without seaweed extract served as control. The
mortality percentage of the larvae was recorded after
24 hours exposure. The experiment was conducted
five times and data were analyzed and LC50 values
were calculated for each sea weed according to
Abbot’s formula (1925).
RESULTS
The ethanol extract of seaweeds showed
significant larvicidal activity by killing the 4th instar
larvae of Aedes aegypti at varying degrees (Table
1). Out of 13 species tested one Sargassum sp.,
showed most effective results (LC50 = 1000 ppm)
after 24 hrs. Whereas, Caulerpa taxifolia, Dictyota
dichotoma
var.
velutricata,
D.
indica,
Melanothamnus somalensis, Sargassum swartzii, S.
wightii,
S.
variegatum,
Stoechospermum
marginatum, Stokeyia indica, were moderately
effective (LC50 = 1500ppm). The ethanol extracts of
Caulerpa racemosa and Spatoglossum asperum
were lethal for larvae at higher doses (LC50=2000).
Dictyota dichotoma var. velutricata, D. indica,
Melanothamnus somalensis, Sargassum swartzii, S.
wightii and Sargassum sp., Stoechospermum
marginatum and Stokeyia indica at concentration
of 2500 ppm caused 100 percent mortality of
mosquito larvae (Table 1).
DISCUSSION
The number of cases of severe dengue disease
continue to grow in endemic areas of Southeast
Asia, Central and South America and other
subtropical regions (Whitehead et al., 2007). In
Pakistan dengue has become endemic since last
decade. There is no specific treatment for dengue
and prevention requires control of vector mosquitoes
that is difficult to implement and maintain (Teyssou,
2009). There is an urgent need to control the vector
population for controlling this viral disease. However,
the indiscriminate use of insecticides has been
causing environmental pollution and toxicity to
nontarget organisms including human being (Brown,
1983). In the present study some seaweeds of
Karachi coast have shown significant mosquitoes
larvicidal activity in vitro. There are reports that
seaweeds contain elaborated secondary metabolites
that play a significant role in the defense of the host
against predators and parasites (Paracer et al.,
1987; Ara et al., 2005). Insecticidal activity of brown
seaweeds Sargassum wightii and Stoechospermum
marginatum may be due to the presence of
insecticidal compound bis (2-ethylhexyl) benzene1,2-dicarboxylate (Katade, et al., 2006). In this study,
Caulerpa taxifolia, Dictyota dichotoma var.
velutricata,
Sargassum
swartzii,
Sargassum
variegatum, Sargassum wightii and Stokeyia indica
have shown insecticidal activity at LC50 =1500 ppm.
The secondary
metabolites, caulerpin
and
caulerpinic acid isolated from Caulerpa species have
shown larvicidal activity (i.e., >50% lethality at 500
µg ml- (Alarif, et al., 2010). Similarly, Thangam &
Kathiresan (1991), have tested 15 different
seaweeds for their mosquito larvicidal activity, and
they found Caulerpa scalpeliformis and Dictyota
dichotoma were most effective with LC50 values of
53.70 and 61.65 mg/l respectively. Other
researchers also reported the insecticidal activities of
different seaweeds species (Maeda, et al., 1984;
Selvin & Lipton, 2004; Manilal, et al., 2009). Similarly
anti-plasmodial activity of green algae Ulva species
against Plasmodium falciparum has also been
reported (Osterhage, et al., 2000). The secondary
metabolites of marine macro-algae have opened
exciting avenues for new researches. The secondary
metabolites include polysaccharides, triterpenes,
flavonoids, sterols and other oily compounds. ElGamal (2010) has reported that mono & diterpenes
isolated from seaweeds have insecticidal activity.
Seaweeds are found in abundance at Pakistani
coast of Arabian sea, and in future these may be
used as a safe bio-insecticide for the control of
mosquitoes particularly Aedes aegypti, a vector of
dengue virus.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We are thankful to Prof. Dr. Mustafa Shameel,
Department of Botany, University of Karachi for his
help in seaweed identification.
Larvicidal activity of marine macro-algae from Karachi coast against DFV. V-mosquito
145
Table 1. Larvicidal activity of sea weeds against Aedes aegypti larvae.
S#
Sea weed species
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
Caulerpa racemosa
Caulerpa taxifolia
Dictyota dichotoma var. velutricata
D. indica
Melanothamnus somalensis
Sargassum sp.,
S. swartzii
S. tenerrimum
S. variegatum
S. wightii
Spatoglossum asperum
Stoechospermum marginatum
Stokeyia indica
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STUDIES ON VARIETAL RESISTANCE OF SUNFLOWER CROP AGAINST
BEMISIA TABACI GENN. AND AMRASCA DEVASTANS DIST.
ABDUL GHANI LANJAR, HAKIM ALI SAHITO
Department of Entomology, Sindh Agriculture University Tando Jam, Sindh-Pakistan
E-mail: [email protected], Cell # 0300-3248746 & [email protected], Cell # 0301-3515723
ABSTRACT
A preliminary field experiment was conducted on varietal resistance of sunflower crop against
whitefly, Bemisia tabaci Genn. and jassid, Amrasca devastans Dist. at Oilseeds Section, Agriculture
Research Institute, Tando Jam during autumn 2009.
Six sunflower varieties namely; HO-1, M-I, M-II, M-III, M-IV and Suncross-42 were grown in a
st
rd
randomized complete block design. Maximum population of whitefly was recorded at 1 peak in 3 week
of November than 2nd peak in 4th week of December. The highest population of whitefly at 1st peak was
-1
recorded on HO (9.01 ± 0.23/ leaf), followed by M-II (8.94 ± 0.24), M-IV (8.87 ± 0.28), M-III (8.75 ±
0.38), Suncross-42 (8.38 ± 0.29), and M-I (8.18 ± 0.41), respectively. Jassid displayed their more
rd
st
activities 3 weeks before the maturity of the varieties in the 1 week of January. The highest population
of jassid was recorded on M-I (2.73 ± 0.14) followed by HO-I (2.26 ± 0.24), M-III (2.12 ± 0.46), Suncross42 (2. 05 ± 0.24), M-II (2.04 ± 0.25) and M-IV (1.46 ± 0.26). The results indicated that the population of
whitefly and jassid appeared on all varieties from germination till maturity of the crop.
LSD showed that Suncross-42 and HO- behaved similarly, whereas, M-I, M-III and M-IV had the
same response to whitefly population. While, in case of jassid attack M-III and Suncross-42 behaved
similarly. On the basis of the above results none of the varieties tested were found resistant to the attack
of both the insect pests.
Key words: Jassid, whitefly, sunflower, varietal resistance.
INTRODUCTION
Sunflower, Helianthus annuus L., is a major
oilseed crop of the world. After soybean, sunflower
can be grown successfully in the arid as well as
semi-arid regions of the world. This crop was
introduced in Pakistan during 1960’s. It gained
popularity in the country because of its high returns
and oil quality. It can play a pivotal role in the
domestic increase of edible oil production. It is grown
during spring and autumn seasons on about 315,000
acres annually with an average production of 1600
kg per hectare (Anonymous, 2006). However, its
average yield is lower as compared to that of
advance countries. The reason for its low yield can
be attributed to many factors. Among them, insect
pests are an important one. It is vulnerable to the
attack of insect pests such as whiteflies, jassid,
aphids, army worm, heliothis (Lohar, 1984). Among
these insect pests, whitefly and jassid are the key
pests of this crop (Lynch and Carner, 1980 and
Tayler, 1981).
Whitefly, Bemisia tabaci Genn. stands out as the
most important member of the family. Aleyrodidae
for its grave impact on tropical and subtropical
agriculture. It is highly polyphagous and has been
recorded on more than 500 plant species including
numerous field crops, ornamentals and weeds. The
fly can cause serious direct or indirect damage to
sunflower crop (Basu, 1995).
Jassid, Amrasca devastans Dist. an important
member of the Cicadellidae, is a polyphagous pest
having a wide range of host plants. Clusters of
nymph and adults may be seen on the leaves,
sucking cell sap from the mesophyll and injecting
toxins, causing damage to sunflower leaves. This
pest causes huge loss to the crop every year (Lohar,
1987).
Looking to the pest and importance of the
sunflower crop, an experiment was conducted on the
varietal resistance of some upcoming varieties of
sunflower crop against whitefly and jassid. The
ultimate object of the study is to find out genetically
resistance and susceptible varieties of sunflower
against the attack of these insect pests. So that it
may give guidelines to IPM workers.
A field experiment was conducted on varietal
resistance of sunflower crop against whitefly,
Bemisia tabaci Genn. and jassid, Amrasca
devastans Dist. at Oilseeds Section, Agriculture
Research Institute, Tando Jam during autumn
season 2009.
Six sunflower varieties namely, HO-1, M-I, MII,
M-III, M-IV and Suncross-42 were grown in a fourreplicated randomized complete block design, each
sub plot was measuring 3x5 m. Four rows were
planted in each subplot. The distance between rows
was maintained as 45cm and plant-to-plant 15cm. All
agronomical operations were equally applied to all
plots.
Lanjar and Sahito
148
The population of jassid was recorded by
counting adults and nymphs and in case of whitefly
only adults were counted. The population of
respective pests were recorded at weekly intervals
(after germination up to crop maturity) for recording
the population of the pest, 15 leaves from each
subplot were examined. These leaves were selected
randomly from different nodes of sunflower plants in
each subplot. The data were subjected to analysis of
variance. In order to test the superiority of varietal
means, L.S.D. test was applied.
RESULTS
The mean weekly pest populations of Bemisia
and Amrasca devastans observed on six sunflower
varieties is presented in Tables-1 and 2. The data
recorded on sunflower crop is throughout cropping
season.
I. Whitefly, Bemisia tabaci Genn
The adults of B. tabaci were found that they suck
up the cell sap from lower surface of the leaves
during this investigation. It was observed that the
population of whitefly varied significantly on all six
sunflower varieties with the time intervals from
seeding to crop maturity. In initial stage, the
population was low in HO-1and Suncross-42.
However, the population on M-I, M-II, M-III, M-IV
varieties was not less than 5 adult flies per leaf. The
first peak of whitefly population was recorded in the
3rd week of November. At this time, the highest
population (9.01 ± 0.23) per leaf was recorded HO-1
followed by M-II (8.94 ± 0.247), M-IV (8.87 ± 0.286),
M-III (8.75 ± 0.382), Suncross-42 (8.35 ± 0.295), and
M-I (8.18 ± 0.410), respectively.
The second peak was recorded after one month
time in 3rd week of December. At the 2nd peak,
maximum population (8.52 ± 0.340) per leaf was
recorded on M-II followed by Suncross-42 (7.22 ±
1.22), M-III (6.66 ± 0.417), M-I (6.35 ± 0.345), HO-1
(6.10 ± 0.457), and M-IV (5.03 ± 0.635). However,
the overall means in Table-1 showed among those
varieties M-II was the most preferred/ susceptible
and Suncross-42 was the least preferred to the
whitefly. The analysis of variance showed significant
difference in the population between the sunflower
varieties, However, L.S.D. showed non-significant
difference in the population recoded on Suncross-42
and HO-1, and between M-I, M-III and M-IV at
(P<0.05). The increasing occurrence of the whitefly
Bemisia tabaci on poinsettias and the loss of efficacy
of insecticides enhance the importance of biological
control measures against this pest. (Klatt and
Nennmann. 2002). These pests inflect heavy
damage that occur in all the growing areas but are
problematic in seedling stage. In some places,
whitefly is emerging to be as serious problem.
Besides; jassid is active right from seedling to
reproductive stage. (Thapa and Basnet. 2008).
II. Jassid, Amrasca devastans Dist.
It was found both in the adults and nymphs suck
up the sap from under side of the leaves of
sunflower plants. Due to their attack, the affected
leaves first turned down then curled up and
afterwards became pale yellow. The pest remained
active through-out the season as shown in the data
given in Table-2. However, the population was found
fluctuating through-out the season. Initially, very low
population was observed on the plants of all
varieties, which was less than 1 jassid per leaf.
Population of jassid was increased very
proportionally to the growth of the plants. Two peaks
in the population were recorded, the first peak in the
1st week of December and the second in the 1st week
of January. At the first peak, the maximum
population of jassid per leaf was recorded on M-I
(2.48 ± 0.14) and the minimum (0.76 ± 0.073) on
HO-1. The second peak, maximum population was
recorded on M-I (2.73 ± 0.140). And minimum
population occurred on M-IV (1.46 ± 0.269). This
trend was not as same as 1st peak.
The overall means showed that the abundance
of A.devastans on all six varieties of sunflower.
Variety M-I had more jassids and HO-1 had least.
Analysis of variance showed significant difference in
population of jassid between the varieties at one
present level of probability. However, L.S.D. showed
non-significant difference between the population of
jassid on M-II and M-IV; M-III and Suncross – 42,
respectively at (P< 0.05).
The variety M-I proved more susceptible to the
attack of jassid because it had well-developed veins
network on leaves as compared to HO-1 and
Suncross-42. As nymphs of jassid always preferred
have maximum population near these veins. The
result is closely agreed with those of Rohilla et al.
(1982) who supported that the more population of
jassid was recorded at later phase of the crop
mainly due to wide leaves and having welldeveloped veins. Sattar et al. (1983) conducted
experiment and concluded that Bemisia tabaci and
Amrasca devastans were found attacking 8 cultivars
of sunflower crop. Malmad et al. (1980) mentioned
that Bemisia tabaci developed and increase on
sunflower during recent years. Migration takes place
after maturity of cotton crop. Jamali (1984)
concluded that hybrid was more resistant to the
attack of B. tabaci and A. devastans as compared to
HO-1.
CONCLUSION
It is concluded from the result achieved that;
1. B. tabaci and A. devastans attacked all varieties
of sunflower their population
was
found
fluctuating from germination up to maturity of
crop.
2. None of the varieties were found resistant to the
attack of both insect
pest, however, HO-I and
Suncross-42 had least population of the pest.
Studies on varietal resistance of sunflower crop against B. tabaci & A. devastans
149
Table 1. Mean population per leaf of Bemisia tabaci
on sunflower varieties in autumn 2009.
OBSER-
SUN-
VATION
DATES
HO-I
M-I
M-II
M-III
M-IV
Oct. 22
2.58 ±0.315
5.47 ± 0.137
5.310 ± 0.429
4.95 ± 0.280
5.61±0.319
2.97±0.298
29
3.39 ±0.211
6.81 ± 0.286
6.840 ± 0.544
7.58 ± 0.350
6.62±0.476
4.25±0.165
Nov. 06
4.86 ±0.127
7.64 ± 0.090
8.000 ± 0.443
7.73 ± 0.198
7.83±0.207
5.50±0.709
13
6.73 ±0.267
8.26 ± 0.193
8.090 ± 0.323
8.31 ± 0.208
7.87±0.25
8.20±0.190
20
9.01 ±0.230
8.18 ± 0.410
8.940 ± 0.247
8.75 ± 0.382
8.87±0.286
8.35±0.295
27
8.52 ±0.174
8.17 ± 0.095
8.140 ± 0.469
7.90 ± 0.077
8.70±0.244
7.50±0.146
Dec. 05
7.30 ±0.391
8.04 ± 0.281
8.700 ± 0.173
8.46 ± 0.154
8.56±0.190
8.36±0.282
13
2.70 ±0.251
4.43 ± 0.357
5.460 ± 0.366
2.19 ± 0.318
3.31±0.549
4.03±0.668
20
2.35 ±0.300
2.05 ± 0.287
4.280 ± 0.360
0.51 ± 0.136
0.56±0.044
0.71±0.130
27
6.10 ±0.457
6.35 ± 0.348
8.520 ± 0.340
6.66 ± 0.417
5.03±0.635
7.22±1.223
Jan.03
3.10 ±0.482
0.74 ± 0.151
4.420 ± 0.388
1.68 ± 0.369
2.12±0.289
3.70±0.293
10
2.19 ±0.158
0.22 ± 0.053
2.590 ± 0.339
0.91 ± 0.206
0.75±0.091
1.66±0.299
17
1.97 ±0.055
0.26 ± 0.045
0.970 ± 0.096
0.48 ± 0.026
0.22±0.094
0.52±0.057
MEAN
4.68 a
5.12ab
6.17b
5.08ab
5.08 ab
4.84a
S.E
0.505668
0.62615
0.689041
0.121577
0.625092
Means followed by the same letter are not statistically different at (P<0.05).
CROSS-42
Lanjar and Sahito
150
Table 2. Mean population per leaf of Amrasca devastans
on sunflower varieties in autumn 2009.
OBSERVATION
DATES
HO-I
M-I
M-II
M-III
M-IV
Oct. 22
0.76±0.152
0.78±0.158
0.92±0.182
0.83±0.140
0.77±0.132
0.76±0.159
29
0.68±0.026
0.84±0.059
0.89±0.081
0.95±0.047
0.87±0.051
0.81±0.044
Nov. 06
0.68±0.044
1.20±0.234
1.15±0.158
1.03±0.054
1.69±0.086
0.93±0.062
13
0.79±0.040
1.23±0.148
1.19±0.147
1.05±0.084
1.76±0.082
0.82±0.047
20
0.94±0.057
1.50±0.093
1.03±0.053
1.01±0.063
1.58±0.206
0.83±0.065
27
0.87±0.051
1.55±0.266
1.12±0.044
0.76±0.063
1.78±0.040
0.81±0.092
Dec. 05
0.76±0.073
2.48±0.145
2.19±0.125
1.90±0.231
2.42±0.155
1.26±0.201
13
0.45±0.064
1.77±0.138
0.20±0.066
0.34±0.082
0.13±0.043
0.23±0.107
20
0.32±0.128
1.66±0.308
1.05±0.096
0.53±0.029
0.62±0.108
0.69±0.102
27
0.35±0.095
1.28±0.382
1.42±0.039
0.65±0.115
0.26±0.090
0.45±0.067
Jan.03
2.26±0.245
2.73±0.140
2.04±0.256
2.12±0.460
1.46±0.269
2.05±0.246
10
0.39±0.080
0.56±0.039
0.250.092
0.62±0.088
0.19±0.109
0.56±0.038
17
0.06±0.018
0.18±0.065
0.070.035
0.34±0.119
0.03±0.025
0.13±0.064
MEAN
0.71a
1.37d
1.04b
0.93ab
1.04b
0.79ab
S.E
0.234
0.324
0.282
0.267
0.282
0.247
Means followed by the same letter are not statistically different at (P<0.05).
SUNCROSS-42
Studies on varietal resistance of sunflower crop against B. tabaci & A. devastans
151
REFERENCES
ANONYMOUS (2003). Agricultural Statistics of
Sindh, Bureau of Statistics, Planning and
Development of Sindh, Karachi. Pp 245.
LYNCH, R.C AND CARNER, J.W. (1980). Insect
associated with sunflower in South. Georgia,
Jour. Georgia Entomol. Soc. 15 (2): 779.
BASU, A.N. (1995). Bemisia tabaci (Genn.).Crop
Pest and Principal whitefly vector of Plant
Disease. West View Press, Boulder. San
Francisco, Oxford, 183 Pp.
MALAMAD-MADJOR, V., CLHEN, S., CHEU, M.,
TAN, S. AND ROILLIO, D. (1980). The
observation on Bemisia tabaci on sunflower in
Istrail. Rev. Appl. Ento. 69 (3):180.
JAMALI, N.A. (1984). M.Sc. Thesis on “Seasonal
abundance of Insect pests on Sunflower,
Helianthus annuus L.” submitted to SAU, Tando
Jam. 72 Pp.
ROHILLA, H.R., SINGH, H.V., GUPTA, D.S. AND
SINGH, K. (1982). The pest complex other than
diseases of sunflower in Haryana, India. Rev.
Appl. Ento. 70 (11):823.
KLATT, J. AND NENNMANN, H. (2002). Biological
control measures in ornamentals in WestfalenLippe. Germany carried out project. 54:
(3/4):111-118.
SATTAR, A., AHMED, K.U. AND YOUSIF, M.
(1989). Insect pest status of major species in
North Dakota. Rev. Appl. Entomology 68 (12):
779.
LOHAR, M.K. (1987). 3rd Annual Research Report.
PARC Project, Department of Entomology, SAU,
Tandojam. 289 pp.
THAPA R.B. AND BASNET, K.B. (2008). An
overview of cotton pest management in Nepat.
Institute of Agriculture and Animal Sciences,
Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal. Journal of PPS. 7 (1):
1-7.
LOHAR, M.K. (1987). 3rd Annual Research Report.
PARC Project, Department of Entomology, SAU,
Tandojam. 289 pp.
TAYLER, D.E. (1981). Whiteflies. Zimbabwe agric.
Jour. 78 (1): 25.
SEMINAR ON APPLICATION OF PCR TECHNIQUES ON THE
HAEMOCOELIC FLUID/BLOOD OF INSECTS AND USE OF HPLC & GC
FOR ANALYSIS OF PESTICIDES IN INSECTS AND MAMMALIAN TISSUES
Under the patronage of the Entomological
Society of Karachi, Pakistan, Department of Zoology,
University of Karachi, a program of one day seminar
and the practical demonstration on PCR technique
was held on two consecutive days in Nov. 2010. On
Nov. 3rd, the program was started with the recitation
of holy Qur’an. Dr. M. Tariq Rajput recited the
verses.
Then, Prof. Dr. Naimul Hasan Naqvi (the founder
and Executive Editor of Pakistan Journal of
Entomology, Karachi gave a brief introduction of the
Society. He said that late Prof. Dr. M. Afzal Husain
Qadri founded this Society in 1971. He was a
zealous and great researcher who not only
contributed a lot to the Society, establishment of
Pakistan as a part of Choudhry Rehmat Ali and to
the Entomology. He also gave courage and support
to his students. As a result the Society became
active and even after 40 years it is still working and
progressing.
The next speaker was Dr. Rubina Ghani. She is
Associate Professor in Baqai Medical University,
Karachi. Her topic of lecture was Application of PCR
technique on the Haemocoelic fluid of insects.
During her detail discourse on Polymerase Chain
Reaction (PCR) she informed that PCR is a latest
technique in Biotechnology through which a single
piece of DNA can be amplified into millions of copies
of DNA sequence. Dr. Rubina said that PCR can be
used for a broad variety of experiments and
analyses such as in the detection of hereditary
diseases, and genetic relationships. It can be used
as forensic technique moreover, a variation of this
technique can also be used to determine
evolutionary relationships between organisms. After
Dr. Rubina Ghani the next speaker was Dr. Tahir
Anwar. He is SRO in Pakistan Agricultural Research
Council. Dr. Tahir talked about Gas Chromatography
commonly known as a technique of identifying
various chemicals including pesticides. His lecture
was basically about the General principles of
chromatographic analysis including sampling,
extraction and clean-up procedures. He discussed
that GC systems offer both excellent resolution plus
sensitivity and relative ease of operation.
The seminar was extended by the lecture of Dr.
Farhanullah Khan on HPLC (High Pressure Liquid
Chromatography) which is the most popular method
of residue analysis. He described the most
frequently used column material which are useful in
clean-up processes for pesticide residues.
The seminar was then opened for question and
answer. After Zuhar prayers, a high tea was then
served. The whole arrangement of seminar was
done by Prof. Dr. M. Arshad Azmi (General
Secretary).
On the next day i.e. on 4th Nov. 2010 all the
participants had been invited to Baqai Institute of
Haematology at
BMU
where a
practical
demonstration program for PCR technique was
given by Dr. Rubina. Before Dr. Rubina, Mr. Usman
provided useful information about real time PCR and
nested PCR. The practical demonstration given by
Dr. Rubina, include melting, annealing, elongation
and the PCR product identification by agarose gel
electrophoresis. Meanwhile, a written manual about
PCR methodology was provided by the organizers,
to the participants. Before lunch there was a short
speech of Dr. Moinuddin, Director & Incharge,
Haematology B.M.U and the Vice-Chancellor, BMU,
Prof. Dr. Lieut. Gen. (Rtd.) Azhar Ahmed. In the last
Vice-Chancellor, Baqai Medical University distributed
the certificates among the participants.
The names of the participants from K.U. are as:
1.
Dr. Masarrat Yousuf (Prof.)
2.
Dr. M. Tariq Rajput (R.O.)
3.
Dr. S.M. Naushad Zafar (SGS)
4.
Ms Sumaira Anjum
5.
Ms Marium
6.
Ms Farha Rabiya
7.
Ms Syeda Safoora
8.
Ms Noorulain
9.
Mr. Islamdad
10.
Mr. Samiullah (PARC)
11.
Ms Sadaf Qureshi
12.
Ms Shahla Qureshi
13.
Ms Rabiya Faiz
14.
Ms Riffat Zafeer
15.
Ms Maria Wahid
16.
Ms Shaheen Inam
Report by: Prof. Dr. Masarrat J. Yousuf
Department of Zoology, University of Karachi
3.0
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below.
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MAH Qadri
Biological
Research
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University of
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03232110788
[email protected]
Professor
Department of
Zoology,
University of
Karachi
03032142635
[email protected]
Professor
Department of
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-
[email protected]
Professor
George
Willett,
Curator
Entomology,
Amer. Mus. of
Nat. History,
-
[email protected]
Editor-In-Chief
2.
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Ph.D.
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3.
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101 W 80th
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II, Southern
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Farzana Perveen,
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Department of
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Nikhat Yasmin,
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92-429231248,
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9.
M.A. Matin, Ph.D.
Professor
National
Agricultural
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Islamabad
(Pakistan).
10.
M.F. Khan, Ph.D.
Professor
Department of
Zoology, Univ.
of Karachi.
11.
Seema Tahir,
Ph.D.
Professor
Department of
Zoology,
University of
Karachi.
03002364173
[email protected]
12.
S. Anser Rizvi,
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Professor
Department of
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of Karachi.
03002371200
[email protected]
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13.
M. Ather Rafi,
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Professor
National
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(NARC), Park
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NIH,
Islamabad
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14.
Michael Breuer,
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State Institute
for Viticulture
and Enology,
Dept. of Biol.–
Sec. Ecology,
Merzhauser
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79100
Freiburg,
[email protected]
15.
Jumakhan
Kakarsulemankhel,
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Balochistan,
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03337860240
dr.jumakhankakarsulemankhel@
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16.
M. Tariq Rajput,
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MAH Qadri
Biological
Research
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University of
Karachi
03452213883
[email protected]
Incharge,
Fumigation
& Pest
Control
S.G.S.
Pakistan
(Pvt.) Ltd.
Korangi Town,
Karachi
03008268769
[email protected]
Assistant Editor
17.
S.M. Naushad
Zafar, Ph.D.
Managing Editor
3.0 (continue)
Foreign Advisory Board
13.
Carl Schaefer,
Ph.D.
Professor
University of
Connecticut,
Storrs, Conn.
(USA)
University of
Technology
Ogbomoso
(Nigeria) Africa
Chairman, Neem
Foundation,
Mumbai, India.
[email protected]
14.
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Professor
15.
R.C. Saxena,
Ph.D.
Professor
16.
T.J. Henry, Ph.D.
Professor
US National
History Museum
Washington,
D.C. (USA)
[email protected]
17.
Errol Hasan, Ph.D.
Professor
[email protected]
18.
K. Sombatsiri,
Ph.D.
Professor
19.
J. Koolman, Ph.D.
Professor
University of
Queensland,
Gattons College,
Lawes, QLD.
Australia.
Karetsart
University
Bangkok
(Thailand) Asia
Philips
Universitat
Marburg
(Germany)
20.
Chiu, Shin-Foon,
Ph.D.
Professor
21.
R.W. Mwangi,
Ph.D.
Professor
22.
R.P. Singh, Ph.D.
Professor
23.
V.K.
Ganesalingam,
Ph.D.
Professor
24.
Absar Mustafa
Khan, Ph.D.
Professor
South China
Agriculture
Guangzhou
(Peoples Rep. of
China) Asia
University of
Nairobi
P.O. Box 72913,
Nairobi (Kenya)
Africa
Entomology Div.,
IARI
New Delhi 10013
(India) Asia
University of
Jaffna
(Sri Lanka) Asia
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Zoology
M.U. Aligarh
(India) Asia
[email protected]
5.0
Is journal ‘Peer Reviewed’?
Permanent panel to Peer Reviewers? Please provide the details as below.
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1.
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E-mail
Dr. S.N.H.
Naqvi
Professor
03032142635,
02134651600.
[email protected])
2.
Dr. Imtiaz
Ahmad
Professor
03232110788,
0213-4961943,
0213-4979669.
([email protected])
3.
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Professor
03002371200
([email protected])
4.
Dr. M. Arshad
Azmi
Professor
5.
Dr. M.
Farhanullah
Khan
Professor
BIPS, Baqai
Medical
University,
Super
Highway,
Karachi
M.A.H. Qadri
Biological
Research
Centre,
University of
Karachi
Department of
Zoology,
University of
Karachi
Department of
Zoology,
University of
Karachi
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Zoology,
University of
Karachi
6.
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Kamaluddin
Professor
03332946764
([email protected])
7.
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Professor
0300-3248746.
([email protected])
9.
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Rajput
Research
Officer
Federal Urdu
University of
Arts, Science
& Technology,
Karachi
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Zoology,
University of
Balochistan,
Saryab Road,
Quetta,
Pakistan
Department of
Entomology,
Sindh
Agriculture
University,
Tandojam
M.A.H. Qadri
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Research
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University of
Karachi
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([email protected])
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(farhan.ullah.khan@
hotmail.com)
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Naz
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Qadri
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Nazly
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20.
Dr. Abdul
Saleem
Siddiqui
Associate
Professor
Department of
Zoology,
University of
Karachi
Pesticide
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SARC, PARC,
Karachi
University
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Food Science
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University of
Karachi
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Zoology,
Federal Urdu
University of
Arts, Science
& Technology,
Karachi
Department of
Zoology,
University of
Karachi
Department of
Zoology,
University of
Karachi
Jamia Millia
Govt. Degree
College, Malir
Town, Karachi
Sindh
Agriculture
Research
Institute,
Tandojam,
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Pakistan
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Industrial
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Dr. M. Ather
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Ltd. Korangi,
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Ex-Dean,
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Perveen
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28.
Dr. Rahila
Tabassum
Associate
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Department of
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Department of
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Hazara
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Pakistan
Department of
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