Power and the Water, Food, Energy Nexus

Power and the Water, Food, Energy
Nexus
18 April 2012
Andrew Etzinger
INTRODUCTION
Eskom, Water and Power
The Interconnectedness of Things
Source: http://infrascapedesign.files.wordpress.com/2011/07/wef-risks-interconnection-map-2011.jpg
The Water-Food-Energy Nexus
Source: http://infrascapedesign.files.wordpress.com/2011/07/wef-risks-interconnection-map-2011.jpg
The Water-Energy Nexus
Image from “Energy Demands on Water Resources,” U.S. Department of Energy, 2006 p. 13
The Coal and Water Nexus by the WWF
Image from “Coal and Water Futures in South Africa: A case for conserving headwaters in the Ekangala grasslands”, WWF, 2011
GLOBAL TRENDS
Facts and Figures
Fast Facts
7.7 billion people in 10 years
50% more food needed
30% more water needed
40% more energy needed
by 2030
Global Distribution of Water
Source: World Economic Forum, Thirsty Energy: Water and Energy in the 21st Century (Data: UNESCO, Cambridge Energy Research Associates)
Water for Energy
It takes a significant amount of water to create energy.
Water is used to cool steam electric power plants – fueled by coal, oil,
natural gas and nuclear power – and is required to generate
hydropower. Water is also used in great quantities during fuel extraction,
refining and production.
Energy for Water
It takes a significant amount of energy to treat and move water.
Energy is used to extract, move and treat water for drinking and
irrigation. It is used in the collection, treatment and disposal of
wastewater. Energy is also consumed when water is used by
households and industry, especially through heating and cooling.
Food and Water
1 glass of wine
1,000 cups of water
1 cup of coffee
1,200 cups of water
1 hamburger
9,800 cups of water
Source: http://iis-db.stanford.edu/evnts/6557/Thompson.pdf
Biofuels and Food
“When measured in calories, the energy market is
twenty times the food market. So if governments
would replace only 10% of global energy
consumption with first-generation biofuels, they in
the same stroke would double agricultural water
withdrawals” Peter Braebeck-Letmathe, Chairman, Nestle Group
http://www.altenergystocks.com/archives/2011/04/the_water_food_energy_climate_nexus_pt_1.html
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SOUTH AFRICA
Water, Power and Food in South Africa
Energy and Water in South Africa
Many parts of Southern Africa face two critical
resource constraints on development, namely energy
and water.
South Africa is a water stressed country, increasingly
dependent on water sources outside our borders. We
have a legacy of mining and industry driven pollution
combined with an aging water treatment and
distribution infrastructure.
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South Africa’s economy rely heavily on energy
Nine out of thirteen South African sectors are more intensive than their
OECD counterparts
Source: Electricity Intensities of the OECD and South Africa: A Comparison, R. Inglesi-Lotz and J. Blignaut, February 2011
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Energy and Water in South Africa
Recognising this, South Africa's Water Research
Commission (WRC) and Eskom have entered into a
strategic partnership to fund and jointly research
issues relating to energy and water use.
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IRP 2010: Energy Mix for 2030
Source: Integrated resource plan for electricity 2010 - 2030
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Carbon Disclosure Project Water Disclosure
South Africa Report 2011
2010: 6 companies responded out of 56
2011: 26 companies responded out of 56
46% percent response vs international (global sample) where 60% of
invitees responded.
The reported exposure to water related risks by South African
respondents is significantly greater than that reported by the Global 500
sample. The overwhelming majority of companies (85%) identified at
least one water risk at the direct operational level, compared to just 55%
for the Global 500 sample
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Agriculture is already under threat
Eskom serves 84 393 agricultural customers
And ironically in South Africa the natural coal fields
generally coincide with the best agricultural soils in
the country
Source: http://www.wwf.org.za/what_we_do/outstanding_places/drivers_of_change/food_production/
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Agriculture is more than just food
86% of South Africa’s land area is already used for
crops or grazing. If food production is to keep pace
with demand and adapt for environmental change,
sustainable agricultural practices must be widely
adopted.
40 – 75% of South Africa’s population is rural and
dependent on agriculture for a livelihood and
consequently vulnerable to diminishing capacity for
food production
Source: http://www.wwf.org.za/what_we_do/outstanding_places/drivers_of_change/food_production/
Source: Energy, water and climate change in Southern, Lead author: Gisela Prasad, Energy Research Centre University of Cape Town, South Africa
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ESKOM
An Overview
Eskom Introduction
Eskom generates approximately 95%
of the electricity used in South Africa
and more than 40% of the electricity
used in Africa.
Eskom generates, transmits and
distributes electricity to industrial,
mining, commercial, agricultural
(84 393 customers) and residential
customers and redistributors.
Eskom is one of the top 20 utilities in
the world by generation capacity.
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Eskom: Some Key Facts
2011
41 194 MW
237 430 GWh
4.7 m
Maximum self-generated capacity
Total production
Customers
Build Programme
16 304 MW
80 000 MW
Additional capacity by 2017
Total capacity by 2026
Source: Eskom’s Integrated Report 2011
Eskom’s net capacity mix – 31 March 2011
Pump Storage,
3.4%
Wind, 0.0%
Hydro, 1.5%
Nuclear, 4.4%
Gas, 5.8%
Coal, 84.9%
Eskom, Coal and Water
Coal
Largest primary energy source in South Africa
Burnt 124.7 million tonnes of coal in the year ending 31 March 2011
(2010: 122.7 million tonnes)
Water
327 252 million litres of water used in year ended 31 March 2011
Relative water consumption to generate electricity increased from
1.34 l/kWh sent out as at 31 March 2011
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A number of global interactions take place
•
25 – 27 January 2012: World Economic Forum Annual Meeting, Davos
•
14-16 February 2012 : KPMG Global Summit; Business Perspective on Sustainable Growth:
Preparing for Rio+20; Sheraton New York Hotel and Towers, New York
•
21-24 February 2012 : African rollout of the International Year of Sustainable Energy for All at
UNEP’s Governing Council meeting, Nairobi
•
? March 2012 : Fourth meeting of the SG’s High-Level Group, TBD
•
19-21 March 2012 : Bloomberg New Energy Finance Roundtable, New York
•
19-23 March 2012: 1st round of "informal-informal" negotiations – New York
•
26-27 March 2012: 3rd Intersessional Meeting – New York
•
23 April - 4 May 2012: 2nd round of “informal-informal” negotiations – New York
•
25-26 March 2012 : Third Clean Energy Ministerial, London
•
13-15 June 2012 3rd Preparatory Committee Meeting - Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
•
16-19 June 2012 : Thematic sessions organized by the Brazilian government – including one
on energy, Rio de Janeiro
•
20-22 June 2012, Rio+20 UN Conference on Sustainable Development - Rio de Janeiro,
Brazil
There are additional planned meetings which we will not being attending
2014/04/23
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Carbon Disclosure Project: Eskom as Best
Practice Example
In early 2011, the Board of Eskom approved the Water Conservation /
Water Demand Management Programme (WCWDM) as a strategic
initiative.
The five year programme extends from 2012 to 2016.
The objective of the WCWDM programme is to,
1.
optimise water consumption and manage water demand,
2.
promote conservation and protection of freshwater resources, and
3.
champion WCWDM practices.
Eskom’s strategy is based on a multi-pronged approach working with
regulatory bodies, suppliers, customers (demand side management) as
well as implementation of best water management practices and good
housekeeping towards efficient water utilisation at the power station
level.
Source: CDP Water Disclosure South Africa Report 2011
THE FUTURE
Opportunities to Improve
Opportunities
Energy Diversification
Energy Efficiency
Southern African Power Pool and Hydro
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Diversification: Government’s large scale
renewable energy procurement programme
The South Africa’s Integrated Resource Plan (IRP) for electricity envisages
that independent power producers (IPPs) and State utility Eskom will build a
combined renewables base of 17,800 MW by 2030.
During August 2011, the South African Government took the first step in this
multidecade clean-energy investment programme by inviting tenders for
renewable capacity to be developed by independent power producers.
53 bids, representing some 2,100 MW of potential capacity, were received by
the DoE during this first bidding window. On 7 December 2011 the DOE
announced the first 28 successful renewable bidders for a total of 1,415.5
MW capacity. The preferred bidders named included 18 solar photovoltaic
(PV) projects, eight onshore wind projects and two concentrated solar power
(CSP) projects.
This round of tenders was the first of potentially 5 bidding windows. The
second bidding window closed on March 5, 2012 with 79 tenders representing
3 233 MW of potential power generation capacity.
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Tactical diversification options
Using renewable energy technologies for water
services is able to address both the need for energy
and the need for water services in the most
vulnerable areas.
Wind and solar photovoltaic renewable energy
technologies use hardly any water and are
therefore the energy technologies of choice in
water-scarce remote areas which are not
connected to the national electricity grid.
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Extending energy conservation to renewable
energy sources
Optimal energy usage requires a
combination of energy efficiency and
small-scale renewable energy
interventions.
Accordingly several initiatives,
including India’s Ministry of Power
and Canada’s Clean Air Partnership,
have broadened their definitions of
DSM to incorporate
green/renewable energy.
Eskom IDM, in consultation with
NERSA, is hoping to follow suit.
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Energy Efficiency
Altering consumer behaviour:
Demand must be decreased
Efficiency must be increased
Achieved through Integrated Demand Management (IDM)
programmes
Every kWh saved also saves ~1.5 liters of water and 1 kg
of coal
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IDM activities previously focused primarily on
three areas
Industrial and mining
process optimisation &
efficiency upgrades
Mass rollouts
(mainly of CFLs)
Solar Water Heaters
(high and low pressure
systems)
164
527
1,440
48
2,006
6,667
43.5 m
38,731
84,677
30
60
projects
megawatts
gigawatthours/annum
projects
megawatts
gigawatthours/annum
CFLs rolled out 2004-2010
high pressure systems
low pressure systems
megawatts
gigawatthours/annum
Typical energy savings projects undertaken
Total Mining sector Savings = 287MW @ R613 million
Pumping Demand Savings = 143MW Eg. Union Mine
Compressor Management
Demand Savings = 76MW
Eg. Cooke Mine
Fridge Plants
Demand Savings = 35MW
Eg. Harmony Mine
Winders & VSD & Other
Demand Savings = 34MW
Eg. Bambanani Mine
Targets, Year to Date and Cumulative Verified
GWh Savings as at 31 March 2011
8000
7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
2003*
Eskom Target GWh
Verified YTD GWh
Cumulative YTD Verified GWh
4.1
4.1
2004
59.5
63.5
2005-3
month
period
52.1
115.6
2005/6
75.5
191.2
Figures shown for the 2003 financial year are inclusive of the cumulative
savings since DSM inception
Cumulative YTD verified savings represents the savings achieved for the
2010/11 reporting period
2006/7
699.0
890.2
2007/8
1499.3
2389.5
2008/9
2009/10 2010/11
2304.7
4694.2
429.0
1415.1
6109.3
995.1
706.8
6816.1
Total Verified Energy
Savings since inception:
19 158.0 GWh
Waste heat recovery enables economic and
ecological efficiency improvements
67%
percentage of E2PM*
participants, who
identified waste heat
recovery as a key
efficiency intervention
(second most common
intervention in the
programme)
The recovery of heat and water in
the production process and
reintroducing these streams back into
the originating process offers
significant improvement to the
efficiency of the operation and
ultimately makes business sense as
the operating costs are reduced.
| Sources: Eco-efficiency opportunities fact sheet. Manufacturers and Processors: Waste Heat. Compiled by the Eco-Efficiency Centre, a non- profit, nongovernment educational and environmental management support centre for small- and medium-sized enterprises in Nova Scotia.
* Eco-Efficiency Program for Manufacturers (E2PM) that ran from 1998 t0 2009.
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Blue is the next green
Globally energy savings initiatives are expanding to
incorporate water saving opportunities.
Australia, similarly water stressed to South Africa, introduced
water into their efficient building pursuit and now requires new
residential buildings and all major renovations across all
states to comply with 5-Star energy and water efficiency
rating (or similar e.g. BASIX (Building Standards
Sustainability Index).
Water and energy conservation have spurted innovation and
the use of more conservation-oriented fixtures, rainwater
recovery systems and innovative new water technologies.
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Water-energy nexus gain stature for corporate
risk management
Several recent developments herald a time of closer
attention to water footprints and related energy risks in
the corporate world.
One positive step is the initiation and inaugural report
of 175 companies in the CDP’s water disclosure
program (in which Eskom voluntarily participated).
Another significant step is the 2011 publication of a
water footprint assessment manual by the water
footprint network following extensive stakeholder
consultation.
| Sources: http://www.waterfootprint.org/
http://www.environmentalleader.com/2011/05/05/corporate-water-energy-footprint-critical-work-for-risk-management/
Various industries are adopting water and
energy conservation strategies
BEST winery benchmarking and water and energy savings
tool developed by Lawrence Berkley laboratories that rates
and benchmarks wineries in terms of energy and water
usage. Wineries are assessed and rated using an Energy
Intensity Index (EII) and Water Intensity Index (WII).
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Low flow toilets and water savings devices for
energy efficiency?
Combined water and energy
conservation address both
pressing issues of energy and
water supply constraints.
Water efficiency contributes to
local water heating requirements,
but also saves energy associated
with water treatment , storage,
pumping and distribution.
Low flow toilets reduce water
usage by between 50 and 80%.
An individual may therefore
save up to 2,271 litres of water
a month.
The energy use for pumping
and treating of potable
water for domestic and
industrial use is estimated
at between 2 – 3 % of total
consumption of which 25%
can potentially be saved*.
Low flow faucets and
showerheads also reduce water
consumption and hot water
consumption (i.e. water heating
needs).
*47
Statistics reported by the USAID Watergy Initiative
Southern African Power Pool and Hydro
CLOSING
No Technology is Inherently Good or Bad
The appropriateness
of a technology
depends on the local
situation and the
resources
available
Source: WEF, Thirsty Energy: Water and Energy in the 21st Century
The Interconnectedness of Things
Source: http://infrascapedesign.files.wordpress.com/2011/07/wef-risks-interconnection-map-2011.jpg
Solutions require nuanced thinking
Because the water, food, and energy nexus involves so
many complex interactions, it can be difficult to approach.
It is imperative to find solutions that integrate food, water
and energy.
Solutions require dialogue and collaboration
Countries should learn from the mistakes of
others. Improving communication will encourage making
decisions based on appropriate data, promote progress in
one sector or region while not harming progress in another,
and support collaboration to find the most effective
solutions.
Solutions require increased efficiency
There is an urgent need for increasing resource productivity,
improving efficiency, and reducing waste to produce more
with less.
Eco-Logic
The more complex the system, the
greater the risk of systemic breakdown,
but also the greater the potential for
opportunity
http://www.flickr.com/photos/oybay/124575945/
Thank You
www.eskom.co.za
www.eskomidm.co.za