THE STUDY OF SEAWEED Glacilaria sp. FOR DECREASING

THE STUDY OF SEAWEED Glacilaria sp. FOR DECREASING
CHOLESTEROL LEVEL IN BLOOD SERUM"'
Hardoko1
ABSTRACT
The study of how Gracilaria sp seaweed consumption toward blood cholesterol
was done using male wistar rats (Ratus norvegicus). Rats were fed with high cholesterol ransom up to hyper-cholesterol stage. After wards rats were fed by ransom with 0%
(standard ransom), 55, 10%, and 15% Gracilaria sp. The result showed that the decrease
of blood cholesterol and triglyceride went faster as the concentration of Gracilaria
sp. given went higher. Ransom with 15% Gracilaria sp was able to decrease blood
cholesterol and triglyceride from hyper-cholesterol to normal on day 12 and 9. Ransom
with 10% of Gracilaria sp. was able to normalized triglyceride on day 12, but wasn't able
to normalize cholesterol level up to day 18. Ransom with 5% Gracilaria sp wasn't able
to normalize both cholesterol and blood triglyceride level up to day 18. Generally HDL
cholesterol level tend to decrease as the Gracilaria sp in ransom increased, although
the amount was still above normal HDL level. Blood LDL cholesterol decreased up to
day 6 and then to increase, although the amount was still under normal level.
Keywords: Gracilaria sp; Cholesterol, tryglyceride
INTRODUCTION
Gracilaria sp is a member of red algae (Rhodophyceae) its major Characteristics are deep red color, long and rough thallus, damp, and usually a little
dry (Sugiarto era/., 1978; Nasran, 1992). This kind of seaweed mostly can be
found along the west and southern cost of Java, Karimun Island, Riau, Nusa
Tenggara and Maluku (Atmaja and Sulistijo, 1983).
It is known that Gracilaria sp contains of 27.2% water, 1.3% protein, 1.2%
fat, 4.0% ash, and 67.22% carbohydrate (Angka and Suhartono, 2000). Most
of the carbohydrate are colloid forming polysacharide and it is dominated by
agar-agar (Susanto, 2002) up to 47.34% (Kadi and Atmaja, 1988).
Dreher (1987) stated that gums isolated from seaweed can be categorized
into insoluble and soluble dietary fiber. Dietary fiber influences the body's physio1
Faculty of Fishery, Unibraw- Malang and Dept. of Food Technology, UPH
•* Pernah dipresentasikan dalam Asean Food Conference 8-10 Agustus 2005
Jurnal llmu dan Teknologi Pangan, Vol. 3, No. 2, Oktober 2005
47
logy both directly and indirectly. Dietary fiber can directly affect the bowel system,
limit calorie intake, shorten transit time, affect digestive enzymes, add feces and
increase bacterial growth. Dietary fiber can also indirectly modify lipid metabolism
which can control cholesterol and blood sugar level in a long term.
The ability of certain dietary fiber in decreasing cholesterol level vary
according to its kind and where it come from. Dreher (1987) stated that soluble
dietary fiber such as guar gum, gum Arabic, locust bean gum, and pectin tend
to be more effective in decreasing total cholesterol and blood LDL. Insoluble
dietary fiber such as wheat brand, cellulose, vegetables, and soy skin are
less effectives in affecting hyper-cholesterol level. Seaweed is believe to have
even higher content of soluble dietary fiber.
Since there are so many kinds of seaweed in Indonesia, it is important to
know how each of them affect blood lipid. This essay will explore the ability of
Gracilaria sp. seaweed in decreasing blood lipid.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Materials
The main material examined in this research is dry seaweed of Gracilaria
sp., achieved from 'Akar Mas' store seaweed distributor from Bali and surrounding
island, located in Jalan Kolonel Sugiono, Malang. Other materials used are
ransom materials, chemical for proximate analysis, dietary fiber analysis, and
blood lipid analysis in experimental rats.
Rats and diets
Rats used in this research are 3-month male wistar rats (flatus novegicus),
weighing approximately 190.72 ± 3.86 gram, taken from "Laboratorium Unit
Pengembangan Hewan Percobaan" Gajah Mada University, Yogyakarta. Twenty
four rat were used and divided into four groups with feed 0% (standard ransom),
5%, 10%, and 15% Gracilaria sp. The rats were kept and fed in ad libitum level.
During the first stage, rats were adapted for 7 days with standard ransom
(Table 1). Then the blood cholesterol was increased up to hyper-cholesterol
level by feeding them with ransom containing high fat and cholesterol (Table 2).
After the hyper-cholesterol level is reached, each rat given ransom according
to the treatments. The triglyceride, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol and LDL
cholesterol of blood were observed every 3 day up to day 18.
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Jurnal llmu dan Teknologi Pangan, Vol 3, No. 2, Oktober 2005
Table 1. Composition of standard ransom
Ingredient
Casein
Corn fat
Cellulose (CMC)
Mineral mix 1)
Vitamin mix
Com starch
Amount (%)
20
5
5
4
1
65
Note: 1) Muchtadi (1989)
Table 2. Composition of cholesterol ransom1*
Amount (%)
Ingredient
Casein
20
5
Com fat
5
Cellulosa (CMC)
4
Mineral mix''
1
Vitamin mix
Saturated cow fat
20
45
Com starch
Note: 1) Muchtadi (1989)
Table 3. Ingredient of mineral mix
Amount (g)
Type of Mineral
NaCI
Kl
KH2P04
MgS0 4 anhidrid
CaC0 3
FeS0 4 7H 2 0
MnS0 4 7H 2 0
ZnS0 4 7H 2 0
CuS0 4 5H 2 0
Co, 2 6H 2 0
139.3
0.79
389
57.3
381.4
27.0
4.01
0.548
0.477
0.023
Source: Muchtadi (1989)
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Tabel 4. Composition of vitamin mix* per tablet
Amount
Type of vitamin
1500 SI
Vitamin A
1 mg
Vitamin B,
0.5 mg
Vitamin B2
Vitamin B6
0.5 mg
10 mg
Nikotinamid
5mg
Ca Pentanoat
0.5 mg
Folic acid
Vitamin B.2
0.5 mg
Vitamin C
25 mg
150 SI
Vitamin D
Note: " Production by PT. Kimia Farma Bandung, Indonesia
Blood Sampling and Analysis
Before blood sampling, rats are kept in fasting stage for twelve hours.
Blood sampling was done through vena arbitalis in the eye using hematocrit.
Blood 1 cc was kept in ependorf and was centrifuged with 4000 rpm. The transparent liquid was taken as a serum and the total cholesterol, tryglyceride, HDL,
and LDL were analyzed enzymatically using Diagnostic CHOD-PAP made by
Dyasis Diagnostic System GmH and Co.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The Nutrient Composition of Seaweed Gracilaria sp.
Gracilaria sp. seaweed nutrient was determined by proximate and dietary
fiber analysis. The result of proximate analysis was shown in Table 5, while
the dietary fiber composition was shown in Table 6.
Table 5. Nutrient composition of dry seaweed Gracilaria sp.
Gracilaria sp
Type of compound
Water (%)
Mineral (%)
Protein (%)
Fat (%)
Carbohydrate by different (%)
50
27.66
3.34
0.91
0.80
67.29
Jurnal llmu dan Teknologi Pangan, Vol. 3, No. 2, Oktober 2005
Table 6. The dietary fiber composition of Gracilaha sp.
Type of fiber
Soluble dietary fiber (SDF)
Insoluble dietary fiber (IDF)
Amount (%)
9.18
57.40
Total dietary fiber (TDF)
66.58
Gracilaha sp is high in moisture content, but relatively low in ash, protein,
and fat (Table 5). In spite of these, the condition of Gracilaha sp still fulfilled
the standards for dry seaweed, since dry seaweed should contain of maximum
27.2% water,4% ash, 1,3% protein and 1.2% fat (Angka and Suhartono, 2000).
Gracilaha sp has higher dietary fiber content compared to land plant,
such as legumes (33-44%) (Komzan, 2001), vegetable and fruits (0.4-8.8%)
(Suyono, 2003). But dietary fiber content of Gracilaha sp shown in Table 6
is still lower than agar-agar powder (Salow Globe merk) which contains 73.4
TDF, 32,64 SDF and 47.4% IDF (Hardoko, 2004).
The Effect of Gracilaria sp to Blood Lipid
The amount of lipid serum for normal rats before treatment and after hypercholesterol stage is achieve was shown in Table 3.1. Hyper-cholesterolemic
condition was reached on day 6 after the rats were given high lipid ransom (Table
2.2). Hype-rcholesterol rat were more aggressive and their eyes had cataract
which will result into blindness if the ransom continues.
Gracilaha sp ransom caused changes of blood lipid in hyper-cholesterol
rats, shown in Figure 1, Figure 2, Figure 3, and Figure 4.
260.00
— 22000
f
|
18000
s
I- 140.00
100.00
0
3
6
9
12
15
18
Day
—-*— 6%GnWian«
—A—10XGrtCtari*
—«r—5N Gntcmcm
—O—15%Groc**io
Figure 1. The changing of blood tryglyceride
by consuming of Gracilaria sp.
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51
—*—0%Grabl«ta
—•—SSGndlm
—*—tmonciMa
•• * -NamtKha**
—0—u«GncHvu
Figure 2. The changing of total cholesterol
by consuming Gracilaria sp
9
12
15
ie
H.iy
0%GraaUru
10%Graalana
HlX-nomwl
—•—5%GndHna
— O — i5%Gradtara
Figure 3. The changing of HDL cholesterol
by consuming Gracilaria sp
60.00
^
2 45.00
^-»^
^r
£[ 30.00
W^**' n ""*
'***
^
15.00
0
•
3
6
9
Day
12
15
OS Gracilans
—•—5%Gradtone
10% Gractlana
—O—15%Gfaaiana
18
- • * -LDL-nofinal
Figure 4. The changing of LDL cholesterol
by consuming Gracilaria sp.
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Figure 1 and figure 2 showed that Gracilaria sp seaweed was able to
decrease triglyceride and total cholesterol level, both has almost the same
trends. The higher the Gracilaria sp content in ransom, the more the decrease
of triglyceride and total blood cholesterol level. Ransom with 15% Gracilaria
sp. decreased triglyceride and total cholesterol into normal in day 8 and 12
after consumption. Ransom with 10% of Gracilaria sp decreased triglyceride
level in 15 days, while its total cholesterol level hasn't reached normal condition
up today 18.
The ability of Gracilaria sp in decreasing total cholesterol and triglyceride
is slightly lower than 'Swalow Globe' agar powder. Hardoko (2004) reported that
15% agar powder was able to normalize cholesterol and triglyceride level on
day 9 and day 7, respectively. This difference may be caused by water content
of Gracilaria sp (27.66%), which is slightly higher than agar powder (15.7%
water). It may also be caused by lower dietary fiber in Gracilaria sp (66.58%)
compared to agar powder (73.24%).
The ability of Gracilaria sp in decreasing total cholesterol and triglyceride
level was assumingly connected to physico-chemical and functional properties
of it dietary fiber, in relation to the digestive system. Dreher (1987) stated that
certain kind of dietary fiber have water holding, cation - exchange , and organic
molecule (bile salt, cholesterol, etc.) adsorption capacity which may affect digestion and absorption of food.
The mechanism of how Gracilaria sp decrease triglyceride and total
cholesterol level is still not known up to this moment. But it is assumed that it is
related to cholesterol metabolism and absorption. Chen and Anderson (1986)
said that dietary fiber could affect serum cholesterol by reducing cholesterol
and bile acid absorption, by altering the metabolism and ratio of bile acids
absorbed, by changing intestinal secretion and hepatic production of lipoprotein
and by modifying the peripheral disposal of lipoprotein.
Furthermore, in Figure 3, the decrease of HDL was greater as the concentration of Gracilaria sp was higher, although HDL level is still above the
normal level. In Figure 4, it is shown that Gracilaria sp consumption increased
blood LDL level until day 6, but still under normal level. This may be related
to the function of HDL and LDL in lipid transport or metabolism. According to
BNF (1992) and Wiajaya (1993), HDL transports lipid to the liver in order to
undergo catabolised, while LDL transport lipid from endogenous synthesis to
peripheral tissues. These function run in accordance to lipid adsorption and
how lipid is metabolized in the body tissues.
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53
CONCLUSION
Gracilaria sp seaweed was able to decrease triglyceride and total blood
cholesterol while keeping the HDI and LDL level under normal condition.
The higher the concentration of Gracilaria sp. consumed, the faster the
decrease of triglyceride and total blood cholesterol.
The fastest decrease in blood cholesterol occurred in 15% Gracilaria sp
consumtion, which is able to decrease tryglyceride and total cholesterol from
hyper-cholesterol to normal level in day 9 and day 12 after consumption.
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