Neutron Sources

Transcription

Neutron Sources

www.cnr.it/neutronielucedisincrotrone
NOTIZIARIO
Neutroni e Luce di Sincrotrone
Rivista del
Consiglio Nazionale
delle Ricerche
SUMMARY
Cover photo:
CAD drawing of BEAR
experimental room
EDITORIAL NEWS
Well Deserved Prize for Jack Carpenter ............................ 2
I. Anderson
SCIENTIFIC REVIEWS
Using Neutrons to Track Ancient Pottery
Firing Technology ...................................................................... 3
A. Botti, A. Sodo, M.A. Ricci
NOTIZIARIO
Neutroni e Luce di Sincrotrone
published by CNR in collaboration
with the Faculty of Sciences and the
Physics Department of the University
of Rome “Tor Vergata”.
Vol. 12 n. 1 Gennaio 2007
Autorizzazione del Tribunale di
Roma n. 124/96 del 22-03-96
EDITOR:
BEAR: a Bending Magnet for Emission Absorption
and Reflectivity .......................................................................... 8
S. Nannarone, A. Giglia, N. Mahne, A. De Luisa, B. Doyle,
F. Borgatti, M. Pedio, L. Pasquali, G. Naletto, M.G. Pelizzo,
G. Tondello
MUON & NEUTRON & SYNCHROTRON RADIATION NEWS
C. Andreani
EXECUTIVE EDITORS:
News from ESRF ..................................................................... 20
M. Apice, P. Bosi, D. Catena,
P. Giugni
News from ILL ........................................................................ 20
EDITORIAL OFFICE:
L. Avaldi, F. Bruni, S. Imberti,
G. Paolucci, R. Triolo, M. Zoppi
EDITORIAL SERVICE AND ADVERTISING
FOR EUROPE AND USA:
P. Casella
News from LCLS ..................................................................... 24
News from NCXT ................................................................... 25
News from NMI3 .................................................................... 25
CORRESPONDENTS AND FACILITIES:
J. Bellingham (NMI3)
M. Bertolo (I3-IA-SFS)
A.E. Ekkebus (SNS)
ON LINE VERSION:
V. Buttaro
CONTRIBUTORS TO THIS ISSUE:
M. Capellas Espuny
G. Cicognani
GRAPHIC AND PRINTING:
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Finito di stampare
nel mese di Gennaio 2007
News from SNS........................................................................ 32
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PREVIOUS ISSUES AND
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Università degli Studi
di Roma “Tor Vergata”
Tel: +39 06 72594560
E-mail: [email protected]
Vol. 12 n. 1 January 2007
34
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43
EDITORIAL
Well Deserved Prize for Jack Carpenter
tion and time-of-flight measurements to study structure
and dynamics of materials. His patented design for the
moderator-reflector combination is at the heart of modern pulsed neutron sources. Since the IPNS was completed in 1981, Jack’s competence and skills have been called
on by facilities all over the world for advice on the development of spallation sources including the KEK in
Japan, ISIS in the United Kingdom, the Lujan Center at
Los Alamos National Laboratory, Austron in Austria,
J-PARC in Japan, and ESS in Europe.
He was heavily involved in the world’s brightest pulsed
neutron source, the Spallation Neutron Source at Oak
Carla Andreani and John Carpenter, during the Progress in Electron Volt
Neutron Spectroscopy Workshop, held at the SNS, ORNL, October 2006.
Ridge National Laboratory which produced first neutrons in April of this year. He is already working on the
design of the next target station for SNS! Jack’s contribu-
John Carpenter, better known as Jack to his friends and
tions to developing pulsed-source instrumentation and
colleagues, received the 2006 Clifford G. Shull Prize from
coupling neutron source performance and instrument
the Neutron Scattering Society of America for his
design have expanded the use of pulsed neutron sources
groundbreaking work developing neutron sources and
to a broad range of scientific endeavors.
instrumentation. The award was presented during the
Despite his formidable reputation, Jack is known to his
American Conference on Neutron Scattering, June 18-
friends and colleagues as a gentleman and a modest,
22, held in St. Charles, Illinois.
unassuming man.
Jack, technical director at Argonne National Laboratory’s
Congratulations Jack!
Intense Pulsed Neutron Source, is receiving the award
Ian Anderson
«for seminal contributions to the development of neu-
Spallation Neutron Source
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
tron sources and instrumentation that have had worldwide impact on neutron scattering across a broad range
of scientific disciplines, culminating in the optimized design of the Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) at Oak
Ridge». The Clifford G. Shull Prize in Neutron Science is
named in honor of Clifford G. Schull, who shared the
FOR INFORMATION ON:
Conference Announcements and Advertising
for Europe and US, rates and inserts can be
found at:
Nobel Prize in physics in 1994 with Bertram Brockhouse
for pioneering developments in neutron science.
www.cnr.it/neutronielucedisincrotrone
Jack, fondly known as the father of the modern Spallation Neutron Source, played a pivotal role in developing
pulsed neutron sources across the globe, including the
founding of IPNS. He pioneered exploitation of the inherent efficiency of the spallation process for producing
neutrons, together with the advantages of pulsed opera-
NOTIZIARIO NEUTRONI E LUCE DI SINCROTRONE
2
•
Pina Casella
Tel. +39 06 72594117
SCIENTIFIC REVIEWS
Using Neutrons to Track Ancient Pottery
Firing Technology
A. Botti, A. Sodo, M.A. Ricci
Dipartimento di Fisica “E. Amaldi”, Università degli Studi
di Roma TRE, Via della Vasca Navale 84, 00146 Roma, Italy
Pottery finds are challenging systems; because they combine the physical complexity which originates from the
coexistence of an amorphous phase and a crystalline
phase in the same sample, with the charming richness of
the historical information delivered if properly interrogated. Recent [1] [2] [3] and less recent [4] probing methods have enriched the classical approach of the archaeologists. The archaeometric investigation of the finds can
give access to a quite diverse number of physical-chemical information, including the composition in terms of
elements [5] and minerals [1] [6], the structural properties on the mesoscopic scale [2] up to the macroscopic inhomogeneities [7] [8] [9].
The mesoscopic structure investigated through small angle neutron scattering (SANS) gives information about
the size and surface characteristics of the aggregates of
minerals. These parameters are sensitive to the firing
technology used in the production process. In the following we will show the correlation of these parameters
with the archaeological age of the finds from the excavation sites of Miseno an Cuma, and suggest inferences on
the technological choices made over the centuries.
The interpretation of the SANS data is also based the simultaneous knowledge of the mineral phase content of
the sherds, as probed by Time of Flight Neutron Diffraction (TOF-ND) measurements. During the Roman Age,
the harbour of Miseno was the biggest military harbour
s.n.
of the Mediterranean. After its conversion into a commercial harbour, it kept its activity until it was ceded to
the Aghlabids Arabs from Sicily by the Duchy of Naples.
It was finally abandoned in the second half of the 9th
century AD. The early production of ceramics in Miseno
is characterized by a careful manufacture and a selective
choice of the shape of the pottery mainly designed for
carriage of foodstuffs [10,11]. This typology tends to disappear during the 8th century AD, while other typologies of products made in Miseno continue to exist with
continuity until the 9th century AD and are known as
“broad band ceramic”, after their decoration made by
rags or paint brush.
The stylistic evaluation suggests a new employment and
ownership of the facilities, possibly associated to a technological evolution: this is one of the issues that we want
to tackle. It has to be stressed that the samples examined
here have been found in the same site, called ‘‘Località
Cudemo’’, where two kilns have been discovered. The
two kilns were never operative at the same time, nevertheless, the finds belong to the same typology.
The second kiln was indeed constructed on top of the
first one after its voluntary burial. In the area, there is no
evidence of other facilities after the 9th century AD. Together with Miseno there were other important centres in
the Phlegrean area: Cuma, Pozzuoli and Ischia. In these
places production indicators have been found, such as
Century Type
Technique d
Rg
s.n.
Century
Type
Technique
d
Rg
8th-11th
7th-8th
7th-8th
8th-11th
7th-8th
comm.
comm.
comm.
comm.
comm.
SANS
ND
ND-SANS
SANS
ND-SANS
3.28
281
3.53
3.34
3.54
441
551
404
C8
C11
C12
C15
C17
7th-8th
7th-8th
6th-8th
6th-8th
6th-8th
comm.
comm.
amph.
amph.
amph.
ND-SANS
SANS
ND-SANS
ND-SANS
ND-SANS
3.46
3.70
3.43
3.55
3.45
435
418
418
370
422
6th-8th
6th-8th
6th-8th
7th-8th
amph.
amph.
amph.
comm
ND-SANS
ND-SANS
ND-SANS
ND-SANS
3.75
3.67
3.77
3.45
405
350
376
378
M10
M11
M12
M8
7th-8th
11th-13th
11th-13th
7th-8th
comm.
comm.
comm.
comm
ND-SANS
SANS
ND-SANS
ND-SANS
3.34
3.25
3.52
3.58
515
289
523
481
Cuma
C1
C2
C3
C4
C5
Miseno
M3
M4
M6
M7
Table 1: List of the samples from Cuma and Miseno. In the table are reported the dating given by the archaeologists, the typology of use and the diffraction technique used. Rg [Å] and d are radius of gyration and the fractal dimension of aggregates/voids, respectively. Error bars on d and Rg values are
of the order of 1% and 10%, respectively.
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SCIENTIFIC REVIEWS
kiln rejects, although no kiln itself has ever been localized. We have focused our attention on the finds from
Cuma which present similar artistic features to those
from Miseno. The underlying question is whether they
also present comparable microscopic characteristics.
The archaeological samples are listed in Table 1.
They belong to the ceramic production developed in the
Analysis of the SANS data
The radius of gyration Rg and the fractal dimension d, as
obtained from the fitting procedure, are reported in
Table 1.
The experimental determination of Rg suffers the bias
introduced by possible multiple scattering effects. On
the contrary, the most reliable parameter is the fractal di-
Figure 1. Measured (black line) and fitted (red line) SANS and TOF-ND
intensity (enlarged in the inset) for M6 sample.
Figure 2: History of the fractal exponent d for samples coming from
Miseno (blue symbols) and Cuma (red symbols). The data relative to the
12th century have been reported with a different symbol (triangles), since
they have been produced at a different kiln.
south of Italy during the 6th-12th centuries discovered in
Miseno (Mn samples) and Cuma (Cn samples).
Three different typologies may be distinguished: transport amphorae, common ‘‘broad band ceramic’’ and two
fragments of common ceramic from the 12th century AD
from the area of Miseno; the latter samples have indeed
been dated by the archaeologists after local production
had ceased [10,11].
In the Miseno area there are no clay deposit. In the same
table are reported the diffraction techniques that have
been used and the dating ranges given by the archaeologists. Small angle neutron scattering measurements have
been carried out on KWS1 diffractometer, which was operative till May 2006 at DIDO reactor of Forschungszentrum Jülich. Time of flight neutron diffraction experiment were performed on ROTAX diffractometer, installed at pulsed neutron source ISIS of Rutherford Appleton Laboratories.
The experimental procedure is absolutely non destructive and the samples have been exposed to the beam
without any specific preparation.
A diffraction pattern in the complete Q range explored
by both instruments is shown in fig. 1 as an example.
Its best fit according to the Beaucage model [12], concerning the SANS part, and by Rietveld analysis [13],
for the TOF-ND range, is represented with a red line.
mension of the voids/clusters, or equivalently the slope
d of the high Q tail. The behaviour of this parameter
with respect to the age of the samples is depicted in fig.2.
The abscissas have been calculated as the average value
of the archaeological dating.
The samples of Cuma and Miseno share a similar behaviour: d decreases from higher values for the older samples to lower values for the more recent ones.
This can be considered as the history of d: In principle,
this history could have no regularity, in the present case
on the contrary it tells us that the more recent ceramic
productions have mesoscopic structures with a rougher
surface with respect to the older ones.
Using the information coming from the study of reference samples, prepared with different maximum firing
temperature, heating rate and composition, it is possible to state that higher maximum firing temperatures
corresponds to higher values of d [3]: that the smoothness of the aggregates surface increases with the firing
temperature.
Moreover the dependence of d from the temperature is
linear, with a slope that is composition independent. [3]
This implies that the maximum firing temperature of the
pottery find of Cuma and Miseno has been lowered in
time. SANS analysis cannot, however, quantify the
change in maximum firing temperature, when the mi-
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croscopic composition is unknown. The latter information can be obtained complementing SANS results with
mineralogical analysis. [3]
In order to justify the differences between the data for
samples M11 and M12, we remind that Miseno kiln
ceased to produce pottery in the 9th century.
This means the 12th century pottery sherds from Miseno
area were likely fired in a different kiln (or kilns) than
the earlier Miseno samples.
Analysis of the ROTAX data
The Rietveld analysis included in the model the following phases: quartz [14], calcite [15], dolomite [16], orthoclase [17], bytownite [18], muscovite [19], haematite
[20] and spinel [21]. The fitted parameters are: phase
fractions; d-spacing zero shift; one common DebyeWaller factor for all the minerals except for muscovite
which was kept constant (u=0.8 Å2) and the lattice parameters for quartz. Once the phase fraction of muscovite has been removed from the composition, the remaining phases, compiled in Table 2, have been normalized to one.
A better comprehension of the clustering and grouping
of the samples can be achieved calculating their distance
with respect to a ‘‘mean sample’’, where the weight fraction of a phase in the ‘‘mean sample’’ is equal to the average of all the measured weight fractions of that phase
in all the sample selected for comparison.
In Appendix A the analytical definitions of distance and
“mean sample” are described.
s.n.
Quartz
Orthoclase Bytownite
In fig. 3 we show the distance plot for Cuma and
Miseno samples. They gather in two groups with a consistent overlapping and different spread. The samples
of Miseno have been found close to the kiln where they
were produced and this could explain why they group
together around -2. As already mentioned, in Miseno
there is no clay deposit, so that raw materials must
Figure 3: Distance plot for samples from Miseno (blue bars) and Cuma
(red bars).
q/m
Hematite
Calcite
Dolomite
Spinel
Cuma
C2
C3
C5
C8
C12
C15
C17
0.46
0.38
0.38
0.60
0.29
0.39
0.44
0.17
0.16
0.18
0.22
0.21
0.16
0.19
0.31
0.39
0.33
0.00
0.39
0.34
0.22
0.80
0.74
1.16
1.16
0.76
0.85
1.85
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.03
0.06
0.05
0.10
,0.18
0.10
0.09
0.03
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.07
0.38
0.39
0.53
0.61
0.43
0.51
0.39
0.21
0.21
0.13
0.14
0.21
0.20
0.23
0.39
0.39
0.21
0.24
0.35
0.20
0.35
1.00
0.72
1.05
1.01
0.50
1.21
1.13
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.00
0.00
0.12
0.00
0.00
0.08
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Miseno
M3
M4
M6
M7
M8
M10
M12
Table 2: Phase fractions relative abundance for the Cuma and Miseno samples, once the muscovite phase fraction has been removed. The q/m column
represents the ratio of the phase fraction of quartz over that one of muscovite.
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SCIENTIFIC REVIEWS
have been transported from somewhere else. The data
indicate that the source of the raw clay was kept
throughout the years.
The homogeneity of the material in Miseno is confirmed
also by mineralogical and petrographic analysis. On the
contrary, the finds from Cuma have a broader distribution in terms of the distance parameter, i.e. the mineralogical composition. This suggests that they were produced elsewhere and brought to Cuma (where no kiln
has been found so far), or on the contrary, that the raw
materials have been imported from more than one place.
Following the same procedure of Appendix A, a similar
comparison can be done including samples with known
composition and firing conditions. If ancient and reference sherds have close composition, then it is possible to
use the d vs T plot of the reference samples as calibration
curve for the medieval sherds. [3]
When this procedure is applied to the finds of Miseno
and Cuma, the results of fig. 1 suggests that the maximum firing temperature has been reduced on average
from about 900-1000 °C to about 700-800 °C over the period ranging from the 7th century to the 12th century AD.
This inference is confirmed by the small amount of calcite in the composition of almost all the investigated
samples [22].
The proximity of the two communities of Cuma and
Miseno could be the reason for a similar d history, either
due to an exchange of goods or due to a technological
osmosis. Samples from the 12th century deserve a cautious consideration, since they cannot belong to the same
kiln of Miseno as the others, and because of the small
number of experimental determinations; nevertheless,
the results on these samples suggest that they have been
produced in the same region, with similar technology.
Appendix A
The result of the Rietveld analysis is an array of values Aj=[ph1,j;ph2,j;.;phm,j], where j=1...N labels the sample and m=1...kj the mineral phases, which describes
both qualitatively and quantitatively the mineral
phase content of each sample. It is then assumed that
samples manufactured from the same clay, with the
same firing history have the same content in terms of
mineral phases, while different firing histories may
determine the loss of a particular phase and/or the
appearance of a new component.
At this stage it may be useful to gather the samples in
groups according to their distance with respect to a
‘‘mean sample’’. The latter is defined starting from the
arrays of all the N measured samples and is defined to
contain n phases: the mean sample exhibits all the (n≥k)
phases which appear at least in one of the real samples.
The weight fraction of a phase in the ‘‘mean sample’’ is
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equal to the average of all the measured weight fractions
of that phase:
Obviously, some of the n phases which are present in the
fictitious ‘‘mean sample’’ may be absent in a real sample.
In this case, the weight fraction for the absent n-k phases
in the real sample are set to zero:
The distance of the j-th sample from the ‘‘average’’ is
then defined as:
δ j assumes both positive and negative values, depending on the balance between the concentrations
of the different phases.
Possible compensation effects arising from positive and
negative terms can be monitored looking at both the total distance and the distance of the individual phases
(these comparisons have been done but the corresponding plots are not shown in the paper).
In the last equation each phase has almost the same
weight, so that a minority phase also contributes to the
unambiguous cataloguing of the samples.
Acknowledgment
The authors would like to acknowledge the ‘‘Sopraintendenza Archeologica di Napoli e Caserta’’, for kindly providing the archaeological samples.
These experiments on ROTAX have been performed
within the Agreement No. 01/901 between CCLRC and
CNR, concerning collaboration in scientific research at
the spallation neutron source ISIS and with partial financial support of CNR.
References
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M. Collins, J. Hiller, K. Nilsen. Archaeometry, 43 117 (2001).
SCIENTIFIC REVIEWS
3. A. Botti, M. A. Ricci, G. De Rossi, W. Kockelmann, A. Sodo. Journal of
Archaeological Science 33 307 (2006).
4. A. Castellano, M. Martini, E. Sibilia, Elementi di archeometria, Egea,
Milano 2002.
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J. Mitchell, L. Vagnetti, K. A. Wardle, S. Andreou. Archaeometry, 45
263 (2003); J. Buxeda I Garrigós, M. A. Cau Ontiveros, V. Kilikoglou.
Archaeometry 45 1 (2003); M. Bertelle, S. Calogero, G. Leotta, L.
Stievano, R. Salerno, R. Segnan. Journal of Archaeological Science 28 197
(2001); A. Pierret, C. J. Moran, L.-M. Bresson. Journal of Archaeological
Science 23 419 (1996).
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2002, pp. 835-846.
11. G. De Rossi, Proceedings of: La ceramica altomedievale in Italia. V
Congresso di Archeologia Medievale (CNR, Roma 26-27 November
2001), All‘Insegna del Giglio, Firenze, 2004.
12. G. Beaucage, Journal of Applied Crystallography 28 717 (1995).
13. H.M. Rietveld, Journal of Applied Crystallography 2 65 (1969).
14. J.D. Jorgensen, Journal of Applied Physiology 49 5473 (1978).
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187 (2002).
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BEAR: a Bending Magnet
for Emission Absorption and Reflectivity
S. Nannarone1, A. Giglia2, N. Mahne2, A. De Luisa2,
B. Doyle2, F. Borgatti2, M. Pedio2, L. Pasquali3,
G. Naletto4, M.G. Pelizzo4, G. Tondello4
1
TASC INFM-CNR SS 14 km 163,5 Trieste - Italy and Dip.
Abstract
The BEAR (Bending Magnet for Absorption Emission
and Reflectivity) apparatus is presented. The main parts
of the apparatus including the transport optics and the
experimental end stations are essentially described. A
number of scientific results are presented dealing with
on going activity at BEAR. They include optical properties of materials, studies of buried interfaces, diffuse interface scattering of light and the determination of electronic structure and local geometry of a chemisorbed
molecule on a metal surface.
Introduction
The BEAR (Bending magnet for emission, absorption
and reflectivity) apparatus [1] is operative at the Elettra
storage ring [2] located in the Science park area of Trieste, Italy. BEAR is positioned at the 8.1 bending magnet
exit of Elettra. The apparatus is conceived to exploit the
experimental possibilities provided by a photon beam
of tunable energy with variable ellipticity and selectable
helicity (right circular polarization - RCP, left circular
polarization - LCP) in the study of the interplay of electronic (magnetic included) and local structural properties of solid materials, surfaces and interfaces in the visible-soft X ray range. In fact a number of relevant aspects
are offered by this photon energy range including a
complete insight into the electronic structure giving access both to full and empty states of bulk [3], surfaces
and interfaces [4], collective effects [5] and magnetic
properties [6], joint density of states, local- atom selected
di Ingegneria dei materiali ed amb., Università di Modena e
Reggio Emilia; 2TASC INFM-CNR; 3Dip. di Ingegneria dei
materiali ed amb., Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia;
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LUXOR INFM-CNR
– atomic geometry, morphology [7] on a scale ranging
from Å [8] to tens of nm and surface or interface roughness [9]. The BEAR apparatus delivers photons in the 3
eV–1600 eV photon energy range. The experimental end
station is based on an ultra high vacuum (UHV) chamber which makes possible linear and circular dichroic
reflectivity and absorption measurements, diffuse light
scattering, energy resolved visible luminescence, energy
integrated fluorescence and angle resolved photoemission for valence band, core level and local structure
studies. A preparation chamber is connected in UHV to
the experimental chamber featuring surface and thin
films deposition and preparation equipment.
This paper is devoted to the presentation of the functioning principles and features of BEAR and of its performances as illustrated through a number of scientific
cases selected from the theme currently under study by
this apparatus. The paper is organized as follows. In
Sec.1 the transport and beam handling optics is presented. In Sec.2 the experimental end station including
preparation chamber and measurement chamber are
presented. Sec.3 is divided into a number of subsections
dealing with, in order, the determination of the optical
constants of materials, the study of buried interfaces by
Fig. 1. Optical source of BEAR: about 4 mρ of the 5500 mm circular
radius of the 8.1 bending magnet of Elettra are collected (3.3 mρ × 3.6 mρ
– vertical × horizontal) by the first optics. The intensity distribution as a
function of the angle Ψ with respect to the orbit plane is shown for three
photon energies. Light emitted with Ψ > 0 ( Ψ < 0) is right (left) circularly
polarized. The axes of the laboratory frame of reference are shown.
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Fig. 2. Transport, monochromatisation
and beam conditioning optics of
BEAR. Downstream along X axis of
the laboratory frame: beam position
monitor (BPM), helicity/ellipticity
selector, first parabolic mirror (P1),
plane mirror (M1), monochromatizing
section (normal incidence and grazing
incidence monochromator), second
parabolic mirror (P2), exit slits, filter
section, gas absorption cell, refocusing
elliptical mirror (E),
ivergence/helicity/ellipticity selector
and beam intensity monitor. The red
arrows indicate the degrees of
freedom of the optics.
combining standing field created in periodic stratified
structures (multilayers) and photoemission, the study of
interfaces by diffuse scattering and the determination of
electronic structure and local geometry of chemisorbed
molecules on metals.
1. Transport and handling optics
The optics of BEAR accepts, as shown in Fig. 1, 3.6 mrad
in horizontal and 3.3 mrad in vertical of the light emitted
by the arc of electron trajectory of the 8.1 bending magnet (radius 5.5 m) of Elettra. Assuming the laboratory
frame of reference as indicated in Fig.1 (x axis along the
beam direction, y axis horizontal and z vertical axis) the
electromagnetic field emitted by the arc of trajectory at
frequency w and along a direction forming an angle Ψ
with the orbit plane can be written as
(1)
Optical Element
P1
M1
M2
GNIM
G1
G2
P2
Refocussing mirror
According with the expressions for the radiation emitted
by an accelerated charged particle [10] the y and z components of the field are given by
(2)
where + → Ψ>0 and – → Ψ<0. Ai is an Airy function and
the other symbols have the usual meaning.
Consequently, at the source, the two components are
out of phase by a quantity δ = ± π/2 with the sign +(-)
for the radiation emitted above the orbit plane with
Ψ>0 (Ψ<0). This results in right circularly (RC) polarized emission for Ψ>0 and left circular polarized emission for Ψ<0, a fact exploited at BEAR – see below – to
Lines per mm
Focal distance
[m]
Coating
—
—
—
1200
1200
1800
—
—
12
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
2.3
1.5
Platinum
Platinum
Platinum
Platinum
Platinum
Platinum
Platinum
Platinum
Slope errors
RMS [arcsec]
Tang. x Sagitt.
2.5’’ ×
0.2’’ ×
0.2’’ ×
0.2’’ ×
0.2’’ ×
0.2’’ ×
2.5’’ ×
2.5’’ ×
2.5’’
0.2’’
0.2’’
0.2’’
0.2’’
0.2’’
2.5’’
5.0’’
RMS roughness
[Å]
≤5
≤5
≤5
≤5
3
2.5
≤5
3.0 - 4.2
Table 1. Main characteristics of the optical components of the BEAR beamline
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SCIENTIFIC REVIEWS
produce a beam of positive or negative helicity; indeed
a variable ellipticity is obtained – see below – by
changing the angular acceptance in Ψ, which affects the
E0y component as shown by the first of eq.’s (2). The
corresponding dependence of the total intensity is
shown in Fig.1 for three photon energies [11].
A schematic drawing of the beamline[12] is shown in Fig.
2. The optics do not have an entrance slit. The beam position is continuously monitored by a four quadrant
diode device (BPM), the output reading can be used to
correct the eventual drifts in energy of delivered photons
[13]. Downstream from the source the ellipticity/helicity
selector follows, its functioning is based on a slit of variable aperture (∆Ψ) and of variable vertical position. The
first optical element is a parabolic mirror (P1) working at
2.5° of grazing incidence defocusing the source into a
parallel beam (source in the focal point at 12000 mm).
The optics works in sagittal focusing to reduce the effects of slope errors in the dispersing plane (by a factor
equal to sin(2.5°) = 4.4x10-2 in this specific case). The dispersing/mochromatising section works in parallel light.
It features two plane gratings (1200 l/mm and 1800 l/mm)
working in the plane-mirror-plane-grating configuration (Naletto-Tondello) [14] and a third grating (1200
l/mm) working in a normal incidence configuration. A
second parabolic mirror (P2) working at 2.5° of grazing
angle focuses the dispersed light onto the exit slit
(placed in the focal point at 2300 mm). The couple of
parabolic mirrors feature a 5.2 demagnification. The
monochromatic beam is eventually refocused at the target position by an elliptical mirror working at 2.5° of
grazing incidence.
The refocusing optics feature 1:1 magnification. The
main characteristics of all the optical elements are listed
in Table 1.
A chamber containing selectable filters for high order
rejection and a gas cell for energy calibration and resolution measurement are placed in sequence between the
exit slit and the refocusing mirror.
The vertical and horizontal divergence selector (alternatively used as ellipticity/helicity selector when working
in the vertical plane) and the beam intensity monitor are
located between the refocusing optics and the experimental chamber. The latter features W and Au meshes of
90% and 65% transmission, respectively, working in
drain current and LiF beam splitter working at 60° combined with a EUV photodiode.→
The electric field at the target ET, in the laboratory frame
can be written as
where ηT = ETz/ ETy (related to ellipticity, see for instance
ref.[15]) and δT is the relative phase shift at the target.
Both quantities depend on the setting of the
ellipticity/helicity selector as described above; small influence on both ellipticity and phase shift can arise from
reflection on the optical elements, mainly in the region of
the edges of major contaminants (e.g. C and O).
Moreover the ellipticity results from an average of the z
component of the field on Ψ, depending on the settings
Fig. 3. Photon flux at the sample position with: stored current 200 mA,
beam energy 2.4 GeV, vertical slit aperture (dispersive plane) 50 µm,
normal incidence grating (3-40 eV) and grazing incidence grating (40 –
1600 eV).
(slit opening and vertical position) of polarization selector; the light dependence on Ψ of the incidence angle on
the optical elements, can introduce a weak Ψ dependence of δT which is averaged on the slit aperture.
The photon flux at the target position is shown in Fig.3
in the 3 eV – 1600 eV photon energy range with a spot
whose cross section is vertical slit (typically 30 µm) × 400
µm (variable) and whose maximum divergence is 20 mρ
vertical × horizontal.
The energy bandwidth as a function of photon energy is
shown in Fig.4 at different vertical exit slit apertures for
the 1200 l/mm grating (slightly smaller bandwidths are
obtained with the 1800 l/mm grating).
Single element multilayer polarimetry [16] is used to determine and monitor the linear, PL, and circular, PC , polarization ratios of the beam through the measurement
of Stokes parameters (S0, S1, S2 and ⏐S3⏐) [17] according
to the relations
;
(4)
(3)
Typical values range in the 30 – 100 eV photon energy
ranges from 0.5 to 0.8 (0.8 to 0.5) for PL (C). A PC ≈ 0.7
10
•
SCIENTIFIC REVIEWS
was obtained from circular magnetic dichroism at the Co
L23 edge (780 eV).
2. End station
The experimental chamber [18] is shown in fig.5 and
fig.6. The chamber is an UHV chamber (base pressure 1
x 10-10 mbar). The apparatus features a high flexibility
(together with high precision, repeatability and resolution in positioning of sample and detectors) in the choice
of the scattering geometries both from the point of view
of incidence and detection geometries.
The frames of reference of laboratory, ΩL, chamber, ΩC,
manipulator, ΩM are indicated in fig.5 (b) (the sample
frame of reference, ΩS – not indicated - coincides with ΩM
when the sample is aligned). The sample manipulator
features six degrees of freedom resulting from the XYZ
translation stage, and the combination of the rotation
ΘM, the azimuthal rotation ΦM and the sample normal
precession correction.
Once the sample is aligned (precession corrected and ΘM
axis intersecting the surface in the centre of rotation of
the chamber) the ΘM rotation actuates the rotation matrix
EUV-XUV photodiodes (typically IRD SXUV-100 silicon
photodiodes), emitted electrons by electron energy analyzer [19] (hemispherical, mean radius 66 mm, angular
acceptance ± 2°, energy resolution ~ 1% pass energy in
the range 1-50 eV, equipped with 16 anodes for parallel
acquisition) and sample drain current (femto-ammeter,
Keithley). Helmholtz coils for magnetic field compensation are provided.
(5)
Fig. 4. Energy bandwidth (experimental – dots; calculated full lines) as a
function of photon energy of BEAR in the 40 – 1400 eV energy range at
different vertical aperture of the exit slit.
while the ΨC rotation actuates the rotation matrix
(6)
The combination of the ΘM and ΨC settings permits the
positioning of the sample normal in any position in the
laboratory frame of reference; ΨC scans at fixed ΘM result
in sample normal to precess in the laboratory frame.
→
Combining the two rotations the electric field ET of eq.
(3) appears in the sample frame of reference in the form
The electron analyzer and four diodes are installed, as
shown in Fig.s 5 (a) and (b), on the joint arm of the experimental chamber featuring two mutually orthogonal
and independent rotations actuated by an in-air goniometer, ΘA, and by an in-vacuo ball bearing, ΦA. The
two rotations are represented by
(8)
(7)
This expression shows that by a suitable choice of the
couple of angles ΘM and ΨC a given component of the
impinging electric field can be positioned in any direction with respect to the sample normal.
Signal detection includes, basically, light detection by
Their combination allows to positioning a detector in
any position in the frame of reference of the sample independently from the values of ΘM and ΨC.
In Table 2 the angular accuracy range of different rotations are reported. The diameter of the confusion sphere
of the axes at the chamber center does not exceed 50 µm .
Angular detector scans make possible, among others, angle resolved photoemission and θ-2 θ reflectivity scans.
Optical absorption experiments can be performed both
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SCIENTIFIC REVIEWS
in transmission or by measuring sample drain current or
Auger or fluorescence yield. Diffuse light scattering experiments are feasible as well; possible modes include
rocking scans and offset detector scans with typical angular resolutions in the scattered wave vector of the order of 10-3 nm-1. Additional detectors include diodes in
fixed position and energy resolved visible luminescence.
Test spectra are shown in Fig.7 where the X-ray excited
luminescence from a BaF2 sample; Fig.7 (a) shows an excitation spectrum through the Ba M4,5 edges; and Fig.7
(b) the spectral response with a fixed incident photon
energy of 130 eV.
For the possibilities offered by luminescence see, for
example, [29] and [30] and referenes therein.
Sample temperature in the measurement position can
range from ≈100 K to ≈ 500 K.
The preparation chamber is shown in Fig.6. The sample
manipulator is shown and the ports where different
items are installed are indicated. They include a cylindrical mirror analyzer (CMA), evaporation section
(evaporation flange and thickness monitor), ion gun
(IG), low energy electron diffraction (LEED), load lock
and transfer arm.
The experimental chamber is shown rotated by an angle
ΨC = 45° around the beam axis. Sample temperature in
preparation chamber can range between 100 K and 1500 K.
Fig. 5. Experimental chamber: (a) CAD image: manipulator shaft, ΘM axis, alignment XYZ stage and goniometer with differentially pumped joints; ΘA
goniometer with differentially pumped joints and in-vacuo ΦA rotation; detector arm with electron analyzer and photo diodes; ΨC axis for chamber rotation around beam axis and differentially pumped joints and goniometers. (b) Conceptual of the experimental station, (mainly from the point of view of
rotations and translations of sample and detectors). Different frames of reference, associated to the different moving parts, are indicated. The shaft supporting the hemispherical electron analyser is also supporting photodiodes for reflectivity measurements. Light beam is directed along the xL axis.
Frame or Axis
Analyser arm goniometer, primary rotation ΘA
Analyser arm goniometer, secondary rotation ΦA
Chamber rotation ΨC
Manipulator arm goniometer ΘM
Manipulator xM translation
Manipulator yM translation
Manipulator zM translation
Manipulator azimuth rotation ΦM
Manipulator precession correction ΨP
Table 2. Linear and angular movements.
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•
Range
Resolution
360°
220° (± 110°)
100°
360°
± 5 mm
± 5 mm
20 mm
200°
3°
0.001°
0.01°
0.1°
0.001°
1 µm
1 µm
10 µm
0.1°
0.01°
SCIENTIFIC REVIEWS
3. Experiments
3.1 Optical constants
The wide optical range, the continuous spectrum due to
the bending magnet source and the end station in UHV
with surface science facilities make BEAR a powerful apparatus for the determination of optical constants of materials. Results related with the determination of the optical constants of Ce and Sc films are shown in Fig.8.
Both materials are of particular interest in the design and
construction of multilayer mirrors. Ce and Sc films were
prepared by evaporation on a substrate consisting of C
films of ~ 10 nm thickness deposited onto an electroformed hexagonal micro-grid of Nickel.
The experimental transmittances of Ce films of different
thicknesses evaporated in UHV onto an electron microscope nickel grid in the 5 eV – 1000 eV are reported in
Fig.8 (a) [20].
Experimental values of the real and imaginary part of
the index of refraction of Sc films are shown in Fig.8 (b)
and (c) [21] corresponding to the region of Sc M23 and Sc
L23, respectively. The extinction coefficient k(ω) was obtained by the Lambert law from transmission data at different thicknesses; δ(ω) was obtained from k(ω) through
Fig. 6. BEAR preparation chamber: sample manipulator, cylindrical mirror analyzer (CMA), evaporation section (evaporation flange and thickness monitor), ion gun (IG), low energy electron diffraction (LEED), load lock, transfer arm. Experimental chamber is shown when rotated of an angle of 45°
around the beam axis.
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SCIENTIFIC REVIEWS
a Kramers-Kronig transformation. The δ(ω) and k(ω) values obtained from data base of atomic scattering factors
[22] are shown for comparison.
3.2 Multilayers and buried interfaces
Multilayers are periodic stacks of layered materials widely used as band pass filters in optical technology [23].
The mirror reflectivity (Fig. 9 (a) and (b)) shows a
peaked dependence through a mechanism totally analogous to the Bragg diffraction from a crystal.
At Bragg peak a significant standing field is established
inside the material with the periodicity of multilayer
whose peaks and valleys move through the interfaces
while scanning in angle or in wavelength through the
Bragg condition. This fact results in a modulation of the
localization of maxima and minima of the exciting
field, in particular at the interfaces inside the multilayer an aspect which can be exploited in interface spectroscopy [24].
In Fig.9 the result of a photoemission study of the Ru-Si
interface, at fixed photon energy while scanning through
the Bragg peak of a [Si 41.2Å /Mo 39.6Å ]x40 multilayer
capped with 15 Å of Ru, is summarized [25]. A typical
photoemission spectrum in the region of Ru 3d excitation is shown together with the deconvolution into the
interface and bulk Ru components with the addition of a
small feature due to the emission from C 1s. The behavior in angle of the two Ru components is shown.
3.3 Interface diffuse scattering
Beside specular reflection, there is a contribution of diffuse scattering related to the roughness and the morphology of the interfaces [9].
These processes are of particular relevance in the performance of optical devices including mirrors and multilayers.
The process
is an elastic process whose
kinematics is giv→
→
→
→
→
en by KS = Ki + q z + q // where Ki is the wave-vector of
→
the incidence field, K S the wave-vector of the diffused
→
→
one and q z and q // are the normal and parallel component of the exchanged vector respectively. In this kind of
processes the interface roughness is commonly described by an autocorrelation
function of the form
→
2
⏐)
=
2σ
[1-e-(R/ξ)]
H(⏐x - x’⏐,⏐y
y’⏐)
=
H(⏐R
→
where R ≡ (x,y), σ the average roughness and ζ the autocorrelation length. In this framework the elastic scattering crossection is given by
Fig. 7. X-ray excited luminescence from a test BaF2 sample: (a) excitation
spectrum around the Ba M4,5 edges; (b) Spectral response at incident
photon energy of 130 eV.
→
and appears as the Fourier transform in q // of a potential
built in term of the autocorrelation function and of its
parameters σ and ζ.
14
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SCIENTIFIC REVIEWS
Fig. 8. Optical constants of materials: (a) transmittance of Ce samples at
different thicknesses as a function of photon energy in the 5 eV-1000 eV
~
range [20]; refraction index n (ω) = 1-δ(ω)+ik(ω) of Sc, experimental δ(ω)
and k(ω) in: (b) 20-60 eV range and (c) 200-600 eV range [21]. The values
obtained from the data base of atomic scattering factors [22] are shown
for comparison.
Fig. 9. Reflectivity study of [Si41.2Å/Mo39.6Å ]x 40 multilayer capped with 15
Å of Ru. Specular reflectivity in normal incidence (10°) (a) as a function
of the photon energy and (b) as a function of the grazing incidence angle
at photon energy =838 eV; (c): Standing field analysis of Ru/Si buried on
top of the Si-Mo multilayer with a photon energy of 838 eV. A typical
photoemission signal from Ru 3d is shown (see also text). The behavior of
the areas of the Ru 3d components in Ru and in ruthenium silicides as a
function of grazing angle are shown [25].
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SCIENTIFIC REVIEWS
specular peak indicating an improvement of planarity of
the interfaces.
Fig. 10. Diffuse scattering as a function of q// wave vector for
[Mo28Å/Si12Å]x40 and [Mo/ B4C /Si/B4C/Mo] x40. Full dots ion assisted
growth. Results were obtained in an ω−scan around the specular direction
(q// = 0) at 30° with a photon energy 94.7 eV (13.1 nm). After ref. [26].
The optical performance (peak reflectivity) of Mo-Si
multilayers was contrasted with the construction procedures including ion assistance during growth and the interposition of a B4C buffer layer between Si and Mo layers [26]. Ion assistance produces in both cases an increase of peak reflectivity ~ 5%. Diffuse scattering results
are summarized in Fig.10.
The inspection to the figure shows that ion assistance results in a narrower scattering distribution around the
16
•
3.4 Molecular thin films
In Fig. 11 the experimental results of a combined optical
absorption study in the near UV region in the HOMOLUMO interband transitions range and at the C K edge,
for local structural studies, are reported for polystyrene
thin films [27]. The films were prepared by spin coating
on fused quartz plates, with thickness from 50 nm
(~2Rg) to 180 nm (~9Rg), where Rg is the unperturbed
gyration ratio of the polymer. The UV spectra show clear
differences with thicknesses attributed to different reciprocal orientation of benzene ring dimers.
Pentacene (Pn, brute formula C22H14) is a π-conjugated
acene molecule formed by five π-conjugated C rings.
When deposited on solid substrates Pn can form a
“standing up” layer or a “lying down” configuration.
This latter geometry can hinder the formation of ordered
layers, a fact that can have technological relevance in the
field of organic electronics. Photoemission valence band
measurements and XAS spectra at C K-edge were collected for Pn thickness ranging from submonolayer to
multilayer [28]. The evolution of the XAS and VB photoemission spectra as a function of the Pn coverage are
shown in Fig. 12.
The dominant features were assigned to π resonances related to the various molecular occupied (3b2g, 2au and
3b3g) and unoccupied (labeled LUMO and LUMO+1)
states. The XAS spectra were measured as a function of
the electric field at the surface.
For all the coverages the intensity of the π resonances
show a strong dichroism. The evolution of the XAS for 1
ML when the sample normal is made to precess (scan in
ΨC at fixed incidence angle) is shown in Fig. 12. A quantitative analysis (see Fig. 13), based on the assumption
→ →
that the optical absorption is proportional to ⏐p .E ⏐2 and
by using the parameters of the impinging elliptical electromagnetic field, provides the average tilt angle of the
molecule with respect to surface of 10°± 5°.
Conclusions
The BEAR (Bending Magnet for Absorption Emission
and Reflectivity) was presented.
The main parts of the apparatus including the transport
optics and the experimental end stations were essentially
described. A number of scientific results were presented
dealing with at present on going activity at BEAR. They
included optical properties of materials, studies of
buried interfaces, diffuse interface scattering of light and
the determination of electronic structure and local geometry of polymers films and chemisorbed molecule on a
metal surface.
SCIENTIFIC REVIEWS
Fig. 11. Optical absorption of Polystyrine films: (A) optical absorption in the 4-9 eV photon energy range, upper panel film thickness of 180 nm ( ~9Rg),
lower panel 50nm (~2Rg) (B) optical absorption at C K-edge of 2Rg thick polystyrene at grazing incidence 20° at different direction of the incident electric field along a precession scan. From ref. [27].
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SCIENTIFIC REVIEWS
Fig. 12 Pentacene on Ag(111) as a function of coverage (for details see also text): (a) X-ray absorption at the CK edge; (b) valence band photoemission
with a photon energy of 60 eV [28]
Fig.13 X-ray absorption spectrum at the CK edge of 1 monolayer of pentacene on Ag(111): (a) absorption spectra versus sample normal precession, for
details see inset and text; (b) area of the first feature of resonance as a function of the molecule tilt angle (see also text) [28].
18
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SCIENTIFIC REVIEWS
Acknowledgments
Project funded by INFM and operated by TASC INFMCNR (http://www.tasc.infm.it/research/bear/ ) At the
apparatus is operative as public facility at Elettra
(http://www.elettra.trieste.it/UserOffice). Public access
started in January 2003,
S. D’Addato, S. Valeri, M. Sacchi for their contribution in
the early conception of the project. P. Finetti, G. Selvaggi,
G. Gazzadi for their help in different stages of construction and commissioning of the apparatus.
The collaboration with Sincrotrone Trieste spa is acknowledged.
The technical and administrative services of TASC are
acknowledged recalling the invaluable assistance of mechanical service (P. Bertoch, A. Gruden, P.F. Salvador).
G. Paolicelli and G. Stefani are acknowledged for their
assistance in design, construction and commissioning of
the electron analyzer.
References
1. http://www.tasc.infm.it/research/bear/;
2. http:// www.elettra.trieste.it;
3. See for example “Photoemission in Solids” Vol II Eds. L. Ley and M.
Cardona Springer Verlag Berlin (1979).
4. N.V.Smith, F. J. Himpsel “Photoelectron Spectroscopy” in “Handbook
on Synchrotron Radiation” Vol. 1b eds. E.-E. Koch, North Holland,
NewYork (1983);
5. M. Sunjic and D. Sokcevic, Solid State Commun. 15(1974)165;
6. J. Stöhr Journal of Electron Spectroscopy and Related Phenomena 75 (1995)
253;W. L. O’Brien and B. P. Tonner, Phys. Rev. B 50, 12672-12681
(1994); M. Altarelli Phys. Rev. B 47, 597-598 (1993) C. W. M. Castleton
and M. Altarelli, Phys. Rev. B 62, 1033-1038 (2000)
7. B.L. Henke and J. W. DuMond, J.Appl.Physics 26 (1955) 903;
8. For absorption see J. Stoehr “NEXAFS spectroscopy” Springer Verlag
Berlin (1992); for Photoelectron diffraction see D.P. Woodruff et al.,
Rep. Prog. Phys. 57 1029-1080(1994); C.S. Fadley, The Study of Surface Structures by Photoelectron Diffraction and Auger Electron Diffraction Synchrotron Radiation Research: Advances in Surface and
Interface Science, Vol. 1: Techniques, editor R. Z. Bachrach (Plenum,
New York, 1992)
9. S. K. Sinha, E. B. Sirota, S. Garoff, H. B. Stanley, Phys. Rev. B, 22972312 (1988); D. G. Stearns, J. Appl. Phys. 65 (1989) 491;
10. J. Schwinger , Phys Rev 175 (1949) 1912; see for example A. Hofmann
“Synchrotron Radiation” ed. By G. R. Greaves and I. H. Munro, Proceedings of the thirtieth Scottish University Summer School in
Physics Aberdeen 1985;
11. The site http://www-cxro.lbl.gov/optical_constants/bend2.html
provides numerical values of distribution curves;
12. S. Nannarone et al. AIP Conference Proceedings 705 (2004) 450;
13. A. Giglia et al. Rev. Sci Instr. 76 (2005) 063111;
14. G. Naletto, G. Tondello Pure Applied Optics 1, (1992) 357;
15. R. D. Guenther “Modern Optics” J. Wiley and Sons 1990, p. 38;
16. W. B. Westerveld, K. Becker, P. W. Zetner, J. J. Corr, J. W. McConkey,
Appl Optics 24 (1985) 2256; M.-G. Pelizzo, F. Frassetto, P. Nicolosi, A.
Giglia, N. Mahne, S. Nannarone, Applied Optics 45, (2006) 1985;
17. Stokes parameters are given by
18. L. Pasquali, A. De Luisa, S. Nannarone AIP Conference Proceedings
705 (2004) 1142;
19. G.Paolicelli et al. to be published;
20. M. Fernández-Perea, J. A. Aznárez, J. I. Larruquert, J.A. Méndez, L.
Poletto, D. Garoli, A. M. Malvezzi, A. Giglia and S. Nannarone, Proc.
SPIE Vol. 6317, 63170V (2006)
21. M.Fernandez-Perea, J.Larruquert, J.A.Arnarez, J.A.Mendez, L.Poletto,
A.M.Malvezzi, A.Giglia, S.Nannarone, J.Opt.Soc.Am. A 23(2006)2880;
22. B.L.Henke et al. available at http://www.cxro.lbl.gov/optical_constants/
23. E. Spiller, Soft X-Ray Optics, Ed. SPIE, Bellingham, WA (1994);
24. S.-H. Yang, B. S. Mun, N. Mannella, S.-K. Kim, J. B. Kortright, J. Underwood, F. Salmassi, E. Arenholz, A. Young, Z. Hussain, M. A Van
Hove and C. S Fadley, J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 14 (2002);
25. Mahne et al to be published.
26. A. Patelli, V. Rigato, G. Salmaso, F. Borgatto, S. Nannarone, LNL Annual Report 2004;
27. S.Chattopadhyay, A.Datta, A.Das, A.Giglia, N.Mahne, S.Nannarone,
to be published;
28. M. Pedio et al., submitted to Applied Surface Science;
29. T.K. Sham et al., Phys. Rev. B 70, 0405313 (2004);
30. I. Salish et al., Phys. Rev. B 69, 245401 (2004).
[Note of the Authors] - The scientific community of the Italian Surface Physics lost during the year 2006 Massimo
Sancrotti a friend of many of us, an excellent physicist and an enthusiastic teacher and organiser. This paper is devoted
to his memory.
•
19
MUON & NEUTRON &
SYNCHROTRON RADIATION NEWS
News from ESRF
The ESRF’s Upgrade Programme
The ESRF Long-Term Strategy upgrade is an ambitious renewal programme that aims to ensure the
leading scientific position of the facility over the next two decades.
«The upgrade is a very real challenge for us, but is essential if the
ESRF is to continue to provide the
European scientific community with
the very best experimental tools»,
says Professor Bill Stirling, Director
General of the ESRF. New and refurbished beamlines are proposed to
answer new scientific needs, underpinned by a programme to maintain
and refurbish the accelerator complex which is at the heart of the ESRF’s activities. The project includes
highly specialised nano-focus beamlines, with even brighter hard X-ray
beams, and the renewal of beamline
components such as detectors, optics, sample environment and sample positioning.
The upgrade will involve the reconstruction of about one third of the
beamlines for significantly improved
performance. Some will be extended
to about 120 meters to provide
nanometer focus capabilities.
In addition, the accelerator complex
will be upgraded, and science-driven partnerships with both industry
and academia will be developed, all
underpinned by an ambitious instrument development programme.
This project is the result of three
years of consultation and work between the ESRF and the scientific
user community. This renewal programme will be submitted to the
Council in 2007 and, if approved,
would start in 2008.
The down time for the facility would
be as short as possible in order to
minimise disruption of the users’
scientific programmes. The ESRF´s
upgrade is present in the first European Roadmap for Research infrastructures.
The document presents 35 large
scale research infrastructure projects,
identified as being of key importance for the development of European science and innovation.
The ESFRI roadmap will allow a
common European approach to the
development of such facilities, support the definition of priorities and
aid the pooling of the significant financial resources required for their
realisation.
M. Capellas Espuny
ESRF Press Officer
Figure 1. Artist’s impression of a section of the future extended and upgraded ESRF Experimental
Hall. This upgrade will enable longer beamlines to take advantage of the ESRF’s fine X-ray source
properties and allow specialised centres to be built around beamline clusters sharing scientific
and/or technological expertise. Credits: ASSA.
News from ILL
A direct Test of E = mc2
One of the most striking predictions of
Einstein’s theory of special relativity is
probably the best known formula in science: E = mc2. This report describes
the most precise direct test of this
mass/energy relationship to date.Combining ultra-precise atomic mass and
gamma-ray wavelength measurements
involving isotopes of silicon and sulphur, we obtain two tests that separate-
20
ly confirm Einstein’s relationship and
yield a combined result of 1–∆mc2/ E
= (–1.4 ± 4.4) × 10–7.
A straightforward verification of
Einstein’s mass/energy equivalence
principle E = mc2 would be possible
by measuring the energy of annihilation radiation of two particles. However, measurement of the 511 keV
•
annihilation radiation of the electron
and positron is complicated by initial kinetic energy, while accurate
measurement of annihilation radiation of heavier particles is even more
difficult. An elegant way out is to
consider the mass and energy balance in a nuclear reaction, which is
initiated by particles with a minimum of kinetic energy. Such a reac-
MUON & NEUTRON &
tion is realised when a nucleus with
mass number A captures a neutron.
In this case the mass of the resulting
isotope, with mass number A+1,
ought to differ from that of the original nucleus (plus unbound neutron)
by the neutron binding energy
En(A+1). In most reactions all of the
Energy is emitted as gamma rays,
the wavelength λι of which can be
precisely measured via Bragg diffraction. In this case Einstein’s equation can be rewritten as
(MR(A)+MR(n)–MR(A+1))c2 =
1
= 1/u En(A+1) = 103NA hc Σ ë ι ,
(1)
where the Avogadro constant NA relates a relative atomic mass MR (in
unified atomic mass units u) to its
mass in kilograms m, h is the Planck
constant and c the speed of light.
The summation in the right part of
equation (1) runs over all gamma
rays of a cascade connecting capture
and ground state. The mass of the
neutron can be eliminated from
equation (1) by introducing the
masses of Hydrogen 1H and Deuterium 2 D combined with the wavelength λD corresponding to the deuterium binding energy.
determined. The diffraction angles
are measured with angle interferometers. These interferometers can be
calibrated with respect to an absolute angle of 2π using a precision
optical polygon. As the calibration
angle is much larger than the measured Bragg angles, a very good
non-linearity of the angle interferometer is required. The energies of
gamma rays to be measured ranged
from 0.8 to 5.5 MeV. Because the diffraction angle of a 5 MeV gamma ray
by a low order reflection is less than
0.1 degrees, our binding energy determinations were limited by our
ability to measure the diffraction angles of the high-energy gamma rays
better than 10-8 degrees. From the experiments we report values of
En(29Si)=hc/(0.146 318 275 (86)·10-12 m),
En(33S)=hc/(0.143 472 991 (54)·10-12 m)
and E n( 2D)=hc/(0.557 341 007 (98)·
10-12 m) [3].
These numbers combine to yield relative uncertainties of 5.1 10 -7 ( 33S)
and 8.0 · 10-7 (29Si) for the right-hand
side of equation (2). The mass difference was determined at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology using a new technique to directly compare the cyclotron frequencies of two
different ions simultaneously confined in a Penning trap [4]. This
greatly reduces many systematic and
statistical errors, particularly those
due to magnetic field fluctuations.
Two independent experiments with
28,29
Si and 32,33S were carried out. During the measurements, the two ions
(MR(A)+MR(2D)–MR(1H)–MR(A+1)) = (2)
1 1
= 103 NAh/c (Σ ë ι – ë D)
The molar Planck constant is
N A h = 3.990 312 716(27)·10 -10 J s
(u/Kg), and has been independently
confirmed at the 5·10-8 level by diverse experiments through its relationship with the fine structure constant [1].
The gamma-ray wavelengths have
been measured in a collaboration of
scientists from the ILL and the National Institute of Standards and
Technology using the GAMS4 crystal spectrometer, which is positioned
at the H6/H7 tangential beam tube
[2] of the ILL. Gamma rays from an
inpile target are diffracted by two
nearly perfect flat Si crystals whose
lattice spacing d has been carefully
Figure 1. Illustration of the experimental concept to compare the mass and energy balance in a thermal neutron capture reaction. The atomic masses are measured using precision Penning Trap measurements at MIT (USA), while the energy is extracted by means of a diffraction measurement at
the GAMS spectrometers of the ILL.
•
21
MUON & NEUTRON &
are placed on a common circular orbit (magnetron mode), on opposite
sides of the centre of the trap and
separated by a distance of about 1
mm. Correcting for the polarisation
induced shifts of the cyclotron frequencies we obtain ion mass ratios.
Correcting further for the masses of
the missing electron and the chemical binding energies of the atom we
obtain neutral mass ratios of
MR(32S)+MR(H)–MR(33S) =
= 0.00843729682(30) u
and MR(28Si)+MR(1H)–MR(29Si) =
= 0.00825690198(24) u.
By adding MR(2D)-2MR(1H) = – 0.001
548 286 29 (40) u to each one, we obtain the mass differences of equation
(2) with a relative uncertainty of
about 7 · 10-8 for both.
The comparison of the measured energies and masses leads to two independent tests of (1- E /mc 2 ) of
2.1(5.2)·10 -7 and -9.7(8.0)·10 -7 with
sulphur and silicon isotopes respectively, and a combined value of
-1.4(4.4)·10-7.
This test is 55 times more accurate
than the previous best direct test of E
= mc2, performed by comparing the
electron and positron masses to the
annihilation energy. The error on
this comparison is currently dominated by the uncertainty on the gamma-ray measurements.
The major problems within these
measurements are the insufficient
non-linearity and time stability of
the angle interferometers.
However, there are already projects
to improve these parameters further,
which would eventually allow the
results to be improved by one order
of magnitude.
References
1. P.J. Mohr and B.N. Taylor, Rev. Mod. Phys. 77,
(2005) 1-107
2. E.G. Kessler et al., Nucl. Instr. Meth. A 457,
(2001) 187-202
3. M.S. Dewey et al., http://arxiv.org/abs/nucl-ex/0507011, submitted to Phys. Rev. C.
4. S. Rainville, J.K. Thompson, and D.E.
Pritchard, Science 303, (2004) 334-338
S. Rainville*
Harvard University and
MIT Cambridge, USA
J.K. Thompson*, D.E. Pritchard
MIT Cambridge, USA
E.G. Myers
Florida State University, Tallahassee
J.M. Brown
Oxford University
M.S. Dewey, E.G. Kessler Jr.,
R.D. Deslattes
NIST Gaithersburg
H.G. Börner, M. Jentschel, P. Mutti
ILL
* These
authors contributed equally to this
work.
Figure 2. View of the GAMS4 double flat crystal spectrometer. The orientation of two perfect
Si crystals is controlled by optical angle interferometers. The absolute calibration of the interferometers is carried out using an optical
polygon.
Hydrogen Storage in a Metal-Organic Framework
A variable-temperature single-crystal
Laue diffraction study on VIVALDI has
located the gas absorption sites within a
hydrogen-loaded metal-organic framework. Neutron Laue diffraction offers
unique advantages in the characterisation of such materials, which are possible candidates for fuel storage in the automotive industry.
22
In the first experiment of its kind, a
variable-temperature (5-300K) single-crystal Laue diffraction study
on VIVALDI has been used to locate the gas absorption sites within
a hydrogen-loaded metal-organic
framework.
Low-temperature neutron Laue diffraction offers unique advantages in
•
the characterisation of these materials, providing information essential
to the development of this novel
class of framework compounds.
One use of these compounds as gas
storage media, in conjunction with
fuel cells, would be in the automotive industry.
The technology already exists in the
MUON & NEUTRON &
loaded crystal of Zn 4 O(CO 2 ) 6
[Zn4O(1,4-benzenedicarboxylate)]
(figure 1). The greater adsorption
volume associated with a single
crystal compared to a powder was
an essential reason for this study.
Two sites were unambiguously identified, and these both display the
characteristics of physiabsorbed hydrogen molecules [5]. The space-filling diagram of one of the framework
cavities at 5K (figure 2) shows that
the hydrogen gas congregates in the
vicinity of the framework nodes.
The gas enters and leaves the framework reversibly on cooling and heating, even in a sealed capillary, with
eight H 2 molecules absorbed per
framework formula unit at 5K, four
H2 molecules at 50K, and none at 120
K. At 120K, the evacuated framework retains its integrity even
though it contains ~77% of void
space that is accessible to the hydrogen gas.
At 5K the physisorbed hydrogen gas
occupies approximately just 12% of
this volume at a loading pressure of
1 atm. Higher pressures may result
in further absorption near the organic linker molecules, as predicted by
grand canonical Monte-Carlo simulations [6], and we will pursue this
aspect in future neutron studies.
form of fuel cells to convert stored
chemical energy, in the form of hydrogen gas, directly into electrical
energy with high efficiency [1].
However, the crucial factor that is
hindering progress towards the commercial exploitation of these devices
is the safe and efficient storage of the
hydrogen fuel gas.
The design and technological development of storage media to overcome this difficulty is at the forefront
of current research [2].
Of the various materials under investigation, ordered porous materials such as metal-organic frameworks, are favourably considered to
be capable of fulfilling this role [3].
The ability to adapt the surface
chemistry of the framework cavities
makes metal-organic frameworks
particularly attractive contenders for
hydrogen-storage applications.
By optimising the chemical and electronic nature of the framework architecture, the gas uptake, at a given
pressure and temperature, can be
maximised.
In a systematic approach to the modification of a particular framework,
with the aim to improve its gas absorption properties, it is imperative
to understand which sections of the
structure interact strongly with the
physisorbed hydrogen gas.
Once they are identified, these elements of the structure can be enhanced to increase the absorption
characteristics of the framework
material.
Although there have been examples
reported of the use of single crystal
and powder x-ray diffraction for determining the location of absorption
sites for a variety of gases (CO2, Ar,
and O2) within porous coordination
polymer complexes [4], this information is of limited use in terms of the
advancement of these materials for
hydrogen storage.
It is of greater benefit to determine
the location of hydrogen gas molecules themselves included within a
framework structure, as this knowledge is of direct relevance.
However, here x-ray diffraction is
less suitable than neutron diffraction, since the accuracy of the results
obtained is greatly limited by the
low x-ray scattering ability of hydrogen, particularly when the hydrogen
undergoes large thermal vibration.
In a pioneering experiment of its
kind, a variable temperature (5300K) single-crystal Laue neutrondiffraction study was conducted on
VIVALDI, to locate the gas absorption sites in a 0.1 mm 3 hydrogen-
Figure 1. One unit cell of the Zn4O(CO2)6 structure. After accounting for the van der Waals
radii of the framework atoms, a sphere with a
diameter of ~8 Å could diffuse freely through
the framework.
Figure 2. A) The location of the two hydrogen absorption sites at 5K relative to the Zn4O(CO2)6
framework. The H1-H2 site is 100% occupied at 50K, 30K and 5K; H4 is 98% occupied only at 5K.
B) Space-filling diagram of one of the framework cavities at 5K. Purple: zinc; red: oxygen; black:
carbon; grey: framework hydrogen atoms; gold: absorbed hydrogen gas.
•
23
MUON & NEUTRON &
The success of the experiment
demonstrated the ability of Laue
neutron diffraction to study very
small single crystals by neutron
standards, often in compromised environments such as gas-exchange
capillaries.
This means that this technique can be
expected to play a key role in the
structural study of framework materials in the immediate future.
References
1. B.C.H. Steele and A. Heinzel, Nature 414
(2001) 345
2. L. Schlapbach and A. Züttel, Nature 414
(2001) 353
3. M.J. Rosseinsky, Micropor. Mesopor. Mater.,
73 (2004) 15
4. Y. Kubota, M. Takata, R. Matsuda, R. Kitaura, S.
Kitagawa, K. Kato, M. Sakata and T.C.
Kobayashi, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2005, 44, 920
5. E.C. Spencer, J.A.K. Howard, G.J. McIntyre,
J.L.C. Rowsell and O.M. Yaghi, Chem.
Comm. 2005, accepted
6. T. Sagara, J. Klassen and E. Ganz, J. Chem.
Phys. 121 (2004) 12543
Elinor C. Spencer
Durham University and ILL
Judith A.K. Howard
Durham University
Garry J. McIntyre
ILL
Jesse L.C. Rowsell and
Omar M. Yaghi
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
News from LCLS
Ground Breaking for Linac Coherent Light Source
On October 23, 2006, the ground
breaking ceremony was held for
Linac Coherent Light Source
(LCLS), the world’s first X-ray freeelectron laser.
Scheduled for completion in 2009 at
the U. S. Department of Energy’s
Stanford Linear Accelerator Center,
the LCLS will produce ultra-fast, ultra-short pulses of X-rays a billion
times brighter than any other source
on earth. The LCLS represents the
4th generation of machines designed
to produce synchrotron radiation for
scientific studies, an idea originally
pioneered at SLAC in the 1970s. Unlike a circular storage ring, the LCLS
will produce x-rays using the final
1/3 of SLAC’s existing linear accelerator, in conjunction with long arrays of undulator magnets.
Nearly 1,000 attendees listened to
the keynote address of DOE Under
Secretary of Science Raymond L.
Orbach.
The LCLS project is a collaboration
among Department of Energy laboratories including Argonne National
Laboratory, Brookhaven National
Laboratory, Los Alamos National
Laboratory, Lawrence Livermore
National Laboratory, and the University of California Los Angeles.
Allen E. Ekkebus
Spallation Neutron Source, Oak Ridge
National Laboratory
A map of LCIS site
24
•
MUON & NEUTRON &
News from NCXT
National Center for X-ray Tomography
The National Center for X-ray Tomography (NCXT) was dedicated on
October 23, 2006.
The new soft x-ray microscope at the National
Center for X-ray Tomography captured its first
x-rays on August 23, 2006
It is located at the Advanced Light
Source (ALS) of the U.S. Department
of Energy’s Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.
This new center features a first-ofits-kind x-ray microscope.
According to cell biologist and microscopy expert Carolyn Larabell,
who is the principal investigator for
the new center, «X-ray microscopy is
an emerging new technology that
expands the imaging toolbox for cell
and molecular biologists, and we
are going to make this technology
available to the greater biological
community».
The NCXT is being funded with
grants from the U.S. Department of
Energy (DOE) and from the National
Institutes of Health (NIH).
As an NIH technology resource center, the NCXT will be available to
qualified biomedical researchers
throughout the nation.
The centerpiece of the NCXT is the
first soft x-ray transmission microscope to be designed specifically for
biological and biomedical applications. It is capable of imaging
whole, hydrated cells at resolutions
of about 35 nanometers, and specific structural elements within the
cell at a resolution of at least 25
nanometers.
Allen E. Ekkebus
National Laboratory
News from NMI3
Development of Neutron Detectors
for Very High Resolutions and Counting Rates
In the JRA DETNI (DETectors for
Neutron Instrumentation) three novel modular thermal neutron area detector types, based on thin solid neutron converter layers, are being developed for time- and wavelengthresolved neutron detection in singleneutron counting mode, with twodimensional spatial resolutions of
up to 50-100 µm FWHM, sub-microsecond time-of-flight resolution
and counting rates of up to 108 neutrons/s per detector module, i.e. for
coping with the highest resolution
and rate requirements at next generation pulsed spallation sources like
ESS. Recording only signals above
noise in single-event counting, the
image contrast is greatly improved
in comparison to integrating detectors, like CCD cameras or image
plates. In addition, by scanning in a
single measurement a full wavelength train, in time-of-flight radiography-tomography the contrast of
individual elements in the sample is
enhanced specifically in elementspecific resonances of the total neutron scattering cross section. In addition to imaging, applications e.g. in
time-of-flight Laue diffraction, veryhigh resolution single crystal diffraction and reflectometry are envisaged, among others. The detector
types are:
• Four-fold segmented modules of
•
Silicon micro-strip detectors (SiMSD), with each segment comprising a 157Gd converter layer between two double-sided Si sensors
of 51 · 51 mm2 sensitive size and
with 80 µm pitch in the X and Y
micro-strip readout planes.
• Hybrid low-pressure micro-strip
gas chamber (MSGC) detectors of
254 · 254 mm2 sensitive size with
three-stage gas amplification gaps
and novel two-dimensional position-sensitive multilayer MSGC
plates either side of a composite
157
Gd/CsI converter which is coated with columnar CsI secondary
electron emitter layers.
• CASCADE detectors with stacks
25
MUON & NEUTRON &
of cascaded GEM (Gas Electron
Multiplier) foils on either side of a
double-sided, two-dimensional
position-sensitive readout electrode. The GEM foils are coated on
both sides with 10B converter layers and drift the secondary electrons, released in the gas by the
secondary ions emitted form 10B
after neutron capture, to a last
GEM foil where they are amplified
for two-dimensional detection.
For readout, in DETNI two novel
self-triggered high-rate ASIC (Application Specific Integrated Circuit)
chips [1], subsequent ADC-FPGA
boards with Gigabit glass fiber readout links and the required data acquisition firmware and software are
being developed.
The ASICs, a low-noise 128-channel
chip optimized for the Si-MSD and
strip rates of 160 khits/s, and a
32-channel chip optimized for the
MSGC with variable amplification
and strip rates of 900 khits/s, deliver
spatial, analogue amplitude and fast
time stamp information with 4 and 2
ns resolution, respectively, the latter
being necessary for X-Y strip correlation with low chance coincidence
rate. The amplitude readout is used
for improving the spatial resolution
by center-of-gravity interpolation
between the strips and for gating for
background suppression.
Prototypes of all three detector types
are being prepared presently together with the readout electronics for
testing in 2007.
Ch. Schulz1, C.Thielmann3,
U. Trunk8, P. Wiacek6, Th. Wilpert1
1
Hahn-Meitner-Institut Berlin, Glienicker
Str. 100, D-14109 Berlin, Germany
2
Physikalisches Institut der Universität
Heidelberg, Philosophenweg 12,
D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
3
4
INFM & Dipartimento di Elettronica e
Informazione, Politecnico di Milano,
Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32,
Milano I-20133, Italy
References
1. A.S. Brogna et al., N-XYTER, a CMOS readout ASIC for high resolution time and amplitude measurements on high rate multichannel counting mode neutron detectors,
Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A 568 (2006) 301-308
S.S. Alimov1,2, A. Borga3,
A. Brogna1,2, S. Buzzetti2,4,
F. Casinini5, W. Dabrowski6,
T. Fiutowski6, B. Gebauer1,
G. Kemmerling3, M. Klein2,
B. Mindur1,6, C. Petrillo5,
F. Sacchetti5, C.J. Schmidt7,
H.K. Soltveit2, R. Szczygiel6,
Zentralinstitut für Elektronik, Forschungszentrum Jülich,
52425 Jülich, Germany
5
INFN & Dipartimento di Fisica, Universita di Perugia, Via A. Pascoli,
Perugia I-06123, Italy
6
Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer
Science, AGH University of Science and
Technology, al0. Mickiewicza 30,
30-059 Krakow, Poland
7
Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung,
Planckstr. 1, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
8
Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik,
Saupfercheckweg,69117 Heidelberg,
Germany
Neutron Optics and Phase Space Transformers
The most efficient means for increasing the flux at beam lines for neutrons is the use of advanced focusing
techniques based either on diffractive optics or the reflection of neutrons from surfaces that are coated
with artificial multilayer structures
termed “supermirror”. In addition,
the flux can be increased by actively
changing the phase space of the radiation, for example by cooling the
spectrum of the neutrons and/or by
moving monochromators. Of course,
the flux can also be increased by increasing the source strength as it is
for example done in the US and
Japan, where new high-power spallation sources are being built and
commissioned.
The goal of the JRA3-collaboration
26
is the development and exploration
of new focusing techniques and
phase space transformations that allow for the investigation of small
samples as they occur often in the
fields of soft condensed matter and
in materials research as well as materials exposed to extreme conditions, for example high magnetic
fields and/or high pressure.
In order to increase the neutron flux
for small angle neutron scattering
(SANS), a multi-beam collimator has
been developed, featuring 7 masks
with 51 pinholes each. First test experiments using a suspension of Latex spheres with a diameter of 225
nm prove that the principle is working leading to the expected flux
gains while maintaining the resolu-
•
tion. For inelastic neutron scattering
experiments, the Q-resolution can
often be significantly relaxed. Therefore, a concept of focusing devices
concentrating the neutron beams by
reflection from supermirror-coated
glass tubes that are elliptically
curved has been developed. A flux
gain of approximately 25 has been
measured using neutrons with a
wavelength in the range 3 Å < λ <6
Å. In order to increase the efficiency
further, improved coating techniques using magnetron sputtering
have been developed thus increasing
the number of diffracting layers
from 500 to several thousand. The
systematic studies have led to an improvement of the coatings with respect to the critical angle (m ≅ 4.2)
MUON & NEUTRON &
and to reflectivity (R ≅ 0.70). It became clear that the morphology of
the substrate is of utmost importance to obtain an excellent performance. Elliptic guides have been developed for the transport of the neu-
trons from the moderator to the
spectrometer. First prototypes show
that the expected flux gains of more
than a factor of five compared to regular neutron guides can be realised.
It is gratifying to see that the new
techniques are already being incorporated at the new Target Station 2 at
ISIS that is presently in the construction phase.
Peter Böni
TUM, for the JRA3 – NO-PST Team
MUONS – Instrumentation for
Spin-Polarized Muon Spectroscopy
Muons provide a unique probe of
atomic level structure and dynamics
and the experimental technique is
known as Muon Spin Rotation, Relaxation and Resonance (µSR).
A wide variety of properties can be
investigated across a broad range
of systems, including magnetic materials, superconductors, semiconductors and molecular/polymeric
systems.
A muon can be thought of as a microscopic magnetometer, with spin1/2 and a magnetic moment three
times that of the proton, and can be
used to inform on local magnetic
structure and dynamics.
The muon mass is approximately
one-ninth that of a proton, and in
many experiments muons are used
as a mimic to determine proton or
hydrogen sites and dynamics, for example in semiconductors, metal hydrides and proton conductors.
Muons provide a complementary
probe of condensed matter to other
techniques such as neutron scattering and magnetic resonance, and are
used by many research groups
across Europe. This JRA is aimed at
advancing technologies in a number
of areas relevant to the performance
of muon experiments.
These advances will benefit the
whole European muon community,
and are aimed at enhancing the capabilities of the European muon facilities to extend their potential for
condensed matter investigations.
Specifically, this JRA is aimed at de-
velopments in three areas:
1. Detectors for muon spectroscopy;
in particular, development of fasttiming detectors and those capable
of providing position information.
2. Instrument simulation; in particular, the development of code to
enable full simulation of muon
spectrometers.
3. Advanced experimental methods,
in particular development of novel
pulsed techniques.
State-of-the-art
Detectors
Position sensitive detectors: our recent
studies have shown that, in addition
to silicon-based detectors, scintillating fibres too are very promising as
position-sensitive detectors for µSR.
A detailed work including both simulation and testing, has shown the
equivalence of signals generated by
muon-decay-positron with those
arising from common beta emitters:
this will make future test procedures
simple.
Fast and magnetic field insensitive detectors: the performance AvalangePhoto-Diods/SiPMs detectors at low
temperatures is at present known in
a cryogenic environment. Mechanical difficulties concerning the assembly of the AMPD array on printed
circuit boards, will be overcome by
using light guides for signal transmission. Detailed Monte Carlo simulations for an improved light output
and an increased efficiency are being
carried out. The results will be used
•
in the design of a revised version of
the detector layout. Beside being
very fast (some tenths of ns), the response of the blue-sensitive AMPDs,
is expected to be also magnetic field
independent, as already shown for
their green sensitive counterparts,
making them an ideal choice for the
detector system of a high-field spectrometer.
Simulations of detectors and
spectrometers
Efforts were devoted to the inclusion
of positron track simulations into the
existing simulation code, and in particular in the test against real data.
The magnetic field-dependent effects
were investigated by using a purposely built positron detector, which
includes two mobile detecting elements mounted inside a superconducting solenoid. The observed effects seem to depend not only on the
cyclotron motion of the positrons,
but also on the field induced motion
of the muons in the incoming beam.
Advanced µSR techniques
The development of µSR in pulsed
environments, e.g. microwave and
RF-µSR, has been the main focus.
The technology associated with
crossed-coil RF excitation has now
developed to the point where techniques dependent on this technology (e.g. g-value determination and
RF nuclear decoupling) make a regular contribution to the ISIS user
programme. RF decoupling, in par-
27
MUON & NEUTRON &
ticular, requires large RF fields for
efficient decoupling, and this technique has greatly benefited from
work carried out to improve the efficiency of power delivery to the
sample. Significant effort has also
been devoted to the development
and demonstration of a microwave
spectrometer at ISIS. A signal gen-
erator, power amplifier and other
microwave components were purchased, and these, together with an
in-house designed and built cavity,
formed the basis of the instrument.
With the cavity optimised at a frequency ~3GHz test experiments
were carried out, observing clear
resonances from the 3-4 transition
of muonium formed by muons
stopped in fused quartz sample. Finally, efforts continued to measure
an acoustic muon spin resonance
signal.
Cesare Bucci
JRA8 – MUONS Coordinator
Development of Methods for Biological Deuteration
The DLAB JRA within NMI3 is focused on the development of methods for the efficient and cost-effective deuteration of biological macromolecules. The project is fully dedicated to biological neutron scattering , but has an important link to solution and solid state NMR. The
methods that are being developed
as part of the project are now starting to have an impact on biological
neutron scattering experiments on
solutions, fibres, crystallography
and dynamics.
Real results in these areas that have
benefited from these methodological
developments are now coming into
the scientific press. In very broad
terms, DLAB work cover the following general areas:
1. Methods aimed at driving down
the cost of deuterated biomolecules, thereby enhancing access.
This is being done through the development of new methods to optimise bacterial growth. Two approaches are being deployed here
(I) the development of bacterial
strains that are more tolerant of
D 2 O and deuterated carbon
sources, (II) fundamental proteomic
approaches in which the molecular
networks involved in adaptation
are investigated.
2. Methods aimed at developing the
use of new organisms for deuterium labelling, thereby extending the
range of systems that can be deuterated. Here techniques are being de-
28
veloped to label organisms such as
Ralstonia eutropha and the eucaryotic
organism Pichia pastoris. to provide
vehicles for the expression of hetrologous proteins that can not be expressed in E. coli.
3. Optimisation of methods for the
selective deuteration of biological
macromolecules so that the visibility of particular regions of these
structures is enhanced in modelling. A variety of approaches are being developed, ranging from methods whereby particular residues are
deuterated to those that facilitate
macro-scale labelling of large multicomponent systems.
4. Methods aimed at optimising selective hydrogenation of complex
biological systems to enable hydrogen incoherent scattering studies of
specific components. Techniques
for the hydrogen labelling of specific
amino acids in deutrated membrane
proteins are being extended to various prockaryotic and eukaryotic systems of major biological interest.
Over and above the specific technical goals, the DLAB project aims to
extend its activities and expertise as
widely as possible throughout the
European neutron scattering community. Within the current framework this is gradually happening
via the network of neutron scattering partners and NMR observers
within the DLAB project. It is also
happening through the dissemination of results from successful
•
deuteration/labelling projects that
have exploited the expertise developed. Many of these have used neutron scattering facilities at the ILL,
but experiments on labelled systems have also been carried out at
ISIS (where reflectometry results
have complemented ILL SANS
measurements and ssNMR studies,
both also exploiting the labelling)
and at Juelich (where measurements from the BSS spectrometer
have complemented data from other spectrometers with different energy resolutions).
Clearly the involvement of all European neutron scattering facilities
involved in biological work is essential and this is a primary concern for this JRA in the context of
FP7. One intriguing aspect emerging from current activities is the
fact that neutron/NMR complementarity is not restricted to mutual benefit simply through labelling
requirements. New neutron proposals are indeed emerging as a result of the NMR deuteration & labelling work because NMR users
are discovering first hand the value
added to their work through the
use of neutrons. There is little
doubt that the same could be said
of many other techniques.
Trevor Forsyth
JRA7 – D-LAB Coordinator
Institute Laue Langevin
Keele University, UK
MUON & NEUTRON &
Millimetre Resolution Large Area Neutron Detector
As a result of progress in the field of
Multiwire Proportional Chambers
(MWPC), Microstrip Gas Counters
(MSGC) and associated electronics,
the performance of neutron gas detectors have constantly improved
over the last three decades.
Nevertheless, it is obvious that the
experimental conditions imposed by
future spallation sources will not be
fulfilled by present gas detectors.
This situation, together with a
strong demand to improve existing
instruments, explains why detector
development has been given high
priority within the NMI3 project
(Neutrons & Muons Integrated Infrastructure Initiative).
The MILAND (MIllimetre resolution
Large Area Neutron Detector) Joint
Research Activity aims to deliver, by
the end of 2007, a fully operational
detector of 32 cm x 32 cm sensitive
area having a spatial resolution of
1 mm FWHM.
Considering other parameters like
gamma sensitivity, counting rate,
uniformity, and robustness, we expect the performances of the MILAND detector to exceed those of
existing neutron detectors. During
the first two years of the project, several techniques have been studied
and one of them has been selected:
1. the principle of a GSPC (Gas Scintillating Proportional Chamber) is
based on the detection of light
emitted during the charge
avalanche process around thin anodes, producing about hundred
times more light than in a solid
scintillator. The spatial resolution
measured with several prototypes
was bellow the specification, but
promising ideas emerged from this
study: in particular we proposed
to exploit the electron drift information to measure the third coordinate of the neutron capture, providing a new method for correcting parallax error of gas detectors;
2. MSGC are made of metallic strips
engraved on a substrate by photolithography, and polarised at a
high voltage to create gas amplification; they have been also considered for the MILAND detector
due to their unique detection performances in counting rate and
spatial resolution. Since the size
of one single MSGC can’t cover
the full area of the MILAND detector, it is necessary to mount
several of them side by side, at
least 4; it was not been possible to
demonstrate in time the feasibility of a continuous sensitive area
without dead zone;
3. the MILAND detector will be finally made of a MWPC using a 15
bars pressure vessel, filled with 2
plans of 320 cathodes wires at a
pitch of 1 mm, mounted on each
side of the anode plan, and connected individually to a fast amplifier and discriminator circuit.
The main difficulty encountered
was to find the conditions to
maintain long anode wires polarised at a high voltage with a
distance of only 1 mm between
them. As a result of experiments
performed with different prototypes, the following parameters
have been optimised to reduce the
high voltage value, and its effect
on the wire stability: gas mixture,
detector geometry, wire diameter
and mechanical tension, amplifier
specifications, and signal processing. The construction of the pressure vessel has started at KFKI
(Budapest-Hungaria); the acquisition system is under study at
FRM-II (Munich-Germany), the
wire electrodes are in fabrication
at GKSS (Hamburg-Germany); the
analog electronics and digital processing are studied at the ILL
(Grenoble-France).
In parallel to the construction of the
final detector, we continue to study
•
more speculative detection techniques like those based on the
avalanche light. New prototypes are
under study at LIP (Coimbra-Portugal), at ISIS (Didcot-UK) and at the
LLB (Saclay-France). Diffractometers in operation on the neutron
sources of today will benefit from
the MILAND detector, but for future
spallation sources like the SNS (US)
scheduled in 2006, the JSNS (Japan)
in 2007, and the ESS (European
Spallation Source), which is expected to start its operation within the
next decade, the need for detectors
with larger angular coverage will
still be unsatisfied, particularly in
the field of NMC (Neutron Macromolecule Crystallography). Several
of the techniques discussed, or studied during the course of the MILAND project could be used to develop a solid neutron converter
cylindrical detector with a sub-millimetre resolution.
Bruno Guerard
JRA 2 – MILAND Coordinator
29
MUON & NEUTRON &
Polarised Neutron Techniques
Polarized neutron scattering provides exceptional possibilities for detailed understanding of the mechanisms involved in phenomena at the
forefront of condensed matter research. Co-operative efforts of partners representing 11 European research facilities allows not only for
significant improvements of parameters of polarized neutron instruments, but also for the break
through long existing limits.
The following are just few examples
of current progress.
Measurement of the vector properties
of the neutron polarization provides a
unique way of recovering the significant directional and phase information lost when only neutron intensities are measured.
Practically, three components of the
polarization vector can be determined by neutron polarimeters. JRA
partners have significantly contributed in the construction of a new
affordable non-cryogenic 3-d neutron polarimeter MUPAD.
The Larmor precession of neutron
spin in magnetic field allows for attaching a specific label to each of the
neutron in the beam. Such Larmor
labeling is the basis of a new neutron
scattering instrumentation with an extremely high energy and momentum resolution that is not achievable in conventional neutron spectroscopy (diffraction) because of intolerable intensity losses. Further development
of neutron spin-echo spectrometers –
new correction elements – is pushing
the energy resolution limit beyond 1
neV, thus opening a new horizon for
studies of extremely slow dynamics
in condensed matter. As to the angular measurements, intensive efforts
of partners are resulting in the fur-
ther development of Larmor precession based instrumentation for reflectometry, SANS and diffraction. Particularly, in neutron reflectometry angular resolved measurements perpendicular to the scattering plane
become possible allowing for studies
of complicate planar nanostructures.
To further propagate these powerful
and fruitful methods in the neutron
scattering community the School on
polarized neutron scattering has
been held in Berlin (HMI) in September this year, where beside listening
to lectures given by experienced polarized neutron scientists, more than
30 participants carried out their own
first experiments at polarized neutron instruments.
Alexander Ioffe
JRA5 – PNT Coordinator
Virtual Neutrons: MCNSI
MCNSI is an acronym for: ”Monte
Carlo simulations of Neutron Scattering Instruments”. This activity
deals with the fast ray-tracing of
neutrons for scattering purpose – in
contrast to the much more detailed
neutron transport simulations used
in nuclear physics (e.g. MCNP).
The speed of the ray-tracing simulations is usually sufficient to perform
simulated experimental results of
good quality within minutes to
hours. The basis of the MCNSI activities is the development of three general-purpose Monte Carlo packages:
McStas, VITESS, and RESTRAX. The
utilization of the packages takes
place among more than 100 instrument responsibles and neutron simulators worldwide.
Important in this respect is the intercomparison between packages,
30
which can be done at a very accurate
level, as well as the comparison between simulations and experiments
(with slightly less accuracy due to
unavoidable uncertainties in the experimental set-up).
The value of the intercomparison is
very significant, since it adds confidence to all packages. This is one important argument for maintaining
more than one simulation package.
Another argument is that fruitful developments within one package will
spread to the others through the
MCNSI collaboration.
As an example neutron polarization
has recently been added to McStas,
inspired by VITESS.
The most pronounced results from
MCNSI is covered by the concept of
”virtual experiments”. This is a vision of completely describing a neu-
•
tron scattering experiment from the
source, over all optical elements, to
the sample, including sample environment and detectors. Virtual experiments can be used to design instruments, perform feasibility studies, prepare experimental set-up, design sample environment, and understand non-idealities in data (as
misalignments, multiple scattering,
non-Gaussian resolution functions,
etc). A number of virtual experiments have been performed within
MCNSI, but there is still some development needed before this is a useful tool for the general instrument
scientist.
The first web-based virtual experiments for feasibility and preparation
purposes are expected to be on-line
early 2007 at the PSI diffractometer
DMC. The virtual experiment con-
MUON & NEUTRON &
cept has led to a strong development
in sample descriptions, and in simulation of multiple scattering and
sample environment scattering.
As an unexpected side-effect, virtual
experiments have been discovered to
be of large benefit in teaching and
training of students, since it gives
students a valuable ”virtual handson” experience. Recently, virtual experiments have also been shown to
be beneficial for detailed debugging
of data reduction/analysis pro-
grams, since it is possible to compare
the reduced data with the pre-determined sample cross section.
In the future, Monte Carlo ray-tracing simulations are likely to deal
with more detailed descriptions of
virtual instruments, like multiple
scattering, sample environment, and
new concepts within e.g. polarization and focusing. A very promising
idea is the combination of simulation and data analysis programs.
This could be used both for detailed
data analysis and in the instrument
construction phase. Presently, instruments are optimized on basis of
”maximal flux” and ”best resolution”, whereas the a much more accurate optimization criteria would
be ”best quality of analyzed virtual
data”. The first attempts along this
route has just been initiated.
Kim Lefmann
Material Research Department
Risoe National Laboratory
Neutron Spin Filters. To Revolutionize the Polarized
Neutron Applications
The 3He neutron spin filter (NSF) has
started to revolutionise polarised
neutron experiments.
The 3He nucleus, which is extremely
absorbing to neutrons to the point
that it is an excellent gas for neutron
detectors, can be spin polarised by
very efficient methods. It becomes a
filter for the neutron spin having
very promising properties.
Since January 2004, a consortium of
6 European facilities, namely CEAMDN, FRM-II, FZJ, HMI, ILL and
ISIS, actively develop advanced
modular devices with the aim of improving and widening the exploitation of spin filters. This work focusses on the production of polarised
3
He gas using both the spin-exchange (SEOP) and metastability-exchange (MEOP) optical pumping
techniques and the exploitation of
the polarised gas on instruments
with improved containers and diverse magnetic chambers necessary
for maintaining the 3He polarisation.
The ILL filling station delivered 200 bar.l of polarised 3He gas to a suite of world leading instruments in 2006.
•
For the past two years, ILL has modified its polarised 3He filling station
and obtained very impressive results: the maximum polarisation has
raised from 75 to 83% and the production rate has doubled, reaching
15 bar.l/day.
In the meantime, FRM-II has acquired a filling station showing almost identical performance.
HMI is finishing the construction of
its own MEOP filling station and
ISIS has greatly improved its SEOP
station, the maximum polarisation
moving from 32 to 70%.
The relaxation of the 3He polarisation scales with the surface-to-volume ratio and depends strongly on
the quality of the inner surfaces of
the 3He containers. After many investigations at all facilities and some
fruitful discussions with colleagues
from the USA, we have finally
adopted a reliable recipe leading to
the production of containers with
long relaxation times (200 to 450
hours). Some work has also been
done to build large containers that
could be efficiently used in front of
large neutron detectors.
With the help of companies producing special equipment in clean
rooms, we have constructed and
31
MUON & NEUTRON &
tested very successfully a bananashaped 3He spin filter covering a
wide-angle (120°) and featuring a
low decay of the 3He polarisation.
This success opens the door to the
application of 3He spin analyser new
neutron sources.
We have also designed, constructed
and tested a chamber made of µ-metal and permanent magnets for host-
ing NSF cells maintaining the 3He
polarisation on neutron beams. It can
screen low environmental magnetic
fields, protects the users from accidental explosion of the container,
does not require the use of a battery
during transport and maintains the
polarisation efficiently. By adding a
solenoid producing an oscillating radiofrequency magnetic field, the
chamber can also flip the polarisation of the 3He nuclei and therefore
selects the polarisation state of the
neutron beam. With such a device,
the NSF is becoming a very practical
device that is going to be widely
used at many neutron facilities.
Eddy Lelièvre-Berna
JRA4 – NSF Coordinator
News from SNS
Recent Progress in ORNL’s Neutron Sciences Directorate
Summary
The Neutron Scattering Science Advisory Committee met November 30
- December 1, 2006.
The triennial Basic Energy Sciences
Review of the SNS will occur December 6-8, 2006.
On November 19, a four-hour run of
the Spallation Neutron Source was
completed at a power level of 60kW
at 15Hz.
Instruments
The High Flux Isotope Reactor
(HFIR) began installation of the
shutters and collimators for the new
guide system. Following this, the installation of the final sections of
guide is planned for February 2007.
The two new SANS instruments at
HFIR are complete and ready for
commissioning with neutrons. The
operating software (based on the
popular SPICE program) is being
tested. The Scientific Computing
Group has enabled HFIR data to
flow to the data management system
at SNS, and began archiving and
backing up existing HFIR data. The
three operating instruments at SNS
(Backscattering Spectrometer, and
the Magnetism and Liquids Reflectometers) continued commissioning.
Data collected at 30 kW and 60 kW
during the last run cycle demon-
32
strate that the instrument performance will meet expectations.
Operations
The High Flux Isotope Reactor
(HFIR) continues preparations for
reactor restart in spring 2007. SNS
operations are scheduled for all of
November. The typical week is 3
days of neutron production, 3 days
of acceleration physics, and one day
of maintenance. The next scheduled
maintenance period is December 1 January 15.
For the October run period, the 514
hours of beam time corresponded to
almost 75% of the total planned
beam time. Integrated beam power
to Target was 1.095 MW-hours in October. On November 19, a four-hour
run at a power level of 60kW at
15Hz was completed.
Two notable achievements:
• SNS now delivers the highest proton intensity per pulse in routine
operation of any pulsed spallation
neutron source. Recent operation
delivered 6.8 microcoulombs/
pulse, or 4.3x1013 protons/pulse;
• In dedicated accelerator physics
studies, the SNS set a new world
record for the most intense bunched
proton beam, with 0.96x1014 protons
accumulated, bunched, and extracted from the ring.
•
Employment Opportunities
Employment opportunities are periodically available in the Neutron Sciences Directorate or are related to
neutron scattering at ORNL.
Click on “View Open Positions” at
http://jobs.ornl.gov/
Future meetings and deadlines of interest to SNS and HFIR users
For current information, please
visit the website
http://www.sns.gov/calendar/inde
x.shtml.
• Educational workshop on neutrons in
materials science, Oak Ridge Chapter of ASM, April 18, 2007;
• Industrial applications of neutrons,
April 19, 2007, Oak Ridge, TN;
• Use
of
neutrons
for
diffraction/materials characterization/engineering, Denver X-ray
Conference, July 30-August 3,
2007, Colorado Springs, CO;
• SKIN2007 - Studying Kinetics
with Neutrons (joint with NMI3),
September 27-28, 2007, University
of Göttingen, Germany.
http://neutron.neutron-eu.net/
n_nmi3/n_networking_activities
/SKIN2007
• Residual Stress Summit, October 24, 2007, Oak Ridge, TN
• SNS-HFIR User Group Meeting,
October 8-10, 2007, Oak Ridge, TN
MUON & NEUTRON &
• Center for Nanoscale Materials
Sciences User Meeting, October
10-12, 2007, Oak Ridge, TN
• 4 th Workshop on Inelastic Neutron Spectrometers (WINS), Oak
Ridge, TN fall 2007
• Sessions on biointerphases and
magnetism during the American
Vacuum Society fall meeting October 13 – 18, 2007, Seattle, WA
• American Crystallographic Association, Annual Meeting, May 31-
June 5, 2008, Knoxville, TN
Allen E. Ekkebus
National Laboratory
The Los Alamos Neutron Science Center
featured in Report
The Los Alamos Neutron Science
Center (LANSCE) is the subject of
the recently released Issue 30 of Los
Alamos Science, a publication highlighting the science activities of Los
Alamos National Laboratory.
Today the LANSCE state-of-the-art
facilities operate simultaneously for
national security and fundamental
science research. The facilities, including the Lujan Neutron Scattering Center, the WNR Center, Isotope
Production Facility, and Protron Radiography Facility, contribute to nuclear research, nuclear medicine, materials science, nanotechnology, bio-
medical research, electronics testing,
and fundamental nuclear physics, in
addition to other areas. Some specific future plans include:
• Delivering very intense fast neutrons at the Materials Test Station
to explore radiation-tolerant materials for advanced nuclear energy
options;
• Commissioning of an Ultra-cold
Neutron Source facility to make
high precision tests of the standard model of elementary particle
physics;
• Upgrading the Proton Radiography Facility to enable high-resolu-
tion of physics of importance to
national security;
• Enhancing the existing Lujan Neutron Scattering Center to ensure its
competitiveness in neutron scattering;
• Developing a long-pulse neutron
source prototype to explore techniques for achieving a hundredfold increase in neutron flux.
The entire issue is available electronically at www.lanl.gov/science.
Allen E. Ekkebus
National Laboratory
The Lujan Netron Scattering Center at LANSCE.
•
33
SCHOOL AND MEETING REPORTS
Cultural Heritage Science in the Fast Lane
Report from the one-day AHRC/CCLRC meeting at the Tate Modern, London,
28th November 2006
There has been a spate of Heritage
Science meetings in the last three
months:
September 12-13th - Satellite meeting,
Synchrotrons, Archaeology and Art,
at UK SR Users meeting at Diamond,
Didcot, UK.
www.diamond.ac.uk/ForUsers/SR
User06/Satellites/Satellite6.htm
September 27-28th - Synchrotron
Radiation in Art and Archaeology,
SR2A06, Berlin, Germany.
http://srs.dl.ac.uk/arch/meetings/
SR2A06/SR in Art and Archaeology.
htm
October 23-28th - ICTP, Trieste, International Workshop on “Science and
Cultural Heritage”.
http://cdsagenda5.ictp.trieste.it/full
_display.php?ida=a05230
November 28th - Looking Forward
to the Past: Science and Heritage,
Tate Modern, London, UK.
www.srs.ac.uk/scienceandheritage/
December 5-7th - Cultural Heritage
and Science, An Interdisciplinary
Approach for the Conservation of
Museum Objects, Ghent University,
Belgium.
www.analchem.ugent.be/ESA/chs
2006/
deed». It is now well known that
Large Scale Facilities in Europe, Neutron, Synchrotron or Laser, are very
active in encouraging and promoting
cultural heritage research and spearheading innovation. A cursory glance
at the publications emerging from
synchrotron-related work alone
shows a steady increase. A similar
trend is seen in the use of neutrons in
the same area. In the authors’ humble
opinion, we are witnessing a paradigm shift. The Tate Modern event,
Looking Forward to the Past: Science and
Heritage (www.srs.ac.uk/science and-
Cultural Heritage scientists visiting the micro-imaging beamline at DIAMOND during the SR UK
Users Meeting, 12-13 September 2006
What’s up? Why all this activity?
While talking to a senior colleague at
SR2A06 in Berlin, he asked me
«What’s the future leading to?».
Right on cue, the future walked towards us, smiling, why we were both
looking at her. «Here comes the future, Julian», was the answer. «The
future of heritage science is in the
hands of the young scientists from
museum conservation departments,
national libraries, University and other research laboratories and their
friends and collaborators in Europe
and elsewhere where, by Jove, heritage science is taken seriously in-
34
heritage/) was the brainchild of the
Chief Executive Officers of AHRC
(Arts and Humanities Research
Council), Prof. Philip Esler, and
CCLRC (Council for the Central Laboratories of the Research Councils),
Prof. John Wood, who took the initiative following an inquiry at the
House of Lords by the Science and
Technology Select Committee’s subcommittee on Science and Heritage
chaired by Baroness Sharp of Guildford. This produced a pivotal report
(393 pages, including evidence given)
with a number of recommendations
ESRF Newsletter, December 2006.
•
Report on Science and Heritage on 16 November. Published by the Authority of the House of
Lords (http://www.parliament.uk/hlscience/)
calling on the UK government and
government-funded bodies, AHRC
and other Research Councils and the
cultural heritage institutions and professional bodies, such as the Institute
of Conservation (ICON) to take appropriate action. For details see the
The well attended meeting (the Tate
Starr Auditorium and foyer where
the poster session was held were full
to capacity with nearly 200 participants) started with Baroness Sharp’s
opening speech summarising the
background to the inquiry and the
Diamond poster prizes presented by the CEO
of CCLRC. From left: G. Festa (Univ. di Roma
Tor Vergata), K. Thomas (Cardiff Univ.), Prof. J.
Wood, O. Barbu (Nat. Univ. of Arts, Bucharest)
Some of the COST/EH/ICON sponsored young
scientists at the reception.
Baroness Sharp of Guildford opening the Looking
Forward to the Past meeting at the Tate Modern
Prof. Annemie Adriaens with Baroness Sharp
discussing the COST-G8 poster.
SR in CH publications per year graph. From
http://srs.dl.ac.uk/arch/publications.html
report in the House of Lords’ website,
www.publications.parliament.uk/
pa/ld200506/ldselect/ldsctech/
256/256.pdf.
recommendations. This was followed by ten splendid talks covering
key areas of concern in the UK and
including two talks on the European
dimension of cultural heritage research with which UK conservation
research is intimately connected.
A vibrant poster session (some 70
posters, abstracts and web presentations linked to the meeting website)
added colour and vigour to the discussions at lunch, coffee break and
reception. Thirteen young scientists
were sponsored by COST, English
Heritage and ICON. The meeting
ended with the CCLRC CEO’s closing remarks and poster prize presentations, sponsored by Diamond,
•
ICON and the Daresbury Archaeometry Unit. Right from the start, it was
the organisation committee’s view,
supported by the advisory panel,
that this meeting should aim for
something completely different.
Not just a PR or networking event
where brave words are spoken to the
gathered converted, but an event
with consequences and actions to be
followed up. It became quite clear
early on in the discussion sessions
that this is precisely what the participants came for: to stimulate coordinated action from the cultural heritage sector in the UK and to enlist
the support of decision makers both
within government and in other key
areas of policy influence, commonly
known as the movers and the shakers. Bodies such English Heritage,
Institute of Conservation and RCUK
(Research Councils of the United
Kingdom) are such bodies of substance, in a position to influence
government policy. The Lords S&T
sub-committee report makes clear
that the current policies of the Department of Culture of Media and
Sports (DCMS) require reviewing.
The two CEOs present at the meeting have resolved to facilitate the
process and a meeting of the (extended) advisory panel is planned
early in 2007 to review the situation
following the Tate Modern event
and to proceed with decisions and
actions that can be taken without
further delay. Clearly, there’s work
to be done.
Manolis Pantos1, Andy Smith1 and
Winfried Kockelmann2
1
CCLRC, Daresbury Laboratory,
Keckwick Lane,Warrington,
WA4 4AD, UK.
[email protected], [email protected],
http://srs.dl.ac.uk/arch/
2
CCLRC, Rutherford-Appleton
Laboratory, Chilton, Didcot,
OX11 0QX. UK.
[email protected]
35
Imaging and Neutrons Workshop Attracts 2006
The Imaging and Neutrons 2006
(IAN2006) Workshop was held at
the Spallation Neutron Source of
the Oak Ridge National Laboratory,
Oak Ridge, Tennessee on October
23-25, 2006. IAN2006 was directed
to a broad-based international scientific community who wish to advance progress in the use of neutrons in a wide range of imaging
applications.
The goals of the Workshop were
threefold. First, identify the current
needs and potential contributions of
imaging with neutrons in a wide
range of science and areas of applications. Second, recognize new
imaging techniques that may be
made possible by advanced next
generation sources that go beyond
established techniques of radiography and tomography. Third, produce a report identifying both potentially valuable imaging techniques
and directions for additional research and investment to realize this
potential worldwide.
The 40 speakers and session leaders
participated in a program of two
parts: on Monday, there was a focus
on current neutron techniques and
related challenges and opportunities, and Tuesday and Wednesday
sessions were oriented to applications and included other techniques
including x-rays and MRI.
During the applications portion, the
use of neutrons for imaging was described for many scientific disciplines, from biology and medicine to
industrial applications in engineering, homeland security, materials
science and chemistry. Neutron tomography and radiography were
briefly discussed as they were the
subject of the 8th World Conference
on Neutron Radiography in
Gaithersburg, Maryland, of which
IAN2006 was a satellite.
Of particular benefit to 200 attendees from institutions in 14 coun-
36
tries and 15 U.S. states were the
wide range of other imaging techniques presented that covered many
the presentations can be found in
the session on medical and biomedical applications.
Attendees of the eV Neutron Spectroscopy pose at Oak Ridge’s Spallation Neutron Source.
(PHOTO CREDIT: IAN ANDERSON/ORNL)
scientific disciplines. The comment
repeated many times was appreciation for organizing this interdisciplinary meeting; it promoted the understanding of the effectiveness and
limitations of many imaging tools
and provided an effective exchange
of such awareness.
Sponsors of IAN2006 are Oak Ridge
National Laboratory, the European
Community’s Integrated Infrastructure Initiative for Neutron Scattering
and Muon Spectroscopy (NMI3),
National Science Foundation, Oak
Ridge Associated Universities, Joint
Institute for Neutron Sciences of the
University of Tennessee and ORNL,
in cooperation with the International
Atomic Energy Agency.
The report is being drafted at the
time this article was prepared. It
will include summaries of each session as well as recommendations
for further research and development. An example of the scope of
•
Topics and presenters included Neutron Stimulated Emission Computed
Tomography (A. Kapadia, Duke),
Microscopic Boron Imaging in Tissue
Sections Using High Resolution
Quantitative Autoradiography (K.
Riley, MIT), Multimodal Contrast
Agents (K. Watkin, Illinois, Urbana).
Imaging Biomarkers (M. Vannier,
Chicago), and State of the Art and
Limitations in MRI and Optical Microscopy (W. Warren, Duke).
Clearly the bio-imaging community
exists and it is strong! But, they are
very aware of the capabilities of neutrons. Some opportunities could be
in biomarkers (they could be targeted by neutrons), multi-modality
(combining x-ray, MRI, and other
applications and to ensure that information is truly complementary).
The new science enabled by neutrons
in biomedical applications might include imaging in drug development,
and the synergy of combining neu-
trons with other modalities.
But developments are needed to
demonstrate the usefulness of neutrons for these purposes. Neutrons
can also be used for small animal
imaging. As far as technical improvements, discussions indicate
much better gamma detectors are
needed along with determination of
which neutron energies are useful.
Collimated high flux portable
sources are also desired.
Neutrons for Mona Lisa Lecture
On the opening night of IAN2006,
Dr. Philippe Walter, of the CNRS
Centre de Recherche et de Restauration des Musées de France, discussed activities at the Ion Beam
photography and x-rays, as well as
x-ray and ultraviolet fluorescence,
Raman spectrometry, and spectrophotometry, and infrared reflectography.
More information on all of these
events, including photos, abstracts and
copies of presentations and workshop
summaries will be found at:
www.sns.gov/workshops/ian2006/
eV Neutron Spectroscopy Session Held
A satellite event of IAN2006 held on
October 22, 2006 was the Progress in
Electron Volt Neutron Spectroscopy
Workshop. The observational window provided by high-energy
(many electron volt) neutrons offers
unique possibilities as a local probe
for the exploration of matter.
The 45 attendees of this workshop
reviewed the latest progress of the
field and instrument developments.
The workshop objectives included:
developing a broad-based multidisciplinary research network for applications of eV neutron spectroscopy; identifying the needs and
potential contributions of eV neutron spectrometers; and identifying
new techniques that will be made
possible by advanced next generation neutron sources.
The presentations of this workshop are
available as part of the IAN2006 website, at:
www.sns.gov/workshops/ian2006.
As a result of the Workshop, the attendees agreed to explore options
for an instrument at the Spallation
Neutron Source. George Rieter
([email protected]) is coordinating this
activity.
Wolfgang Treimer, Frikkie de Beer, Gabriel Frei,
and Nicolay Kardjilov prepare for discussions
during IAN2006. (PHOTO CREDIT: CURTIS BOLES/ORNL)
Analysis (IBA) facility of Le Louvre
in Paris, including scientific imaging
and analysis of Leonardo Da Vinci’s
Mona Lisa and other works of art
and artifacts.
Entitled Neutrons for Mona Lisa, the
talk described the various investigative techniques utilized in cultural
heritage investigations.
The study of materials from Cultural Heritage needs advanced techniques to shed new lights on ancient
technologies and to help in their
preservation.
The current needs and potential
contributions of imaging techniques
were described, from the millimeter
to the nanometer scales, using large
scale facilities such as ion beam
analysis at the Louvre, at synchrotron radiation and neutron facilities
at Grenoble (France) as well as
transmission electron microscopy.
In his lecture, he also presented details of the recent examination of the
Mona Lisa painting that are described in Mona Lisa: Inside the Painting (by Jean-Pierre Mohen, Michel
Menu, Bruno Mottin, published
September 2006 by Harry Abrams).
The techniques included imaging by
•
Philippe Walter, of the CNRS Centre de
Recherche et de Restauration des Musées de
France, discussed imaging techniques utilized
at Le Louvre. (PHOTO CREDIT: CURTIS BOLES/ORNL)
More information on all of these
events, including photos, abstracts and
copies of presentations, and workshop
summaries will be found at the website: http://www.sns.gov/workshops/ian2006/.
Allen E. Ekkebus
National Laboratory
37
Sea Waves and Spin Waves Meet
in Santa Margherita di Pula
The biennial School of Neutron Scattering, named after the late
Francesco Paolo Ricci, prominent
neutron scatterer and one of the
founding fathers of the Italian neutron scattering community, has become a fixture of the scientific calendar, and has steadily grown in prestige and international standing over
the years.
The eighth edition, which I had the
privilege to direct together with
Dante Gatteschi (University of Florence – INSTM), co-funded by the
Association “School of Neutron
Scattering Francesco Paolo Ricci”,
NMI3 and a number of institutional
sponsors*, was held at the beautiful
Hotel Flamingo in Santa Margherita di Pula (Sardinia) on Sept. 25Oct. 6 2006.
This year’s theme, for the first time
in the history of the School, addressed the structure and dynamics
of magnetic systems, as investigated with a variety of neutron scattering tools.
Equal emphasis was placed on theory and practice, with a mix of introductory lectures, specialised lectures
providing the theoretical basis of
each discipline, scientific seminars
on topical subjects and a series of
hands-on tutorials.
The latter proved extremely popular
with the students, who enjoyed the
sophisticated, computer-based data
analysis sessions, such as “Slicing
and dicing of Q-Ω space” by Toby
Perring (ISIS-RAL) as well as the
pen-and-paper exercises, such as
“Guess the final polarisation” by
Jane Brown (ILL) of “Find the spiral
phase” by Mechthild Enderle (ILL).
Helped in no small part by the unquestionable charm of the School
venue, we had managed to lure the
very best Lecturers and Tutors on
each topic from around the world,
and this, in turn, attracted a group of
highly competent and motivated
Italian, European and International
students from as far away as Australia and India.
The downside was that the scenic
setting could have been an almost irresistible distraction for the students.
Nevertheless, the quality of the
teaching was so high that the Directors had no difficulty in recalling the
afternoon sessions after the
lunchtime break on the beach or at
the pool or the after-dinner sessions
after a good dose of “Mirto Rosso”
(well, almost no difficulty…).
The School started on Monday afternoon with introductory lectures on
Small Angle Neutron Scattering by
Participants to the eight edition of the biennial School of Neutron Scattering (Sept. 25 - Oct. 6, 2006)
38
•
Fabrizio Lo Celso (University of
Palermo) and on Inelastic Neutron
Scattering by Marco Zoppi (CNRS –
Florence), who also gave an interesting after-dinner seminar on the Italian Neutron Experimental Station
(INES) at ISIS.
The next two and a half days were
largely devoted to the theory and
practice of magnetic powder diffraction, taught by Juan Rodriguez-Carvajal (ILL), Laurent Chapon (ISIS)
and myself.
At the end of this section, most of
the students were competently refining neutron powder diffraction data,
performing simulated annealing to
solve magnetic structures and visualising the results in 3D.
But, alas, just when they thought
that they were mastering the subject,
Jane Brown provided a much-needed “reality check”, shown that there
is far more depth to the subject, and
initiating the students on the intricacies of neutron polarimetry.
Polarised neutron diffraction, with
particular reference to measurements of spin density on single crystals, was the subject of the lectures
presented by Arsen Gukasov (LLB).
A full day was devoted to magnetic
neutron reflectometry, with theory
lectures by Giampiero Felcher (Argonne National Laboratory), handson tutorials by Tim Charlton (ISIS)
and a final topical seminar, given
again by Giampiero, on the exciting
opportunities provided by the new
SERGIS technique.
After a much-needed free morning
on Sunday, the lectures restarted in
the afternoon with Albrecht Wiedenmann (HMI), who provided an extremely clear introduction to magnetic SANS, later followed by a seminar on the investigation of magnetic
nanostructures.
Having thoroughly explored Q
space in all its facets, the students
found themselves on Monday faced
with a new dimension (energy transfer), and the relevant techniques of
Triple Axis Spectroscopy (Mechthild
Enderle – ILL) and time-of-flight
chopper spectroscopy (Toby Perring
– ISIS). Roberto Caciuffo introduced
the formalism of Crystal Field levels
and excitations, and its applications
to molecular magnetism.
This was followed by a Lecture/Tutorial by Roberto Senesi on the unusual but extremely interesting topic
of Intermultiplets Transition in Pr
probed by high-energy INS.
The highly topical subject of molecular magnetism was further pursued
by Hans Güdel (University of Bern),
with a series of lectures on “Inelastic
Neutron Scattering of Spin Clusters
and Single Molecule Magnets” and
Dante Gatteschi, who lectured on
“Molecular Magnets”.
The last few days of the School were
very busy for the students, who
were asked to work in groups to prepare a series of reports, which were
presented during the final day. The
subjects chosen ranged from an indepth treatment of some of the problems presented in the Tutorials to the
application of the methods learned
during the School to the Students’
own research topics.
All reports demonstrated the effort
and dedication perfused by the Students during what amounted to two
very intense weeks of work.
The reports were also humorous and
at times truly hilarious, clearly indicated that, in addition to hard work,
the School was also good fun.
One particularly valuable contribution from the Lecturers and Tutors
was a full set of lecture notes (available on the School web site
http://www.fis.uniroma3.it/sns_fpr
/index.html), which represents a
useful summary of the state of the
art in the field of magnetic neutron
scattering.
Many have expressed the wish to
put this to a good use, either in the
form of a new edition of the School,
perhaps under different auspices, or
of a published collection – a suggestion that we are now considering
very seriously.
Paolo G. Radaelli
* Sponsors
The Association "School of Neutron Scattering
Francesco Paolo Ricci” acknowledges the
support of Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche,
NMI3, Università di Milano Bicocca Università
di Milano, Università di Palermo (and Dip. di
Chimica Fisica), Università di Roma Tor Vergata,
Università di Roma Tre (and Dip. di Fisica).
ISIS-Spallation Neutron Source
ETSF
European Theoretical Spectroscopy Facility
Opening New Eyes to the Nanoworld
•
39
CALENDAR
Feb 12-13, 2007
CAMPINAS, SP, BRAZIL
LNLS 17th Users' Meeting
LNLS campus in Campinas
http://www.lnls.br/principal.asp?idioma=2&conteudo=563
Mar 14, 2007
ST. TSUKUBA, JAPAN
Photon Factory Users' Meeting
http://www.lightsources.org/cms/?pid=1000068
Mar 25-29, 2007
Feb 15-19, 2007
SAN FRANCISCO, CA, USA
2007 AAAS Annual Meeting
Hilton San Francisco & Towers
http://www.aaas.org/meetings/Annual_Meeting/
233rd American Chemical Society National Meeting
http://www.chemistry.org/portal/a/c/s/1/acsdisplay.html
?DOC=meetings/future.html
Apr 2-6, 2007
Feb 21-23, 2007
TOKYO, JAPAN
nano tech 2007 (International Nanotechnology Exhibition &
Conference)
Reception Hall, 1F, Conference Tower
http://www.ics-inc.co.jp/nanotech/en/index.html
Feb 26 - Mar 2, 2007
BERLIN, GERMANY
28th HMI School on Neutron Scattering
HMI
http://www.hmi.de/bensc/nschool2007/
Feb 28 - Mar 2, 2007
VI. Research Course on New X-Ray Sciences. X-Ray
Investigation of Ultrafast Processes
HASYLAB conference room
https://indico.desy.de/conferenceDisplay.py?confId=131
Mar 5-7, 2007
VILLIGEN, SWITZERLAND
NOP 07: European Workshop on Neutron Optics
PSI
http://kur.web.psi.ch/nop07/
Mar 5-9, 2007
DENVER, CO, USA
American Physical Society Meeting
Adam’sMark
http://www.aps.org/meetings/march/index.cfm
Apr 9-13, 2007
SAINT-AUBIN, FRANCE
Second European training school on the synchrotron
analysis of ancient artefacts "Ageing, alteration and
conservation"
Synchrotron SOLEIL
http://www.synchrotron-soleil.fr/workshops/2007/
newlights-2007/
40
•
SAN FRANCISCO, CA, USA
2007 MRS Spring Meeting
Moscone West, San Francisco Marriott
http://www.mrs.org/s_mrs/sec.asp?CID=4750&DID=164575
CAMPINAS, BRAZIL
Latin American Workshop on Applications of Powder
Diffraction
http://www.lnls.br/formularios/eventos/DetalhesEvento.
asp?idEvento=57&idioma=2
Apr 23-28, 2007
BUDAPEST, HUNGARY
4th Central European Training School on Neutron
Scattering
Budapest Netron Centre
http://neutron.neutron-eu.net/n_news/
n_calendar_of_events/n-events-2007/1231
Apr 25, 2007
BATON ROUGE, LA, USA
CAMD Users' Meeting
Apr 25-27, 2007
Mar 12-17, 2007
GRENOBLE, FRANCE
Science on Stage Festival
Europole Congress Centre
http://www.ill.fr/scienceonstage2007/
Apr 18-20, 2007
HAMBURG, GERMANY
CHICAGO, IL, USA
BATON ROUGE, LA, USA
2007 SRI Meeting
http://www.camd.lsu.edu/SRI/sri07home.htm
Apr 26-27, 2007
GRENOBLE, FRANCE
D7 Millennium Project Meeting
Hilton Capitol Center
http://www.ill.fr/Events/D7/D7%20workshop/Home.html
CALENDAR
May 7-11, 2007
AWAJI, JAPAN
IXS2007 – 6th International Conference on Inelastic X-ray
Scattering
http://ixs2007.spring8.or.jp/
June 15, 2007
SASKATCHEWAN, CANADA
CLS Users' Meeting
http://www.lightsource.ca/uac/meeting2007/
June 25-29, 2007
May 7 – 11, 2007
ARGONNE, IL, USA
APS Users' Meeting
http://www.aps.anl.gov/Users/Meeting/
May 9-11, 2007
HAMBURG, GERMANY
GISAXS - an advanced scattering method
http://www-hasylab.desy.de/events/Gisaxs/testpage_3.html
May 21, 2007
UPTON, NY, USA
NSLS Users' Meeting
Brookhaven National Laboratory
http://www.nsls.bnl.gov/users/meeting/2007/
May 23-25, 2007
14TH BENSC Users' Meeting
BENSC – Hahn-Meitner-Institute
http://www.hmi.de/bensc/news/user2007/user2007_en.html
June 6-8, 2007
4th European Conference on Neutron Scattering - ECNS
Universitetsplatsen
http://www.ecns2007.org/index.asp
July 23-31, 2007
SERPONG & BANDUNG, INDONESIA
International Conference on Neutron and X-Ray
Scattering
http://www.rsc.org/ConferencesAndEvents/CFCONF/
alldetails.cfm?ID=18490
July 25-31, 2007
BERLIN, GERMANY
LUND, SWEDEN
FREIBURG, GERMANY
XXV ICPEAC – International Conference on Photonic,
Electronic and Atomic Collisions
The Concert House (Konzerthaus)
http://www.mpi-hd.mpg.de/ICPEAC2007/
PERUGIA, ITALY
Proteins in action. Neutron scattering as a tool to study
biomolecules in working conditions.
http://neutron.neutron-eu.net/n_news/
n_calendar_of_events/n-events-2007/1233
June 11-17, 2007
ERICE, SICILY, ITALY
1st School and Workshop on X-Ray Micro and
Nanoprobes: Instruments, Methodologies and
Applications
http://www.ifn.cnr.it/XMNP2007/home.htm
June 15–17, 2007
SASKATOON, CANADA
Canadian Light Source 10th Annual Users' Meeting
(in conjunction with the 62nd Annual Congress of the
Canadian Association of Physicists)
University of Saskatchewan
http://www.lightsource.ca/uac/meeting2007/
June 12, 2007
ITHACA, NY, USA
CHESS Users' Meeting
•
41
CALL FOR PROPOSAL
Call for proposals for
CHESS – Cornell High Energy Synchrotron Source
Neutron Sources
http://neutron.neutron-eu.net/n_about/n_where/europe
Deadlines for proposal submission:
30th April and 31st October 2007
www.chess.cornell.edu/prposals/index.htm
CLS - Canadian Light Source
BNC
15th May and 15th October 2006
www.bnc.hu/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=105
2nd April and 1st October 2007
www.lightsource.ca/uso/call_proposals.php
ELETTRA
FRM-II
23rd February, 17th August, 14th September 2007
https://user.frm2.tum.de/
28th Febryary and 31st August 2007
https://vuo.elettra.trieste.it/pls/vuo/guest.startup
GeNF
ESRF – European Synchrotron Radiation Facility
Anytime during 2007
www.gkss.de/index_e_js.html
1st March and 1st September 2007
www.esrf.eu/UsersAndScience/UserGuide/News/Proposal
Deadline/
ILL
6th March 2007
www.ill.fr
FELIX - Free Electron Laser for Infrared eXperiments
1st June and 1st December 2007
www.rijnh.nl/molecular-and-laser-physics/felix/n4/
f1234.htm
ISIS
16th April 2007
www.isis.rl.ac.uk/applying/index.htm
HASYLAB - Hamburger Synchrotronstrahlungslabor at
DESY
LLB-ORPHEE-SACLAY
1st April and 1st October 2007
www-llb.cea.fr/
1st March and 1st September 2007
www.hasylab.desy.de/user_infos/projects/3_deadlines.htm
NIST - Center for Neutron Research
NSLS - National Synchrotron Light Source
7th February 2007
www.ncnr.nist.gov/call/current_call.html
31st May 2007
www.nsls.bnl.gov/
SINQ
15th May 2007
http://sinq.web.psi.ch/
SLS – Swiss Light Source
Call for proposals for
SOLEIL
15th February, 15th March and 15th June 2007
http://sls.web.psi.ch/view.php/users/experiments/proposals
/opencalls/index.html
Synchrotron Radiation Sources
http://www.lightsources.org/cms/?pid=1000336#byfacility
15th February and 15th September 2008
www.synchrotron-soleil.fr/anglais/users/index.html
SRC - Synchrotron Radiation Center
APS – Advanced Photon Source
9th March and 13th July 2007
www.aps.anl.gov/Users/Scientific_Access/General_User/
GUP_Calendar.htm
15th February and 15th August 2007
www.bessy.de/boat/www/
SSRL - Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory
BSRF - Beijing Synchrotron radiation Facility
Proposals are evaluated twice a year
www.ihep.ac.cn/bsrf/english/userinfo/beamtime.htm
42
SRS - Synchrotron Radiation Source
1st May and 1st Novembre 2007
www.srs.ac.uk/srs/userSR/user_access2.html
BESSY
1st February and August 2007
www.src.wisc.edu/users/index.htm
•
5th May, 1st April, 20th April, 1st May, 1st July, 1st
Novembre and 1st December 2007
www.ssrl.slac.stanford.edu/users/user_admin/deadlines.html
FACILITIES
NEUTRON SOURCES
NEUTRON SCATTERING WWW SERVERS IN THE WORLD
(http://idb.neutron-eu.net/facilities.php)
BENSC Berlin Neutron Scattering Center
Hahn-Meitner-Institut
Glienicker Strasse 100
D-14109 Berlin, Germany
Tel: +49/30/8062-2778; Fax: +49/30/8062-2523
www.hmi.de/bensc/index_en.html
Budapest Neutron Centre
HIFAR
ANSTO Australia
New Illawarra Road, Lucas Heights NSW, Australia
Phone: 61 2 9717 3111
www.ansto.gov.au/ansto/bragg/hifar/nshifar.html
www.ansto.gov.au/natfac/hifar.html
HMI Berlin BER-II (D)
Budapest Research Reactor
Type: Reactor. Flux: 2.0 x 1014 n/cm2/s
Address for application forms:
Dr. Borbely Sándor
KFKI Building 10,
1525 Budapest - Pf 49, Hungary
www.iki.kfki.hu/nuclear
Facility: BER II, BENSC
Type: Swimming Pool Reactor. Flux: 2 x 1014 n/cm2/s
Dr. Rainer Michaelsen, BENSC,
Scientific Secretary, Hahn-Meitner-Institut,
Glienicker Str 100, 14109 Berlin, Germany
Tel: +49 30 8062 2304/3043; Fax: +49 30 8062 2523/2181
www.hmi.de/bensc
CNF
IBR2 Fast Pulsed Reactor Dubna (RU)
Canadian Neutron Beam Centre
National Research Council of Canada
Building 459, Station 18
Chalk River Laboratories
Chalk River, Ontario
CANADA K0J 1J0
Tel: 1- (888) 243-2634 (toll free) / 1- (613) 584-8811 ext. 3973
Fax: 1- (613) 584-4040
http://cnf-ccn.gc.ca/home.html
Type: Pulsed Reactor.
Flux: 3 x 1016 (thermal n in core)
Dr. Vadim Sikolenko,
Frank Laboratory of Neutron Physics
Joint Institute for Nuclear Research
141980 Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia.
Tel: +7 09621 65096; Fax: +7 09621 65882
http://nfdfn.jinr.ru/flnph/ibr2.html
FRG-1 Geesthacht (D)
ILL Grenoble (F)
Type: Swimming Pool Cold Neutron Source
Flux: 8.7 x 1013 n/cm2/s
Address for application forms and informations:
Reinhard Kampmann, Institute for Materials Science, Div.
Wfn-Neutronscattering, GKSS, Research Centre, 21502
Geesthacht, Germany
Tel: +49 (0)4152 87 1316/2503; Fax: +49 (0)4152 87 1338
www.gkss.de
FRJ-2
Type: 58MW High Flux Reactor.
Flux: 1.5 x 1015 n/cm2/s
Scientific Coordinator
Dr. G. Cicognani, ILL, BP 156,
38042 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
Tel: +33 4 7620 7179; Fax: +33 4 76483906
E-mail: [email protected] and [email protected]
www.ill.fr
IPNS Intense Pulsed Neutron at Argonne (USA)
for proposal submission by e-mail
Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH
Jülich
Type: DIDO (heavy water), 23 MW
Research Centre Jülich, D-52425, Jülich
www.fz-juelich.de/iff/wns
send to [email protected] or mail/fax to:
IPNS Scientific Secretary, Building 360
Argonne National Laboratory,
9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne,
IL 60439-4814, USA
Phone: 630/252-7820; Fax: 630/252-7722
www.pns.anl.gov
HFIR
ISIS Didcot (UK)
Oak Ridge National Lab.
Oak Ridge, USA
Tel: (865)574-5231; Fax: (865)576-7747
http://neutrons.ornl.gov/
Type: Pulsed Spallation Source.
Flux: 2.5 x 1016 n fast/s
ISIS Users Liaison Office, Building R3,
Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton,
•
43
FACILITIES
Didcot, Oxon OX11 0QX
Tel: +44 (0) 1235 445592; Fax: +44 (0) 1235 445103
www.isis.rl.ac.uk
JAERI (J)
Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute,
Tokai-mura, Naka-gun,
Ibaraki-ken 319-11, Japan.
Jun-ichi Suzuki (JAERI);
Yuji Ito (ISSP, Univ. of Tokyo);
Fax: +81 292 82 59227; Telex: JAERIJ24596
www.ndc.tokai.jaeri.go.jp
NRI Rez (CZ)
Type: 10 MW research reactor.
Address for informations:
Zdenek Kriz, Scientif Secretary
Nuclear Research Institute Rez plc,
250 68 Rez - Czech Republic
Tel: +420 2 20941177 / 66173428; Fax: +420 2 20941155
E-mail: [email protected] and [email protected]
www.nri.cz
NRU Chalk River Laboratories
The peak thermal flux 3x1014 cm-2 sec-1
Neutron Program for Materials Research
National Research Council Canada
Building 459, Station 18
Chalk River Laboratories
Chalk River, Ontario - Canada K0J 1J0
Phone: 1 - (888) 243-2634 (toll free)
Phone: 1 - (613) 584-8811 ext. 3973
Fax: 1- (613) 584-4040
http://neutron.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/home.html
JEEP-II Kjeller (N)
Type: D2O moderated 3.5%
enriched UO2 fuel.
Flux: 2 x 1013 n/cm2/s
Institutt for Energiteknikk
K.H. Bendiksen, Managing Director
Box 40, 2007 Kjeller, Norway
Tel: +47 63 806000, 806275; Fax: +47 63 816356
www.ife.no
PSI-SINQ Villigen (CH)
KENS
Institute of Materials Structure Science
High Energy Accelerator research Organisation
1-1 Oho, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki-ken,?305-0801, JAPAN
http://neutron-www.kek.jp/index_e.html
KUR
Kyoto University Research Reactor Institute,
Kumatori-cho Sennan-gun,
Osaka 590-0494,Japan
Tel::+81-72-451-2300
Fax:+81-72-451-2600
www.rri.kyoto-u.ac.jp/en
LANSCE
Los Alamos Neutron Science Center
TA-53, Building 1, MS H831
Los Alamos National Lab, Los Alamos, USA
505-665-8122
http://www.lansce.lanl.gov/index.html
Type: Steady spallation source.
Flux: 2.0 x 1014 n/cm2/s
Contact address: Paul Scherrer Institut
User Office, CH-5232 Villigen PSI - Switzerland
Tel: +41 56 310 4666; Fax: +41 56 310 3294
http://sinq.web.psi.ch
RID Reactor Institute Delft (NL)
Type: 2MW light water swimming pool.
Flux: 1.5 x 1013 n/cm2/s
Dr. M. Blaauw, Head of Facilities and Services Dept.
Reactor Institute Delft, Faculty of Applied Sciences
Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 15
2629 JB Delft, The Netherlands
Tel: +31-15-2783528
Fax: +31-15-2788303
www.rid.tudelft.nl
SPALLATION NEUTRON SOURCE, ORNL (USA)
Type: Reactor. Flux: 3.0 x 1014 n/cm2/s
Laboratoire Léon Brillouin (CEA-CNRS)
www-llb.cea.fr/index_e.html
Address for information:
A. E. Ekkebus,
Spallation Neutron Source,
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
One Bethel Valley Road, Bldg 8600
P. O. Box 2008, MS 6460
Oak Ridge, TN 37831 - 6460
Tel: 089 289 14701; Fax: 089 289 14666
www.sns.gov
NIST Center for Neutron Research (USA)
TU Munich FRM, FRM-2 (D)
National Institute of Standards and Technology
100 Bureau Drive, MS 8560
Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8560
Patrick Gallagher, Director
tel: (301) 975-6210
fax: (301) 869-4770
E-email: [email protected]
www.ncnr.nist.gov/call/current_call.html
Type: Compact 20 MW reactor.
Flux: 8 x 1014 n/cm2/s
Address for information:
Prof. Winfried Petry,
FRM-II Lichtenbergstrasse 1 - 85747 Garching
Tel: 089 289 14701; Fax: 089 289 14666
www.frm2.tu-muenchen.de
LLB Orphée Saclay (F)
44
•
FACILITIES
SYNCHROTRON RADIATION SOURCES
SYNCHROTRON RADIATION SOURCES WWW SERVERS IN THE WORLD
(http://www.lightsources.org/cms/?pid=1000098)
ALBA - Synchrotron Light Facility
CELLS - ALBA, Edifici Ciències. C-3 central.
Campus UAB
Campus Universitari de Bellaterra. Universitat
Autònoma de Barcelona
08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
tel: +34 93 592 43 00 - fax: +34 93 592 43 01
www.cells.es
CAMD Center Advanced Microstructures & Devices
CAMD/LSU 6980 Jefferson Hwy.,
Baton Rouge, LA 70806, USA
tel: +1 (225) 578-8887 - fax : +1 (225) 578-6954
www.camd.lsu.edu
CANDLE Center for the Advancement of Natural Discoveries
using Light Emission
Acharyan 31 ?375040, Yerevan, Armenia
tel/fax: +374-1-629806
www.candle.am/index.html
ALS Advanced Light Source
Berkeley Lab, 1 Cyclotron Rd,
MS6R2100, Berkeley, CA 94720
tel: +1 510.486.7745 - fax: +1 510.486.4773
www-als.lbl.gov
CHESS Cornell High Energy Synchrotron Source
Cornell High Energy Synchrotron Source
200L Wilson Lab, Rt. 366 & Pine Tree Road,
Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
Tel: +1 (607) 255-7163, +1 (607) 255-9001
www.tn.cornell.edu
ANKA
Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe Institut für
Synchrotronstrahlung
Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1,
76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
tel: +49 (0)7247 / 82-6071 - fax: +49-(0)7247 / 82-6172
http://hikwww1.fzk.de/iss/
CLS Canadian Light Source
Canadian Light Source Inc., University of Saskatchewan
101, Perimeter Road Saskatoon, SK., Canada. S7N 0X4
tel: (306) 657-3500 - fax: (306) 657-3535
www.lightsource.ca
APS Advanced Photon Source
Argonne Nat. Lab. 9700 S. Cass Avenue,
Argonne, Il 60439, USA
tel: (630) 252-2000 - fax: +1 708 252 3222
www.aps.anl.gov
AS Australian Synchrotron
Level 17, 80 Collins St., Melbourne VIC 3000, Australia
tel: +61 3 9655 3315 - fax: +61 3 9655 8666
www.synchrotron.vic.gov.au
BESSY Berliner Elektronenspeicherring Gessellschaft.für
Synchrotronstrahlung
BESSY GmbH, Albert-Einstein-Str.15,
12489 Berlin, Germany
tel +49 (0)30 6392-2999 - fax: +49 (0)30 6392-2990
www.bessy.de
BSRF Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility
BEPC National Laboratory, Institute of High Energy
Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences
P.O.Box 918, Beijing 100039, P.R. China
tel: +86-10-68235125 - fax: +86-10-68222013
www.ihep.ac.cn/bsrf/english/main/main.htm
CTST - UCSB Center for Terahertz Science and Technology
University of California, Santa Barbara (UCSB), USA
http://sbfel3.ucsb.edu/
DAFNE Light
INFN – LNF
Via Enrico Fermi, 40, I – 00044 Frascati (Rome), Italy
fax: +39 6 94032597
www.lnf.infn.it/esperimenti/sr_dafne_light/
DELSY Dubna ELectron SYnchrotron
JINR Joliot-Curie 6,
141980 Dubna, Moscow region, Russia
tel: + 7 09621 65 059 - fax: + 7 09621 65 891
www.jinr.ru/delsy
DELTA Dortmund Electron Test Accelerator - FELICITA I (FEL)
Institut für Beschleunigerphysik und
Synchrotronstrahlung, Universität Dortmund
Maria-Goeppert-Mayer-Str. 2
44221 Dortmund, Germany
fax: +49-(0)231-755-5383
www.delta.uni-dortmund.de/home_e.html
•
45
FACILITIES
HSRC Hiroshima Synchrotron Radiation Center - HiSOR
Hiroshima University
2-313 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, 739-8526, Japan
tel: +81 82 424 6293 fax: +81 82 424 6294
www.hsrc.hiroshima-u.ac.jp/index.html
DFELL Duke Free Electron Laser Laboratory
Duke Free Electron Laser Laboratory
PO Box 90319, Duke University Durham,
North Carolina 27708-0319, USA
tel: +1 (919) 660-2666 fax: +1 (919) 660-2671
www.fel.duke.edu
Diamond Light Source
Diamond Light Source Ltd
Diamond House, Chilton, Didcot, OXON OX11 0DE, UK
tel: +44 (0)1235 778000 fax: +44 (0)1235 778499
www.diamond.ac.uk
ELETTRA Synchrotron Light Lab.
Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A
Strada Statale 14 - Km 163,5 in AREA Science Park,
34012 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
tel: +39 40 37581 fax: +39 (040) 938-0902
www.elettra.trieste.it
ELSA Electron Stretcher Accelerator
Physikalisches Institut der Universität Bonn
Beschleunigeranlage ELSA, Nußallee 12,
D-53115 Bonn, Germany
tel: +49-228-735926 - fax +49-228-733620
E-Mail: [email protected]
www-elsa.physik.uni-bonn.de/elsa-facility_en.html
ESRF European Synchrotron Radiation Lab.
ESRF, 6 Rue Jules Horowitz, BP 220,
38043 Grenoble Cedex 9, FRANCE
tel: +33 (0)4 7688 2000 fax: +33 (0)4 7688 2020
E mail: [email protected]
www.esrf.fr
FELBE Free-Electron Lasers at the ELBE radiation source at
the FZR/Dresden
Bautzner Landstrasse 128, 01328 Dresden, Germany
www.fz-rossendorf.de/pls/rois/Cms?pNid=471
FELIX Free Electron Laser for Infrared eXperiments
FOM Institute for Plasma Physics ‘Rijnhuizen’
Edisonbaan, 14, 3439 MN Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
P.O. Box 1207, 3430 BE Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
tel: +31-30-6096999 fax: +31-30-6031204
www.rijnh.nl/felix
HASYLAB Hamburger Synchrotronstrahlungslabor - DORIS
III, PETRA II / III, FLASH
DESY - HASYLAB
Notkestrasse 85 22607 Hamburg, Germany
tel: +49 40 / 8998-2304 - fax: +49 40 / 8998-2020
www-hasylab.desy.de
46
•
iFEL
Institute of Free Electron Laser,
Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University
2-9-5 Tsuda-Yamate, Hirakata, Osaka 573-0128, Japan
tel: +81-(0)72-897-6410
www.fel.eng.osaka-u.ac.jp/english/index_e.html
INDUS -1 / INDUS -2
Centre for Advanced Technology Department of Atomic
Energy Government of India
P.O : CAT Indore, M.P - 452 013, India
tel: +91-731-248-8003 fax: 91-731-248-8000
www.ee.ualberta.ca/~naik/accind1.html
IR FEL Research Center - FEL-SUT
IR FEL Research Center, Research Institutes for
Science and Technology
The Tokyo University of Sciente, Yamazaki 2641,
Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
tel: +81 4-7121-4290 fax: +81 4-7121-4298
www.rs.noda.sut.ac.jp/~felsut/english/index.htm
ISA Institute for Storage Ring Facilities - ASTRID-1
ISA, University of Aarhus, Ny Munkegade, bygn. 520,
DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
tel: +45 8942 3778 fax: +45 8612 0740
www.isa.au.dk
ISI-800
Institute of Metal Physics
National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
tel: +(380) 44 424-1005 fax: +(380) 44 424-2561
Jlab - Jefferson Lab FEL
12000 Jefferson Avenue,
Newport News, Virginia 23606, USA
tel: (757) 269-7767
www.jlab.org/FEL
Kharkov Institute of Physics and Technology - Pulse
Stretcher/Synchrotron Radiation
National Science Center, KIPT, 1, Akademicheskaya St.,
Kharkov, 61108, Ukraine
tel: 38 (057) 335-35-30 fax: 38 (057) 335-16-88
www.kipt.kharkov.ua
KSR Nuclear Science Research Facility Accelerator Laboratory
Gokasho,Uji, Kyoto 611
fax: +81-774-38-3289
wwwal.kuicr.kyoto-u.ac.jp/www/index-e.htmlx
FACILITIES
KSRS Kurchatov Synchrotron Radiation Source KSRS Siberia-1 / Siberia-2
Kurtchatov Institute 1, Kurtchatov Sq.,
Moscow 123182, Russia
www.kiae.ru/eng/wel/alb/illus6.htm
NSSR Nagoya University Small Synchrotron Radiation Facility
Nagoya University
4-9-1,Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba-shi, 263-8555 Japan
tel: +81-(0)43-251-2111
http://nssr.xtal.nagoya-u.ac.jp
LCLS Linac Coherent Light Source
Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC)
2575 Sand Hill Road, MS 18,
Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
tel: +1 (650) 926-3191 - fax: +1 (650) 926-3600
www-ssrl.slac.stanford.edu/lcls
PAL Pohang Accelerator Lab.
San-31 Hyoja-dong Pohang, Kyungbuk 790-784, Korea
tel: +82 562 792696 - fax: +82 562 794499
http://pal.postech.ac.kr/eng/index.html
LNLS Laboratorio Nacional de Luz Sincrotron
Caixa Postal 6192, CEP 13084-971, Campinas, SP, Brazil
tel: +55 (0) 19 3512-1010 - fax: +55 (0)19 3512-1004
www.lnls.br
LURE Laboratoire pour l’utilisation du Rayonnement
Electromagnétique
Bât 209D Centre Universitaire Paris-Sud, B.P. 34 - 91898
Orsay Cedex, France
tel: +33 (0)1 6446 8000
MAX-Lab
Box 118, University of Lund, S-22100 Lund, Sweden
tel: +46-222 9872 - fax: +46-222 4710
www.maxlab.lu.se
Medical Synchrotron Radiation Facility
National Institute of Radiological Sciences (NIRS)
4-9-1, Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba-shi, 263-8555, Japan
tel: +81-(0)43-251-2111
www.lightsources.org/cms/?pid=1000161
NSLS National Synchrotron Light Source
NSLS User Administration Office
Brookhaven National Laboratory, P.O. Box 5000,
Bldg. 725B, Upton, NY 11973-5000, USA
tel: +1 (631) 344-7976 - fax: +1 (631) 344-7206
www.nsls.bnl.gov
NSRL National Synchrotron Radiation Lab.
University od Science and Technology China (USTC)
Hefei, Anhui 230029, PR China
tel +86-551-5132231,3602034 - fax: +86-551-5141078
www.nsrl.ustc.edu.cn/en/enhome.html
NSRRC National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center
National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center
101 Hsin-Ann Road, Hsinchu Science Park,
Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan, R.O.C.
tel: +886-3-578-0281
www.nsrrc.org.tw
PF Photon Factory
KEK, 1-1 Oho, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan
tel: +81 (0)-29-879-6009 - fax: +81 (0)-29-864-4402
http://pfwww.kek.jp/
RitS Ritsumeikan University SR Center MIRRORCLE 6X/MIRRORCLE 20
Ritsumeikan University (RitS) SR Center,
Biwako-Kusatsu Campus
Noji Higashi 1-chome, 1-1 Kusatsu,
525-8577 Shiga-ken, Japan
tel: +81 (0)77 561-2806 - fax: +81 (0)77 561-2859
E-mail:[email protected]
www.ritsumei.ac.jp/acd/re/src/index.htm
SESAME Synchrotron-light for Experimental Science and
Applications in the Middle East
www.sesame.org.jo/
SLS Swiss Light Source
Paul Scherrer Institut reception building, PSI West,
CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
tel: +41 56 310 4666 - fax: +41 56 310 3294
E-mail [email protected]
http://sls.web.psi.ch
SPL - Siam Photon Laboratory
The Siam Photon Laboratory of the National
Synchrotron Research Center
111 University Avenue, Muang District, Nakhon
Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
Postal Address: PO. BOX 93,
Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
Phone: +66-44-21-7040
Fax: +66-44-21-7047, +66-44-21-7040 ext 211
www.nsrc.or.th/eng
SOLEIL
Synchrotron SOLEIL
L’Orme des Merisiers
Saint-Aubin - BP 48
91192 GIF-sur-YVETTE CEDEX, FRANCE
tel: +33 1 6935 9652 _- fax: +33 1 6935 9456
www.synchrotron-soleil.fr/anglais/index.html
•
47
FACILITIES
SPring-8
Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute (JASRI)
Kouto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
Phone: +81-(0) 791-58-0961 ?- fax: +81-(0) 791-58-0965
www.spring8.or.jp/en
TSRF Tohoku Synchrotron Radiation Facilità - Laboratory of
Nuclear Science
Tohoku University
Tel: +81 (022)-743-3400 - fax: +81 (022)-743-3401
www.lns.tohoku.ac.jp/index.php
SRC Synchrotron Radiation Center
Univ. of Wisconsin at Madison, 3731 Schneider Drive,
Stoughton, WI 53589-3097 USA
tel: +1 (608) 877-2000 - fax: +1 (608) 877-2001
www.src.wisc.edu
UVSOR Ultraviolet Synchrotron Orbital Radiation Facility
UVSOR Facility, Institute for Molecular Science,
Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
www.uvsor.ims.ac.jp/defaultE.htm
SSLS Singapore Synchrotron Light Source –Helios II
National University of Singapore (NUS)
5 Research Link, Singapore 117603, Singapore
tel: (65) 6874-6568 - fax: (65) 6773-6734
http://ssls.nus.edu.sg/index.html
VU FEL W. M. Keck Vanderbilt Free-electron Laser Center
410 24th Avenue Nashville, TN 37212 Box 1816,
Stn B Nashville, TN 37235, USA
www.vanderbilt.edu/fel
SSRC Siberian Synchrotron Research Centre – VEPP3/VEPP4
Lavrentyev av. 11, Budker INP,
Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
tel: +7(3832)39-44-98 - fax: +7(3832)34-21-63
http://ssrc.inp.nsk.su/
SSRL Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lab.
Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, 2575 Sand Hill
Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
tel: +1 650-926-4000 - fax: +1 650-926-3600
www-ssrl.slac.stanford.edu
SRS Synchrotron Radiation Source
CCLRC Daresbury Lab.
Warrington, Cheshire, WA4 4AD, U.K.
tel: +44 (0)1925 603223 - fax: +44 (0)1925 603174
www.srs.ac.uk/srs
Stanford Picosecond FEL Center
USA
www.stanford.edu/group/FEL
Super SOR Light Source
Kashiwa Campus, Univ. of Tokyo
SRL Experimental Hall (Super SOR Project Office)
5-1-5 KashiwanoHa, Kashiwa-shi, Chiba 277-8581, Japan
tel: +81 (0471) 36-3405 - fax: +81(0471) 34-6083
Kashiwa Campus, Univ. of Tokyo
www.issp.u-tokyo.ac.jp/labs/sor/project/MENU.html
SURF-II / SURF-III Synchrotron Ultraviolet Radiation Facility
NIST, 100 Bureau Drive, Stop 3460,
Gaithersburg, MD 20899-3460, USA
tel: +1 301 975 6478
http://physics.nist.gov/MajResFac/surf/surf.html
TNK - F.V. Lukin Institute
State Research Center of Russian Federation
103460, Moscow, Zelenograd
tel. +7(095) 531-1306/1603 - fax: +7(095) 531-4656
48
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Neutron Sources

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