Generalized Geologic Map for Land

Ashland
Kentucky Geological Survey
James C. Cobb, State Geologist and Director
UNIVERSITY OF KENTUCKY, LEXINGTON
Hilltop Construction
Map and Chart 138
Series XII, 2006
Generalized Geologic Map
for
Land-Use Planning:
Boyd County, Kentucky
Landslides
7
The city of Ashland was established in 1854, and named after the home of Henry Clay in Lexington. Settled in 1786 as Poagues Landing, Ashland was later
known as Pollards Mill. Ashland's early history included iron manufacturing, and it still is considered a center of industry for eastern Kentucky. The population of Ashland in 2000 was 21,900. Photo by Bart Davidson, Kentucky Geological Survey.
Acknowledgments
Bedrock mapping was adapted from Ashcraft (2002), Nelson and
Curl (2002a, b), Petersen (2002), Plauche (2002), Smith (2002),
and Toth (2002). Thanks to Paul Howell, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service, for photographs
and illustrations.
New residential and commercial construction is expanding rapidly in the
Ashland area. This residential area is being built on top of a hill (unit 4)
adjacent to U.S. 23. Photo by Richard Smath, Kentucky Geological Survey.
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Boyd County, an area of 160 square miles in the Eastern Kentucky Coal
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the county range from 515 feet on the Ohio River where it leaves the county,
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The 2005 county population of 49,594 was 0.3 percent less than the 2000
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is the most prominent landmark in Catlettsburg. The company is owned by Marathon Petroleum,
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formerly Ashland Inc., and produces a wide variety of petroleum products. It is one of the top
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three employers in the area. Photo by Richard Smath, Kentucky Geological Survey. Aerial photo
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The Catlettsburg-Boyd Optimist Club Community Park on Ky. 3 near Mavity is a good example of using floodplain areas for
recreational purposes. This park is constructed on the floodplain of the East Fork of the Little Sandy River, in the background.
Photo by Bart Davidson, Kentucky Geological Survey.
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Groundwater
Most wells in valley bottoms are adequate for domestic supply; however, the volume of groundwater available becomes
progressively less on hillsides and ridges. Quite a few high-volume wells (more than 100 gallons per minute) are found
along the Ohio River alluvium in northern Boyd County. The alluvium along the Big Sandy River also can provide adequate
water for domestic use, but often contains large amounts of iron. In the southern and western half of the county, salt water
may be found less than 100 feet below the level of the East Fork of the Little Sandy River valley bottom. Most of the water
from drilled wells in the county, other than that from wells drilled in the river alluvium, is extremely hard and contains noticeable amounts of iron. A few springs supply enough water for domestic use. Almost all springs yield less than 5 gallons per
minute. For more about the groundwater resources of the county, see Carey and Stickney (2004).
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As a river town located at the confluence of the Ohio and Big Sandy Rivers, Catlettsburg was subject to flooding on a
regular basis—estimated at every 18 months prior to 1937. During that year, a major flood convinced the town that a
floodwall was necessary. The levee (left) and floodwall seen here have been in operation since that time, and are
crucial to the survival of the town during floods. Photo by Bart Davidson, Kentucky Geological Survey.
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Underground utilities—Included in this group are sanitary sewers, storm sewers, water mains, and other pipes that require
fairly deep trenches.
800
Reservoir embankments—The rocks are rated on limitations for embankment material.
800
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Reservoir areas—The floor of the area where the water is impounded. Ratings are based on the permeability of the rock.
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Extensive recreation—Camp sites, picnic areas, parks, etc.
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age
1. Seek professional assistance prior to construction.
2. Proper site selection: Some sloping areas are naturally prone to landslides. Inspect the site for springs,
seeps, and other wet areas that might indicate water problems. Take note of unusual cracks or bulges
at the soil surface. These are typical signs of soil movement that may lead to slope failure. Also be aware
of geologically sensitive areas where landslides are more likely to occur.
3. Alter the natural slope of the building site as little as possible during construction. Never remove soil from
the toe or bottom of the slope or add soil to the top of the slope. Landslides are less likely to occur on sites
where disturbance has been minimized. Seek professional assistance before earth moving begins.
4. Remove as few trees and other vegetation as possible. Trees develop extensive root systems that are very
useful in slope stabilization. Trees also remove large amounts of groundwater. Trees and other permanent
vegetative covers should be established as rapidly as possible and maintained to reduce soil erosion and
landslide potential.
5. Household water disposal system: Seek professional assistance in selecting the appropriate type and
location of your septic system. Septic systems located in fill material can saturate soil and contribute to
landslides.
6. Proper water disposal: Allowing surface waters to saturate the sloping soil is the most common cause of
landslides in eastern Kentucky. Properly located diversion channels are helpful in redirecting runoff away
from areas disturbed during construction. Runoff should be channeled and water from roofs and downspouts
piped to stable areas at the bottom of the slope.
(From U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service, no date)
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7.5-Minute Quadrangle Map Index
N
O
NT
1. Alluvium
Fair foundation
material; easy to
excavate. Seasonal high water table.
Subject to flooding.
Fair to good foun2. High-level
(ancient) river dation material;
easy to excavate.
deposits
Access Roads
Light Industry
and Malls
Intensive
Recreation
Extensive
Recreation
Reservoir
Areas
Reservoir
Embankments
Severe limitations.
Seasonal high
water table. Subject
to flooding. Refer to
soil report (Hail and
others, 1979).
Severe limitations.
Seasonal high
water table. Subject
to flooding. Refer to
soil report (Hail and
others, 1979).
Severe limitations.
Seasonal high
water table. Subject
to flooding. Refer to
soil report (Hail and
others, 1979).
Severe limitations.
Seasonal high
water table. Subject
to flooding. Refer to
soil report (Hail and
others, 1979).
Severe limitations.
Seasonal high
water table. Subject
to flooding. Refer to
soil report (Hail and
others, 1979).
Slight to severe
limitations, dependin on activity and
topography. Refer
to soil report (Hail
and others, 1979).
Pervious material.
Seasonal shallow
water table. Subject
to flooding. Refer to
soil report (Hail and
others, 1979).
Fair stability and
compaction
characteristics.
Piping hazard.
Refer to soil
report (Hail and
others, 1979).
Slight to moderate
limitations. Variable
thickness and permeability; underlain
by impervious rock.
Slight to moderate
limitations, depending on slope.
Slight limitations.
Slight limitations,
Moderate to
Slight limitations,
depending on slope. depending on slope. slight limitations, depending on slope.
Slight to severe
limitations, depending on activity and topography. Refer to
soil report (Hail
and others,
1979).
Slight limitations, depending on slope.
May leak if not
sealed to underlying impervious
rock.
Slight to severe
limitations. Unstable steep slopes,
Severe limitations.
Low strength,
slumping, and
seepage problems.
Severe limitations
on slopes. Strength,
slumping, and seepage problems.
Severe limitations
on slopes. Strength,
slumping, and seepage problems.
3. Sandstone,
siltstone,
shale (red
and green)
limestone,
minor coal ¹ ³
Poor foundation
material; easy to
moderately difficult
to excavate. Low
strength and stability. May contain
plastic clays.
Severe limitations.
Thin soils and low
permeability.
4. Shale, sandstone, siltstone, coal,
and underclay ² ³
Fair to good foundation material; difficult
to excavate. Possible low strength associated with shales,
coals, and underclays. Possibility of
underground coal
mine voids.
Severe limitations.
Thin soils and impermeable rock
associated with
shales.
Severe to moderate
limitations. Rock
excavation may be
required. Possible
steep slopes.
Moderate to severe
limitations. Rock excavation may be
required. Possible
steep slopes.
Moderate to severe
limitations. Rock excavation may be
required. Possible
steep slopes.
Severe limitations
on slopes. Strength,
slumping, and seepage problems.
Moderate to severe
limitations. Rock excavation may be
required. Possible
steep slopes.
Moderate to
severe limitations, depending on activity.
Moderate to
severe limitations. Rock
excavation
may be required.
Underground
Utilities
Slight to severe
limitations. Seasonal high water
table and subject to flooding.
Refer to soil report
(Hail and others,
1979).
Slight limitations.
Slight to severe
limitations, depending on activity. Slight limitations for forest
or nature preserve.
Slight limitations.
Severe limitations. Moderate limitations.
Reservoir may leak Poor strength and Poor strength.
Wetness.
where rocks are
stability.
fractured. Most
ponds on shale
are successful.
Slight to severe
limitations, depending on activity and topography. Possible
steep wooded
slopes. Slight
limitations for
forest or nature
preserve.
Slight limitations.
Reservoir may leak
where rocks, including coal, are jointed
or fractured.
Severe limitations.
Reservoir may
leak where rocks
are fractured.
¹ Shales and clays in these units can shrink during dry periods and swell during wet periods, and cause cracking of foundations. On hillsides, especially where seeps and springs are present,
they can also be susceptible to landslides.
² Construction in the vicinity of existing or mined-out coal beds can present construction difficulties associated with underclays, shales, and spoil materials, particularly in areas of steep slopes.
³ Soils on these rock units may be unsuited for various activities because of low strength, erodibility, excessive shrinking and swelling, and being too clayey.
RG
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Highways
and Streets
Detailed Geologic Maps
7.5-minute geologic quadrangle
maps contain more detailed information about the geology at a site.
They may be viewed online at
www.uky.edu/KGS/gis/gqmaps/.
A geologist or geotechnical
engineer can help you determine
the rock type at your location.
PR
IC
Residence with
Basement
FA
L
Septic Tank
Disposal System
EB
Foundation and
Excavation
W
Rock Unit
BV
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BO
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Planning Guidance by Rock Unit Type
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3 Miles
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The Armco city park is located near Summit at the intersection of U.S. 60 and Ky. 716.
Photo by Richard Smath, Kentucky Geological Survey.
1 inch equals 3/4 mile
1
References Cited
9
Scale 1:48,000
LAND USES
Intensive recreation—Athletic fields, stadiums, etc.
1132
Sav
What Are Some Ways to Prevent Landslides?
N
Slight—A slight limitation is one that commonly requires some corrective measure but can be overcome without a great deal
of difficulty or expense.
Light industry and malls—Ratings are based on developments having structures or equivalent load limit requirements of
three stories or less, and large paved areas for parking lots. Structures with greater load limit requirements would normally
need footings in solid rock, and the rock would need to be core drilled to determine presence of caverns, cracks, etc.
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7 73
LIMITATIONS
Access roads—These are low-cost roads, driveways, etc., usually surfaced with crushed stone or a thin layer of
blacktop. A minimum of cuts and fills are made, little work is done preparing a subgrade, and generally only a thin
base is used. The degree of limitation is based on year-around use and would be less severe if not used during the
winter and early spring. Some types of recreation areas would not be used during these seasons.
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The terms "earth" and "rock" excavation are used in the engineering sense; earth can be excavated by hand tools,
whereas rock requires heavy equipment or blasting to remove. The term "rippable" means excavation by a ripper
attachment on a bulldozer.
Highways and streets—Refers to paved roads in which cuts and fills are made in hilly topography, and considerable
work is done preparing subgrades and bases before the surface is applied.
lve
854
#
View the KGS World Wide Web site at:
www.uky.edu/kgs
Residences—Ratings are made for residences with and without basements because the degree of limitation is
dependent upon ease and required depth of excavation. For example, excavation in limestone has greater limitation
than excavation in shale for a house with a basement.
800
800
0
For information on obtaining copies of this map
and other Kentucky Geological Survey maps
and publications call our Public Information
Center at 859.257.3896 or toll free at
877.778.7827.
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Copyright 2006 by the University of Kentucky,
Kentucky Geological Survey
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Source-Water Protection Areas
Source-water protection areas are those in which
activities are likely to affect the quality of the
drinking-water source. For more information, see
kgsweb.uky.edu/download/water/swapp/swapp.htm.
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*Areas of possible historical surface or
underground mining have been mapped
where known. There may be unmapped
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Septic tank disposal system—A septic tank disposal system consists of a septic tank and a filter field. The filter field
is a subsurface tile system laid in such a way that effluent from the septic tank is distributed with reasonable uniformity
into the natural soil.
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Severe—A severe limitation is one that is difficult to overcome and commonly is not feasible because of the expense involved.
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Moderate—A moderate limitation is one that can normally be overcome but the difficulty and expense are great enough that
completing the project is commonly a question of feasibility.
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PLANNING TABLE DEFINITIONS
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The shales and sandstones of unit 3 are seen in this outcrop on
U.S. 23. Shale is more erodible, less stable, and more impermeable to water flow than sandstone. It is imperative that the homebuilder know which rock lies at the site. Sandstone is a mixture
of gray and brown. Shale may appear gray, blue, red, or green,
depending on its chemistry. Shales may shrink when dry and
swell when wet, causing drainage, foundation, and slope stability
problems. Photo by Richard Smath, Kentucky Geological Survey.
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Calgon Carbon Corp.'s Big Sandy plant at Catlettsburg manufactures activated carbon, used in water purification. Photo by Richard Smath, Kentucky
Geological Survey.
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What Are the Factors That Cause Landslides?
Many factors contribute to landslides. The most common in eastern Kentucky are listed below:
1. Steep slopes: Avoid when choosing a building site.
2. Water: Slope stability decreases as water moves into the soil. Springs, seeps, roof runoff, gutter downspouts,
septic systems, and site grading that cause ponding or runoff are sources of water that often contribute to landslides.
3. Changing the natural slope by creating a level area where none previously existed.
4. Poor site selection for roads and driveways.
5. Improper placement of fill material.
6. Removal of trees and other vegetation: Site construction often results in the elimination of trees and
other vegetation. Plants, especially trees, help remove water and stabilize the soil with their extensive root systems.
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The A.K. Steel Company, formerly known as Armco Steel, is a major
American steel company. Its Ashland plant produces carbon, stainless and
electrical steel, in addition to cold-rolled stainless steel for the auto industry.
Photo by Richard Smath, Kentucky Geological Survey.
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X Gas well
and gas well
L Oil
# Oil well
# Enhanced recovery well
180
Hillside construction can cause earth movements if not properly planned. Photos by Paul Howell, U.S. Department of Agriculture—Natural Resources
Conservation Service.
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For Planning Use Only
This map is not intended to be used for selecting individual sites. Its purpose is to inform
land-use planners, government officials, and the public in a general way about geologic
bedrock conditions that affect the selection of sites for various purposes. The properties
of thick soils may supercede those of the underlying bedrock and should be considered
on a site-to-site basis. At any site, it is important to understand the characteristics of both
the soils and the underlying rock. For further assistance, contact the Kentucky Geological
Survey, 859.257.5500. For more information, and to make custom maps of your local area,
visit our Land-Use Planning Internet Mapping Web Site at
kgsmap.uky.edu/website/kyluplan/viewer.htm.
#
S
LS
Richard A. Smath, Bart Davidson, and Daniel I. Carey
6
Boyd County Courthouse at Catlettsburg
Additional Resources
Listed below are Web sites for several agencies and organizations
that may be of assistance with land-use planning issues in Boyd County:
ces.ca.uky.edu/boyd/—University of Kentucky Cooperative Extension
Service
www.fivco.org/—Fiveco Area Development District
www.thinkkentucky.com/edis/cmnty/cw025/—Kentucky Economic
Development Information System
www.uky.edu/KentuckyAtlas/21019.html—Kentucky Atlas and Gazetteer,
Boyd County
quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/21/21019.html—U.S. census data
kgsweb.uky.edu/download/kgsplanning.htm—Planning information from
the Kentucky Geological Survey
Geology of Kentucky
Severe to moderate
limitations. Thin
soils. Possible rock
excavation.
Learn more about Kentucky geology at www.uky.edu/KGS/geoky/
Ashcraft, M.C., 2002, Spatial database of the Boltsfork and Burnaugh quadrangles, Kentucky:
Kentucky Geological Survey, ser. 12, Digitally Vectorized Geologic Quadrangle Data DVGQ-316.
Adapted from Spencer, F.D., 1964, Geology of the Boltsfork and Burnaugh quadrangles,
Kentucky: U.S. Geological Survey Geologic Quadrangle Map GQ-316, scale 1:24,000.
Carey, D.I., and Stickney, J.F., 2004, Groundwater resources of Boyd County, Kentucky: Kentucky
Geological Survey, ser. 12, County Report 10,
www.uky.edu/kgs/water/library/gwatlas/Boyd/Boyd.htm [accessed 3/4/05].
Hail, C.W., Love, P.M., and Forsythe, R., 1979, Soil survey of Boyd and Greenup Counties,
Kentucky: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service, 128 p.
Nelson, H.L., Jr., and Curl, D.C., 2002a, Spatial database of the Argillite quadrangle, Kentucky:
Kentucky Geological Survey, ser. 12, Digitally Vectorized Geologic Quadrangle Data DVGQ-175.
Adapted from Sheppard, R.A., and Ferm, J.C., 1962, Geology of the Argillite quadrangle,
Kentucky: U.S. Geological Survey Geologic Quadrangle Map GQ-175, scale 1:24,000.
Nelson, H.L., Jr., and Curl, D.C., 2002b, Spatial database of the Rush quadrangle, Kentucky:
Kentucky Geological Survey, ser. 12, Digitally Vectorized Geologic Quadrangle Data DVGQ-408.
Adapted from Carlson, J.E., 1965, Geology of the Rush quadrangle, Kentucky: U.S. Geological
Survey Geologic Quadrangle Map GQ-408, scale 1:24,000.
Petersen, C., 2002, Spatial database of the Fallsburg quadrangle, Kentucky-West Virginia, and
the Prichard quadrangle, Kentucky: Kentucky Geological Survey, ser. 12, Digitally Vectorized
Geologic Quadrangle Data DVGQ-584. Adapted from Sharps, J.A., 1967, Geologic map of
the Fallsburg quadrangle, Kentucky-West Virginia, and the Prichard quadrangle, Kentucky:
U.S. Geological Survey Geologic Quadrangle Map GQ-584, scale 1:24,000.
Plauche, S.T., 2002, Spatial database of the Webbville quadrangle, eastern Kentucky:
Kentucky Geological Survey, ser. 12, Digitally Vectorized Geologic Quadrangle Data DVGQ-927.
Adapted from Carlson, J.E., 1971, Geologic map of the Webbville quadrangle, eastern
Kentucky: U.S. Geological Survey Geologic Quadrangle Map GQ-927, scale 1:24,000.
Smith, P.C., 2002, Spatial database of the Ashland quadrangle, Kentucky-Ohio, and Catlettsburg
quadrangle in Kentucky: Kentucky Geological Survey, ser. 12, Digitally Vectorized Geologic
Quadrangle Data DVGQ-196. Adapted from Dobrovolny, E., Sharps, J.A., and Ferm, J.C.,
1963, Geology of the Ashland quadrangle, Kentucky-Ohio, and Catlettsburg quadrangle in
Kentucky: U.S. Geological Survey Geologic Quadrangle Map GQ-196, scale 1:24,000.
Toth, K.S., 2002, Spatial database of the Greenup and Ironton quadrangles, Greenup and Boyd
Counties, Kentucky: Kentucky Geological Survey, ser. 12, Digitally Vectorized Geologic
Quadrangle Data DVGQ-532. Adapted from Dobrovolny, E., Ferm, J.C., and Eroskay, S.O.,
1966, Geologic map of the Greenup and Ironton quadrangles, Greenup and Boyd Counties,
Kentucky: U.S. Geological Survey Geologic Quadrangle Map GQ-532, scale 1:24,000.
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service, no date.
BOYD
COUNTY