Generalized Geologic Map for Land-Use Planning

Generalized Geologic Map
for
Land-Use Planning:
Union County, Kentucky
Kentucky Geological Survey
James C. Cobb, State Geologist and Director
UNIVERSITY OF KENTUCKY, LEXINGTON
Agriculture
Flood Protection
MAP AND CHART 84
Series XII, 2004
XX
X
X XX
X
X
X
XX
X
X
Coal
E. Glynn Beck, David A. Williams, and Daniel I. Carey
XXX X
X
S X X
#
SX X X
#
X XXXX X
XXXXXXXX X
X X XXXXXX
XX
Oil and Gas
Acknowledgments
Bedrock geology adapted from Crawford (2004a, b), Solis and Hettinger (2000),
Solis and Terry (2000), Solis and Venard (2000a-d), Tyra (2003), and Venard and
Solis (2000). Thanks to Rankin Powell, Union County Agriculture and Natural
Resources agent, and Gough Farms for photographic assistance.
For Planning Use Only
RIVE
IN
XXX
0
Slight to moderate limitations.
Slight limitations.
Reservoir might
leak where rocks
are fractured.**
Severe limitations.
Moderate limitations. Highly
variable amount
of rock and earth
excavation.
Severe limitations.
Rock excavation;
locally, upper few
feet may be rippable.
Steep slopes.
Moderate limitations. Rock
excavation.
Steep slopes.
Slight to severe
limitations.
Steep slopes.
Slight to moderate limitations.
Moderate limitations.
Permeable rock.
Severe limitations.
Moderate limitations. Highly
variable amount
of rock and earth
excavation.
Severe limitations.
Rock excavation;
locally, upper few
feet may be rippable.
Underclay susceptible to slumping.
Steep slopes.
Severe limitations.
Rock excavation;
locally, upper few
feet may be rippable.
Underclay susceptible to slumping.
Steep slopes.
Moderate limitations. Rock
excavation.
Steep slopes.
Severe limitations.
Rock excavation;
locally, upper few
feet may be rippable. Steep
slopes.
Severe limitations.
Rock excavation;
locally, upper few
feet may be rippable. Steep
slopes.
Slight to severe
limitations.
Steep slopes.
Slight to moderate limitations.
Slight limitations.
Reservoir might
leak where rocks
are fractured.
Severe limitations.
Moderate limitations. Highly
variable amount
of rock and earth
excavation.
Slight to severe
limitations.
Steep slopes.
Slight to moderate limitations.
Slight limitations.
Reservoir might
leak where rocks
are fractured.
Severe limitations.
Moderate limitations. Highly
variable amount
of rock and earth
excavation.
4. Sandstone
Fair to good foundation material.
Difficult excavation.
Severe limitations.
Thin soils.
5. Sandstone, siltstone, limestone, and shale
Fair to good foundation material.
Difficult excavation.
Severe limitations.
Thin soils and impermeable rock.
Severe to moderate
limitations. Rock excavation; locally,
upper few feet may
be rippable.
Steep slopes.
Severe to moderate
limitations. Rock excavation; locally,
upper few feet may
be rippable.
Steep slopes.
6. Limestone
and shale
Fair to good foundation material.
Difficult excavation.
Severe limitations.
Thin soils and impermeable rock.
Moderate limitations. Rock
excavation.
Steep slopes.
Severe limitations.
Rock excavation;
locally, upper few
feet may be rippable. Steep
slopes.
400
500
400
400
Geology of Kentucky
Scale 1:63,360
6
0
4
6
1 inch equals 1 mile
un
400
500
400
400
60400
N
0
400
400
0
40
500
400
500
400
500
/(
"
!
400 109
Learn more about Kentucky geology at www.uky.edu/kgs/geoky/
4
400
400
500
500
0
50
UNION
COUNTY
500
Slight to severe
limitations.
Steep slopes.
0
Severe limitations.
Rock excavation;
locally, upper few
feet may be rippable. Steep
slopes.**
www.ucky.org/v2/—Union County Economic Development Foundation, Inc.
ces.ca.uky.edu/union/—University of Kentucky Cooperative Extension Service
www.gradd.org/—Green River Area Development District
www.thinkkentucky.com/edis/cmnty/cw015/—Kentucky Economic Development
Information System
www.uky.edu/KentuckyAtlas/21225.html—Kentucky Atlas and Gazetteer
quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/21/21225.html—U.S. Census data
kgsweb.uky.edu/download/kgsplanning.htm—Planning information from the
Kentucky Geological Survey
40
Moderate limitations. Rock
excavation.
Steep slopes.
dy R
500
500
400
400
400
40
400
500
No limitations.
Mud
400
500
500
400
400
r
res
sC
Cyp
Slight limitations.
Severe limitations.
Rock excavation;
locally, upper few
feet may be rippable.
Underclay susceptible to slumping.
Steep slopes.**
400
400
k
or
Slight limitations.
No limitations.
Yuba
F
ey
No limitations.
No limitations.
ø
÷
&
V
n
Ca
No limitations.
Severe limitations.
Shallow water
table may be
present.
Severe to moderate
limitations. Rock excavation; locally,
upper few feet may
be rippable.
Steep slopes.**
400
400
X X
Y
U%
400X
500
S
#
& Givens
V
"
!
500
S
#
Copyright 2004 by the University of Kentucky,
Kentucky Geological Survey
For information on obtaining copies
of this map and other Kentucky
Geological Survey maps and
publications call:
Public Information Center
859.257.3896
877.778.7827 (toll free)
View the KGS World Wide Web
site at:
www.uky.edu/kgs
References Cited
400
40
Y
No limitations.
Slight to moderate
limitations. Variable
thickness and
permeability.
Fair to good founSevere limitations.
dation material.
Thin soils and imDifficult excavation.** permeable rock.
B
S r
#
"
!
56
X
XX
X X XX
X
X
X X
X
S
#
400
Y
Refer to soil report
(Jacobs, 1981).
270
Y
Refer to soil report
(Jacobs, 1981).
758
X
zel
Listed below are Web sites for several agencies and organizations that may be
of assistance with land use planning issues in Union County:
Underground
Utilities
500
Ha
400
Reservoir
Embankments
Y
400
400
X
Additional Planning Resources
Reservoir
Areas
S
#
"
!
14 1
U%
XXX
X XX X
X X
2 153
& Bordley
V
&#S Pride
V
"
!
&#S Sullivan
V
Refer to soil report
(Jacobs, 1981).
*This unit may be overlain by loess.
**Coal beds and underclays should not be used for foundations or reservoir embankments because of the
presence of expanding pyrite in coal and underclays and the weakness of underclay when it becomes wet.
U% 400
& Hazel
V
Refer to soil report
(Jacobs, 1981).
Refer to soil report Refer to soil report
(Jacobs, 1981).
(Jacobs, 1981).
Severe to moderate
limitations. Rock excavation; locally,
upper few feet may
be rippable.
Steep slopes.
Extensive
Recreation
X
14 1
S
#
400
S
#
X
Refer to soil report
(Jacobs, 1981).
Refer to soil report
(Jacobs, 1981).
3. Shale, siltstone,
sandstone,
limestone, coal,
and underclay*.
Intensive
Recreation
S
#
reek
Y
Fair to good foundation material.
Easily excavated.
S
#
0
2. Loess
Light Industry
and Malls
Refer to soil report
(Jacobs, 1981).
Refer to soil report
(Jacobs, 1981).
40
U%0
U%
983 #S
"
!
400
"
!
S
#
S
#
Dyson C
400
X X
X
X
XX
S
#
S
#
1177
S
#
XX
XX
X X
500
400
S
#
0
Access Roads
ø
÷
270
60
400
Fair to good foundation material.
Easily excavated.
Highways and
Streets
5
S
#
S
#
X
X
S
#
& Cullen
V
"
!
/(
S
#
Y
1. Alluvium
Residence with
Basement
X
500
& Arnold
V
X
#
S
400
500
00
758
STURGIS #S
S
S#
#
Underground utilities—Included in this group are sanitary sewers, storm sewers, water mains,
and other pipes that require fairly deep trenches.
Septic Tank
Disposal System
X
500
U%
400
40
U%
-
Sturgis
Elem
##
S
S
400
YYY
YY
U%
400
Tradewater River
500
600
500
U%
U%
Because of the large percentage of flat to gently sloping areas associated with
the Ohio and Tradewater Rivers, development, such as subdivisions, can cause
flooding if proper drainage designs are not implemented as part of the planning
and development process. Watersheds can also be impaired from improper
sewage treatment and urban and industrial runoff.
Planning Guidance by Rock Unit Type
"
!
400
0
1508
YY
Reservoir embankments—The rocks are rated on limitations for embankment material.
ø
÷
YY
Reservoir areas—The floor of the area where the water is impounded. Ratings are based on the
permeability of the rock.
950
S
#
XX
XX
X
X#SX XXXXXX
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X X X X X X XX
n Creek
X
X
X
X
X
Anderso
S
#
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
&X X X XX XX X#SXXX X X XXXXXXXX
Boxville V
XX
X
X
400
X
X
X X#S
S
#
X
X
U%
S
#
"
!
400
U%
S
#
S
#
Surface-Water Drainage
Extensive recreation—Camp sites, picnic areas, parks, etc.
109
&
Caseyville V
For more information on groundwater resources in the county, see Carey and Stickney (2001).
Intensive recreation—Athletic fields, stadiums, etc.
"
!
&
Grangertown V
40
Y
400
Y
Generally, groundwater is hard to very hard, and iron and salt may be present in objectionable
amounts. Often groundwater becomes saltier with depth.
400
U% U%
S
#
U%
600
S
#
1176
500
S
#
500 500
S
#
ø
÷
0
50
S
#
S
#
U%
400
0
Mulfordtown V
&
0
400
S
#
X
500
400
400
S
#
S
#
XX
S
#
500
0
50
40
492
Y
U%
U%U%U%U%
Y0
The alluvium along the Ohio River is the best source of groundwater in the county. In the northern
and western edges of the county, nearly all drilled wells less than 150 feet deep in the alluvium of
the Ohio River valley are adequate for domestic use. Most wells yield more than 50 gallons per
minute, and some yield as much as 1,000 gallons per minute. In over half of Union County most
wells that penetrate sandstone formations less than 300 feet are adequate for a domestic supply.
In the highlands of the southeastern part of the county, in the old Camp Breckinridge area, and in
the Grundy Hill area southwest of Uniontown, only a few wells yield enough water for a domestic
supply. In a thin, highly faulted zone running east-west across the county between the towns of
Givens and The Rocks, yields to drilled wells are unpredictable because of the faulting.
"
!
50
Y
Groundwater Availability
500
U%
& Dekoven
V
S
#
4
UCMS 00
60
500
400
40
209 1
U%
500
S
#
400
0
S U%
#
400
S
#
--
/(
S
#
400
400
50
Farmers use groundwater to irrigate their crops in bottomlands along the Ohio River.
Photo by Glynn Beck, Kentucky Geological Survey.
0
50
500
S
#
500
1508
& Curlew
V
4
k
Wash Cree
500
YY
ø
÷
"
!
ø
÷
600
500
00
492
S
#
U%
500
500
400
Light industry and malls—Ratings are based on developments having structures or
equivalent load limit requirements of three stories or less, and large paved areas for parking
lots. Structures with greater load limit requirements would normally need footings in solid
rock, and the rock would need to be core drilled to determine presence of caverns, cracks, etc.
"
!
667
Y
Access roads—These are low-cost roads, driveways, etc., usually surfaced with crushed stone
or a thin layer of blacktop. A minimum of cuts and fills are made, little work is done preparing a
subgrade, and generally only a thin base is used. The degree of limitation is based on yeararound use and would be less severe if not used during the winter and early spring. Some types
of recreation areas would not be used during these seasons.
4
S
#
Severe—A severe limitation is one that is difficult to overcome and commonly is not feasible because
of the expense involved.
LAND USES
Highways and streets—Refers to paved roads in which cuts and fills are made in hilly topography,
and considerable work is done preparing subgrades and bases before the surface is applied.
500
00
UCHS
500
S
#
500
500
Moderate—A moderate limitation is one that can normally be overcome but the difficulty and expense
are great enough that completing the project is commonly a question of feasibility.
500
500
X
"56
!
R.I.D.E.
400
Alternative
760
"
!
X
600
"
!
Casey Cr
Y
270
2091
400
S
#
500
Water Resources
Slight—A slight limitation is one that commonly requires some corrective measure but can be overcome without a great deal of difficulty or expense.
492
Y
"
!
"
!
400
400
500 400
Y
Y
LIMITATIONS
2 10 1
500
& Hamner
SV
#
Y
400
S
#
0
S
#
50
ø
÷
S
#
ø
÷
ø
÷
400
& Henshaw
V
1257
ø
" ÷
!
Y
500 #
S
400
#Center
S
130
-
600
& Harding
V
400
130
& Grove
V
S
#
-
500
400
S
#
"
!
400
400
S#
#
S
-
Y
500
Y
"
!
S
#
500
S
#
668
S
S #
#
0
Domestic
Agriculture
Industrial
Monitoring
#
S
S500
#
"
!
359
/(
500
RD
BO
D
OR
KF
Class II injection well
"
!
X
400
0
#X
S
0
S
400#
2834
Cr
/(
400
S
#
ø
÷
st
400
"
!
400
50
Lo
YY
Oil, or oil and gas well
U%
S
#
S
#
400
"
!
S
#
X
S
U%
S#
#
X
56X X X
X MORGANFIELD
S
#
X
0
X
X
0
X
4
XXX XX
X
X Saint
X XX X
S
#
XXX
Ann X
X
X XX
X
Morganfield
XX
XX X X
XXXX
Elementary
X
X
X XX
X X
S X
#
X
X
X
X
X
X
400
X
X
X
X X X XX X XX400XXXXX XXXX XXX#S#SXX XXX60 BXXXX
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X #SXX XX XXXXX
X XXX
X X XXX XX X X X
X
XX
X XX XXXXXX X XXXX
X
X
X
X
X
S X
X
500 X #
X #S
400
Ea
SX X
#
X
X
S
#
X
gle
X
XX X
Cr
X
ee
k
X X X X X#S
500
40
400
400
"
!
500
109
20-foot elevation contour interval
The terms "earth" and "rock" excavation are used in the engineering sense; earth can be excavated
by hand tools, whereas rock requires heavy equipment or blasting to remove. The term "rippable"
means excavation with a ripper attachment on a bulldozer.
S
#
gg
Su 400
X
XX#SX
XX
400
600
Gas well
40
S
#
FOUNDATION AND EXCAVATION
S
#
0
PLANNING TABLE DEFINITIONS
400
40
S
#
XX
X XXXXX
X X
S
#
ø
÷
ek
U% U%
#
S
"
!
S
#
X
130 h
tc
XXXX
Di
X X X X
e
X
n
X
X X X#SXLi X
X
X
X
X X X X X X XXX
X X XX
X X
XXXX
X X
1594
X
X
e
Cr
S
#
Water wells
S
#
S Spring
#
& Grove
SV
#
X
XX
X XX
XX XXU%XXXXX
X XX XX
X
U%
X
400
S
#
400
S
#
Projected fault
S
#
500
500
Concealed fault
Fault
U%
XX
50
Watershed divide
S
#
ø
÷
U%
X
S
#
400
The 0
& Rocks
V
X
X
X
400
Mine adit
X
948
0
400
Mine shaft
Y
400
U%
"
!
40
S
#
500
X
X
360
S
#
1598
Artificial fill
4X00
"
!
"
!
U%
S
#
X
U%
X
C
ø
÷
400
& Blackburn
V
Abandoned underground mines
The most important information for seismic-hazard mitigation and risk
reduction is ground-motion hazard. One way of predicting ground-motion
hazard is by determining the peak ground acceleration (PGA) that may
occur in a particular timeframe. The map above shows the PGA at
the top of bedrock that will likely occur within the next 500 years in Kentucky (Street and others, 1996). It shows, as expected, that PGA would
be greatest in far western Kentucky near the New Madrid Seismic Zone.
Ground-motion hazard maps for the central United States and other areas
are available from the U.S. Geological Survey. These maps are used to
set general policies on mitigating damage. For example, maps produced
by the USGS in 1996 were used to determine seismic design in building
codes. For additional information about earthquake hazards, visit the
Kentucky Geological Survey Web site at
www.uky.edu/KGS/geologichazards/geologichazards.html.
947
X
X X
XX X
X
X
School
Water
"
!
Br
S
#
S
#
S
#
400
EXPLANATION
XX
X#S
S
#
ts
en
lem
X XX
X
X
S
#
X
XX
X
14 1
XX
X
X X XXX
S
#
X
S
#
X X
X #S
X
X X X X
XX X
SX X
#
X
h
c
it
X
SX X
tD X #
X
XX
lil et
W
XX #SXX V
& Chapman
400
"
!
667
Corporate boundary
Although we do not know when and where the next major earthquake
will occur, we do know that an earthquake will cause damage. Severity
depends on many factors, such as earthquake magnitude, distance
from the epicenter, and local geology. Information on earthquake effects
is obtained by monitoring earthquakes and performing research. Such
information is vital for earthquake hazard mitigation and risk reduction.
S#
U%#
SS
#
S
#
500
X
X
S
#
400
&
V
##
S
# #
S
SS
#
SS
S #
#
S
4#
00
U%
400
-
Foundation and
Excavation
ley S
SS
Sib #
S##
##
S
0
Peak acceleration
60 (0.60g)
40 (0.40g)
30 (0.30g)
19 (0.19g)
15 (0.15g)
5 (0.05g)
Raleigh
"
!
666
Cr #
S
50
The topography of Union County ranges from flat bottomlands along the Ohio River
to rolling uplands with steep slopes. Generally, steep slope areas are not suitable for
row crops, and are used for pasture. In 2003 there were approximately 18,000 head
of cattle in Union County. Photo by Glynn Beck, Kentucky Geological Survey.
500
Peak ground acceleration at the top of rock that will
probably occur in the next 500 years in Kentucky
Rock Unit
400
X
400
X XXXX X
XX
S
S
#
S #
#
S
#
S
#
X
X X X XX
X XXX
X X XX X
0
40
X
XX X X X X X XX X#S
& XHitesvilleXX
V
X
X X X
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
0 X
X X
X X X X40
X
X
X
X X XXX X
1180 X
S
#
XX
X
X X
X XX X
X
XX
XXX
669
XX
X
X X X
X
X
S
#
X
S X
#
X
X
X XX X 400 X XX X
X
X
XX X X#S
X
X X XX
X
X
X
S
#
X XX
359 X X
X XX
X
X
X
X
X
X
SX
#
X
X
XXX
X
S X
#
X
X
X
X
XXXX X X
X
r
XX X
X
X ason XC
XXX#SXXX
X XX X
M
XXX X
S
#
S
#
X XWAVERLY
X X XX
X
Saint
S
#
X#S
X XX X
Vincent
X
&
X
V
X XX
XXX
XX
X XX
X
X
X X 60
XX
S
#
& Flournoy
V
X X XX
XXX X
2835
14 1
SS#
#
S
Victory #
S
#
XX
Tech
X
X
X XX
X X#S#S X X X X
S
#
XXX
U%
XXX
XXXX
XXX
XX
Little Mason C
r
OL
Y
LE
GI
UR
ST
AC
BL
666
Highland Creek
400
ø
÷
X
400
Earthquake Hazard Information
S
#
S
#
S
#
Pond Cr
400
"
!
X
X XX X
S
#
400
400
0
40
S
#
400
E
LY
ER
AV
W
S
N
VE
KO
DE
X X X
XX
X
X
S
#
87 1
S
#
0
40
S
#
X
"
!
--
400
LL
MI
ITH
SM
LD
FIE
AN
PO
"
!
E
LIN
SA
400
OHIO
S
N
OW
NT
IO
UN
RG
GR
MO
S
#
MI
NE
S
SH
X
# X
S
S
#
S
#
400
Soil piping, which may occur in various soil types, but particularly in alluvium and loess,
produces small to large holes if left untreated. The only way to treat soil piping is to fill
the holes with rock or soil to keep the holes from enlarging and to divert drainage from
the area.
X
X X XX
400
ER
TV
UN
MO
ND
LA
IS
H
AS
UNION
S
#
400
Several underground coal mines are located in Union County. The locations of known mine
workings and shafts are shown on the map. Precautions need to be taken when developing
over old mined areas because of the possibility of subsidence. Mine subsidence insurance
is available in Kentucky. Abandoned mine boundaries shown on the map are approximate
and do not represent all the mining that has occurred in the county.
OV
AW
E
NE
CE
ET
NT
OW
ER
N
Topography
X
X
W
AB
X
500
N
X
NO
Cattle feeding shelters, like the one above located on Gough Farms, are being used
by farmers in Union County to minimize manure concentrations on the land surface.
These shelters help reduce nutrient contamination in surface water and groundwater.
Photo by Glynn Beck, Kentucky Geological Survey.
ø
÷
400
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Coal mining continues to be a vital part of the Union County economy. This conveyor
was constructed by Nashville Coal in the early 1950's. The belt was started on March
3, 1953, and carried 15 tons per minute for a half mile through Union County. Nearly
3.8 million tons of coal were taken from underground mines in 2002. Photo by Glynn
Beck, Kentucky Geological Survey.
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7.5-Minute Quadrangle
Map Index
Steep slopes are present, especially along streams in areas underlain by units 3 through 6,
throughout the county. Steep slopes can develop soil creep and landslides if not properly
treated during development. Proper engineering techniques should be followed when
developing on hillsides, and care should be taken not to affect property above and
below a development site on a hillside.
Residences—Ratings are made for residences with and without basements because the degree of
limitation is dependent upon ease and required depth of excavation. For example, excavation in
limestone has greater limitation than excavation in shale for a house with a basement.
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R
None of the faults that occur in Union County are considered active; however, the proximity of
active seismic zones, such as the New Madrid, Wabash, or East Tennessee, calls for precautions
to be taken for earthquake damage mitigation. The presence of thick alluvium, which normally
has a high water table, should also be treated with special concern because of the possibility of
augmented shaking and liquefaction during a strong earthquake. In addition, alluvium often
contains high amounts of clay minerals, which can give a soil a high shrink/swell capacity.
Septic tank disposal system—A septic tank disposal system consists of a septic tank and a filter
field. The filter field is a subsurface tile system laid in such a way that effluent from the septic tank is
distributed with reasonable uniformity into the natural soil.
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400
Oil well pump jacks are located throughout Union County. More than 1,100 producing oil and gas wells have been completed in Union County. Photo by Glynn Beck,
Kentucky Geological Survey.
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Geologic Hazards
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Highland Creek
This map is not intended to be used for selecting individual sites. Its purpose is to inform
land-use planners, government officials, and the public in a general way about geologic
bedrock conditions that affect the selection of sites for various purposes. The properties
of thick soils may supercede those of the underlying bedrock and should be considered
on a site-to-site basis. At any site, it is important to understand the characteristics of both
the soils and the underlying rock. For further assistance, contact the Kentucky Geological
Survey, Western Kentucky Office, 1401 Corporate Drive, Henderson, KY 42420, phone
270.827.3414 or 827.3404. For more information, and to make custom maps of your local
area, visit our Land-Use Planning Internet Mapping Web Site at
kgsmap.uky.edu/website/kyluplan/viewer.htm.
The Uniontown levee was constructed to hold back Ohio River floodwaters. An earthen
levee also protects the city of Sturgis. Photo by Glynn Beck, Kentucky Geological Survey.
The most prominent geologic hazard for Union County is flooding. Areas underlain by alluvium
(unit 1 on map) are often subject to flooding. Urban development exacerbates flooding, and
therefore potential flooding should always be considered in urban development plans. Areas
of steep-walled drainage, such as that formed in terrain underlain by units 3 through 6, are
conducive to flash flooding, especially in developed areas. Maps of flood-prone areas may
be obtained from the Kentucky Division of Water--Floodplain Management Branch, Federal
Emergency Management Agency, or the U.S. Geological Survey.
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400
Agriculture is a major part of the Union County economy. Of the 218,343 acres in
Union County, 128,000 (59 percent) were planted with either corn or soybeans in
2002. Photo by Glynn Beck, Kentucky Geological Survey.
8 Miles
12 Kilometers
Carey, D.I., and Stickney, J.F., 2001, Groundwater resources of Union County, Kentucky:
Kentucky Geological Survey Open-File Report OF-01-113, 19 p.
Crawford, M.M., 2004a, Spatial database of the Dekoven and Saline Mines quadrangles,
Crittenden and Union Counties, Kentucky: Kentucky Geological Survey, ser. 12, Digitally
Vectorized Geologic Quadrangle Data DVGQ-1147. Adapted from Kehn, T.M., 1974,
Geologic map of the Dekoven and Saline Mines quadrangles, Crittenden and Union Counties,
Kentucky: U.S. Geological Survey Geologic Quadrangle Map GQ-1147, scale 1:24,000.
Crawford, M.M., 2004b, Spatial database of the Grove Center quadrangle, Kentucky-Illinois, and
part of the Shawneetown quadrangle, Kentucky: Kentucky Geological Survey, ser. 12,
Digitally Vectorized Geologic Quadrangle Data DVGQ-1314. Adapted from Palmer, J.E., 1976,
Geologic map of the Grove Center quadrangle, Kentucky-Illinois, and part of the Shawneetown
quadrangle, Kentucky: U.S. Geological Survey Geologic Quadrangle Map GQ-1314, scale
1:24,000.
Jacobs, E.H., 1981, Soil survey of Union and Webster Counties, Kentucky: U.S.
Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service, 126 p.
Solis, M.P., and Hettinger, A., 2000, Spatial database of the Sturgis quadrangle, western
Kentucky: Kentucky Geological Survey, ser. 12, Digitally Vectorized Geologic Quadrangle Data
DVGQ-1273. Adapted from Kehn, T.M., 1975, Geologic map of the Sturgis quadrangle, western
Kentucky: U.S. Geological Survey Geologic Quadrangle Map GQ-1273, scale 1:24,000.
Solis, M.P., and Terry, J., 2000, Spatial database of the Smith Mills quadrangle, Henderson and Union
Counties, Kentucky: Kentucky Geological Survey, ser. 12, Digitally Vectorized Geologic
Quadrangle Data DVGQ-1215. Adapted from Johnson, W.D., Jr., and Norris, R.L., 1974,
Geologic map of the Smith Mills quadrangle, Henderson and Union Counties, Kentucky: U.S.
Geological Survey Geologic Quadrangle Map GQ-1215, scale 1:24,000.
Solis, M.P., and Venard, E., 2000a, Spatial database of the Bordley quadrangle, Union and Webster
Counties, Kentucky: Kentucky Geological Survey, ser. 12, Digitally Vectorized Geologic
Quadrangle Data DVGQ-1275. Adapted from Kehn, T.M., 1975, Geologic map of the Bordley
quadrangle, Union and Webster Counties, Kentucky: U.S. Geological Survey Geologic
Quadrangle Map GQ-1275, scale 1:24,000.
Solis, M.P., and Venard E., 2000b, Spatial database of the Poole quadrangle, western Kentucky:
Kentucky Geological Survey, ser. 12, Digitally Vectorized Geologic Quadrangle Data
DVGQ-1088. Adapted from Fairer, G.M., 1973, Geologic map of the Poole quadrangle, western
Kentucky: U.S. Geological Survey Geologic Quadrangle Map GQ-1088, scale 1:24,000.
Solis, M.P., and Venard, E., 2000c, Spatial database of the Uniontown and Wabash Island quadrangles,
Union and Henderson Counties, Kentucky: Kentucky Geological Survey, ser. 12, Digitally
Vectorized Geologic Quadrangle Data DVGQ-1291. Adapted from Johnson, W.D., Jr., and
Norris, R.L., 1976, Geologic map of the Uniontown and Wabash Island quadrangles, Union
and Henderson Counties, Kentucky: U.S. Geological Survey Geologic Quadrangle Map
GQ-1291, scale 1:24,000.
Solis, M.P., and Venard, E., 2000d, Spatial database of the Waverly quadrangle, Union and Henderson
Counties, Kentucky: Kentucky Geological Survey, ser. 12, Digitally Vectorized Geologic
Quadrangle Data DVGQ-1220. Adapted from Fairer, G.M., 1975, Geologic map of the Waverly
quadrangle, Union and Henderson Counties, Kentucky: U.S. Geological Survey Geologic
Quadrangle Map GQ-1220, scale 1:24,000.
Street, R., Wang, Z., Harik, I., and Allen, D., 1996, Source zones, recurrence rates, and time histories
for earthquakes affecting Kentucky: Kentucky Transportation Center, University of Kentucky,
KCT-96-4.
Tyra, M.A., 2003, Spatial database of the Blackford quadrangle, western Kentucky: Kentucky
Geological Survey, ser. 12, Digitally Vectorized Geologic Quadrangle Data DVGQ-873. Adapted
from Amos, D.H., 1970, Geologic map of the Blackford quadrangle, western Kentucky: U.S.
Geological Survey Geologic Quadrangle Map GQ-873, scale 1:24,000.
Venard, E., and Solis, M.P., 2000, Spatial database of the Morganfield quadrangle, Union County,
Kentucky: Kentucky Geological Survey, ser. 12, Digitally Vectorized Geologic Quadrangle Data
DVGQ-1269. Adapted from Johnson, W.D., Jr., Smith, A.E., and Fairer, G.M., 1975, Geologic map
of the Morganfield quadrangle, Union County, Kentucky: U.S. Geological Survey Geologic
Quadrangle Map GQ-1269, scale 1:24,000.