The War of Independence - Mario G. Valadez Instructor of History

Topics
• War of Independence 1810-1821
– What were the causes of the independence
movements?
– Who were the main leaders? What were their goals?
– How is Mexico independence achieved?
– What are the major problems after independence?
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• gachupín con criollo, gavilán con pollo (Spaniard
with criollo, sparrow hawk with chicken)
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Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla
1753-1811
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El Zorro
Criollo
Guanajuato
Educated in Jesuit college
Liberal priest
1808 family loses hacienda
Organizes literary club
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War of Independence in New Spain
• Influence
– Ideas of Enlightenment
• social contract (Rousseau)
– The state that the king rules by the "consent of the governed"
– American Revolution 1776-1783
– French Revolution 1787-1799
– Haitian Revolution 1790-1804
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• External Factors
– 1808 Spain invaded by French troops
– Napoleon’s sets his brother Joseph on Spanish throne
– Spanish King is in Cadiz
Goya’s May 3, 1808
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• Internal Factors
– Criollo discontent & independent wealth
– A drought in 1807-1808 that causes a famine
– Mobile population due to mines
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Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla
1753-1811
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•
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El Zorro
Criollo
Guanajuato
Educated in Jesuit college
Liberal priest
1808 family loses hacienda
Organizes literary club
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• 1803 Hidalgo sent of Dolores, Guanajuato
– Ignacio Allende
– Juan de Aldama
– Miguel Dominguez, Josefa, La Corregidora
– Plan uprising Dec. 8, 1810
• 1810 September 16 “ El Grito de Dolores”
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cqqNzZXUyTQ
September 16, 1810
El Grito de Dolores
My children: a new dispensation comes to us
today. Will you receive it? Will you free
yourselves? Will you recover the lands stolen
three hundred years ago from your
forefathers by the hated Spaniards? We must
act at once… Will not you defend your
religion and your rights as true patriots? Long
live our Lady of Guadalupe! Death to bad
government! Death to the gachupines!
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Padre Hidalgo
•Atotonilco
–Banner of Guadalupe
•Generalissimo (caudillo)
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Insurgents
Spanish loyalist
• La virgen de los remedios
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• 1810 September 28 Alhóndiga de Granaditas
(public granary) El Pípila
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Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla
1753-1811
• Social Revolution
– End of caste system
• Almost no criollo support
• Oct. 30 retreats from
Mexico City
• July 31, 1811 executed in
Chihuahua, Chihuahua
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1833 Cholera Epidemic
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Jose Maria Morelos y Pavon
1765-1815
Mestizo priest
More successful on the
battlefield than Hidalgo
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1813 Chilpancingo Congress
Congress of Anáhuac
• political vision for
• Mexico
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Article for discussion
• Who wrote the article? When?
• What do we know about the author?
• What is the author’s feelings about Hidalgo
and his followers?
• Does the author see Hidalgo as the “father of
Mexico?”
• What are the goals of the document?
• Does Morelos want to create a society where
all Mexicans are equal?
1813 Sentimientos de la Nación ("Feelings of the Nation“)
• America is free and independent of Spain and all
other nations, governments, or monarchies.
• The Catholic faith is the sole religion, and no others
will be tolerated.
• Division of powers into appropriate executive,
legislative, and judicial branches.
• Jobs to be reserved for Americans only.
• An end to slavery and discrimination based on
castes.
• December 12 to be dedicated to the Virgin of
Guadalupe , and celebrated.
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December 22, 1815 Tezmalaca
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El Angel de la Independencia
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California
Hippolyte Bouchard
• 2 vessels Santa Rosa &
Argentina
• 1818 attacks Monterrey &
San Juan Capistrano
• California remains loyal to
Spain
1815-1821 War of Independence
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1815-1821 War of Independence
• Felix Fernandez Oaxaca
• Vicente Guerrero Acapulco Francisco Javier Mina
• Agustin de Iturbide
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Plan de Iguala 1821
1. The Mexican nation is independent of the Spanish nation, and of every
other, even on its own Continent.
2. Its religion shall be the Catholic, which all its inhabitants profess.
3. They shall be all united, without any distinction between Americans and
Europeans.
8. His Majesty Ferdinand VII shall be invited to the throne of the empire, and
in case of his refusal, the Infantes Don Carlos and Don Francisco de Paula.
9. Should His Majesty Ferdinand VII and his august brothers decline the
invitation, the nation is at liberty to invite to the imperial throne any
member of reigning families whom it may select.
Attract
conservative
criollos
White = religion
Green = independence
Red = union
3 guarantees
Religion
Independence
Equality
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Abrazo de Acatempa Feb.10 1821
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Treaty of Córdoba
• August 24, 1821
• Agustín de Iturbide
• the last royal viceroy Juan de O’ Donojú
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Mexican Empire
8 months from July 21, 1822 to March 19, 1823
1st Emperor Agustín de Iturbide
• Generalísimo de Tierra y
Mar (120,000 pesos)
• Becomes emperor July 21,
1822
• U.S. minister Joel Poinsett
• Caudillo
– Dissolves legislative branch
• Sends troops to Central
America to crush rebellion
Vicente Filisola
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Mexican Politics during the 19th Century
Overall instability
– Military dominated politics: 1821-1860 (50 presidents)
– 1821 Iturbide Empire: Constitutional Monarchy
– 1824-1835 Federalist Republic: Constitution
– 1835-1846 Centralist Republic: new Constitution called Siete Leyes
– 1846-1863 Federalist Republic
– 1863-1867 2nd Empire
– 1867-1876 Restored Republic
– Foreign Invasions
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Age of Santa Anna 1821-1855
• Plan de Veracruz
– Proclaims republic
• Plan de Casa Mata
– Overthrow Iturbide
• Caudillo
• Mexican Constitution
1824
– Modeled on U.S.
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Mexican Republic 1824
Guadalupe Victoria 1824-1829
1st president
Nicolas Bravo
Vice-President
Revolts against Victoria 1827
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Miguel Gomez Pedraza
Conservative
Wins election of 1828
Overthrown by Santa Anna &
Federalists
Vicente Guerrero April-Dec.
1829
Federalist
take power by force
Anti-slavery law
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Spanish Invasion 1829
• 3000 Spanish troops
from Cuba
• Lands in Tampico,
Tamaulipas
• Santa Anna repels
invasion
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Anastasio Bustamante
(president 3x)
1830-1832
Conservative
Vice-president
Overthrows Guerrero’s govt. &
executes Guerrero
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Texas
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Stephen Austin
empresario
300 Families
cotton plantations
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Texas
• Colonization Law 1824
– Plan intended to populate
the region
– Develop the region
economically
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Tejanos
• Cultural brokers
Adams-Onis Treaty of 1819
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General Manuel Mier Teran 17891832
• 1827-1828 Expedition
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Writes a report: warns Mexico
against the belligerence of the
immigrants
• Proposed:
– 1829 decree-abolished slavery in
Texas
– 1830 decree-curtailed further
immigration
Major Battles in
the Texas
Revolution,
1835–1836
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Issues between Americans and Mexican government
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1824 Coahuila y Texas joined
1829 Anti-Slavery legislation
1830 Immigration Ban
Change to a centralist government, which did
away with the 1824 Constitution
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Battle of San Jacinto
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The Treaty of Velasco
• Highly controversial treaty due to:
– Establishes the Republic of Texas
– Boundary line at the Rio Grande
– Mexico’s refusal to ratify the agreement
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Pastry War 1838
• 1828 French bakery
destroyed by Mexican
troops
• 600,000 pesos demand
from Mexican government.
• Santa Anna hero
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Antonio de Padua María Severino López de Santa Anna y
Pérez de Lebrón
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VVZ1lNVRDhs
General Santa Anna's Wooden Leg
(Illinois State Military Museum)
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