cn-road crash experience of utility vehicles

An Overviewoi the
CN-ROAD CRASHEXPERIENCE
VEHICLES
OF UTILITY
( Highlight sof th e T e c h n i c oR
l e p o rt)
F i r hl \n. r rI r l G . s n v d e r
I
ihomqs L. Mcuole
r , , . t t .
r
I I
wrlllom /\^. Loco
l\lLl
D o n i e lJ . M i n c h o n
Preooredfor
FORHIGHWAYSAFETY
INSTITUTE
INSURANCE
\I/
A eLll\l^?l^\l
YYAJn
Il\\J
| \Jl\/
n
f
lJ.\-.
INSTITUTE
HIGHWAY SAFETf RESEARCH
THE UNIVERSIfiOF MICHiGAN
A N N A R B O R ,M I C H I G A . N t r 8 I 0 9
rebruory, lTov
Lrperr
T.<lricrl
C--,
^......-,i..
).
r..,--r
De< r-rrrir
Poqr
x..
r C.i-.{
ui{-Hsitl-s0-l 5
a- t',t. -,1 Lrn.l.
Fcbruary)980
An Ovcrvicwof thc
On-RoadCrashErpcricnccof Urility Vchiclcs
( Highlighrs
of thc TcchnicalRcpon)
a.
P -/-..l
l.
F-r--.
t-l-.r
O,.-r.-.d
x-
-t
10. t-
A:3...
f,
f :.
l.--t
Jr-
-l
l.Fr
O.r-rar
x..
I 5UM-HSRI.8O
HighwaySafctvRcsorch Institutc
Thc Univcnir;'of Michigrn
Ann Arbor,Michigan 48 109
lF-.r
C.-
UM.HSRI
R. G. Snydcr,
T. L. McDolc,W. M. Lrdd, D. J. Minahan
,.
O.F....r-
A*..
U.,. tr..
C-,rr
d
TtF.//
a.'.'i
x.-
C'r.
-a
pat.t
C..d.a
Ovcrvicw
ivlay 1978-Fcbruarv 1980
InsuranccInsti(u(c for Highway Safcty
WatergatcSix Hundrcd
WoshinEon, D.C
20037
f a.
s-.--.
^.a.?
C.4.
:1fi)
15. lr'l-.-r
x-.
Tlc purposc of rhis study was to invcstigatc thc on-road crash expcriencc,safety,and stability
of utility vehiclcs.Sdcctcd for study among thc off-road, multi-purposepasscngervchiclcs wcrc
thc JEEP, Blazcr. Bronco (pre-1978) Jimmy, Ramcharger,Trail Duslcr. Scout. LrndCruiscr,
and Thing.
Data studied includcd more than 12,000 fatal and non-fatal utiiity vehicle cashcs in thc
statcs of Arizona. CoJorado. MaryJand, Michigan, Ncw York. Ncw Mcxico, Nonh CarolinaTexas. and Washingroa.Also, FARS data. R. L Polk & Company vehicic re3istr:tion data. and
data from Collision Ps'formaae and Injury Rcpon (CPIR) filcs wc:c c:amincC. Sclec'.cd
vchiclcs rverc subicaed to phvsical mcasuremcnl of the hcight of rhc ccnrcr of gr:rvic;-.
Appiicability of FcCcrrj Motor Vehiclc Safcty Srandardsrvas reyicwcC.
Maior conclusions are that: utiliry veniclcs cxpcriancea rollovcr mtc 5 to ll % timcs hiehcr
than passcncercars: rhe JEEP and pre-1978 Bronco overtum at lcasr.twicc as often as Blazer:
rollovcr and ejection in open-c:b vehiclcs ap pcar ro bc major ftral injury faqors: death and
injurAntes are about rwice as higJr in JEEPS as in B lazcrs.
T'nc study findings raisc s€rious qu6rions concrminq rhc sal'cry and srabiliry of thcse
vehidcs. which arc cxanpred from or nor covered bv scverai of thc Fedcral Moror Vchiclc
Safcty Standarcisrecuired for passctger cars Complcre t*hnical documcntarionis prcscntcd in
the HSRI re:on rumber UM-HSRI-80-1.1-On-Road Crash E:perience ol Utilitt, Vchiclts
from vrhich this overvicw was cxc:;!tcd.
i
ll..
utiiitv vehiclc;occupanrinjuriesl ocgr:pant
protc=tion;ejcction:muiti-purposc:
j€D-type:
rollove; roilbars:crash inverigation; d.ara
anai)lsis:massd:ta; collision
tt.
!-t
cl-L
{.r ii-.
Unc]assificd
E.
r-t
cl{!r.
Unclassified
Oi.brF-
5.--.
:
Uniimitcd
t
Il
a-,/r.
,+}
'"*,1"-'I="'-
t
.l
I
I
]
COSTENTS
BACKCROUND
I
DATA SOURCESAND METHODS
I
A N A L Y S I SO F S T A T E A N D N A T I O N A L A C C I D E N T
DATA FILES
1
CASE REVIEWS OF FATAL ACCIDENTSINVOLVINC
UTILIfi VEHICLES
VEHICLE ROLLOVER
INJURY MECHANISMS
ROLLOVER STABILIfi
MEASLR,EMENTS
PRODUCT L]ABIL]TY
FEDERAL STANDARDS
{
MAJOR CONCLUSIONS
5
L]ST OF TABLES
I
Utility Vehiclc Crashcs in Rciation to Passcnger
Car Crasircs:SciccreCSrarcs
Fatal Crashesand Total Rcsisirarions:Utilirv
Vei:iclcsand Passcnger
Can ( All Surcs,I 977)
Traffic Death Rates (Numbcr Killcd per
ThousandCrzshcs): SelecrcCStatcs
+
i.
1
Number of DisabiingInjuricspcr ThousandCrashes:
(alr-trA
Srerp<
*
P:rcent of Crashcs Involvine Roliovcr: Utiliw
Vehicies and PassengerCars
'].1
Perc:nt of Crashcs'Invoivine Rollovcr bv Vehicle
Type: (Michigan,1976)
7. Perccnt of Vehiclcs That Ovenurncd in Sinelc
Vehicie Crashcs: Sclec:ed States
Tabie Cros-Referencc
4
7
i
I
'i
t
l
' it
I
I
I
An Cverviewof the
:l:
CF UTILITYVEHICLES
)N-RCAD CRASHEXPERIENCE
ackground
Tte obiectives of this study werc to dcscribe thc
r-road crash expcricnce of thc class of vehicjcs
::rcra,llyknown as uliiity vehiclcs,and to dcscribc
e magnitudc of injury and faraiity problcrns for
:cupantsof (hcsevehiclcs.
Utility vehicles arc defincd as muiti-purpose pasneer vehiclcs designed for both on-road and offToday's four-whecl{rivc utiiiry vehicles largely
'olved from thc "Jep" of World War II. Current
,hiclcs commoniy have four-whcel drive and (in
:mc models)opcn, convcniblc, or dctlchablc rooIs.
: comgarison with ordinary Passatger cars, utiliry
.hicics have a higher centd of graviry, a stifer
spension systc:n, onea a shoncr wheclbase, and
:iceily arc capablc oi both on- and off-road oocra:o- Thc spccif c vchiclc rypcs studicd includcd:
MC JEEP, Kaiscr and Willys Jep, Ford Bronco
re-1978), Intcrnational Scout, and Toyota Land
.-uiscr<lassiffed as thc 'smallcr' vchiclcs; Chcviet Blazcr, GMC Jimmy, Plymouth Trail Dustrr,
'largct"
;d Dodge Ramcharger<Jassificd as thc
Indicadons of thc scriousnessof t}rc utiliry vehiclc
cident problem have bccn repond by thc U.5.
:my. They f ound rhat 66 pcrccnt of the 1,102
151 Jep crashesoccurring bctween luly 1914
d I uly 1916 wcrc rollovcrs. Unsrablc handling
aractcisrics of rhc M I 51 causcd thc U.5. Depan:nt of Transponarion in 1971 to reius€ to sancdon
'Thir nudy. O*Rod Crcsh E 9.i.nc( ol Utilit.r y.hicl.t
:pon No. UM.HSRI.3GIa), ,r..s corducrtd by ttle ltiShray
.:y R6.afth lnni(u(c. rrId rpqtltorcd in pen by Tbe In:rrce lnni(ulr ior High'*ry S.fciy, warhirgloo. D.C.
l?rc opinionr tindin3: end cooclu:ions .:paasad id tib gubli.
ron ue t-bc.. o{ (he au!hor-! and do not Dcf*arily
rcrlGqt ibq
,,r ol thc l8ur.ncr
lllrirutc for liifrr.yry Sy'cty nar $.
irw.ay Saf.ry Rca€rrci lnlriruaa-
thc salc of military surPlusJe.ps in a drivceblc
condiricn to lhc gercral public.
Thc miiirary cr3shexpcienc: with JesPs,couplcd
with a dramatic tisc in uciiiry vchiclc popularity
( utiliry vehiciesarc cstimateCto comprisc one Pct'
cent of all registercCvcnicles on thc road (odxy)
has raisedconcsms aoout lhc crcsh exocricnc: and
safcty aspectsof thcse vehiclcsused by the civilian
populadon. This study conlirms thal scrious Prob'
lems exist 1gi31iveto ocaupan! sffcty and vehicle
srabiliry in rhc on-road driving environmcnL
Data Soutrts and Meihodr
Primary dau sourc= consistcdof poiicc'rerorted
acc:dcntdau. clinical acciciEn!iavestigationrcponsand vehiclc regisrraliondata- Statc files containing
ccmputcized repors of crashcs occurrinq for sc'
lcctcdye:rs bctwe:a 1915'1978 wcr: obtaincd from
Arizona. Mar.vland, Michigan. Ne',v Mexico. Ncw
York, Nor'i Cerolina- Texas, and Washineron- Tha
Faral Aciidcnt Rcponing Sysrcms(FARS)' filc for
I9??, which contains vimrally dl U.S. faral tnfrc
accidcns in drat ycar, was analyzed(about '{2.700
faml lccident rcrons).
Vchicle rcgistntion data publishe<ibir thc R L
Polk and Company were obcained to estimatc thc
nurnber of utiliry vehiclcs resistered for thc years
l9'/5. 1976, ^nd lgii. Thosc data were uscd to
dcterminc the utiliry vehicle pooulation in each
srudy 5tare as a percenraseof all registcrcd passengervehicles.
Oinical data wctc obtained through a detailed
rc.ricw of police rcpo-rts and photognphic records
of utiliry vehiclc fatal acc:deas occurring in thc
' FARS.. frl:l reidcnr d.tr collcclion sttrc{n tn.intrincd
by tjl. Nrrion.l C-cnter for Slrtisid s|d Analyli! N ion l
Hijbwry Trutc S.lcly Adtninistndon' U5. Dcpanment of
TnrE?grtrrion.
i
!i
!
3
a
!
I
,
I
rr
vr
tlev.
to producrlirbility Iitieationinvolvingutility vehicle
wcrc con'
lc:cidcnts.
Fin::lly,ph1'sicrlmccsurcmcnts
ducrcd by HSRI on sclcctcdvchiclcs in ordcr to
'comprrerhcstability(rollovcr)thrcsholds
of sclcctcd
passengcr
vchicies
thosc
of
cers.
to
utiliry
Analyscs oi Strrc and National
Accidcnl Dagr Files
To cstablishhow frcquently utility vehiclcswcre
involved in accidcnts compared to ordinary passcngcrcers and to comparethc incidcnceof dcath
and sevcrity of injury as a conscqucnc: of utiliry
vchicjcaccidcntinvolvemcnt.rhc vehiclcregistrarion
and on-roadaccidcnrdara for fivc statcs(iv{aryland'
Michigan. Nonh Carolina,Tcxas. and Washington)
wcrc compared.
In tcrms of accidcnt involvcmcnt, Tablc I shows
that in 6ve study statcs,uliliry vehiclcs werc rcla'
tively icssfrcqucntJyinvolved in accidcntslhan wcte
passcnser cars. Also shown is thc ratjo of utiliry
vchicic reeistrationsto passengercar registrarions.
TABLE I
UTtLrrr vE {tsLE
CR^sflEsrN RE1ATIoNro Prssenctr
STAIES
C,rn Cersxgs: SErEC?ED
5 r c
Maq4rnd'
(1975-t9Tn
Nurnbcr
o(
Urility
Vthicjc
Cruh6
UtilityV.hiclc
c.'a!h.i !r r
Pltcsnt o( All
Pas.rtGt Crt
C-larhe
Utiliry vchicl.
Rcrilurdon!.r
r Pcrcrnt of All
PittcnF
C:r
Rcsirrnri,o na
I '116
n.l
n<
Miciigan
Q976t97n
r <oo
Nonb Caroiina'
( 1 9 7 5|-9 7 8 )
l rol
Tcxa:
,l976-t971)
a'ra<
Washinqlon
( r9 7 6 )
I,455
t ?
0.5
0.9
0.E
0.9
' Ercluds
c-8hca e.ilh pcdcarri.rE
Pcd.icycl'Ig,
and trains in thi: and in 5ub5.qucnt Eblca.
rt lclst onc Pcrsonwas !iillcd. Rrrcs of vchicle
involvcmentin frtrl c:a.shcsarc {3.1 pcr l0t)'000
r!'gistc:cdutility vchiclcs cnd i0.9 pcr l{X)'t)00
gcr ccrs.
passcn
registcrcd
Whilc Tablc I comparcsthc frequcncyof involve'
mcnt in cll typcsof creshcsfor utiiity vchiclesand
passcnecrcers, Tcblc 2 shows that utility vchiclcs
arc involvcdjn fatal crrshesalmost40 Pcrceninlore
ofrcn than paiscnccr ctrs.
TABLE 2
FA'^L Cr^sHEsrxo Totr u R EctsTR^TloNs:
CARS
UtlLtlr Vrxtct-Es^No P^ssENcER
( A L L S T ^ T E SI ,9 ? ?)
R.ghlr!tionl
Cr!h6
v!hiclc T)F.
Utility Vchiclc5
Pr:scngerCan
I Olat
Number
98.64
100.00
Ir<'t.tcQtl
1< tqn
In summary, utiliry vehicles ere lcss likely than
passengcrca.rsto be invoived in an on-road ctash of
any tciia. but almost 40 Pcrcint more likely to be
involved in a crash that results in a fata'lity'
Tlte dcathtdJe-thc likclihood of occupant daeth
in a crash-involved vehiclc-is highcr for utiliry
vehiclcs lhan Passctgercars- On a national basis for
1977, at lcas! onc occuPantwas killcC in a utiiit-v
vehiclc in 31.8 fatal cnshes Per 100'000 regisrc:ed
udliry vehiclca. The corresponding rate for Passcn-g't
cars is 18.5. Therafore, the death ratc for utiliry
vcnicle cr"shes is ?1.9 pcrc:nt highcr rhan inc rale
for passcnger car crashe3Comparativc dceth rates for sclectcC sral6 are
showu in Tabic 3. For each s!a!e. the totai numbcr
TABLE 3
TMrRc DE^'H R^rEs (NuMsERKILLTDPEe'
THous^NDCnrsaes): SELEcIEDSTATES
Tct&r
l916'ii
wr3hinEton
1976
Michigra
t91lFi1
! l
All Occrrsents
motors:lrclc..
Tbesc dau Gable 1) show that uoTiryvehicles
in ail five slalcs are involved in proportionatciy
fewe; toral cashca than thcir freque:lc.vin d:e
populadon would suggest;i-c-, utiliry vehiclesarc
underepresentedin total crashcs,teladvc !o Pas-
0.98
gg.a2
I .JO
Utility vchicict
Pissnger Cars
3.0
Driv?.t
Utiiiry Vehictes
PasscngerCan
i 1
1J
N.rmirr
Utility Vehiclcs
Pa3sctget Car:
3.6
3.4
1 i
of €r:-shcs
1.456
498.:40
l <'. '!11
653.94C
A o o r t r o n a l s l u o y i l r , a l n g sc o n c c r r l n g l i i t l
lnjury
r:: (l)'in borh utllity vehictesand pssscneercr,rs.
:rflic death rarcs in rural crushcsarc considcrcblv
ighc,'1[31arc rhoscfor urban cr:rshcs:
(2) rcg:rd':ss of rvhcthcrc urban or ruraj arcr, thc total traftc
euth totcs in utility vchiclcs are highcr rhan arc
:lc ratcs in passcngercxrs; (3) in urban arcas.dif:rcncesin drivar deathratcs berwecnutiiiry vchiclcs
nd passcnger
cars lre negligiblc;(4) deathrarcsin
ngle-vchiclecrashesfor uriliry vchicicsand pas:nqer clrs arc higher than for othcr typcs of
:eshes;(5) dcath ratesin singlc.vehiclccrashcsare
i_sherin urility vchiclesthan in passcneerclrsi
rd (6) utiliry vehic.les
are more likcly rhan passcnger
rn to be involved in singie.vchiclccrashcs.
Thc rarc of scrious(disabling)injury is grearcr in
:iliry vchiclcs than in pr.s611gercars, for both
:ivsrs 3nd passcngers,as 5hown in Table 4.
To cxamincaccidcnt.dnver, and vehicleflclorj
in fatal utility vchiclc c:ashcs.the ulility vehiclc
casc icport.sand post-cr:r.sh
photos wcrc obteincrj
from lcw cnforccmcnt agcncicsin thc statcs of
Arizona (for 1978), Ncw lvlcxico (for .{ug.-Dcc.
) 9 1 7 , a n da i l o f 1 9 7 8 ) ,l n d N c w Y o r k ( f o r 1 9 7 7 ) .
crb
Factorscxamincdincludedcrrsh conl'iguration,
typc. roll-bar prcsencc,sext bclt usaqe,occuPJnt
cjcction,and dre typc (whethcrori,einalequipmc:rt.
ovcrwidc.oversize,etc,).This rcvic''rlindicrtcd that
rollovc:'and ejectionof unrcstraincdoccupcntsfre'
qucntiy occurrcd in fatal utiliry vchiclc c:'ashcs.
Typically, unrcstraincdoccupantsrcccivedciticel
or fa(al injurics cithcr through conuct wilh the
vcJ:iclcjnrcrjor or cjcclion from thc vchjcle (oftcn
wirh rhe vehiclc rolling onto (hem).
Vehiclc Rollover
TABLE 4
Nuvaen or DtseaurxcINJURTE5
PERTHousAND
CRAsHrs:SeL.gctroSulgs
MicliFn
Warhinttrao
l9t6
All Occuparts
riliry Vchicica
sscnger Cars
61.8
11 1
34.0
Drirer:
ilir,v Vchiclc:
sscngar Cars
) s.)
A specificsrudy of rollovet accidcntswas made
usingciatafrom rhc srat6 of Mrryland, Michigan.
Norrh Caroiina"Tcxas, and Washinston,to dctermine ii rollovcr collisionswcrc a significant
problcn.
Thc ntio of utiliry veiriclerollovcr to passcnger
.
car roiloven rangedfrom a low of 5.3 to I (Nonh
Caroiina)to a higfi of I 1.5 to 1 CMichigar),as
shownin Tablc 5.
1r a
TAII' E <
Somc utiiiry vehiclc modcls appear ro bc safcr
an othcn. Thc dara indicate rirat rhe larger uritiry
hicles have a iower senous injury ratc, whcrcas
e sEtallsr vehiclcs are associacd with thc highest
ious injury rares.
Utiiity vehiclcs ara much more likcly tfian p:"sq1: cars to crash in rural arcas- Within rural arers,
liry vehicles crash morc oftan than passcnger
is wher snow or icc is on thc road surfac:, whctr
rkness prcvaih, or whet thcrc is a cuwe in thc
d
.{moag crashedvehiclas, utiliqv vehicle drivcrs
: on tle averageyoungcr dtaa passcagercar
v€rs and more frequeatly maie.
in summory, dearh rarcs and serious iuiury ratas
substanriailyhigher in utiliry vehicie_c:ashes
n in p"<sgnoercar crashcs.In parl thcsc difrcr::s resultfrom thc facr that, comparedro pass€'- cars,proporuonarelymorc
utiiiry vehiclcc;asbcs
'singlc-vehicleand occur in rural arcas.
PERCE!{I oF CxrsHss INvoLVrNc Rot.l.ovrn:
C.{'TS
UT:T.TTI VEHICLE5^ND P^SSENGEX
RgllovcF
4
Urilirt v"hisl6
Maryland
Michigan
Nonh Caroline
Tegs
Washingron
F:rrarccr C:rr
l n
11'l
1 l
, 1
5.6
10.I
r r <
< l
8.0
l -o
Rollover as a 6rst eveDr was rcporteC in almost
30 pcrc:at of fatal cEashcsinvolviog utiliry vchicles.
Obviously, nor all rypcs of vehicics have rbe same
oveltuln ratc. Michigan data for 1976, shown in
Tablc 6, shows the ovemlra racc for .rarious qpcs
of vchiclcs.
Analyscs of Michigaa aud Washing:ton state accicicat dara indicare rhat thc smailcl uriiity vehicies
such as Bronco (pre-I978) a.Dci
IEEP overtum more
often t}an the lareer urilirv vehicjes such as Blazer.
I
i
l.\r!!,..\u
Ey t LHtcl-E r yf l:
.VrcHtc^N,
1976
,
'
^vrrutLx!
ParccntO!€ urn A<odcrtr
v<hi(tr Trfx
All Pr:,scrgcr C:1Is
Full Sizc
Intcrmcdiatc
Comp!6t
Spons (ar
Pjck.upor Prnci Truckr
Straight Trucl5
Utility Vchic.ics
t l
0.6
z.l
L9
11 'l
AU Vchicl6
t 1
Rollovcris substantirlly
moreprevalcnt
in singlevchiciccraihcsthan in orhcr rypesof crashcs,as is
shownin Tablc7.
TAELE 7
PgRcEN?oF vEr{rcLEs rH^" OvERTURNED
l N S I N G L E - V E r { r c LCER ^ s H E:s
SELEc?EDST^TES
Midrigao
7t
Utility
Vchiclca
Passcoger
Cars
t atSlt
4l
ln !lngjc'vehlciccrrshes than jn m ultrplc-vclrrcjc
c:ashcs.
Tor:l Clive:'eiection
is much more frcgucnt
in o;rn-toppedvchiclcs.such ts rhc JEEP, thsn in
mosl othcr modcis of utility vehiclcsor p0s\e'rscr
w:rhin8ron
q
.
Mlithnd
*
36
45
1.,
r0
Nonlr
C:rolirra
V.
Rollovcr rates for aIl crashesarc substanriallv
lower rhantie ratcsshowl for singlc-vehiclccrashcsThis impliesrhat rolloveris codcd infrequcntlyin
multiplc.vchicle
crashes.'Data from seicctedstates
(not raproduccdhere) cooirm this. Compared ro
passensercars. vchicle roliover is irgi in utiiiry
vehiclcs,csoecia.lly
in sinele-vehiclccrzshcsand in
roral args.
Iniury Mcchanirms
Occupanteje:rionis morelikely to occurin utiliry
vehiclc crashesthan in passe::_eer
car crashes.For
exampie, I 5 pelclnt of utilir-v vehiclc occupans
werc ejecrcdin singie-vehiclcc;ashesin Maryiand
'A nc1vappucb lo codint
rollovcn rr:s used ia lhc l9?t
F.I.RS Rollover. in rhc 1978 FARs. i5 codcd rEsardl€rrof whcn
lhe eYqn(c,cs!r3 during a c.ish. In 1977. rollov.f wz! cod.d
only if .3locia(cd wrrh lhc nrJr harmful cvcnt. Using en intrim
ycrron (*36) of Lhc l9?8 FARS lEl o{ 773 (23Vo) ot t},c
on,/of roadrvcnicjcawcrE codcd a-tovcmrming in rhc tirsr cvclrAnd. uln rddition.l 12 pcrcrat of ,ke 7i3 vciicjca ovcnurn.d
strix.qudrt ro thc 6rst h:.rmful cveer. Thur. .aJ gcrcrnt of thc
oaloff rgad vehici.s wctc @ded a: ovcrrurring at Jomc point
dunnS tlte q.!sh. lt rcmaiE lo b€ Jccr if many sraro ,|/ill adgpr
rbc l9?8 F.{RS codcafo. rollovc!. Nore r}rar rhc FARS dcfinitioo
of.an oolotr road vehiclc diFcn sligbdy from rhe dcfnirion of
urili(y verri€ieuscd in thi5 srudy.
Little diffcrcncein scerbelt usageis noticcd be.
twe:n drivcrsof urility vehiclcsand passcnger
cars.
I n W s 5 h l n s l 6 n .l ? p e r c e n ro f t h c u t i l i t y v c h i c l c
driverswerc rcportedto havebecnwearingscathcits
a! the time of the cresh.comparedwith l6 pcrcent
of the passcngercar dnvcrs. Scrt bclt reslr:rint
up;rrsystcns.includingsome types of singJe-bclt
torsosvstems,
do not prevcntoccupantflailing.pa'exrrcmitics,
tial ejecrion.
or injury to (hc unres(raincC
Injuries to upper ertremiriesand the hand havc
occurredas a lesultof open-vehicle
oc3upantsusing
thc roil-bar as a grip during vehicle ovenum. or as
a result of c:rt;aoment of the hand and forcarm
berwc:n rhe sidc of the open vchiclc and thc ground
during roilover.
Rollover Stab;lify illeesurements
To establish (he Iatcral acccleration (in g's),required to roll over five dif,'clent models of udlity
vehiclcs,rhe vehiclcswerc mcasurcdfor whcrlbasc,
u:ackwidth, and hcighrof cenle! of graviry.Vehiclcs
mcasurcd includcd s 1975 Chcvrolet Bla::r wilh
fiberglasstop, a 19?9 JEEP CJ-5 with cenvas toD
and roil-bar, a 1979 JEEP CJ-7 with ca.nvls top
and roll-bar, a 1973 Ford Bronco Ranger u'ith a
stcel top, and a highly modified 1963 Ford B:onco.
For purposes of coraoarison, the samc mcrsurgmcnts wcr! availablc for scvcral makcs of passcnget
can. Thc rollovcr limit of ihe five udliry vehicles
ranged from 1.01 to 1.21 g, compared to a nrnge
of 1.32 to 1.62 g for passcrgcrcars. In general.the
smalicrthe stabiiiryc:rvelopcof a vehicle(whe:lbase
dmestrack wid!h) thc iower its :ollovcr limir. Utiiiry
vehicles with siron wheeibascs and narrow trreks
can be ovcnumcd soiaiyby the side forc:s geacrateC
by thc tircs during unusual maneuvers, whcreas
Iaqcr utiliry vehicics gelcrally overrum only ii rhey
are tripped by a road surfac: irrcgulariry, curb. or
other surrac: tcxrurechange.
Product Liabilitv
Ac;ident cascs in litigatioa provided some in-
formationregardingallceedsaferydcfecs in utiiirv
vehicics.Rolloverresuitingin collapscof ioll-ban.
ancisre=ringand brakc failurcs havc been the nost
, ' .
Jci-aI Standrrds
\4 cn'y fcdcrrl strndurdsthat rpply to PesJcnec.
. lthough l
r d o n o t e p p l y t o u t i l i t y v c h i c l c sA
j . C e n c r a lA c c o u n t i n gO i h c c r c p o r t ( Ju l y I 9 7 8 )
s criticel o{ delsys in the promulgxtionof stanu r i l i r yv c h i c ) c )
d s t o i m p r o v cl i g h rr r u c k( i n c l u d i n g
: l y , n o t h i n gs u b s t a n t i ahla s y e t a p ; r c a r c dO. f t h c
c:rs. only
strnderdsihc! now cpply to PJssc;lPcr
currcntiy rpply withour exceotion to utility
riclcs.Thcsc ate: FMVSS 2O5-{lczing Mate'
's'
FMVSS 207-Seating Systcms:FMVSS 209
ieat Bclt Assenblics: FMVSS 210-Scrr Bclt
NUL!,
:cmbly Anchorages;FV{VSS2l l-whe:l
Sceting
2l
FMVSS
3--Child
;cs, Hub Caps;
rior Conclusions:'
fhc maior conclusionsof this study of on-road
ity vchiclc ctash involvemcn! arc:
Crash Involvement
BascC upon l9i7 data for alt statas, utiliry
vehicles tc involved in latal crasrlas almost
40 pcrc:nt morc oflen than passcngcrcars. The
proponion of 1917 totai c;ashcsin which at
leasr onc occuDan! was killcd is 72. perccnt
higher for uti)ity vchiclcs than Passcngctcars
(3 1.8 uriiiry vehiclc fatal c:ashcs pcr 100.000
registcred vchiclcs vs. 18.5 Passct-qercar fanl
crashespcr 100,000 ren'steredvehicics).
Utiliry vehicles crash in rurai arcas proponionacccunting
ate-lymore otic:t tJlanpaJscnectc4.1s.
for about 35 pcrc::rt of thc difrcrcnc3 i116verall
death ratcs bctre:a utiiiry vehiclcs and passen'
get calr. I{igher average travcl spced, cdnes,
and icc or snow on thc road surfac: havc bc:n
shown to bc major factors in (hc ru ral cnvironment that are associatedwirh an incressc in
A
F.ral
Rollover and Occupant Ejection
.is a group, urility vchiclcs are much more
ic::-iotcd frorn thc Tcchnical Rcpon
eat
rtacht
Unril 1977, rollovef was codcd in rhe Fatal
Accident Rcponing Systcrn(FAR9 dara (whcn
it occurred) as thc n$t harmful cvcnt, yielding a
rollover rarc of 29 perc:nt In contra.st.ric 1978
FARS coded rollover as both firt and subsc.
qucnt harmiul cvencl. This yicldcd a fatal onoff-road vchiclc ovenurn rate of 45 pcrc!:rl In
this srudy, thc more conscryativc (fint harmrul
cvenl) dcfnidon was uscd.
ciashcsamongutiliry vchicles.
Udiiry vchicie drivers involved in crashes genuaIIy are younger and more oftcn male than their
countemar6 in passengercars. Thc importanc:
of rhesc factors in contributing to total crashes
or fetal crashcshas not yet becn cstabiishd.
lcast f vc rimes(tnd up to t I t/t ^.:!tes in lvlich'
ir:n) highcr thl)n thf,t crpcic:,:--: b;" p:sscnlcr
crrs (Ilrrr,lcncl,Michiern. ' ,.'-h Carolinl,
T c x c s .a n d W a s h i n g t o nA) .r n c r , : ' : t i l i t yv c h i c l c s ,
somc moCelshave a hiehcr ,1q3 al rolloverthen
do othcrs,
Bascd on rhc height ol the c(,-:cr ol gruvir)',
s s a c l a s sa ? em o i . l i k c l y t o o v e r .
u t i i i t yv e h i c l c e
tum, and within thc utiiiry vcr::lc ciass thosc
w i t h e s m a l Js l r b i l i t y e t v e \ o q t J E E P , J c : p ,
p r c - 1 9 7 3 B r o n c o , S c o u t , L g r C C r u i s e r )a r c
more iikely to ovenurn than thosc wirh a lar-gcr
srabiiityenvelooe(Blazcr,Ramcharger-,Jimmy.
Treil Duster).Tnc JEEP end thc Bconco(pre1978) ovcrturn during a crash al lcest rwicc as
often as thc Blazcr. Funhcr, among thosc
vchiclcswith thc smallcrstcbilitv envelope,rhc
tire side forcesmry bc sufficientto iniriarc thc
ovenurnr whercasurility vehiclcs with a largcr
srabiliryenvelopcmay rcquirc an cxtcrnal tripping forc: (crrrb, pothole, ctc.).
Driver ejection is morc oftcn reponed among
JEEPS rhan othct makcs of urillry vchiclcsor
passengercars. Drive: c.icctionis also more oftcn
rcportcd among ope:l- or canvas-(opuriliry vchiclcs than among rieid-top utility vchicles.
Rollover occurs in about 30 pcrccnt of U.S. fatal
crashcsinvoivinsutility vehicies.ln comprrison.
rollovcr is reponeC in only six perc:nr of U.S.
1
Rollover and ejection of unrestrained occupants
are obscrved to bc primary facron in fatal
udliry vqhiqlg cra:hes.
Rollover protEction (roil-bars, c1t.s, etc.) particularly in open vehicles is inadcquate,as thc
roll protecdon frequently collapscs or is a sourc:
of injury to the occupants.
Occupant eieclion is morc common in singlevchiclc cr:shcs than multiplc -vc!,icle ciashcs.
Futeca perc:nt of utiiiey vchicle cr.:uDantswere
:.
.t
I
1
dards (Nrrmbcrs 201-2 I 9)' only six aPply lo
uliliiy vehiclesin thcir entircty.Thcy rrc: 205C l a z i n gN l r r c r i r l s ;1 0 7 - S c r t i n g S ) ' s t c n s?: 0 9
-Scet Belt Assemblics:210-Scat tsclt As'
s e m b l yA n c h o r e g e s2: l l - W h e c l N u t s ' D i s c s ,
ln t*o
Hub Caps;3l3---Child SeatingSyste;ns'
Intcrior
standards(201-Occupant Protcclion.
Impact;and 2l 2-Windshicld Mounting)multi'
purposevehiclcsarc cxemptcdfrom thc srfcty
In cnother(206--OccupantCresh
requiretnenrs.
therecre diflcrcnccsin rcquir':rcnts
Proccction)
clrs and muiti'purposcvelribe:weenpassenBer
cJcs.Of panicularimportance.lap and shor'rldcr
belt restraint are not requircd (?O9-Seat Bcit
gct C3':.
P3s.ser
rrom opcn rnd csnvrs-cncloscdvchiclcs
,?.. Eicction
o c c u r r c di n t h r c c - q u r r t c r(si 5 l c i o f t h c f c t o l
crxshcsbu( in only two-ftfths(40% ) of ihc rigidcub . vchiclcs in thrcs studv statcs (Arizona,
and Colorado)in 1978.
lvlichig',rn,
c. Ratc
I
1
of lniutl' and Death
Trtffic dcath rates und t0tes ol disabling injury
arc hiBher in utility vchicies than in passeager
crrs, whcthcr considcringall occupans or just
driven. Considcring rll occupants, borh rhc
dccth rate and ratc oi scriousinjury arc about
twice rs high in utility vchiclcs. Addirionally,
borh dcath and injury rates ire approximarely
lwice as high in JEEPS as in Blrr.rs.
The likclihood of scrious (disabllng) iniury is
about rwice as grcat in utility vchicjes as in
passcngercan, for all occupanc and for drivcn.
bascd on llichiean and WashingrondarInc Blaz:; cxhibirs fie lowest scrious injury
rarc whcn compared with Scour, Bronco, and
Thc likclihood of deaft as a conscquenceof a
cr$h (for all occupanr) was found to bc twicc
as high in udlity vchicles as in passengcrcar.
bascd on Michigan, Texas. and Washingon
dara- Ar leest one pcnon was.killed in a uriiiry
vehiclein almost thre-founhs of all fatal crashcs
invoivins a udliry vchicle (the rqnainder killeC
were ocauDantsof the other vehicles).
Asscmbiics).
2- Posr-crashfre for utiliry vchicles as a rcsult of
collision is rarc and was not found to bc a sefety
Recomm,endationslor I mproving Utiliry
Vehiclc Salery
A, Federalsaferystandardstha! aPply to passcnlrer
catr shou,ldbe cxtendcCto utility vchicics' In
panicular, rcsrraint systcmsshould bc instatlcC
in all uriliry vchiclcs. with thc design of a pcr'
ticular sysrcm geared to the vehiclc stvle (i-c':
full harnessin open vehicles).
B. Pq{ormancc srandards (and pe:haps dcsign
standards) should bc promulgatcC for roll
.
protecion ccuipment-parricu larly for open
t.
Occupant Protecion
I
a
A steil cab enclosure reciuc:s rhc ihanc" of
ejection and subsclucnt fatal cnrshing of the
cjc:reC occuoant by the vehiclc- In all vchicles,
thc use of restraints prevenrs cjcction, which is
a primary causc of dcath and inlury. Roll-bars
in opc:r-canvas,and Fbcrglass-rypecabs produc3
a me3sure of safcr,voniy if the occupant is not
ejected- However. rollbars without sufficicnt
upper body restraint do not ofict lhe occ'Jpar!
adcquarc protection against flailing iniury. Rollban dtenseivescan prociuc: injuriesLittlc diFercnc: in seat belt usage is found bewe-,n drivers of utiJiry vehiclcs and passenscr
cars. In Washingron. 17 perc::rt oi orivcs of
uriliry vehicles wore a scat bejt at thc rimc of
the c:ash, comoared wirh 16 pcrcett among thc
passc:lgs: car drivers.
n
E.
vchicics.
Manufacturers. dealcrs' insurance comoanics.
ctc., should dcvelopand distributc to Prospe.!ivc
purchasers, drivcts, cCucators, insureds' etc.'
literaturc dcscribing th e pcrf orm anc: iimitarions
(handling and stabilicy) of thesevchiclcs for both
on-road and ofi-road use. Adequate ccnsumcr
information can hciP allcviate many of rhe
problerns.
Aciditional research on the behavior of utilit-v
vchicle drivers shouid be conduc:ed-We ne:C
to knou, to what extenl the rtiadveiy hi-eh rares
of urility vehiclc faul and scious-injurv accidenc arc a reflection of how thc veiricics arc
driven. To answer that qucsrion saiisiacioriiy.
more inform arion is nc:isi.
Additional stuciiG ne.d to be unCenakel to
cxamine and link the fac:on of ve:ricie desi3n.
occuDant Protection. driver, anci environmcnai
factors as thcy rchte to the Prociucior of c:ishinduced injuries.
IIM-HSrU-Bo-14
-t
FINIALREPORT
FEBRU\RT80
1
-ai
ti
i'
ON-ROAD
CRASHEXPERIENCE
OF UTILXTYVEHICLFS
*
n
a
I
$
t'
i:
S
RichardG. Snyder
McDole
ThomasL.tr
WilliamM. Ladd
Daniel J.Mi
preparedfor
INST]RANCEINSTITUTE FOR HIGHWAYSAFETY
Washington,D.C.
HIGFM/AYSAFETYRESEARCHINSTITUTE
THE UNTVERSITYOF MICHIGAN
*
rf
-80-14
UH-HSRl
J
ON-ROAD
TXPERITNCE
CRASH
O FU T I L I T YV E H I C L T S
REPORT
FINAL TECHN1CAL
RichardG' Snyder
0Ie
s L. l'4cD
Thonu
l { i l 1 i a r nM . L a d o
D a n ie l J . 1 4ni a n a n
FebruarY,1980
PreParedfor
saret,
tl::l::l:"::'DHi ehwa'
rnsurance
n'nll,"',,?il::r,,1;':?"il.ll;:l'""
"'"
e n n A r b o r ' f 4 ic h t9 a n
kTcrr
Tr<hicd
2. Or.ra-t
^.....id
rr.
R.c'r.Fr'.
L
lLcrrrrrer
ir
Po;l
C.r.loO N.,
UM-HSRI-BO-I4
a,
T 'rl. -!
5!5nrl.
F e b r u a r y1 9 8 0
0n-Road
C r a s hE x p e r i e n c oe f U t i l i t y V e h i c l e s
6. Prlo-,^e
,.
Pd| Ei..
Ore-i.did
li-.
-a
!t6rD'i..
N-.
Ar.-.t
-a
ilTF
lqprlffii-r
O't-it.iion
R.c..r
i
Ro.
Aaa....
C..r..r
f3.
AiL'.r.
Irr.
o' Gr..r X..
or R.rcn
-J
p.n.a
I
Cs6.a
Final Report
M a y I 9 7 8 - F e b r u a r y1 9 8 0
I n s u r a n c e I n s t i t u t e f o r H i g h w a yS a f e t y
l,lla
terga te Six Hundred
l { a s h i n g t o n ,D .C . 2 0 0 3 7
15.
C.&
U M - H S-R8I0 - I 4
H i g h w a yS a f e t y R e s e a r c hI n s t i t u t e
T h e U n i v e r s i t yo f M i c h i g a n
A n nA r b o n , M i c h i g a n 4 8 1 0 9
l?.
Pdaooi..
l.
,. ^,4-'.t 5nyder, R.G., T.L. McDote, l,l.l,f. Ladd,
D .J . l 4 in ah an
Orre'..n6
la.
teonron.e Ar.n<r Crl.
I IHS
X.t..
T h e p u r p o s eo f t h i s s t u d y w a s t o i n v e s t i g a t e t h e o n - r o a d c r a s h e x p e r i e n c e , s a f e t y , a n d s t a b il i t y o f u t i l i t y v e h i c le s . S e le c t e d f o r s t u d y a m o n g
t h e o f f - r o a d , m u l t i - p u r p o s e p a s s e n g e rv e h i c l e s w e r e t h e J E E P ,B l a z e r '
r 'r, a i l D u s t e r , S c o u t , L a n dC r u i s e r '
B r o n c o( p r e - 1 9 7 8 ) ,J i 6 6 y , R a m c h a r g e T
a n d T h in g .
,l2,000
fatal and non-fatal utilit-v
Data studied includedmore than
v e h i c l e c r a s h e sj n t h e s t a t e s o f A r i z o n a , C o l o r a d o ,M a r y l a n d 'M i c h i g a n 'N e w
, o r t h C a r o li n a , T e x a s , a n d I ' { a s h i n g t o n . A l s o ' F A R Sd a t a '
Y o r k , N e wl i l e x . i c o N
R . L . P o l k & C o m p a nVye h i c l e R e g i s t r a t i o nd a t a , a n d d a t a f r o m C o l l i s i o n P e r f o r m a n c ea n d I n j u r y R e p o r t ( C P I R )f i l e s w e r e e x a m i n e d . S e l e c t e dv e h i c l e s
r \ r e r es u b j e c t e d t o p h y s i c a l m e a s u r e m e notf t h e h e i g h t o f t h e c e n t e r o f
g r a v i t y . A p p l i c a b i l i t y o f F e d e r a lM o t o r V e h i c l e S a f e t y S t a n d a r d sw a s r e viewed.
M a j o r c o n c l u s i o n sa r e t h a t : u t i l i t y v e h i c l e s e x p e r i e n c ea r o l l o v e r
l r a t e 5 t o 1 l ! t i m e s h ' i g h e rt h a n p a s s e n g ecr a n s ; t h e J E E Pa n d p r e - 1 9 7 8B r o n c o
l o v e r t u r na t l e a s t t w i c e a s o f t e n a s B l a z e r ; r o l l o v e r a n d e j e c t i o n i n o p e n
l c a b v e h i c l e s a p p e a rt o b e m a j o r f a t a l i n j u r y f a c t o r s ; d e a t h a n d i n i u r y r a t e s
l a r e a p p r o x i m a t e lt yw i c e a s h i g h i n u t i l i t y v e h i c l e sa s i n p a s s e n € ecra r s a n d
as in Blazers.
l a r e a b o u tt w i c e a s h i o h i n J E T P S
f
n
e
s
t
u
d
y
f
i
n
d
i
n
g
s
r
a
i
s
e
s
e
r
i o u s q u e s t i o n sc o n c e r n i n gt h e s a f e t y a n d
I
l s t a b i l i t y o f t h e s e v e h i c l e s , w h i c h a r e e x e m p t e fdr o m o r n o t c o v e r e oD y
r e q ui r e d f o r p a s s e n g e r
[ s e v e r a lo f t h e F e d e r a lM o t o r V e h i c l e S a f e t y S t a n d a r d s
l c a rs .
ll.
u t i l i t y v e h i c l e ; o c c u p a n itn j u r i e s ;
o c c u p a n tp r o t e c t i o n ; e j e c t i o n ; m u lt j p u r p o s e ; j e e p - t y p e ; r o l I o v e r; r o l I bars; crash investigation;data
Oi.iabri'
!rdr--t
U n li m it e d
]
analvsic: macs data: collis.ion
ii.
t;.fr
ct...il-
{.r t..
Unclassified
'it-r)
,.
!.o'it
:
't,
Cl...ir-
{.r r$.
Un c i a s si f i e d
n
r.l-)
258
J
il
:
:
SUMI'IARY
EXECUTIVE
v e h i c l e s d e s i g n e df o r o n / o f f - r o a d u s e , s u c h a s t h e
B l a z e r ' ,B r o n c o ,J E t P , J i n r n t yL, a n dC r u i s e r , a n d S c o u t ' h a s j n c r e d s e d
r a p i d l y o v e r t h e p a s t f e w y e a r s . T h e p u r p o s eo f t h i s s t u d y h a s b e e n t o
Use of utility
a n a l y z et h e a v a i l a b ' l eo n - r o a dc o l l i s j o n e x p e r i e n c ei n v o l v i n g t h i s t y p e
o f v e h i c l e t o d e t e r m i n et h e n a t u r e , e x t e n t , a n d s e r i o u s n e s so f a n y
'jl
p r o b l e m su n i q u e t o t h i s c a t e g o r yo f v e h i c l e , a n d t o p r o v id e a b a s i s f o r
further i nvestigation and/or safety recommendation.
T h e s t u d y i n v o l v e d l a r g e - s c a 1 ea c c j d e n t d a t a d n a l y s i s ' e v a l u a t i o n
o f i n - d e p t h r e p o r t s o n i n d i v i d u a l c n a s h e s ,a n d t h e r n e a s u r e m e on ft
p h y s i c a l p a r a m e t e r so n s o m eu t i l i t y v e h i c l e s . T h e d a t a s o u r c e s i n c l u d e d
iI
tf
t h e F a t a l A c c i d e n t R e p o r t i n g S y s t e m( F A R S )o f t h e U . S . D e p a r t m e n o
T r a n s p o r t a t i o n ,C o l l i s i o n P e r f o r m a n caen d I n j u r y R e p o r t ( C P I R )f i l e ' a n d
clinical casestudiesof serioustraffic collisions from various
locations in the U.S. Data obtajned included reports on about 14,000
, e wY o r k ,
v e h j c l e a c c j d e n t so c c u r r i n g i n t h e s t a t e s o f l " l i c h i g a nN
T e x a s ' 1 4 a s h i n g t o nA, r i z o n a , C o l o r a d o ,M a r y la n d , N o r t h C a r o l ' in a , a n d N e w
.
.
utility
'
l ' 4 e x i c do u r i n g 1 9 1 6 ,) , g 1 7 ,a n d 1 9 7 8 . F r o mt h e C P I Ri n - d e p t h c o l l i s i o n
f i l e s 9 3 u t i l i t y v e h i c l e s ( o u t o f a t o t a l o f 7 , 7 9 9v e h i c l e sw i t h 3 5 , 1 3 2
''r,t'lii
i n j u r i e s ) w e r e a n a l y z e d . S u p p l e m e n t adl a t a w e r e a d d e dw h e r e p o s s ' i b l et o
t h e C P I Rd a t a r e l a t i v e t o r o l l - b a r , c a b t y p e , r e s t r a i n t s , a n d v e h i c l e
andtines). The origjnal written
n D d i f i c a t i o n s ( s u c ha s s u s p e n s i o n
r e c o r d s o f f a t a l a c c i d e n t r e p o r t s f r o m F A R Sa n d s e l e c t e d s t a t e f j l e s
.
were also r-evianed. Using these data the accident chanacteristics of
n u t o m o bl e
j s. To
u t i l i t y v e h i c l e s w e r e c o m p a r e dt o t h o s e o f p a s s e n g e a
a s s i s t i n d e t e r m i n i n gt h e r ^ o l eo f h a n d l i n ga n d s t a b i l i t y , s i n c e m a n yo f
:
;
I
I
l.
..;
:i.
i'
t h e s e v e h i c l e s h a v ea r e l a t i v e l y h i g h c e n t e r o f g r a v i t y a n d s h o r t
. v . i h e e . ] b a s e ( a s p o t e n t j a l c o n t r i b u t i o n t o l a t e r a l m o t j o n i n s t a b i 1 i
d i p e c t p h y s i c a l a n a l y s e so f a C h e v r o l e t B l a z e r , A t 4 CC J - 5 a n d C J - 7 J E E P ,
F o r d B r o n c o , a n d a m o d fi i e d F o r d B r o n c ow e r e c o n d u c t e d '
M a j o r c o n c l u s i o n so f t h e s t u d y a r e t h a t :
.
.
i.
UtiIityvehjclesexperiencerol,loverataratethatisatlea
f i v e t i n e s h i g h e r ( a n du p t o 1 l - 1 / 2 t i m e s h i g h e r i n M i c h i g a n t) h a n
i
p
a
s
s
e
n
g
e
r
T
h
e
J
E
E
P
a
n
d
c
a
r
.
b
y
t
h
e
a
v
e
r
a
g
e
that experienced
1
p r e - 1 9 7 8B r o n c oo v e r t u r n a t l e a s t t w i c e a s o f t e n a s l h e B l a z e r ;
.
;
iii
,
t i r e s i d e f o r c e s a l o n e i n v e h i c r e sw i t h a s r n a r rs t a b i l i t y e n v e l o p e
( s u c h a s t h e J E t P ) m a yb e s u ff j c . je n t t o i n j t i a t e o v e r t u r n .
R o l l o v e r a n d e j e c t i o n f r o m o p e n - c a bv e h j c l e s a n d l a c k o f u p p e r _
t o r s o r e s t r a i n t s w i t h r o l l b a , ^p r o t e c t i o n a p p e a rt o b e n n j o r i n j u r y
fa ctors.
**
Both the death rate and the rate of disabling injury (per accident)
a r e a b o u tt w i c e a s h i g h i n u t i l . i t y v e h i c l e s , a n d b o t h r d t e s a r e
a p p r o x i m a t e l tyw i c e a s h i g h i n J E E p Sa s i n B l a z e r s .
0 n l y 6 o f 2 0 F e d e r a l M o t o r V e h j c l e S a f e t y S t a n d a r - d tsh a t a p p . l yt o
p a s s e n g e rc a r s a l s o p r e s e n y a p p l y t o u t i l i t y v e h i c l e s w i t h o u t
e x c e p t i o n . U t i l i t y v e h i c l e s , f o r e x a m p l e ,a r e e x e m p t e df r o m t h e l a p a n d
s h o u l d e r b e l t r e q u i r e m e n t s( F M V S 2S0 9 ) . T h e s t u d y f i n d i n g s i n d . ci d t e
t h a t t h e s t a b i l i t y , c r a s h w o r t hni e s s , a n d o c c u p a n p
t r o t e c t i o nf e a t u r e so f
utility
{$na
v e h i c l e s n e e dt o b e i m p r - o v e d .
i
-l!:
ACKNOl,lL
EDGEMENTS
T h e a u t h o r sw i s h t o g r a t e f u l1 y a c k n o w l e d gt hee a s s i s t a n c ep r o v i d e d
i n t h i s s t u d y b y a I a r g e n u m b eor f i n d i v i d u a l s .
L a we n f o r c e m e notf f i c i a l s w h og e n e r o u s l cy o o p e r a t e idn v a r i o u s
, rizona
p h a s e so f d a t a c o l l e c t i o na n d p r o c e s s i nign c l u d e dR o s sE . K e 1 1 y A
, a f e t y P r o j e c t sS e r v i c e s ,P h o e n i x ;l , l i l l i a m
D e p a r t m e notf T r a n s p o r t a t i o n S
K i v i s t a n dJ a m e sG r a n t , P h o t o g r a p h i cSse c t i o n , a n dC a p t . l , l . W o o d w a 'r d
, c c i d e n tR e c o r d sS e c t i o n ,A r i z o n a
T e r r y D u n n ,a n dS h a r o nC h a v e zA
D e p a r t m e notf P u b l i c S a f e t y ; H . A l l e n F e n n e r ,M a n a g e rA, c c i d e n tR e c o r d s
l ervice
S e r v i c eC e n t e r , a n dC a p t . D . C . K i n g s b u r y ,C h i e f , T e c h n i c a S
B u r e a u ,C r i m n
i a l J u s t i c e D e p a r t m e n tS, t a t e o f Ne l vl ' 1 e x i c oS, a n t aF e ; J o h n
l . M o n t o y a0, a t a
D e p a r t r n e nat ,n dM a n u eA
F e n n e r ,T r a n s p o r t a t i o n
r e h i c l eD i v i s i o n ; L a r r y
P r o c e s s i nM
g a n a g e rS, t a t e o f N e wM e xci o 1 4 o t oV
, tate of Colonado;
K a r s t e n ,D e p u t yH i g h w a S
y a f e t yC o o r d i n a t o r S
Tr ,a f f i c S a f e t y S e r v i c e sD j v i s i o n ,
C a p t . P a u l J . R u g e ,C o m m a n d e
M i c h i g a nO e p a r t m e notf S t a t e P o l i c e ; C h a r ' l e sl l . B o s t i c k , D i r e c t o r ,
h n d D e v e l o p m e nSt ,t a t e o f N e uY o r k D e p a r t m e notf
Division of Researca
s ept.,
, c c i d e n tR e c o n dD
M o t o rV e h i c l e s , a n dJ a m e sM c G e eS, u p e r v j s o r A
T e x a sD e p a r t m e notf P u b l i c S a f e t y , A u s t i n , T e x a s .
,,l!ii
I n d i v i d u a l sw h oc o o p e r a t ebdy l o a n i n gu t i l i t y v e h i c l e sf o r p h y s i c a l
t e s t i n g i n c l u d e dR o b e r tJ . S i 1 v a , G e n e r a l ' l a n a g e rC, a m p uAsr e r i c a n ,
I n c . . , J o n D a l t o n , M a r *H u b e r ,a n dJ o n S n y d e r ,a l l o f A n nA r b o r , a n dP a u l
i
:,
i.
t'
;.
I
' 2
t
.r
, rizona.
S n y d e nT, u c s o n A
s ith technicalinputs,
0 t h e r i n d i v j d u a l s w e r em o s tg e n e r o u w
, h o e n i xA, r i z o n a ;
i n c l u d i n g :J . B r a dB a h n ,o f L i - H a uIln t e r n a t i o n d l P
0n
p e r a t i o n sD
, y n a m iScc i e n c e I, n c . ,
D o u g l aB
s l a k e ,M a n a g el .rl a s h i n g t o
d e s i g ne n g i n e e or f t h e F V I B 0 1BAr i t j s h A r m yU t i l i t y V e h i c l e ;W j l l i a m
, labama;
G a i n e s ,f o r m e rD i r e c t o ro f S a f e t y ,U . S . A r m y ,F t . R u c k e r A
r ,u g e n t ,J o h n s o n ,
A l b e r t R . C o n e ,o f t h e L a v {F i r m o f C o n e ,O w e nl,, , l a g n eN
H a z o u r ia n dR o t h , P . A . , W e s tP a l mB e a c h ;a n d m a n yo t h e r s .
l h oa s s j s t e dw i t h d a t a a n a l y s i sa n d r e d u c t i o no r
H S R Ip e r s o n n ew
p r o g r a m m i ni n
g c l u d e dT h o m aE
s . L a w s o nL, i n d a B . L a s t , R o b e r tE . S c o t t ,
s r o u p ,a n d
P h y l l i s G i m o t t y ,a n dV i n g i n i aD e x t e ro f t h e S y s t e mAs n a l y s ' iG
l a c t o r sG r o u p . A r t i s t i c
D o u g l aB
s n o w an n dR o b e r tE r v j n o f t h e P h y s i c a F
!,
i.
s e r v i c e sw e r e p r o v i d e db y K a t h l e e nA . J a c k s o n ,e d i t o r i a l s e r v i c e s b y
B r i a n M a t h i a sw j t h s e c r e t a r i a l a s s i s t a n c ea b l y p r o v id e d b y B e v e r l y
J. Ball.
l ^ l ea r e a p p r e c a
i tive of accident data providedby Donald
F , H u e l k ea n d H a r o l d S h e r m a fnr o m l . h e i r o n g o ni g M V M cAl i n i c a l c a s e s t u d y
i g a c c i d e n t s . l , J ea r e a l s o i n d e b t e d
o f s e l e c t e d l a t e - m o d e l i n j u n y - p r o d u cn
t o L e o n a r dS e g e l , H e a d ,P h y s i c a l F a c t o r s , H S R,I f o r h i s t e c h n i c a l
r esl a t i v e t o u t i l i t y
d i s c u s s i o no f c o u n t e r m e a s u r e
s t a b i i i t y p r o b l e m sp r o v i d e di n S e c t i o n 5 . 8 . 2 .
v e h i c l e h a n d l i n ga n d
A s p e c i a l t h a n l . , si s g i v e n
t o M r . J a m e s0 ' O a y , H e a dS y s t e m sA n a l y s i s G r o u p , H S R I , f o r h i s r e v i e w o f
the data analysisandcri t ique of the ntanuscript.
In additjon the
u t h o r s w i s h t o a c k n o w l e d gt eh e s u g g e s t i o n sa n d
h e l p o f P h y l l i s B u r c h m aann d B r j a n 0 ' N e i l l , T h e I n s u r a n c eI n s t j t u t e f o r
H i g h w a yS a f e t y , t ^ l a s h i n g t o nD, . C .
T h i s w o r k w i s f u n d e d m a i n l y b y a g r a n t f r o r n t h e I n s u r a n c eI n s t i t u t e
For Hi ghwaySafety .
T h e o p i n i o n s , f i n d i n g s , a n d c o n c l u s i o n se x p r e s s e di n t h i s
p u b l i c a t i o n a r e t h o s e o f t h e a u t h o r s a n d d o n o t n e c e s s a rljy r e f l e c t t h e
v i e w s o f t h e I n s u r a n c eI n s t i t u t e F o r H i g h w a yS a f e t y o r T h e H i g h w a y
,iili$:
S a f e t v R e s e a r c hI n s t i t u t e .
vi
.
2.I-I
TABLE
t:
S U I 4 M AO
RFY1 , I 0 2 U . S . ARMY
RSE P O R TDUR
E OI NG
J T E PC R A S H E
FY1974.1976
Year
t976
I O7f,
t974
l V e h i c l eR a n]
I
I
R o l l o v e rI 0 f f R o a d I F i r e I F a t a l i t v I I n j u r y
- - - - - - - - - -*-- - - - - -- - - -- -+-- -- - -+- - - - - - - - - -+- - - - - - - -
2 3 6I
2 n I
278 |
t
,r,
lo
I
tt
l,un
r s | o I 8 I I 7 3
17 I17s
tt:
lo
l
---------J*-------------+------+----------l'--------
T o t a ls
725
|
337
l0
|
42
1507
( D e p a n t m eonft t h e A r m y ,2 6 0 c t o b e n1 9 7 6 )
'i
M 7 l 8 A l( 0 . 5 a c g i d e n t sp e r . m i l l i o n m i l e s ) a r r ea t t r i b u t e d t o s u b s e q u e n t
, 9 1 9 ,p . l 6 - 1 7 ) '
d e s i g nQ h a n g e( sB r u n e 1
' g o v e r n m eo
n ft f i c i a l l y ' r e c o g n ' i zteh e
Not until 1g7l did the fetleral
s e r i o u sh a z a r d st o o c c u p a n tosf m i l i t a r y u t i l i t y v e h i c l e si n c r a s h e s .
:f
i
l
l
AtthattimeanNHTsA''pos.itjonpaper..(0fflceof.DefectsManagement'
1 9 7 i) d i s c l o s e dt h e M i 5 l F Y 1 9 6 l - l g 7aoc c i d e n tr e c o r do f 7 , 4 6 0 a c c i d e n t s
w o r l d - w i 1 di nev o l v i n g 1 3 8 , ' a t a li t i e s . T h eA r m yw o r l d - w i d eM - 1 5 1f a t a l i t y
was
i l rei sv e n )a n dt h e a c c i d e n t ' r a t e
r a t e w a s1 2 . 1 8( p e r 1 0 0 . , 0 0 0 , 0 0 0 : m d
:
0 , 8 3 . ( p e r 1 0 0 , 0 0 0m. i l e s .d c i v e n ) ' A s a r e s u l t ' t h e N H T SrAe f u s e dt o
s a n c t i o 0a D e p a n t r n eonft' t h e Ar m yp l a n t o ' s e l l ' s u r p l u s' i e e p st o t h e
; o h b a t1, 9 6 9 ) " T h eN a t i o n a l
g e n e r a pl ,u b l i c . { l . l H 51, 9 7 2 ;A n o n ,1 9 . 6 9M
w)a s P n e s s ebdy t h e
H i g h w aT
y r a f f j c . S . a f e t y - A d m i n i . s t r a t i(oNnH T S A
. h . eD e f e n s eS u p p l yA g e n c yt o ' a l l o w s a l e 'o f
D e p a r t r n eo
n ft . .t h e A r m ya n d L
' l l 5 1 A,1M l 5 l A C i,n d 7 1 8 ' a n d t h e
t h e 1 4 1 5(1- j n c l u d i n gt h e -o , l d e r . m o dseM
r o r e r e c e n t m o d e l sM 1 5 1 A, 1M 9 ? 5 ,a n d H 7 I 8 A l ) ' A n e s t i m a t e d7 3 ' ' 3 0 9
v e h i c l e sw e r l ep l a - n n etdo b e . - d i s p o s eodf d u r i ' n gt h e n e x t s i x t o t e n y e a r ' ;
va
e l u e o t $ 3 0 0t o
( 1 9 7 1 - 1 9 8 1 . p e r i oadt) t h e A r r n y ' se s t i m a t e d . . s - l v a g
. $ 1. 2 0 0 p e r y e f r i c l gd t a n a v e r a g er e t u r n o f . $ 7 5 0p e r v e h i g , l e '
'. ..,.,.,.A p p r o x i m a t e$
l y5 5 n i l l ' i o n ,w a . sa.t s t a k e .
.
of Defects | ''
.i.t iras concluded'bythe NHTSA'0T'fice
HovreVer,
I n v e s t i g a t ' i o n( 0 D I ) t h a t t h e D e p a r t m e notf D e f e n s eh a d a l r e a d y
I
a
i
t2
-i
t
A l t h o u g hs i m i l a r d a t a f o r t h e e a r l i e r t 4 3 8s e r i e s v e h . i c l e
w e r en o t
j
n
given
t h e r e f e r e n c e sdt u d y , b a s e du p o na f a t a l i t y r a t e ( j n
1 0 0 , 0 0 0 , 0 0m0i l e s d r i v e n ) o f 5 9 f o r t h e M 3 8 A.1in f i s c a l 1 9 6 3( J u 1 y1 9 6 3
- 3 0 J u n e1 9 6 4 ) ,t h e A r m yh a d p r o j e c t e d1 8 2f a t a l i t r ' e s f o r t h e p e r i o d
FY1963
{ f i s c a l y e a r ) t h r o u g hF Y 1 9 6 i7n t h e I u r o p e a nT h e d t r e . T h .si
c o { n p a nw
e ist h 1 1 3a c t u a l f a t a l i t i e s f o r t h e s a m ep e r i o d i n v o l v i n ot h e
| ' 4 1 5(1U . S . A r m yM a t e r i a l C o m m a n1d9, 6 7 ) .
E i g h t o f 1 4 ( 5 7 X )f a t a l U . S . Ar m yM 1 5 1a c c i d e n t so c c u r r i n gi n
E u r o p ed u n i n gf i s c a l y e a r 1 9 6 7i n v o 'vl e d r o l l o v e r . T w ow e r ec o l l i s i o n s
w i t h s u b s e q u e rnot l I o v e r , a n d s i x ( 4 3 % i)n v o l v e dn o n - c o l l i s i o ns i n g l e 'l
v e h i c l e r o l l o v e r s ; t w o o f t h e a t t e r o c c u r r e do n s t r a i g h t s e c t j o n so f
r o a d a n d f o u r o n c u r v e s . T h e t w o n o n - s i n g l e - v e h i c l e . c o l l i s i ownist h
r o l l o v e r b o t h o c c u r r e do n s t r a i g h t r o a d s ( U . S . A n n yM a t e r i a l C o n r n a n d ,
1 9 6 )7.
T h eM 1 5 1j e e p w a si n v o l v e di n 7 , 4 6 0a c c i d e n t w
s o r l d - w i d ei n t h e
y e a r s F Y 1 9 6t7h r o u g hF Y 1 9 7 0i ,n v o l v j n gI 3 8 f a t a l i t i e s ; 2 , 2 0 i ( 3 0 % w
) ere
r o l l o v e r a c c j d e n t s( D e p a r t m e notf t h e A r m y ,2 7 N o v e m b e1 r9 7 0 ) . D u r i n g
t h e t h r e e - y e a rp e n i o dF Y 1 9 7 4 - F Y 1 9t h7e6 U . S . Ar m y r e p o r t e d1 , 1 0 2M - 1 5 1
j e e p c r a s h e s ,i n v o l v i n g4 2 f a t a l ' it i e s d n d5 0 / i n j u r e d o c c u p a n t s .
o v e r a l l , 6 6 p e r c e n to f t h e t o t a l F Y 1 9 7 4 - F y i 9j e
7e
6 p a c c i d e n t si n v o l v e d
r o l l o v e r s . I t i s s i g n i f i c a n tt o n o t e t h a t i n n o n eo f t h e s eI . I 0 Z
c r a s h e sw a s p o s t - c r a s hf i r e r e p o r t e d ( T a b l e2 . 1 - 1 ) .
T h eM 1 5 1s e r i e s j e e p a c c o u n t e fdo r 9 6 5 ( a 5 1 ) o f t h e 2 i 5 l D e p a r t m e n t
o f t h e A r m yr o l l o v e r c r a s h e so c c u r r i n gb e t r v e eAnp r i l 1 9 7 4a n d S e p t e m b e r
1 9 7 8( f r o m U . S . A r m yc o m p u t edr a t a p r j n t o u t s c i t e d i n B r u n e , 1 9 7 9 ) . T h e
b a s i c l ' 4 i 5 1m il i t a r y j e e p h a s a n o v e r t u r nr a t e o f 1 6 . 1 a c c i d e n t so e r
m i l l i o n m il e s . T h i s i s r e f l e c t e dj n t h e w a r n i n gp n j n t e di n t h e M l 5 l
o p e r a t o r ' sM a n u a sl t a t i n g : I I A R N I N GE: x t r e m ec a r e s h o u l db e u s e dw h e n
d r i v i n q M 1 5 ls e r i e s v e h i c l e s . T
h a v e m o r e r e s p o n s i v es t e e r j n q a n d
acceleration
t h a n o t h e r v e h j c l e s . l , J a t cshp e e d e
, s p e c i a l l yo n t u r n s .
f u l l r i g h t o r 1 e ' f t t u r n a t s p e e d so v e n2 0 m p hc a n c a u s ea n y v e h . i c l et o
g o o u t o f c o n t r o l a n d / o r t u r n o v e r ( U . S . A r m y ,1 9 7 8 ) . I t s h o u l db e n o t e d
t h a t s i g n i f i c a n t l y r e d u c e do v e r t u r n n a t e s j n t h e l a t e r M l 5 1 A,1 l , t l 5 l A 1 c ,
M 7 l 8 ( 1 . 8 a c c i d e n t sp e r r n i l l i o n m j l e s ) , a n d i n t h e M l 5 l A 2 ,M 8 2 5 a
, nd
l1
D u r i n g t h e 1 9 6 8 e v a l u a t i o n b y t h e Ar m y a f t h e M 5 6 1 / 7 9 2l - l / 4
aoat, seat belts were recommended.
v e h i c l e G a m mG
.
ton utilitv
i n . i u r yd a t a c o n c e r n i n gt h e t " l I 5 I Aj e e p
a r e a v a i l a b l e . t o p r o v i d e i n s i g h t i n t o t h e s p e c i f i c s a f e t y p r o b l e m sr v i t h
t h i s v e h i c l e , i t s p r o b l e m sd r e c o n si d e r a b l y b e t t e r d o c u m e n t etdh a n f o r
A l t h o u g hr e l a t i v e l y l j t t l e
'
J-,
t h e e a r l i e r l 4 Ba n d 1 4 - 3 8s e r i e s ' T h e m jI i t a ' r y h a d f r e q u e n t l y r e p o r t e d
p r o b l e r n os f r o l l o v e r s w i t h t h e 1 4 1 5 ti o t h e m a n u f a c t u r e ra, n d s i n g l e
a c c i d e n t r e p o r t s b e g a nt o a p p e a rt o s u p p o r t t h i s ( H u e l k e ' 1 9 6 8 ) '
..
i n c l u d i n g a r o l l o v e r o f a n M 1 5 l a t t h e A r i z o n aP r o v in g G r o u n dw h i c h
i r o n i c a l l y i n i u r e d t h e m a n u f a c t u r e r ' cs h i e f d e s i g n e r ( 1 4 ul el r , I 9 6 6 ) .
I m D a c tt e s t s o f t h e M - 1 5 1 , c o n d u c t e db y t h e m a n u f a c t u r e r ,j n c l u d e d
j n c l i n e d - p l a n es l e d t e s t s o f s i x M - 1 5 1s t e e r i n g w h e e l s ( K i n 9 ' 1 9 6 6 ) ' a n d
.
li
s e v e nr a m pr o l l o v e r t e s t s f n o ml 5 - 4 5 m p h ( S a a l b r a n k I' 9 6 5 ) . T h e
o r i g i n a l r o l l - b a r w it h s t o o d l o w - v e l o c i t yr o l l o v e r s u p t o 1 5 a n d 2 0 m p h '
A r e d e s i g n e dr o l l - b a r f o r t h e p r o d u c t i o nv e h i c l e c o l l a p s e di n t e s t s a t
4 5 m p h , a n d e v e n w h e nd u m r , loyc c u p a n t sw e r e f i t t e d w i t h 1 a p b e ) t a n d
.
shoulderharness,theyleanedoutsidetherollingvehicle'lna3I-mph
b a r r i e r c r a s h , t h e l a p - b e l t e d d u n r n yo c c u p a n tj a c k k n i f e d i n t o t h e s h a r p
u p p e r e d g e o f t h e i n i t r u m e n t p a n e l ( S c h a f e n e k ,1 9 6 5 ) ' L n u n p u b il s h e d
j
e v a l u a t i o n o f t h e 1 4 - 1 5 1 Aj1e 3 p c r a s h p r o b l e m sa n d n i u r y m e c h a n i s mwsa s
c o n d u c t e db Y S n Y d e r( 1 9 6 e ) .
'::
mn d t h e M 7 l 8 : r ,
A c c i d e n t e x p e r i e n c ef o r - t h e M l 5 1 , M l 5 l A I , M l 5 l A l q , , a
F r o n t L i n e .A m b ual n c e , f o r t h e s i x - y e a r p e r i o d 1 9 6 2 t h r o u g h 1 9 6 7 f o r t h e
'
-
u . S ' Ar m y i n E u r o p e ,i n c l u d e d1 2 6d e a t h s( U ' s ' Ar m y r 4 a t e r i a lc o m l a n d '
1 9 6 7 ) . F r o m1 9 6 3t h r o u g h1 9 6 7s o m e4 , 8 7 0 a c c i d e n t sw e r e r e c o r d e d
1 r t h a t t h e a t e r o f o p e r a t i o n sa l o n e ( 9 3 5 a c c i d e n t s
i n v o l v i n gt h e l ' ' 1 1 5f o
i n 1 9 6 3w l , t h2 1 f a t a l i t i . e s ; 9 5 1 i . n 1 9 6 4w i - t h3 0 f a t a l i t i e s ; 1 , 0 7 4i n . '
1 9 6 5w i t h 2 J f q t a l i t i e s ; 9 2 3 i, O 1 9 6 6w i t t 1 4 f a t a l i ! i 9 s ; a n d9 8 7
a c c i d e n t si n 1 9 6 7w i t h 1 5 f a t a l i t i e s ) . T l r eA r m ya c c i d e n tr a t e ( p e r
'driuen)
i r i t h e E u r o p e aTnl i e a t r ed u r i n g t h e ' p e r i o d f o r ' n e
1 0 0 , 0 0 0n:i i l e s
M l5 i i l e h i c l ew a s1 . 5 7 ,v a r y i n gf r o m2 . 0 1 ( 1 9 6 3 ) ' t o1 . 1 7 ' (1 9 6 7 ) ,c b m p a r e d
e I 5 1i c c i d e n t. r a t e ' o f i . 4 4 ; T h e ' f a t a l i t y r a t e w b s
t o a n A r m yw o r l d - w i d M
r z o l g 0p e r
1 0 0 , 0 0 0 , 0 0m
o i l e s d r ' i v e nf o r E u r o p e 'a n d 2 0 ' 9 4 f o r
r e p o r t e i ld s
'' -'
51 vehiili,'s'the Aririy"oirld-njd. for''the |.41
n
l0
I
m i l i t a r y j e e p j n j u r i e s u n t i l t h e 1 9 6 0 ' s( a l t h o u g hs t a t i s t i c s c l e a r l y
j n d i c a t e dt h a t a m a i o rp r o b l e re' rx i s t e d ) .
A s ' , d t i s t ' i c aa
l n a l y s i so f U . S . A i r F o r c eg r o u n dv e h i c l ec r a s h e s
i n v o l v i n gj e e p s d u r i n g1 9 5 1a n d1 9 5 2i n d i c a t e dt h a t c r a s h e sw i t h t h i s
t y p e v e h i c l ec o m p r i s eedi g h t t o n i n e p e r c e n to f a l l c r a s h e si n v o l v i n g
USAm
F i i i t a r y g r o u n dv e h i c l e s . D u r i n g1 9 5 ,18 3 9 ( 8 % )i n v o l v e dj e e p
c r a s h e sa n d i n 1 9 5 2 , 7 2 7( 9 L ) i n v o l v e dj e e p c r a s h e s( M a t h e w s eo tn a l . ,
f 9 5 4 ) . T h e A i r F o r c e r e p o r t e dt h a t o v e r 1 , 0 0 0a i r m e np e r d a y w e r e
f o r d u t y ( k i l l e d o r r e c u p e r a t j nfgr o m i n i u r i e s ) b e c a u soef
unavailable
g r o u n dv e h i c l ec r a s h e si n 1 9 5 1a n d 1 9 5 2( M a t h e ! , s eo tn a l . , 1 9 5 4 ) . I n
t h e U . 5 . N a v y ,f a t a l r n o t o rv e h i c l e ( i n c l u d i n gi e e p s )c r a s h e sw e r eb y f a r
t h e l e a d i n 9c a u s eo f N a v yd e a t h s( 6 2 . 4 p e r 1 0 0 , 0 0 0 l)e a d i n ga ' lI o t h e r
c a u s e sc o m b j n e di n, c l u d i n gV i e t N a mc a s u a l t i e s - - u nlt im i d - 1 9 6 6
( U . s . N a v y ,1 9 6 7 ) .
T h eF o r d m il i t a r y M 1 5 1s e r i e s i n c l u d e ss e v e nd i f f e r e n t m o d e l so f
u t i l i t y v e h i c l e s . T h e1 4 1 5 1M, l 5 1 1 a, n dM l 5 1 A12/ 4 t o n 4 x 4 u t i l i t y
p e r s o n n eol r c a r g oc a r r j e r s . T h e
t r u c k s a r e u s e da s g e n e r a- lp u r p o s e
'i
b a s ' i c| . 4 1 5w1a s f u r t h e r m o d i f i e d n t h e M l 5 l A l Ca n dM 7 8 5m o d e l s ,e q u i p p e d
me c o i l ' l e s rsi f l e o n a n M 7 9r j f l e m o u n t ,a n dt h e s u b s e q u e n t
w i t h a 1 0 6 mn
about
M 7 1 8a n dM 7 1 8 Avl e h i c l e s ,w h i c hw e n el o n g e r ,h i g h e r , a n dw e i g h e d
1 4 0 0p o u n d sm o r e , a n dr n o d j f i e da s f r o n t - l i n e a m b u l a n c e s .
jeep
By 1.968the Anny had conductedseveral tests of 1"1151
n r o v in g G r o u n d s i,n c l u d i n g b r a k e s ,w i n d s h i e l d 'a
c o m p o n e n at st A b e r d e eP
d e e p - d i s hs t e e r in g w h e e,l a n d n e wa c c e l e r a t i o np e d a l ( p e r s o n a l
c o m m u n i c a t j o1n6, S e p t e m b e1r9 6 8 ) . F o r t h e c o n d u c to f c r a s h a n d
r o l l o v e r t e s t s , t h e A b e r d e ePnr o v i n gG r o u n di s s u e da V e h i c l eC o l l j s i o n
2 - ? - 6 2 1 ,e f f e c t i v e 1 5 M a y1 9 6 8
a n dA c c i d e n tS a f e t y T e s t P r o c e d u r e
( U . S . nr m y T e s t a n dE v a l u a t i o nC o m m a n1d9, 6 8 ) , a n d a t l e a s t t w o M 1 5 l
, 9 6 8 ;J u r r a t , 1 9 6 9 ) .
s t a b i t i t y t e s t s t u d i e sw e r e c o m p l e t e d( C o o k e 1
D . u r j n gt h a t p e r i o d t h e r e w a sa n A r m yr e g u l a t i o ns t a t i n g t h a t s e a t
dith
b e l t s w i l l n o t b e u s e do n t a c t i c a l t y p e v e h i c l e su n l e s se q u i p p ew
r o l l - b a r s . M a k i n gr u l e s f o r u s e o f s e a t b e l t s w a s d e l e g a t e dt o t h e
na
d .ni g o f f i c e r . B u t f i e l d u s a g ew a s s l o w i n d e v e l o p i n g
local comm
becausefield combatrequirementsdjffer frorn those of normalusage.
2.1.2
Mi1i tary Accident_!x, jl1_en99.
I n j u r y d a t a i n v o l v i n g j e e p a c c i d e n t sh a v e i n t h e p a s t c o m e
primarily from studiesof the military vehicles. ln i947 an article
. !
a p p e a r e di n t h e A m e r l c a nJ o u r n a l o i S u r g e r y c o n c e r n i n ga n a n a l y s i s o f 5 8
A s u r g e o ni n t h e [ u r o p e a nT h e a t e r o f
injuries of the hip joint'
0 p e n a t i o n st r e a t e d t h e s e o v e r a p e r i o d o f l B m o n t h s( 1 9 4 4 - 1 9 4 6 )i n 2 0
U . S . A r m yh o s p i t a l s . 0 f t h e s e 5 8 i n j u r i e s , 4 0 w e r e i n c u r r e d i n i e e p
c r a s h e s( U r i s t , 1 9 4 7 ) . I t w a s s u g g e s t e tdh a t a l I d i s l o c a t i o n s , a n d
c e r t a i n t y p e s o f f r a c t u r e s o f t h e h i p j o i n t , w e r e p r o d u c e db y a f o r c e f u l
blow on the flexed knee or on the sole of the foot. Force was believed
t o b e t r a n s m i t t e d t h r r l g h t h e e x t e n d e dk n e e , w h e t h e ra l o n e o r i n
c o m b i n a t i o nw i t h v i o l e n t b l o w s a g a i n s t t h e l o w e r b a c k a n d l h e l a t e r n l
a s D e c to. f t h e h i p , T h i s e a r l y s t u d y o f a s p e c i a l c l a s s o f i n j u r y '
ni t h r e g a r d t o t h e i e e p , m a yb e o f
c o n s i d e r e d ' p a r t i c u l a r l y c o m m ow
c u r r e n t i n t e r e s t , s i n c e i t w a s n o t e d t h a t m o s t o f t h e s e o c c u r r e do n
c o n c r e t e h i g h w a y sp r e v a l e n t i n E u r o p e , b u t n o t f o u n d i n o t h e r
"considerabd
l eo u b t ' . . a st o t h e r e l a t i v e
B y i 9 5 5 t h e r e w a ss t i l l
h a 2 a r do f , , s b a bt e l t s i n ' m 'lii t a r y o p e n - t o pv e h i c l e s ,i n c l u d i n gj e e p s ,
w h e t h e ji t , i s b e t t e r o r w o r s et o b e S t r a p p e tdo t h e l d a t i n t h e e v e n to f
;a n a c b i d e n t ' (' B a b i o n e' 1t i 5 5 ) . I i r ' . o r d e rt o e s t i m i i t et h e p o s s i b l e
b e n eift s ' : w i t h : r e s p e c t o r i r o r t a l i t yt h a t m i g h t a c c r u ei f s e h t b e l t s w e r b
i n s t a l l e d i n m j l i t a r y - v e h i c l e s ;i l a t a w e r ec b ll e c t e d f r o m N a v ya n dM a r j n e
C o i ^ nvse h i c l e f a t a l a c c i d e n t sf r o m 1 9 5 2t o 1 9 5 4 ' R o l l o v e r o c c u r r e di n
3 3 o U t o f 3 S f a t a l a c c i d e n t so c c u r r i n gi n c o n n e c t i ro w i t h j e e p s , w e a p o n s
that ten
c a r r i e i s , , h e a v yt r u c k s , a n d o n eD U K t(.dl u c k ) ' I t r w a sc o n c l u d e d
p e r s o n s . - wehsbc a p e d e a t h i n r o l l o v e r a c c i d e n t sb y b e i n g t h r o w no u t
" w o u 1 dp r o b a b l yh a v eb e e nk ' i 1 l e di f t h e y h a d b e e n . k e p'ti n b y s e a t b e l t s "
( B a b i o n e , - 1 9 5 5 )H
: ' o w e v ear t t h a t ' t i m e n o c o n si d e r a ti o n' w a sa p p a r e n t l y
g i v e nt o ' t h e p o t e n t i a lb e n e f i t so f u s e o f b e l t s c o m b i n ewdi t h a r o l l b a r . I t w a s f o u n dt h a t t h e c o s t s o f p r e v e nitv e m e a s u r ecso m p a r etdo
s a v in g s , b o t h f o n f a t a l i t i e s a n d i n j u r i e s , c o u l d n o t b e d e t e n n i n e d
w i t h o u t f i n r e d e t a i l e d r e p o r t i n g o f t h e c a u s e so f t r a u m ai n c r a s h e s .
E x c e p tf o r i s o l a t e ds t u d j e sa n da c c i d e n tr e c o r d sb y t h e m i l i t a r y , l i t t l e
a t t e n t i o n a p p e a r st o h a v e b e e np a i d t o t h e p r o b l e m sa s s o c i a t e dw i t h
I
!
;i
"f-
:
( 1 9 a 1 ) ;t h e F o n dG P l .( lI 9 4 2 - 1 9 4 5 )a;n d t h e l / i I l y s [ 1 A( 1 9 4 1 )a n dl l B ,
GPW
a n d3 6 1 , 3 4 t9' 1 8m o d e l s( V a n d e r v e e1n9, 6 9 ) . B y V - J
i n c l u d in g 2 7 7 , 8 9 6
d a y l , l i l l y s a n d F o r d h a d r e p o n t e d l yp r o v i d e da t o t a l o f 6 5 1, 0 6 8J e e p s
( C o n l e y1
, 978).
T h eB r i t i s h S t a n d a r d5 - c w t 54 x 2 c a r e x p e r i m e n t Iayl a p p e d r e d
as the
"
J
e
e
p
"
,
i n 1 9 4 3 . I t h a d7 5 - i n c h
B r i t i s h v e r s i o no f t h e A m e r j c a n
w h e e l b a saen d4 - c y li n d e r 4 4 b . h . p . m o t o r ,b u t n o f r o n t - w h e edl r i v e .
S j n c eU . S . L e n d - L e a sseu p p l i e dG r e a tB r i t a i n w i t h s u f f i c i e n t n u m b e rosf
t h e F o r d a n dl ^ l j l y s J e e p s ,n o w a r t j m eB r j t j s h u t i l i t y v e h i c l ew a s
n9
, 6 9 ) . H o w e v e ri,n e a r l y 1 9 5 0 ,t h e
f u r t h e r d e v e l o p e d( V a n d e r v e e 1
A u s t 'ni M o t o rC o . L t d . , o f E j r m in g h a md, e s i g n e da n d p r o d u c e d
the fjrst
B r i t i s h J e e p( d e s i g n a t eFdV l B 0 1f)o r t h e W a r0 f f i c e . T h e i n i t i a l
p r o d u c t i o nc o n t r a c t v r a sf o r 1 5 , 0 0 0v e h j c l e s . I t w a s p o w e r e d
by a Ro11s
s ea s
R o y c eB . 4 QM K . 2 A / 4
c y l i n d e r e n g i n e ,d e v e l o p i n g6 9 b . h . p . l , J h e e l b aw
8 4 i n c h e s ,w e i g h t3 , 4 / 0 1 b s . , l e n g t h9 1. 5 i n c h e s . 0 v e r a Il l e n g t h
c o m pi al n c et e s t s i n c l u d e da c . g . f u l l y l o a d e d( " l a d e n " )o f 2 7 . 6 i n c h e s
f r o m t h e g r o u n da n d4 1 . 5 ' jn c h e sf r o m t h e f r o n t w h e e l s( B l a k e ,1 9 7 9 ) .
T h eM 3 8s e r i e s ( m j l j t a r y c o u n t e r p a r to f t h e C J - 5 a n d C j - 6 ) w a s
produced
f r o m 1 9 5 2u n t i l i n t r o d u c t i o no f t h e M l 5 1 i n 1 9 6 6 ( V a n d e r ^ v e e n ,
1 9 6 6 ) . B y t h e l a t e 1 9 6 0 ' st h e m i l i t a r y h a d s w i t c h e df r o m t h e M - 3 8 A 1
s e r i e s o f J e e pt o t h e F o r dM - 1 5 1s e r i e s . T h eM 1 5 1 Am1i l i t a r y j e e p
r e p r e s e n t st h e r n ots r e c e n t o f a l o n g s e r i e s o f u t i l i t y m i l i t a r y
v e h j c l e s ,w h i c ha l t h o u g hc o n t i n u a l i yu n d e r g o i nngD d i f i c a t i o n ,h a v et h e
s a m eb a s i c c o n f i g u r a t i o n . A s r i g i d l y s p e c i f i e d b y m i l i t a r y p r o c u r e m e n t ,
e i m e n s i o nr se s u l t i n a r e l a t i v e l y h i g h c e n t e ro f
s i z e a n dc l e a r a n c d
g r a v i t y a n d r e s u l t a n ts t a b i l i t y c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s . T h e a d d i t i o no f
e q u i p n e n st u c ha s p l o r , r sg, u n m o u n t s ,o r h ' i g hl o a d i n ga c c e n t u a t e s
i n s t a b il i t y c o n d i t i o n s . T h e F o r d M 1 5 l s e r i e s h a s b e e nf o u n dt o h a v e
i n t h e f o l l o w i n gs e c t i o n .
s t a b i l i t y p r o b l e mws h i c hw i l l b e d i s c u s s e d
Scwt =
hundred weight
I n t h e a n n o r e df o r c e s , t h e J e e p | { a s f i r s t
k n o w na s t h e P e e p ' Q u a d ,
P y g m y ,G P , a n d l , 1 i d g e t . D u r i n g 1 9 4 0 - 4 1t h e 1 / 2 - t o n C o n r n a n d
" J e e p " ( V a n d e r v e e n1 '9 7 4 ) .
R e c o n n a i s s a nV
c e h i c l e ( D o d g e v) , i a sc a l l e d
" J e e p " r e p l a c e d " P e e p " ' in s o l d i e r a n d t e s t d r i v e r t e r m i n o ) o g y '
The name
W h e nr j d i n g w i t h a t e s t d r i v e r i n F e b r u a r y ,1 9 4 i ' K a t y H i l l y e r ' a
r e p o r t e r f o n t h e W a s h i n g t oDn a i l y N e w s 'a s k e dw h d t t h e v e h i c l e w a s
" J e e p , " a n d t h e n a m ea p p a n e n t l ys t u c k ( L a n m ,
c a 1 1 e d ,w r o t e i t u p a s a
1 9 7 5 ) . J o e F r a z e r , p r e s j d e n t o f | { i l 1 y s O v e r ' l a n df r o m 1 9 3 9 u n t i l 1 9 4 4 ,
" J e e p "b y s l u r r i n g t h e i n i t i a l s
a l s o w a s c r e d i t e dw i t h c o i n i n g t h e w o r d
G . P . ( m il i t a r y d e s i g n a t i o nf o r G e n e r a lP u r p o s e )( L a m n r1, 9 7 5 ) ' B u t
,'g
S t e r n s ( 1 9 4 1 )c l a i m s t h e F o r d v e r s i o n o f t h e G . P . w a s t h e o r i g i n o f t h e
g e n e r ic t e r m " j e e p . " T e c h n j c a l b a c k g r o u n dc o n c e r n i n gt h e o n i g i n o f t h e
" J e e p " m a yb e f o u n d i n S t e r n s ( 1 9 4 1 ) ,V a n d e r v e e(n1 9 6 9 ; 1 9 7 4 )L' a m m
( 1 9 7 5 ) , C o n l e y( 1 9 7 8 ) , a n d l . l at l a c e ( 1 9 7 8 ) . H o w e v e int o r i g i n a t e d , t h e
n a m e" J e e p i 'h a s b e c o m es y n o n y m o uwsj t h t h e f o u r - w h e c l - d r i v e m i l i t a r y
utility
v e h i c ' l e ,e v e n i f i t
i s o f t e n e r r o n e o u s l ya p p l i e d '
. 1 / 4 - t o n 4 x 4 w a s p r o d u c e db y B a n t a mi n 1 9 4 0 ( A m e r i c a n
B a n t a mC a r C o m p a n y1, 9 4 1 ) , i n r e s p o n s et o a U - S . A r m y r e q u e s t f o r a
v e h i c l e t h a t c o u l d c a r r y p e r s o n n e la n d l i g h t c a r g o a n d a l s o t o w a 3 7 m r n
The first
A T g u n o r I / 4 - l o n t w o - w h e e lt r a i l e r f e r f o r m a n c er e q u ' ri e m e n t si n c l u d e d
c l i m b i n g a 6 5 d e g r e eg r a c e , c a r r y ' in g a n 8 0 0 I b . l o a d , t o v ' Jnig a 1 / 2 - t o n
t r a i l e r , a n d d r i v i n g a l o n g a h i l l s i d e t i p p e d l a t e r a ll y a t a n a n g l eo f 5 5
d e g r e e s . S e v e n t yB a n t a m sw e r e p r o d u c e d . I n l a t e 1 9 4 i } . J1i 1 y s - 0 v e r 1 a n d
" q u a d . " B o t h t h e B a n t a m4 0 B R C( B a n t a m
p r o d u c e da p i t o t r T n d e lk n o w na s
R e c o n n a i s s a nC
c ea r ) a n d w i l i y s ( M A )m o d e l sw e r e s u b s e q u e n t l rye d e s i g n e d
a n d 1 , 5 0 0 o f e a c h ' w e r eo r d e r e d b y t h e A r m y f o r f u r i n e r t e s t s , a s w e l l a s
I
:.
F:
:lf
':
1 , 5 0 0 o f a F o r i j G P ( G e n e r a lP u r p o s e )p i l o t m o d e l T h . e4 5 - h p p q n t a ma n d 4 0 - h p F o r d .( t r a c p o r e n g i n e e q u i p p e d )d i d n o t
performas well as.the 60-hp l'lillys l{A. t./illys exploited the
:
' in n o v a t i o n sc o n t a i n e d i n a l I - t h r e e p r o t o t y p e s a n d d e v e i o p e dt h e
s t a n d a r d i z e dm o d e lt 4 B . T o a s s u r e a s e c o n ds r ) u r c eF o r d w a s a w a r d e d . "
'i
c o n t r a c t t o p n o d u c ea m o d e l c o m p l e t e l y n t e r c h a n g e a b l ew i t h t ! e M B '
l urpose
l l i lIl lys
vli
y s )) , whi ch went
rpose
l P N( G e n e r aP
r e s u l t i n g i n t h e F o n dt ' l o d eG
1 n l o m a s sp r o o u c f , r o nr n D e c b n b e ri 9 4 1 . T h e m i' l i t a r y i e e p w a s p r o d u c e d
4 . , '
i n t h e f o l l o w i n g n n d e l s : A m e r i c a nB a n t a i n4 0 B R C( 1 9 4 1 ';) t h e F o r d G P
+
'i
2.
2.1 utilit
2 . 1. I
Vehicles:
BACKGROUND
Future
M il i t a r y D e v e l o p m e n t
H i s t o r i c a l l y , t o d a y , sf o u r _ w h e e r _ d r i v e
u t i l i t y v e h i c l e sh a v e
e v o l v e df r o m t h e , , J e e p ,o,f
W o r l dl ^ / a rI I . C r e d ti f o r
"Jeep"
the orjgin of the
h a s b e e na c o n t n o v e r sdy. i s c u s s e d
i n n u r e r o r sp u b l i c a t i o n s .
A
m e m o r i apr i a q u el i s t i n g t h e
AmericaB
n antam
e m p r o y e erse s p o n s i b . lm
e arks
t h e J e e p ' s " b i r t h p l a c e "i n
B u t e r , p e n n s yvla n i a . 0 n e
i n d i v i d u a lw h or i r a y
i;;:rT;,;:::":l:'i:l
in its deveroo"n'nu'
KarrK' probst,temporarv
,,durins
a srindi.n,nilll;.r';.ii:il';:'i,:";:,'therirstprans
rooms"
(Lamm,
1e75).creditsfor ther"", , ;:;[;t;.::tJ:.;':;ilil:;
by Vanderveen
as: con
ofve
hic,eandbody
.J:;:"
:::i:.iiil,'lili,;"1;l.,iJli,,lii:";l,i;;
1,.
But onecould go on andsay
t h a t t h e a r i v e l . in e l a y o u t
Spijker in i902, the type
of driven front axle
w a s u s e db y
zachow
(FwD)
in 1e07,andthat mechanicat,,
,n"T:J';::":-:.:i"::n"
Fordll'1a
rmonHerrington l/Z_ton 4x4
whjch has bre e nd u b b e d" g r a n d d a d d v
of
t h e J e e p " ( v a n d e r v e e n1,9 7 4 ) .
The name"Jeep,,was repor.tedly
usedas early as 1914_l9i8
by Army
m e c h a n i ctse s t i n g n e n v e h i c l e s ( L a m m ,
1 9 7 5 ) . A p t o n e e r i n ga t t e m p t
at
d e v e r o p i nag m i r i t a r y u t i t i t y
v e h i c r eo c c u r n e idn t h e e a r l y
l g 2 0 , sw h e n
t h e c o m n u n d i nogf f i c e r o f t h e
l s t T a n kR e g i n e n ta t F o r t
M e a d ed e v e l o p e d
the "Puddle
J u m p e r , t, h' e , , fi r s t . i e e p ,(, W a t t a c e ,
l 9 7 g ) . I n t e n d e df o r
f o l l o w in g t a n k s o v e r r o u g h
t e r n a i n , i t w a sc o n s t r u c t e d
froma 3/4_ton
F o r d c h a s s i sa n d m o t o r , a n d
w a se q u i p p e dw i t h b u c k e ts e a t s
t a k e nf r o m
t h e s a l v a g ed u m p . A b o u t1 9 3 1
a l . / ra D e p a r t m e ni n
t s p e c t o rs a w
these
u n a u t h o r i z e vd e h i c l e s ; a n d
t h e I n f a n t r y S c h o o .(l T a n k
S e c t i o n )w a s
ordered to get rid of them.
I n 1 9 3 6t h e c o m i cs t r " i p , , p o p e y e , ,
i n t r o d u c e da c h a r a c t e rc a l l e d
"Eugene
t h e J e e p , , ,a m y t h i c a l a n i m a l
w h oh a d n r 6 9 1 6 6t a1l e n t s ,
a n dt h i s
h a s a l s o b e e ns u g g e s t e a
d s a s o u r c ef o r t h e n a n e, , J e e p . , ,
In 1g37
t r a c t o r s s u p p l i e dt o t h e A r n y
b y M i n n e a p o l i st " t o l r n .w e r e
called ,,Jeeps.,,
( 5 ) E v a l u a t et h e .e f f e c t i v e n e s so f
s a f e t y r e l a t e d e q u i p m e nitn
u t i l i t y v e h , i c l e sl ,n. c l u d i n gr o l l _ b a r s , r e s t r a r n t
s y s t e r n sd,n d
i n t e r j o n p r o te c ti o n ;
( 6 ) o e t e n n i n teh e . i n c i d e n c ref a n d i n j u r y p o t e n t i a l
existingjn
post-crash
f i r e s i n v o vl i n g u t i l j t y , v e h i c l e s .
'
T h e f o c u s o f t h i s s t u d y h a s b e e nr i m .ti e d t o o n - r o a d
corisions
i n v o l v i n gu t i l i t y v e h i c l e so n i y . .
i
;
t'
!
;
I
t
( 2 ) C o m p a rteh e o n - r o a du t i l i t y v e h i c l e c r a s h e x p e r i e n c e ,i n j u r y
p o t e n t i a l , a n d o p e r a t o rp r o f i l e s w i t h t h e s a m ef o r o t h e r
v e h i c l et y p e s ;
( 3 ) D e s c r i b et h e i n j u r y m e c h a n i s m
a nsdi n j u r y p o t e n t i a l f o r
o c c u p a n tosf u t i l i t Y v e h i c l e s ;
( 4 ) A n a l y z ea v a i l a b l ei n j u r y d a t a ( f a t a l a n d n o n - f a t a)l r e s u l t i n g
f r o mu t i l i t y v e h i c l ea c c i d e n t s ;
( 5 ) D e s c r i b e i e c t i o n f r o m u t i l i t y v e h i c l e sd u r i n gr o l l o v e r
c o l I i s i o n sa n d o t h e r c r a s h e s ;
( 6 ) C o r n p a r eo l l o v e r f r e q u e n c y ,i n i u r y r a t e s , a n d s e v e r i t y o f
i n j u r y t o u t i l i t y v e h i c l eo c c u p a n tasn d p a s s e n g ecra r
o c c up an ts ;
( 7 ) D e s c r i b ea n d c o m p a r teh e a c c i d e n ti n v o l v e m e npt a t t e r n s a n d
v e h j c l e o c c u p a n cpya t t e r n s o f u t i l i t y v e h i c l e sw i t h t h o s e o f
p a s s e n g ecra r s ;
i v o l v e do p e r a t o ro f v a r i o u s
( 8 ) D e v e l o pa p r o f i l e o f t h e c r a s h - n
v e h i c l et y p e s '
S e v e r a ls e c o n d a roy b j e c t i v e sv v e r ei n c l u d e d . T h e s ew e n et o :
( 1 ) R e v i e wn a t i o n w i d u
e t i l i t y v e h i c l ea n dp a s s e n g ecra r
r e g is t r a t i o n d a t a a n de v a l u a t ev a n i o u sg e o g r a p h iacn d
d e m o g r a pchdi i f f e r e n c e si
( 2 ) P h y s i c al ly n e a s u r ea n d c o m p a r tey p i c a l u t i l i t y v e h i c l e s f o r
f a c t o r s t h a t c o u l d i n f l u e n c es t a b il ' i t y a n d t h u s l j k e l j h o o d o f
r o l l o v e r : e . g . , w h e e l b a s e tsr,a c k w i d t h s ' s u s p e n s i osny s t e m s '
s t e e r i n g ,c e n t e r o f g r a v it y o r w e i g h td i s t r i b u t j o n ' t i r e
design;
( 3 ) R e v i e wp r o d u c tl i a b i l i t y a l l e g a t i o n si n v o l v i n gu t i l i t y
v e h i c l e st o i d e n t i f y s p e c i f i c p r o b l e ma r e a s ;
F e d e r a lS a f e t y S t a n d a r d sa n d t h e i r
( 4 ) R e v i e we x i s t j n g o r p r o p o s e d
a p p il c a b il i t y t o u t i l i t y v e h i c l e s ;
r o l l o v e r ( a s a f i r s t e v e n t ) o c c u r sf o r a b o u t2 p e r c e n to f t h e v e h i c l e s
I n v ol v e o .
A previousU.S. Armyreview (1968)found that 36 percent of al l
E u r o p e aTnh e a t e ro f 0 p e r a it o n s m i1i t a r y j e e p c n a s h e si n v o lv e d r o l I o v e r s
. a n yo f
w i t h o u tc o l l i s i o n , s u g g e s t i nsgt a b i l j t y a n do p e r a t i n gp n o b l e m s M
t h e s e c r a s h e sr e p o r t e d l yr e s u l t e d i n f a t a l i n i u r i e s t o o c c u p a n t se' v e n
a t r e l a t i v e l y 1 o wh i g h w a ys p e e d s( 3 0 - 4 5m p h ) . T h u si t i s i m p o r t a n t o
u t i l i t y v e h ' i c l e sh a v es i m i l a r
k r r o lw
v h e t h e rc o m p a r a b lcei v i l i a n - o w n e d
p r o b l e m sa, n d , j f s o , t h e n a t u r ea n d e x t e n t o f t h o s e p r o b l e m s .
C o n t r a s t e dt o p a s s e n g ecra r o c c u p a n t su, t i l i t y v e h i c l e o c c u p a n t s
n r a yb e s u b j e c t e dt o r r r c r e a s eidn j u r y r i s k f o r t h e f o l l o w i n g r e a s o n s :( 1 )
n f s h o r t w h e e l b a s en, a r r o wt r a c k w i d t h , a n d h i g h c e n t e r
t h e c o m b i n a t i oo
o f g r a v i t y m a yr n a k et h e mn n r e p r o n et o r o l l o v e r ; ( 2 ) | a c k o f
s u b s t a n t i a ls i d e a n d r o o f s t r u c t u r e r r E yr e d u c eo c c u p a npt r o t e c t i o n ; ( 3 )
t a n e l sn n y h a v es h a n p ,r i g i d n o n interi or structureandinstrumenp
y i e l d i n g s u r f a c e sa n d p r o j e c t i o n s ; ( 4 ) i n a d d i t i o n , t h e o f f - r o a d u s a g e
o f t h i s t y p e o f v e h i c l e m a ya l s o i n c r e a s eo c c u p a n t se' x p o s u r et o c r a s h
*
i
f
{r
i.
:.
I
t.
androl I over involvement.
#i
current utility
I n v i e w o f t h e s e c o n s i d e r a t i o n sd, a t a c o n c e r n i n g
v e h i c l ec o l l i s i o n a n do c c u p a ni tn j u r y e x p e r i e n chea s b e e nc o 1l e c t e da n d
, n d r e c o m m e n d a t i ohnasv eb e e n
a n a l y z e dt o a s s e s st h e s ep r o b l e m s a
I
t
d e v e l o p e cdo n c e r n j n gm e a n so f i m p r o v i n go c c u p a nst a f e t y .
1 . 2 S c o p ea n d0 b i e c t iv e s
T h e p u r p o s eo f t h i s s t u d y w a st o p r o v i d ea s y . , t e r E t ' i ci n - d e p t h
, j u r y m e c h a n i s masn, d
i n v e sit g a ti o n i n t o t h e o n -r o a d c r a s he x p e r i e n c ei n
p o t e n it a l h a z a n d tso o c c u P a n tosf u t i l i t y v e h i c l e s . M a j o ro b j e c t i v e s
.,
:
I
w e r et o :
(1)
I
I
!
D e s c r i b et h e o n - r o a dc r a s h e x p e r i e n c e , i n c l u d j n g i n c i d e n c e o r
rol lover, fon utility
vehiclesi
. 1 {
'Based
' nd
o n p o l i c e - r e p o r t e da c c i d e n t d a t a f r o m T e x a s , W a s h i n g t o n a
Michigan.
l
l
l
I
I NTROOUCT
IOi{
1 . 1 S t a t e n e n to f P r o b l e m r
T h e v e r s a t i l i t y o f u t i l . i t y v e h i c l e sh a s c o n s i d e r a b l yi n c r e a s e d
t h e i r p o p u l a r i t ya n d u s e i n r e c e n ty e a r s , a s a v a j l a b l ep r o d u c t i o na n d
r e g i s t r a t i o n f i g u r e s r e v e a l . F o r e x a m p l e b, e t w e e n
1 9 7 5a n d 1 9 7 7 ,t o t a l
u t i l i t y v e h j c l e r e g i s t r a t i o n s i n c r e a s e d3 5 p e r c e n t ,f r o m g 3 l , 0 5 g t o
I ' 1 2 5 ' 9 2 3 . I n c o m p a s. io n , p a s s e n g ecra r r e g i s t r a t i o n s ' i n c r e a s e dd u r i n q
t h e s a r n ep e n i o dl e s s t h a n s e v e np e r c e n t .
',
O f t e n p o p u l a r l yi d e n t i f i e d a s , , J e e p s ,a
utility vehicle as defined
i n t h i s s t u d y i s a m u l t i - p u r p o svee h i c l eu s u a l l yd e s i g n e fdo n b o t h o n _
r o a d a n d o f f - r o a d u s e . U t i l i t y v e h i c l e sc o n s i d e r e d. in t h j s s t u d v
i n c l u d e dv a r i o u s m o d e l so f t h e l . l j l l y s J e e p z ,A M CJ E E p 3 ,r o r d B r o n c o ,
I n t e n n a t i o n aS
l c o u t , T o y o t aL a n dC r u i s e r , C h e v r o l e tB l a z e r , G M C
Jimmy,
D o d g eR a m c h a r g ePr ,l y m o u t h
T r a i l D u s t e r , a n d V o l k s w a g eTnh i n g .
S o r n oe f t h e s m a l l e r u t i l i t y v e h i c l e s h a v ee v o l v e dd i r e c t l y f r o m
o r i g i n a l m i l i t a r y d e s i g n s . A l i u t i l i t y v e h i c l e ss h a r ec e n t a i ng e n e r a l
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c sj n c o n t r a s t t o c o n v e n t i o n avl e h i c ) e s ;a m o n gt h e s e d r e a
jil$Ji
r e l a t i v e l y s h o r t w h e e l b a s eh, i g h e r c e n t e r o f g r a v i t y , s t i f f e r s u s p e n s i o n
s y s t e m sa
, n d , o f t e n , f o u r - w h e e ld r i v e .
D e s p i t et h e j n c r e a s e d
c i v i l i a n u s e o f t h e s eu t i l i t y v e h j c l e s ,t h e i r
c i v j l j a n c r a s h e x p e r i e n c eh a s n o t p r e v i o u s l yb e e nc o m p r e h e n s i v e l y
e v a l u a t e d - Y e t p r e v i o u ss t u d i e s o f s i m i l a r m i l i t a r y v e h i c l e s h a v ef o u n d
a n e x t r e m e l yh i g h i n c i d e n c eo f o c c u p a net j e c t i o n i n b o t h c o l l i s i o n s a n d
rollover crashes. Amonp
g o li c e - r e p o r t e dc r a s h e si n t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s .
1
'
T h i s s t u d y w a s c o n d u c t e du n d e r s t a n d a r d se s t a b l . is h e d b v T h e
U n i v e r s i t y o f M i c h i g a n M e d i c a l C e n t e r C o r n m j t t e teo R e v ie w G i a n t s f o r ^
C l i n i c a i R e s e a r c ha n d I n v e s t i g a t i o n I n v o l v i n-gGHuuj dmea B
n eings,and
c o n f o r m e dt o g u i d e lj n e s o f t h e I n s t i t u t i o n a l
t o D e o a r t m e n to f
H e a l t h , E d u c a t i o n ,a n d l , l e l a
f re policy on protectionof HumaS
n ubjects.
T h e r e s e a r c h h a s b e e n s u p p o r t e dm a i n l y b y a r e s e a r c h g r a n t f r o m i h e
I n s u r a n c eI n s t i t u t e f o r H i g h w a yS a f e t y , l ^ / a s h i n g t o n0, l C .
2
3
P . i o . t o J9 6 3 .
The wordJEEPis t h e r e g i s t e r e dt r a d e m a r ko f J e e p C o r p o r a t i o n ,
s u b si d i a r y o f A m e r i c a n
Motors Corporat i on.
4.4.1-3
4.4.1-4
C o m p a r i s o nf 2 7 A r i z o n aF a t a l U t . li i t y V e h i c l e
C r a s h e isn 1 9 7 3 .
74
F r e q u e n c yo f l , 4 o dI eI n v o l v e m e n ti n 1 9 7 8A r i z o n aF a t a l
U t i l i t y V e h j c l eC o l l i s i o n s
77
4.4.2-1
S t r u c t u r aI D e t a i l s a n d V e h i c l e M o d fi i c at i o n s
roz
4.4.2-2
M o dfi i c a t i o n s o f S u s p e n s i o n s .
103
4.4.?-3
M o d fi i c a t i o n s o f T i r e s . .
103
4.4.2-4
F l o dfii c a t i o n o f T i r e s :
104
4 . 4. 2 - 5
T r e a d T y p e sa n d C o n d i t j o n s . . . .
104
4 . 4. 2 - 6
G e n e r a lM o d i f i c a t i o n s : I n t e r i o r a n d E x t e r i o r
105
Rol l -bar by Cab Type.
106
4.4.2-8
R e s t r a ni t s b y C a bT y p e .
i06
4.4.2-9
E j e c ti o n b y C a b T y p e .
107
4 . 4. 2 -1 0
E j e c t i o n a s a F u n c t i o no f R e s t r a in t U s a g e
107
4 . 5 . 1 1-
C r a s h e sI n v o l v i n g R o l l o v e r : U t . iI i t y V e h i c l e s a n d
P a s s e n g eC
r ars . .
109
P e r c e n to f C r a s h e sI n v o l v i n g R o l i o v e r b y V e h . i c l e
T y p e : M i c h i g a n ,1 9 7 6
110
P e r c e n to f F a t a l C r - a s h eI sn v o l v j n g R o l l o v e r : A l I
States.
111
P e r c e n to f C r a s h e sI n v o l v i n g R o l l o v e r b y U t i l i t y
Vehicle l'lake
TI2
P e r c e n to f V e h i c l e sT h a t 0 v e r t u r n e di n S i n g l e _ V e h i c l e
C r a s h e s :S e le c t e d S t a t e s
113
P e r c e n to f V e h i c ' l e st h a t 0 v e r t u r n e di n l l u l t i p l e _
V e h i c l eC r a s h e sS:e l e c t eSc tl d t e s
.,...
n3
S u m mr ya o f P h y s i c a l M e a s u r e m e n tasn d H e i g h t o f t h e
Ce nt er- of-Grav i ty .
119
T e s t e dU t j l i t y V e h i c l e sA r r a n q e dj n 0 r d e r o f
I n c r e a si n g R e s i s t a n c et o R o l i o v e r .
r20
.+.J.1-t
i.l6.,1
4.5.i-3
4 . 5. 1 - 4
4.5.2-l
4.5.2-2
4.5.3-1
4.5.3-2
4.6.1-1
T r a c k a n d Di a m e t e r .
P e n c e n to f O c c u p a n t sE j e c t e d A c c o r d i n g t o t h e T y o e o f
C r a s h , l t l a r yal n d , 1 9 7 5 - 1 9 1 7
Ilv
,91
4. 2 . r - 4
T r a f f i c D e a t hR a t e s p e r T h o u s a nC
d r a s h e sa n d t h e
P r o p o r t i o no f 5 i n g l e V e h i c l eC r a s h e s S
: elected
54
tt.z.a-L
'.ft
S e n i o u sI n j u r i e s p e r T h o u s a nC
d r a s h e s :S e 'el c t e d
55
.+.z-l-a
4 . 2. 2 - 3
N u m b eor f D i s a b l i n g I n j u r i e s p e r I , 0 0 0 U t i I j t y
V e h c' i l e C r a s h e s :M i c h i g a n ,l { a s h i n g t o n .
56
:l
S e r i o u sI n j u r y R a t e s p e r I , 0 0 0 C n a s h e sS: e l e c t e d
JLdLts5
.
P e r c e n t o f F a t a l C r a s h e si n l J h i c h a t L e a s t O n eP e r s o n
w a sS e r i o u s l yI n j u r e d i n t h e S p e c i f i e dV e h i c l e :A l l
States ,
I
JI
57
,.
t.
4.3.I-t
4.3.1-?
V e h i c l eC r a s h e sA c c o r d i n gt o S e x o f D r i v e r , S e l e c t e d
Stdtes
59
V e h i c l e C r a s h e sA c c o r - dnig t o A g e o f D r i v e r , S e l e c r e d
J L O L C S
4. 3. 2 - 1
;i
'::
'
Conrrarison
f U t i l i t y V e h i c l eC r a s h e si n U r b a na n d
Rura
I Areas: Selected
States
60
ot
4. 3 . ? - 2
D i s t r i b u t i o no f F a t a l C r a s h e s :A l l S t a t e s ,1 9 7 7F A R S
q.J.L-J
P e r c e n t a gDe i s t r i b u t i o n o f F a t a l C r a s h e sA c c o r d i n gt o
T n a v e lS p e e d A
: ' lI S t a t e s
OJ
4.3.2-4
A v e r a gS
e p e e d( M . P . H . o) f P a s s e n g e
Cra r s , 1 9 7 5 . .
64
4. 3 . ? - 5
P e r c e n to f T o t a l C r a s h e sA c c o r d i n gt o D i f f e r e n t R o a d
C h a r a c t esr ti i c s : S e e
l c t e dS t a t e s .
D5
P e r c e n t o f F a t a l C r a s h e sA c c o r d i n gt o D i f f e r e n t R o a d
C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s :A l I S t a t e s .
66
U t i l ' i t y V e h i c l e a n d P a s s e n g eCr a r C r a s h e sb y M o n t h :
S el e c t e d S t a t e s .
67
U t i l i t y V e h ci l e a n dP a s s e n g eCar
r Crashesby Day of
W e e k :S e l e c t e dS t a t e s .
68
U t i l j t y V e h i c l ea n d P a s s e n g e C
r a r i i a s h e s b y T i n r eo f
D a y :M i c h i g a n .
69
R e l a t i o n s h i p sB e t w e e nS p e cfi i e d C h a r d c t ej rs t i c s a n d
t h e P e r c e n t a go
ef U t i l i t y V e h i c l eC r a s h e s .
70
4.4.1-1
A r i z o n aR e c r e a t i o n a V
l e h i c l eC o l l i s i o n s , 1 9 7 6 - 1 9 7 8 -
TI
4 . 4. I - 2
I n c i d e n c eo f A c c i d e n t sB y M o d e l :A r i z o n a , 1 9 7 8 .
xiii
t$g
4.3.2-6
4.3.3-1
4. 3 . 3 - Z
4.3.3-3
4 ? d_r
1
i
,*
..
i.
(
LIST OFIAELES
)
1
1
page
) u m mr ya o f 1 , 1 0 2U . S .A
s eported
o u r i n gr v i s i a : i s i 6 " . ^ rrt n yJ e e pc r a s h e R
12
S t u d y P o p u al t i o n .
. .
2 . 3 -I
2.3-2
U t i l i t y ^ V e h i c l e si n
the U's' Arranged
by Popula.ity
\rrl/ uaf,a).
.
<.J-J
N u m b e r so f R e g is t e r e d
J r d r e s f o r l g l s _ 1 g 7 7U t
. ],r,,
2.3-4
22
z5
Vehicles by Selected
't;li:{,'iii;':
:":':.:.:':':
bJ
4.J-f,
19
Utiiity Vehic.lR
e egistratjon
in the U.S.by Make.
tlodel for Selected
24
,l:l:ll vgljgr"Resi
strations
by 14ode
I for
states,
1 e 7 7 . : : " . " : ' : " 1 : " . , : . : , . t : . . tS: e' :l .e]c t e d
P r i m a r -py r o d u c tL i a b i l i
2.5-l
.l|i!.i
2
t
1
3 . 2 -1
25
t y S a f e t yA l l e g a t i o n s .
.
s13::{'o.1 Applicabilitv
o f c u r r e n t a n dp e n d i n o
i f . l " i 9 l M o t o rV e h i c t eI
jpurpose,,)
(,,MujL
v;;;.i:l:.f :r:':.:r: :".r:,i,:".
.
Datd Sources.
S t a t e f t l a s sA c c i d e n t
Data
41
b t a i n e df o r A n a l y s i s :
v e n r c r eC r a s h e st,9 Z 5 _ i 9 r ; . | . 0
.
4.1-l
U t i l i t y V e h i c l eC r a s h e s
. r
L r d s n e s : s e l e c t e ds t u t : l - R : l u t i o n t o P a s s e n g e
ca
4.1-2
Utility
1 . I - J
a . a . l - l
4.?.1_2
Vehicle Crashes
dnd Reoi"t-.+;
! e - r d s s e n gceur " c , ^ . r , ^ 1 n 1 " 1 " 9 i : ! : : , t gi n
l sR e r a t i o n
S e t e c r eSdr a t e J :. : ' . ' :
:": :":':.:.:t:":,. .
.
'i:il.i!3':ff
Fil,:;;:l
i:il'iiii'fi;i"il,iJlir
..
';::l;:,3:'l!,::ffi
+(
49
(n
50
{i:r:::
:'l':o.o:..,1":,:.1
.
Til:lfli^0.":!f,
Rates(Number
Ki)redPer Thous dnd
y E , /' L r e L r a s h e s
): SelectedStatei.
o;l:"il1,
?lo'il.l
n!T;l:i,l:o,f
J;1.
il,LAe at Is tSot na et epse.r - s.o n
xii
54
4.5.3-3
S c h e n a t i cD i a g r a mo f A p p l i c a b l eV e h i c l e P a r a r n e t e r s .
ll6
4.5.3-4
R o l l S t a b i l i t y o f t h e F o u r - W h e e l eVde h i c l e ,
Il7
4 R ?-l
R o 1I C a g eC o l l a p s eD u r i n g V e h i c l eO v e n t u r n ..
138
E, A 1-2
O c c u p a nDt e a t hC a u s e db y C o n t a c tw i t h t h e R o l I B a r .
138
I
.b-\u
I
j
!
!
i
:
j
I
i
t
XI
L I S T O FF I G U R E S
page
+$
2 . 1. 3 - 1
U ti l j t y V e hci l e s a n d Y e a r sof l''lanuf act u re
15
4 . 4. 2 - r
1 97 8 F o r dB r o n c oA c c i d e n t
{J1
4 . 4. ? . - ?
t974 " Re n e g a d e "J E E PA c c i d e n t
B1
+ . . +. L - J
1977G o l d e nE a g l e J E E PA c c id e n t
82
4.4.2-4
1974 C J - 5 J E E PA c c i d e n t
82
4. 4 . 2 - 5
1 9 7 3C J - 5J E I P A c c i d e n t
83
4.4.2-6
1 9 7 2C J - sJ E t P .
84
4.4.2-7
1 97 5 C J -5 J E E .P
85
4.4.2-B
1 9 4 7l ^ ilil y s ( ! ' l ! {I I ) J e e p .
86
4.4.2-9
1 97 8 S c o u t .
B7
4 . 4 . 2 - r 0 1 9 7 7B la z e r
B8
4.4.2-II
89
1 9 7 1B la z e r
4 . 4 . 2 - L ? 1 9 6 5S c o tu.
90
4 . 4 . ? - 1 3 1 9 6 5J E E PR e n e g a d e .
qr
4 . 4. 2 - 7 4
1 97 6 B l a ze r
92
4.4.2-t5
1947Scout.
93
4.4.2-16
1 97 5
94
1973K 5 B la z e r ^ .
95
4 . 4 . 2 - 1 8 1 97 3 B la z e r '.
96
4 . 4 . 2 - 1 9 t 97 4 AI'1C
CJ-5 JEEP
ql
4 . 4 . 2 - 2 0 1972AI{CCJ-s JEEP
98
. + . +- z - z r
I 9 7 6 A I " 1CCJ - 7 J E E P
99
+ .+ .L- LL
S h o r t ! , l h e e lB a s e V e h i c l e s D a t a W o r kS h e e t
100
4.5.3-1
Example
o f a U t i l i t y V e h i c l e o n t h e P i t c h P l a n eS w i n g
11s
1.5.3-2
V e hi c l e T e s t P a r a r n e t eLro c a t i o n
116
7 . 2 . 2 R e c o m n e n doants. if o r I m p r o v i n gD a t a
A n a l y s e s. .
REFERENCES
ApER
o t o r . T P IA
L P 0 S I T I 0pN
D:r S p 0 S r T0r 0FtT{ H EM t s l ( 1 / 4T O N
APPENDIX
B LITERATURE
REVIEI,I
A P P E N D IC
X U T I L I T YV E H I c L S
E T A T I S T I CM
S I: c H I G AANN D, A S H I N G T O N
A P P T N D ID
X M U L T I P LREE G R E S SEI O
QN
U A I I OA
NN
S DS
_ IMPLE
C O R R E L A T IBOENTSI , / I EI N
ND I P T N D IV
NATR I A B L E S
A P P E N D IEX A P P R O X I I . S
I AATMEP L I N
EG
RROR
APPENDIX
F EXCERPTS
FROM
FEDERAT
REGULATIONS
A P P E N D IG
X 1 9 7 8A R I Z O NUAT I L I T YV E H I C LIE
N J U RC
YO L L ] S I O N S
A P P E N D IH
X 7 9 7 7N E t M
. l E X I CUOT I L I T YV E H I C LCEO L L I S I O N S
APPENDIX
I 1977COLORADO
FATALUTITIIYVEHICLE
COLLISIONS
'jillit
'lx
151
I53
4.3.1
4.3.?
4 . 3. 3
4 . 3. 4
C h a r a c t esr t i c s o f [ J r i v e n s .
C r a s hL o c a t i o n s
T e m p oIr aC h a r a c t e r i s t i c s .
S t a t i s t i c a l Si g n if i c a n c e .
4 . 4 C l i n i c a l C a s eR e v ei w
4.4.I
A c c i d e n tR e p o r t s :A r i z o n a , N e wl 4 e x i c o ,a n d N e ! ,
4 . 4 . 2 P h o t o g r a p h iAc n a l y s i s
. + . + . J L O t t l s l o n P en f o n n a n c ea n d I n j u r y R e p o r t
.
4 . 5 V e h i c l eS t a b i l i t y .
4 . 5 . 1 R o lI o v e r .
4 . 5 . 2 R o l o v e r a n dC r a s hT y p e.
4 . 5. 3 P h y isc aI F a c t o r s .
o.l
o/
69
T 1
7T
80
IOB
108
109
7I?
114
4 . 6 I n j u r y M e c h d sn m
i s ..
4 . 6. l 0 c c u p a nI tj e c t i o n
4.6,2 0ccu
p a n t Pr o te c t . i o n
t?l
I2T
123
4 . 7 P o s t - C r a sF
h ires
12t
5 . D I S C U S S IO
OFNR E S U L T S .
1l$tg,
qA
:'
?.
125
5 . 1 M a s sA c c i d e n D
t a t a. .
t25
5 . 2 D e a t ha n d I n j u r y R a t e s
125
5 . 3 C h a r a c t e r i s t i cosf D r i v e n sa n dC r a s hL o c a t i o n s
I Z I
5 . 4 C li n i c a l C a s eR e v i e w
Ltv
5 . 5 V e hi c I e S t a b li i t y .
t?9
5 . 6 I n j u r y 1 4 e c h a n i s m. s .
5 . 6 . 1 R o l l c v e ra n dE j e c ti o n
5 . 6 . 2 V e h j c l eD e s i g n .
130
130
131
5 . 1 P o s t - c r a s Fh i r e s .
1'2a
5 . 8 G e n e r aDl i s c u s s i o n
! . q . 1 M u l t i p u r p o s(eU t i l i t y ) V e h . i c l eA: C o m p r o m i s. e ?
5 . 8 . 2 I m pilc a t i o n s f o r F e d e r a S
l a f e t yS t a n d a r d.s . .
5 . 8 . 3 O f f - R o aU
d s ea n d I n j u r y
133
133
i34
136
l
R
DISCUSSIO
ON
F I E C H N i C APLR O B L E M S
7 . C O N C L U S I OANNSDR I C O M M E N O A T I O N S .
I47
7.L Conclusions.
r47
7.2
Recornrne
ndali ons. . .
7 . 2 . I R e c o n m e n d a t i of no sr I m p r o vni g U t i l i t y V e h . i c i e
150
ror eLJ
150
.
vI'l I
I
TABLEOF CONTEIITS
L I S TO F F I G U R E S .
X
L I S TOF TABLES
]-
xii
I NTRODUCT
I ON
1.1
I
S t a t e m e n to f Pr o b l e n
1
1 . 2 S c o p ea n d 0 b j e c t i v e s
2.
2
BACKGROUND
2.I
5
U t i l i t y V e h i c l e s : p a s t , p r e s € n t ,F u t u r e
5
1 - 1 . \ l1i4! t!ttttadrryy D e v e t o p m e.n .t '.. . : . : : : : _ . .
A c c i d e n tE x p e r i e n c e .
l,!.4
5
? . \ . ! U t i l i t y V e h j c t e si n F o r e i g nU s e - .. : : : . . .
2 . 1 . 5 F u t u rU
e t i l i t y V e h i c l e. s- . . . . . . .
. - _ -
14
? . 1 . 1 U t i l i t y V e h i c t e si n b o m e s t i cu s e . . . : : . . .
? . ? Study Population
( . J
$lRf
?
4.
18
U t i l i t y V e h i c l eR e g i s t r a t i o n
2o
P r ' o d u cLt i a b i I i t y R e v i e w
zo
FederalStandards.
?n
L i t e r a t u r e R e v ie w .
5t
DATAq n l r oa L -q
? 1
It)
4A
Introduction
40
P r i m a r yD a t aS o ur c e s
3 . ? . I l ' 4sas A c c i d e n D
t ata.
3 . 2 . 2 C li n ic a l D a t a
4A
40
45
3 . 3 S e c o n d a rDy a t a S o u n c e s
3 . 3 . 1 L i t e r a t u r e S u r v e y.
3 . 3 . 2 S p e cai 1 S t u d er s
47
47
47
3 . 4 D a t aE d i t i n g
48
FI NDI NGS
49
4 . 1 C r a s hRa t e s .
4.2
49
O c c u p a n tI n j u r y a n d D e a t h R a t e s
4 . 2 . 1 D e a t hR a t e s
4 . 2 . 2 S e r io u s I n j u r y R a t e s
4 . 3 C h a r a c t esr ti i c s .
J 1
55
58
vi i
,
r e c o g n i z e dt h e u n s a f e h a n d ! i n g c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e M l 5 I i e e p ' d n d
jtem
p o .ni t e d o u t t h a t i t w a s D e p a r t m e not f D e f e n s ep o l i c y n o t t o s e l l a n
i f i t j s c o n s i d e r e du n s a f e f o r a n o n - mlji t a r y u s e r . T h e y n o t e d t h a t t h e
A r m yh a d r e q u i r e d s p e c i a l t r a i n i n g o f d r i v e r s , i n c l u d i n g a f i l m t o
i l l u s t n a t e t h e h a z a n d so f u n s a f eh a n d l in g . T h e ya l s o n o t e d t h e r o l l o v e r
p r o p e n s i t y o f t h e r e a r s w i n g a x l e a s s e m b l yd e s p i t e m o d fj i c a t i o n s
( M 1 5 1 A 2 )a, n d t h e a p p a r e n tr o l i o v e r p r o b l e m ,j n v o l v i n g a r e c o r d o f 7 ' 4 6 0
w o r l d - w i d et ' l l 5 l i e e p a c c i d e n t s( F Y 6 7t h r o u g hF Y 7 0 )w i t h 1 3 8 f a t a l j t i e s '
0 f t h o s e 7 , 4 6 0 a c c i d e n t s ,2 , 2 0 1 , o r r o u g h l y3 0 p e r c e n t , w e r e n o l l o v e r
i ed in
p o s i t i o n p a p e l i s p r o v 'd
accjdents. The fulI text of this NHTSA
A o p e n d i xA . A t p r e s e n t s u r p l u s M l 5 1 j e e p s m u s t b e r e n d e r e du n u s a b l eb y
c u t t i n g t h e f r a m e a n d s u s p e n s i o n sb e f o r e t h e y c a n b e p u r c h a s e di n t h e
jn civilian
o p e nm a r k e t . D e s p i t e t h j s s o r n eh a v e b e e nr e p a i r e d a n d a r e
i
I
'!
?
*
use.
cse
2 . 1. 3 U t i l ' it Y V e h j c l e s 6i n D o m e s t iU
p o p ual r i z e d
S u b s e q u e nt ot l { o r l d t ' l a r I I s a l e s o f m i l i t a r y e q u i p m e n t
, , J e e pa" s a c i v i l i a n u t i l i t y v e h i c l e . P o s t - w acni v i l i a n m o d e l sw e r e
the
p r o d u c ebdy W i l l y s ( t o i 9 6 3 ) , K aj s e r - l ' ll i1 y s ( a f t e r 1 9 6 3 )a n dF o r d ' T h e
i
i:
name''Jeep.'becamearegisteredtrademarkof}Jillys-0verlandin1945
I n A p r i l 1 9 5 3t h e n a m ev { a sc h a n g e tdo l " / i l y s M o t o r sI n c ' , w h e nt h e
companywastakenoverbytheHenryJ'Kaiserlndustr'ialinterests.In
, n t j l 1 9 7 0r v h e nt h e
M a r c h1 9 6 3i t b e c a mKea i s e r J e e pC o r p o r a t i o n u
part of the AmericanHotors corporation (Vanderveen'
became
cornpany
p . 6 2 , n . d .) .
InJune1945t'lillysproducedthefirstcivilianJeepswhichwere
a c t u a l l y d e ml i t a r i z e d M B ' s . B y A u g u s t .1 9 4 5t h e f i r s t r e d e s i g n e d
'i
" U n i v e r s a Jl e e p "n r o d eC
l J - 2 Aw a s n t r o d u c e d ' T h e s l i g h t l y m o d i f i e d
i n 1 9 5 0 , f o l l o w e db y t h e C J - 3 Bi n i 9 5 3 ' I n
r p d e l C J - 3 Aw a s p r o d u c e d
e J - 5 a n d 1 0 1 i n c hv r h e e l b a sCeJ - 6 w a s
1 9 5 2t h e 8 1 i n c h w h e e l b a sC
.*
1
, , u t i l i t y v e h i c l e s "o f l i m i t e d
6 T h i s s t u d y p u r p o s e l ey x c l u d e d
certain
p r o a r . i i o n - o t ' t ! r t l ' . i . o i r t l g t , - i r . r ' - i t i t ' 9 . H i l 1 v si e e p s t e r ' c h e v r oTl ehte
S u b u r b a ne,f , c . , a s n o t o . i i g ' . " n t r a l t o t h e s c b p eo f t h i s s t u d yn 'o t
t . n i . i " i ' a " p i c i e d i n f i g u r e 2 . 1 ' 3 - 1 a r e r e p r e s e nptoa pt iuv leoaft' i obnu'ts e c t i o n
; ; ; i ; ; ; ; . - ; i ; - i n e v e n i c i e si n c l u d e di n t h e s t u d v
i l i o " o u i a . t ' u p r e c i s ed e f i n i t i o n o f t h e s t u d y p o p u l a t i o n '
'i
l3
i
i n t r o d u c e d w h i c h f e a t u r e d a n e wb o d y d e s i g n ( t h e m i l i t a r y c o u n t e r p a r t s
t r u c k a n d f 4 1 7 0a m b u l a n c e
truck 1/4 ton 4x4).
. A m e rci a n 1 4 o t o n sC o r p o r a t i o n b o u g h tn a n u f a c t u r i n gr i g h t s t o t h e J e e p f r o m
w e r e t h e M 3 8 A iu t i l i t y
K a i s e r l n d u s t r i e si n 1 9 7 0 . F o l l o w r n g
t h i s a c q u i s i t l o n ,s u b s t a n t i a lb o d y
j
n
t h e C J - 5 a n d C J - 6 w i t h n o c o r r e s p o n dni g
s t y l e c h a n g e sw e r e m a d e
c h a n g ei n m o d e ld e s i g n a t i o n . T h e C J - 7 w a s i n t r o d u c e di n 1 9 7 6 .
F i g u r e 2 . 1 . 3 - I s h o r , ' tsh e u t i l i t y
v e h i c l e s i n d o m e s t i cu s e a n d
i l l u s t r a t e s t h e i r y e a r s o f n a n u f a c t u r ea n d / o r s a l e s i n t h e d o m e s t i c
manket.
C u r r e n t d o m e s t i cm a n u f a c t u r e r sj n c l u d e A M CJ E E P ,C h e v r o l e t B l a z e r
( i n t r o d u c e di n 1 9 6 8 ) r n d G M CJ i m m y( i n t r o d u c e di n 1 9 6 9 ) , F o r d B r o n c o
( t h e 9 2 i n c h w h e e l b a s em o d e lw a s p r o d u c e df r o m 1 9 6 5 - 1 9 6 8 , a n d n o w
p r o d u c e di n a 1 0 4 i n c h w h e e l b a s e ) ,I n t e r n a t i o n a l S c o u t ( i n t r o d u c e d i n
i 9 6 l ) , a n d D o d g eR a m c h a r g e r / P l y m oTurtahj l D u s t e r ( i n t r o d u c e di n 1 9 7 3 ) .
.
F o r e j g nc o m p e t i t o r si n c l u d e t h e B r i t i s h L a n dR o v e r ( 1 9 4 9 )a n d t h e
" l a p a n e sTeo y o t aL a n d C r u i s e r ( 1 9 7 0 ) . T h e G e r m a V
n o l k s w a g e "nT h i n g , "
i n t r o d u c e dj n 1 9 7 3a n d 1 9 7 4 , a n d m a r { e d l yd i f f e r e n t i n c o n s t r u c t i o n , i s
a l s o c l a s s e da s a u t i l i t y v e h i c l e .
2 . 1 . 4 . U t i l i t y V e h i c l e si n F o r e i g n
Use
A l t h o u g ht h i ' s s t u d y i s c o n c e r n erdv i t h u t i l i t y v e h i c l e s i n u s e i n
t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s , t h e r e a r e a l a r g e n u m b e r . offo u r " - w h e e l - d r i v e
m u l t i p u r : p e s(eu t i l j t y . ) v e h i c l e si n ' u s e ' j n o t h e r p a r l s o f t h e w o r ; l d .
L e y l a n dA u s t r a l i a ' s I , 1 i n iM o k eu t j l i t y v e h i c l e c a n b e c o n v e r t e d' in t o
a , G r a nT u r i s m o k e ' t h r o u gc ho n v e r s i o nk i t s m a r t e t e dt , h r o u g hd e a l e r s . T h ' si
k i t ( a b o u t$ 2 , 5 0 0 - A u s t r a l i a na)l,l o w st h e M o k eo w n e r . t or e s t y l e h i s
v e h i c , l en ' i t h f i b e r g l a s sp a n e l s , s u e d es h e e p s k i nu p h o l . s t e r ay n d c a r p e t ,
a n d; t w o. r : o l l - b a r s . T h e M o k e ;d e s i g n e di n E n g l a n d ,i s m a n u f a c t u r e dn, i
' i .N e 4 r{ .sM
A u s t r a il a , a n d e x p o r t e dw o r ld w j d e( A u t o m ovt e
_ a y2, 2 , , 1 9 7 8 ) .
A n I t a i i a h u t f l i t y v e h i c l e , t h e M o a e t t jM i d i m a x1i 2 7 , F e a t u r e s
14
F i g u r e2 . 1. 3 - l
UTILITY
VEHICLES4 0
l s a n d Y e a r so f l ' l a n u f a c t u r e *
U t i l i t y V e h i ce
45
50
55
60
6s
70
7s
80
EEP
BANTAM
MB
M C ,M 3 8
M D ,M 3 8 A 1
M ' | 5 1A, l , A 2
GE GPW
CJ-24
CJ-3A
CJ-3B
cJ-s
CJ-5A
cJ-6
cJ-7
s OUT
SCOUT
800
800A
8008
S C O U Tl l
I
V WT H I N G
( 9 2 " B)
BRONCO
L A N DC R U I S E R
L A N DR O V E R
BLAZER
JIMMY
RAMCHARGER
TRAILDUSTER
( 1 0 4 'wB)
BRONCO
* C e r t a i n f o r e i g n v e h i c le s m a y s t i l l b e i n p r o d u c t i o n
but are no lonoer for sale in the U . S .
t
'I
5
v e h i c l e , 'd e s i g n e db y : [ i q l T i g c i o , C onviil , . i
s f o i r r _ w h e edl r i v e a n d f e a t u r e s
a t u r b o - c h a i ! e dd i e s e l e n ! i n e . a n ds y m r n e t r i c a l
s t e e l D o o y( A u t o m o t i v e _
News,l'.1ay
22, 197B)
I n 1 9 7 9t h e l i g h t w e i g h t ( 7 1 5 i 1 9C)i t r o e n
Mehirifront_wheel_d
ri
ve
u t i l i t y v e h i c l e , p r o d u c esdi n c eM a y _1,9 6 U ,
w a sm o dfii e d t o a 4 - w h e e l _
d r i v e u t i l i t y v e h i c l e ( A u t o n o t i vN
e e w sJ, u n e? 5 , I g T g ) .
A n e wR u s s i a nu t ! 1 . i t r v e h i c r e ; r " ' i n l 9 6 9 ,
rs four_whee)-drive,
1 3 2 i n c h e s ' l o n g ;a n d ' p o w e r ebdy a 1 , 1 9 6 - C C
V _ 4e n g in e ( A u t o r n o t i vte, l e w s ,
N a y? 2 , 1 9 7 8 ) .
Annuam
l a r t e t g r o w t ho f u t i l i t y f o u r _ w h e _e dl r r
ve vehiclesjn Europe
c u r r e n t J yr a n g e sf r o m r 5 t , o
p e r c e n !p e r y e a r . A n e x c e U e n t
.2.9
r e v i e wo f
a numberof ut i I i.ty vehicl e.i world_wide
wa
(Ngyembel
27,):?;B).
0rher
current
ri-,,1.jffi:f: llrffffi#
p
i
t
i
l
g
a
v
e
r
tle Austr'iqn
b y s t e y r - D a i m r e r - p u cB
h ,r - i t i s h L e y r a n d
L a n dR o v e r
j : t l ^ . : , : o t l . d n d , R d n sReo v e r( s i n c e 1 9 i 0 ) , t h e r r a l i d n F i a t C a m p a s n o t d ,
t h e .R u s s i a nf a o a N i v a , t i r l g m U o
f o u r _ w h e e i _vder rw a g o n
h , . i t hd F i a t
t
h
e
S
h
'
e
d
i
s
h
V
o
l
v
b
L
d
p
l
a
n
d
e
r
,
R u m a n i aAnR O _ 2 4 4
.:nS]nfejr,
t h, e p o r t u g u e s e
' ut'{trr-uniao'Netalo
r 4 e c a n i ccao u r n i r , t h e I t a l i a n s o r e a d o ,
the rrencrr
S t e m a ty e l t t , _ . S , 9 c j - eSt i{n p a rR e n a u l t4 1
, a n dA C LR o d e o4 x 4 v i h i c l e s .
.'
T h eJ a p a n e s pe r_o d u c ei , n u m b e .o f u t i l i t y
v e h i c l e m o O e l in c t r _ i C . i n g
4 x 4 , D a i h d t s uF - 2 0 L V + x + w a s o n ,S u z u r . i
1:!:::l;,q4",.subaru
l : r^yt t- :, :, "
.l u
n r , c d e l(sJ _ 3 R ,J _ Z 0 C i , { . a ; d
_ l s u z u : u n t c d1b4; i t s u b i s hJj e e p _ t y p e
T o y o t aL a n dC r u i s e r H a r d t o pF J 4 0 V .
.,,.,.ijt,I!i#a_q!_U!._y3uer"t
'*
it t..;1.;::
-tt"uu.al--nT--yrlj_l.lly
v t r , , r u r e 5are
d r e 1inn p
produ-qtjon
r o d u 9 t t O nO
i a n n e d' f O r the
- * . . - ' . ' : r vehicles
orr .tpoi;;;";'f6r
-"
' . : ' , ' ,t -n-e-r
,
u,i:,r".na
s u g g e i-it h e - d i r e c r i o o
n
f
f
u
r
u
r
e
absigns.;
.lrf
..'i:.
'
- - - : . : t : .) .i i { p r . o , { o . _ n o ^ -
rg.uti lity
,*.n"a];.O.t
,
.''i...
.:
-on
i n F e b r u a r y ,. t S l S f
q forr_
v e h j c - l eW i * i n u , { x o l o r e r . D u r i n g i t s . d e v b l o i r m F ^ t
, , s ,! c u E ) _ o E n zrI n i t i a t e d . p r o d u c t i o n
i 1s* * "t edas t he,"... * r-u"-_--n,
:,{li.::if.l i !i o_"
; -. ";;";' ir:;; ;;:", ;..
_r^:i::l:]..
q1
t ' b y S r e y r - D a i m r e r - pour cAhu s t r i a . T h e , z 4 0
.
: ' :Ili t e r
p o w e[ r. 1
e6
dey. a 2 . 4
'
:fro\ ruur r- -cLyJlrirn
l ld
u e rO
d itegsseell e n g l lf ee , a n d h
f
r
:' - -y+b:_.u*i_l .t: -r !i ]n.: . n o h L b a r .
aass.,
" . ' ' - ' : - - ' :.a, .
,
S e v e r a lg
a s o rrrc
l i n edlr!
a n d olesel
vo)\rr
d i . - - , englIqs.
t,-:...:-..,1ipa:.t;
- - . . 1 - 4fe.of
. l r , : : . , fered. - . ...
;
::1
::::-;
:
F-.;'.':.iF"?i
;<,.*1.1fu
"
i , ; ? ' l j : i : i : . t- E : , . t . , : 1 i i
N e v { sN
, o v e n b e2r 7 , 1 9 7 8 : '
a l o n g w i t h a n u t n b eor f b o d yt y p e s ( A u t o n o t i v e
e 8r , 1 9 7 8 ;A u t o m o t i vNee w sJ, a n u a r y2 9 ' 1 9 7 9 ) .
T i m e ,D e c e m b 1
A M C ' s1 9 8 0n o d e l t a g ' l e i s t h e o n l y U . S . m a n u f a c t u r efdo u r w h e e l
d r i v e ( 4 l , J)Dp a s s e n g e rc a r . S t a n d a r de q u 'pi m e n ti s r e p o r t e d t o i n c l u d e
2 5 8 - c i d L - 6 e n g in e , t h r e e s p e e da u t o m a t i ct r a n s m i s s i o n , a u t o m a t i c4 l ' D
lt
s y s t e m , p o w e r s t e e r i n g , p o w e rf r o n t d j s c b r a k e s a n d r a d ' i a l t i r e s '
a v a i l a b l e b o t h i n S t a n d a r da n d L i m i t e d v e r s i o n so f t h e t w o - d o o ra n d
i a n d f o u r - d o o r s t a t i o n w a g o n( A u t o m o t i v eN e u s ,
f o u r - d o o r a u t o m o bl e
A u g u s t2 7 , 1 9 7 9 ; A m e r i c a nE a g l e , 1 9 7 9 ; L u n d , 1 9 7 9 ) . I t a p p e a r st o b e
i d e n t i c a l t o t h e A M CC o n c o r di n d e s i g n a n d o p t i o n s , e x c e p t t h a t t h e
E a g l e i s a f o u r - w h e e ld n i v e v e r s i o n . I t i s a n t i c i p a t e dt h a t t h e A l ' l C
i
S o 'ri i t o f l g B I w i l l a l s o b e a v a i l a b l e i n t w o - a n d f o u r - w h e e ld r i v e
nndels.
I n E n g l a n dt h e Y a k Y e o m a nd, e s i g n e da n d d e v e l o p e db y M a n c h e s t e r
Garages (Motorcraft) Ltd. is going into production for export to
d e v e l o p j n gc o u n t r i e s . I t h a s a w h e eb' la s eo f 1 0 9 . 2 i n c h e sa n d f e a t u r e s
a n a u t o m a t i cd i f f e r e n t , i a l l o c k f i t t e d i n t o t h e r e a r a x l e , i n s t e a do f
e e w s ,M a y7 ' 1 9 7 9 ) '
f o u r - w h e e- dl r i v e ( A u t o m o t i vN
B e s i d e st h e p r e s e n tT o y o t aL a n dC r u i s e r , t h e J a p a n e s ne r a ym a r k e t
" a f o ur - w he e l- dr i v e v e h i c l e t h a t c l o s e l y
t h e D i a h a t s uT a f t G r a n ,
r e s e m b l et sh e J e e p , " i n t h e U n i t e dS t a t e si n t h e e a r l y 1 9 8 0 ' s
( A u t o m o t i vN
e e r . r sM, a r c h2 0 , 1 9 7 8 ) . T h eT a f t G n a nh a s a w h e e l b a soef
7 9 . 5 i n c h e s . I t h a s a f l i p - d o w nw i n d s h i e l da n d i n t e g r a ' lr o l l - b a r ' I t
I
i s d e s c r i b e da s s r n a l l e rt h a n t h e J e e p . D a j h a t s ue n g i n e e r sa r e r e p o n t e d
t o b e r e d u c i n gw e i g h t ( 2 , 3 8 0 I b s ) a n d i n c r e a s i n gp o e / eor u t p u t ( f r o mt h e
r n g i n et o a n 1 ' 8 0 0 c ce n g i n e ) '
T o y o t aC o r o l l a1 , 6 0 0 c cf o u r - c y l i n d e e
n otors
A n a d v a n c efdo u r - w h e e l - d vr ie v e h i c l e c o n c e p tb y A m e r i c a M
i n d i c a t e st h e d i r e c t i o n su t i l i t y v e h i c l e sn n y t a k e d u r i n gt h e n e x t
d e c a d e . T h e 1 0 0 - i n c hw h e e l b a sJee e p s t e rI I _ d e s i g nf e a t u r e s e x t e n s i v e
t a t e r j a l s , s o f t f r o n t a n dr e a r p a n e l s ,a b u i l t - i n
u s eo f l i g h t - w e i g h m
r o l l - b a r , f l a t g l a s s f o l d i n g w i n d s h i e l d a, n da l u mni u mo r f i b e r g l a s s
d o o r s . B a s i c al y e n v is i o n e da s a t w o - s e a tv e h i c l e , t h e
detachable
t o u l df e a t u r e t w o a d d ti i o n a l r e n n v a b l es e a t s i n t h e
J e e p s t e rI I - c o n c e p w
r e a r c a r g oa r e a s a s r e q u 'rie d . T h e r o o f , o f t w o - p i e c el i g h t - w e i g h t
p a n e l s , c o u l d b e s t o r e d b e h i n dt h e f r o n t b u c k e ts e a t s ' P o w e rw o u l db e
t7
l
from a four-cylinder turbo gasoline or diesel engine, and body size
d i m e n s i o nw
s o u l d b e 1 6 0 i n c h e sl o n g , 6 5 i n c h e sw i d e , a n d 6 0 i n c h e s h i g h
Cp i r i t w i l I h a v e
(AutomotjvN
e e v r sJ, a n u a r y1 , 1 9 7 9 ) . l n 1 9 8 0t h e A t ' 4 S
f o u r - w h e e l d r i v e , j o i n i n g t h e A l ' l Cf o u r - w h e e l d r i v e J t t P a n d C o n c o r d , 979)
b as e d E a g l e ( D u n n e 1
" o f f - r o a d F i e s t a , " F o r d M o t o r C o n p a n y ' sT u a r e g i s
D e s c r j b e da s a n
a n o t h e r c o n c e p t . c a rw h o s ei d e a s [ E y b e ' i n c o r p o r a t e d i n p r o d u c t j o n
u t i I i t y , v e hi c l e s 0 f t h e 1 9 8 0 ' s ( S k w ri a , 1 9 7 9 ) .
B y f a r t h e r n o s te x p e n s i v eu t i l i t y
v e h i c l e d e s i g n i s [ h e G e r m a nS e a
R a n g e r ,d e s i g n e db y L u i g i C o l a n i , A n a l l - t e r r a i n v e h i c l e , i t i s m u c h
l a r g e r t h a n m s t - - 6 . i m e t e r s ( 2 0 f e e t ) i n l e n g t h a n d 4 , 0 0 0 k g( 8 , 8 0 0 l b s )
'long
i n w e i g h t . E q u i p p e df o r
e x p e d i t i o n s , i t c a r r i e s f o u r o c c u p a n i .'sin
b u c k e t s e a t s a n d h a s a s v , r i v e lc h a i r m o u n t e do n t o p .
To date only one
p r o t o t y p eh a s b e e nb u i . l t ; T h e p r i c e w i l l b e a b o u t$ 3 8 5 , 0 0 0 , 0 0 ,
e e w s ,J a n u a r y1 5 , 1 9 7 9 ) .
d e p e n dnig u p o n' e q u i p m e n( tA u t o m o t i vN
2 . 2 S t u d yP o p ual t i o n
:
T h ep o p u l a t i o n
o f u t i l i t y v e h i c l e sc o n s i d e r e di n t h e p r e s e n ts t u d y
cons'istsof the.vehic:lenEkesand mo'delsI i s t e di n T a b l e2 . 2 - 1 .
U t j i i t y v e h i c l e sa r e 'd s i b - b l a s s o f t h e m o r eg e n e r a lg r o u p i n go f
v e h i c l e s c a 1I e d m u l t i - p u } . p o spea s s e n g evr e h i c l e s . A m u l t i - p u r p o s e
'vehicle
passenger
i s d e s i g n e dp n i m a rliy t o c a r r y p a s s e n g e rbsu t i s
e a s i l y c o n v e n t e tdo o t h e r r i o n - p a s s e n gcear r r y in g u s e s . C o m m ov ne h i c l e
t y p e s u n d e r - t h i sc t d ' s s i f i c a t i o nj n't c l u d e t i u c k b a s e ds t a t i o n w a g o n s( G l 4
S u b u r b a nf,o r ' - e x a m p l e' )j e
, e p - t y p e ' o p e nv e h i c l e s ( T o y o t aL a n dC r u i s e r ,
t , , l i 1 1 yJse e p , e f c . ) , s o m e i ' V a npsi,c k - u p c a r s , s p o r t - r e c r e a t i o n a l
v e hi c l e s , e t c . .,
T h e u t i l i t y v e h i c l e s s h o t { ni n T a b l e 2 . 2 - 1 w e r es e l e c t e db e c a u s e
they a c c o u n tf o r a p p r o x i m a t e l9y5 p e r c e n to f t h e u t i l j t y v e h i c l e s
regi s t e r e d i n t h e U . S . i n r e c e n t y e a r s .
/ Th.
N u t i o n a lH i g h i " r aTyr a f f i c ' s a f e c y A d m i n i s t r a toi n ( N H T S Ad)e f i n e s
' i j e e p - t y p e, v e h i c l e "a, s a ; . 1 ' f o u r : w h e e l - d r i v. reg;e n e r apl u
l ej
. r p o s ea u t o m o b
c a p a b l eo f o f f ; h i g h w a yo p e r a t i o nt h a t h a s a w h e e l b a sneo t m o r et h a n 1 1 0
i n b h e s , a n a . i n i t t , a si j e O p - i y p ei o r i f i i u r a t i ' i j r i ' ( C o d e ' o fF ' e d e f a l ' : :' i I
Regu?ati,ons;,.P
4 9a.r t . 5 3 3 , 4 . , R e v j : s e0dc. t o b e r : . ' -1l ,9 7 7 ) . . , .
.:t,:
'18
T A B L2E. 2 - I
I
STUDYPOPULATION
lii
! i
:
Mode 1
l4ake
Typeof Dri ve
( 2 o r 4 w h e e )l
Chevrolet
B la z e r
BI a z e rK l 0
Dodge
Ramcharger
Ramcharger
4
Ford
Bronco
B r o n c oPi c k - u p
gon
Broncol./a
B r o n c oRo a d s t e r
4
4
4
4
GMC
J immy
J i m m yK 1 5 0 0 , K 1 5 5 0
K1 5 0 0
2
4
4
International
S c o u t ,S c o u tI I
S c o u t ,S c o u tI I
4
AMC
C J 3 ,C J 3 8J E E P
D J 3 AJ E E P
C J 5 ,C J 5 AJ E E P
D J 5J E E P
C J 6 , C J 6 AJ E E P
D J 6J T E P
C J 7J E E P
Plymouth
l r a l I uu s t e r
T r a il D u s t e r
Toyota
L a n CC r ui s e r
vU
T h in 9
E x c l u d e df r o m t h t s l i s t
t.
,
i
'
z
4
:'
(
a
z
4
L
2
q
w e r e s o n r ev e h i c l e s s u c h a s t h e J e e p
d
I ' l a g o n e e rw
, h i c h a p p e a r st o b e a f o u r - w h e e l d r i v e v e r s i o n o f a t r u c k b a s e d s t a t i o n w a g o n ,o n , a s i n t h e c a s e o f t h e L a n d R o v e r , J e e p s t e r ,
K a i s e r a n d / o r } J i 1 1 y s ,a r e n o l o n g e r f o r s a l e o r i n p r o d u c t i o ni n t h e
U ni t e d S t a t e s .
I>
ir
I
A g o o de x a m p l eo f t h e p r o b l e mi n d e f i n j n g a u t i l i t y v e h j c l e j s
p r e s e n t e db y t h e 1 9 8 0 A M CE a g 1 e . A d v e r t i s e d a n d f l a r k e t e d a s a , , f o u r w h e e l d l i v e a u t o m o b i l e "i n t h r e e b o d y s t y l e s { t w o - d o o ra n d f o u r - d o o r
s e d a n s ,a n d a f o u r - d o o r s t a t i o n w a o o nv e r s i o n ) i t i s c l a s s i f i e r l b y i t s
m a n u f a c t u r ear s a m u l t i - p u r p o s e( u t i l i t y ) v e h i c l e ( A m e r i c a Ina g 1 e s a l e s
b r o c h u r e ,1 9 7 9 )y e t c l a s s i f i e d a s a t r u c k b y t h e g o v e r n m e nrte l a t i v e t o
m e e t i n gF e d e r a l f u e l s t a r d a r d s ( p e r s o n a l c o m m u n i c a t i o n1, 9 7 9 ; A u t o m o t i v e
- l _ n - d u sr! f_, l p . 5 2 , 1 9 7 9 ) . S i m il a r ' l y t h e f o u r - w h e e l - d r i v e S u b a r u , w h i l e
a l s o m a r t e t e da s a p a s s e n g ecr a r , i . s a l s o c l a s s t f i e d a s a m u l t i - p u r D o s e
v e hi c l e .
2 . 3 U t i ' li t y V e h i c l e R e g i s t r d t i o n
D a t a o b t a i n e df r o m t h e l { a t i o n a l V e h i c l e p o p u l a t i o np r o f j l e
( p r o d u c e db y R . L . P o ' l k & C o m p a nfyr o m n a t i o n a l m o t o r v e h i c l e
r e g i s t r a t i o n d a t a ) s h o v trh a t i n 1 9 7 5t h e r e w e r e8 3 1, 0 5 8 u t i l i t y
vehicles
a n d i 0 6 , 7 1 2 , 5 5 1p.a s s e n g evr e h j c l e s r e g i s t e r e d . T h j s g j v e s a p e r c e n t a g e
o f u t i l i t y v e h i c l e s t o p a s s e n g ecna r s o f 0 . 7 8 p e r c e n t , I n 1 9 7 6t h e s e
f i g u r e s w e r e 9 7 1, 5 1 0 u t i I i t y v e h ' i cel s a n d 1 0 9 , 6 7 5 , 8 5 5p a s s e n g e r ^
v e h i c l e s , f o r d p e r c e n t a g eo f 0 : 8 9 p e r c e n t , a n d i n 1 9 7 7 . 1 , 1 2 5 , 9 2 3
utiljty
v e h i c l e s a n d 1 1 4 , 1 1 3 , 0 0 p0 a s s e n g ecr a r s , f o r a p e r c e n t a g eo f
0.99 percent.
Utility
v e h i c l e s a r e a g r o w t n gs e g n € n to f t h e m o t o r v e h i c l e
p o p u i a t i o n ,n o wa c c o u n t i n gf o r a l m o s t o n e p e r c e n t o f a l I v e h . i c l e s0 n t h e
r o a d . F r o m1 9 7 6t o 1 9 7 7t h e u t i l i t y v e h i c l e g r o w t hw a s 1 5 . 9 p e r c e n t ,
c o m p a r e dt o p a s s e n g e rc a r s ' g r o w t h o f 4 . 1 p e r c e n t f o r t h e s a m ep e r . o
i d,
F o r t h e t $ r o - y e d rp e r i o d o f 1 9 7 5 - 7 9 7 7 u
, tiljty vehi..les had a growth of
3 5 . 5 p e r c e n t c o m p a r e dt o p a s s e n g e rc a r s ' . r a t e o f 6 . 9 p e r c e n t ,
T a b l e 2 . 3 - 1 s h o v / st h e n u m b e or f u t i I i t y v e h i c l e s b y m a k ea n d
p e r c e n to f t o t d l f o r e a c h o f t h e t h r e e y e a r s , 1 9 7 5 , 1 9 7 6 , a n d 1 9 i 7 .
P r o d u c t i o nd a t a f o r t h e 1 9 7 8m o d e ly e a r . a s p r o v i d e di n W a r d , s. ' , _9
s &gg!, shor that the top three 1978 modetswere: Blazer
Agt Cqg!|yg_Le
( 7 8 , 5 0 7 ) ; ' J E t PC J - 5 , C J - 6 , C J - 7 ( 7 6 , 6 2 8 ) ; a n d B r o n c o( 6 9 , 1 2 0 ) . F o r t h e
1 9 7 8r , r o dl ey e a r , A M Cr e p o r i e d ' i q S , Z t O J E E p Sw e r e s o l d . , , a n d I 5 6 . 0 0 0
.,20
il
e e w s ,S e p t e m b e3r,
u n i t s e s t i r n a l e df o r t h e 1 9 7 9m o d e yl e a r ( A u t o m o t i vN
1979)."
s ithin a make,
R e g i s t r a t i o nc o u n t sf o r i n d i v i d u a lm o d e l w
e . g . B l a z e ra n dB l a z e rK 1 0 , a n en o t I i s t e d , s i n c ed e t a i l e dn n d e l
i n f o r m a to
i n i s n o t r e p o r t e do n t h e m a i o r i t y o f d c c i d e n tr e p 0 r t s .
USingthemostrecent(1977)re9.istrationdataavai]ab,le,them
j n T a b l e 2 . 3 - 1 a r e r e a r r a n g e dt o l i s t t h e m j n o r d e r o f d e c r e a s i n g
f r e q u e n c yi n t h e p o p u l a t i o na s s h o w ni n ' I a b l e 2 . 3 - 2 .
D a t d f r o m e i g h t s t a t e s w e r e u s e dt o s t u d y t h e c o l l i s i o n s a n d
c istribution.
r e g i s t r a t j o n t o p r o v i d e g e o g r a p h i c a la n d d e m o g r a p h i d
T h e s ew e r e A r i z o n a , l ' l a r y l a n d ,M i c h i g a n , N e wM e x i c o , N e wY o r k , N o r t h
C a r o l i n a , T e x a s , d n d l . l a s h i n g t o n .T h e r e g i s t r a t i o n d a t d a r e d i s c u s s e di n
t:
d e t a i l i n s u b s e e u e nst e c t ' i o n s . H o w e v e rf,o r c o n v e n i e n c et ,h e t o t a l
v e h i c l e s r e g i s t e r e d i n e a c h s t a t e a r e s u n m a r i z e di n
T a b l e 2 . 3 - 3 . T h i s t a b l e a l s o s h o w st h e p e r c e n t i n c r e a s ei n r e g i s t r a t i o n
numbeno
s f utility
o f t h e s e v e h i c l e s b e t w e e n1 9 7 5 a n d 1 9 7 7 . T o g e t h e r t h e y r e p r e s e n t
2 3 5 , 9 2 2v e h i c l e s , o r 2 i p e r c e n to f t h e t o t a l 1 9 7 7U . S . u t i l i t y v e h i c i e
\'
.L
t
population.
T a b l e s2 . 3 - 4 a n d 2 . 3 - 5 p r o v i d e a m o d e l - b y - m o d teal b u l a t i o n o f t h e
u t i l i t y v e h i c l e s i n e a c h s t a t e . T a b l e 2 . 3 - 4 s h o w st h i s t a b u l a t i o n f o r
1 9 7 6 ,a n dT a b l e2 . 3 - 5 f o r L 9 7 7 .
1
n
8
Alt horgh not counteda s a u t i l i t y v e h i c l ei n t h i s r e p o n t , t h e J E E P
i s o c c as i o n al l y c l a s si f i e d a s a u t i l i t y v e h i c l e . T h e| ^ ] a r d ' s
Cherokee
p r o d u c toi n f i g u r e f o r t h e C h e r o k e ies 3 6 , 9 4 5f o r t h e 1 97 8 m o d e yl e a r .
g
?7
:
FrrfLa@c)co*cr\<$
O
o
E
o
E
<l LJ-)<j.ada
<O-crl
O
-+
r\ jr r\ Or r- .il. ral F- C!
<-rau)@cvo\<ticrl
@c\lo)(v
01 o\ oo(o
c\l
Oi
|.r)OO\OtO(t1(r)=L.r)
- sl C! (O g) lr) an (\J F-{
C\J
gi.'r<f<l(OrO(r.)F{
O
!
-J-
(oid(o<'<rc\c\J-{
a
o,
=
ro
qr
:l
,
(u
=
dc\r-(or!)@oat<t
F\.+r-\o@F-+od
oc).a(.)o.a.t)o)@
@
-o
\OLnL..)qr(a<Lr)+C)
rr)c)Qrf)<1'<ta\ra!-
o)
F
c
o
z
I
.(').
r--r Lr) N O @ <l l-\ (I) F<f (\r a\r co (t <a d c\., o
z
o
F
l-
c'l
O
O
c)
o
L
,.
(-t
d.
sf -r l., (! C! Cn Fr lO (f'
@ !r) t.o Oi r< C> c'f t-o or
<f O <l (O (\ Ctr O\ r') C''\
)
or\+orFr(ocarrlr)
[email protected](\
@
O
o
F
L
@
t/},
J
.F
F
=
-a
=
L*
OJ*
Nd
r! L,J
U
*
*
+r
:'
O
()
L
(J
O
() >!
c
E'(:J
O E C
.o
l-'-
t
qJ
(
u
o ( u o J
_
a
o
i
)
+r
-
a
E
L
rs
lOr(-) c.rO
E.rIJ,c
!-
q
!
c
!
(o
>r
P
o
O l
- E 4
!= r J
o
a-
c
(u
E
o
L
>:
o L)
- c E
p.{
.E
22
,
o
f > r
( l J . - C J
! q - . r
L
.
O
o
o
L
+j
c
r
E
=
p c,,
ro
(uro
O or
E
! t- O >r't)
c o :
o o = F
o
* rJ- (r_F o > o-i, . F
1
I
+:..*
'
.'l
a:
T A B L I2 . 3 - 2
V T H I C L EI N
S T H EU . 5 .
UTILITY
A R R A N GBI D
Y P O P U L A R I (T1Y9 7 7 O A T A )
Percentof Total
1977
I
l'1ode
28.1
B la z e r
JEEP
S c o tu
Bronco
Jimmy
L a n dC r u i s e r
arger
Ramch
T h in g
T r ai I D u s t e r
L L.q
19.5
l4.8
5.0
4.8
3.1
1.9
.rli
i
TABL2
E. 3 - 3
I
UTILITY VTHICLES
OF REGISTERED
NUI,IEERS
ETOA T E S
B Y S E L E C TS
F 0 R1 9 7 5 - 1 9 7 7
:
i
Year
State
1 9 7 s 1 1 9 7 6 l l 1 9 7 7
.+------------
Percent
I ncrease
( 75 - 7 7)
;
:
'I
Ari zona
M a r y la n d
M ic hi g a n
Nelll Mexi co
NewYork
N C a r ol i n a
Texas
!{ashington
17,805
7,980
41,430
9,850
4Z,584
10
qq.a
35 , 8 8 4
2 r , 74 5
1 9, 6 3 4
53,I11
1 1, 3 3 6
49,284
23,684
44,569
2 2 , 8 |7
23
22,267
11 , 1 2 1
64,200
r ? 7nq
E,A 2AA
28,404
57,131
24,255
25
39
55
40
27
53
59
!L
!
I
I
TABL2
E. 3 - 4
V T H I C LRi E G I S T R A T B
I OYN
MSO D E L
UTILITY
F O RS I L E C T ESDI A T E SI,9 7 6
State
ModeI
j ch igan
l',1
Arizona
n
l%*
------+----
Blazer
Ramchdrger
Bronco
Jimmy
Scout
JEEP
Trai I
Duster
Lan0
C r ui s e r
T h in g
5 , 8 2 4, a
1
Jtf,
147
l % *
n
I %-
------+----
llarylanci
n
I %*
------+----
7
1 0 ? t ?
3 , 4 3 63 0. 3
2 qqR
q
2,094 3.9
234 a . !
1 3. 9 ? a q ? ? 2 . 0
3,074 5.8
656
I , 1 5 6 1 5 . 4 1 , 9 3 01 7. A
1 1, 0 1 1? 0 . 1 1 , 7 0 01 5. 0
205
t 7. 2
|,042
3 , 3 1 8t 6
3 , 6 3 71 q
n
------+----
New Flexi co
0
q
n ' l
'r ?6q
6.9
561 2 . 9
36.2
859
t.o
110
691
638
t.J
544
234
?B.l
1/1 I
I
J:1
qRl
1 qgn
?
t1
a
c,
2r.6
r24 1 . 4
/ t a
a 1
354
309
'1 A
:_:,___
Total
q? l l1
10 R ' 1 4
NewYor'.
Blazer
Ramcharger
-Bronco
.Ji mmy
S c o tu
JEEP
Trai I
. Duster
'
1 1, 3 3 6
Teias
t 4 , 4 5 5 29.3 t3,687 3 0 . 7
r.ant
l , / a s h i n g t o n N C a r o li n a
6 , 1 2 72 7. 6
1 A
t,06? L . +
510 ( , )
3 8 87 l 7 q
7 , 1 4 3 1 4 . 5 6338 1 A t
2,05? 4 . 2 2 . q q q 6 . 6 l 1 a 7
1 I , 9 2 12 4 . ? B, 1 6 51 9 . 7 3 , 6 3 71 6. 4
8 ; 6 8 41 7. 6 1 A 2 1 1 7 . 8 4 , 8 3 22 1 )
'
710 1.4
47.q 1 . 1
157 n a
4 , 7 3 62 0 . 0
359
4 \4?
19.?
724 ? I .
3 , 9 2 61 6. 6
7 ,346 ? 1 n
r36 u . o
L an 0
Cruiser | , 7 4 1
!,zrl
T h in g
Total
L9 2R4
7,721 3 . 9
1,644
44,569
1,4366 . 5
t'00
22,787
l;374
544
q , a
23,684
*Percentages
may not add to 100%due to round-off error.
f.+
':i
T A B L2E. 3 - 5
UTILITY VEHICLEREGISTRATIOTIS
BY i4ODEL
F O RS T L I C T E
SD
T A I T SI ,9 7 7
State
Mode
I
Arizo na
n
l%*
- -- -- -+-- - -
6 0a I
Blazer
Ram563 2 . 6
charger
16.8
Bronco
'I ?O?
o.L
Jimmy
2
1
1
q
1 1. 4
Scout
d r44 1 0 q
JTEP
T r a iI
209 1 n
Duster
Land
Cruiser I,459 6 . 9
615 t a
Thing
Total
2r,267
New York
Hichigan
n
I x*
------+----
24,9063 8 . 8
3,330 q ?
7 , 1 0 9r l 1
? qa2 6 . 2
A 516 t ? ?
11 1
|,234
r.t
7,029
549 0 . 9
64,?00
Texas
B la z e r
Ramcharger
Bronco
Jimmy
Scout
JEEP
Trail
Duster
Land
Crui ser
T h in g
1 7, 1 3 9 3 1. 6 1 9 , 6 4 0J q . . +
Total
54,284
1,616 L . O
6 , 8 0 61 i . 9
4,381
16.7
r / . : ) to,3221 q I
2,O47 1 q
6 , 8 7 87 2 . 7
2,37r 4.4
I 1 , 9 77 2 2 . l
g 4q?
I,032 I . 9
2,233 4 . 1
1,115
628
' l l
2,390 4 . 2
1,789 ? l
q7 1?1
Maryland
Ne{ Mexico
^
| 7"*
------+----
4 , 1 8 33 0. 3
2 R
J5I
n
I x*
------+----
3 , 4 ? 43 0. 8
) a
q
,3871 2
JIJ
2 , 8 0 s2 0 . 3 I
910 6 . 6
3 8 2 J ..1
2 , 2 4 41 6 . 3 2 , 0 5 2 r B . 5
2 , 0 3 81 4 . 8 ( , o l l ? 4 . 0
181
l . J
824 6 . 0
249 t . 8
153 1 . 4
428
309 2 . 8
t 3,785
1l,12r
t J a s ihn g to n
N Carolina
6 , 9 3 6 28.6
6S3 2 . 8
? q41
lo.L
5.6
3 , 7 1 61 q ?
c nqR 20.9
228
r gql
376
24,?55
N
Q
8.0
1 . O
q qA4
?7.1
4 7 0 r -t)
17.0
995 3 . 5
4 ,29r i 5 . 1
q a n 4 3 3. I
A, R29
194 0 . 7
i
.
1,672 q q
56s 2 . 0
28,404
*Percentages
rEy not add to 100%due to round-off error
I
'.t
I
l
25
I
)
2.4
qigduct Liabi I itY Rdew
A s e a r c h w a s f i t a d et o d e t e m i n e t h e n a t u r e a n d e x t e n t o f c o l l i s i o n
',{ere
c a s e sj n v o l v j n gu t i l i t y v e h i c l e s - i nl i t i g a t i o n . T h e s es e r v ic e s
l p r : l e nDt e i l a r t m c n to f t h e
p r o v i d e d b y t h e P r o f e s s i o n a l R e s e a ' c ha n d D e v e o
'i
A s s o c i d t i o n o f T r i a l L a w y e r so f A m e r i c a ( A T L A ) . T h i s n f o r r n a i - i o n
p r o v i d e di n s i g h t i n t o a l l e g e ds a f e t y a n d c r a s h w o r t h i n e sdse f e c t s a n d
o t h e r v e h i c l e p r o b l e m sw n i c h r e s u l t e d i n s e r i o u s a n d f a L a l i n j u r i e s t o
utility
vehjcle occupants.
I n f o r r n a t j o nw a s o b t a i n e do n 1 1 1 c a s e s j n s o m es t a g e o f l i t i g a t i o n
r e p o r t e d d u r i n g t h e p e r i o d 1 9 6 7 - 1 9 7 9 .T h e s e i n c l u d e do n ' l y c a s e sb r o u g h t
t o t h e a t t e n t i o n o i f . . L A , g e n e r a l y b y n e m b e r s ,a n d u n d o u b t e d l y
c o n s i d e r a b l - vu n d e r r e p r e s e n t h e a c t u a l n a t i o n w i d e i n c i d e n c e o f l a w s u j t s
' in v o l v i n g u t i l ' i t y v e h i c l e s . l ^ l hl ie J E E Pw a s n n s t f r e q u e n t l y l i s t e d i n
" J e e p s", t h e t o r d B r o n c o ,a n d t h e C h e v r o l c t
c a s e s r e p o r t e dt o A I L A ,
B l a z e r a p p e a r , e tdo h a v e g r e a t e | i n v o l v e m e n t h a n o t h e r n E k e s0 f u t i l i t y
v e h ic I e s .
A list
o f t h e m o d e l si n v o l v e d :
7 - 1 9 7 4T o y o t a L a n d C r u j s e r ( 4 - 1 9 7 0 , 2 - 1 9 1 4 , 1 - 1 9 7 6 )
1 - 1 9 6 9K a i s e r
3 . - A M C : D J - 5" D j s p a i . c h e l :p" o s t a l J E E P S
.
1 - f964 l,Jil lys Jeep
;
2 - M i l i t a r y M - i 5 1 A 2( 1 9 7 4 ,Y e a rn o t g i v e n )
2 - Fordmilitary M-151
1 = 1977 Comru
ndo
.
5 - t . l a g o n e e (r 1
s 9 6 1 ,1 9 6 5 ,1 9 6 8 ,1 9 7 2 , I 9 7 4 )
,,
(1s76,ts77, 1s18)
3 - At4C
C J - 7J E E P S
( 5 - 1 9 7 3 2, - L 9 7 4 ,3 - 1 9 - 5 ,2 - 1 9 7 6 ,
2 1 - A H CC J - 5J E T P S
4 - 1 9 7,7
n o t g j v e n)
,5-year
2 3 - i d e n t i f i e do n l y a s " j e e p s " . :
1 - c a s ei n v o l v i n g" 1 9 7 2 - 1 9 J7e6e p "
26
1 9 - F o r dB r o n c o( l - 1 9 6 6 ,2 - 1 9 6 9 , 1 - 1 9 7l0- 1, 9 7 1l - 1 9 7 3 ,3 - 1 9 7 4 ,
? - 1 9 7 8 ,1 - 1 9 7 9 7
, - Y e a rn o t g i v e n )
l 2 - C h e v r o l eBt l a z e r ( 3 - 1 9 7 2 4, - 1 9 7 3 ,1 - 1 9 7 5 3, - Y e a rn o t g i v e n )
.
6 - I n t e r n a t i o n aH
l a r v e s t eTr r a v e l al ls ( 3 - I 9 7 0 ,1 - 1 9 6 8 2, - Y e a rn o t
g i v e n)
3 - GMC
J i m m y( 1 9 7 4 ,1 9 7 5 ,Y e a rn o t g i v e n )
T h e n a t u r e o f t h e a l l e g e dd e f e c t s i s o f i n t e r e s t a s d i r e c t l y
p e r t i n e n tt o t h e f i n d j n g so f t h i s s t u d y , A l l e g e dd e f e c t so r p r o b l e m s
w h i c hw e r es D e cf i e d i n m o r et h a n o n e c a s ea r e l i s t e d i n T a b l e2 . 4 - I .
TABL2
E. 4 - 1
P R I M R YP R O D ULCI T
ABILITY
ALLTGATIONS
SAFTIY
I n ci d e n c eR e p o r t e d
A l l e g e d Pr o b l e m *
'
.
R o lI - o v e r
R o ll - b a r c o l l a p s e
S t e e r j n g m e c h a nsim '
l o s t c o n tr o I
F i b e r g la s s r o o f c o l l a p s e
Brakefailure
Fi re
B r a k e sf a j l e d w h e ne n g i n e
quit on hi11, rcl l-over
U n s t a bel , C . G . t o o h i g h ,
no rol l-bar
A xl e , W h e e lf a i l u r e
T r a n s msis i o n d ef e c t
D o o r I at c h
S e a t b e l t r e l e a s e do r f a i l e d
tlheel "l ock-up"
Starts in gear
0 r i v e s h a f t d ef e c t
Lack of sedt belts
0ther
.tf,
lb
16
'I
1
6
4
.+
4
,
?
)
)
laz
*ProblemsI i sted were a l l e g e d i n m o r et h a n o n e c a s e . S o m e
c as e s l i s t e d m o r et h a n o n e i t e m ; t h u s t h e t o t a l n u m b e r
of defects or problemsi s g r e a t e r t h a n t h e n u m b eor f c a s e s .
?7
,
1
.:
-.r.---..-----
TOTAL
{
i
B y f a r t h e m o s t c o m m opnr o b r e mi n d i c a t e d b y t h e s e d a t a i s t h d t
of
r o l l o v e r . R o ll - b a r c o l l a p s e , a n d l o s s o f c o n t r o l t h r o u g h a n a l l e g e d
s t e e r i n g m e c h a nsim d e f e c t w e r e a l s o p r o b l e m sn o t e d . H o w e v e r ,r o l I
over
t a k e s o n a d d e ds i g n i f i c a n c ew h e nc , , m bnir ' n gt h e c a s e s r n c l u d i n g r o l l o v e r ,
r o l l - b a . c o i l a p s e , r o r l o v e r s u b s e q t : e nt ot e n g in e l b r a k ef a i l u r e
on hir r ,
no rol l-over bar, fiberglass roof collapse, too high C,G., and
" u n s t a b l e ,"
one or moreof these are a factor jn over half of the cases
i n l i t i g a t i o n . H o w e v e nr,' o r i o v e ra l s o p r o b a b r yo c c u r r e dr n
addit.ional
c a s e sw h e r eo t h e r a l l e g a t i o n s w e r e I j s t e d .
A l l e g e d p r o b r e m sw i t h t h e s t e e r i n g m e c h a n i s m
and ross of contror
w e n en o t e d i n 1 6 c a s l ; b r a k e f a i l u r e i n e i g h t c a s e s ;
axle or whecl
f a i l u r e n o t e d i n f o u r c a s e s ; t r a n s m is s i o n d e f e c t s
v r e n en o t e d i n f ' u r
c a s e s ;a n d w h e e ll o c k - u p n o t e di n t h r e e c a s e s . F i r e
as a result of a
c r a s h o c c u r r e dj n s i x c a s e s r e p o r t e d . I n t w o c a s e s
the fuel tank
e x p l o d e di n t h e c o l l i s i o n a n d i n o n e t h e f u e l c a p a n d
f i r e r n e c kc a m e
i n c o n t a c t w i t i r .t h e g r o u r d i n a r o l l o v e r . I n a n o t h e r
casethe driver
* a s s o i i k e dw i t h g a s o ) i n es u b s e q u e nt to r o l l o v e r a n d f a t a l l y
b u r n e d ,a n d
i n o t h e r c a s e s' t h e f i r e o c c u n r e da f t e r t h e c o r r s r o n
a n d a f t e n r " or o v e r ,
I n f o u r c r a s h e si t w a s a l l e g e d t h a t t h e v e h i c l e , s
e n g i n es t a .l e d
while goin9up a steepincline andas a result the power
b r a k e sd i d n o t
f u n c t i o n , a 1l o w i n g t h e v t . h i c l e t o r o l I b a c k w a r d ds o w n
the hill out of
control and rol lover.
A d e f e c t f v e d o o r l a t c h d e s . i g nw a s l i s t e d i n t h r e e
c a s e s ,w h i l e a
brake failure, starts in gear, driveshaft defect, failure
or premature
release of seat belt, lack of seat belts, or
c ) . u r c np r e s s u r e o l a t e
e x p l o s i o nw a s e a c h I i s t e d j n t w o c r a s h e s .
S e v e r a la l l e g e d d e f e c t s w e r e e a c h l i s t e d j n
only a sing)e case.
T h e s ei n c l u d e d ' , c r a s h w o r t h i n e s sr,e, ,a r s e a t b e l t
i n a c c e s s i b l e ,d o o r c a m e
o f f f r a m e , f r o n t a x l e , g r e a s eo n b r a k e s h : e s ,
c o n n e c t i n gr o d , 1 u g n u t
f e i l o f f ' v i s i o n o b s c u r e db y s i d e c u r t a i n , d e r e c t . i v e
r e a r v i e r vm i r r r , ,
p l a c e m e not n w i n d s h i e r d ,f r o n t u n i v e r s a l j o i n t .
0 b v i o u s r ys o n e o f t h e s e
a 1l e g a ' t i o n s o v e r r a p p e do t h e r c a t e j o r i e s . o n e a d d r
t i o n a r a r r e g e dd e f e c t
i s o n e o f h u n t a fna c t o r s d e s i g n . : I t , w a s a l l e g e d
that since the orily way
t o p u t o n t h e b a c k - u pl j g h t s w a s w i . t i t h e t r : o n s m i s s i o n . . i
n reverse and
e n g in e r u n n i n g , t h a t w h e nt h e d r i v e r p u t t h e p a r k i n g
brake on (wiLh the
z6
l
e n g rn e r u n n r n g a n d t r a n 5 m si s i o n i n n e v e r s e ) t h e v e h i c l e ( a
1 g 7 2A M cJ E E P
l . l a g o n e e rb) e g a nt o r o l l b a c k w a r dt o w d r d t h e d r i v e r ,
w h ow a s h d l f o u t o f
t h e v e h i c l e . l . J h etnh e d r i v e r a t t e m p t e dt o s t e p o n t h e
b r a k ep e d a l h e
s t e p p e do n t h e a c c e l e r a t o r p e d a l " o n l y t w o i n c h e s a w a y . ' , T h e
defendant
j
a l l e g e d t h a t t h e c a u s ev , ,s/ at h e d r i v e r ' s p o s i t i o n d n d t h a t h e
had boots
o n . ( E d . n o t e : T h e e n g i n ed o e s n o t h a v e t o b e r u n n i n g , o n l y
the
j g n i t i o n " 0 n . " H o ' l e v e r ,w e w o n d e rh o w
nra
n y o p e r a t o r s a r e a w a r eo f t h i s .
s i m i l a r l y , i t i s d o u b t f u l t h a t t h e p a r k i n g b r a k e sa i o n e a r e
sufficient
t o p r e v e n t t h e v e h i c r e f r o n r n n v i n g b a c k w a r d sw h e n t h e e n g i n e
is running
a n d t h e t n a n s m i s s i o ins i n r e v e r s e ).
P r o b a b l yt h e m o s t p u b r i c i z e d c a s e w a s a r e c e n t o n e
invorving an AMC
C J - 7 J t E P , w h i c h r o l l e d f r o n t - o v e r - b a c k d o w nd s t e e p 3 0
degree
r c t o r c o u r s es 1 o p e ,w h i c h r e s u l t e d i n t h e j u r y f i n d i n g f o r
t h e p 1 a .ni t i f f
wjth a $2,2 million verdict. In this crash it wasa.leged
that the
f a c t o r y - i n s t a ll e d r o l l - b a r w a s i n e f f e c t i v e , t h a t t h e m a n u f a c t u r - e r
had
f a j i e d t o t e s t t h e s u p p o r t s y s t e m , a n d t h a t t h e m a n u f a c t u r e rh a d
a d v e n t i s e dt h r o u g h t e r e v i s i o n c o r n m e r c i a rws h i c h s h o w e dc J J E E p s
s p e e dn. ig
a n d b e c o m i n ga i r b o r n e i n r o u g h t e r r a i n . T h e n r a n u f a c t u r e cr o n t e n d e d
that
t h e r o l l - b a r w a s i n t e n d e dt o p r o t e c t i n a s i d e r o o v e r , n o t
end-to-end
v a u l t . T V a d v e r t i s i n gw h i c h c r a i n r € d" s u i t a b l e f o r o f f - r o a d
ciimbing,'
w a s a l s o a l l e g e d i n a n o t h e r c a s e i n v o l v i n g a 1 9 7 4 c J - s J E E Pw h i c h . l
ost
t r a c t i o n a n d r o l l e d s i d e w a y sd o w na h i l r .
I n t h i s c a s e , a l t h o u g ht h e
r e a r s e a t p a s s e n g ew
r a s b e l t e d , i t v r a sa l l e g e d t h e r o l l _ b a r d i d n o t
p n o v i d ep r o t e c t i o n t o t h e n e a r - s e a t o c c u p a n t . T h e m a n u f a c t u r e r
has
s u b s e q u e n t l yc h a n g e dt h i s t e l e v i s i o n a d v e r - t i s n
i g strategy (personal
communicatjon
1 ,9 7 9 ) .
C o l l a p s eo f r o l l - b a r s , a n d b y i n f e r e n c e , d e f e c t i v e d e s i g n ,
has been
a frequent allegation jn these cases. Most of these appear
to.i nvolve
original equipmend
t s m a n u f a c t u r e d . I n o n e c a s e w h e r e a J E E pr o l l e d
o v e r o n a s t e e p g r a d ea n d t h e r o l l _ b a r c o l l a p s e d ,i t w a s a l l e g e d
that
f a i l u r e w a sd u e t o d e f e c t i v ed e s i g ni n u s i n g s p o t w e l d s t o a t t a c h
to the
w h e e lw e l l s , " C o l l a p s e , " " d . i d n o t m a i n t a j n h e i g h t , ' , , , i n a d e q u a t e
for
l a t e r a l I o a d s , " " d e f e c t i v e d e s i g n " w e r e c o m r n oanr l e g a t i o n s .
In oneAMC
C J - 5J E t P c r a s h , t h e p l a i n t i f f s a l l e g e d t h a t t h e r - o l _ b a r
coliapsed
for*ard in the rorl-over (resurting in the bar striking
t h e n e c ko f t h e
?9
I
t
i
jl
f r o n t - s e a to c c u p d n t sc,a u s j n gp a r a p l e g i a )d, u e t o d e f e c t . i v de e s i g ni n
t h d t t h e r o l l - b a r ! 4 d sa t t a c h e dt o s h e e t m e t a l r a t h e r t h a n t o t h e f r a m e .
I n o n e c a s e i n v o l v i n gp a s s e n g eerj e c ti o n f r o ma F o r dm il i t a r y J e e p
s t r u c k f r o mb e h i n d ,i t w a sd l ' l e g e tdh a t t h e m a n u f a c t u nwe ar s I i a b l e f o r
f a i l i n g t o p r o v id e s e a t b e l t s o r a r o l l - b a r . f l o w e v e rt . h ec o u r t
a p p a r e n t l yh e l d t h a t t h e m a n u f a c t u r e
wrh om a d et h e v e h i c l ei n c o m p l i a n c e
w i t h g o v e r n n r esnpt e c i f i c a t i o n sw
, h i c hd i d n o t c a l l f o r s e a t b e l t s o r a
r o l I - b a r , c a n n o bt e h e ld l i a b l e .
A n a d d it i o n a i a l l e g e dd e f e c t t h a t h a s b e e nb r o u g h tt o o u r a t t e n t i o n
a n d w a r r a n t sf u r t h e r c o n c e r no c c u r r e ds e p d r a t e l yi n a t l e a s t n i n e
v e h i c l e si n v o l v e di n c r a s h e s' in t h e s t a t e s o f W a s h i n g t o 0n r, e g o n ,a n d
W e s tV i r g i n i a . T h e s ew e r e n e l a t e dt o p r e . l 9 7 4 ( S a gni a ws t e e r i n g g e a r
e q u i p p e dB) ro n c o ,J E E P a
, n dS c o u tv e h i c l e s .I n t h e s ec a s e sl o s s o f
c o n t r o l o c c u r r e dw h e nt h e t w o b o l t s a t t a c h .ni g t h e s t e e r in g c o l u m nt o t h e
b o t t o mo f t h e , i n s t r u m e n t , p a nl oeol s e n e u
dp s u f f i c j e n t l yt o a l l o wt h e
s h a f t t o b a c ko f f a b o u t1 / 4 i n c h ( S o u t h e r l a n1d9, 7 9 ) .
It rnrlsb
t e e m p h a s i z e d . t h iantc l u s i o n , o f t h e s e 1
, awsu.it-reported
a l l e g a t ' i o n sa r e . i n t e n d e od n l y t o i n d i c a t e t h e n s t u r e a n d g e h e r a l
i n c i d e n c eo f s a f e t y r e l a t e d p r o b l e m w
s h i c h h a v ec o m et o l i g h t t h r o u g h
t h . i s s o u r c e ., . T h i si n f o r m l t i o n - a p p e a rtso i e i n f o r c e o b s e r v a t . i o noif t h i s
s t u d y i : n m an y r e s p e c t s ,b u t c a n n o tb e t r e a t e d a s m o r et h a n i n d i i a t i v e ,
s i n c e n o a t t e n p t w a sm a d et o d e t e r m i n et h; e f u l l e x t e n t , a n ad e t a i l s o f
s u c hc i v i l . s u i t s , , - N e v e r t h e l e s sai s t h e s e . c a s e s nr 'di i c a t e , t h e r e a p p e a r
t o b e . s o m se i g n i f i c a n t o c c u p a npt r o t e c t i o n p r o b l e m si n c r a s h e so f
u t i l i t y v e h i c l e s ,p a r t i c u l a r l yw h e nr o l l o v e r o c c u r s
F e d e r aI S i . a n d a r d s
'
T h e F e d e r a lM o t o .V
r e h i c l eS a f e t y S t a n d a r d s( F M V S S
f o) r m o t o r
y e h i c l e s a n de q u i p n e nw
t e r e e s t a b l i s h e du . r d e rs e c t i o n 1 0 3 o f t h e .
N a t r : o n aTl r a ff i c . n n d l ' ' 1 o t oVr e
, ,h t c l eS a f e t y A c t o f , , 1 9 6 {6g 0 . S t a t : , ' .7 1 9 ,
( 3 3 F R 1 9 7 0D3e, c . 2 5 , 1 9 6 8 ) . R e ( e s i g n a t ead, s3 5 F R 5 1 1H
8 ,a r . Z 6 , 1 9 7 0 ,
'
s
t
a
s
a n d c u r r e n t l y -. i d e n t i f i e d u n d e r4 9 C F R
P .a, r t 5 7 1, t : h e s e n d a r d w
ere
r e v i e w e dt o a s s e s sb.o t h t h e c u r r e n t , . a n pd e n d i n g . a p p l i c a t i otno u t j l i t y
v e hi c l e s . U t i I i t y . v e h i c l e Sr e p r e s e n t ' . s: au:b . c l a s so, f - t h e g e n e r a l
,"
g r o u p i n go f v e h i c l e sd e s i g n a t eads " m u l t i - p u r p o s e a
n di n t h i s s e c t i o n
30
t h e t e r m " m u l t i p u r p o s es" h o u l db e u n d e r s t o o 'd, 0 e n c o n p a s"su t i l i t y
e s s e n g ev re h i c l e " i s d e f i n e d
v e h i c l e s . " U n d e r5 7 1 . 3 ,a " m u 1 t i p u r p o ps a
a s " a m o t o rv e h i c l ew i t h m o t j v ep o r , v eer ,x c e p ta t r a i l e r , d e s i g n e tdo
ither on a truck chdssis
c a r r y l 0 p e r s o n so r l e s s w h i c hi s c o n s r - r u c t e d
o r w i t h s p e c i a lf e a t u r e sf o r o c c a iso n a l o f f - r o a d o p e r a t i o n "( C F R5 7 i . 3 ,
p . 6 8 9 ) . I t i n c l u d e st h e t y p e o f v e h i c l e si n t h i s s t u d ya s w e l I a s
f o r w a r dc o n t r o l v e h i c l e s 9 ,v a n s ,s t e p - v a n sa, n dc a r r y a l s .
,
)
T h e r e s u l t s o f t h i s r e v ' i e ravr e t a b u l a t e di n T a b l e2 . 5 - 1 . 0 f t h e 2 0
0 rl o u g h2 1 9 ) , o n l y h a l f c u r r e n t l ya p p l yt o
s t a n d a r d isn e f f e c t ( F l 4 V S 5 2t h
m u l t i p u r p o svee h i c l e s ,b u t i n s e v e r a lo f t h e s es a f e t y s t a n d a r d st,h e r e
p a s s e n g ecra r s a n d m u l t i p u r p o s e
a r e d i f f e r e n c e si n r e q u i r e m e n tbse t w e e n
v e h i c l e s . I n t h r e e o t h e r s t a n d a r d sa, p p il c a t i o n t o m u l t i p u r p o s e
v e h i c l e s i s p e n dni g .
T h e c u r r e n t s a f e t y s t a n d a r d so n l y a p p l y t o m u l t i p u r p o s ev e h i c l e s i n
n r a t e r i a l s ) 2, 0 7 ( s e a t i n g
t h e j r e n t i r e t y i n s i x a r - e a sF, M V S2S0 5 ( g 1 a z i n g
s y s t e f l E ) ,2 0 9 ( s e a t b e l t a s s e m b l i e s )2, 1 0 ( s e a t b e l t a s s e r n b l y
l u t s , d i s c s , h u bc a p s ) , a n d 2 1 3 ( c h j l d s e a t i n g
a n c h o r a g e s2) 1
, 1(wheen
s y s t e m s ) . S e a t r e q u i r e m e n tas r e p r o v i d e di n 2 0 7 , n o t a b l y a 2 0 9 r e a r u a r d
a n d f o r w a r dt e s t r e q u ir e m e n t .l , l h j l eS t a n d a r d2 0 9 , s e d t b e l t a s s e m b l i e s ,
s p e c i f i e db e l t r e q u i r e m e n t tsh, e t y p e o f r e s t r a i n t s y s t e mi s s p e c i f i e d
2 1 3 ( c h i l d s e a t i n gs y s t e m sa) c t u ally r e l a t e d
208. Standard
in Standard
t o a n a c c e s s o r yi t e m w h i c hm a yn o t e v e nb e s u p p l i e db y a n a u t o m o t i v e
r E n u f a c t u r e r ,a n d r e a l l y c a n ' t b e c o n s i d e r e da s a p a r t o f t h e v e h i c l e a s
manufactured.
'locks
and
S t a n d a r d2 0 6 s p e c fi i e s r e q u i r e r n e n tf so r s i d e d o o r
'
i
r e t e n t i o nc o m p o n e n tnsc l u d i n gl a t c h e sa n dh i n g e s ,t o m j n i m i z et h e
p o s s i b li i t y o f o c c u p a n t b
s e i n ge j e c t e d i n a c r a s h . ' r J h i l et h i s s t d n d a r d
a p p l i e st o m u l t i p u r p o svee h i c l e s ,i n f a c t i t d o e sn o t a p p l y i f t h e
" c o m p o n e not sn
m a n u f a c t u r ecrh o o s e sa d i f f e r e n t d o o r d e s i g n . T h u s
f o l d i n g d o o r s , r o l l - u p d o o r s a n dd o o r st h a t a r e d e s i g n e dt o b e e a s i . l y
a t t a c h e dt o o r r e m o v e fdr o f i m o t o rv e h i c l e s m a n u f a c t u r efdo r o p e r a t j o n
tA "forward
c o n t r o l " v e h i c l e n e a n s c o n f i g u r a ti o n i n w h i c h m o r e t h a n
o
f
e
n
g
i n e l e n g t h i s r e a n w a r do f t h e f o r e m o s t p oi n t o f t h e
half
the
a n d t h e s t e e r i n g w h e 3 lh u b i s i n t h e f o r w a r d q u a r t e r o f
b
a
s
e
windshield
p ,. 6 8 8 ) .
t h e v e h i c l el e n q t h ( C F R 5 7 1 . 3
4
I A B L T2 . 5 - 1
AT
N DP E N D I N G
A P P L I C A B I L I TOYF C U R R E N
SUI*4MA
OR
FY
TO
VTHICLT
SAFTTY
STANDARDS
FEDERAL
MOTOR
VII H ]C LE S
M U L TPIU R P O S
Flwss*
2A7
202
203
204
205
?06
707
208
209
210
211
2r2-76
213
274
21\
2t6
.217
218
219
219-75
Standard
I ;;;;;;; I ;;;;l;;-
OccupantProt ect i on jn
I nteri or I mpact
H e a dR e s t r a in t s
0 r i v e r i r n p a c tP r o t e c ti o n
f r o m SL e e r in g W h e e l
S te e r i n g C o n t r o l
rd Di sp1acement
Rean^la
G l a z in g l * l a t e r i asl
Door Locks, RetentjonComponents
S e a i i n gS y s t e m s
0 r c r rr r an t L r F < h P r o t P a t i O n
S : a t B e l t A s s e mibels
S e a tB e l t A s ; e m b 1Ayn c h o r a g e s
!,Jhee
Nlu t s , Dsi c s , H u C
b aps
t l i n d s hei l d l ' l o u n t 1 n g
Ch'i1S
d e a t i n gS y s t e m s
S i d eD o o rS t r e n g t h
L x t e r i o r Pr c t e c ti o n
R o o fC r u s hR e si s t a n c e
. B u sl , / ni d o wF e t e n t i o n / R e l e a s e
M o t o r c y1ce H e l m e t s ( 1 )
W i n d s h i e lZdo n dI n t r u s i o n
' !{indshield
Z o n el n t r u s i o n
noptication
i
NO
Y e s( 6)
No
No
NO
No
Yes(6)
Yes
Maybe(2)
Ye s
Maybe(3)
llo
No
No
NO
No
NO
NO
No
No(7)
No
No
No
NO
No(7)
No
No
Ye 5
Yes
Yes
(4 )
Maybe
Ye s
No
l\o
NO
NO
, No
M a y b(e5 )
(5)
Maybe
Y e s( 6)
*49 CFRPart 571
( 1 ) lloio"iyit"t and other'motorv'ehi cl e
s folding doors, roll-up
( 2 ) E x c l u d e sf r o m r e q u i r e m e n t"sc o t n p o n e not n
. d o o r sa n d d o o r st h a t a r e d e s i g n e dt o b e e n s .l iy a t t a c h e dt o o r .
r e m b v e fdr o m n n t o r v e h i c l e sm a n u f a c t u r ef do r o p e r a t i o nw i t h o u t d o o r s
n e e d n o t c o n f o r mt o t h i s s t a n d a r d " ( 5 7 1 . 2 0 6 . 5 . 4 ) : '
( 3 ) C o n t a i n s s. o n e d j f f e r e n c e s i n r e q u i n e m e n t sb e t w e e np a s s e n g e ra n d
m u l t i p u r p o svee h i c l e s( i . e . t y p e 2 ( u p p e rt o r s o ) r e s t r a i n t s n o t
r e q u jr e d f o r u t i l i t y v e h i c l e s ) .
( 4 ) E x c l u d e sf r o m r e q u i n e m e n t: s' o p e nb o d yv e ' , i c l e sw j t h . f o l d - d o w no r
r e m o v a bw
l ei n d s h i e l d s("e . 9 . u t i l i t y v e h . i c l e s u c ha s J t E P , L a n d
C r u i s e r ) , a s v l e Il a s f o r q a r d c o n t r o l v e h i c l e s . " 0 p e nb o d yt y p e
v e h i c l e ' lm e a n sa v e h i c l e h a v i n gn o o c c u p a nct o m p a n t m etnotp
o r a n o c c u p a nct o m p a r t m e tnot p t h a t c a n b e i n s t a l l e d
o r r e m o v eb
dy
the userat his convenience
' , F R 5 7 1 .p: ,, g " r l ,
(C
( 5 ) D o e sn o t a p p l yt o f o r r r a r dc o n t ; o l " " h i ; i " ; ;
iatf_in van_type
to open-body-type
vehicles
riih rota_oo*n
o""lerovaore
I?lJiJ,?ii.li
( 6 ) P r o p o s eedf f e c t i v ed a t e 1 _ S e p t . 1, 9 8 0
[ F R 4 3 ( 2 l B ) : 5 2 2N6o4v . 9 , 1 9 7 8 J .
Extended
t o 1 _ S e p t e m b el 9r -B, 1 ( F i n a l R u 1 e ,q g C f t tO o c t < ento . 7 8 - 1 6 ;
79
0 N o v e m b e1r9, 7 9 ) .
llo
i .a9l.l2y. F R4 4 ( 2 3 1 ) : 6 8 4 2
(, ,/ .) A
c t! u
r e f e r s t o d c c e s s o r.yit e mn o t a p a r t o f v e h i c l ea s
m an u f a cut r e d .
w i t h o u t d o o r s n e e d n o t c o n f o r mt o t h i s s t a n d a r d , ,( 5 7 : , . 2 0 6 . 5 . 4 ) .
Soft
t o p v e h i c l e s s u c h a s t h e A M CJ E E Pa r e t h u s t e c h n i c a ll y
e x c l u d e df r o m
r e q u i r e m e n t so f F M V S 2S0 6 , a n d d o n o t p r o v i d e t h e o c c u p a n t
wlth the same
l e v e r o f p r o t e c t i o n " t o m i n i m i z et h e r i k e r i h o o d o f o c c u p d n t s
being
t h r o w nf r o m t h e v e h i c l e a s a r e s u l t o f j m p a c t , (, 5 7 1 . 2 0 6 . 5 . 1 ) .
0 n J u n e2 , 1 9 7 7 , t h e N H T Se
Ax e m p t e idn d e f i n i t e l y t h e m a n u f a c t u r e r s
'l
0 f i g h t t r u c k s , v a n s , a n d m u l t i p u r p o s ev e h i c l e s f r o m t h e p a s s i v e
r e s t r a r n t r e q u i r e m e n t so f s t a n d a r d 2 0 8 . F o r m u r t i p u r p o s e
vehicres and
t r u c k s u n d e r 1 0 , 0 0 0I b s . G V | { R Im
0 a n u f a c t u r eadf t e r J a n u a r yI , L g 7 6 ,
.iiiil"ii
s t a n d a r d 2 0 8 c u r r e n t l y a l r o w s t h e I n a n u f a c t u r e ar n e x e m p t i o nf r o r n
the
p a s s e n g e cr a r r e q u i r e m e n t sf o r f o r w a r d c o n t r o l v e h i c l e s ,
convert.ibles,
o p e n - b o d yt y p e v e h i c l e s ( a n d o t h e r s ) , a l l o w i n g e . i t h e r a t y p e I ( . 1
ap belt
o n l y ) o r t y p e 2 ( 1 a p a n d s h o u l d e rb e l t ) r e s t r - a i n t i n s t a l l a t i o n
at each
d e s j g n a t e ds e a t i n g p o s i t i o n . T h u s , f o r m o s t u t i l i t y v e h i c l e s ,
an uppef
t o r s o r e s t r a i n t i s n o t r e q u .rie d ( S 4 . Z . Za n d 5 4 . 2 . i . 2 ( a ) ) . I n i t s F . vi e _
Y e a r P l a n ( N H T S A1, . 9 7 8 )t h e N H T S A
plans to study the feasibility of
e q u i p p i n gl i g h t t r u c k s a n d v a n s w i t h p a s s i v e r e s t r a i n t s .
S t a n d a r d2 1 2 , w i n d s h i e l d . r n o u n t i ndgi,d n o t a p p l y t o m u l t i p u r p o s e
p a s s e n g evr e h i c l e s u n t i l r e v i s e d s t d n d a r d2 1 2 - 7 6b e c a m e
ffective
S e p t e m b e1r, 1 9 7 8 . H o w e v e rt,h e l a t t e r s t a n d a r ds t i l l d o e s n o t a p p l y
to
"forward
c o n t r o l v e h i c l e s , w a l k - i n v a n v e h i c l e s , o r t o o p e n _ b o dtyy p e
v e h i c l e s v / i t h f o l d - d o w n o n r e m o v a b l ew i n d s h i e l d s ." s o . i n
effect util ity
v e h i c l e s s u c h a s t h e J E E Pa n d L a n dC r u i s e r a r e e x c l u d e df r o m
the
r e q u jr e m e n t so f F t 4 V S2S1 2 - 7 6 .
F M V S2S0 1 , 0 c c u p a n tp r o t e c t i o n i n I n t e r i o r i m p a c t , d o e s n o t
p r e s e n t l ya p p l y t o m u l t i p u r p o s ev e h i c ' l e s . T h e s t a t e d p u r p o s e
of this
l0
c v L n- G r o s sV e h i c l et { e t 9 h tR a t in g .
??
I
J,'
a
:
:
:
1
!
t
:
1
i
.T
I
,I
' . 1
:t
.,
I
s t a n d rad , i s t o r e d u ( o c c u p a n t
injuries andfatalities
by requj'i ng that
i n s t r u m e n pt a n e l s r, . r e
b eo " ,i g,;o,o
reduc
e ies , " , ' ; ;:.:i i l ' ;.i J r,,J l ' i i ;.,.'re
injur
:,-s ts
Lnn.ugh
a b s o r b in g m a t e r i a r . T n . ; ; : r : - : ^ : : " " "
derermined
by inpactJi:r':';::l-i:J,:,.';.
the use of energy
seatbackpu.ro.,iun..
i,
of 15 mph' Tho
head
e x c e e d8 0 g , 5 , 0 , ^ n , or e
" t ot ht td' ,n 3 m i l l i s e c o n d s .
R e s p o n dni9 t o r e s u l t s
o f d c c .di e n t r e s e a r c h ,
and in part, to
p e t i t i o n s f . il e d b y
t h e I n s u , n d n c len . t i t u t u - f ,
form deceleration cannot
szzoq'
ruovemb";
;: i;;,1':ili',iil"li;.::;*"'o
liJ,;"::T:i,'::':f:''
rds 203 and 204 be
ext e n d e dt o
multipurpose
veh'icles, effective
-.tda
) t e m b e rI , i 9 g 0 .
NHTSA
has also proposed
t h a t t w o ta"d" d
-.
] jtttioon a l s t a n d a r d s ,
No. 204, woutdbe .*,"rn"r"-"",::''.:":
No. 203 and
standard
203(impact
;:ff:.:;J':l:
vehic)es.safery
:;rTl;J:'.pose
ortver fromthe steeri
s y s t e m )i s r - h t e n d e d , ". , r r r ,
ng control
; "e a. _m^o: :u: not f
t; h
f
o
r
c
e
that.un bn ""J.tuo
the driver o, ,n. ,,"ul-]irnit
on
i}}IIlt
irTtr*;riqi;jllii*##:r,,
*#nj,
and head), the force j
blockonthesteerins
svstem
control
shatrno,a*.u.l'T];irliriir"rf"dv
FHVSS
204 (steeri r control
rearward displacgment)
I imjts the
r'earward *"ur;nrt;rtr,'g
steeringassembly'
I
n
a 3 0 m p hf r o n t a r b a r r . i e r
c r a s h , d y n a m i c. " u * u r , t "
j
.
jj";;;,"
jn
;;T::':
;,:::J
;J:
;";ff::'
::.
:
;
;jl::x fii:tn3l,
Curren y there is
n"ttnut t safety
s t a n d a n dn e q u i r e m e n t ,
p r o p o s e db y N H r s A
nor one
io o"
of: FMVSS
;'; (;J"*;,::lI:;:';,;.,;;;l'::.:",ic,es
jn il'u riu. u".u,
tt"tnntn)' 215(Exterior
p r o t e c t i o n) ' e t o
l n o o r c r - u s hr e s i s t a n c e ) u n o
,
a " e a , F M V S2S1 7 ( B u sw i r
rdow
retention/";-';;)
;::"Hl;;l;
vehicres.
,: ;;ft:
I n e p u r p o s eo f F l , l V S S Z O 2l s t o l i m i t r e a r - w a r d
angular displacertrent
o f t h e o c c u p a n t , sh e a d
retarive to his t;.;;",,r"
* use of a head
restraint at eachoutboand
front seat. ,uolri"u*rr,
dre that it nrust.
34
'I
i r n i t r e a r v / a r da n g u l a r d i s p l a c e m e n o
t f t h e h e a d r e f e n e n c el i n e t o 4 5 o
f r o m t h e t o r s o r e f e r e n c e l i n e d u r i n g a f o r r . i rad a c c e l e r a t j o n o f a t l e a s t
89 on the seat supporting structure.
S t a n d a r d2 1 4 s p e c i f i e s s i d e d o o r
s t r e n g t h r e q u i r e m e n t tso n i n j m i z e t h e h a z a r do f i n t r u s i o n d u r i n g a s i d e
':
:
i m p a c t , E x t e r i o r p r o t e c t i o na s s p e c i f i e d i n 2 1 5 , r e l a t i v e t o I o w - s p e e d
c o l l i s i o n , i n v o l v e df r o n t a n d r e a r i m p a c t s .
it.
i s p l a n n in g e x p l o r a t o r y r u l e n n k i n g r e l a t e d
At this time the NHTSA
t o c o n s o l i d a t i o n o f s t a t i c t e s t r e q u i r e m e n ts t a n d a r d sf o r s t e e r i n g
c o l u m n s ,i n s t r u m e n t p a n e l 5 , s i d e d o o r s , r o o f s , d o o r l a t c h e s , a n d h i n g e s
i n t o d y n a m i cp e r f o r m a n c es t a n d a r d s ( N T S B ,f 9 7 9 ) .
I
.tr
'
To support this
a c t i v i t y , i n A p r i) 1 9 7 8 , a c c i d e n t d a t a c o l l e c t i o n b e g a no n l i g h t t r u c k s ,
v a n s , a n d m u l t i p u r p o s ev e h i c l e s u n d e rt h e N a t i o n a l C r a s hS e v e r i t y S t u d y
!91
;
( N C S S )a, n d i n J a n u a r y1 9 7 9 , d a t a c o l l e c t i o n w a s a l s o i n i t i a t e d u n d e r
t h e N a t i o n a l A c c i d e n t S a m p l i n gS y s t e m( N A S S ) . N o a d d i t i o n a l s a f e t y
r e q u ir e r n e n t sf o r m u l t i p u r p o s ev e h i c l e s s e e mI i k e l y f o r t h e i m m e d i a t e
f u t u r e , h o w e v e r s, i n c e i t w i l l t a k e s o r n et i m e f o r t h e r e s u l t s o f t h e s e
s t u d i e s t o b e a n a l y z e da n d i n c o n p o r a t e di n t o t h e p n o p o s e dr u l e m a k i n g
{:
i
tl
;
process.
T h e S u b a r u , a n d 1 9 8 0 A M CE a g l e ( m a r k e t e da s a 4 r " l Dp a s s e n g e rc a r i n
slr*
t w o - a n d f o u r - d o o r v e r si o n s , a n d i n a f o u r - d o o r w a g o n ) , a r e c l a s s i f i e d
a s m u l ti - p u r p o s ev e h i c l e s . A s i n d i c a t e d i n t h e f o r e g o i n gd i s c u s s i o n ,
m u l t i - p u r p o s e v e h i c l e s a r e p r e s e n t l y e x c l u d e df r o m t h e r e q u in e m e n t so f
m a n yo f t h e f e d e r a l s t a n d a r d s . N e v e r t h e l e s s ,u p p e r t o r s o r e s t r a i n t s a r e
p r o v i d e d i n t h e t w o o u t b o a r d f r o n t s e a t p o s j t i o n s o f b o t h t h e S u b a r ua n d
i
'j
.1
Eagle as standard equipment.
I n a p r e v i o u s s t u d y o f l i g h t t n t c k a n d v a n c r a s h e s , S h e n n a na n d
H u e l k e ( 1 9 7 8 ) r e l a t e d a c c i d e n t e x p e r i e n c et o t h e f e d e r a l s a f e t y
s t a n d a r d sa n d r e c o m r n e n d ae pd D r a i s a l o f t h e e n l i r e 2 0 0 - s e r i e s s l a n d a r d s .
2 1 6 ) i s m e a n i n g f u lo n i y
T h e y c o n c l u d e dt h a t a r o o f - c r u s h s t a n d a r d ( F M v S S
i f t h e o c c u p a n t sa r e n e s t r a i n e di n t h e i n s e a t e dp o s i t i o n , a n d t h a t l a p s h o u l d e rb e l t s ( F l ' l V S2S0 8 ) s h o u l d b e i n s t a l i e d i n r e g a r d t o p r o p o s e d
F t 4 V S2S0 1 ( f o r l i g h t t r u c k s a n d v a n s ) . T h e y c a u t i o n e dt h a t t h e l o w e r
'i
and the mid portion of the instrument panel is not presently covered n
p a s s e n g e cr a r r e q u i r e m e n t sa n d y e t t h e s e p o r t i o n s h a v e b e e n f o u n d t o
35
p r o d u c es e v e r e a n d f a t a r t h o r d c i c a n d a b d o m i
nar i njuriei in unrestrained
p as s e n gre: i n c o l l i s i o n s :
I n a r e c e n t e v a l u a t i o no f t h e c r a s h w o r t hnie s s o f n u l t j p u r p o s e
vans,
i n v o l v i n gi n v e s t i g a t i o no f I B a c c i d e n t s t, h e N a t i o n a l
Transportation
S a f e t y B o a r df o u n d t h a t e x i s t i n g s a f e t y s t a n d ar d s Z 0 l
,202,203,204,
?I2,214,215 anc2
t t 6 d o n o t a l r p l y( \ T S R ,1 9 7 9 ) . T h e ys u r n r r e d
up NHlSA,s
5 - y e ' a rp l a n b y n o t i n g .t h e G e n e r a l A c c o u n t i n go f f i c e
report (,,Unwarranted
D e l a y s b y t h e D e p a r t m e not f T r a n s p o r t a t . i o nt o I m p r o v e
Light Truck
S a f e t y " ) o f J u : l y 1 9 7 8 , c o n c l u d e d :,,, f h e A g e n c y( N H T S A ) ,
h o w c v e r ,h a s
p r e v i o u s l y d e v e l 0 p e dp l a n s a n d p . r o m i s e d
to extendnra
ny of the sdme
s t a n d a r d st o : r i g h t t r c k s . M o s t o f t h e s t a n d a r d s
d r ' s c u s s eidn c h a o t e r 4
w e r e ' a t o n e t i m e o r a n o t h e r , . p l a n n e df o r e x t e n s r o n
t o l . ig h t t r u c K s .
E v e nt h r o u g h m a n yw e r e i n c o n p o r a t e di n t o n o t i c e s
o f p r o p o s e dr u l e m a l t i n g ,
l j g h t t r u c k s s t i r r r e n r a i ne x e n r p tf r o n r s a f e t y
f e a t u r e s w h i c h h a v e b e e no n
p a s s e n g e rc a r s f o r m o r et h a n t e n y e a r s - A ' l t h o u g h
t h e A d m i n s. it r a t o r h a s
' rn f o n n e d
t h e c c n g r e s s t h a t i m p r o v in g t h e s a f e t y o f t h e s e v e h i c r e s
is one
o f t h e a g e n c y ' st o p p r i o r i t i e s w e s e e . l j t t l e a c t u a l m o v e m e n t
in that.
djrection" (cA0, 6 July 1978).
.
I n s u n m n r y ,o f t h e 2 0 F e d e r a l M o t o r V e h i c l e S a f e t y S t a n d a r d s
in
e f : f e c t , o n l y s i x a p p l y t o m u i t i p u r p o s ev e h i c l e s . in t h e i r
e n t . ri e t y
(FMVSS2O
, g5l ,a z i n gm a t e r . a J s ;Z 0 l , s e a t i n g s y s t , e m s2; 0 9 ,
seat belt
a s s e m b l i e s2; 1 0 , . 5 s 6 1b e l t . a s s e m b l ya n c h o r a g e s2; I I , w h e e . l
n u t s , d . si c s ,
h u b c a p s ; a n d , 2 1 3 ,c h i l d s e a t i n g s y s t e m s ) . I n o n e s t a n d a r d
there are
d i f f e r e n c e s i n r e q u i r e m e n t sb e t y r e e rp a s s e n g e rc a r s
a n d m u lt i p u r o o s e
v e h i c l e s ( F t 4 v s 2s 0 8 , o c c u p a n tc r a s h p r o t e c t i o n ) . I r r
o t h e r s t a n d a r d st h e
r e q u i r e m e n t sd o n o t a p p t y t o o p e n - b o d y - t y p ev e h i c l e s
w i t h f o l d _ c o r ^ ronr
r e m o v a b lw
e i n d s h i e r d s ,s u c h a s t h e J E E po r L a n dc r u i s e r ( F M V S S
212-76,
v rn
i d s h i e l dm o u n t i n ga; n d 2 1 9 - 7 5 ,w i n d s h i e l dz o n e
intrusion).
A p p )j c a t . i o n t o r D u l it p u r p o s e v e h i c l e s i s p r o p o s e d
effect ive I Septentber
1 9 8 0i n t h r e e o t h e r s t a n d d r d s( F l 4 V S2S0 I , o c c u : r a npt r o I e c t i o n ;
203
d r l v e r s t e e r i n g r r , h e epl r o t e c t i o n ; a n d 2 0 4 , s _ e e r i n g
control rearward
d i s p l a c e r n e n t )b,u t i s n o t y e t r e q u i r e d . A t t h i s
time nine safety
s t a n d a r d sr e q u i r e d f o r p a s s e n g ecr a r s a r e n o t r e q u j n e d n t u l t i p u r p o s e
in
v e h i c ' l e s . I t i s c l e a r t h d t n r u i t i p u r p o s ve e h i c l e s
currently, and for thc
near future at least, are not required by federal
s a f e t y s L d n d . t r d s! o
36
offer the occupantthe sane degreeof crash protection as is required
f o r p a s s e n g ecra r s .
2 . 6 L i t e r a t u r eR e v i e w
A c o m p r e h e n s i vsee a r c h a n d r e v i e w o f t h e I i t e r a l u r e p e r t a i n i n g t o
u t i l i t y v e h i c l e s i n t h e a r e a o f s a f e t y p e r f o r m a n c ea n d c r a s h i n v o l v e n r e n t
w a s u n d e r t a k e n . I t r ' / sa f o u n d t h a t n o c o m p r e h e n s i vbeo d y o f I i t e r a t u r " e
exists on utility
v e h i c l e s a n d s a f e t y . M o s t r e f e r e n c e st o u t i l i t y
v e h i c l e s w e r e s c a t t e r e da c r o s s a d i v e r s e s e l e c t l o n o f p o p u l a rm a g a z i n e s
m a n yo f w h i c h a r e t r a n s i e n t i n n a t u r e . A m o n gp u b l i c a t i o n sn e v i e w e d
li
I
:,
'ir
'
!r
w e r e : s o u n c e sf o r c u r r e n t p u b l i c a t i o n s ( r e f e r e n c e g u i d e s ) ; p e r i o d i c a l s ;
y e a r b o o k s ; p u r c h a s i n gg u i d e s ; e t c . , a s r e l a t e d t o u t i l i t y
vehicles.
O f t e n , h o w e v e rt h e s e s o u r c e s a r e n o t c a t a l o g u e db y I i b r a r i e s b e c a u s eo f
,
t
i
t h e i r I i m i t e d l o n g e v i t ya n d l i m i t e d a p p e a l .
I
I
M o s t u s e f u l o f t h e I i b r a r y r e s o u r c e sw a s t h e C o n s u m e r Isn d e x , w h i c h
r e g u l a r l y s c a n st h e p o p u l a r l i t e r a t u r e f o r c o n s u m e r - o r i e n t eadr t i c l e s .
I
' a
H o w e v e r ,s e v e r a l o f t h e p u b l i c a t i o n s w h i c h w e r e I i s t e d a s c o n t a i n i n g
i''
a r t i c l e s o f i n t e r e s t w e r e n o t a v a j l a b l e f r o m a n y o f t h e l ' ib r a r j e s a n d
also not availabiefromthe publisher.
I
j
i$ii*ll
Theliterature on utility
v e h i c l e s c a n b e c l a s s j f i e d u n d e rt h r e e
m a j o r s u b j e c t s : r o a d t e s t s , d r i v i n g i m p r e s s i o n s ,a n d d e s c r i p t i o n s o f
journeys or trips.
M o s t o f t h e a r t i c l e s w h i c h f o c u s e do n t h e t r i p
r a t h e r t h a n t h e v e h i c l e ( o r v e h i c l e s ) h a v e n o t b e e n j n c ' l u d e di n t h e
s t u d y b i b l i o g r a p h y . A p p e n d i xB c o n t a in s c o m p l e t ec i t a l i o n s o f s o u r c e s
u s e d f o r t h i s s t u d y a n d n u m e r o uas r t i c l e s a r e l i s t e d i n t h i s r e v i e w .
N o t l i s t e d , b u t a l s o r e v i e w e d , w e r e b r o c h u r e so b t a i n e d f r o m c a r a n d
t r u c k d e a l e r s h i p s ( m o s t 1 9 7 8a n d 1 9 7 9u t i I i t y
nndels are covered), sales
a n d p r o d u c t i o ns t a t i s t i c s f r o m s e v e r a l W a r d ' sY e a r b o o k sp, a r t s
c a t a l o g u e s ,a n d m i s c e l a n e o u sa r t i c l e s .
Very little
s p a c ei n a r t i c l e s a b o u t s p o r t s - u t i l i t y v e h i c l e s i s
a l l o c a t e d t o s d f e t y . W h e ns a f e t y i s r n e n t i o n etdh e d i s c u s s i o ni s u s u a l l y
c o n c l u d e di n o n e o r t w o s e n t e n c e s . T h e o n e e x c e p t i o n i s C o n s u m e r
jn
8gp!_|tl, in which safety was emphasized an evaluation of five sportsu t i l i t y v e h ' i c l e s( 1 9 7 2 ) . R o l l - b a r s a r e o f t e n r e c o m n e n d ei fd t h e
stability of a vehicle is mentioned.
5l
.:
Accelbrationbn the road and traCt'ion'ofi the road are emphasized
' in t h e r e p o r t s o f m o s t r o a d t e s t s . V e r y f e w n e g a t j v e a s p e c t s
of 51rpy^15utility
v e h i c l e s a p p e a ri n t h e I i t e r a t u r e .
A g a i n , t h e e x c e p t i o ni s
C o n s u r nR
e re p o l t s , w h i c h g a v e a 1 l t l e s p o r t s - u t i 1 i t y v e h i c l e s t e s L e dI o w
m a r * s f o r h a n d ) i n g ' ,b r a k i n g , a n d s t a b i l i t y ( 1 9 7 2 ) .
T h e p o p u l a rl i t e r a t u r e f o l i o w s u i i . i 1 a .
f o r m a rw h e t h e rn e p o r t j n g
o n a n e w v e h i c l e ' i i n t r o d u c t r ' o no r c o m p a rni g s e v e r a l v e h j c l e s . A r t i c l e s
'vehicle
i n t r o d u c in g a n e w
u s u a l l y c o n p a r ei t s c o s m e t i cd . fi f e r e n c e sw i t h
t h e p r e v j o u sv e h i c l e s , a n d t h e " t e s t s " u s e dt o e v a l u a t et h e v e h j c l e a r e
s e a t - o f - t h e - p a n t si m p r e s s i o n sb a s e do n d r j v i n g a s i n g l e v e h i c l e . T h e
i m p r e s s i o ni s g i v e n - * a t t h e a r t i c l e i s w r i t t e n i n p r a i s e o f t ' h e v e h i c l e
f r o m a s a l e s p o r ' n to f v i e w . T h e f o r m u l a f o r - t h e a r t l c l e i s b a s i c ; l ) y
t h e s a r n ef r o m a r t i C l e t o a r t i c l e , r e g a r d l e s so f t h e v e h i c l e b e i n q
tested.
Articles comparing
v e h i c l e s d o p r o v id e s o m ei n f o r m a t i o nu s e f u l f o r
makn
i g a p u r c h a s ed e c j sj o ' r . H o w e v e r ,t h e t e s t d a t a o f f e r - e da r e
i ncomplete
andtheir valiclity and reliability are questionable.
}E\SH
V e h i c l e - t o - ' v e h i c l ceo m p a rsio n s a r e i n e x a c tu n l e s s t h e v e h i c l e s a r e
i d e n t i c a ll y e q u i p p e d . D i f f e r e n c e s i n s u s p e n s i o ne, n g rn e s , e f , c . , c a n
a l t e r t h e s a f e t y p e r f o r m a n c eo f a v e h i c l e , t h L r sn e g a t ir r g a n y v a l i d
c o m p a r i s o n . :T, h e t e s t s a r . d m e a s u r e o e n tesm p l o y e da r e o f t e n n o m o r e t h d n
o b s e r v a t i o - na
s n d o p i n i o n s r e g a r d in g d c c e l e r d t i o n , c o r n e r i n g , c o m f o r t ,
C e r t a i n s a f e t y - n e l a t e dd a t a o n b r a k i n g a n d s t e e r in 9 ( h a n d l i n g )a r e
o b t a i n e db y s i m p l e t e s t s , b u t m o r ec r j t i c a l
p a r a m e t , . : r ss,u c h a s
C . G . h e i g h t , s t a b i l i t y , s t o p p i n ga b i l i t y , a n d t r a c t i o n , d r e n o t
m e a s u r e d .t v e n t h e b a s i c t e s t s a r e p e r f o n n e do n o n l y o n e , , t y p i c a ,l ,
v e h i c l e a n d d o n o t c o v e r t h e r a ' n g eo f o p L i o n sa v a i l a b l e a n d . in f r e q u e n t
u s e , A l s o l a c k i n g i s a n y k i n d o f s a f e t y . l s s e s s n t e on ft t h e v e h i c l e
' in t e r i o r a n d
exterior.
T h u s i n t h e p r e d o mnia n t p o p u l a r l i t e r a t u r e t h e r e . is a l a c k o f
s a f e t y - r e l a t e d i n f o r m a r i o nu p o nw h i c h a p r o s p e c t i v ep u r c h a s e m
r ay
a d e q u a t e l ya s s e s s t h e s d f e t y p e r f o r m a n c eo f a v e h i c l e .
T h e r e c e n c yo f t h e b o o mi n s p o r t s - u t i li t y v e h i c l e s i s u n d e r - s c o r e d
b y t h e f a c t t h a t W a r d ' s A u t o m o t i v eY e a r b o o kd i C n o t p n o v i d e s a l e s o r
p r o d u c t i o nf i g u r e s f o r t h e s e v e h i c l e s u n t i l 1 9 7 5 . l , l a r d ' sp l a c e d t h e .
1 9 7 7U . S . s a l e s a t ? 8 7, 2 1 2 u n i t s f o r s p o n t s - u t i li t y v e h i c l e s ( J e e p ,
B l a z e r , S c o u t , E r o n c o ,J i m m y ,R a m c h a r g e Lr ,a n dC r u i s e r , a n d T r a j l
0 u s t e r ) . T h a t f i g u n e a m o u n t st o a b o u t 2 . 6 p e r c e n t o f n e wc a r s a l e s i n
!
1977,
i.
l:
lg
\
il
3,
D A T AS O U R C I S
3.1 -l-t.tro!!q!Lo1
|::::
"
j.
j
j:
J;:
:'jl:
;',
ii:,';::::r
l::,::ru ::::
;:';:
;{,
lj -,i::.'
The datd sources
werF orn>ni-..r:_.
T h e s e c o n d d rd
yata
s o u r c e sw e r e t h o s e r r ; 0 ' : - l t : i t a r ' r e g i s t r d t i o n '
tn a corollary on
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
i
v
e
role jn the
anarysis.
T h e b r e a d th o f s o u l
usedin this study permits
one to
i n d e p e n d e n t l y, t r a y
,"uftul data sounces
and con
f r o f l re a c h . I f c o n c r u : - - - ' r a l
rnsrrom
theove
rarr conc
rusi onso f
T a b l e3 . 1 _ 1. l i s t s e
severa
r, ".;o;;J:;;"r;::l:tl::t,
the studyare enhanced,
l;iil.,
tlJ:";';,:.::,
;:,::":
;::J':r.]i;,
;:;r:l[;J::jj,i:::
::;.j:,,..
3 . 2 P r i m a r yD a t a S o u r c e _ s _
{{$f
t h e ,il;;:,i;:.;r,i.::::,i:.:
obtained
which
descri6e
rheexperience
of
accident
and v e h i c l er e g i s t n a t j o n
,.rl]"
data;cl inical accident
data;
3 . 2 . 1 f i a s sA c c i d e n t
Datd
T h e m a s sd a t a a n e
rep.r,s
.f acciden,s
l;;,.1fi1:,:,a,
:;;":::,;il; fiIilT::i;:i,::
neport
theexperi""i'ii',nl'i:rJi:ff":'::
rarseandarecapabre
o;ev
tie popurdrion.
d a t au s e di n t h i s , ; i . . ; ; : ] : : : J ' : , ' : : : i ; " ; n
T h er n a s s
rep0rt data f rorn
states, the U.S. as
severdl
a w hool e
t e, . a
, "n; d .f :r ^o_n" s: :pl "eecti tar l.i z e c i
l
d
r
g
e
files.
scale data
T h e s ed a t a w e r e
obt
either as conrputerized
r e p r e s e n t a t i o no f
d c c r d e n tr e p o r t s o " u ,
u,utnuo
reoorts.
rhenass
0.,.;ii:',;:i;:r'ffi ,::I:il.:::jJ:
v e h i c l e r e g js t r a t i o n s
;:*j:
f r o r ns e v e r a l s t a t e s
dnd thc U.S. as
a who.le.
TABLE
3 , ' I- I
*l
DATASOURCES
Sourc e
Primary
D e s c r ib e d
in Section
Type of Data
M a s sA c c i d e n tD a t a
Cli nical Data
+'
3.2.t
3- 2 . 2
':.til:
0 r i g i n a 1 D at a
S t a t e S t at i s t i c a l F i l e s
Ar i zona
M a r y la n d
Michigan
Newl4exi co
N e wY o r k
N o r t h C a n o il n a
T e x as
l^lashington
CPIR
FARS
R . L . P o lk a n d C o m p a n y
U .S. S u m m
r ya
Michigan
Washington
T e x as
l , .l C a n o l i n a
A c ci d e n t P h o t o g r a p A
hnalysis
T
,
F a t a l A c c i d e n tC a s eR e v i e w
Michigan
C o lo r a d o
N e wY o r k
Arizona
P op u la t i o n D a t a
!
S e c o n d a r y Li t eratu re
3.3.1
. t.
t
Popular
Hr's torica I
S ci e n t i f i c
Regulatory
S p e ica I S t u d i e s
J . J . I
P r o d u c tL i a b i1 i t y
P h y si c a1 M e a s u r e m e n t
4'l
j
i
:
S t a t e S t a t i s t _ i c a lF i l e s c o n t a i n i n gc o r n p u t e r i z e d
reports of
a c c r d e n t sw e r e o b t a in e d f r o m t h e s t a t e s i n d i c a t e d
r n T a b r e3 , 2 - 1 . A . r s o
s h o w na r e t h e t o t a l n u m b e or f c a s e s ( a c c i d e n t s )
r e p r e s e n t e ci nl t h e
f i l e s . F r o mt h e s e f i l e s , s a m p l e so f v e h i c r e
c r d s h e so f i n t e r e s t w e r e
f o r r e d f o r t h e p u r p o s e sO f a n a l y s i s . B e c a u s e
s o n t eo f t h e f i l e s u s e d a r -e
b a s e do n a s a m p l eo f t o t a l a c c i d e n t s , s a m p l
ing erro|i s presenl. fsue
A p p e n d i xE f o r a t a b l e s h o w i n ga p p r o x i m a t e
s a m pi .nl g e r r o r s . )
T A B L E3 . 2 - I
STATEMASSACCIDENT
DATAFILES
O B T A I N TFOO RA N A L Y S I S :
V E H I C LC
ERASHIS
1975_1978
N u m b eor f C a s e sp e r y e a r
State
-----------:---
u$$j
Michigan*5%
Arizona*.
l,/ashington
Texas*5%
T e x as F a t a l ,
N . C ar o l i n a
Maryland
1975 11976
NAt*
NA
NA
NA
.
N
A
i29,0i3
lr,2,I87
3i,504
68,781
218,893
4 0, 7 1 ?
NA
139,179
I 5 6, 6 3 2
1rs77
75,769
NA
4 2, 75 0
!,309
145,787
163,696
|
1e7B
NA
8 7, 72 5
NA
NA
NA
I 5 6, 4 1 8
NA
* A 5 %s a r n p l e
of
* * D a t an o t o b t a i nael ld a c c id e n t s i n t h e s t a t e .
or us
***Numb
r eo f A c c id e n t s .
State statjst.ical data for the states
o f N e wy o r k , N e wM e x i c o , a n d
A r i z o n a , w h j l e o b t a i n e d ,w e r e n o t u s e d ,
d u e t o t e c h n i c a l p r o b l e n si n
f j l e c o n s t n u c . t j oonr v e h i c l e i d e n t i f i c a t t o n .
T h e c o d tn g u s e d b y t h e
S t a t e o f N e wY o r k ; f o r - e x a m p l e ,d, o e s n o t
a l l o r na, o e q u a t ei r le nt j f i c at, i n n
o f u t i l i t y v e h i c l e s . A r i z o n al u m p su t i l i t y
; e h i c t e si n t o a
''recredtional
v e h i c l e " c a t e g o r y ,a l s o w i t h o u t s p e c j f i c
model
'dentlfication.
T h ed a t a i n t h e s ef i l e s o r i g i n a t e w h e n
the local police officer
r n v e s t l g a t e sa c o l l i s i o n a n d c o m p l e t e s
a n o f f i c i d . l s t a t e a c c . i d e n tr e p o r t
42
I
form.
These reports are collected at the state level and transcribed
:
,'
i n t o c o m p u t e rr e a d a b l e f o r m b y e x t r a c t i n g a l l t h e d a t a d e s c r i p t i v e o f
t h e a c c j d e n t , i n v o l v e d v e h i c l e s a n d d r i v e r , e t c . a n d c o n s t r u c t i n gi t
into a
data fjle.
o n c e c o m p l e t e df o r a p a r t i c u l a r y e a r , t h e s e d a t a
sets are available for analysis. Certainof the data sets reside at
t S R I ' sd a t a b a s e .
H S R Ia n d o t h e r s w e r e o b t a i n e d s p e c i a l l y t o s u p p l e m e nH
T h e C P I Rd a t a f i l e c o n t a i n s r n o t o rv e h i c l e c r a s h d a t a r e c o r d e do n
"
the Annotated
C o l l i s j o n P e r f o r m a n caen d I n j u r y R e p o r t , R e v i s i o n3 "
w h i c h h a v e b e e n e d i t e d a n d c o m p u t e r i z e db y t h e H i g h w a yS a f e t y R e s e a r c h
I n s t i t u t e a t T h e U n i v e r s j t y o f M i c h i g a n . T h e s ec r a s h r e p o r t s a r e t h e
r e s u l t o f i n - d e p t h i n v e s t i g a t i o n sb y M u l t i d i s c i p l i n a r y A c c i d e n t
by the CanadiaH
I n v e s t i g a t i o nT e a m ss p o n s o r e d
n i n i s t r y o f T r a n s p o r t ,t h e
M o t o r V e h i c l e f ' l a n u f a c t u r e r sA s s o c i a t i o n , o r t h e N a t i o n a l H i g h w a yf r a f f i c
S a f e t y A d mni i s t r a t i o n ,
I t j s i m p o r t a n t t o n o t e t h a t t h e C P I Rd a t a s e t s d o n o t c o n t a i n a
compilation of
cross-sectionof typical accidents, but are a non-random
j
i n d i v i d u a l c l j n i c a l s t u d i e s o f s p e c i a l n t e r e s t a c c i d e n t sb y n r o r et h a n
thirty
t e a m su s i n g i n d e p e n d e n ta c c i d e n t s e ' el c t i o n a n d i n v e s t i g a t i o n
.
l
r
::
!
methods.
A casewas initially
*
i:
i n c l u d e d i n t h e C P I Rf i l e
b e c a u s ei t m e t t h e
c r j t e n i a o f t h e s u b m i t t i n g a g e n c y . T o s o m ee x t e n t , t h e s e d a t a a r e
{
b i a s e d t o w a n dm o r e s e v e r e i n j u r y c a s e s . T h e m a j o r i t y o f t h e c a s e s
s u b m i t t e db / e r e p a s s e n g e rv e h i c l e s b u t a f e w l i g h t t r - u c k s , u t i l i t y
v e h i c l e s , e t c . , v r e r ei n c l u d e d .
N i n e t y - t h r e ec a s e sw e r e i J e n t i f i e d a s u t i l i t y v e h i c l e s i n t h i s
T h e s ec a s e sw e r e s u b - s e t i n t o a s e p a r a t ed a t a f i l e a n d t h e
was retrieved. Since the original data form
original case documentation
file.
w a s p a s s e n g e rc a r o r i e n t e d , s e v e r a l v a r i a b l e s o f i n t e r e s t w e r e n o t
n a s r e v i e w e da n d
c o d e d . T o o v e r c o m et h i s d e f i c i e n c y , t h e d o c u m e n t a t i o w
s u p p l e m e n t adl a t a w e r e a d d e dt o t h e f i l e
c o n c e r n i n gc a b e n c l o s u n et y p e ,
r o l ' l p r o t e c t i o n , v e h i c l e m o dfi i c a t i o n , e t c .
i
T h g i n f o r m a t i o nt o c o m p l e t e
t h e s e d a t a e l e m e n t sc a m ef r o m r e v i e w i n g t h e n a r r a t i v e a n d s u p p l e m e n t a l
p h o t o g r a p h sf o r e a c h c a s e a n d r e c o r d j n g t h e d a t a o n a f o r m i d e n t i c a l t o
t h a t s h o w ni n f i g u r e 4 . 4 . 2 - 2 2 , S e c t i o n4 . 4 . 2 .
T h e v e h i c l e s e l e c t i o nw a s
a l s o r e v i e w e df o r i n c l u s i o n o f t h e c o r r e c t v e h i c l e s . T h e s ed a t a w e r e
43
I
a p p e n d etdo t h e f i l e ,
c o m p u t e r i z eadn d a d d e dt o t h e u t i l i t y
vehicle
f i Ie.
T h j s C P I Rf j l e w a s i n i t i a l l y c h o s e nb e c a u s eo f i t s e x t e n s i v ec o C ni g
o f i n j u r y t o o c c u p a n t sa n d d a m a g e: o t h e v e h i c l e .
T h e F a t a l A c c i d e n tR e p o r t l I g S y s t e m( F A R S i)s a f i l e o f f a t a l m o t o r
v e h i c l e u a a i O . . n , * i t . n t s n r ant t a tn e i l b y t h e N d t i 0 n a l C e n t e nf o r
S t a t j s t j c s a n d A n a l y s i s o f t h e N a t i o n a l H i g h w a yT r a f f i c S a f e t y
A d mni i s t r a t i o n . T h e d a t d a r e f u r n i s h e d i n a s t a n d a r d i z e df o r m b y
s p e c i a l y d e s i g n a t e dp e r s o n s i n e a c h s t a t e , a n d t h e c o m p u t e rf i l e s w e r e
s u b s e q u e n t lby u i l t u n d e rN H T S A 'ds i r e c t . i o n . T h e e a r l i e s t y e a r s d i d n o t
h a v ep a r t i c i p a t i o n o f a l l o f t h e s t a t c s , b u t s . in c e 1 9 7 6t h i s f i l e h d s
b e e na r e l a t i v e l y c o m p l e t er e c o r d o f v i r t u a l l y a l l u . s , f a t a l a c c i d e n t s .
Quality of the data has continuallyimproved.
T h e a t t r a c t i v e n e s so f u s i n g t h e F A R Sd a t a , f r o n a r e s e a r c h o o i n t o f
v i e w , l j e s i n t h e f a c t t h a t t h e y r e p r e s e n ta c e n s u so f t h e n a t j o n , s
f a t a l a c c i d e n t s . l . l h e na q u e s t i o na r i s e s a b o u t t h e l i m i t e d o o o u l a t i o no f
f a t a l t r a f f i c a c c i d e n t s , a n u n e q u i v o c aal n s w e ri s a v a i l a b l e f r o m t h . is
s o u r c e . T h e I a t e s t y e a r s ' f i l e s h a v e a r e l a t i v e l y 1 o wm j s s i n qd a t a
ili.illi{
n a t e , a n d f o r m a n yv a n i a b l e st h e r e i s a b a s j s f o r a n a l y s i s o f
s i g n i f i c a n td e p t h .
T h e 1 9 7 7F A R Sd a t a i i l e
c o n t a i n sa p p r o x i n r a t e l4y2 , 7 0 0 f a r d l
a c c i d e n tr e p o r t s a n d t h e 1 9 7 8f i l e c o n t a i n s a p p r o x i n r a t e l4y4 , 4 0 0
report s.
A c c i d e n t P h o t _ o g r a p hA
i cn a l y s i l o f s e l e c t e d c a s e r .w a s u n d e r t a k e n . A t
m a n yo f t h e s e | i o u s i n j u r y a n d m o s t o f t h e f a t d l a c c i d e n t s , p h o t o g r d p h s
a n e t a k e n b f t h e a c c i d e n t s c e n ea n d i n v o l v e d v e h i c l e s b y p o l i c e .
A d d i t i o n a l d e t a i I c o n c e r n i n gt h e c r a s h j s a l s o r e c o r d e d . M u c hu s e f u l
'information
c a n b e o b t a i n e dc o n c e r nn
i g t h e s e c r a s h e st h r o u g h a r e v i e w o f
t h i s a d d it i o n a l d o c u m e n t a t i o n - - t h u ds a t a n o t a , r a i l a b l e t h r o u g h t h e
c o n r u t e r i z e dd a t a s y s t e mw e r e a d d e dt o t h e s - u d y , s d a t a b a s e .
I n t h e s t a t e s o f A r i z o n a , ! l i c h i g a n , a n d C o l o r a d o ,t h e c o l l i s i o n s
i n v o l v i n g a f d t a r ' it y i n a u t i l i t y v e h i c l e w e n ed e s i g n a t e df o r f u r t h e r ^
s t u d y t h r o u g hv i e w i n g a n d i n t e r p r e t a t i o no f t h e w r i t t e n d n d p i c t o r j s l
d 0 c u r n e n t a t i odne v e l o p e da s a p a r t o f t h e c r a s h i n v e s t i g a t i o n p r . o c e s s .
44
T h r o u g ht h e F A R Sa n d s t a t e c o l l i s i o n d a t a f i ' l e s , t h o s e c a s e s j n v o l v .ni q a
f a t a l i t y i n a u t i l i t y v e h i c l e w e r e i d e n t ' i if e d .
T h e a p p r o p r i a t es t a t e o f f i c i a l w a s c o n t a c t e da n d a s k e dt o f u r n j s h
a c o p y o f t h e c o l l i s i o n r e p o r t t o u s . U p o nr e c e i p t o f t h e s e r e p o r t s
t h e y w e r e s c a n n e dt o v e r i f y t h e u t i l i t y v e h i c l e t y p e a n d f a t a l i t y .
r e q u e s th / a st h e n m a d et o t h e i n v e s t i g a t i n gp o l i c e j u r i s d i c t i o n f o r
A
t
c o p i e s o f a n y p h o t o g r d p h st a k e n a t t h e s c e n e .
For Arizona,?2 utility
t h e 1 9 7 7 F A R Sd a t a f i l e .
v e h i c l e f a t a l c a s e sw e r e i d e n t j f j e d f r o m
C o p i e so f t h e a c c i d e n t n e p o r t s a n d p h o t o g r a p h s
i ,
w e r e r e q u e s t e da n d r e c e i v e d f o r t h i s s e t . E a c hc a s e w a s r e v i e w e da n d
a d d i t i o n a l d a t a w e r e r e c o r d e df o r t h e mo n t o a d a t a f o n n s i m i l a r t o t h a t
u s e d f o r t h e C P I I Td a t a .
T h e s ed a t a y l e r e t h e n p r e p a r e df o r c o r n p u t e r i z e d
ana)ysis.
S i m j l a r p r o c e d u r e sw e r e u s e d f o r C o l o r a d oa n d M i c h i g a n . I n
C o l o r a d o , 5 4 f a t a l c a s e s r l e r e i d e n t i f i e d f r o m t h e 1 9 7 7 F A R Sd a t d .
0f
t h e s e c a s e s , 4 6 w e n ec o d e da s u s a b l e , w i t h p i c t u r e s a c c o m p a n y i n3 g7
,.
;.1
rn
c a s e s . E i g h t c a s e s w e r e n o t u s a b l e f o r t h e p u r p o s eo f t h ' i s r e p o r t s i n c e
t h e y i n c l u d e dp e d e s t r i a no r b i c y c l e f a t a l i t i e s w i t h n o d a n r a gteo t i r e
utility
v e h i c l e , o r i n c l u d e do t h e r t y p e s o f v e h i c l e s i m p r o p e r l yc o d e do n
il
t h e a c c id e n t r e p o r t .
I n M i c h i g a n ,4 l c a s e sw e r e i d e n t i f i e d f o r t h e y e a r s 1 9 7 6 a n d 1 9 7 7 .
I n a l l , 3 6 c a s e sw e r e c o d e d ,w i t h p i c t u r e sa v a j l a b l e f o r ? 7 . F j v e c a s e s
w e r e e x c l u d e db e c a u s et h e u t i l i t y v e h i c l e l v a sn o t a c t i v e l y i n v o l v e d i n
t h e c r a s h ( i . e . : p a r k e dv e h i c l e o r v e h i c l e - p e d e s t r i ac no l l i s i o n , e t c . ) .
3 . ? . 2 C ' il n i c a l D a t a
.:
Data on selected accidentswereobtained frornseveral states such
t h a t a d e t a i l e d n e v i e wo f i n d i v i d u a l c a s e sc o u l d b e u n d e r t a k e n .
T h e F a t a l A c c i d e n tC a s eR e v i e wd a t d c o n s i s t e do f t h e c o l l e c t i o n a n d
e x a mni a l i o n o f a l I f a t a l a c c i d e n t r e p o r t s j n t h e s t a t e s o f A r i z o n a d n d
N e wM e x ci o f o r t h e y e a r s I 9 7 8 i n A r i z o n a a n d 1 9 7 7 - 7 8f o r N e wl 4 e x i c o
r . r h i c hi n v o lv e d a u t i l i t y
v e hi c l e .
45
].
t'
il
O b t a i n e dw e r e a c o p y o f t h e a c c i d e n t r e p o r t a n d a r e p r e s e n t a t i v e
photograph
o f t h e i n v o l v e du t i l i t y v e h i c l e . T h e s ed a t a , o n c e r s c e i v e d ,
w e n ec a t a l o g e d a n d s u m m a r i z e tdo p r o v i d e a s e t o f d o c u m e . n tf so r r e v i e w .
3.2.3 Population
Data
T h e R . L . P o l k & C o r , r p a nmyo t o r v e h i c l e r e g i s t r a t i o n d a t a b a s e w a s
u s e dj n t h i s s t u d y t o p r o v i d e a c o u n t o f t o t a l v e h i c l e s i n u s e . S u c h
i n f o r m a t i o ni s n e c e s s a r yi n . p r o v i d i n g d a t a o n v e h i c l e e x p o s u r ea n d
oooulation.
T h e R . L . P o l k c o m p a n yc o m p i e
l s noton vehicle registration data
f r o m a l ' l s t a t e s e x c e p t0 k l a h o r noan a l l c l a s s e s o f m o t o r v e h i c l e s
r e g i s t e r e d i n t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s . T h e s ed a t a a r e o b t a i n e df n o mt h e
stdtes' motorvehicle registration activities, Thedata, for our
p u r p o s e s c, o n s j s t o f a c o m p i l a t i o na n d d e c o d i n go f t h e V I N ( V e h . i c l e
I d e n t i f i c a t j o n N u m b e r )f o r s e l e c t e d v e h i c l e m a k e sa n d m o d e l s .
T h e V I N c o n t a i n s d a t a e l e m e n t st h a t p r o v i d e a b a s i c d e s c r i p t i o n o f
a v e h i c l e . M o s t i m p o r - t a nfto r o u r p u n p o s e a
s r e t h e m a k e ,m o d e 1 ,a n d
11!ti$
m o d e ly e a r o f t h e v e h ' i c l e . 0 t h e r d a t a e n c o d e db u t n o t u s e c Jh e r e i n c ' l u d e
( G r o s sV e h i c l e t , I e j g h tR a t i n g ) , v e h i c l e f u e l t y p e , a n d e n g i n e t y p e
GVWR
andsize.
T h e s ed a t a f i l e s a r e o r g a n i z e d i n t o s e v e r a l c a t e g o n i e sb a s e d o n
b a s i c v e h i c l e t y p e : d o m e s t i cp a s s e n g e rc a r s , i m p o r t e dp d s s e n g e rc a r s ,
l j g h t t r u c k s , h e a v yt r u c k s , e t c . I n f o n r a t i o n w a s e x t r a c t e df r o m t h e
f i l e c o n t a i n i n gl i g h t t r u c k d a t d . S e p a r a t e df r o m t h t p i c k - u p t r u c k s ,
v a n s , a n d o t h e r l i g h t t r u c k s i n t h e f i l e w a st h e c l . j s s j f i c a t i o n f o r
utiiity
v e h i c l e s . R e g i s t r a t i o nc o u n t s f o r t h e s e v e h i c l e sw e r e a v a i l a b l e
f o r t h e p e r io d 1 9 6 5 - 1 9 7 7 .
F o r t h e s u b - c l a s so f u t i I i t y v e h i c l e , t h r e e s e p a r a t eg e o g r a p h i c
d e s c r i p t i o n sw e r e a v a i l a b l e . F i r s t , a s u m m a royf l h e r e g jt t . u t i o n , t n .
a l I u t i l i t y v e h i c l e sw a s a n a l y z e d . T h i 5 f i l r . , ,t i t l e d t h e N a t i o n a l
l e n i c t e p o p u t a t i o np
, c o n t a i n e ds u n r nr ya d a f a f o r a l ' l u t i l i t y
v e h i c i e s i n t h e U . S . S e c o n d ,d a t a w e r e o b t a i n e df o r t h e e i g h t s t u r J y
s t a t e s : A r j z o n a , M a r y l a n d ,M i c h i g a n ,N e r vl ' l e x i c o ,N e wy o r k , N o r - t h
c a r o l i n a ' T e x a s ,w a s h r n g t o n .T h i s r e g i s t r a t i o n d a t a p r o v i d e cei s t i m a t e s
46
o f t h e a t - r i s k p o p u l a t i o n . T h i r d , u t i l i t y v e h i c l er e g is t r a t i o n d a t a b y
c o u n t yw e r eo b t a i n e df o r t h e t w o s t d t e s o f i " l i c h i g a n
a n d t . / a s hn ig t o n .
F
,
3.3 Seconda
ry Data Sources_
I n a n a t t e m p tt o p r o v i d es u p p o r t i v eo r c o r o l l a r y d a t a , s e v e r a l
a d d it i o n a l d a t a s o u r c e sw e n ee x a mni e d . T h e s ej n c l u d e dt h e 1 i t e r a t u r e ,
p r o d u c It i a b i l i t y I j t i g a t i o n a n d p h y s i c a lm e a s u n e moefn t h e v e h i c l e s .
3 . 3 . 1 L i t e r a t u r eS u r v e y
t
A L i t e r a t u r e S u r v e yw a su n d e r t a k etno r e v i e wt h e e x i s t i n g
l i t e r a t u r e c o n c e r n i n gu t i l i t y v e h i c l e s . S i n c et h i s p r o j e c t w a s
i n t e n d e da s a g e n e r a ls u r v e yo f t h e u t i l ' i t y v e h i c l e a n d i t s p r o b l e m s ,
a l I s o u r c e so f p o t e n t i a l I i t e r a t u n e w e r es u r v e y e d . T h e s es o u r c e s
:!!.i;!
i n c l u d e d : t h e p o p u l a r I i t e r a t u r e ( m a g a z i naen d o t h e r p e r i o d i c a l s o u r c e s
i n c l u d i n gc a t a l o g s ,s p e c i a l i n t e r e s t g r o u p( c 1 u b )p u b l i c a t i o n s e, t c . ) ;
h i s t o n i c a la n d m i l i t a r y I i t e r a t u r e c o n c e r n i ntgh e o n i g i n a n dd e v e l o p m e n t
o f t h e v e h j c l e ;s c i e n t i f i c l i t e r a t u r e i n c l u d i n gs t u d i e so f t h e a c c i d e n t
e x p e r i e n c eo f t h e v e h i . c l e ,m a n u f a c t u r eann d u s e r t e s t i n g , r e d i c a l
l i t e r a t u r e o n i n j u r y c a u s a t i o n ,a n d n n n u f a c t u r e pr r o d u c td e v e l o p m e n t ;
r e g u l a t o r yl i t e r a t u r e c o n c e r n i n g
the applicability of governmental
r e g u l a t i o nt o t h e m a n u f a c t u r(ea n du s e ) o f t h e s ev e h i c l e sn o t o n l y i n
,+
II
:'
.
I
t e r m so f s a f e t y , b u t i n o t h e r a r e a ss u c ha s f u e l e c o n o mayn d e m i s s i o n .
T h e r e s u l t s o f t h i s l i t e r a t u r e s u r v e yc a n b e f o u n d i n A p p e n d i B
x.
. !
I
t
5.J.4
5DeCta|5tU0tes
,".
,0"*es
w e r e u n d e r t a k e nt o p n o v i d e a d d j t i o n a l s u p p o r t
to the data analysisactivjties.
tfS@-qL-!j-CU-LUX data are generated whenevera 1ega1 proceeding is
' in i - r j a t e dd g a i n s t a m a n u f a c t u r ear 1) e g i n g d e f e c t i n
a
d e s i g no f t h e
vehicle.
I h e s e d a t a w e r e p r o v i d e d b y t h e P r o f e s s i o n a l R e s e a r c ha n d
D e v e i o p m eD
n ti v i s i o n o f t h e A s s o c i a t i o no f T r i a l L a w y e r so f A m e r i c a
( A T L A ) . T h e y c o m p i l ed a t a o n c o m p l e t e dl i t i g a t i o n a n d l i t i g a t i o n i n
47
l
;
progress, Thedata file
i s c o n t i n u d r ' r yu p d a t e da s n e wa n d p e n d i n gc a s e s
a r e c o nc l u d e d .
T h e v e h i c r e i t s e r f i s a r s o a : o u r c e o f c o r o rr a r y d a t a i n t h a t a
llyfLggf_I3ggfSmel! of the selecred vehicle paranErers can yietd useful
d a t a o n t h e s t a b j l i t y o f t h e v e h i c l e . S e v e r a lr e p r e s e n t a t i v e
vehjcles
w e n er n e d s u r e fdo r h e i g h t a n d c e n t e r o f g r a v i t y a n d t r a c k w i d t h f o r
the
p u r p o s eo f c o m p a r i s o tno o t h e r n o n _ u t j il t y v e h i c l e s .
3.4 DatdEditing
I n e a c h o f t h e n r s s d a t a f i l e s , t h e o n _ / o f f _ r o a dv e h i c l e
sub_
c r a s s i f i c a t i o n ( o r i t s e q u i v a l e n t )w a s s u b - s e t i n t o s p e c i a r
files fcr
a n a r y s i s . T h e r i s t o f v e h i c r e s i n e a c h s u b - s e tw a s m a n u a r l y
edited to
d e l e t e v e h i c l e s w h i c h d i d n o t f i t o u r d e f i n i t i o n o r w h o s es r a k e - n r o d e l
identification courdnot be verified. Thus,the resultrng
vehic're
c o m p o s i t i o no f e a c h f i l e m o r e c l o s e l y m a t c h e do u r s t u d y d e f i n i t i o n ( s e e
T a b l e 2 . 2 - 1 ) . I n F A R S f, o r e x a m p l e ,a p p r o x i m a t e l4y 0 p e r c e n t
of the
o r i g j n a r v e h i c r e sw e r e d i s c a r d e da s e ' i t h e r n o t i n c r u d e di n o u n
l$Hl|r
p o p u i a t i o nd e f i n i t i o n o r a s u n i d e n t i f i a b r e i n s u f f i c i e n t
d e t a i r ( t h ro u q h
+L^ rtr ^r\
r n e v l N ) t o p e r m i t m a k e - r n o d ev le r i f . i c a t i o n . T h u s , u n d o u b t e d l y ,
sonre
u t i l i t y v e h i c r e sw e r e e x c l u d e d . T h e r e s u r t i n g s p e c i a l F A R Su t i r i t y
v e h i c l e f i l e f o r 1 9 7 7c o l t a i n e d 4 8 6 v e r . fi i e d c a s e s .
S i m i ' r a rs t e p s w e r e t a k e n w i t h t h e d a t a u s e d i n t h e p h o t o g r a p h i c
and
c l i n i c a l d a t a a n a l y s i s t o a s s u r ea s p u r e a d a t a s e t a s p o s s i b l e .
4B
4.
F IN DI N G S
T h i s c h a p t e r p r e s e n t st h e b a s i c r e s u l t s o b t a l n e df r o m t h e
c r as h
e x p e r i e n c eo f u t i l i t y v e h i c l e s . l 4 o ts i n t e r p r e t i v e c o m m e n t ,
opi nion,
;
:
F
I
and
0 r s c u s s t 0 na r e c o n f i n e dt o s u b s e q u e ncth d p t e r s . A n d t t e m p t
w a s m a d et o
a s c e r t a i n w h j c h f i n d i n g s a r e g e n e r a l i n t h e s e n s et h a t s i m il a r
f i n d in g s
a r e o b s e r v e di n a t l e a s t t } J o s t a t e s ( o r t w o d a t a f i l e s ) .
4 . 1 C r a s hR a t e s
T h ef r e q u e n c yo f r e p o r t e du t i l i t y v e h i c l e c r a s h e scompared
to total
p a s s e n g ec ra r c r a s h e si s s h o w ni n T a b l e4 . 1 _ 1 .
i..
TABLT
4.I-1
:
U T I L I T YV E H I C L E
CRASHES
IN RTLATION
IO PASSENGER
C A RC R A S H E S I: L E C I E D
STAIES
State
l.laryland*
(1975- 1977 |
llichigan
Numberof
Utility Vehicle
Crashes
I
U t i l i t y V e h i c l eC r a s h e s
a s a P e r c e n to f
Passenge
Cra r C r a s h e s
.il
'
??6
n 2
i
J,Oy1
u.o
:
(r976-r977)
NorL
h C a r o ln
i a*
(1975-1973)
Texa
s
(1976-1977
t l as hi n g to n
(1ei6)
n q
0.9
* E x cl u d e sc r a s h e sw i t h pedestrians p e d a c y c
Ii sts,
,
r n o t o r c y c l e sa, n d l r a i n s i n t h i s a n di n s u b s e q u e tnat b l e s .
.3
: !
fi
i
U t i l i t y v e h i c l ec r a s h e s r a n g e f r o n a l o w o f 0 , 3 p e r c e n t o f t o t a l
p a s s e n g e cr a r c r a s h e s ' i n M a r y l a n dt o a h i g h o f . 9 p e r c e n t i n t , J a s h i n g t o n .
T h e s ep e r c e n t a g e sa r e a l ' l b e l o w t h e f i g u r e s u g g e s t e db y t h e regi st rat i
on
d a t a , a s i s s h o w ni n T a b el 4 . I - 2 .
;i
i
I
1
I
49
i
TABLE
4.I-2
U T I L I I YV t I ] I C L EC R A S H T S
A N DR T G I S T R A T I OI N SR I L A ] - I O T
NO
PASSENGIR
CARCRASI,TS
AI.lDRTGISTRATIONS:
S T L E C I TS
DT A I E S
State
' U t iI i t y V e h i c l e
C r a s h e as s a
P e r c e nat g e o f
Passenge
Cra r
Crashes
Utility Vehicle
R e g sj t r a t i o n s a s a
P e r c e n t a g eo f
P a s s e n g eCr ar
Registrations
n ?
0.5
Manyland
Michigan
N . C a r o il n a
Texas
VJashington
ih}:i
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.9
l . J
0.9
0.8
f.i
U s i n g v e h i c l e r e g i s t r a t i o n s a s t h e s t a n d a r d ,t h e d a t a s h o wt h a t
u t i l i t y v e h i c l e s a r e I e s s I i k e l y t h a n p a s s e n g ecr a r s t o b e i n v o l v e d . jn a
r e p o r t e d c r ash .
T h e o p p o s i t e f i n d i n q i s o b s e r v e d ,h o w e v e r ,w h e no n l y f a t a l c r a s h e s
a r e c o n s i d e r e d . T h e s ed a t a a r e s u m m a n i z ei d
n T a b l e4 . 1 - 3 .
TABLE
4.1-3
FATALCRASHES
ANDTOTALREGISTRATI(INS:
U T I L I T YV E H I C L EASN DP A S S T N GCEARR S
( A L LS r A r r S , l 9 7 l )
V e hi c I e T y p e
Crashes
%
Utility Vehicles
P a s s e n rg ec ar s
Total
I .36
98,.64
100.00
Numbe
r
35,790
50
R e g si t r a t j o n s
%
0.98
99.02
100.00
115,238,923
t;
c o m p a r etdo t h e n u n b e ro f v e h i c l e sr e g i s t e r e d , u t i l i t y v e h i c ' l e sa r e
f o u n dt o b e o v e r - in v o l v e di n f a t a l c r a s h e s . R a t e so f i n v o l v e n e n ti n
f a t a l c r a s h e sp e r 1 0 0 , 0 0 0
v e h i c l e sr e g i s t e r e da r e 4 3 . 2 f o r u t i l i t y
v e h j c l e sa n d3 0 . 9 f o r p a s s e n g ec ra r s . T h ed i f f e r e n c ei s t h a t u t i l i t y
v e h i c l e sa r e i n v o l v e di n f a t a l c r a s h e sa l n p s t 4 0 p e r c e n tm o r eo f t e n t h a n
p a s s e n g ecra r s .
A d d i t i o n a l l y ,a s i s s h o w ni n s e c t i o n4 . 2 ( T a b l e4 . 2 , 1 - 3 ) , t h e
p r o p o r t i o no f 1 9 7 7f a t a l c r a s h e si n w h i c ha t l e a s t o n e o c c u p a nw
t as
k i l l e d i s h i g h e rf o r u t i l i t y v e h i c l e st h a n p a s s e n g ec ra r s . A t l e a s t o n e
o c c u p a nwt a sk i l l e d i n a u t i l i t y v e h i c l ei n 3 1 . 8 f a t a l c r a s h e sp e r
1 0 0 , 0 0 0r e g is t e r e d u t i l i t y v e h i c l e s . T h e c o r r e s p o n n
dg
i rate for
p a s s e n g ec ra r s i s 1 8 . 5 . T h e s ef i g u r e s p r e s e n a
t rate for utility
v e h i c l e st h a t i s 7 1 . 9 p e r c e n th i g h e rt h a n t h e r a t e f o r p a s s e n g ecna r s .
In summ
n ya t h e f i n d i n g s j n d i c a t e t h a t u t i l i t y v e h i c l e s a r e l e s s
l i k e l y t h e n p a s s e n g ec ra r s t o b e i n v o l v e di n a c r a s h , b u t w h e na c r a s h
o c c u n s ,i t i s a l n r o s 4
t 0 p e r c e n tm o r ei i k e l y t h a n a p a s s e n g ecra r t o
i n v o lv e a f a t a l i t y .
,.{l
1.2
T h ed i s c u s s i o ni n t h i s s e c t i o n i s f o c u s e do n t h e I i k e l i h o o d o f
s e r io u s i n j u r y a n d d e a t h a s a c o n s e q u e n o
ce
f the crash. Traffic death
rates and di sabli ng injury r a t e s i n u l i l i t y v e h j c l e s a r e c o m p a r etdo
t h o s e i n c ar s .
4 . 2 . I D e a t hR a t e s
T h e l i k e l i h o o d o f d e a t h a s a c o n s e q u e n coef a c r a s h i s h i g h e | i n
u t i l j t y v e h i c l e s t h a n i n p a s s e n g ecna n s a s i s s h o w ni n T a b l e 4 . 2 . 1 - 1 .
T h e t o t a l n u m b e ro f p e o p l e k i l l e d p e r 1 , 0 0 0 c r a s h e s i s a b o u t t w i c e
a s h ' i g h i n u t i l i t y v e h i c l e s a s i n p a s s e n g ecr a r s . I t i s u n i i k e l y t h a t
v e h i c l e o c c u p a n c yr a t e s a c c o u n t f o r r n u c h ,i f a n y , o f t h e n a t e
d i f f e r e n c e sb e t w e e nu t i l i t y v e h i c l e s a n d p a s s e n g ecr a r s . M i c h i g a nd a t a
f o r 1 9 7 7s h o wt h a t t h e v e h i c l e o c c u p a n crya t e j s 1 . 5 7 f o r u t i l i t y
v e h i c l e s a n d 1 . 6 0 f o r p a s s e n g e rc a r s .
51
T h e c o r r e s p o n d i n gf i g u r e s f o r t h e
T A B L4E. 2 . I - 1
TRAFFICDTATHRATTS( N U I 4 BK
EIRL L T DP t R
' qS
Fl .FaTFn crATrc
T H O U S ACNRDA S H) E
' M ci hi g a n
I
l^lashi
ngton
Texas
A )I 0 c c u p a n t s
Util jty Vehicles
P a s s e n g ecra r s
8 . 7
2.2
I
6.9
3.0
6.3
3.4
2.0
3.6
J . J
Dri vers
Util ity Vehicles
Pa s s e n g ecr a r s
2.0
: 1.5
|
I
N u m b eor f C r a s h e s
Utility. V'"f,lctes
P as s e n g e rc ar s
6 (Oo
21 912*
I ,456
t53,331
3,649
31,697*
*5% s ample
dltd.$i
s t a t e o f ' l ' l a s h i n g t o ni n 1 ' 1 7 6a r e 1 . 2 7 a n d 1 . 2 1 . T h e g e n e r a l p a t t e n n
of
i t r i v e r ' a e a t h r a t e s f o l l o w s c l o s e l y t h a t o b s e r v e df o r t o t a l o c c u p a n t s .
O b v i o u s l y ,n o t a l l a u t o m o bl ej s a r e e q u a l l y s a f e . l n . M i c h i g a n ,t h e
1 9 7 7t r a f f j c d e a t h r a t e f o r f u l l - s i z e p a s s e n g ecr a r s w a s 2 . 0 p e r s o n s
k i l l e d p e r 1 , 0 0 0 c r a s h e s . T h e c o r r e s p o n d i n gf i g u r r . f o r c o m p a c t sa n d
i n t e r m e dait e s i s 2 . 5 .
Util ity vehicle crashes, compared
w.ith passengen
car crdshes, dre
m o r el i k e l y t o o c c u r i n r u r a i t h a n i n u n b a na r e a s . I t i s a . sl o
true that
t h e l i k e l i h o o d o f d e a t h o r s e r i o u s i n j u r y i s a - e a t . e ri n r u r d r c r a s h c i
t h a n i n u r b a n c r a s h e s . T r a f f i c d e a t h r a t e s ; - e r r , 0 0 0 v e h i c l e c n a s h e si .
t r r b a na n d r u r a l a r e a s a r e s h o w ni n T a b l e 4 . 2 . L - 2 .
I h r e e r n j o r c o n c ) u s i o n sc a n b e d r a w nf r o m t h i s t a b l e :
fl) trdffic
d e a t h r a t e s i n n u r a l c r a s h e sa r e c o n si d e r a b l y h i g h e r t h a n a r e t h o s c f o r
urban crashes, (2) regardlessof the type of area, total traffic dc.rth
r a t e s i n u t i l i t y v e h i c l e s a r e h i g h e r t h a n a r e t h e r a t e s . t np a s s e n q e r
5?
a
.'.
T A B L4E. 2 . 1 - 2
T R A | I I CD E A TR
HA T E (SN U I 1 BK
EIRL L E D
P t R T H O U S Av N
t H0I c L tc P 4 S fS{ )r :
S E L I C T [S
DT A T E S
I
Utility Vehicles
I
i'
p a s s e n gC
e ra r s
:6.
l------------------------+--
I
Rural
Urban I
Rural
Urban
1
A lI 0 c c u p a n t s
e
Irlichi gan*
Texa
s
|,iashington
7.9
27.B
r4.l
4.2
l 8. 7
12.9
1.4
1.8
3.0
l l.6
8.2
0.9
t.I
0.8
1
l
D r iv e r s
i\,lichi gan*
Texas
t l a s hi n g to n
0.6
1.0
I.0
1 ? ?
o.J
* T h e i l a s s i f i c a t i o n f o r M i c h i g a nj s
t o v / n s h i pa n d c i t y .
.iiiii:
cars, and (3) in urban areas differences in driver death rates
bet*een
u t i l i t y v e h i c ' l e sa n d p a s s e n g ecr a r s a r e n e g l i g i b 1 e .
F o r t h e c o u n t r y a s a w h o l e , t h e p r o b a b i il t y o f b e i n g k i l l e d
in a
f a t a l c r a s h ' i s g r e a t e r j n r u r a l t h a n u r b a na r e a s , a n d r e g a r d l e s s
of
a r e d ' t h e p r o b a br li t y o f b e i n g k i r e d i s h i g h e r i n
u t i l i t y v e h i c l e st h a n
i n p a s s e n g ecr a r s . T h e s ed a t a a r e s h o w ni n T a b l e 4 . 2 . 1 - 3 .
A t l e a s t o n e p e r s o nw a s k i l l e d i n a u t i l i t y v e h i c l e i n a l n D s t
t h r e e - f o u r t h so f a l l f a t a l c r a s h e si n v o l v i n g a u t . il i t y
vehicle. IThe
rema
i n d e r k i l l e d w e r e o c c u p a n t so f t h e o t h e r v e h i c l e ) .
The
c 0 r r e s p o n dn tg f j g u r e f o r p a s s e n g ecr a r s i s 6 0 p e r - c e n t .
The highest
p e n c e n t a gseh o w ni n t h e t a b l c i s f o r u l i l i t y v e h i c l e s
in rural dreas,
T h e r e s u l t s s h o w ni n T a b l e 4 . 2 . 1 - 4 a r e : ( i ) O e a t t r a t e s
in sing.le_
v e h i c l e c r a s h e sa r e h i g h e r t h a n f o r o t h e r t y p e s o f
c r a s h e s ,( 2 ) d e a t h
r a t e s i n s i n g l e - v e h i c l ec r a s h e sa r e h i g h e r i n u t j l i t y
v e h i c l e st h a n i n
:
+
:
-:
:.
;i
ti
.!:
<?
TABL4
E. 2 , 1 - 3
PERCENT
OF FATALCRASHES
IN l^lHICH
AT LIAST ONTPTRSON
I4IAS
KI LLED
I N T H I S P I] i F Ii D V T H I C L T
ALL STAIIS
Utility Vehicles
Urban
Rural
A l I Ar e a s
P a ss e n g e rC a r s
60
BO
74
50
68
60
TABLE
4.2.1-4
TRAFFIC
DEATH
R A T E S( N U M B EORF P E R S O N
KS
ILLED
P E RT H O U S A C
NR
D A S H [ SA)N DT H EP R O P O R T IOOFN
SINGLE
V I H I C L IC R A S H E S :
S E L T C T ESDT A T E S
r,.lashington
M ic hi g a n
- : - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + I- - U 1r l r t y
P a s s e n g e lrU t i l i t y
Passenger
Vehicles
Cdrs
Cars
lvenictes
.ilii_tii
T o t a l 0 c c u p a n tKs i l l e d
Single-Vehicle
Cr a sh e s
Al l Crashes
o.J
E
A
4.8
20.3
7 1
6.3
11.4
3.1
5 i n g l e - V e h i c l eC r a s h e s
( a s a p r o o o r t i o no f )
T o t a l C r a s h e sl l
.33
.18
|
.r'
1 2
N u m b eor f C r a s h c s *
T o r a lc r a s h e sl l
6,4s2
24,343 |
r ,oru
* E x c l u d e sc r a s h e si n v o l v i n g p e d e s t r i a n s ,p e d a c y c l e s ,
m o t o r c y Ice s , a n d t r a i n s .
54
150.02J
I
;
p a s s e n g ecra r s , a n d ( 3 ) u t . il i t y v e h i c l e sa r e m o r e. l
i k e . i yt h a n p a s s e n q e r
c a r s t o b e i n v o l v e di n s i n g l e - v e h i c l ce r a s h e s .
T h e r ei s a c l o s e r e l a t i o n s h . ibpe t w e esni n g l e _ v e h i c lcer a s h e s
and
r u r a l a r e a s . I n M i c h i g a nf,o r e x a m p l e7, 2 p e r c e n to f s i n g . l e _ v e h i c l e
c r a s h e si n v o rv i n g a u t j r ' i t y v e h i c l e o c c u r r e di n t h e t o w n s h . i p s
()ar-gery
r u n a l ar e a s) .
4 . 2 . 2 S e r io u s I n j u r y R a t e s
,ir
{
:
T h e I i k e l i h o o do f s e r i o u s( d i s a b l i n g )i n 3 r " y l l
i s g r e a t e ri n
u t i l i t y v e h i c l e st h a n i n p a s s e n g ecra r s . T h e s ed a t a
a r e s h o w ni n T a b l e
4 . 2 . 2 - 1.
i
TABLE
4.2.2-I
NUI/IBER
OF DISABLING
INJURIESPERTHOUSAND
CRASHESE
: L E C T ESD
TATES
Michigan
ll
I
Washington
Al l 0ccupants
{{.ts
U t i l i t y V e hi c l e s
P a s s e n g eCra r s
6 1. 8
Ja.z
73-9
34.0
Dri vers
Utjlity Vehicles
P a s s e n g eCr a r s
l 7 0
40.4
2r -8
R a t e so f s e r i o u s i n j u r y a r e h i g h e r i n u t i , l i t y v e h i c l e s
than jn
p a s s e n g ecra r s f o r b o t h t o t a l o c c u p a n t s
andfor drivers.
R e g a r d i ndgi s a b l i n gi n j u r y , s o n eu t . ji i t y v e h i c l e
makea
s p p e a tr o b e
s a f e r t h a n o t h e r s , a s i s s h o w n. in T a b l e4 . 2 . 2 _ 2 .
:
a
!i
1i
:
I n j u r i e s c l a s s i f i e da s t y p e A i n t h e p o l i c e r - e o o r t s .
i
t
f,5
1'
:'
TAhLE''4.2.2-2
I NGJ U R I EPSE R
f DISABLIN
N U M BO
ER
S :I C H I G'AlN^ I A S H I N G T O N
1 , 0 0 0U T I L I T YV E H I C LCER A S H t M
Make
Blazer
Scout
Bronco,
Je e p
Rate
3 8 .3
5 7. 9
62.9
75 . 8
o f Cr a s h e s
1305
656
843
2983
liliiii!
the lowestserjous
Thedata indicate that the Blazerexhibits
' in j u r y r a t e a m o n gt h e m a k e ss h o w n ' ( O t h e r u t j l i t y v e h i c l e m a l ( e sw e r e
t h e n r i m b eor f c r a s h e s i s s o s n r aIl
n o t i n c ' l u d e di n t h e t a b u l a t i o n b e c d u s e
r a t e q u e s t i o n a b l e) ' T h e s e
a s t o m a k et h e s t a b i l i t y o f t h e i n j u r y
s h o r t e r t h e w h e e l b a s e 't h e
f i n d i n g s s u p p o r t t h e p t ^ o p o s i t i o nt h a t t h e
that these fjndi ngs reflect
higher the rate of serious injury' Note
' he 1978
a 9 2 - i n c hr v h e e l b a s e T
e x p e r i e n c ew i t h t h e e a r l i e r B r o n c ov t i t h
Broncohasawheelbaseofl04inches.(SeeSection4.5.3formore
d e t a i l s r e g a r d ni g p h y s i c a l f a c t 0 i ' sa n d v e h i c l e s t a b i l i t y ) '
RateSofSei.ious.injuryarehigherinrura]areasthaninurban
n utjlity vehicler ! dn
a r e a s . A n d , t h e r a l e s a r e s u b s t a n t i al y h i g i r e r . i
4'2'2-4)'
i n p a s s e n g ecra r s ( s e e T a b el s 4 ' 2 ' 2 - 3 a n d
serious i njury are
l n s u m m a r yd' e a t h r a t e s a n d r a t e s o f
In
v e h i c l e s t h a n i n p a s s e n g ecr a r s '
s u b s t a n tai l l y h i g h e r . r n u t i l i t y
o f t h e f a c t t h a t ' c o t r l p a r e ldo
part, these differences are a result
v e h i c l e c r a s h e so c c u r i n
g a s s e n g ecr a r s ' p r o p o r ti o n a t e l y m o r eu t i l i t y
56
TABLE
4,2.2-3
N U M B EORF D I S A B L I N IGN J U R I E S
P E Rl , O O OC R A S I I t S :
S E L I C T ESDT A I E S
utility Vehicles
I- - - - - - - - - -- - - -- - - - - - - --- +I
I
I
Rural
Urban
P a s s e n g eVr e h i c l e s
R u n la
Urban
LO.a
6q 1
4t.7
79.4
20.9
26.4
I
:
Al i 0ccupants
l'lichigan
Washjngton
95 . 9
.a
Drivers
l"1ich i gan
New l'lexi co
W a sihn g t o n
48.4
121.8
70.4
1A t
l ? ?
1 7. 4
ta
t
N.A.
t7a
.t| .a
.:
Tj
i'
I A B L E4 . 2 . 2 - 4
.li:::
g
PERCENT
OF FATALCRASHIS
IN l{,HICH
AT LEASIONEPEIISON
l , l A SS E R I O U S LI N
Y J U R E IDN T H TS P E C I F I EVDE H I C L E :
ALL STATES
::it:l::_1
ll_-__::llt:{
Urban
Rural
AlI Areas
20
{L
27
r u r a l a r e a s a n d a r e s j n g l e - v e h i c l ec r a s h e s . T h e
i m p il c a t i o n s o f t h e s e
f i n d i n g s w i l I b e d r s c u s s e df u l l y i n C h a p t e rF i v e ,
57
.
.6
P a s e n g e rC ar s
JI
29
!
.':
4 . 3 C h a r a c t esr ti . i c !
T h i s s e c t i o nd j s c u s s e cs h a r a c t e r j s t i c s
of uti li ty vehicle
o p e r d t o r s c, h a r a c t e r i s t i c so f t h e c r a s hl o c a t i o n ,
tenporal
characteristico
s f t h e c r d s h e sa
, n dd d t a o n t h e i n t e r a c t i o n s
of the
d r i v e r , c n a s hr o c a t i o n ' a n dt e m p o r acr h a r a c t e r i s t i c s
a s t h e y c o n r b i nien
t h e p r o d u c t i o no f c r n s h o s .
4 . 3 . 1 C h a r a c t e ns it i c s o f D r i v e r s
A g e , s e x , o c c u p a t i o n ,a n d n e p o r t e da l c o h o l
u s e c h a r a c t e rsi t i c s f o r
u t i l i t y v e h ' i c r ed r i v o r s a n d d r i v e r s o f o t h e r
v e h i c . r ew
s e r e a n a r y z e df r o m
s e l e c t e ds t a t e a c c i d e n tf i l e s ,
W o m eann e s e l d o md r i v e r s o f c r a s h e du t i l i t y
vehicles. Wonen
d r i v e r s a r - ei n v o l v e di n o n l y 1 6 t o 2 1 p e r c e n t
of utility veh.icle
c r a s h e s ,w h e r e a w
s o m e an r e t h e d r j v e r s i n 3 1 t o 4 6 p e ,
cent of passenoer
c a r c r a s h e sa
, s i s s h o w ni n T a b l e4 . 3 . I _ 1 .
li{.,,ii:
D r i v e r so f u t i l i t y v e h i c l e si n v o l v e di n a c r d s h
, n the
a n ey o u n g e r o
a v e r a g et' h a n t h e d r i v e r s o f o t h e r v e h i c r e si n v o r v e d
in a crash. As
s h : w n _ iT
n a b T e4 . 3 . 1 - 2 , o n l y a b o u t3 o u t o f 1 0 c r a s h _ i n v o l v e d
utiiity
v e n t c t ed r t v e r s a n ea g e d3 5 o r o l d e r , c o m p a n e d
with 4 out of 10
p as s e n gne c a n d r j v e r s .
D a t a o n o i c u p a t i o no f d n i y e r s a n e a v a i l a b l e f o r
the State of
t.iash
ington. Compared
with dr-ivers o f p a s s e n g ecr a r s i n v o l v e di n
a
c r a s h ,u t i l i t y v e h i c l ed r i v e r s a n em o r e o f t e n
s ki I l e d o r s e m -i s k i I l e d
w o r k e r s( 1 8 %v s . 1 3 % ) .
The use of alcohol or other drugs appears
t o b e s o m e w h am
t ore
widespreaa
d m o n gd r i v e r s o f u t . il i t y v e h i c l e s
t h a n a n r o n dg r i v e r s o f o t h e n
t y p e s o f v e h i c l e s . . D a t a f r o m t h e M i c h i g a nf i l e s
s n o wt h a t i n 1 5 p e r c e n t
o f u t ' il i t y v e h i c l e c r a s h e s a n d i n l 0 p e n c . i n t
o f p a s s e n g e cr d r c r a s h c s
t h e p o l i c e r e p o r t e dt h a t t h e d r i v e r . h a d
t a k e r .a l c o h o l o r o t h e r d r u g s .
D a t a f r o m t h e l 4 a s h i n g t o an c c i d e n t f i l e s
s h o wt h e s a m ep e r c e n t a g e s i,n
t h a t 1 5 p e r c e n to f t h e u t i l i t y v e h i c l e d r i v e r s
v / e r er e l ) o r t e dt o h a v e
b e e n d r i n k i n g c o m p d r e dt o l 0 p e r c e n t o f
D a s s e n g e cr a n d r i v e r s .
n o w e vre, c a u t j o n m u s t b e e x e r c is e d
in interpretingthe findings on
the use of alcohol or otner drugs. Chemical
t e s t s a r e a d mni i s t e r e d
58
t'
T A B L4E. 3 . 1 - I
';i
ACCORDING
VEHICLECRASHES
T OS E XO FD R ] V E R
S E L E C TSETDA I E S
Sex of Dri ver
Utility
V e hi c l e s
Ail
Vehicles
t:
x
Michigan
MaIe
Female
Total
F
N u m b eof
r Cnashes
84
l6
69
100i
100i
(OO
30,BB0
i,
Texas
79
?T
M ael
Femal
e
100%
Total
302
Numberof Crashes
t
54
46
100%
3t,697
rj
1
:
:
*
l.Jashington
Male
Femal e
6J
t7
64
36
100%
Total
tt .
'
Numbeo
r f Crashes
i n f r e q u e n L l y . T h e r e f o r e ,t h e s e d a t a a r i s e l a r g e l y f r o m s u b j e c t i v e
determinations.
T h e r e s u l t s o f t h e s e d a t a s h o wt h a t a n o n gc r a s h e dv e h i c l e s , u t i l i t y
v e h i c ' l ed r i v e r s a r e y o u n g e rt h a n p a s s e n g ecra r d r i v e r s . A 1 s o ,n l e n
s u b s t a n i i a1'yl m o r eo f t e n t h a n w o m eanr e d r i v i n g w h e nu t i ' li t y v e h i c l e s
..
:
crasn.
.lr
59
Y
:
:i,
T A B L4
E. 3 . 1 - 2
VEHICLECRASHES
ACCORD
I N GT OA G EO FD R I V T R :
SELTCTIDSTATES
A g eo f D r i v e r
U t i I i t y V e h ci ' l e s
L
Al'l Vehicles*
Michigan
U n d e r2 0
20-24
25-?9
3 0 -3 4
3 5 a n do l d e r
Total
l6
?6
?0
12
26
42
100
100
19
I8
13
o
Texa
s
!}i*i$
U n d e r2 0
16
20-24
25-29
30-34
3 5 a n d o ld e r
I8
?0
t 1
1 ^
3?
1n
?o
100
100
Total
Ib
14
l.lashington
U n d e r2 0
20-24
25-29
30-35
3 5 a n do l d e r
Total
15
20
20
14
19
18
1J
B
42
i l
ro0
|
* T e x a sa n d | ' { a s h i n g t o nI ,i m i t e d t o p a s s e n g e r
c ar s o n l y .
60
100
4 . 3 . 2 C r a s hL o _ c a t i o n s
T o d e t e r m in e t h e m a j o r d i f f e r e n c e s b e t w e e u
ntil ity vehicle crashes
a n d p a s s e n g ecr a r c r a s h e sr e g a r d n
i g the site of the accident. An
a n a l y s i so f t h e l o c a t i o no f c r a s h e sw a sn ud e .
O n e f i n d i n g o f m a j o r i m p o r t a n c ei n c o m p a r i s o n sb e t w e e nu t i l i t y
v e h i c l e s a n d p a s s e n g e rc a r s i s t h a t s u b s t a n t i a l d i f f e r e n c e s e m e r q ew h e n
r u r a l a n d u r b a n a r e a s a r e c o n s i d e r e ds e p a r a t e l y .
C o m p a r ewdi t h p a s s e n g ecr a r c r a s h e s ,u t i l i t y v e h i c l e c n a s h e sa r e
nnre likely to occur in the runal parts of the states studied. These
d a t a a r e s u m nrri az e d i n T a b l e 4 . 3 . 2 - 1 .
U r b a n - r u r a ' ld i f f e r e n c e s b e t w e e nu t i l i t y
v e h i c l e a n d p a s s e n g e rc a r
d h e nd t t e n t i o n i s f o c u s e do n f a t a l c r a s h e s .
c r a s h e sr e m a
i n p r o n o u n c ew
A s i s s h o w ni n T a b l e 4 . 3 . 2 - 2 , f a t a l c r a s h e si n v o l v i n g u t j l i t y v e h i c l e s
are largely rural crashes.
W h yw o u l d s o m e w h amt o n et h a n o n e - h a l f o f t h e f a t a l p a s s e n g e rc d r
r
1.
c r a s h e s ,a n d a l m o s t t h r e e - f o u r t h s o f t h e f a t a l u t i l i t y v e h i c l e c n a s h e s ,
o c c u r i n r u r a l a r e a s ? 0 n e h y p o t h e s i si s t h a t t h e p r o n rni e n c eo f r u r a l
:iiirii
a r e a s i n f a t a l c r a s h e si s l a r g e l y d u e t o a v e r a g et r a v e l s p e e d .
P r e v jo u s s t u d i e s h a v e s h o w nt h a t a v e r d g es p e e do f t r a v e l i n r u r a l
a r e a s e x c e e d st h a t i n u r b a n a r e a s . D a t a f r o m t h e F A R S ,f o r e x a n r p l e ,
T
s h o v rt h a t i n f a t a l c n a s h e sa s p e e d o f 5 0 o r n o r e m i l e s p e r h o u r i s m o n e
t h a n t w i c e a s c o m m o inn r u r a l a r e a s c o m p a r e dt o u r b a n a r e a s . T h e s ed a t a
a r e s h o w ni n T a b l e4 . 3 . 2 - 3 .
A d d i t i o n a l e v i d e n c eo f t h e d i f f e r e n c e i n t r a v e l s p e e db e t w e e nu r b a n
a n d n u r a l a r e a s i s i n c i u d e di n a r e p o r t p r e p a r e db y t h e F e d e r a lH i g h w a y
A d m j n i s t r a t i o n( U . S . D e p a r t n e n ot f T r a n s p o r t a t j o n ,F e d e r a lH i g h w a y
I
'$
t
i
A d m i n i s t r a t i o n ,T r a f f i c S p e e _ d _ T r e n1d9s 7, 6 ) . A f e w s t a t i s t i c s f r o m t h a t
r e p o r t a r e p r e s e n t e di n T a b l e 4 . 3 . 2 - 4 .
A l t h o u g h t h e f j g u r e s a r e s o m e w h adt a t e d , t h e r u r a ) / u r b a n
d i f f e r e n c e s f o u n d i n t r a v e l s p e e dr , r ree a b o u t l 2 r n p hf o r p r i m a r y a n d
s e c o n d a r ryo a d s , a n d 3 m p hf o r i n t e r s t a t e s .
C l o s e l y r e l a t e d t o d i f f e r e n c e s b e t w e e nu r b a n a n d r u r a l a r e a s a r e
s o r i eo f t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e s i t e o f t h e c r a s h . T a b l e 4 . 3 . 2 - 5
6l
{
I
{r
t
:
T A B L4E. 3 . 2 - I
C O M P A R IO
SO
FUNT I L I T YV [ H I C L E
CRASHES
IN,URBAN
ANDRURI\].
AREAS:
S T L E C ; !S
DT A T E S
5rare
I
U tj l i t y V e h i c l e s
I
P a s s e n g eCr a r s *
Michigan
Township**
Cjty
EN
30
ov
f,U
Total
100%
N u m b eonf C r a s h e s
30,880
Texas
lli}}i:i
Rural
Urban
OJ
Total
r 00%
t7
Number"
of Crashes
302
9
91
r00%
3 1, 6 9 7
t,{ashi ngt on
Rural
Urban
35
65
Total
16
84
100%
Numberof Crashes
153,331
* I n c l u d e sa l I v e h i c l e s
i n 1 4c. h
i igan.
* ' . 1 , 4 0 st ot w n s h i p sa n e i n
rural areas, but a few
t o w n s h i p sa r e i n u r b a n a r e a s , T h e r e f o r e ,p t - ; c e n t a g e
d i f f e r e n c e sb e t w e e nu r b a n a n d r u r a l p r o b i b : y i r e
s o m e w h agt r e a t e r t h a t t h o s e s h o v r n. in t h e t a - b j e ,
s h o w st h e r e l a t i o n s h j p b e t w e e nt o t a l c r a s h e sa n d s e v e r a l s i t e
c h a r a c t e r i s t ' ic s f o r u r b a n a n d r u r a l a r e a s .
ot
TABLE4
'1
2.)
D I S T R I B U T IO
OFNFATALCRASHES
A L L S T A I T S ,1 9 7 7F A R S
Utility
Vehicle
Passenger
Car
%
Urban
Rura'l
2B
44
56
Total
1oo%
|
486
|
Number
of Crashes
100%
3 5, 3 0 4
i
1
T A B L4E. 3 . 2 - 3
P E R C E N TD
AIGSET R I B U T I O N
OF FAIAL CRASHES
ACCORDING
T OT R A V ESLP E E DA:L LS T A T E S
r971
Tr a v eI
Speed
(mph
)
U n d e r5 5
55 or over
Not Ascertained
Tot a'l Number
0 l L r a sn e s
Utility
Vehicles
Urban I Rural
---------+---------
Pas enger
Cars
Urban I
Rural
T7
9
66
27
+-
348
::
1l
68
LO
57
134
I
I
-t
E a c hc ha r ac t e r i s t i c s h o w ni n T a b l e4 . 3 . 2 - 5 i_s m o r ep r e v a l e n it n
r u r a l a r e a st h a n i n u r b a na r e a s . A n d , c o m p a r evdvtih p a s s e n g esrr a s h e s ,
u t i l i t y v e h i c l ec r a s h e sa r e m o r el i k e l y t o o c c u rw h e nt h e s p e c i f i e dr o a d
c ha r a c t e r i st ' i c s o r c o n dti i o n s a r e p r e s e n t . T h e r e s u l t s f o r l . J a s h i n g t o n
a : - ec o n s i s t e nw
t i t h t h e f i n d 'ni g s f o r l ' 1ci h i g a n .
63
i
T A BEL 4 . 3 . 2 - 4
AVTRAG
( M . P . H . ) O FP A S S E N GCEARR S
SE
PTED
1 97 5
U rb a n
Compl
eted I nterstate
Primary
Secondary
42.9
?O
E
I
Rural
58.0
55.1
52.0
T a b l e 4 . 3 . 2 - 6 s h o w st h e r e l a t . i o n s h . i pb e t w e e nf a t a l c r a s n e s ; , , J
s e v e r a l n o a dc h a r a c t e r i s t i c s f o r u r b u na n d r u r a l a r e a s . F o r e a c ho f t h e
r0adcharacteristics,fatal utjlity
fatal car crashes.
v e h i c l e c r a s h e sa r e c o m p a r ewdit h
T h e o v e n v h e l m i n gp r - c p o r t i o no f f a t a l c r a s h e s o c c u r o n r o a d s h a v i n g
o n l y t w o l a n e s , a n d t h e s e r o a d s a r e v e r y c o m m ojnn r u n a l a r e a s - T h e
p r o p o r t j o no f f a t a l c r a s h e so n t w o - l a n e r o a d s i n u t i l i t y v e h i c l e s i s
llrwii
o n l y s l i g h t l y h i g h e r t h a n t h a t f o r p a s s e n g ecr a r s i n b o t h u r b a n a n d
rural areas.
T h e - ' c h a r a c t e or f t h e r o a d a t t h e s i t e o f t h e c r a s h t s a s s o c i a t e d
h ' i t h m o d e r a t e l yl a r g e d i f f e r e n c e s b e t w e e nu t i l i t y v e h i c l e s a n d p a s s e n g e r
c a r s w i t h r e g a r dt o f a t a l c r a s h e s . F a t a l u t i l i t y v e h i c l e c r a s h e sa r e 9
and12 percentage
p o i n t s h i g h e r t h a n t h e f i g u r e f o r p a s s e n g ecr a r s a t
c u r v e s o r o n h i l l s , r e s p e c t i v e l y ( T a b ' l e4 . 3 . 2 - 6 ) . { s w o u l d b e e x p e c t e d .
c u r v e s a n d h i 1 1 y r o a d s a r e . m o r eo f t e n c r a s h s i t e s i n n u r a l a r e a s .
T a b l e4 . 3 . 2 - 6 a l s o s h o w st h a t f a t a l u t i l i t y v e h j c l e c r a s h e sa r e
) e s s 1 i k e 1 yt h a n - fa t a ' l c a r c r a s h e st o o c c u r a t i n t e r s e c t . i o n so r o n t h e
r o a d w a y . C r a s h e so n t h e r o d d w a ya r e e v e r l e s s 1 i k e 1 y i n t h e r u r a l
. r e a s ; t h d t i s , f a t a l u t i l i t y v e h i c l e o r p a s : . c n g ec ra r c r d s h e si n r . ;
a r e a s a r e m o r e I i k e l y t h a n t h o s e i n u r b a na r e a s t o i n v o l v e l e a v i n g t h e
r o a d w a y . T h j s c o n c l u s i o nm u s t b e t e r , t p e r e d
, o . " * h u t b e c a u s eo f a
r e p o r t i n g p r o b l e r n . c e r t a i n c r a s h e sw h i c h o c c u r o f f - r o a d a r e t r e a t e d a s
e n t i r e l y o f f - r o a d ( a n d n r a yo r m a y n o t b e r e c o r r i e r aJ s t r d f f i c r e l a t e c i)
e v e n t h o u g ht h e v e h i c l e s t a r t e d o n - r o a d .
64
T A B L4E. 3 . 2 - 5
P E R C EO
NT
FT O I A LC R A S H E S
ACCORDING
TO DIFFERENT
ROADCHARACTERISTICS:
S E L E C TS
IO
TATES
T o w n s h i p l C i t y l T o t a l
SeIected
Road
C h a n a c t esr ti i c s
Utility
Veh
All
Veh
Utility
Veh
All
Veh
Utility
Veh
AII
Veh
%
Michigan
Snov{or ice
on surface
C u r v ei n t h e
road
Darkness
w rt h o u t
s t r e e t li g h t s
Nurnbe
r of
crashes
4l
25
29
ll
l
3
35
33
l5
3304
95 1 0
3295
T]
l5
21370
35
?o
l
4
25
20
6599
30880
ilits
Urban
Rural
Total
I
I
-_
----------------+ ----------------f
::-----:---Pass Utility Pass u[r lr Ly Pass
Utility
Veh
Veh
Veh
Car
Car
Car
%
7.
W a s hnig t o n
Snor.ror ice
on surface
C ur v e i n
i he road
Darkness
w it h o u t
streetlights
N u m b eo
rf
crashes
20
11
10
?1
1A
lo
32
27
15
496
24698
960
r28357 I 4 5 6
9
IfJJJI
T A BtL 4 . 3 . 2 _ 6
PTRCENT
OF FATALCRASHES
A C C O R D IT
NO
GD I F F E R E NRTO A D
C H A R A C TSETRI IC S :
ALt STATES
Urban
Road
C h a r a c t e rsi t i c
Rural
I
Total
I
Utility
Utility
lutility
V e hi c l e s P a s sC a r V e h i c l e P
s a s sC a r l V e h i c l ePsa s sC a r
q
o
l
,o
lo
%
%
l
%
%
----+-------_
Twolanes
Curve in road
Vertical
graoe
Intensection
0n roadvlay
S n o wo l i c e
on surface
Darkness
Numberof
Fatal
Cr as h e s
66
.9
29
34
66
29
134
94
37
92
29
86
79
3l
17
68
38
11
57
ao
t6
42
11
53
qr
ll
46
4
LJ
45
36
19149
486
OL
l5
19
15495
348
23
7t
35304
iiiiii$r
O t h e r r o a d c o n d i t i o n s t h a t a f f e c t d r i v i n g i n c l u d e s n o wo r i c e o n
t h e s u n f a c e a n d t h e a m o u n to f I i g h t p r e s e n t , p r o p o r t i o n a t e l y m o r e
utility
v e h i c l e s t h a n p a s s e n g ecna r s c r a s h w h e nt c e o r s n o wt s o n t . h e
r o a d s u r f a c e , e s p e c i ally i n r u r a l a r e a s . I n r u r a l i r e a s , e l e v e n D e r c e n t
o f f a t a l c r a s h e si n u t i l i t y v e h i c l e s o c c u r w i t h s n o wo r i c e o n t h e r o a d ,
c o n p d r e dw i t h f i v e p e r c e n t f o r p a s s e n g e rc a r s .
F o r t y - f i v e p e r c e n to f a l l f a t a l u t i l i t y v e h j c l e c r a s h e so c c u r
C u r i n g t h e e v e n i n gh o u r s j n t h e a b s e n c eo f s t r e e t l j g h t s . T h e
c 0 r r e s p o n dn ig f i g u r e f o r p a s s e n g ecr a r s i s 3 E p e r c e n t . A g a i n , d a r k , : s
w i t h o u t s t r e e t I i g h t s i s a c o n d i t i o n m o r eo f t e n p r e s e n t i n r u r d l t h a n
u r b a ndr e a s .
I n s u m m a r yu, t i l i t y v e h i c l e s a r e m u c hn r o r e1 i k e l y t n d n p d s s e n g e r
cars t o c r a s h i n r u r a l a r e a s . I , . l i t h i nr u r a l a r e a s , u t i l i t y v e h i c l e s
66
c r a s hm o r eo f t e n t h a n p a s s e n g ecra r s w h e ns n o y o/ r i c e i s o n t h e r o a d
s u r f a c e ,w h e nd ar kn e ss p r e v a
i 1 s , o r w h e nt h e r e i s d c u r v e i n t h e r o a d .
4 . 3 . 3 T e n r p oI r C
a h a r a c t esr it i c s
l ^ l h a t , i f a n y , a r e t h e m a j o r d i f f e r e n c e s b e t w e e nu t i l . i t y v e h i c l e a n d
p a s s e n g e rc a r c r a s h e s a c c o r d in g t o w h e nt h e s e a c c i d e n t s o c c u r?
P r e s e n t e db e l o w a r e s t a t i s t i c s o n m o n t ho f y e a r , d a y o f w e e ka n d h o u r -o f
dav.
S o m es e a s o n a ld i f f e r e n c e s b e t . ^ , e epna s s e n g e rc a r a n d u t i l i t y v e h i c l e
c r a s h e s a r e o b s e r v e di n T a b l e 4 . 3 . 3 - 1 . C o m p a r - ewdi t h p a s s e n g e rc a r s ,
u t i l i t y v e h i c l e s e x p e r i e n c e dp r o p o r t i o n a t e l y n n r e c r a s h e s i n t h e w i n t e r months.
:'
t,
..{.
T A B L4E. 3 . 3 -1
U T I L I T YV T H I C L A
E N DP A S S I N G E R
CARCRASHES
BY T,lONTH;
S E L I : C T TSDT A T I S
.,
Michigan
l j d s h in g to n
,iil.
Month
Utility
Vehicles
Passenger
Cars
%
Utility
Vehicles
January
February
l"1a
rch
A p r iI
l'4ay
June
July
A u g us t
September
0ctober
No v e m b e r
Decenber
15
10
7
II
8
7
9
3
1
7
7
1
9
7
9
I
10
il
8
I
6
6
I
o
7
7
b
5
o
7
.J
II
I5
v
l3
Passenger
Cars
s
o
E
t
d
q
1 n
---_---------+
Total
Nun)b
er
of Crashes
100%
6
qqq
100%
2A al2
b/
I00t:
I00%
tq? r?r
_il
u v e r o n e _ h a l (f 5 f % )
o f t h e u t i l i t y "vte: h
' . il ct 'ltec r a s h e si n M i c h i g a n
s e e ni n t h e t a b r e t o o c . r " , , "
-a r-e
" ,u_r' n
_ r^o: :n.t h s(
t n f. o
N
o
v
e
r
n
b
e
r
F
e
b
r
u
ar y ) . i n *
c o r r e s p o n d i nfgi g u r e , " o t "
difference
i, notu,,J,:,T::;':::;;,;,:j^:"iijil,
ll,;::;i^;:;"
reveal a similar pattern.
Thirty-eight
0""..^i of utility vehicie
c r a s h e si n i { a s h i n g t o n
wlne
€ observed 'i n the
Noven
t b e r - F e b r u a r -tyi m e p e n i o d
comparedto 34 percent
o r p a s s e n g e nc a r s .
Comparedto passenget
tut cnashesu
' tility vehic'le
c r a s h e sa r e
s l i g h t l y m o r ep n e v a i e n ,
o n w e e k e n dtsh a n w e e k d a y s ,
a s i s s h o w ni n T a b l e
4.3.3_2.
T A B L4E. 3 . 3 - 2
U T I L I T YV E H I C LAND
T PASSENGER
CARCRASHTS
BY DAYOF I,/tEK:
SI LI CTTDSTATI
S
M ic hi g d n
Day of l,teek
--.----------
passenser
Y
v el jhl ii icvl e sI
a;;;
I
iijei}
h
lvlonday
Tuesday
t,llednesday
t hursday
Fr-iday
Saturday
5 unday
t
o
/
13
1 t
1J
13
t5
18
16
i3
13
16
18
15
LI
------------+
T o ta l
tol%
I
I
W a sihn g to n
--,,::--------trti+,,
%
LZ
1?
I2
i4
77
I9
14
------------+
roos
I
rh d s s e n g e r
;V: e
J lh' -: ri c j e sJ
r007"
I
l
C;;;
%
t4
13
l4
l4
18
LC
11
100i
The la rgest di ffere
r,/dshi
nston
is seen,",ili'.:";f;:r:J:,':;.:ri;,r::.J:i';]"1,]l,,,
v e F i c l e c r a sh e s o c c u
n.
T i m eo f d a y b y f o u r
h o u r p e ri o d s i s s h o l n
L n t a b l e 4 . 3 . 3 _ 3f o r
d c c i d e n t sf r o m t h e l " i i c h i g a n
file.
A s s h o w n ,u t i I . it y
v e h i c l e c r a s h o sa r e
6B
somewnatInore I i k e l y t h a np a s s e n g ecra r c r a s h e st o o c c u r b e t w e e n
m i d n i g h t a n d B : 0 0a .m .
TABLE
4.3.3-3
U T I L I T YV E H I C LAEN DP A S S E N G E R
CARCRASHES
BY TII"1E
OF t]AY:
MICHI GAII
Hour Per-iod
Utility
Vehicles
%
8 am-Noon
N o o n - 4P M
4 Pt"1-8Pt4
8 Pl'114
i dni 9ht
M i d n i g h t - 4A M
4 Ar4-8AM
!itl{i:
lf,
I4
?6
15
l1
28
o
Total
Passenger
C ar s
7,
100%
lo
9
6
100%
M o r ef a t a l c r a s h e so c c u r i n t h e l a s t h a l f o f t h e y e a r t h a n j n t h e
f i r s t h a l f . F i f t y - e i g h t p e r c e n to f f a t a r u t i l i t y v e h i c l ec r a s h e sa n d 5 1
p e r c e n t o f f a t a ) p a s s e n g e rc a r c r a s h e s t a k e p l a c e b e t w e e nJ u l y a n d
D e c e m b e nJ, u l y i s t h e p e a k m o n t hf o r f a t a l u t j l i t y v e h i c l e c r a s h e s .
t l i t h t h e e x c e p t j o no f t h e s e a s o n a p
l a t t e r n o b s e r v e df o r M i c h i g a n ,
t e m p o r a ld j f f e r e n c e sb e t w e e nt i r e d i s t r i b u t i o n s o f u t i l i t y v e h i c l e a n d
p a s s e n g ecr a r c r a s h e sa r e s m all.
4.3.4
P r e v io u s s e c t i o n s i n t h i s c h a p t e r h a v e c o n si d e r e d d r i v e r
c h a r a c t e rsj t i c s , e n v ir o n r n e n t acl h a r a c t e rsi t i c s a n d t e m p o r a p
l atterns.
T h i s s e c t i o n c o n si d e r s a l I t h e s e v a r i a b l e s s i r n Iut a neou sI y . I n s o m e
i n s t a n c e sa r e l a t i o n s h i p o b s e n v e d
b e t w e e nt w o v a r i a b l e s i s a c t u a l l y n n r e
a r e s u l t o f a t h i r d v a r i a b l e n o t i n c l u d e c il n t h e t a b l e . | , J h esne v e r a l
c h a n a c t e rsi t j c s a r e c o n s j d e r e dt o g e t h e r , s i g n i f i c a n t r e l a t i o n s h i p sc a n
b e s e p a r a t e df r o m i n s i g n i f i c a n t o n e s . A l I c h a r a c t e r i s t i c sd i s c u s s e d
ov
e a r l i e r i n t h i s c h a p t e rw e r e i n c l u d e di n m u l t i p l e r e g r e s s i o ne q u a t i o n s
( l i n e a r p n o b a bl i t y f u n c t i o n s ) u s i n g a c c j d e n t f i l e s f r o m t h e S t a t e s o f
M i c h i g a na n d W a s h i n g t o n . r aT h e r e s u l t s r e g a r d i n gt h e l e v e l o f
s t a t i s t i c a l s i g n i f i c a n c e a s s o ca' it e d w i t h e a c ho f t h e s e c h a r a c t e r j s t i c s
a r e s h o w ni n T a b l e4 . 3 . 4 - 1 .
T A B L4E. 3 . 4 - I
RELATIONSHIPS
BETWEEN
SPECIFIEDCHARACTERISTICS
AND
T H TP E R C E N TO
AF
GUET I L I T YV E H I C LCI R A S H E S
W h e t h eS
r jgnjficant
a t t h e 9 5 7 "L e v e l
o f C o n fi d e n c e
Michigan
l , J h e t h eSr i g n i f i c a n t
a t t h e 9 9 %L e v e l
o f C o n fi d e n c :
----------+--| , l a s h j n g t o nI M i c h i g a n
t,iashington
D r iv e nC h a r a c t esr it i c s
Age
Sex
0ccupatjon
Report ed AI cohol
Use
rillit
Yes
YES
Yes
Yes
NA
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Ye s
No
Yes
Yes
NA
No
Yes
res
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
No
NO
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
YeS
No
l'lo
C r a s hL o c a t i o n s
Rural anea
Curve in road
S n o wo r i c e
o n r o a d su r f a c e
NO
Yes
T e m p o n aCl h a r a c t e nsi t i c s
Mont h
Day of week
Hour of Day
No
No
NC
R e p o r l e du s e o f a l c o h o l a n d a l I t e m p o n a lc hdr a c t e r i s t i c s a r e n o t
s i g n i f i c a n t l y a s s o cai t e d w i t h t h e p e r c e n t a g eo f u t j l i t y v e h i c l e c r a s h e s .
T h e e q u a t i o n sa n d c o r r e l a t i o n m a t n i c e sa r e p r e s e n l e di n a p p e n d j x
, o w e v e r ,b e t v ' r e eanl l o t h e r
S i g n i f i c a n t r e l a t i o n s h i p sa r e o b s e r v e d h
c h a r a c t e r i s t j c s c o n s i d e r e di n t h i s c h a p t e ra n d t h e p e r c e n t a g eo f u t i l i t y
v e h ic l e c r a s h e 's
c h a r a c t e rsi t i c s e x a mni e d a n d t h e p e r c e n t a g e
R e l a t i o n s h i p sb e t v i e e n
o f u t i l i t y v e h i c l e c r a s h e sv r e r ef o u n d t o b e s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i f i c a n t a t
t h e 9 9 p e r c e n t l e v e l o f c o n f i d e n c ef o r : d r i v e r c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f a g e
.:
i
a n d s e x ; c r a s h l o c a t j o n s o f r u r a ' l a r e a ; a n d s n o wo r i c e o n t h e r o a d
s u r f a c e . I t w a s f o u n ds i g n j f i c a n t a t t h e 9 5 p e r c e n tl e v e l o f c o n f i d e n c e
, nd for curve in the road
f o r o c c u p a t i o nf o r t h e s t a t e o f W a s h i n g t o n a
!r
n n d M i c h i g a nc r a s h e s .
f o r b o l h l ^ l a s h i n g t oa
4 .4
CLI NI CALCASTRtVI tVJ
I n f 0 n n a t i o na b o u t u t i l i t y
v e h i c l e c r a s h e sw a s o b t a i n e df r o n l
a c c i d e n t r e p o r t s a n d p h o t o g r a p h sf r o m s e l e c t e d s t a t e s . I n a d d i t ' i o n , t h e
C P I Rf i l e w a s e x a m i n e da s a p o s s i b l e s o u r c e o f i n f o r n r a t i o n a b o u t i n j r r r y
jn utjlity
vehicle crashes. Considereb
d e l o wa r e a c c i d e n tr e p o r t s f r o r n
A r i z o n a , 1 4 i c h i g a nN, e wM e x i c o ,a n d N e wY o r k . D a t a f r o m A r i z o n a ,
C o l o r a d o ,a n d l " l i c h i g a na r e i n c l u d e di n 4 . 4 . 2 ( P h o t o g r a p h iAc n a l y s i s ) .
,iiriii
4 , 4. 1 A c c d
i e n t R e p o r t s : A r i z o n a NewMexico and New York
traffjc accjdent reports are fj led only for the current
I\IjZ_S_&_
y e a r , w i t h r e c o n d sf o r t h e p r e v ' oi u s y e a r s m a i n t a i n e do n m i c r o f i l n r . T h e
D e p a r t m e not f T r a n s p o r t a t i o nI e e p s a c c i d c n t r e c o r d sp e r t a in i n g t o a l I
jurisdictions in the state in a central file.
H o w e v e r i, n d j v i C u a l
a c c i d e n t r e p o r t s m u s t b e o b t a j r r e di n d e p e n d e lnyt f o r c o l l i s i o n s c o m ni g
y atrol),
u n d e rj u r i s d i c t i o n o f t h e D e p a r t m e not f P u b l i c S a f e t y ( H i g h w a P
o r f r o n rt h e i n d ' vi i d u a l s h e r i f f s , o r f n o n t h e l o c a l p o l j c e d e p a r t n l e n t
h a v i n gj u r i s d i c t i o n i n a l I o t h e r c a s e s . A c c i d e n tr e p o r t s a r e s t o r e d o n
m i c r o f i l m c o v e n i n gt h e p e r i o d b a c k t o J a n u a r y1 , 1 9 7 3 . P r j o r t o t h a t
t i r n e d a t a a n e a v a i l a b l e o n l y f o r t h o s e a c c i d e n t sr e p o r t e do n s t a t e
h i g h w a y sb a c k t o J a n u a r Y1 , 1 9 6 5 .
c o m p u t e sr e a r c hw a s c o n d u c t e df o r a l l t r a f f i c a c c i d e n t
'j
r e p o r t s f o r I 9 7 6 , 1 9 7 7 , a n d 1 9 7 8 i d e n t i f e d u n d e rt h e c o d i n g f o r
r e c r e a t i o n a vl e h i c l e s . T h i s i n c l u d e sa l l o f f - r o a d u t i l i t y v e h i c l e s ,
'l
i s t i n g t h e m o d e ly e a r a n d v e h j c l e r n a k e( j . e . , 1 9 7 8 F o r d 2 - d o o r ) , b o d y
An initial
i.
!:
s t y l e , a n d V I N . H o w e v enr o f u r t h e r i d e n t i f i c a t i o n w a s p r o v i d e di n t h e
c o d i n g t o d e t e r m i n ew h e t h e rt h e v e h i c l e w a s i n f a c t a p i c k u p t r u c k o r
C J - 7 . T o o b t a i n t h i s i n f o n n a t i o ni t w o u l dh a v e b e e nn e c e s s a r yt o
e x a m i n ee a c h i n d i v j d u a l t r a f f i c a c c i d e n t r e p o r t , a p r o h i b i t i v e t a s k
u n d e rt h e t i r n e a n d b u d g e ta v a i l a b l e . T h e r s f o r e ,t h e d e c i s . i o nw a s m a d e
t 0 i d e n ti f y a n d e x a mni e a l I l 9 7 B a c c i d e n t si n v o l v i n g r e c r e a t i o n v e h i c l e s
i n v e s t i g a t e d b y t h e D e p a r t m e n ot f P u b l i c S a f e t y w h i c h w o u l d g j v e t h e
b e s t a n d m o s t r e c e n t s t a t e - w i d e d . is t r i b u t . i o n o f d a t a . A l s o a l l f a t a l
a c c i d e n t n e p o r t s f o r " 1 9 7 8 , i n a n y A r i z o n a l a w e n f o r c e m e n jtu r i s d i c t i o n ,
w e r e e v al u a t e d ,
T h e A r i z o n a a c c i d e n t r e c o r d s r e p o r t a l a r g e n u m b e ro f r e c r e a t i o n a l
v e h i c l e s i n a c c i d e n t se a c hy e a r , m o s t o f w h i c h a p p e a rt o b e u t i l t t y
v e h i c l e s a s d e f i n e d b y t h i s s t u d y . A s s h o w ni n T a b l e 4 . 4 . 1 - l t h e r e h a v e
b e e na t o t a l o f i , 0 9 8 r e c r e a t i o n d r v e h i c l e a c c i d e n t s i n A r i z o n a o v e r t h e
p a s f t h r e e y e d n s . T h i s r e p r e s e n t sa n i n c r e a s eo f 8 . 9 p e r c e n t i n 1 9 7 7 ,
a n d 8 . 5 p e r c e n ti n i 9 7 8 .
I n i 9 7 8 t h e n u m b e nosf f a t a l a c c i d e n t s ( 3 7 ) ,
f a t a l i t i e s ( 4 2 ) , i n j u r y a c c j d e n t s( 8 0 8 ) , a n d i n j u r i e s ( 1 , 3 6 0 )a r e a l i
h i g h e r t h a n r e c o r d e dt h e p r e v i o u s y e a r .
.{s*i{
0f the 1,948 recreational
v e h i c l ea c c i d e n t sd u r i n g 1 9 7 8 ,1 , 2 1 5i n v o l v e dt h e u t i l i t y v e h i c l ea s t h e
p r i m a r ya c c i d e n cv e h i c l e , a n d i n 7 3 3 c d s e s a s s t r u c k b y a n o t h e rv^ e h i c l e .
TABLE
4.4.1-1
A R I Z O NR
AE C R E A T I O N
VA
EL
H I C LC
EOLLISIONS
1976_I978
1976
|
1977
|
t97B
T o t a ls
I +___-__
---------+---_-___-+_________
_-__
F a t a l a c c id e n ts
N u m b eor f f a t a l i t i e s
I n j u r y a c c id e n ts
Nu n r br e o f i n j u r i e s
T o t a l A c c id e n ts
37
42
616
1,082
?6
7r2
r ,22?
808
1,360
87
i00
2,136
3,662
I,488
I ,662
1,948
s, 0 9 8
L J
J1
The frequency of 0 c c u r r e n c eo f v a r i o u s n r o d e l so f u t i l i t y v e h i c l e s
i n c l u d e di n t h e r e v i e w o f t h e a c c ' i d e n tr e p o r t s f r - o r A
n n i z o n af o r t h e y e a r
7?
1 9 7 8i s s h o v , inn T a b l e4 . 4 . 1 - 2 . 0 f t h e 3 0 0 c a s e si n v e s t i g a t e b
dy the
A r i z o n aD e p a r t n r eonft P u b l i cS a f e t y ,J e e p sa r e s h o w nt o b e i n v o lv e c ji n
o v e r o n e - h af l o f t h e d c c id e n t s .
,t
TABLE
4.4.I-2
I N C I D E N COI F A C C I D T N T S
B Y l ' 1 0 D E LA:R I Z 0 N Al,9 7 8
I n j u r y A c cj d e n t
J eep*
Blazer
Bronco
Scout
L a n dC r u i s e r
J i mmy
0ther (Travel-als,
S t a t i o n L l a g o n s e, t c . )
Total
T o t a l N u m b e ro f C r a s h e s
-;rtl
Percent of Total
f,.1
1B
8
7
5
J
1007,
300
* l n c l u d e s1 , ,l /liy s , K aj s e r J e e p s , a n d A M CJ E E P
A t a b u l a r l i s t i n g o f t h e l 9 7 BA r i z o n au t i l j t y v e h i c l ec o l l i s j o n s
f o r w h i c h a c c j d e n t r e p o r t s w e r e r e v i e w e di s p n o v i d e di n A p p e n d i xG .
A n e f f o r t w a s m a d et o o b t a i n c o p i e s o f a l ' l a c c i d e n t r e p o r t s f o r
u t i l i t y v e h i c l e s i n t h e S t d t e c f A r i z o n aj n w h i c ha f a t a l i t y o c c u r r e d
d u r in g 1 9 7 8 . 0 f t h e 3 7 f a t a l c o l l i s i o n s ( w i t h 4 2 f a t a l i t i e s ) d u r i n g
t h i s p e r i o d , t w e n t y - s e v ecna s e sa r e l i s t e d i n T a b l e4 . 4 . 1 - 3 . 0 t h e r
c a s e s i n v o l v e dd u n e b u g g i e so r o t h e r v e h i c l e s n o t ' in c l u d e di n t h i s
s t u d y , a f a t a l p e d e s t r i a nc o l l i s i o n , a n d a f a t a l i t y i n d p a r k e dJ E E I )
s t r u c k b y a n o t h e rv e h i c l e d r i v e n b y a O W I( d r i v i n g w h i l e i n t o x i c a t e d )
drtver.
f ^ / h e tnh e 2 7 f a t a l a c c i d e n t s w h i c h w e r e a n a l y z e d ( o f t h e 3 7
r e c r e d t io n a l v e h i c l e f a t a l c r a s h e so c c u r r in q i n A r i z o n ad u r i n g l 9 7 t l ) a r e
c o m p a r e idn T a b l e 4 . 4 . 1 - 4 , a d i s p r o p o r t i o n a t en u m b e or f A P 1JCt t P
v e h i c l e s , 1 6 ( o r 5 9 % ) ,w e r e i n v o l v e d . T w oL l i I l y s J e e p s ( 7 % )w e r e a l s o
!
t,
! ! 6 E
:l
!
Jn
-i
I
I
I
l
-
Itr
{
E
o
g
T
o
e
,
"]
F
e
g
c
:l
2
a
-
\
4
\
:l
a
.
ri$Iilil
i
!
- o F
o
9
>
a
:-
9
!
-
!t
>l
ll
o t
>l
+ l
ol
ai
ol
l
l
at
I
&
o !
-l
€l a:
=
! t
^ :
@ E
at_
o o i
! 0/i
ol
Y
a
ol
-l
o l
E
?9
!l
=h*
<
'
3
'o 'l r
L
>
&l
6
o
_
I' ol
-
c
il
- . 1
o r
l.
E
: -.::
-
9
ii ;r: ;! ii = ! A ; r
i35;
t'!:;a
E:i:i
'::
'il
-
r
g*lr=s
ic- E
s = .;;
,
:
i
=?i :ii
i : c 5 tx
i"
13;Sii
I i u i r r ; u i ' : , ; i! l ; : i i
tr
5l
s { 3i :
;
I
;ir i:'
};ri3
i :;i:rr :f;ff;; ;:;;i,r
I
I
ir
t
!
i
i
-{rt j r :! 9
-l
o
l
-
:i
_ t
o
6l
6 0
!r op_
-t\
6
'Z
Ll
:l
;l
--
E{
_:t
.,
v
3i
:l
I
:l
n
-l
!
E
-
>
x
!rc
.
i
o a
b
i
o
l-
o
co ._l
a o l
r-l
.- ol
= ql
i
:
-l
a.l
?
.i
4
-
5i
-:I
, I
E
f- f
o
!
€
\
o
c
:g
=
,
E!
\oa
rl
': -: l- l
co
L
q
t:)
t
-
l
t
9
-
t . =
t
_
L
bi *
:I
O
o
a
,^
@
!
i
q
f
a
:
Y
:
,iiU"l*li
J
O
g
-
=
-
l . - -
6
O
:
J
-
d
r
:
o
i
;
J trA
LI
L'
= - t
* l
x
6g osr l 9
1 5, oet l ;*
ol
I ; L
! _ t
_
+ € t3 t 3 r l
s
5sl €
:
*t ;
61
J
E t
!:-1
6
\
<)
F
a
3
U
"
,Y
-
h
R
-
.
;4
3
-
-
5
h
:
- j
i
;
3 = s
;
;
; i l
:
76
t
I
' in v o l v e di n f a t a l
a c c i d e n t s , f o r a t o t a l o f 6 7 p e r c e n tJ e e p a n d J E E p
u t i l i t y v e hi c l e s .
t;
:.
U n f o r t u n a t e l y , i n j u r y d e t a i l s j n r n a n yo f t h e s e a c c i d e n t s a s
n e p o r t e db y t h e e n f o r c e m e n a
t g e n c i e sw e r e i n s u f f i c i e n t t o d e t e n m i n e
t h e i r p r e c i s e n a t u r e . A l t h o u g he j e c t i o n r y i t h f a t a l i t y w a s i d e n t j f i e d i n
e i g h t o f t h e 2 7 c a s e s , i t a c t u a l i y p r o b a b l yo c c u rn e d i n o t h e r c a s e s .
T h e s ef a L a l A r i z o n a c a s e s a r e o u t l i n e d i n T a b l e 4 . 4 . 1 - 4 .
A g e o f t h e d r i v e r s j n t h e s e f a t a l a c c i d e n t s r a n g e df r o m 1 6 t o 6 2
y e a r s , w i t h 2 9 . 6 p e r c e n t b e i n g b e t w e e n1 6 - 2 5y e a r s , 4 0 . 7 p e r c e n t b e t w e e n
*
2 6 - 3 5 y e a r s , 1 4 . 8 p e r c e n t b e i n g b e t w e e n3 6 - 5 0 y e a r s , a n d l 4 . B p e r c e n t
b e i n g b e t w e e n5 l - 6 2 y e a r s . O n e f e m a l e ( a g e d 1 6 ) a n d 2 6 n r a l ed r i v e r s
w e n e i n v o l v e d . A l c o h o l w a s n o t e d t o b e a f a c t o r i n 1 8 c a s e s , u n k n o " r ni n
s i x , a n d d e t e n nnj c d t o b e a b s e n t i n 3 c a s e s . S p e e d sa s e s t i m a t e db y t h e
officer varied from 5 to over 70 miles per hour, Onefatality was a 60
y e a n o l d m a l e p a s s e n g e rw
, h e nr o l l o v e r o f a 1 9 6 0W i l l y s J e e p o c c u r n e da t
a n e s t j m a t e ds p e e do f o n l y 5 - 8 m i l e s p e r h o u r . T h i s v e h i c l e w a s
e q u i p p e dw i t h a r o l l - b a r , b u t t h e r e w a s n o i n d i c a t i o n a s t o w h e t h e rt h e
p a s s e n g ewn a s r v e a r i n ga s e a t b e l t .
i.::i
TABL4
E. 4 . 1 . 4
FREQUENCY
OF [4ODEL
INVOLVEMENT
I N 1 9 7 8A R I Z O NFAA T A LU T IL I T Y V T H I C L E
C O L LSI I O N S
Mode
I
5
*
P e r c e n to f T o t a l *
:
.
JE[P,Jeep**
Br o n co
Scout.
L a n dC r u i s e r
, u b u r b a)n
l " 1sic . ( G M C S
Bl a z e r
J immy
OT
I C
7
7
Total
100?,
* 2 7 v e h i c l e s ,l i s t e d i n d e t a i l i n T a b l e4 . 4 . I - 3 .
i,
* t l n c lu d e s l 6 A l 4 C
J t [ f S ; 2 l .jJl l y s J e e p s .
77
:
ai
*
T w e n t yo f t h e 2 7 f a t a r u t i r i t y
v e h i c r e a c c i d e n t s( / 4 % ) e x a mni e d
i n v o r v e dr o l r o v e r , o f t e n w i t h e j e c t i o n o f u n r e s t r a i n e corc c u p a n t s .
F o u r t e e no f t h e 1 9 f a t a l r o l l o v e r s i n v o l v e dJ E E P S . A n a d d i t i o n a l J E E p
f a t a l c r a s h i n v o l v e da n e n d - o v e r - e n 0d v e r t u r n . R o l l o v e r sa l s o o c c u r r e d
i n o n e o f t h , of a t a l S c o u t c o l l i s i o n s .
S o f a r a s c o u l d b e , j e t e r mni e d f r o m e x a mni a t i o n o f p h o t o g r a p h sa n d
d e s c r i p t j o n sw h e r ep r o v i d e di n p o l i c e a c c ' i d e n rt e p o r t s , t h e r o n - b a r s
in
t h e s e p a r t i c u l a r a c c i d e n t sa p p e a r e d
to hord up well in rorrovers.
.
H o w e v e r ,t h e p r o t e c t i o n p r o v i d e d b y t h e r o l r - b a r w d s o f t e n n e g a t e d
by
t h e f a c t t h a t t h e o c c u p a n t si n t h e s e f a t a r a c c i d e n t sw e r e n o t w e a n i n g
l a p - b e l t s i n a t l e a s t e i g h t o f t h e 2 0 a c c j d e n t s ,a l i o w i n g f a t a l
e J e c t i o n . I n o n e c a s e , i n v o l v i n g a v e h i c r e e q u i p p e dw i t h r o l r - b a r
and
i n w h . i c ht h e d r i v e r w a s r e p o r t e d l y w e a r i n g a 1 a p _ b e l t , f a t a . l h e a d
jniuries occurneC
d u r i n g r o ' ll o v e r d u e t o f l a j l i n g o f t h e u n r e s t r a l n e d
h e a da n d u p p e r t o r s o . M o r e r e c e n t l y , t w o 1 9 7 9f a t d . l a c c i d e n t s i n
A n i z o n ah a v e o c c u r r e d i n , l h i c h t h e f a t a l l y i n j u r e d o c c u p a n ! sw e r e
riding
i n r o l l - b a r e q u ip p e d v e h i c l e s a n d w e r e a l s o r e p o r t e c jb y s c a t e
a u t h o r i t i e s t o b e w e a r i n gb o t h I a p _ b e ' l t sa n d s h o u l d e rh a r n e s s
r e s t r a i n t s . I n t h e s e c a s e s ,h o ' e v e r , t h e r o r r - b a r s w e r ed p p a r e n t l y
not
'iiiil!:
factory insta|ed
(althoughonewas insta|ed by a deaier), and it is
n o t k n o w nw h a t t y p e o f r c s t r a i n t s w e r e i n s t a r l e c l , n o r h o e {t i g h t r y t h e y
w e r e w o r n . T h i s s u g g e s t st h a t r n u c hm o r e a t t e n t i o n s h o u l d b e g i v e n t o
t h e p r o p e r i n s t a I a t i o n a n d w e a r i n go f u p p e rt o r s o r e s t r a r n r s , a n d
detdiled reportjng of the crash scene.
T h e p r e c e d i n gd i s c u s s i o nj l l u s t r a t e s r e p r e s e n t . r t i v ce r a s h e sf r o .
t h e A r i z o n a 1 9 7 8f a t a r u t i l i t y v e h i c r e n e c o r d s . I n n e a r ] y a I c a s e s
-.
.:
s n o v r nt' h e r o l l - b a r s h o u l d h a v e p r ^ o v i d esdu f f i c i e n t p r o t e c t r o n
to have
p r e v e n t e df a t a ' lf t y , h a d a d e q u a t er e s t r a i n t s a l s o b e e ni n s t a l l e d
and
wonn.
N o c a s e o f u p p e rt o r s o r e s t r a . i n t u s a g e , , a si d e n t i f i e d i n t h e
1,,,i
f a t a l c a s e s , a l t h o u g ht w o 1 9 7 9 f a t a ' i c o ] l i s i o n s n r e n t i o n eadb o v eh a v e
i n v o l v e du s a g eo f b o t h r o l i - b a r s a n d u p p e rt o r s o r e s t r a i n t s . T h e
rorD a r s d 0 n o t a p p e a rt o o f f e r s u f f i c i e n t p r o t e c t i o n w i t h o r t i n s t a l l a t i o r r
a n d u s e o f a c o m p l e t er e s t r d i n t s y s t e t t o p n e v e n th e a d a n c lu D p e r t . o r s o
f l a i l i n g a n d c o n t a c td u r i n g r o l l o v e r .
78
Ne!_!ex1c9 uses one of the most detailed and con4.rletereport forms
a n d d a t d p r o c e s s i n gS y s t e m o
s f a n y s t a t e . H o w e v e r t, h e i n j u r y d d t a a r e
c o d e da c c o r d ni g t o t h e c a t e g o r i e s( K - k i r r e d ; A - i n c a p a c i t d t e d c, a r . i e d
f r o m s c e n e ; B - v i s i b l e i n j u r y ) , a n d s e l d o m. js m o r e d e t a i l e d t r a u m a
information given on the report fonn.
t
A copy of the crash investigation report for all accidents statew i d e i n v e s t i g a t e d b y t h e N e wM e x ci o S t a t e p o l i c e w a s r e v j e r ^ r e d .T h i s
p r o v i d e da s a m p l i n gs i m i i a r t o t h a t c o n d u c t e df o r t h e s t a t e o f A r i z o n a
a n d f o r r n e da b a s i s f o r c o m p a r i s o no f c o l l i s . i o n s i n t h e s e t w o n e i q h b o r i n g
s o u t h w e s t e r ns t a t e s -
T h e s ei n c l u d e d 4 8 c r a s h e s i n l 9 7 r f o r t h e f i v e
m o n t h sA u g u s t t h r o u g h D e c e m b e ra, n d 9 7 c r a s h e s d u r i n g 1 9 7 g .
D a t a o n t h e s e c o l l i s i o n s a r e s u m m a r i z ei d
n A p p e n d i xH , p r o v i d i n g
v e h i c l e , d r i v e r a g e , s e x , a n d i n j u r y c o d e i n f o r n t a t i o n a, s w e l . l a s b r i e f
c i r c u r n s t a n c eosr f d c t o r s o f t h e c o l i i s i o n , s p e e dw h e r ek n o w n ,a n d
w h e t h e ra l c o h o l w a s i n v o l v e d .
E l e v e n N e wM e x i c o f a t a l a c c i d e n t s i n v o l v i n g u t i l i t y v e h i c l e s f o r
t h e p e r i o d 1 9 7 8 a n d t h e l a s t h a l f o f 1 9 7 7w e r e r e v i e w e d . T e n o f t h e s e ,
in whichthere wasa fatal ity in the utility
ii{$
v e h i c l e , w e r ea l s o
a s s o cai t e d w i t h a r o l i o v e r .
I n o n e c a s e , a B l a z e r h e a d - o nc o ' l j s i o n
w i t h a n o t h e rv e h i c l e r e s u l t e d i n f o u r f a t a l i t i e s i n t h e o t h e r v e h i c l e ,
b u t n o n e i n t h e E l a z e r . R o ll o v e n w a s a 1 s oa s s o c j a t e dw i t h e j e c t i o n .
0 c c u p a n t sw e r e e j e c t e d i n s i x c o l l i s ' i o n si n v o lv i n g r - o 1ol v e r . I n f o u r
o t h e r c a s e s i t w a s n o t k n o w nw h e t h e r t h e o c c u p a n t sw e r e e j e c t e d . T e n
c a s e s i n v o l v e d l o s s o f c o n t r o l , o r c o r n e c t i o n , a n d s u b s e o u e n rt o l l o v e r .
T h u s r o l l o v e r a n d e j e c t i o n o f u n n e s t r a i n e do c c u p a n t sa p p e a r e dt o b e
1
!
I
p r i m a r y f a c t o r s i n t h e s e f d t a l i t i e s . D e t a ii e d i n j u r y d a t a w e r e
g e n e r ally n o t p r o v i d e di n t h e p o l i c e r e p o r l s .
S i n c e t h e S t a t e o f N e wY o r k r e p r e s e n t e a
d different geographia
c rea
a s w e lI a s d i f f e r e n t c l i m a t e ,h i g h w a ya, n dp o t e n t i a l l yd i f f e r e n t u s a g e
p a t t e r n s , a n a t t e m p tw a sm a d et o o b t a i n f a t a ' l u t i I i t y c r a s hd . r t df o r t h e
year 1977.
T w e n t yf i v e f a t a l u t i l j t y
v e h i c l e c r a s h e sw e r e r e D o r t e d f o r t h e
S t a t e o f N e wY o r k d u r i n g 1 9 7 7 . H o w e v e ro, n l y l 6 o f t h e 2 5 w e r e u s a b l e
f o " r e a s o n sn e n t i o n e dp r e v i o u s l y . U n f o r t u n a t e l y ,h o w e v e r n
, c
7a
i
l
p h o t o g r a p hw
s e r e o b t a i n e df o r a n a l y s i s b e c a u s ei t w o u l d h a v e i n v o l v e d
t h c n e q u i r e m e not f g o j n g i n p e r s o n t o e a c h I o c a l l a w e n f o r c e n r e n t
j u r i s d j c t i o n t o a s c e r t a i n t h e s p e c i f i c m a k e / m o d ea ln d t o o b t a i n t h e
p h o t o g r a p hisn e a c h i n d i v i d u a l c a s e . F u r t h e r , t h e j n f o r m d t i o np r o v i d c d
i n t h e a c c j d e n t f o r m s p e r m i t t e d o n l y l i m i t . e d a n a l y s i s . H o r , v e v e fr r, o n r
t h e l i m i t e d d a t a a v a i l a b l e , f i v e c a s e so f r o l l o v e r w e r e i n d i c a t e d ( 3 0 %
"Jeep"
and a 1975
o f t h e 1 6 ) , i n c l u d i n g o n e c o l l i s ' i o n b e t w e e na 1 9 6 8
" J e e p "r e s u l t i n g i n b o t h o v e r t u r n n
i g. Neither injuries nor occupant
f a t a l i n j u r y c a u s a t i o n w a s p r o v i d e d b y t h e N e wY o r k r e p o r t s , a n d
i n f o r m a t i o nc o n c e r n ni g r e s t r a j n t / r o l l o v e r p r o t e c ti o n y { a sn o t g i v e n .
I n s u r n m a r yr,o l l o v e r a n d e j e c t i o n o f u n r e s t r a i n e d o c c u p a n t sa r e
o b s e r v e dt o b e p r i m a r y f a c t o r s i n f a t a l u t i l i t y v e h i c l e c r a s h e s .
4. 4.2
Photogr-aph
i c 4_tu_]y_s_l_t
I n e a c h o f t h r e e s t r r d ys t a t e s - - A r i z o n a , M i c h i g a n ,a n d C o l o r a d o
- - t h e c o l l i s j o n s i n v o l v i n ga f a t a l j t y i n a u t i l i t y v e h i c l e c r a s hr v e r e
d e s i g n a t e df o r f u r t h e r s t u d y t h r o u g h v i e v rni g a n d ' i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f t h e
d e v e l o p e da s a p a r t o f t h e c r a s h
written and pictorial documentatjon
iiijai$!
i n v e s t i g a t i o n p r o c e s s . S e l e c t e d d a t a e l e m e n t sw e r e r e c o r d e do n t h e f o r m
s h o w ni n F . i g u r e4 . 4 . 2 - 2 2 f o r f u r t h e r d a t d a n a l y s i s ,
F o r A r j z o n a , 2 2 u t i l i t y v e h i c l e f a t a l c a s e sw e r e i d e n t i f i e d f r o n r
A c c i d e n t r e p o r t s a n d p h o t o g r a p h sw e r e
t h e 1 9 7 7 F A R Sd a t a f i l e .
r e q u e s t e da n d r e c e i v e d f o r t h i s s e t ,
Selectedcases are i'l lustrated in
F i g u r e s 4 . 4 . 2 - l t h r o u g h4 . 4 . 2 - 9 .
S i m i l a r p r o c e d u r e sw e r e u s e d f o r C o l o r a d o a n d 1 4 i c h i g a n . I n
C o l o r a d o ,5 4 f a t a l c d s e sh , e r ej d e n t j f i e d f r o m t h e 1 9 7 7F A R Sd a t a . 0 f
t h e s e c a s e s , 4 6 w e r e c o d e da s u s a b l e , w i t h p i c t u r e s a c c o m p a n y i n3g7
c a s e s . T h e e i g h t c a s e s n o t u s a b l e i n c l u d e dp e d e s t r i a no r b j c y c 'ils t
fatality with no utility
v e h i c l e d a m a go
er u t ' l i t y
c o d e do n t h e a c c i d e n t r e p o r t ,
4 . 4 . 2 - 1 0 t h r o u g h4 . 4 . 2 - 2 1.
vehicles improperl',
T w e l v ec a s e s a r e s h o w ni n I i g u r e s
B e c a u s et h e s e c a s e e i n v o l v e a f a t a l i t y t h e r e
r f c r a s h e si n v o i v i n g e j e c t i o n o f
n a y b e a d i s p r o p o r t oi n a t e n u m b e o
o c c u p a n t sd u e t o f a i l u r e t o v J e a rs e a t b e l t s .
80
t:
il
l
v',i:
',',.
{*\
F i g u r e 4 . 4 . 2 - 1 T h e d r i v e r o f t h i s I 9 7 8 F o r d B r o n c ol o s t c o n t r o l a t
a n e s t i r n a t e d5 5 - 6 0m p h e n t e r i n g a f n e e v r a ya n d r o l l e d s e v e r a l t i m e s ,
T h e u n r e s t r a i n e d2 5 - y e a r - o l dm a l e d r i v e r w a s e j e c t e d t h r o u g ht h e
d r i v e r ' s d o o r w i n d o w . 0 c c u p a n rt e : ; t r a i n t s v r e r ei n s t a l l e d b u t n o t
u s e di n t h i s v e hi c l e .
,li$ii
r,.*'#t
ffi
d
*\rrL,'"
JI
' 1 9 7 5, , R e n e g a d e ' ,
F i g u r e4 . 4 . 2 - 2 T h i s
J i I p r a n o f f a n o u n t a i nr o a d a n d
h i t . a r o c k , r o 1l i n g o v e r - T h e f o u r i r n r e s f - 1 r 1 e o
f lc c u p : n t sw e r e e j e c i e d
r , , i t ho n e f a t a l i t y - T h e d r i v e r w a s c i ; : r . i . . , ; t ) r t r ! - e nr d
e c k l e s sd r i v i n o .
D e s pt'ei r o l 1 o v e r , n o t e t h e i n t a c i r o l l - a . , 1 i , . T h e r e 3 i . r a . i n t u
s r a r "n o " t
used.
I
I
I
flgure 4.4.2_3 Thp .t.i,,.
t h er e r t - t o - u J o i il "l lul i"l l l , l f t : _ 1 e 767o l d eEna s rJeE E p
;l"i
j:i"
tl
iiil,u
itj"iix".
: il;::;ii;r
if;,.i]ir:j:!;l
l,!;l!iu,:
I::,1;
:ii:
ii:;;,.tj,
rji;N,
*
lii'
f:#jli;in:iil:r,i:;i;:i:1
rr:::
;;i;.,
:t,i;t3;,,3;,i:ii"L;r:i"';t,'
:
i.:11:"iii,
l",li,l"inl:li:,,'lliiiltt"'
i:ii;":l::llil
;i:5i:':i";i:'.:;'y;5i"ff
T h e u n r e s t r ai n e d
',
r&.'1.
ir '1. a-: ,'i'Fri
*::.i:i\:-
."_.
":
,f '^
;::1,.... ',$f,
, .
i] .{, r:;,, ;liT :ilj,
i'
"ti ; ;;,
ji;,i:;ri:.
::1;
:,.
i$;iii''.ft
i:
i;i,
r.
r
;
:'i
1
3'";;t:
";:.
;a;;:i.i''
i'i.jll,ijo..
-,,.:_-.].,.*_
":]:.. o
d r i v e r o f t h i s 1 9 7 4r . : - - t t : ,
,J .I lo,vl el il ' d n d o v e r cTohr e
---.2
rc.to.t
TL^
i.-,,t
l::; *; i;ru,
ff;i:l"ii"
:,,j:;il j,i;'!;,
l';,:;,
*,.,,
82
, .1.
!J
' . '\'.;
. : .t
t,
I
i,
i
r{|i!1t
F i g u r e4 . 4 . 2 - 5 T h e i n t o x i c a t e dd r i v e r o f t h i s l 9 7 5 C J - 5 J E E Pl o s t c o n t r o l o n a c u r v e a n d t h e v e h i c l e r o l I e d l - l / ? t i n e s , c o mi n g t o r e s t o n
s e r e e j e c t e d . A l t h o u g hequi pped wi th rol I l h e t o p . T h r e e p a s s e n g e rH
b a r a n d s e a t b e l t s , t h e s e a t b e l t s i n t h e t v i o f r o n t s e at s w e r e n o t w o r n .
T h e r i g h t f r o n t p a s s e n g evr r a sf a t a l l y i n j u r e d .
i,i
83
|l{isill
B4
:l
I
illliii
'I
F ig u r e 4 . 4 . 2 - 7 I n t h i s 9 7 5 C J - 5 J E E Pw h i c h c o ' l i d e d w i t h t w o o t h e r
v e h i c le s a t i n t e r s e c t i o n a n d r o l l e d o v e l i n t o a c a n a l c o m i n gt o r e s t
u p s i d ed o w n . I n a t h r e e f a t a l i t y , t h r e e v e h i c l e c o l l j s i o n , t w o p a s s e n g e r
fatalities occurred.
85
i
l't'
's
i
rfr.
#
q
A
*i"qli
#****Hn*t****'ffir"
6D
i
:
i
tjr
l
?
'rt!|li1l
F i g u r e 4 . 4 . 2 - 9 T h i s 1 9 7 8 S c o u tw a s j n v o l v e d i n a h e a d - o nc o l l i s i o n .
I t h a d a r j g i d s t e e l c a b l r i t h o u t r o l l - b a r o r r e s t r a in t s . T h e i m p a c t
Tha
w a s f a t a l t o t h e 6 0 - y e a r - o l dm a l e f r o n t r i g h t c a : i n r c c o n d o r
d r i v e r r e c e i v e dl a c e r a t i o n s t o f a c e a n d I o w e r I e f t I e g . l l o t e t h e
p d d d e du p p e r p a n e l a n d s t e e r i n g w h e e l h u b .
1
87
o.p.rr(U
(Jlu(uN
(ti
_O L
>F
o ()@
(J -c'
(o
c.i
f- Fr l-O
o, .\ lT,
:',*'
cD'tf
OJ
o L
{J 'r)
c
C.,F
(^oJ]
_oo
c - o . d . p 3
O
.
^
or
.P
'F
Q)
c-
.
O-C
( u - o
c
o)
' o C O
_ o o
L O
:jir!!i
L O c > )
a
i.i',
c l P 6 - C
c!
!
-)
.-
.- L- '-
88
0-, 3
<U
o) l-cr
- l-.c oJ
coiF
3
,$t
t:
I
LI
QJl>,
Nl-o
(u
lll
FIE
O,
1J
COI(I) 6
A) Q)
NF
L E { J . A
LP
OrFrO
14
l!
!;
o o o .p.[r
L f, (-,
o .Fc >
L,P
c
OJ +r +.,
< o c
>
.lr -c, (J
c o
. - Q
C )
a -lt,
I
l! ('r r\t.o.o
rJ O chl}
.!
(U
td 9- el
.u -C
9- ()
qrH
C H
o
t
,
..
rF-o
>.,lEF
,o!(u
)r
rJ 'r
(l') o-c
> _(J
o
o (4
!
c
,l
5
t
o < f + r F B
L(.o-C
Ci
'.)F
!F
'r
v
:/.
d
|
I
.o iZ
(D_
oJc)
-C
c: !
3 'F
6 0
_g
$llilil;
,r{
.tr
6
.-l
C
rg
j;
,J
OO rO 5
o o 5
( J
! - ( _ ) L L ( J
{r rco
Or
r E F ! qJ
l- o rrF
:
r t ' O N
O O i = L | t ,
r!o)
- c c c
F.|-),g
_cl
-oo
'
I
GJ
.
sr
.
sf
r g ( u . E ! ! C-C:,
oJ
(F .d
.r-:1 N
OL c.O
<lr.- r
rrclN
co
- p . o o
o : r . - i
c J
lt^(,ci]J-= q J o + )
(!J
or!ooj
l!
?s OF!,-
I
t
i
tl
I
89
1
t'\
-C
.lJ
.
F { - t O q J
4
C, oJ'o
'(, (., .=
O l"o F- _o
c) l-9
|
:fi$d
() C.u
rg
7
l:or
c
F r O c ( ,
6l_c
-
='.
!-F
90
o.-
r
=
L
(^ c
T:'*'d;
arl
-r,l
,l o,
q)
F- It . :
{.
rl'.
el
qrl
I'
E=
!
<|JJ
d )l f =a ' -
''
L
i o
\c,
.f
-.IJ
f
l
)
rrrl Il c
LrJ
l.
: I'-
OJ
6 0 )
rJ)I
,lor
z
o1l.
) o> )-o
J O
a'
t t
-c
' _!:r
- .
L
o
c
!
;'iitlii
oi c r E
OJ
l:
:
o
q,
C DL !
or 'l
| :
l;
o
f
( l ) --c)
Lt
t'.,
E
c
r:\
C v +
a o-o
(u
.o
- ( OJ
c
o :L
I
o r
',
. i F
*
t:
c
o..
L . -
c J c
- (
-(fF
t-- -
a
T
:li
91
t
-
*
i
o,
(ol
o
cF.
q J o
.ll
ro
(u
N
rt,-C
o E oco'F
>r.d E
3
o (,)v_o
F
o
- < D C - O
.-!.
0J
- o ,
.o -c rg L^
.
-c!.tJ
o
_c lr -c, r-, oi !)
+) .c
th tE
. - _ g J ( l ) : J P
=
o-c
.o !- F
t . u
C
.F.}J
_o
i$:'i
c
.P .F
O
.
C
5^iJ
c
(U
c
(,o-o.o
F_o
E
o o - o p 1 r ( u
- F
, - ' L
-O
rg
oJ +)
.6
rg
(l) +r 1r-!)
.{r
E
(F
L4 ('
I
O-O
<
o._ c c_
+
-
AJlrd L OJ tNlo lo L
.Els- -o OJ q,)
I
r4:5-_.q;;
|
l.n
. col
F
t - F -it .
0J
'c -o
c)
-a:
_o .- o:t 9rd -c .E 'r)
O <lJ- C
<r o-c
o,r o
! t= >
('t 0)
.F-a
tr-
92
(-)
t-
-O v.F
.f'
*
G' €'
'\@
I P
c O
r Q . , t / ' Q )
,.
q) qJ 3 oJ
c
l
t
.F
(1,
o =
L
r F q ,
l -
. O Q J O
a
f
6a=
o
t
!
. F
v :
-
_ . , Y
,o =lL
ol.s
o
, l - C
c >
t -
i
Ia
r{.rii!ii
F T O L ( )
qr(,t:(a
q - L
t
3
^_1qJ
r . . a tc r - l o J
:4.
.
@ _o
-.e
Ol
<U
!- c4-c'o r =
f i a
. - c 1 r @
L L . ) . - 6 -
.
ol
(u
!l-v
colo (, 3
-t, o-3 i4
O_A
L
l--
_o
CJ F
(I,t
o -o
r\l
.c llcr lF\ or €
(u
_c
E . F
= c
a
L
o
OJ
C Q J
o.)
- E
o o J
(l)3
-ll
OJ
o
c
oo)
tiiis
l-
(u
L
_\f
-c
(\
oJ .\
OJ
9''i',
(v
a
o
<1.)
t
lr-
r c r
-
0.J !-
J
E
.:
'if
-ca
D
o,lo o
:i
C J L
I
.o,
I
O q J -
' - E O
I
! - E O O J
]r
!_
>
t
o
6 O < t )
O E
! ' F
L
o
_oo,,
tr
<u l-
oN
- : t 0 J
i1{Ri
. - 3
I O . E O J
t\
s
q.)
-t=
o1l6
( ! )c i !
'- -:/ ]
c
.il'
';i.
, ;:j.
t.'.?
t
ii
..^i"
CJ
:?./;
>t
:t
.co
p
,1|'
L
-(t o
( u Ec ! OJ
r,.i",
llrl
,ii
'l
(u
P
,l l:
.o
-
l
J
O
C
t
OJ
OJ
CJ
U
L
<l)
1)
c)
3I ! -
, _ o)
:
cr
a-
-
)-c
) E
: Q '
, c l
AJr
: ] r
, !
irjiiiii
L
c
(
) "
6 ll r*-
I
l
i
.
,nl l
(LJ:
q
-
f
o J oc r t-lF OQ
@
-
J OJ
O
cr l-o
I i-lq)
o
oAJ
F
-c
ql
J
?it!"i,i
C-D|,-cl
o .tt I oi
I
i:i
i:l
:'t.t i. ):
O i- O rEL.n
l- -c
o)+r
O - - c -o
Cr .rr F
+ <lJ
=c
. O.F
14 E
L
c
L
o-L
d- l-o
rllE
tJJlo
c o
oJ c
(,
C 6 t
!r)l'E o._:,lc .rr
(Jl=
c
, o o
(J l_O L
=
(u
- O J
o =
o (,
= t'
o c
-c .o
<1(,
..
<llE
t\ l.-
-c o (J
c'r 'rJ O
=
- I L ( l ) ( U
c\J
-c (u
jHn
oJ
o
c.lJ
c-cql-q, O.F
(, c|
t
''11
-lo-Fq J Q! -L ' l :
O
- C E r P !
qrF
c
F
Or
(U
(v
.o
A.r
c
-
ro
..d
i,
4) +r
.
oJ
<! >
!- !: t = (
(,r, U,
c,E <t,
-<)
.F rJ.F
+) (J
J o J < D >
(l)\L
'r.) q- Or c)
!L - r O 0 J q i S d
'es!
I
!
{
97
-i
s
I
{
3'-.'lt
q
-(,
6lle
s'-)|n
c (J l-o
t II- 0 ( , . aE
c'-'F
'o
(L)
3 u o
,li$l*
oJ !J _C
!- !p o j
.
( l ) o )
F b . :
Q'o
C.J.l,;
L
- C J
' - o o
rr
98
-O L
j
L t- !F
. o l - o 5
oJ :J 9- O
o J o
E
o
cto
c-c
ar
!
.
=.}-J C c).rll.- c
tJJlc ,u -
r- l o-',i
-l+J
?i:'.
ri$lr
E'
a)
3
c,' b
'F
o > E t -
(JlP.Or qJ
{.r !- =
=l
gs:
9-
r.-1.otlc
L
-o
|
c
,!
-
I,
1
L A J : ( u
r-(,PEa)
(\,
o
-o '- 'lt
|
a ! . c : l c
-1.
{
I
{
I
\
I
l
i
99
F i g u r e4 . 4 . 2 - 2 2 Short l,lheel Base Data l,lork Sheet
Col rd'l
I
-
2
St.r?
l-10
Case llo.
ll-15
xak.-Bodel
r7-lE
Roll
Bar:
( ) r xooc
./-,
() zcaec
./
() 3 nar-/
()7caD'ttell
( ) 9 u'tkaol.n
19-21
L8
I Xon appltc.bl.
I UdkJlovn
C.b Trpe:
! l i 9 o c* a o v : r . / + z o
j
( I li I u S , d J , /
)
22-25
I Orlg{nal
€qutpEent
2 Af rcrurkcr
( ) I Fibersldss
() 2stecr
(
(
(
(
) 3can'tr.rl
)4ocher_
) 8 Non apprtcabte
) 9 unlqrosn
I Lap
2 Lap-shoulder
3llirness
2 3 u s e - ( ) 1 u s c d
5 Not equlpped
24
Susp€nslon -
Tlres - (
Tread -
E:tcrlor
I OrlBina I Z AodLfLed -'
(
(
I<9 u" q
*,J
pI ronar
(
( )
( )
I Regular
2 Speclal
-
)
)
)
)
1
2
I
9
Source ()Iorl8rnal€qupr.
( ) 2 AJceroark€t
()SReplaceDentfor
FaUed
Dtd nor fatl
NoD appllcable
Unk-oowo
o r 1 8r n a l
( ) 9 unrnoeo
28 - AxIe
(
(
(
(
'lti!trlj
25
( ) 2 I o t u s € d
( ) 9 unltro.n
VEUICLEHODIPICATION:
30-tI
() 3Sprrr."o
() 4othe.
( ) 8 Non "p;Iicabr.
Rescratocs i
rype -
26-29
() lFurrcab
iiu g"ii."r
tr
27
(
(
(
(
(
(
I Jacked up
2 St i f f e n e d
3 Borh
I Non App.
9 unknovD
equlpEen!
-----> Jt
29
l
?
d
9
H1de crack
other
Non apllicablG
unknovn
l91de track
2 O v e r d t a D er e r
3 Soth
4 0'.her
I ) on appt lcab1e
35
Typ. I
1Or18ina1
2l4odlfled
3 can'c tell
Tread condl r 1on -
I
lics
3151r
I
2
I
I
J
6
7
xo chinSe
Snov plos (or arrachr.cnr r jch.anisi)
Ocher
rr"nc u*per
"iairiincion-or
scrucrurc
Rcar bsaper oodif{carloo
or srruccure
80rh fronr & rear buEo.rr bodiflcatioo
C o E bi n . r r 1 o n o f a b o v e
3a
2 Other
100
.i l
I n ! ! c ! g g n , 4 1 c a s e sw e r e i d e n t i f i e d f o r t h e y e a r s 1 9 7 6a n d 1 9 7 7 .
I n a l l , 3 6 c a s e sw e r ec o d e dw j t h p h o t o g r a pahvsa j l a b l ef o r 2 7 .
T h e p h o t o g r a p h iac n a l y s i sp r o d u c e d
i n f o r m a t i o na b o u t t h e s e c r a s h i n v o l v e dv e h j c l e so v e r a n d a b o v ev J h dwt a sa v a i l a b l eo n t h e p o l i c e
r e p o r t . F o r e x a m p ) de e t a i l o n t h e c a b s t r u c t u r e o f t h e v e h i c l e ( w h e t h e r
o p e no r e n c l o s e d )r, o l l - b a r e q u i p m e nat ,n d v e h i c l en n d j f i c a t i o na r e n o t
a v a i l a b l ef r o m t h e p o l i c e r e p o n t . T h e s ed a t a a r e s u n r m a r i zaendd
r e p o r t e di n T a b l e4 . 4 . 2 - 1 ,
F o r t h o s ev e h i c l e se q u i p p evd{ j t ha r o l l - b a r , T a b l e4 . 4 . 2 - 1 s h o w s
t h a t a m a j o r i t y o f t h e b a r s a p p e a r etdo b e o r i g i n a l e q u i p m e n t .T h e t y p e
o f c a b e n c l o s u r ei s i m p o r t a n ti n i n j u r y r e d u c t i o n . F o r t h o s e v e h i c l e s
w i t h a r i g i d c a b . t h e m a j o r i t y w e r eo f t h e f u l l c a b s t y l e .
iSS;i
i.
-:
i
{
V e h i c l en r o df i c a t j o n s a r e l a r g e l y r e l a t e d t o t h e s u s p e n s i o na, x l e ,
t i r e s , a n d i n t e r i o r a n d e x t e r i o r a s s h o u rinn T a b l e s4 . 4 . ? . - ?t h r o u q h
4 . 4 . 2 - 7 . l 4 o s tv e h i c l e sw e r eu n m o d i f i e d .
1
0 f t h o s e f e w m o d i f i e d , e ' i t h e r t h e s u s p e n s i ohna d b e e nj a c k e d - u p ,
stiffened, or both.
ig
I n n r o s tv e h i c l e s , t h e a x l e ( t r a c k ) o f t h e v e h i c l e h a d n o t b e e n
c h a n g e do, r i t w a si m p o s s i b l teo t e l l .
T
tl
I
I
t,
Tire nrodificationsh
, o w e v e rw
, e r em o r ec o m f l D n .
T h e t i r e o p t i o n s a s d e f i n e d h e r e , w e r eo f t e n d i f f i c u l t t o d e t e r m i n e
p h o t o g r a p h i clay l, H o w e v e rt,h e y w e r ee i t h e r w j d e t r a c k o r o v e r d i a m e t e r
o r b o th .
I
F o r a l l t i r e s , t h e t y p e o f t r e a d w e a rc o u l d n o t b e d e t e r r nnie d .
T h er e s u l t s s h o w ,i n g e n e r a l ,n o m o df ii c a t i o n t o e i t h e r t h e
' in t e n i o ro r e x t e r i o no f t h e v e h ci l e .
S e v e r a lv a r i a b l e sw e r ec r o s s e dw i t h c a b t y p e . 0 f i m p o r t a n c h
eere
i s t h e t y p e o f p r o t e c ti o n a v a i l a b l e t o t h e o c c u p a n t s .T h e s e v e r a l
t a b l e s b e l o wd e s c r i b et h e t y p e o f c a b e n c l o s u r er, o- l l - b a r n e s t r a i n t
a v a i l a b i il t y , a n du s e i n t h e s ec r a s h - i n v o l v eudt i l i t y v e h i c l e s .
N o t et h a t t h e m a j o n i t yo f t h e o p e na n d c a n v a se n c l o s e dv e h i c l e sh a d
s c m ef o r m o f r o l l - b a r p r o t e c t i o n . A b o u t2 2 p e r c e n to f t h e r i g i d l y
l
,l
t
l
101
T A B L4E. 4 . 2 - 1
STRUCTURAL
DETAILSANDVEHICLEMODIFICATIONS
--;;;;;;;--i- --l
l-,;;;_r ;;-" t
I| % I ;;i;;;;;
ll
x
%
|
!
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
.
'
b
R o ll - b a r t q ui p p e d
None
R o 1 1C a g e
R o lI 8 a r
C a n ' t T e lI
Unknown
T o t aN
t umber
9
9
50
23
9
30
t't
7l
?
ao
J
47
3B
IT
16
l 7
2T
-----------+_____ 30
_______+_____-______i___
__:___
zz
Il
I
ou
'
I
r
l
-______'
.^ u
t
|I . L, "U,++
R o lI - b a r So ur c e
equipmlie n t g g
Q r ieinar
Afterrnar*et
ll
llTotarnumber
il
;;
20
I|
,,
;;
I
10
I
;
i-;;
;;
i
7
--::-- -.-----::
- --l
ls
I
i-^:
t r
0pen
Canvas
Rigid
Unknown
?3
I4
64
l4
f
II
l9
64
6
t5
76
5
50
- -_______- -+____- _______+- _____1 1
______i_ _____-_-
l:::l 1T:::-- ll
zz
I
-
oo I
-
-
-
.
-
-
.
,u
.
'
j
1
I 'oo
U
.
+
R i g i d C a bM a t e rai l
l r
Fiberglass
Steel
Can'ttel l
,
41
4
5
40
60
0
14 I
,,
1B
76
-----------+------_____ -+
Total number
r02
I
JY
o
55
tt
56
T A B L4T. 4 . 2 _ 2
MODIFICATIO
ON
FSSU S P E N S I O N S
S u s p e ni os n
0ri gina1
M o dfii e d
C a n ' tt e l I
and unknown
73
14
70
0
81
74
5
14
?8
17
21
I ou I
l:::t_t:r:::_
__!!_.__::
,u I ,oo
T A B L4E. 4 . 2 - 3
MODIFICAIIONS
OFTIRES
- - - | t - - - - - - - --- -- - ?_ -4- - - - - - - - - - - + - - - _ _| .
| |
,
0 r i g i n al
equt pment
0 p ti o n al
Unknown
Total number-
?A
70
7
f,U
14
a+
- - - - - - - - - - - + - - - - - _ __ _ __ _ +
zz
46
"
h
- - - - - - - +I - - - - - - - - -
61
19
60
20
20
lq
36
I ,oo
I
rv+
e n c l o s e dv e h i c l e s h a d n o a u x j l i a r y
r o ) l o v e r p r o t e c t i o na n d t h u s
relied
on the nigid structure for pnotection.
Eight of the 22 fiberglass
e n c l o s e dc a b s a n d 1 3 o f t h e 3 1
steel
e n c l o s e dc a b s w e r e n o t e q u i p p e d
wjth rol l_bars.
Lap-beIts plus shoulderbe.lt
and harnessuu.i"ty were rare.
0n1y
three of the utility vehicleshad .lap
a n d s h o u l d e rr e s t r a j n t s a n d n o
v e h i c l e h a d a h a r n e s s r t y p er e s t r a i n t .
r03
T A B L4E. 4 . 2 - 4
I I O D I F I C A T I OO
NF
ST I R E S : T R A CAKN DD I A I 4 E T E R
Arizona
7"
-----------+t.lide Track
0ver di ameter
Both
C o lo r a d o
7,
M i c h i g a nI
%
l
100
0
0
I J
Total
%
100
0
0
86
0
i
4
---________+-____-______+____________+
0
2-
Total numbe
r
2 1
r
4
6
l
t
:
e
l
l
104
TABL
t 4 .4 .2- 5
TPEADTYPESPJ.IDCONDITIONS
ll
o";0"
I
c o l o r a d ou i c h r s a n t " ; . '
I
I
Tread Type
{i{qi]
Regula r
Unknown
55
36
70
7
24
:t
r o t a rn u m b lel r *
ou
|
5B
63
18
1B
T7
|
,u
I
,oo
T r e a d Co n di t i o n
New
Good
Fair
Bald
lJnknown
9
50
27
2
46
20
1I
7
52
19
o1
1 A
J
?a
19
+
Tot al numb
er
??
46
r04
I
|
36
I
104
TABLE4 . 4 . 2 - 6
;
i:
GENERAL
I,ODIFICATIONS
: INTERIOR
ANDEXTERIOR
ll
A r i z o na
I C ool r a d o I l'1ichi gan
t
x
l
1
Total
Exterior
No change
Sno* pl ow
0ther
Bumpe
r
t l o d fi i c a t i o n
Unknown
57
/J
ol
6
6
L4
5
9
1 l
-----------?------------+_-__________+
Total number
22
46
11
L7
62
7
|,'
?6
104
44
41
I
I n t e r io r
.
N o C h an g e
0ther
Unknown
4l
z
57
JO
64
-----------+------------+-----'',$:
Total
numbe
r
22
.fo
56
---- --+
36
f,d
104
I
T a b l e 4 . 4 . 2 - 8 s h o w st h e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f l a p _ t y p e r e s t r a i n t s b y
v e h i c l e c a b t y p e a n d t h e p o r t i o n o f e a c h v e h i c ' l ec a b t y p e n o t
equipped
w r t h r e s t r a i n t s i n t h o s e v e h i c ' l e sw h e r en e s t r a in t t y p e c o u l d b e
detenri ned.
F o r t h o s e v e h i c l e s e q u i p p e dw i t h a r e s t r a i n t s y s t e mt h e q u e s t i o n
of
u s e b e c o m eism p o r t a n t . T h i s t a b l e s h o w st h e u s e of restra j nt s by
type
o f c a b e n c lo s u r e .
D a t a o n e j e c t i o n b y t y p e o f c a b a r e s h o w ni _ nT a b l e 4 . 4 . 2 - 9 .
,',
T h e s ed a t a d l s o s h o wt h a t . in t w o c r a s h e s t h e r e w a s p a r t j a l
ejection
f r o m t h e r i g i d c a b v e h i c r e s a n d o n e i n s t a n c eo f p a r t i a l e j e c t i o n
froma
c an v as c a b v e h i c l e .
105
'1!i!
s'j
TASLE
4.4.2-7
ROLL-BAR
BY CABTYPE
Cab Type
0pen
Canvas I
N
I
N
None
Cage
Ban
Unknownor
u n a b l et o
d e t e r mn
i e
0
3
7
I
0
18
Rigid
N
Unknown
N
2t
0
l5
0
0
0
I
+-------------
Total number
11
20
67
T A B L4E. 4 . 2 - 8
RESTRAINTS
BY CABTYPE
-,"it'
C a b En c l o s u r e T y p e
Restraint
Open I
N
l
Canvas I Rigid
N
l
N
I l T o t aNl
----------+----------__+__-____--__+-___
N o t e q u ip p e d
Lap
Lap and
Shoulder
5
?
10
32
I
?
11
18
3
--^_______+_____--_____+___-_______+____-____-_
Tot a'l numbe
r
10
l
13
I
l
I
4s
I
r
os
E j e c ti o n f r o m o p e n a n d c a n v a se n c r o s e dv e h i c r e so c c u r r e di n t h r e e f o u r t h s o f t h e f a t a l a c c i d e n t s ,b u t i n o n l y t w o - f i f t h s o f t h e r i g l d
cab
v e h i c l e s . I t a p p e a r st h a t o n ' l y t h e r i g i d c a b p r o v id e s a s u b s t d n t i d l
lrotect i on from eject i on.
106
{:
T A B L4E. 4 . 2 - 9
!
EJTCTIONBY CABTYPE
Typeof Cab
E j e c ti o n
0 pen
Canvas
I5
Ri q'id
I
t
n
Yes
No
27
74
?6
40
60
Total number
! l
19
36
:
R e s t r a i n t u s a g ed o e sp r e v e n te j e c t i o n . I n e i g h t a c c i d e n t s ,
r e s t r a i n t u s e a l n n s t t o t a l l y e l i m i n a t e de j e c t i o n , a s i s s h o w ni n T a b l e
4.4.2-rO.
.t
I
T A B L4E. 4 . 2 - 1 0
';:;iiit
USAGE
EJECTIONAS A FUNCIIONOF RESTRAINT
R e s t r ai n t U s a g e
Ejecti on
Yes
No
Partial
Used
7.
I2
88
0
Il
t
Not Used
q
e
67
30
J
-n
2
Total number
OU
r f c r a s h e s ,t h e u t i l i t y v e h i c l e w a s
I n e l e v e no f t h e t o t a l n u m b e o
t h e j n j u r y s o u r c e . I n t h e s e c i r c u m s t a n c e st,h e v e h i c l e c a te t o r e s t o n
t h e j n d i v i d u a l , i n f l i c t i n g f a t a l i n j u r i e s . I n e i g h t o f t h e s ee l e v e n
*t
""
t a s e j e c t e d f r o r nt h e v e h i c l e , a n d t h e v e h i c l e
c a s e s , t h e o c c u p a nw
s u b s e q u e n t l yr o l ' l e d o n t o p o f t h e o c c u p a n t .
107
li
T h u s ,o c c u p a n tisn r i g i d l y e n c l o s e d
v e h i c l e s( s t e e , p
l r e f e r r e d ,) { i t h
r o r r o v e rp r o t e c t i o na n d a d e q u a t ree s t r a n
i t a r e I n u c hr e s s r i k e l y t o . i n c u r
s e r io u s o r f d t a l i n j u r y .
U n r e s t r ai n e d o c c u p a n t so f o p e n - C o o r ,f l i m si l y
e n c l o s e du t i l i t y
v e h j c l e s a r e n n s t l i k e l y t o b e e J e c t e da n d p o s s i b l y
c r u s h e db y t h e
v e h i c l e . R e s t r a in e d o c c u p d n ! si n o p e n v e h i c l e s ,
w h i l e s o n r e w h abte t t e r
off, are likely to contact the roll-bar or
o t h e nv e h i c l e p a r r s ,
4.4.3
C o ll i s i o n p e r f o r m a n c ea n d I n j u r y R e p o r ^ t
0f all of the dara files examineduring
this project, only one
- - t h e C P I Rf i l e - - c o d e d
o c c u p a n ti n j u r y a n d o b J e c t c o n t a c t e d ,
thus
a l l o w i n g t h e r e s e a r c h e rt o a s c e r t a i n t h e i n j u r y
nBchanism
and
s e r i o u s n e s so f t h e r e s u l t a n t i n j u r y . A l I
o t h e r d a t d f i r e s c o d e do n l v
o v e r a lI i n j u r y - - d n d o f t e n i n a c c u r a t e . l y .
'$Ei
U p o ne x a m i n a t i o no f t h e C p I R f i . l e , i t w a s
d e t e r m l n e dt h a t o n . t y9 3
u t i l i t y v e h i c l e s w e r e c o d e do u t o f a t o t a l
o f 7 , 7 9 9t o t a l v e h . i c l e s
( m o s t l y p a s s e n g e rc a r s) a n d t h a t o n l y
one of those utjlity vehicles was
o f t h e o p e nb o d y t y p e . s e c o n d l y , t h e f i l e
c o d e di n j u r y a n d s e v e . i t y
r e l a t e d t o o c c u p a n ct o n t a c t j n s u c h g r e a t
detail that it was impossib]e
to ascertajn general injtrry and severity patterns.
T h i s d . iv e r s . i t y ,
c o u p l e dw i t h t h e l a c k o f c o d i n g o f v e h i c l e
t y p e a n d p r o b l e m sr r i t h t h e
i n j u r y c o d in g , 1 e d t o t h e a b a n d o n m e n
0 tf e f f o r t s r e l a t i n g t o j n j u r y
pnoduction. Therefore, no injur^y/occupant
contact data are presented
f r o m t h e C PI R .
4 . 5 V e h i c l e S t a b iI i t v
T h ep o t e n t i a rf o r u t i l i t y v e h i c r e st o
be i nvorved
in overturn
( r o ' l o v e r ) 1 3c o r i s i o n s h a s b e e n
a r u d e dt o i n p r e vo
. ru s s e c t i o n so f t h i s
n e p 0 r t . I n t h e f o l l o w i n gs e c t j o n , r a t e s
of rolloverI n util ity vehicle
c r a s h e sa r e c o m p a r etdo t h o s e e x h i b it e d
b y p a s s e n g ecra r s . T h e n e x t
-"The
t e r f i s r o l l o v e r d n d o v e r t u r n a n e u s e c lI
nterchangeably. I n a
p u r e t e c h n i c a i s e n s e , o v e r t u n ni s
the gunu.ii'i..n, for a vehjcle
m a n e u v ei nr w h i c ht n u u . l ] : t : , ! p s e t s
t h e t e r m r o l l o v e r d e s c r i b e st h e s t de_d ;_; i n g - o r " u 'a, r e s u t r o f a c r a s h .
p i t c h - o v e rd e s c r i b e st h e e n d _ t o _ e n tao s t du oui r .^, . n w n e r e a tsh c t e n n
overturn.-'108
s e c t r o nc o n s i d e r sv e h i c l e r o l l o v e r a c c o r d i n gt o t y p e o f c r as h . T h e
f i n a l s e c t i o n c o n s i d e r st h o s e p h y s i c a ' fl a c t o r s t h a t a r e i m p o rat n t i n
d e t e r mni i n g t h e p o t e n jt a l f o r v e h jc l e r o l I o v e r .
:'
4 . 5 . 1 R o lI o v e r
A s p e c i f i c s t u d y o f r o l l o v e r a c c i d e n t sw a sn n d ei n t h e s t a t e s o f
H a r y l a n d ,M i c h i g a n ,N o r t h C a r o l i n a , T e x a s ,a n d ! . l a s h i n g t o nT
. he
p e r c e n t a go
e f c r a s h e si n v o l v i n g a r o l l o v e r o f a u t i . l i t y v e h i c l e w a s
c o m p a r etdo t h e p e r c e n t a g e
f o r p a s s e n g ecna r s i n e a c ho f t h e s e s t a t e s .
T a b l e4 . 5 . 1 - 1 s h o w st h e s e p e r c e n t a g easn d g i v e s t h e n u m b eor f c r a s h e s
u p o nw h i c hi t i s b a s e d .
taa
!
TABLE
4.5.1-I
C R A S H EI N
S V O L V I NRGO L L O V E R :
UTILITY VEHICLES
AI.IDPASSENGER
CARS*
R o lI o v er s
M j c h i g a n l.lash
i ngton
Texas
l'1a
ry I and
North
C a r ol i n a
iiiiii:
, {
,{
E
rJtjlity
vehicles
Passenger
cars
t?.7
10.1
f.i
1.6
( K
0.7
11.7
1
n
z-z
Numberof Crashes
Utility
vehicles
Passenger
6 qoo
23,700
(1)
1,456
1 5 3, 3 3 1
(2)
302
r,5Jb
6 2 , 5 3 6 497,234
(3)
( 4)
1 A O 1
595,944
(s)
* R o ll o v e r c o d e da s f i r s t h a r m f u le v e n t ,
( l ) M i c h i g a nU; t i l i t y v e h i c l e s a
, l l l 9 Z 5a n d 1 9 7 7 ;P a s s e n g ecra r s
5 1, I 9 t 6
( 2 ) l { a s h i n g t oC
ne
: n s uos f a l I 1 9 7 6c r a s hSe
( 3 ) T e x a s5: %o f a l I c r a s h e s 1
. 9 7 6a n d 1 9
( 4 ) Mray la n d : A l l c r a s h e s ,1 9 7 5 - 1 9 7 7
( 5 ) N o r t hC a r o l n
i a, !975-7978
109
:,{.1
",i
I
q
,t
'.*'
I n T a b l e 4 . 5 . 1 - 1 , t h e r - a t i o o f u t . il i t y v e h i c l e t o p d s s e n g ecr a r
r o l l o v e r s r a n g e sf r o n a l o w o f 5 . 3 t o I ( N o r t h C a r o l i n a ) t o a h i q h o f
1 1. 5 t o 1 ( M i c h i g a n ) .
A l t h o u g hd a t a f o r p d s s e n g ecr a r s a r e n o t a v a i l a b l e , r o l l o v e r w a s
i n v o l v e d i n 1 9 p e r c e n t o f t h e 4 4 3 u t i l i t y v e h i c l e c r a s h e si n N e wM e x i c o
(19// and1978).
0 b v i o u s l y , n o t a l l t y p e s o f v e h i c l e s h a v e t h e s a m eo v e r t u r n r a t e ,
M i c h i g a nd a t a f o r 1 9 7 6 i n d i c a t e t h e d r n u n t o f t h e d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n
d i f f e r e n t t y p e s o f y e h i c l e s ( T a b l e4 . 5 , 1 - Z ) .
TABLE
4.5.I-2
PERCENI
OF CRASHTS
I N V O L V ] NRGO L L O V E
BR
YVEIIICLT
EY P E :
IlICHIGAN
1 ,9 7 6
P e r c e n t 0 v e r t ur n A c c i d e n t s
%
V e h i c l eT y p e
t
. l
I t
A l 1 P a s s e n g eCr a r s
FulISize
I nt ennediate
Compact
S p o r t sc a r
P i c k - u po r P a n e lT r u c k
S t r a ig h t T r u c k
U t i l i t y V e hci l e
l
l
0' l . A6
t o
? l
1 2 1
Al 1 V e hi c I e s
1.7
A partial explanation of why different types of vehjcles experience
d i f f e n e n t r a t e s o f r o l l o v e r i s p r o v i d e di n S e c t i o n 4 . 5 . 3 _ _ p h y s . i c a l
F ac t o r s .
j n a l n n s t 3 0 p e r c e n to f f a t a l c r a s h e s
Rolloveris experienced
' in v o l v i n g
u t i l i t y v e h i c l e s ,a s i s s h o w ni n T a b l e4 . 5 . 1 _ 3 .
110
TABLE
4.5.I-3
f
i
PERCENTOF FATAT CRASHES
RG
OLLOVER:
INVOLVIN
lt r
Vehicle
il
qTATFq 1q77 FAAq
U r b dn
:.
Rura'l
7
I.
Total
%
u
i,
RolI overs
U t i l i t y V e hi c l e s
P a ss e n gre C a r s
4
36
l l
L
.Y
o
Numberof Crashes
Utility Vehicles
0 e <<onno r
Cerc
134
l s,495
348
1 9, 74 9
486
35,304
)
t:
A s u b s t a n t j a l l y h i g h e r p r o p o r t i o no f u t i I i t y v e h j c l e s a n d p a s s e n g e r
1 A
c d n s o v e n t u r n i n n u r a l a r e a s t h a n i n u r b a n a reds .
j
T h e c h a n c e so f o v e n t u r n i n gi n a c r a s h v a n ya c c o r d i n gt o t h e m a k eo f
u t i l i t y v e h i c l e ,a s i s s h o w ni n T a b l e4 . 5 . i - 4 .
4
1
T h ef i r s t t h r e e m a k e si n t h i s g r o u pa r e s m a l ' l e vr e h i c l e st h a n t h e
l a s t t h r e e . I t s h o u l db e n o t e dh e r et h a t t h e 1 9 7 8F o r dB r o n c oi s l a r g e r
t h a n t h e n n d e l sj n c l u d e di n t h e s ed a t a . A s u b s e q u e a
nn
t alysis
( i n c l u d i n gt h e l a r g e r B n o n c o s) h o u l ds h o wt h e n e wB r o n c op e r f o r m j n go p r e
l i k e t h e B l a z e rs i z e v e h i c l e s .
"A
ne v /a p p r o a c ht o c o d i n g r o l i o v e r s w a s u s e d i n t h e 1 9 7 8 F A R S .
R o l l o v e r , i n t h e 1 9 / 8 F A R S ,i s c o d e dr e g a r d l e s so f w h e nt h e e v e n t o c c u r s
d u r i n g a c r a s h . i n 1 9 7 7 , r o l l o v e r w a s c o d e do n l y i f a s s o cai t e d w i t , h t h e
f i r s t h a n r r f u le v e n t . U s i n g a n i n t e r i m v e r s i o n ( # 8 6 ) o f t h e 1 9 7 8 F A R S ,
1 8 1 o f i 7 3 ( 2 3 % )o f t h e o n / o f f r o a d v e h i c l e sw e r e c o d e da s o v e r t u r n i n g
' jn t h e f i r s ! e v e n t . A n d , a n a d d i t i o n a l 2 2 p e r c e n t o f t h e 7 7 3 v e h i c l e s
o v e r t u r n e ds u b s e q u e n ti o l h e f i r s t h a r m f u i e v e n t . T h u s , 4 5 p e r c e n ! o f
t h e o n / o f f r o a d v e h i c l e s w e r e c o d e da s o v e r t u r n i n ga t s o m ep o i n t d u r i n g
t h e c r a s h . I t r e m ani s t o b e s e e n i f m an y s t a t e s v r i 1 1a d o p t t h e 1 9 7 3
F A R Sc o d e s f o r r o l l o v e r .
,i
:
,.
i
l
t
:.1
ri
I,.
I
j
.
lll
;1
,l1
TABL
I 4 . 5. 1 - 4
PERCENT
OF CRASHES
I N V O L V I NRGO L L O V E R
B YU T I L l T Y
VEHICLTI"IAKE
Utility Vehicle
Make
P e r c e n t0 v e r t u r n
Michigan
Bronco
J eep
S c o tu
t o
lo
II
Jimmy
Blazen
Ramc
harger,
T r ai I D u s t e r
f,
I
W a s hnig t o n
lf,
14
7
noc
reported
5
not
report ed
4 . 5 . 2 R o l l o v e r a n d C n a s hT y p q
+r.ii
Rollover as a finst harmful event is suhstantial
l y m o r ep r e v a l e n t
i n s i n g l e - v e h i c l ec r a s h e st h a n j n o t h e r t y p e s
of crashes. Table4.5.2-1
s h o v / tsh e f i n d i n g s r e g a r d i n gr o l r o v e r f o r s i n g l e - v e h i c . l e
crashes.
T h u s , r o l l o v e r r a t e s f o r a l l c n a s h e sa r e
s u b s t a n t i a ]l y l o w e r t h a n
t h e r a t e s s h o w nf o r s i n g l e - v e h i c l e c r a s h e s . T h r s
r m p l i e st h a t r o r i o v e r
i s c o d e di n f r e q u e n t r y i n m u l t i p l e - v e h i c l e c r a s h e s .
Data frornserected
s t a t e s p n o v i d ec o n f j r n E t i o n , a s i s s h o w nj n T a b l e
4.5.2_2.
T h e d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e np a s s e n g e rc a r s
a n d m o s t m d k e so f u t i . l i t y
v e h j c l e s i n t e r m s o f t h e p r o b a b i il t y o f
total ejection of the driver is
substantiar' Littre differencein seat bert
u s a g eb e t w e e nd r - i v e r so f
u t i l i t y v e h i c l e sa n d d r i v e r s o f p a s s e n g e r
cars is noted. Seventeen
p e r c e n to f t h e d r i v e r s o f u t i l i t y v e h . i c l e s
worea seat belt at the t.ime
o f t h e c r a s h c o m p a n ew
d i t h l 6 p e r c e n t a m o n gt h e d r i v e r s
of passenoer
c ar s .
I n s u m m a r yc,o r n p a r er o p a s s e n g ecra r s ,
t h e f r e q u e n c oy f v e h i c l e
r o l l o v e ri s h l g \ i n u t i l i t y v e h i c l e s e, s p e c i a l
ly in single_vehicle
c r a s h e sa n d i n r u r a l a r e a s .
IL2
'
T A 8 L E4 . 5 . 2 _ l
PERCENT
OF VIHICLIS T}IATOViPTURNEO
I N S I N G T E - V E H I CCLREA S H:T S
S E L E C T ESD
IAIIS
M i c h i g a n T e x a s l.lashington
%
North
C a r o li n a
%
Maryl and
RolI overs
u t i , i r yl i
| o
. . '1|
3
e
xL d:r :s l ! H
.
l l 7 I| 6 |
|
, u II
tz
o ' II
"
ro I
I
rq
r l
I
N u m b eor f Si n g le _ V eihc l e C r a s h e s
Utility
Vehicles
2t62
Passenger
Cars
4,287
a
:l
27
395
4, 0 7 7
2s2
I 8, 7 8 s
4?,157
I ,040
88,085
lj
trj
,i#r
q
TAELE
4.5.2-2
.lr
{f
PERCENT
OF VEHICLES
THATOVERTURNID
IN I,IIJLTIPLE-VEHICLE
CRASHEs:
SELECTED
STATES
Utiiity Vehicles
Haryland
1 4ci hi g a n
N o r t hC a r o l n
i a
Te x as
|/Jashington
l
c
0.1
l c
0.0
0.2
I
a.
P a s s e n g eCra r s
+
0.1
0.0
0.2
0.0
0.0
i
,!
..
j
,)
a
,,1
l l ?
4 . 5 . 3 P h y 5i 6 6 _ 1F a c t o r s
T h e p r e c e d i n gs e c t i o n s h o w e dr , h a t , j n r e l a t i o n t o p a s s e n g e r
cars,
u t i l i t y v e h i c l e s e x h i b i t a h i g h p r o p e n s j t yt o o v e r r u r n t n c r a s h e s ,
e s p e c i a ) 1 ys i n g l e - v e h i c l ec r a s h e s . V a r j o u sa s p e c t so f t h e p h y s i c a l
f a c t o r s t h a t a r " ei m p o r t d n ti n d e t e n n i n i n gt h e p o t e n t i a l f o r v e h i c l e
r o l l o v e r h a v e b e e n i n v e : t i g a t e d b y t h e N a t i o n a rH i g h w a yT r a n s p o r t a t i o n
S a f e t yA d m j n i s t r a t i o n
( E r v i n , 1 9 7 2 ;R i c e , i 9 7 8 ) , a n d i n p r e v i o u s
military utility
v e h i c l e ( J e e p )s t u d i e s ( C o o k e ,l 9 6 8 ; J u r k a t , 1 9 6 9 ,
S h a r p ,1 9 7 9 ; a n d B r u n e , 1 9 7 9 ) .
M e a s u r e m e n tosf p h y s i c a l p a n a m e t e r w
s e r e m a d eo n s e v e r a r v e h i c r e s
d u r i n g t h e p r e s e n t s t u d y , u s i n g a l a b o r a t o r yf a c i l i t y c a l l e d a , , p i t c h _
p 1a n e s w i n g . " S h o w ni n F i g u r - e4 . 5 . 3 - 1 , t h i s a p p a r a t u se s t a b l i s h e s
a
k n i f e - e C g ep i v o t a b o u t w h i c h t h e r e s t o r i n g t o r q u e a t d i f f e r i n g p i t c h
a n g l e s i s m e a s u r etdo d e d u c et h e h e i g h t o f t h e o v e r a lI v e h i c l e , s c e n t e r o f - g r a v i t y ( c ' G - ) . T h ec ' G . h e i g h t c a n b e e x a m i n ea
d s a r a t i o w i t . ht h e
t r a c k w i d t h t o d e t e r m i n ea m e a s u r ew h i c h i s o f g e n e r a l v a l u e . in
c h a r a c t e r j zni g r o l l o v e r p o t e n t i a l.
A s s h o w ni n F i g u r e 4 . 5 . 3 - 2 , a f i r s t - o r d e r e s t i m a t eo f a v e h i c l e , s .
r o l l o y e r p r o p e r t i e s c a n b e o b t a i n e db y c o n s i d e r i n g t h e b o d y t o b e
r l g i d l y s u s p e n d e d .B y t ' r i s s i m p l i f i c a t i o n , t h e v e hj r : ' l r :w j l l r e a c h i t s
o v e r t u r n ni g l i m i t w h e na r a t e r a l a c c e r e r a t i o nl e v e l o r n r = | : n h a s b e e n
e s t a b l i s h e d . T h e p a r a m e t e r sa r e s h o w ns c h e m a t i c a r t iyn i r g u r e 4 . 5 . 3 - 3 .
In practice, the rigid suspension
a s s u n p t i o ny i e r d s a n e s t i n r a t eo f t h e
o v e r t u r n i n gl i m i t w h i c h i s h i g h e r -t h a n t h e l e v e l o f i a t e r a l a c c e l e r a t i o n
n e e d e dt o r o l l o v e r a c t u a l v e h i c l e s . S u s p e n s i o snp r i n g c o m p l i a n c : ,
, n d l o c a t ' j o no f b u m ps t o p s a l l s e r v e t o m o d i f y
suspensiog
ne o m e t r ya
the
a c t u a l o v e r t u r n i n gl i m i t w i t h r e s p e c tt o t h e ' A y ' v a i u e . N e v e r t h e l e s s ,
t h e n i gi d- s uspe ns i on a ss u m pito n y i e l d s d m e a s u r ew h i c h d i s c r i m i n a t e s
the
r e l a t i v e d i f f e r ^ e n c e si n r o r J o v e r p r o p e n s i t y a m o n gv e h i c l e s o f d i
ffering
c . G . h e i g h t - u t i r i t y v e h r ' c r o sd r e 0 f t e n s t i f f r y s u s p e n d eadn d t h u s m o n e
n e a r i y a p p r o x i m a t et h ' i s m o d Ie.
G e n e r a l l ys p e a k i n g l, e v e l s o f , A y , u p t o 1 . 0 c a n b e a t t a i n e d
t h r o u g h t i r e c o r n e r in g t r a c t i o n o n d r y p a v e n e n t s . L e v e l s d b o v e 1 . 0
r e q u i r e o t h e r r n e c h a n ' i s smusc h a s s i d e s i i p p i n g i n s o f t s o i l o r c o n t a c t o f
t h e s i d e s l i p p i n gt i r e w i t h c u r b s o n o t h e nr i g i d s u r f a c ei r r e g u l a r i t i e s .
114
,J1
1i
'f
t
#
t
.t:
r*.r
l
3
Ii
I
F i g u r e4 . 5 . 3 - 1 E x a m p l oe f U t i l i t y V e h i c l eo n t h e P r ' t c hP l a n e S w i n g
"1
'
)
?
il5
Totolvehicle
c.g. heighl
I
(Trockwidth)
rl$|t.1
Figure 4 .5 .3-2
Vehicle
Test Parameter Location
whereAy=]/z
Ay
I
F_
l''-r/21
r ____i
Schematic Diagram of
VehicLe Parametcr s
AppI icable
o
Fl
o-Q
o
oo
a
fi|J?3
c)
lJ.l
--t G
O.Q 1J
-.rd
U)
a\l
ts
a
>-l
'-l
tr
(f,
.=
__l
5
o
U)
(!Lr)D
.r-r
U)
m
d
o
I
\
rl
t)
o
>
E
c)
o
0)
?6t \
+,(\ \
3
1r
0)
E
]J
, / \
i$rx*
\
\ , .
.tJ
..1
{
|!
]J
ut
I
7\ )'-'.;\/ \
\ . /
\rr(
I
X
s
Fl
s
\'
cl
rr
.
,
i
::
:.
T h u s , h e a v .l iy l o a d e d
c o m m e r c i a vl e h i c l e s
can easily be rolled
i n s i n g l e - v e h i c l ec r a s h p s" . ; ; ^ - : : - , . : ' r r L r e s
over
,Ay'arein the
.anqu
;:'il ::'.;:'T:;;:':r;::
p a s s e n g ec rd r s , e x h i b i t i n g
;:l::":.;:':;;,::,
v a ) u e so f , A y , i"n. ' tLhnee
r a n g cI ' 3 t o 1 . 7 ,
c a n n o tb e n o l l e d o v e r o " i n " , . ^ , r , . , . , '.,:,t ,
r o a d w awy i t h o u ts o m ep r e c i p i t a t i n g
first
i m p a c t( o r t i r e n r o w o u t i . t h e
U t i l i t y v e h i c l e sf a l l
i n a n i n t e n m e d i a tcel
as evidenced
r n e a s u r eosf ' A y , o b t a i n e d
by the
f o r f i v e e x a m p . rr "en , . i j i .
F i v e v e h i c l e sw e r e
t h e r a n s eo f u t i l i t v
v e h i c l e sn o r m a i l y, " , . 0
;;t;:":ou';.'oo"ot"nt
T h e f i v e v e h i c l e sw e r e :
r)
A 1 9 7 5C h e v r o l e tB l a z e r
with .i rih^-^r--
was
equipped
*i*, ,tunaull':.:,:jTliil:
2 ) A n e r ,1r 9 7 9J E E PC J _ 5
with
a n e wv e h i c l ew i t h f a c t c
a c a n v a st o p a n d r o l l _ o a r .
This was
optionar
tires (one,".;"i.il:'J]:ff::;:
q$F
Thisvehicre
dutvsuspension
and
A n e w1 9 7 9J E E PC J _ 7
w.ith
a c a n v a st o p a n d r o l l _ b a r .
Thjs was
a newvehicle w.ith no
optional equipnrent.
4 ) A 1 9 Z 3F o r d B r o , r c o
R a n g e rw i t h a s t e e l
top. This vehicle
had
n o m o d i f i c d t i o n st o t t s
suspensioo
nr tires.
5) A highly rnodifjed
1 9 6 8F o r d B r o n c o .
I
w i t h a r n o d i r i esdu s p e n s i o n
u* ou."r,.l'i,;:i].':,ri:
equipped
c o n s i d e r e dt y p i c a l o f
A rr .i zr zoon na a_ _
Ccaal l i f o r n i a _ D e s e r t , , t y p e
t h e , ., 1
modtfication.
of
T h e r e s u l t s o f t h e o h v si c : l - ^ . - , . . - - _
m e a s u r e n e n ot sf t h e
value'Av' for
thesefive vehjcles.". ::::lt:t
p a s s e nvseehr i c r e
r ,s. . i l ; : : , ] ; , t r l h l ; i . ' - t '
A r s or i s t e da r es e v e r a r
S i n c ev a l u e so f , A y ,
for the util ity u
v e' nht .t irce.sl f a i l j n t h e
I . 0 r t o r . 2 r , r o ?1 o u " .
range
, " u ^b .e,c" o
: "r"n :p
:
"
^
l
.
'
:
eo s s i b l e a s a n
force-jnduced)
onunornnou'
l.
i rresu
)arit iesand
si,re:;.rl';: *":ru,
l l o
;l'
il:'::"':;':, :l:::j"^
o c c u r r e n c ea c c o r d i o g
to
t
'oi =
4
ii
l
I
€ o
!- c<
I
r^l
t*
^ .^l
oJ .lJ
I
9
C
l
o !'-l
< 9
!_ .--l
(\t!()CO(Y
(o (vt <f (Y)
F - t \ O a \
(\iooFo
l'\ F
Lrt sr
$
d-O
ro a.r <t
rk
I
.o f <l
r_ o--4
q)(I)
I
1)e
I
r
s
l
r
OJ
z
F-
-
=i;
L! I
I
("
.
rl.r
.
a
o
jii::)r
z
J L!
<c)
(J
HLt
? 7
=._
-
r.f
or@oc)
F.a cc| (o
coororo
a\t a\J
---c\J
o@
L() (')
c)-
C\l (\J
"t
av)
o(ocl c!-
-
t
C\l C\J
i
OJ
OJ
>*l
o)
(\r \.o Or e
o.J-r\c\lc)sorrt)\o
q Z l
a uJl
(\j
<lir)@rC\r(.)F@
\.oOca(O l.) (.o rJ)
O c\t
@O
r\.r)
l'- (O
(O-F
r\.a.n
rI)+<f
(O \O iO
OJ
(IJ
.
t
!
!
;
',id
* l
>-6
tl
=
a\t (\J (\
{J (ul
.- o]
F ol
.- -l
.o 0)l
o F
a:E)
< lrJ
ri- Lo O Or c\r
o, t! E
+rt
O
= =
A
; U
UJ uJ
=F
.
O+.) l'
>'
=S
L
< u o
q-
r..'r.)rooo
ol
.ol
t-t
U)
F\(\J(vOO
(..' ro
o<t(l)0
( v )( o
l.l)
-oo
r.o(ac.ro(o Lo r') ro (o
-C.JcorJ)
(o rf) (t) r.J)
9O
(o (o
OOrOr
r.o rJ) rr)
[r)|.rr|..,)c)0
rro
-o
-r,o
t^
Q)
:t
,t.l
'.s
q
)
( J 3
(u
a
cror o o\
o@qrotor
E
=
<\l
CO(O@<
F<f
Aro
-Or
-oo
O\
o
o
(u L.rr
N ( u o
qr
!-
!
o @
( | J ( J
N
c
.
.gLOr\
O_g
-')')
l- O
(u
+rl
pl
,
Cl
ol
tttl
. - t
!-J
ol
EI
ol
rJl
oo
F o
e A
,F lj)t)<
bhE
> t>
?o
.u()
coc
91 .oo
'- a
O- !l! (-)
.o O
.!P-o!
> ro
c
0J >()(J
E trt = .^ E !-F(-)
- O : = <
O = =
O ! - . l
o.F>=o-l!t!<(-iZ<<
o,
-chq<r
|.\\<)RF\
o) o\ o\ or
4
:
.c
.)
oo
coco
I
,'1
119
t h e s c a l e o f t h e ' A y / v a 1 ui en c o n t r a s tt o o t h e r p a s s e n g ev re h i c l e s . T h e
f i v e u t i I i t y v e h i c el s , i n o r d e r o f i n c r e a isn g s t a b iI i t y , a r e s h o w ni n
T a bel 4 . 5 . 3 - 2 .
4.5.3-2
TAELE
TEST€D
U T I L I I Y V E H I C L EASR R A N G IENI ]
ORDER
OF INCREASING
RESISTANCE
TO ROLLOVER
T e s t V e hi c l e
V a l u eo f A y
1 9 7 9J E E PC , ' 5
1979 AMCA}4CJEEPCJ-7
1 96 i J M o d i f i e d F o r d B r o n c o
1 97 3 F o r d B r o n c o
1 97 5 C h e v r oel t B l a z e r
l.0r
1.07
1.07
1.10
1 2l
A s c a n b e s e e n f r o m T a b l e s4 . 5 . 3 - 1 a n d 4 , 5 . 3 - Z t h e v e h i c l e s w i t h
t h e l a r g e r s t a b j l i t y e n v e l o p e( t r a c k x w h e e l b o s eh) a v e a g r e a t e r
r e s ' i s t a n c et o r o l l o v e r t h a n t h o s e w i t h a s m a l l e r s t a b i l i L y e n v e l o p e .
.{liiii
C o r r e s p o n d i n g l ya, l o w e r C . G . h e i g h t i n c r e a s e st h e r o l l s t a b i i i t y
f o r v e h i c l e sw i t h t h e s a r r es t a b i l i t y e n v e l o p e5 i z e .
T o e n h a n c et h e r o l l s t a b i l i t y o f a u t i ' l i t y v e h i c l e , e i t h e r t h e t r a c k
must be r,de wider or the C.G. lowered,or both. (Merelyplacing wider
t i r e s o n t h e v e h i c l e d o e s n o t n e c e s s a r1iy i n c r e a s et h e r o l l s t a b i l i t y . )
A n y a t t e m p t a t g a i n i n g m : r e g r o u n dc l e a r a n c e o r r i d i n g h e i g h t o f t h e
v e h i c l e i s d o n es o a t a s a c r i f i c e j n r o l l s t a b i l i t y .
T h e e f f e c t o f p l a c i n g o v e r - d i a m e t etri r e s o n a s m a l l u t i l i t y
v e h i c l e , f o r e x a m p l e ,w o u l d b e t o d e c r e a s et h e r o l l r e s i s t a n c e t o a
p o i n t w h e r et i r e f o r c e s a l o n e c o u l d c a u s ei t t o o v e r t u r n i f g i v e n
s u f f i c i e n t l a t e r a l a c c e l e r a t i o n . T h e l a t e r a l d c c e l e r a t i o nc o u l d r e s u l t
fromthe vehiclegoinginto a skid and rotating
_ s u c it rh a t t h e s i d e o f
t h e v e h i c l e i s p r e s e n t e dt o t h e l i n e o f t r a v e l ( n o t a n u n c o m 0 o n
s i t u a t i o n ) . I n s u c h a c a s e , a n y p a v e n ] e ni rt r e g u l a r i t y o r c h a n g ei n t h e
r o a d s u r f a c e c o e f f t c i e n t o f f r i c t i o n c o u l d b e c o m teh e t r i p p i n g a g e n t ,
i n d u c ni g v e h i c l e r o l l .
r20
I t s h o u l db e n o t e dt h a t i n 1 9 7 7t h e F o r d B r o n c oc h a n g e idn d i m e n s i o n
( s l a b i l i t y e n v e l o p e s) u c h t h a t i t n o wa p p n o x i m a t et hs e C h e v r o l e tB l a z e r
j n s i z e a n ds h o u l db e i n h e r e n t l ym o r es t a b l e t h a n ' it s p n e d e c e s s o r .
T h em a j o rc o n c l u s i o fnr o mt h i s a n a l y s i si s t h a t t h e u t i l i t y
v e h i c l e sw i t h s m a l ls t a b i l i t y e n v e l o p e(sJ E E PL, a n dC r u i s e r ,p r e - 1 9 7 8
B r o n c o a) r e m o r el i k e l y t o r o l I o v e r t h a n v e h i c l e sw i t h l a r g e r s t d b i l i t y
e n v e l o p e s( B ) a z e r , p o s t - 1 9 7 7
B r o n c o ,R a m c h a r g e r ) g i vsei n
milar
C . G .h e i g h t s . ( T h eS c o u fI I h a s a s t a b i l i t y e n v e l o p teh a t w o u l db e
c l a s s ' iife d a s m e d i u ri n s i z e , ) T h es m a l lu t i l i t y v e h i c l e sm a yb e
o v e r t u n n eb
d y o n l y t h e s i d e f o r c e s g e n e r a l e db y t h e t i r e s i n u n u s u a l
m a n e u v ew
r sh e r e a st h e ) a r g e r u t j l i t y v e h i c l e s g e n e r al ly r e q u i r e s o r r e
t r i p p i n g f o r c e o r o b s t a c l e ( s u c ha s a c u r b , e t c . ) b e f o r e o v e r t u r n ni g .
4.6
i
t
.-:
I njury I'lechani
srm
T h j s s e c t i o n p r e s e n t sd a t a o n d r - i v e ra n d o c c u p a net j e c t i o n i n
c r a s h - in v o l v e du t i ' l i t y v e h i c l e sa n d p a s s e n g ecra- r s . A d i s c u s s i o nr f t h e
r e l a t i o n s h i pb e t w e e vne hj c ' l e d e s i g na n d i n j u r y i s a l s o p r e s e n t e idn t h i s
s ec t r o n .
it$
]
.:
,lt
4 . 6 . 1 0 c c u p a nE
l j e c tr _ q n
0ccupanteject i on nore o f t e n o c c u r si n u t i l i t y v e h i c l e c r a s h e st h a n
i n p a ss e n g e r c a r c r a s h e s . T a b l e4 . 6 . 1 - 1 s h o l r st h a t 1 5 p e r c e n to f
.t: '
u t i l i t y v e h i c l e o c c u p a n t sw e r e e j e c t e d i n s i n g l e - v e h i c l e c r a s h e s b e t w e e n
1 9 7 5 a n d I 9 7 7 i n M a r y la n d . T h e c o r r e s p o n d i n gf i g u r e f o r p a s s e n g e rc a r s
i n o n e pe r c e n t .
T a b l e 4 . 6 . 1 - 1 a l s o s h o w st h a t o c c u p a n te j e c t i o n i s n u c h m o r e c o m m o n
i n s i n g l e - v e h i c l ec r a s h e st h a n i n r n r l t i p l e - v e h i c i ec r a s h e s .
T o t a l d r i v e r e j e c t i o n r e p o r t e d ,i n W a s h i n g t o nj s r r u c hm o r e l i k e l y i n
a J e e p t h a n i n m s t o t h e r m o d e l so f u t i l i t y v e h i c l e s o r p a s s e n g ecr a r s .
T h e s ed a t a a r e s h o w ni n T a b l e 4 . 6 . I - 2 .
T h e d ' if f e r e n c e b e t w e e np a s s e n g e rc a r s a n d m o s t n n k e s o f u t i l j t y
v e h i c l e s i n t e n n s o f L h e p r o b a b li i t y
s u b s t a n t i a.l
of t.olal eject'ion of the driver is
iil.r
b-lj
,1*i
L i t t l e d i f f e r e n c e i n s e a t b e l t u s a q ei s n o t i c e d b e t w e e n
!?I
i
T A B L4E. 6 . I . I
PERCINT
OFOCCUPANTS
EJECTIDACCORDING
TO THE
T Y P IO FC R A S H
MRYLAND
I 9, 7 5 - 7 9 7 7
SingleV e h i c l e Cr a sh e s
f"lultipleV e h ic l e Cr a s h e s
Utility
Passenger U t i l i t y
P a ss en g en
V e h i c l e s Cars
Vehicles
Cars
x,
7,
Ejected
N o t Ej e c t e d
l5
B5
I
99
0.9
qq 1
----------+
----------i--
I
1007"I
Tota'l
----------+--
N u m b eor f 0 c c u p a n t s
lirsfr
416
I
I
n )
oo a
roor
1001
64,125
1 4q6
TABLT
4.6.1_2
PERCTNT
OF TOTALCRASHES
IN l,JHICi]
TOTAL
DRIVER
EJECTION
FROM
T H EV E H I C L W
E A SR E P O R T E D :
I{ASHINGTON,
1976
Make
Total !jection %
Blazer
Bronco
J eep
Scout
L a n dC r u i s e r
Pa s s e n g e cr a r
I
10
2
4
I
d r i v e r s o f u t i l i t y v e h i c l e sa n d p a s s e n g ecrar s . S e v e n t e e np e r c e n t
of
the dniver^sof ut i l i ty vehi c les w o r ea s e a t b e l t a t t h e t i n r e
of the
c r a s h , c o m p a r ewdi t h 1 6 p e r c e n ta l l on g t h e d r i v e r s o f p a s s e n g e r
c ar s .
122
4.6.2
0 c c u p a n tP r o t e c t j o n
H h i l e d e f i n i t i v e d a t a o n v e h i c r ed e s i g na s i t r e l a t e s t o o c c u p a n t
p r o t e c t i o n i s n o t u s u a l l y a c o r n p o n e notf t h e d a t a f i l e s , a f e w g e n e r a l
c o f l f i E n t so n v e h i c l e d e s i g n a n d e j e c t i o n w i ] l s e r v e t o i n t r o d u c e t h e
n e a d e rt o c e r t a i n i n h e r e n t d e s i g n c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s w h . i c hp r o m o t eo c c u p a n t
e j e c t i o n a n d h e n c ea g r e a t e r r i s k o f i n j u r y o r d e a t h .
E j e c t i o n o c c u r s w h e na p o r t ( o p e n i n g ) i s p r e s e n t e di n t h e
t r a j e c t o r y o f t h e o c c u p a n td u r i n g t h e c r a s h . A n y o p e n i n gi n t h e v e h i c l e
t h r o u g h w h i c h a n o c c u p a n te x i t s d u r i n g t h e c r a s h i s r e f e r r e d t o a s a n
tt
eject i on port.
T h j s e j e c t i o n p o r t c a n b e a w i n d o w( w i t h o u t t h e g l a s s ) , a n o p e n
d o o r , o r i n t h e c a s e o f a n o p e nu t . i l i t y v e h i c ' l e , t h a t p o r t i o n o f t h e
vehicle not coveredby anything.
T o t a l e j e c t i o n f r e q u e n t l yo c c u r sd u r i n g a r o l l o v e r a s the occupant
i s f l u n g o u t o f t h e v e h i c l e . T h ed i s t a n c et r a v e ll e d w h i l e a i r b o r n ei s a
f u n c t i o no f t h e o c c u p a n t 'es x i t v e l o c i t y .
.,s
I t i s n o t u n c o m n nfno r t h e o c c u p a n tt o l a n d i n t h e o a t h o f t h e
o v e r t u r n i n g v e h i c l e a n d b e c o n t a c t e d b y s o m ep o r t j o n o f i t .
The
a c c i d e n t d i s c u s s e di n s e c t i o n 5 . 8 . 3 i s a n e x c e l l e n t e x a m p l eo f o c c u p a n t
e j e c t i o n t h r o u g h t h e t o p o f t h e v e h i c l e w i t h s u b s e q u e nvt e h i c l e c o n t a c t ,
I n t h i s c a s e , h a d a t o p o f s u b s t a n t j a lm a t e r r ' a lb e e np r e s e n t t h e
;,
i.
:
,:
o c c u p a n tw o u l d n o t h a v e b e e n e j e c t e d , a n d n o t f a t a l l y i n j u r e d b y t h i s
n e c h a n i s m . T h e u s e o f a f u l l r e s t r a i n t s y s t e mw o u l d h a v e k e p t t h e
o c c u p a n ti n p o s i t i o n a n d h e n c ep r e v e n t e dt o t a l e j e c t i o n ,
S e a t b e l t r e s t r a i n t s y s t e m s ,a n d e v e n so r n et y p e s o f s i n g l e _ b e 1 t
u p p e r - t o r s o s y s t e m s ,d o n o t p n e v e n to c c u p a n tf l a i l i n g , p a r t i a ' l e j e c t i o n
0 r i n j u r i e s t o t h e u n r e s t r a i n e de x t r e m i t j e s , I n j u r i e s t o u p p e r
-t:
:
e x t r e m i t i e s h a v e b e e nd e s c r i b e di n t w o a r t . i c l e s ( s e e S e c t i o n 5 . 8 . 3 ) .
T h e f i r s t d e s c r i b e s i n j u r i e s t o t h e h a n da s a r e s u l t o f t h e o c c u r r a n t
usingthe roll-bar as a grip during vehicle overt,urn.The second
:r*
d e s c r i b e s i n j u r i e s d u e t o e n t r a p r n e not f t h e h a n d a n d f o r e a r m b e t w e e nt h e
s i d e o f t h e v e h i c l e a n d t h e g r o u n dd u r i n g o v e r t u r n . B o t h t y p e s o f
i n j u r i e s o c c u r r e d i n v e h i c l e s w h j c h w e r e o p e na t t h e t i m e o f t h e c r a s h .
123
:.
{
The size of the ejection
port' - :has
' ' : . .a: t "direct
::t
b e a r i n so n t h e p o t e n t i a l
ejection, as rhe smatr;.;;. "::;
suffice
it tosay
,n.,*I:.:;::,jT,il,"*;^,.,::'illl;:l
a n f r e q u e n t l y o b s e r v e da n d
;;*i"l
r e a l p r o b l e r no f t e n
resulting in death.
4 . 7 P o s t - C r a sF
hi res
T h e . i n c i d e n c oe f c r a s h
related fire in utility
h a s b e e nr e p o r t e d .
vehicleaccidents
M i l i t a r y a n dc i v i l i a n
u t i l i t y v e h i c l ep o s t _ c r a s h
fire experience
a p p e a r si m i . l a r . 0 f 1 , 1 0 2
mili
i ! - 1 5 1c r a s h e sd u r i n g
the three-year
p e r i o d F y l 9 7 4- F y l 9 z 6 ,
n o , o n " tPuot 's t - c r a s hf i r e
w a sr e p o n t e d .
I n t h e c l i n i c a l c a s er e v . i e v
rondatdnotincruded
,. rn"u.J,ol;r":l;:
;;;:::,:r:.il::;J:J";.;i::,
w a sv i r t u a . l
,,
**
l y n o ne x i s t e n t . I n t h e
A r i z o n ac l i n i c a l d a t a ,
only oneof
t h e 2 7 f a t a i c r a s h e sr e v i e w e d
r e s u . l t e di n p o s t _ c r a s h
fire.
Fire as a nesultof a
crash
reporred
to theATLA
(seesectionTl.::rr::.i::T,Li[r;":ff;.
rn
the fuet tank exptoded
i
n
t
h
e
c
o
l
l
i
s
i
o
n
.
r n a n o r h e rt h e f u e l
: : a: "n d
c: :a: p
f i l l e r n e c k c a m ej n
contact with the ground
in a rol,lover. In
the third the driver was
s o a k e dvv i t h g a s o l i n e
s u b s e q u e n tt o r o l l o v e r
fatalry burned,
and
T h u si t c a n b e c o n c l u d e d
t h a t c r a s h r^ e l a t e d f i r e
in utility
v e hi c I e s i s n o t a n E i o r p r o b l e m .
124
5.
I
D I S C U S S IO F
NF I N D I N G S
T h e o r d e r o f p r e s e n t a t i o nj n t h i s c i l d p t e r f o l l o w s c l o s e l y t h a t u s e d
i n C h a p t e r4 . A f e n r e s u l t s n o t s h o v n i n t h e p r e v i o u s c h a p t e r a r e
i n c l u d e dh e r e r e l a t i v e t o t h e i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f t h e b a s i c f i n l i n g s .
I
:
5 . 1 M a s sA c c i d e n tD a t a
*
t o a b o u to n e
N a t i o n ally , u t i l i t y v e h i c l e r e s i s t r a t i o n s a n o u n t e d
ef
p e r c e n to f p a s s e n g ecra r r e g is t r a t j o n s i n 1 9 7 7 . T h e p r o n i n e n c o
u t i l i t y v e h i c l e s i s r n u c hg r e a t e r t h a n t h a t f o r f a t a l c r a s h e s ,h o ' v e v e r .
P o s s j b l er e a s o n w
s h yt h e d e d t hr a t e i s h i g h e r i n u t i l i t y v e h i c l e s
i e di n s u b s e q u e p
na
t ris of this
c o m p a r et d
o p a s s e n g ecra r s w i l l b e p r o v d
.
-!ii
s
chapter.
sre
T h ed a t a f r o m s e l e c t e ds t a t e s i n d i c a t et h a t u t i l i t y v e h i c ' l e a
' in v o l v e di n f e r v e rc r a s h e st h a n w o u l db e e x p e c t e d ,g i v e n t h e n u m b eor f
r e g j s t r a t j o n s . t , l h a ti s n e e d e df o r a n a d e q u a t ei n t e r p r e t a t i o no f t h i s
f i n d i n g i s i n f o r r n a t i orne g a r dni g e x p o s u r teo r i s k . I t i s p o s s i b l e 'f o r
e x a m p l et,h a t u t i l i t y v e h i c l e sa r e d r i v e n ' o n t h e a v e r a g ef,e v e r n i ' l e s
t h a n a r e p a s s e n g ecra r s . D a t a o n t h e n u m b eor f m i l e s d r i v e n p e r y e a r i n
a r e a s d ' if f e r i n g i n p o p u l a t i o nd e n s i t y c o u l d b e u s e d , b u t t h e s ed a t a a r e
n o t c u r r e n t l ya v a i l a b l e .
i.
g
j
f
5 . 2 D e a t ha n d I n j u r y R a t e s
T h e t w o m a j o r f i n d i n g s r e g a r dni g d e a t h r a t e s a r e ( 1 ) t r a f f i c d e a t h
r a t e s i n r u r a l c r a s h e sa r e c o n s i d e r a b l yh i g h e r t h a n a r e t h o s e f o r u r b a n
c r a s h e s ,a n d ( 2 ) r e g a r d l e s so f w h e t h e rt h e a r e a i s r u r a l o r u r b a n ,
) r e h i g h e ri n
t r a f f i c d e a t hr a t e s ( t o t a l d e a t h sp e r i , 0 0 0 c r a s h e s a
u t i l j t y v e h i c l e st h a n i n p a s s e n g ec ra r s .
R e l a t e dt o t h e d i f f e r e n c e si n d e a t h r a t e s b e t w e e nr u r a ' l a n d u r b a n
c r a s h e si s t h e f a c t t h a t d e a t hr a t e s a r e h i g h e ni n s i n 9 1 e - v e h i c l e
c r a s h e st h a n i n o t h e nt y p e s o f c r a s h e s . A s u b s t a n t i a lp r o p o r t i o no f
s i n g l e - v e h ' i c lcer a s h e se q 6 u ri n r u r a l a r e a s , a n d u t i l i t y v e h i c l e sa r e
a b o u tt w i c e a s l i k e l y a s p a s s e n g ec ra r s t o b e i n v o l v e di n a s i n g l e -
i
!1
?
v e h ic l e c r a sh .
i
125
S e a t b e l t u s a g ei s n o t a l i k e l y e x p l a n a t i o no f d i f f e r e n c e si n d e a t h
o r i n j u r y r a t e s b e t w e eunt i l i t y v e h i c l e sa n dp a s s d n g ecra r s ' I n
H a s h i n g t o nf,o r e x a m p l e s, e v e n t e e pn e r c e n to f u t i ' l i t y v e h i c l e d r j v e r s
w e r ew e a r jn g a l a p b e l t a t t h e t i n p o f t h e c r a s h , c o m p a r etdo 1 6 p e r c e n t
o f p a s s e n g ecr a r d r i v e r s .
T h ef i n d i n g s r e g a r d i n gr a t e s o f s e r i o u s( d i s a b l i n g )i n j u r y p a r a l l e l
r f disabling
t h o s e o b s e r v e df o r t o t a l t r a f f i c d e a t h r a t e s . T h e n u r t b e o
'injure
i s p e r 1 , 0 0 0c r a s h e si s h i g h e s ti n r u r a l a r e a s ' 0 v e r a I l , s e r i o u s
' in j u r y r a t e s i n u t i l i t y v e h i c l e sa r e r n s r et h a n t w i c e d s h i g h a s t h o s e i n
p a s s e n g ecrar s .
R a t e so f s e r i o u s i n j u r y v ar y a c c o r d i n gt o t h e m a k eo f u t i l i t y
e x h i b i t b y f a r L ? r ei r i g i r e s tr a t e o f d i s a b li n g i n j u r y
vehicle. JEEPS
a m o n tgh e u t i l i t y v e h i c l e sc o n s i d e r eidn t h e a n a l y s i s '
O n eo f t h e k e y q u e s t i o n sr e g a r d i n gu t j l i t y v e h i c l e c r a s h e si s t h e
a n u n s a f eo p e r a t j n g
e x t e n t t o w h i c l rt h e p r o b l e mj s d j s t r j b u t e d a m o n g
e n v i r o n m e n tv, e h i c l e , o r d r i v e r . 0 n e r e a s o nw h yd e a t h a n d d i s a b l i n g
j n j u r y r a t e s a r e h i g h e r f o r u t i l i t y v e h i c l e st h a n f o r p a s s e n g ecra r s i s
t h a t t h e r e l a t i v e f r e q u e n c yo f u t j l i t y v e h j c l e a c c i d c ' n t si n r u r a l a r e a s
i s s o m u c hh i g h e r t h a n t h e c o r r e s p o n d i nfgr e q u e n c yf o r p a s s e n g ecr a r s '
T h a t f a c t b y i t s e l f a c c o nr t s f o r a s u b s t a n t i a lp r o p o r t i o no f t h e
u t i l i t y v e h j c l e sa n d p a s s e n g ecra r s '
d i f f e r e n c e i n d e a t hr a t e s b e t w e e n
T h e s t a n d a r dz' ei d t r a f f j c d e a t h r a t e ' " f o r u t i l i t y v e h j c l e s i n M i c h i g a n
i s 3 . 8 , c m t p a r ewd i t h a c r u d er a t e o f 4 . 7 . T h u s , 3 6 p e r c e n to f t h e
u t i l i t y v e h i c l e sa n d p a s s e n g e r
d i f f e r e n c e i n o v e r a l l d e a t hr a t e s b e t w e e n
u n b n nd n d
c a r s c a n b e a t t r i b u t e d t o t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f c r a s h e sb e t w e e n
rural areas.
T h e p h y s i c a lc h a r a c t e r i s t i c so f u t j l i t y v e h i c l e s a r e s u c ht h a t
v e h i c l er o l l o v e r i s m o r el i k e l y i n t h e s ev e h i c l e st h a n i n p a s s e n g e r
s n d v e h i c l e r o l l o v e r a r e d i s c u s s e idn
c a r s . P h y s i c a lc h a r a c t e r i s t i c a
S e c it o n 5 . 5 .
15tf
u t i l i , y v e h i c l e c r a s h e sw e r ed i s t r i b u t e d b e t v r e eunr b a na n d
r u r a l a r e a s i n t h e sameproportI ons as p d s e n g e cr a r c r a s h e s .
126
5 . 3 C h a r a c t e rsit i c s o f D r i v e n sa r r Ji r d s h L o c a t i o n s
T h e d r i v e r s o f u t i l i t y v e h i c l e s i n v o lv e , l i n a c r a s h a r e y o u n g e ra n d
f i p r e o f t e n m a l et h a n i s t r u e o f t h e i r c o u n t e r p a r t si n p a s s e n g ecra r
c r a s h e s . T h e s ef i n d i n g s a r e c o n s i s t e n tw i t h t h e " r u c h o "i r n a g eo f t e n
e8
r , 1978), Although
a s s o c i a t ew
d j t h u t i l i t y v e h i c l e s( T i m e ,D e c e m b 1
t h e r e s u l t r e g a r dni g a g e d o e sn o t p e r n i t g e n e r a l i z a t i ofnr o n rd r i v e r s i n
c r a s h e st o a I l d r - i v e r s ,i t d o e sp o in t t o t h e p o s s i b i l i t y t h a t d r i v e r s
( p a r t i c u la r l y y o u n go n e s ) o f u t i l i t y v e h i c l e sa r e n o t a s e x p e r i e n c eidn
d r i v i n g a s a r e t h e d r i v e r s o f p a s s e n g ec ra r s .
T h e r o l e o f t e n p o r a lf a c t o r s a p p e a r sm in o r i n a c c o u n t i n gf o r
d i f f e r e n c e sb e t * e e nu t i l i t y v e h i c l e s a n d p a s s e n g ecra r s r e g , r r J i n gi i r e
f r e q u e n c yo f c r a s h e s . S o n r ce l u s t e r i n g o f u t i l i t j r v e h i c l e c r a s h e st n t h e
w i n t e r r n o n t h sh a s b e e no b s e r v e d b
, u t t i t d t r e l a t i o n s h i pw a s s h o w nt o b e
v e r y w e a ki n t h e r n u l t i v a r i a t ea n a l y s e s( S e eS e c t i o n4 . 3 . 4 a n dA p p e n d i x
D.
t*.
W i t h o u td o u b t , o n e o f t h e m o s tc o n s i s t e n tf i n d i n g s i n t h i s s t u d y i s
t h e r e l a t i o n s h i pb e i w e e pn o p u l a t i o nd e n s i t ya n dt h e f r e q u e n c o
yf util ity
v e h i c l ec r a s h e s . C o m p a r w
e di t h c r a s h e si n v o l v i n gp a s s e n g scra r s ,
u t i l i t y v e h i c l e c r e s h e sa r e m u c hm o r eI i k e l y l o o c c u r i n r u r a l a r e a s .
S i m i l a r r e s u l t s u e r e a l s o o b s e r v e df o r a l l f a i . a l c r a s h e s .
T w oq u e s t i o n ss h o u i db e c o n s i d e r e d . A r e u t i l i t y v e h i c l e sm o r e
p o p u l a r , p r o p o r t i o n a t e l y ,t h a n r e g u l a r p a s s e n g ecra r s i n t h e r u r a l
a r e a s ? A r e t h e n u n l e ro f m i l e s d r i v e n i n a u t i l i t y v e h i c l eo n r u r a l
p a s s e n g ecrd r s ?
r o a d sm u c hg r e a t e r: h a n i s t h e c a s e a m o n g
U n f o r t u n a t e l y ,n o s : a t i s t i c s r e g a r d i n gt h e n u r n b eorf m i l e s d r i v e n i n
r u r a l a r e a s a n e a v a i l a b l e . P o l k r e g i s t r a t i o n d a t a b y c o u n t yf o r
l 4 i c h i g a ns u g g e s t i r a t i n 1 9 7 7u t i l i t y v e h i c l e sw e r e s o n e w h amt o r e
p o p u l a ri n r u r a l t h a n u r b a nu . u u r . ' o T h u s , i t w o u l ds e e ml o g i c a l t o
assunre
that exposureto risk (the probability of crash-involvement)for
u t i l i t y v e h ' i c l e si s h i g h e ri n r u r a l a r e a s . R e g a r d l e s st h, e l o c a t i o n a l
p a t t e r no f u t i l i t y v e h i c l ec r a s h e si s n o t f u l l y e x p l a i n e do n t h e b a s j s
16Th.
S o u t h " . nL o w e rP e n i n s u l ac, o n t a i n i n gh i g h l y u r b a n i z e a
dr e a s ,
9
1
i s w h e r e p e r c e n to f t h e p a s s e n g ecra r s a r e r e g i s t e r e Ci n i . i r es t d L e .
T h ec o r r e s p o n d i nf igg u r e f o r u t i l i t y v e h i c l e si s 7 9 p e r c e n t .
t27
n
g
o f c o u n t yo f r e g is t r a t i o n . A l s o , w h e nu r h a r ra n d r u r a l a r e a s a r e t r e a t e d
s e p a r a t e l y ,i m p o r t a n td i f f e r e n c e sj n c r a s h e x p e r i e n c er e m a j nb e t w e e n
u t i l i t y v e h i c l e sa n do t h e r v e h i c l e s .
A l t h o u g ht h e r e a r e s m a l l d i f f e r e n c e sb e t w e e M
n i c h i g a na n d
'.|lashingto
n
r e g a r d nj g t h e i m p o r t a n c o
ef the differ,:rt road
c har a c te r i st i c s , t h e t w < ,m, a j o rf i n d i n g s a r e t h e s a l n ef o r e a c h s t a t e .
U t i l i t y v e h j c l e sa r e m o r e1 i k e 1 yt o b e i n v o l v e di n a c r a s ho n c u r v e so r
s n o w yo r i c y r o a d st h a n i s t r u e c f r r t h e r v e h i c l e s , e s p e c i ally i n r r L r a l
a r e a s . M o s to f t h e e n v j r o n n e n t acl o n d i t i o n sj n v e s t j g d t e di n t h j s s t u d y
a r e c o r r e l a t e dw i t h ' r o p u l a t i o nd e n s i t y . C u r v yr o a C s ,i c e c , ) v e r e dr o a o s ,
a n d d a r k n e s sw i t h o u t s t r e e t l i g h t s a r e r n u c h
r n o r ec h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f r u r a l
t h a n u r b a na r e a s , T h o s es j t u a t i o n s ,c o r n n
be
i dw i t h r e l a t i v e l y h i q h
a v e r a g et r a v e l s p e e d s s, u g g e s ta p r o b l e mg r e a t e r f o r u t i l i t y v e h i c l e s
t h a n p a s s e n g ec ra r s .
T h e f i n d i n g s e x h i b i t e d i n f a t a l c r a s i t e st h r o u g h o utth e c o u n t r y
p a r a l l e l t h o s ej u s t d e s c r i b e df o r t h e t w o s t a t e s . V e r t i c a l g r a d e sa n o
t w o - l a n er o a d sa r e m o r ep r e v a l e n ti n r u r a l t h a n u r b a na r e a s . T h e s er o a d
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c sa r e a l s o d s s o cdi l e d w i t h a . h i g h i n c 'di e n c eo f u t i l i t y
v e h j c l e c r a s h e si r t c o r n p a r i s owni t h t h e f i g u r ^ ef o r p a s s e n g ecr a r c r a s h e s .
T h e p r o b a bl i t y o f , , t i l i t y v e h i c l e c r a s h e sv a r j e s i n v e r s e l y r . r i t h
p o p u l a t i o nd e n s i t y . l i i t h i n r u r - a la r e a sc e r t a i n r o a d c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a n o
averagetravel speedscombineto producemoretroublesomeeffects for
u t i l i t y v e h i c l e st h a n p a s s e n g ecra r s . T w ol a n e s , c u r v e s , g r a d e s ,a n d
s n o t vo r i c e o n t h e s u r f a c em o r eo f t e n c h a r a c t e r i z ec r a s h s i t e s f o r
u t i l i t y v e h i c l e st h a n p d s s e n g ecra r s , e s p e c i a l l yi n r u r a l a r e a s .
I t i s u n k n o wtno w h a t e x t e n t t h e r a t i o o f p a s s e n g ecra r t r a v e l t o
utility vehjcletravel changew
s h e ni c e o r s n o wi s o n t h e r o a , l .
T h er e l a t i v e l y y o u n g ,l a r g e l y m a 1 e d
, rjversof util iLy venicles
a p p e a rn o t t o b e s u f f i c i e n t l y a w a r eo f t h e r i s k s o f d r i v i n g i n t h e r u r a l
nt,
environrne
tzg
E
A
..i
C l i n i c a l C a s eR e v ie w
:'
A c c i d e n rt e p o r t sa n d p h o t o g r a p hf os r i n d i v i d u a lc r a s h e si n v o l v i n g
u t i l i t y v e h i c l e sw e r eo b t a i n e df r o m s e v e r a ls t a t e s . M o s t o f t h e
a n a l y s e so f t h e s e d d t a c o v e r t h e c r a s h e si n w h i c ho n e o r m o r ep e r s o n s
w e r ek i l l e d i n a u t i l i t Y v e h i c l e .
r e x i c oi n d i c a t et h a t a s u b s t a n t i a l
T h e d a t a f r o mA r i z o n aa n dN e uM
p r o p o r t i o no f t h e f a t a l u t i l i t y v e h i c l ec r a s h e si n v o l v e dr o l l o v e r s ' I n
s e r ee j e c t e d f r o m t h e
a m a j o r it y o f t h e r o 1l o v e r s , o n e o r m o r eo c c u p a n tw
v e h i c l e . l J i t h o u t t h e u s e o f a n a d e q u a t er e s t r a i n t s y s t e m ,r o l l - b a r s d o
*
I
T
j!
:
n o t a p p e a tr o o f f e r s u f f i c i e n t p r o t e c t i o nf o r v e h j c l eo c c u p a n t s .R i g i d
'ikelihooo
d f e j e c t i o n ,b u t t h e u s e o f a d e q u a t e
c a b sd o r e d u c et h e ' l
r e s t r a j n t ( l a p a n d s h o ud' le r ) p r e v e n t se i e c t i o n . I t s h o u l db e n o t e dt h a t
a l a p - b e i t a l o n ed o e sn o t a p p e a tro b e s u f f i c i e n t , a s o c c u p a nftl a i l i n g
a m o n tgh o s e w e a r i n gl a p - b e 1 t sb u t n o t s h o u l d e r
h a s b e e no b s e r v e d
.:
harnesses.
5.5
V e h i c l eS t a b i 1 i t y
:
n ig o n t h e m a k e ,u t j l i t y v e h i c l e so v e r t u r nf r o m a b o u t t h r e e
Depend
t o a r o u n d1 6 t j m e s a s o f t e n a s p a s s e n g ec ra r s . 0 f t h e u t i l i t y v e h i c l e s '
t h e l a r g e r u t i i i t y v e h i c l e s( B l a z e r ,J i m m yT, r a i l D u s t e r ,R a m c h a r g e r )
a r e t h e l e a s t l i k e l y t o o v e r t u r nd u r i n ga c r a s h . T h es m a l l e ru t i l i t y
v e h i c l e s ( J e e p ,J E E ,P L a n dC r ui s e r , a n d p r e - 1 9 7 8B r o n c o )a r e
s u b s t a n t i a1ly m o r el i k e l y t o o v e r t u r nd u r i n ga c r a s ht h a n a r e t h e l a r g e r
u t i l i t y v e h j c l e s . ( 5 e eT a bel s 4 . 5 . 1 - 2a n d4 . 5 . 1 - 4 . )
T h e l a t e r a l a c c e l e r a t i o nr e q u 'rie d f o r r o l l o v e r i s l o w e r f o r u t i l i t y
v e h i c l e s t h a n f o r p a s s e n g ecra r s ( w h i c he x p l a i n sw h yt h e i n c i d e n c eo f
r o l l o v e r i s h i g h e rj n u t i l i t y v e h i c l e st h a n p a s s e n g ec ra r s ) . T h e h i g h
c e n t e ro f g r a v i t y , c h a r a c t e r i s t i co f u t i l i t y v e h i c l e s ,i s t h e p r i n c i p a l
n t e a s u r e m et h
na
t t p a r t l y e x p l a i n su t i ' l i t y v e h i c l e s ' l o $ r e rr e s i s t a n c et o
r o l l o v e r t h a n p a s s e n g ecra r s . G i v e nt h e s a m eh e i g h t o f c e n t e r o f
g r a v it y , t h e w i d e r t h e t r a c k t h e g r e a t e r i s t h e l e s i s t a n c et o r o l l o v e r ;
( T h eb a s i s f o r a n " i n d e x o f r o l l o v e r p r o p e n s i t y "h a s b e e ne s t a b ' lsi h e d
r e c e n t l y b y B r u n e , l 9 7 9).
t29
,i
,{
';
T h e s ef d c t o r s c o m b i n et o : l a c e t h e s m a Il u t i l i t y v e h i c l e a t a
If large
d i s a d v a n t a gver i t h r e g a r dt o r o l l s t d b i l i t y .
comparative
d i a m e t e rt i r e s a r e u s e d o n t h i s v e h i c l e , r o l l o v e r c o u l d o c c u r a s a
r e s u l t o f t i r e c o r n e r in g t r a c t i o n . . r nd r y p a v e m e n t .
I t s h o u l d b e n o t e d t h a t v , / h e fno u r - w h e e l - d r i v e u t i I i t y v e h i c l e s a r e
u s e d t o t o w t r a i l e r s ( o r t o t c ' n o l h e r v e h ' i c l e s )t h e c o n t n o l a n d
s t a b i l i t y p r o b l e m sa r e o f t e n n a g n i f i e d . S e v e r a lo f t h e n d t i o n a l r e n t a l
o r g a n i z a t i o n sh a v e f o u n d t h i s r e f l e c t e d i n t h e i r s a f e t y s t a t i s t i c s . 0 n e
o r g a n i z a t i o nh a s a n a l y z e dn e a r l y 5 , 0 0 0 a c c i d e n t si n v o l v i n g v e h i c l e s
t o w i n g t r a i l e r s 0 f t h e s e a c c j d e n t ss l i g h t l y r n o r et h a n i 0 0 j n v o l v e d
B u r , i l y i n j u r y c l a i m s w e r e m a d ei n a l n n s t o n e - h a l f o f
t h e a c c i d e n t si n v o l v i n gu t i l i t y v e h i c l e s . F o r c r a s h e si n v o l v i n ga l 1
v e h i c l e s t o w i n g t r a i l e r s , o n l y a b o u t 2 0 p e r c e n t i n v o l v e d a b o d il y i n j u r y
ut'il ity vehicles.
claim.
T h e s ed a t a a l s o s h o w e dt h a t w h e na u t i ' l i t y v e h i c l e i s t o w i n g a
t h e i n c j d e n c eo f r o l l o v e r i s m a r k e d l yh i g h e r t h a n w i t h
p a s s e n g e vr e h i c l e s . T h e s m a l l e r u t i l i t y v e h i c l e s i n p a r t i c u l a r s h o wa n
trailer,
e l e v a t e dr o l l o v e r r a t e .
5.6
I nj ury xechln!5ms
D a t a d e s c r i b e di n S e c t i o n 4 . 6 , I n i u r y l 4 e c h a n i s m fso, c u s e dp r i m a r i l y
o n o c c u p a n te j e c t i o f l a n d s u b s e q u e n tj n i u r y a n d d e a t h . T h e m a j o r r e a s o n
f o r t h j s e m p h a s iiss t h a t l i t t l e d a t a i s a v a i l a b l ew h i c h l i n k s o c c u p a n t
i n j u r y t o s p e c i f i c v e h i c l e a n d / o r c r a s h c o n f i g u r a t i o n sw h i c h c a u s e
injury.
T h e f o l l o w i n g s e c t i o n d i s c u s s e sr o l l - o v e r a n d e j e c t i o n a s i n i u r y p r o d u c i n gr e c h a n i s m s , F o 1 ' l o w i n g
t h i s a r e a f e v r g e n e r a l c o m m e n t os n
i njury production.
5 . 6 . 1 R o lI o v e r a n d E i e c t i o n
T h e p r o b l e mi s n o t t h a t r o l l o v e r j s m u c hl e s s s e r i o u s f o r o c c u p a n t s
o f p a s s e n g ec ra r s t h a n i t i s f o r o c c u p a n tosf u t i l i t y v e h i c ] e s ,b u t t h a t
u t i l i t y v e h i c l : s o v e r t u r ns u b s t a n t i ally m o r eo f t e n t h a n p a s s e n g ecr a r s .
130
I n M i c h i g a n ,o n e p e r c e n to f t h e r o l l o v e r s i n b o t h p a s s e n g ecra r s a n d
ds fatal crashes.
u t i l i t y v e h i c l e sw e r er e c o r d e a
A s w a s s e e ni n t h e r e v i e wo f f a t a l c r a s h e si n A r i z o n aa n dN e w
M e x i c o ,a n dc l i n i c a l s t u d yo f C o ' l o r a daon dN e wY o r k f a t a l c r a s h e s '
i eydt h e e i e c t i o n o f o n e
r o l l o v e r o f u t i l i t y v e h i c l e si s o f t e n a c c o n r p a n b
o r m o r eo c c u p a n t fsr o n l t h e v e h i c l e .
,
T h e d a t a i n d i c a t e t h a t t o t a l d r i v e r e i e c t i o n o c c u r sm o r eo f t e n i n
t ith
J e e p st h a n i n o t h e r u t i l i t y v e h i c l e s . T h i s r e s u l t i s c o n s i s t e n w
t h e f i n d i n g s o n t y p e o f c a b t h a t s h o we j e c t i o n i s n o r e p r e v a l e n tw i t h
o p e no r c a n v a st o p s t h a nw i t h r i g i d t o p s '
A s w a sp o i n t e do u t i n S e c t i o n4 ' 6 t h e p r e s e n coef a n e i e c t i o n p o r t
d u r i n g r o l l o v e r g r e a t l y i n c r e a s e st h e c h a n c eo f e j e c t i o n - - c o m pel t e
e j e c t i o n i n t h e c a s eo f a u n r e s t r a i n eodc c u p a nat n d p a r t i a l i n t h e c a s e
o f a I a p - b etl e d o c c u p a n t .
l
#
.J,
i
T h o s ev e h j c l e sw i t h o u ts u b s t a n t i a sl i d e s t r u c t u r ep r o t e c t i o na t t h e
t i m e o f t h e c r a s h p r € s e n tt o t h e u n r e s t r a i n e do c c u p a nat s i g n i f i c a n t
opportunity for ei ect i on.
W h i I ej t w o u l db e u n d e s i r a b lteo r e q u i r ea l l v e h i c l e st o b e
e q u i p p e dy r i t h a n e f f e c t i v e s r d e / r o o f s t r u c t u r e ( s o a s t o p r e v e n t
" o p e nd e s i g n "s h o u l db c e q u pi p e dw i t h a
e j e c t i o n ) , t h o s ev e h i c l e so f a n
f u l l y p r o t e c t i v e r e s t r a i n t s y s t e mw h j c h , i f p r o p e r l yw o r n , w o u l dp r e v e n t
e j e c ti o n d u r in g o v e r t u r n .
).
I
a
t
:
5 . 6 . 2 V e h i c l eD e s i g n
s r e s u b j e c t t o t h e s a m eg e n e r a l
Utiljty vehicleoccupanta
k i n e m a t i c sd u r i n g a c r a s h a s a r e p a s s e n g ecra r o c c u p a n t s ' D j f f e r e n c e s
in patterns of injury and severity, hovlever,nny be due to differences
f o u n d i n p a s s e n g ecro m p a r t m e cnot n t a c t s t r u c t u r e sa n d s u r f a c e s '
T h e r e f o r e ,i n i u r y a t t e n u a t i n gI T P t h o dass h a v eb e e ne m p l o y e idn p a s s e n g e r
c a r s s h o u l d b e a v a i l a b l e t o u t i l i t y v e h i c l e o c c u p a n t s ' S o m eh a v e
a l r e a d y b e e nu t i l i z e d , b u t t h e b a l a n c es h o u l d b e a p p l i e d w h e r e v e r
appropr i at e.
T h e e x c e p toi n c o m e si n t h e o p e nv e h i c l e w h e r er o o f a n d s i d e
protection nEthodsd r e n o t i d e n t i c a l t o p a s s e n g ecra r ' I € t h o d s ' H o w e v e r ,
1?1
t n o s t o p e n v e h i c l e s a r e " c l o s e d " a t o n e t i r n e o r a n o t h e r ( c a n v a st o p s , f o r
e x a m p l e )a n d w h e nc l o s e d s h o u l d t h e y n o t o f f e r t h e s a n r cl e v e l o f
p r o t e c t i o n t o t h e o c c u p a n t so f t h i s v e h r c l e a s j s a v a i l a b l e t o o c c u p a n t s
o f a n y o t h e r c ' l o s e dv e h j c l e ?
0 n e a u t h o r w i t n e s s e da n a c c i d e n tw h e r ea J E E P0 i s p a t c h e rv e h i c l e
h a d s k i d d e d a n d o v e r t u r n e do n a n i c y p o r t i o n o f t h e r o a d . T h e
d i s p a t c h e r m o d e ) ( D J - 6 ) i s e s s e n t i a ll y t h e s a m ea s a n o p e n b o d y J E E P
exceptit has a post-office style steel cab enclosure. Thejeep hit an
i c y p a t c h o f r o d d , s k i d d e d , o v e r t u r n e do n i t s n i g h t s i d e a n d s l i d f o r
a p p r o x j m a t e l y1 0 0 f e e t .
T h e t w o f e m a l e o c c u p a n t sw e r e u n h a r m e d . H a d
t h e v e h j c l e b e e nw j t r r u u ti t s t o p , i t
is likely that serious injury would
h a v e o c c u r r e d f r o m o c c u p a n tc o n t a c t w i t h t h e g r o u n d .
I n o p e n v e h j c l e s e q u i p p e dw i t h a r o l l - b a r o r r o l l c a g e , s e r i o u s
i n j u r y a n d e v e n C e a t h h a v e r e s u l t e d f r o n r e j e c t i o n a n d s u b s e q u e n ct o n t a c t
w i t h t h e r o l l - b a r a s h a s b e e np r e v i o u s l y s h o v r n , ( S e e s e c t i o n 5 . 8 . 3 f o r
a n e x a m p l ec a s e ) . P r o p e r r e s t r a i n t w o u l d h a v e p r e v e n t e de j e c t i o n .
R o l l - b a r a n d r o l l c a g e c o l l a p s e h a s a l s o b e e no b s e r v e d . T h e r e a n e
n o p e r f o r m a n c es t a n d a r d sf o r r o l l p r o t e c t i o n d e v j c e s . H e n c e , a d e v ic e
.
s u p p o s e d l ye n g i n e e r e dt o p r o t e c t t h e o c c u p a n ts p a c eh o s c o l l a p s e d ,
s e v e r e l y c o m p r o nslii n g t h r : a v a i l a b l e o c c u p a n ts p a c e .
I t s e e m st o l o g i c a l l y f o 1 l o w t h a t e v e n i f t h e i n c i d e n c eo f c r a s h
i n v o l v e m e n tw e r e t h e s a m ef o r u t i l i t y
o c c u p a n t so f u t j l i t y
v e h i c l e s a n d p a s s e n g e rc a r s , t h e
vehicles are less well protected and hencein a
p o s i t i o n t o r e c e i v e n o r e s e n i o u si n j u r i e s .
A I I o p e n v e h i c l e s ( i n c l u d i n g t h o s e w i t h f l i m s y e n c l o s u r e s )s h o u l d
b e r e q u i n e d t o b e e q u i p p e dw i t h u p p e r t o r s o r e s t r a i n t s t o p r e v e n t
occupane
t jection andf)ai1ing,
A l s o w a r n i n g ss h o ud' l b e p r o m i n e n to n
t h e s e v e h i c l e s w a r n i n g o f t h e d a n g e r so f u n r e s t r a i n e do c c u p a n c ya n d o f
e x t r e m j t yf 1a i l i n g d u r i n g a n a c c i d e n t .
5 . 7 P o s t - c r a s hF i r e s
P o s t - c r a s h f i r e s a s r e p o r t e d i n t h e d a t a a n e n o t a p r o b l e ma s t h e ] r
o c c u r r e n c ei n u t i l i t y v e h i c l e c r a s h e sj s r a r e .
132
l 'si c u s s i o n
5 . 8 G e n e r aD
tr
5 . 8 . 1 l g L l i p g r p o s e( U t i l j t v ) V e h i c
M u l t i p u r p o s e( u t i l i t y )
se?
v e h i c l e s a r e d e s i g n e df o r m o r et h a n o n e
p u r p o s e . T h e y a r e c a p a b l eo f o p e r a t l o ni n b o t h o n - a n d o f f - r o a d
'1,1
i
4.
envr ro nnent s.
S u c h a d e s i g n h a s b o t h a d v a n t a g e sa n d d i s a d v a n t a g e s . T h e
a d v a n t a g e sa r e t h a t t h e v e h i c l e c a n b e d r i v e n o f f - r o a d i n e n v i r o n m e n t s
a
w h e r e a n o r m a l p a s s e n g e rc a r o r t r u c k c o u l d n o t b e o p e r a t e d . T o o p e r a t e
o f f - r o a d , t h e v e h j c l e u s u a l y n e e d sa h i g h g r o u n dc l e a r a n c e , n a n r o w
&.
o v e r a lI w i d t h , a n d s h o r t t u r n i n g r a d j u s s o a s t o b e m a x i m a l l y
m a n e u v e r a b lu
e n d e r a v e r y w i d e r a n g in g s e t o f c o n d i t i o n s . A l l w h e e l
t h e v e h i c l e ' s c a p a b i li t y t o t r a v e l
drjve andspecialtjres enhance
f,
.:*
l;
anywhere.
S u c h a d e s i g n a l s o h a s d i s a d v a n t a g e s . l ' l h j l e p o s s e s s i n gt h e o f f r o a d c a p a b i l i t y , u t i l i t y v e h i c l e s a r e a l s o d r i v e n o n - r o a d ,w h e r ec e r t a i n
The short vtheel
of the off-road design features maybe a liability.
b a s e a n d n a r r o w t r a c k g i v e t h e v e h i c l e q u i c k r e s p o n s ea t b o t h l o w a n d
'i
h i g h s p e e d s . A t t h e h i g h e r s p e e d ,t h e q u i c k r e s p o n s ec a p a b i l i t y s
.!;
n e i t h e r n e e d e dn o r s a f e . T h e h i g h g r o u n d c l e a r a n c ec o u p l e d t \ ' i t h t h e
n a r r o w t r a c k w i d t h p r o d u c ea v e h i c l e r n o r ee a s i l y o v e r t u r n e d . l n r o u g h
t e r r a i n , s p e e d sa r e , o f n e c e s s i t y , l o w , r e s u l t i n g i n a s l o w r a t e o f
d y n a m i cr e s p o n s eo f t h e v e h ' i c l e . A t h i g h e r s p e e d s , s u c h r e s p o n s e s
b e c o m em o r e r a p i d a n d m a y i n d e e do u t s t r i p t h e c a p a b i l i t y o f t h e d r i v e r
t o r e s p o n dt o t h e v e h i c i e . A p a s s e n g evr e h j c l e , d e s i g n e df o r o n - r o a d
u s e , a t t e m p t st o m a x i m j z et h e c o n t r o l l a b i l i t y o f t h e v e h i c 1 ea t t h e
e x p e n s eo f n n n e u v e r a b ji lt y . T h e r e s p o n s eo f t h e v e h i c l e t o d y n a m i c
i n o u t s i s s l o w e r a n d h e n c e t h e d . i v e r h a s m o r et i m e t o r e a c t .
The utiljty
e e t w e e nt h e o n v e h i c l e t h u s r e p r e s e n t s a c o m p r o m i sb
se
i , h a n d li n g a n d
r o a d a n d o f f - r o a d a p p li c a t i o n s . A s a c o m p r o m
l i it y f a c t o r s m u s t b e b a l a n c e db e t y , e e nt h e i n t e n d e d u s e
maneuverab
p a t t e r n s o f t h e v e hi c l e .
133
.r
;
6
L
',.
i
!:
'i
T h e p o t e n t i a l u s e r s o f t h i s v e h i c l e n e e d t o b e m a d ea w a r eo f t h e
c o m p r o m i s et hs a t e x i s t i n s u c h a v e h i c l e s o t h a t i n d i v i d u a l d r i v i n g
s k i l l s c a n m a t c ht h e c a p a b i l i t i e s a n d l i m j t a t i o n s o f t h e v e h i c l e .
t o d e p i c t u t i l i t y v e h i c l e sa s s u i t a b l e f o r h i g h w a y
It js misleading
u s e u n ' l e s st h e y h a v e t h e s a m eh a n d l i n ga n d s t a b i l i t y c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a s
o t h e r v e h i c l e s . A d e q u a l ew a r n in g a n d i n s t r u c t i o n s a r e n e e d e df r o m t h e
m a n u f a c t u r e (r s i m i l a r t o t h e w a r n j n gp r o v i d e di n t h e M l 5 l o p e r a t o r ' s
S i r n i I a r l y , i t i s i n a p p r o p r i a t et o s h o wt h e v e h i c l e t o b e
m a n u a) .l
s u i t a b l e f o r a v a r i e t y o f u s e s w h e nc e r t a i n o f t h e u s e s c o m p r o m i s teh e
s a f e t y o f t h e o p e r a t o r . I f t h e v e h i c l e i s t r u l y " m u l t i - p u r p o s e "t h e n
t h e p u r p o s e sf o r w h i c h i t i s m o s t s u i t a b l e n e e d t o b e c o n v e y e dt o t h e
c o n s u m etrh r o u g ha d v e r t i s i n g , e t c . , a n d t h o s e p u r p o s e sf o r w h i c h j t s
s a f e t y a n d c a p a b i l i t i e s a r e m a r g i n a lo r u n s a f es h o u l d n o t b e e m p h a s i z e d .
C a r em u s t b e t a k e n s o a s n o t t o i n s t i l l
i n t h e c o n s u n e ra f a l s e
s e n s e o f s e c u r i t y c o n c e r i r i n gt h e s a f e t y o f u t i l i t y
5.8.2
vehicles.
I m p lj c j r t i o n s f o r F e d e r a l S a f e t y S t a n d a r d s l T
T h e f i n d i n g s d i s c u s s e da b o v em a k ei t r a t h e r c l e a r t h a t u t i l i t y
v e h i c l e s p o s ea s i g n j f j c d n t l y h i g h e r r i s k o f r o l l o v e r a n d o f i n j u r y a n d
f a t a l i t i e s i n a c c j d e n t e ' , e n t st h a n t h a t p o s e db y t h e m o r e c o n v e n t i o n a l
T h e q u e s t i o n i r m e d j a t e l y a r i s e s a s t o w h e t h e rt h e r e a r e
v e h i c l e - d i r e c t e d c o u n t e r m e a s u r e si n
, the form of safety standards,that
motor car.
c a n r e d u c et h e s e h i g h e r l e v e l s o f r i s k w j t h o u t e l i m ' ni a t i n g t h e u t . il i t y
v e h i c l e a s a t r a n s p o r t a t i o no p t j o n a v a j l a b l e t o t h e c o n s u m e r .T h e
f i n d i n g s s u g g e s t t h a t t h e s e c o u n t e n m e a s u r e( o
s r s t a n d a r d s) s h o u l d s e e k
t o ( 1 ) r e d u c e t h e p r o b a b il i t y o f r o l l o v e r s a n d ( 2 ) i n c r e a s e t h e l e v e l o f
o c c u p a n tp n o t e c t j o n a v a j l a b l e i n a c r a s h o r r o l l o v e r e v e n t .
G i v e nt h a t t h e u t i l i t y
v e h i c l e i s , b y d e f. i n i t i o n , a v e h i c l e w h i c h
i s s u j t a b l e f o r o p e r a t i o n so f f - r o a d a s w e l l a s o n - r o a d , i t w i i 1 , b y
v i r t u e o f i t s h i g h g r o u n dc l e a r a n c e ,t e n d t o h a v e a h i g h e r c e n t e r o f
g r a v i t y t h a n t y p ' i c a l o n - r o a d p a s s e n g e rc a r s .
T o t h e d e g r e et h a t u t i l i t y
v e h i c l e s a r e d e s i g n e dw i t h t r a c k w i d i h s t h a t a r e r o u g h l y e q u i v a l e n t t o
-t 'J T- . h-i s
l actors,
s e c ti o n i s a u t h o r e db y L e o n a r d
S e g e l ,H e a d ,P h y s i c a F
UQCT
134
i
thoseusedonpassengerveh'icles,theuti,lityvehiclew,illalmostalways
p o s ea h i g h e r r i s k o f r o l ' l o v e r ' T h e q u e s t i o nt h e n a r i s e s a s t o w h e t h e r
whether
t h e p u b l i c s h o u l d r e g a r dt h i s i n c r e a s e dr i s k a s a c c e p t a b l ea n d
put some
i t i s f e a s i b i e t o d e v e l o pa s t a n d a r dt h a t w o u l d , i n c f f e c t '
i,
u p p e r b o u n do n t h i s r i s k '
fi
F i r s t , i t n u s t b e r e c o g n i z e dt h a t t h i s q u e s t i o ni s n o t u n i q u et o
the
t h e u t i l i t y v e h i c l e , s i n c e t h e r ^ ea r e p a s s e n g e rc a r s ' m o r e n o t a b l y
typical
s n r a l l s u b c o m p a c t st,h a t h a v e l e s s i m m u n i t yt o r o l l o v e r t h a n t h e
p a s s e n g e rc a r . F u n t h e r , t h e g o o d s - c a r r yni g t r r c k h a s a s j g n i f i c a n t l y
11
t
ft
greaterpotentialforrolloverthananynlotorcar.This]atterfact
d e m o n s t r a t etsh a t s o c i e t y i n v a r i a b l y t r a d e s o f f c e r t a i n r i s k s v e r s u s t h e
,ii:
.
I
:
t r a n s p o r t a t i o ns e r v i c e s t o b e p r o v i d e d ' I n t h e c a s e o f t h e t r u c k ' t h e
mj d t h o f m o t o r v e h i c l e s e f f e c t i v e l y
s t a t e l a w s l i m i t i n g t h e m a x i m uw
c o n s t r a i n t h e d e s i g n e r f r o n l a l t e r n a t i v e s t h a t w o u l d i m p r o v er o 1 1
stability. Theutjlity vehicle, on the other hand'is not so
c o n s t r a i n e d . I n t h e o r y , t h e u t i l i t y v e h i c l e c o u l d b e d e s i g n e dw i t h a
w i d e r t r a c k s o a s t o i n c r e a s e i t s r o l l o v e r i n n n u n i t yt o l e v e l s
it
a p p r o a c hnig t h a t e x h i b i t e d b y n €n y p a s s e n g ecr a r s ' l f t h i s i s s o '
is
logicaltoconsiderwhethersafetystandardscanbedevelopedsoasto
a c h ie v e t h i s g o a l i n P r a c t i c e .
a u s p ' i c e s( E r v i n , e t a l ' , 1 9 7 2 ; R i c e '
R e s e a r c hc o n d u c t e du n d e r N H T S A
1 9 7 8 ) h a s d e m o n s t r a t e dt h a t t h e d e v e l o p m € not f r o l l o v e r p e r f o r m a n c e
js fraught with
s t a n d a r d sb a s e do n a n o b j e c t i v e t e s t p r o c e d u r e
i
*Y .
4r
;:
' t
difficulty.Thesedifficultiescou'ldbeoffset,however,ifonewere
performance
w i l l i n g t o a c c e p t a s t a n d a r dt h a t i s w r i t t e n i n o t h e r t h a n
t e n n s . I n t h i s p a r t i c u l a r i n s t a n c e , a s t a n d a r dc o u l d s p e a kt o t h e
value of the c.g. height to track width ratjo that a utjlity
maximum
v e h i c l e w o u l d b e p e r m i t t e dt o e x h i b i t . C l e a r l y , t h e s e l e c t i o n o f t h e
be
v a l u e o f t h j s r a t i o ( f o r i n c o r p o r d t i o ni n t o a s a f e t y s t a n d a r d )s h o u l d
'5
basedontherecognitionthatthefiniterjskofnollovermustbetraded
o f f a g a i n s t t h e t r a n s p o r t f u n c t i o n a n d u t i l i t y p r o v i d e dt o t h e c o n s u r ' E r '
A s e c o n dn o t u n e x p e c t e df i n d i n g o f t h i s s t u d y , n a m e l y ' t h a t
f a t a l i t i e s a n d j n i u r i e s a r e m o n el i k e l y t o o c c u r i n c r a s h e si n v o l v i n g
given to
u t i l i t y v e h i c l e s , s u g g e s t st h a t c o n s j d e r a t i o n n e e d st o b e
these
countenneasureswhich would reduce the trauma generated by
135
I
;
vehicles.
U n f o r t u n a t e l y , m a n yu t i l i t y
vehicles have Iimited overhead
s t r u c t u r e s t o p r o v i d ep r o t e c t i o n i n t h e e v e n t o f a r o l l o v e r . A g a i n , w e
c o m et o t h e d i f f i c u l t q u e s t i o n o f w h e t h e r s t a n d a r d sc a n , o r s h o u l d , b e
which, if
developed
i m p l e m e n t e dw,o u l da l t e r t h e b a s i c c h a r a c t e ra n d
f u n c t i o n o f a s p e c i f i c c a t e g o r yo f v e h i c l e .
R e c o g n i z i n gt h a t t h e r e i s a d e m a n df o r t h e o f f - r o a d c a p a b i l i t y o f
utility
v e h i c l e s , c o n s i d e r a t i o nn e e d st o b e g i v e n t o t h e a l t e r n a t i v e s
f o r s a f e t y s t a n d a r d st h a t a c k n o , / l e d g teh i s d e m a n db u t s t i l 1 p r o v i d e a
s a f e t y b e n e f i t t o t h e p u b l i c . U n f o r t u n a t e l y , w e a r e h a n d i c a p p e di n s u c h
a n e n d e a v o ri n t h a t t h e d e f i n j t i v e n e s e a r c hs e r v i n g t o d e f i n e
r e p r e s e n t a t i v e r o l l o v e r s c e n a r j o s r e m a i n st o b e p e r f o m r e d . F o r e x a m p l e ,
w e d o n o t k n o we n o u g ht o b e a b l e t o s t a t e t h a t a r o l l - b a r o f a g j v e n
d e s i g n a n d s t r e n g t hw i l l h a v e a s p e c fi i c p r o b a blii t y o f s u r v i v i n g t h e
l o a d s i n p o s e d b y a r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s p e c t r u mo f r o l l o v e r t r a j e c t o r i e s .
If
"
e
q
u
i
p
m
e
n
t
w e k n e wt h e s e f a c t s , w e w o u l d a t l e a s t b e a b l e t o d e v e l o p
s t a n d a r d s ", n a m e l y ,m a n u f a c t u r e r sw h o o f f e r e d r o l l - b a r s a s a n o p t i o n o n
a g i v e n u t i l i t y v e h i c l e w o u l dh a v e t o c e r t i f y t h a t t h e j r d e v i c e w a s
c a p a b l e o f p r o v i d i n g a s p e c i f i e d l e v e l o f p r o t e c t i o n i n s p e c 'fii e d
r o l l o v e r s c e n a r i o s . T h i s w o u l d b e a c o u n t e r m e a s u rteh a t a t t e m p t s t o
g u a r a n t e et h a t c o n s u r n e rosb t a i n a b o n a f i d e r e d u c t i o n j n t h e r i s k o f
i n j u r y a s a r e s u l t o f t h . . : i r h a v i n g c h o s e nt o i n v e s t i n a c r a s h
p r o t e c t j o n d e v jc e , d s p r o p o s e dt o a c o u n t e r f i i e a s u rt e
hat limits the
s p e c t r u mo f v e h i c l e s a v aj l a b ' l e f o r p u r c h a s e .
5.8.3 0ff-RoadUse and Injury
While not the primary focus of this research, this report would be
i n c o m p l e t ew i t h o u t s o n e n e f e r e n c et o t h e o f f - r o a d u s e o f u t i l i t y
vehjcles.
Being on-/off-road vehicles, they can be driven on the
h i g h w a yt o a n o f f - r o a d p 1a c e a n d t h e n o p e r a t e d i n t h e o f f - r o a d
e n vr r o n m e n t .
T w oM i c h i g a n a c c i d e n t r e p o r t s r e l a t e b o t h c o m m o on f f - r o a d o p e r a t i o n
and acci dent i nvol vernent.
I n o n e a c c i d e n t , o c c u r r i n g i n J a n u a r y1 9 7 7 , t h e d r j v e r s t a t e d t h a t
" t h e y w e r e d r i v i n g a l o n g t h e r i d g e w h e nt h e y
s t o p p e da n d l o o k e d d o w nt h e
hill
( w h i 1 et h e y w e r e o u t o f t h e v e h i c l e ) . T h e y g o t b a c k i n t o t h e
136
vehjcle and drove do n the ridge av{ay
s and turned around and came back
The driver then
t o t h a t s a r n es p o t a n d b e g a nt o e d g e d o w nt h e h i l l . "
"
l
o
s
t
The
control , and didn't try to stop or turn....
stated that he
v e h i c l e f l i p p e d o n c e a n d h e w a s t h r o w n o u t . I h e v e h i c l e c o n t i n u e do n
d o w nt h e h i l l a n d t h e p a s s e n g e rw a s f o u n d n e x t t o t h e r i g h t f r o n t t i r e .
t l e v a t i o n o f t h e h i l l w a s a b o u t8 0 f e e t h i g h . " I n t h i s c a s e t h e e j e c t e d
r as fatally injured,
d r i v e r r e c e j v e d m i n o r i n j u r i e s , w h i l e h i s p a s s e n g ew
T h e a t t a c h e d p h o t o g r a p h( f i g u r e 5 . 8 . 3 - l ) s h o r , rtsh e c r u s h e d c o n d j t j o n o f
t h e o c c u p a n ts p a c ed u e t o c o 1l a p s e o f t h e r o l l c a g e . T h e c a u s e o f d e a t h
w a s n n s s i v e h e a d i n j u r y p n o b a b l yc a u s e db y e i t h e r c o n t a c t w i t h t h e
g r o u n do r t h e r o l l c a g e . R e s t r a i n t s w e r e n o t u s e d a n d t h e d r i v e r h a d
b e e nd r i n k i n g
A s e c o n da c c i d e n t i n v o l v i n g t w o v e h i c l e o c c u p a n t so c c u r r e d i n t { a y ,
7 9 7 6 . " D r i v e r a d v i s e d t h a t h e a n d t w o p a s s e n g e r sw e r e o u t r i d i n g i n h i s
j e e p w h e nh e t o l d o n e p a s s e n g e rt o g e t o u t a s t h e r e w e r e o n l y t w o s e a t s
a n d t h e y w o u l d b e g o i n g u p a n d d o w ns o m eh i l l s .
Driver stated he
started out and when he attempted to makea right turn just oyer a smal'l
hill the front left tire caught in the di rt andthe jeep rolled over
t h r o w i n g b o t h h e a n d t h e r j g h t f r o n t f e m a l e p a s s e n g e ro u t .
He stated
t h a t t h e j e e p t u r n e d o v e r o n i t s t o p , p i n n i n g t h e d e c e a s e db e n e a t h i t .
Driver was also pinned but was able to free himself. Seat-belts in the
j e e p w e r e n o t u s e d . " I n t h i s c a s e t h e v e h i c l e o v e r t u r n e do n a h i l l s i d e
during a turning rrEneuver. The occupantwas ejected and the front right
c o r n e r o f t h e r o l l c a g e c o n t a c t e dh e r h e a d , c a u s i n gd e a t h . T h i s c a s e . i s
s h o w ni n f i g t r r e 5 . 8 . 3 - 2 .
In both cases, what was instal led as a safety device --namelythe
rollcage-- tunned out to be the cause of death. A recent study of offr o a d v e h i c l e a c c i d e n t s i n t h e d e s e r t a n d m o u n t a i nr e g i o n s o f S o u t h e r n
C a l i f o r n i a j n d i c a t e d a s i g n i f i c a n t i n c i d e n c eo f a s s o c ja t e d t r a u m a
(Charters and Schroedl, 1978). During the four years 1972 through 1975,
il
i
t h e r e w a s a r n e a na n n u a l i n c i d e n c e r e p o r t e d o f 9 3 1 s e r i o u s i n j u r j e s a n d
1 5 f a t a l i t i e s r e l a t e d t o o f f - r o a d v e h i c l e a c c i d e n t s . T h e s ew e r e
F
primarily on Bureau of Land Management
land in a three-county area and
i1
i n c l u d e dr n t o r c y c l e sa n d d u n eb u g g i e s ,a s w e l l a s f o u r - w h e e l - d r i v e
v e h i c l e s . T h e s ea u t h o r sf o u n dt h a t 2 I p e r c e n to f t h e 6 4 d r i v e r s
t37
*
{
i g V e h i cel 0 v e r t u r n
. F i g u r e5 . 8 . 3 - l R o 1 C a g eC o Il a p s eD u r n
Occu pant
P o in t o f C o n t a c t
F i g u r e5 . 8 . 3 - 2 Occu pant Death Causedby C o n t a c t w i t h t h e R o lI B a r
138
1'
s u r v e y e dh a d h a d a n a c c i d e n t r e s u l t i n g i n i n j u r y a n d 7 5 p e r c e n t o f t h e
6 4 d r i v e r s a d m i t t e dt o d l i n k i n g a i c o h o l a n d d r i v i n g . D i s t r i b u t i o n s o f
i n j u r i e s s h o w e dt h e h e a d t o b e t h e m o s t s u s c e p t i b l e b o d y a r e a , w j t h 3 4
:,
p e r c e n t ( 1 8 3 i n j u r i e s ) o f t h e r e p o r t e di n j u r i e s , f o l l o w e d b y t h e l o w e r
e x t r e r n i t y ,v i t h 2 3 p e r c e n t ( 1 2 2 i n j u r i e s ) , a n d u p p e r e x t r e m i t y , w i t h 2 1
p e r c e n t( 1 1 4 i n j u r i e s ) .
R e c e n t ) y ,t w o s t u d i e s p u b l i s h e di n t h e r n e d i c a l i t e r a t u r e a t t r i b u t e
'led
0 u n e b u g g yr o l l o v e r a c c i d e n t sh a v e
injuries to the roll-balitself.
"the rol'l-bar hand" (Charters
t o t h e d e s c r i p t i o n o f a n e wh a n d j n j u r y ,
*
4
,{
t
:'
t:
s attributed to a refl ex action
a n d D a v i s , 1 9 7 8 ) . T h e n r e c h a n i si m
( p r i m a r i l y u s i n g t h e d o mni a n t h a n d ) , u s u a l l y o f t h e p a s s e n g e rt,o g r a s p
t h e r o l l - b a r d u r i n g a r o l l o v e r . T h i s m a yr e s u 1 t j n a c r u s h - a v u l s i o n
i n j u r y a t t h e l e v e l o f t h e n ] e t a c a r p a l s ,o f t e n r e q u 'ri ' i n g a m p u t a t i o n .
"dunebuggies," but no
E l e v e n s u c h i n j u r j e s h a v e b e e nr e p o r t e d f o r
i d e n t i f i c a t i o n a s t o t h e m o d e l so r c a b c o n f i g u r a t i o nw a s g i v e n .
r
.
;,
t
R e d e s i g no f t h e r o l l b a r , p r o v i s j o n f o r b e t t e r p a s s e n g epr r o t e c t i o n a n d
,!
a n i n t e r n a l g r a s p s u p p o r t w e r e s u g g e s t e db y C h a r t e r s a n d D a v i s t o r e d u c e
the incidenceof this type of injury.
A s e c o n dm e c h a ns im o f i n j u r y i n v o l v i n g t h e r o l l - b a r i n e l e v e n c a s e s
o f o f f - r o a d r o l l o v e r s h a s b e e n d e s c r i b e d b y H a r r i s a n d l , i o o d( 1 9 7 8 ) . A s
t a yh a n go n t o t h e r o l I - b a r o r t h e a r m
t h e r o l l o v e r o c c u r st h e o c c u p a nm
m a y b e c a u g h t b e t v , e e nt h e v e h i c l e a n d t h e g n o u n d ,r e s u l t i n g i n u p p e r a r m
i n j u r y , T h e s ea u t h o r s r e c o m r € n dt h a t a h a n d h o l d b e c o n s t r u c t e d j n s i d e
*
i
the vehicle.
T h e t r r o a c c i d e n t c a s e s a n d t h e j o u r n a l a r t i c l e s d e s c r i b e de x p o s e
j u s t t h e t i p o f w h a t a p p e a r st o b e a m a j o r p r o b l e mi n t h e o p e r a t i o n o f
o n - l o f f - r o a d v e h j c l e s i n t h e o f f - r o a d e n v i r o n m e n t . I t i s p o s t u la t e d
t h a t t h e s e v e h i c l e s s u f f e r f r o m s i m i l a r p r o b l e m si n t h e o f f - r o a d a r e a
t h a t h a v e b e e n f o u n d t o e x i s t i n t h e o n - r o a d o p e r a t j o n . N a m e l y ,v e h i c l e
stability
a n d o c c u p a n tp r o t e c t i o n a r e m a j o r p r o b l e m s , a n d o p e r a t o r
j u d g e m e n th a s p l a y e d a r o l e i n t h e p r o d u c t i o n o f t h e c r a s h e s . B e a r i n
m in d a l s o t h a t i n o f f - r o a d o p e r a t i o nt h e v e h i c l e i s o n t e r r a i n w h i c h i s
n o t p r e p a n e df o r v e h i c u l a r t r a v e l . T h u s t h e o p e r a t o r j s f a c e d w i t h t h e
a d d i t i o n a l t a s k o f n a v i g a t i n go v e r r o u g h s u r f a c e st h a t u s u a l l y e x h i b i t
"road."
noneof the characteristics of a
:
I
6.
DISCUSSIO
ON
FT E C H N I C A
PLR O B L E M S
S e v e r a l p r o b l e m se n c o u n t e r e dd u r - i n gt h e c o u r s e o f t h i s s t u d y h a d a
d i r e c t i m p a c to n i t s v i a b i l i t y a n d i m p l e m e n t a t i o n .
A.
F o r e m o sw
t asthe nEtter of definition of.a util ity veh.icle. What
i s a u t i l i t y v e h i c l e a n d h o wm a n ym o d e l sa r e i n c l u d e d ? B e c a u s en n s t
n n t o r v e h i c l e r e s e a r c h h a s b e e n d e v o t e dt o p a s s e n g e rc a r s a n d t r u c k s .
t h e s e t w o c a t e g o r ei s a r e m o s t e a s i l y d e f i n e d . U t . li i t y v e h i c l e s a r e
s o m e t i m ecsl a s s j f i e d a s l i g h t t r u c ks , a n d s o m e t j m ecsl a s s j f i e d a s
p a ss e n g e r c a r s .
T h e p r o b l e mo f d e f j n i t i o n i s s i r n i l a r t o t h e f o l l o w i n g a n a l o g o u s
s i t u a t i o n , I n t h e p a s t b o t h p a s s e n g ecr a r s a n d p i c k - u o t r u c k s c o u l d
easily be identified. To fulfill
a m a r k e tn e e d( p e r - c e i v eodr r e a l ) a
c o m bni a t j o n v e h i c l e w a s c r e a t e d - - h a 1 fp a s s e n g ecr a r , h a l f p i c k - u p t r u c k .
w h e r ea s e d a n - t y p ec a b a n d c h a s s i sw e r e u s e d a l o n g w i t h a p i c k - u p s t y l e
b o x . S i n c e t h e u n i t h a s ch a r act er i st . ic s o f b o t h t y p e s o f v e h i c l e , i s i t
c l a s s i f i e d a s d p a s s e n g evre h i c l eo r a l l g h t t r u c k ? 0 r s h o u l di t b e
a s s i g n e dt o a y e t d i f f e r e n t c l a s s , i . e . : m u l t i p u r p o s ev e h .cj l e ?
C o n g r e s sh a s w r e s t l e d w j t h t h i s p r o b l e mj n t h e c r e a t i o n o f t h e
C l e a nA j r A c t a n d o t h e n a u t o m o t i v e - r e l a t e lde g i s l a t i o n . I n a d d i t i 0 n ,
N H T S sAe e m st o h a v e s e t t l e d o n s e v e r a l d e f i n i t i o n s . A v e h i c l e u n d e r
6 , 0 0 0 p o u n d sG V | ,ils e i t h e r a p a s s e n g e ra u t o m o bl ie o n a n o n _ p a s s e n g e r
a u t o m o b i l ea s s t a t e d i n 4 9 C F R 5 2a3n d 4 9 C F R 5 3(3r e p r o d u c e di n A p p e n d i x
F ) . T h e t e r m " m u l t i p u r p o s ep a s s e n g evr e h i c l e s ' ,t s d e f i n e d i n
4 9 C F R 5 7 1 . 1F, e d e r a l M o t o r V e h i c l e S a f e t y S t a n d a r d s .
D e p e n d i n ug p o nt h e d e f i n i t i o n u s e d i n e i t h e r o f t h e s e t w o a c t s , t h e
v e h i c l e w o u l db e e i t h e r c l a s s i f i e d a s a n o n - p a s s e n g e
a ru t o m o b i l eo r a s a
t r u c k e v e n t h o u g hi t i s b u i l t o n a p a s s e n g ecr a r c h a s s i s ! A r e c e n t l y
i n t r o d u c e d n n d e l b y A t 4 Cf u r t h e r t y p i f i e s t h e p r o b l e mo f v e h i c l e
c l a s s i f i c a t i o n . T h e 1 9 8 0A M CE a g l e i s o f f . i c i a ll y d e s i g n a t e da s a t r u c k
b y t h e E n v i r o n m e n t a p' l r o t e c t i o n A g e n c y , p r e s u m a b l yb e c a u s ej t i s a 4 _
w h e e l - d r i v ev e h i c l e . H o w e v e rt,h e n n n u f a c t u r e rb u i l d s t h i s v e h i c l e b y
a d d in g 4 - w h e e-1d r i v e c o m p o n e n ttso t h e A t 4 CC o n c o r d( a p a s s e n g e r
v e h i c l e ) . Y e t i t i s c o n s i d e r e da m u l t i - p u r p o s ep a s s e n g evr e h i c l e f o r
p u r p o s e so f F I 4 V SrSe q u i r e m e n t sb y N H T S A . T h e E a g l e a n d C o n c o r da r e
140
i d e n t i c a l i n a l I r e s p e c t s- - b o d y s t y l e , s e a t l n g , a p p e d r a n c e '
j
e t c . - - e x c e p t f o r t h e i n c r e a s ei n v e h i c l e h e i g h Lo f a b o u t t h r c e n c h e s
t o a c c o m n n d a t he e a d d i t i o n o f a t r a n s f e r c a s e , f r o n t d i f f e r e n t j a l ,
f r o n t - d r i v e a x l e a n d i n c r e a s e df r o n t s u s p e n s i o cn a p a c i t y . T h i s t y p e o f
g a m e s m a n s hbi pe g s t - h eq u e s t i o n : l l h e n i s a p a s s e n g e nc a r n o t d p a s s e n g e r
c a r ? A n s w e r :l , i h e ni t . i s a t r u c k o r a n l r l t i - p u r p o s ep a s s e n g e vr e h i c l e .
A c c o r d i n gt o 4 9 C F R 5 7 1 . 1o,u r v e h i c l e s o f i n t e r e s t w o u l d s e e t t t o
f a I l u n d e r t h e c i a s s i f i c a t i o n o f m u l t i - p u r p o s ep a s s e n g evr e h i c l e s '
i:
:
*
';
l.
I
S A ER e c o m n r e n dPer da c t i c e J i 1 0 0 a d e f i n e s m u l t j - p u r p o s e p a s s e n g e r
) s " a v e h i c l e w i t h m o t i v e p o w e r ,e x c e p t a t r a i l e n ,
v e h i c l e ( M P Va
d e s i g n e dt o c a r r y t e n p e r s o n so r l e s s w h i c h i s c o n s t r t i c t e d e i t h e r o n a
:
truck chassjs or with special features for occasionaloff-road
:r.
,.i
o p e r a t ro n .
Theterm
"utility
vehicle," or
"sports utility
vehicle," has
i
a p p a r e n t l y d e r i v e d f r o r n c o m m ouns a g e a s a v e h i c l e m a r k e t i n g d e v i c e t o
d e s c r i b ea s e t o f v e h i c l e s .
has
A s p r o v i d e d j n t h e C o d eo f F e d e r a l R e g u l a t i o n s ( 5 3 3 ' 4 ) , N H T S A
" i e e p - t y p e v e h i c l e " a s " a f o u r - w h e e l - d r iv e , g e n e r a l - p u n p o s e
defined
a u t o m o b i 1 ec a p a b l e o f o f f - h i g h w a y o p e r a t j o n t h a t h a s a w h e e bl a s e n o t
m o r et h a n 1 1 0 i n c h e s , a n d t h a t h a s a i e e p - t y p ec o n f i g u r a t i o n . ' '
i1'
t
4
*
T h e o r i g i n a 1 s c o p eo f t h i s p r o i e c t w a s t o i n v e s t i g a t e i n i u r y
e x p e r i e n c ei n i e e p - t y p e v e h i c l e s a n d v e h ' i c l e ss i m i l a r t o t h a t o f t h e
J e e p - - n a m e l y ,a n o p e n - b o d yv e h i c l e o f s h o r t w h e e l b a s ed e s i g n e df o r o f f r o a d a s w e l l a s o n - r o a d u s e . T h e s e v e h i c l e s a r e s o m e t i m e sc l a s s i f i e d a s
"all-terrain" vehicles. It became
a p p a r e n t h a t t h i s j e e p - t y p e v e h 'cj l e
w a s i n c ' l u s i v eo f m o r et h a n i u s t t h o s e p r e v io u s l y d e s c r i b e d ,a s c e r t a i n
other vehiclesare similar in natureand use' but larger and less
" o p e n "v e h i c l e s . T h u s a s u b - s e t o f v e h i c l e s
a n e n a b l et o b e j n g u s e d a s
vas defined for the purDosesof the study which included the jeep-type
a s w e l l a s s e l e c t e d o t h e r o n - / o f f - r o a d v e h i c l e s w j t h a c o m m o pn u r p o s e '
A n o t h e r p r o b l e me n c o u n t e r e dw a s t h e l i m i t e d d e s c r i p t i v e a n d
t e c h n i c a l l i t e n a t u r e c o n c e r n i n gt h e s e t y p e s o f v e h j c l e s . I n p a r t t h i s
B.
c a n b e s e e ni n t h e d i f f i c u l t y o f d e f i n i n g t h e s t u d y p o p u l a t i o na n d i n
Thjs
t h e l a c k o f d e s c r i p t i v e i n f o r m a t i o ni n t h e a c c j d e n t d a t a f i l e s '
141
I
1
].'
p a u c i t y o f I i t e r a t u r e p r o b a b l y s t e m s f r o r nt h e r e c e n t p o p u l a r i t y o f t h i s
v e h ic l e c l a s s ,
C.
C o n c o r n i t a nwti t h t h e l i m i t e d l i t e r a t u r e i s a l a c k o f d a t a
end sale of this class of vehicle. Not until
c o n c e r n i n gm a n u f a c t u r a
1 9 7 4w a s t h i s v e h i c l e c l a s s s e p a r a t e l yi d e n t i f i e d i n t h e p u b l i s h e d
p r o d u c t i o nf i g u r e s . P r e v i o u s l y ( a n d s t i l l
t o d a y t o a m o r eI j m i t e d
e x t e n t ) t h e s e d a t a w e r e 1 u m p etdo g e t h e r w i t h t r u c k p r o d u c t i o n . T h u s ,
t h e f i g u r e s n e e d e dt o e s t a b l i s h g r o w t h r a t e s i n p r o d u c t i o n a n d s a l e s a r e
not available.
T h e r e i s c o n f l i c t i n g i n f o r m a t j o ni n t h e l i t e r a t u r e c o n c e r nni g t h e
y e a r s o f r n a n u f a c t u roef p a r t i c u l a r m o d e ' l sa, n d i t i s d i f f i c u l t t o f i n d
D.
a n y t w o s o u n c e sw h i c h a g r e e , e v e nw i t h i n t h e s a n em a n u f a c t u r e r . T h i s
c a n , i n s o m ei n s t a n c e s ,b e a s s o c i a t e dv r j t h c h a n g e si n c o r p o r a t ee n t i t y ,
F o r e x a n p l e , t h e c i v i l i a n n a n u f a c t u n e ro f t h e l l l jl ) y s - 0 v e r l a n d j e e p
( t r a d e m a r * " J e e p " ) f r o m 1 9 4 5 , b e c a m et , , l illy s i n 1 9 5 3 , K a i s e r J e e p
"JtEP") in
C o r p o r a t i o n i n 1 9 6 3 , a n d A t 4 CJ e e p C o r p o r a t j o n ( t r a d e m a r k
1 9 7 0 . B u t d u r i n g t h a t s a m ep e r - i o dt h e r e w a s o v e r l a p p i n gp n o d u c t j o no f a
n u m b e ro f d j f f e r e n t m o d e l s ( C J - 2 A , 1 9 4 5 - 5 0 ;C J - 3 A , 1 9 4 8 - 5 4 , C J - 3 8 ,
1 9 5 3 - 6 5 ;C J - 5 , 1 9 5 5 - * * ' " ; C J - 6 , 1 9 6 4 - * * ; C J - 7 , 1 9 7 6 - * * ) . T h u s a C J - 5 o r
C J - 6 , f o r e x a m p l e ,c o u l d b e a l , l il 1 y s J e e p , a K a i s e r J e e p , o r a n A M C
J E E P . I n t h e c a s e o f t h e C J - 5 a n d C J - 6 , a s u b s t a n t i a l c h a n g ei n b o d y
s t y l e w a s i n t r o d u c e di n 1 9 7 0 b u t t h e m o d e ld e s i g n a t i o n( C J - 5 , C J - 6 )
r e m a j n e dt h e s a m e . I t i s v e r y d i f f i c u l t
t o u n t a n g l ea n d ' i d e n t i f y f r o m
a c c i d e n t r e c o r d s n o t o n l y w h o t h e m a n u f a c t u r e ro f a p a r t i c u i a r m o d e l i s ,
b u t a l s o t o d e t e n mnj e h o w m a n yo f a n i d e n t i c a l m o d e l d e s i g n a t i o n w e r e
a c t u a l l y p r o d u c e db y w h i c h m a n u f a c t u r e r . T h e c o m p a n yp r o d u c t g e n e a l o g y
c h a r t a v a i l a b l e t o d e a l e r s b y t h e A l " 1JCe e p C o r p o r a t i o n , f o r e x a m p l e ,
l i s t s a l l n o d e l sw i t h s p e c i f i c a t i o n s , b u t o m i t s t h e m a n u f a c t u r e r
d e si g n a t i o n .
E.
The lack of ljterature, vehicle type definitjon, andspecifications
h a v ec r e a t e d d a t d e n c o dni g p r o b l e m si n t h e p o l i c e - r e p o r t e dd a t a . I n
m o s t o f t h e d a t a f j l e s e x a m j n e d p, a s s e n g evr e h i c l e s b y m a k e ,m o d e,l a n d
body sty1e, etc., are defined such that one can sub-set the data by
1
- -R* *
Still
in production.
142
m a k e ,m o d e,l b o d y s t y l e , e t c . , f o r a n a l y s i s o f s p e c i f i c q u e s t i o n s .
a.
T r u c k sa r e u s u a l l y f a i r l y w e l l d e f i n e d , b u t t h e p r o l i f e r a t i o n o f m a k e s
a n d t y p e s n r a k e st h i s s o m e b / h al et s s c e r t a i n . H o w e v e r ,t h e u n d e f in e d
i
n a t u r e o f t h e m u l t j - p u r p o s ev e h i c l e a n d u t i l i t y v e h i c l e c l a s s e s l e a d s t o
s s n f u s i o n a s t o h o w t o e n c o d et h e m . T h i s i s s o l v e d i n a v a r i e t y o f
w a y s ,e i t h e r b y p r o v i d i n ga s p e c i f i c c a t e g o r y( i . e . : u t i l i t y ,
. r e c r e a t i o n , f o u r - w h e e l - d r i v e , o n - / o f f - r o a d , n r u l t i - p u r p o s e ,j e e p ) o r b y
p r o v i d in g n o c a t e g o r y ( f o r c i n g a t r u c k o r c a r c l a s s i f i c a t i o n ) o r b y t h e
u s e o f " o t h e r . " l l h e r e i t i s p o s s i b l e t o s e p a r a t eo u t t h e v e h i c l e s o f
' i n t e r e s t t h r o u g h a c o m b i n a t i o no f c o d i n g o f n r a k e m
, o d e l ,t y p e , V I N ,
a n a l y s i s i s p o s s i b l e . T h i s u s u a l l y i n v o l v e s c o n s i d e r a b l eh a r d w o r k o r
t h e a c c e p t a n co
e f a h i g h l e v e l o f m i s c o d i n ga n d s u b s e q u e ni tn c l u s i o n o f
u n w a n t e dv e h i c l e t y p e s . A s e a r l i e r m e n t i o n e dt h e A l ' l CE a g l e i s
c l a s s i f i e d a s a t r u c k ( o s t e n s i b l y b e c a u s eo f b u m p e hr e i g h t
i n c o m p a t i bl i t y w i t h p d s s e n g ecr a r s ) w h e ni n f a c t t h e v e h ' i c l e i s
c o n s t r u c t e d a s a p a s s e n g e rc a r .
t o h o h ,i t w i l l
0ne can only speculateat this point as
b e c o d e df o r a c c i d e n t a n a l y s i s p u r p o s e s .
T h e f e d e r a l g o v e r n m e nitn i t s F A R Sa n d N A S Ss J , s t e m rsu n i n t o t h e s e
"on-/off-road vehicle" vthich
s a m ep r o b l e m s . F A R Sh a s a c a t e g o r y l a b e l e d
i n c l u d e s a n y v e h i c l e i n o u r s u b - s e t p 1u s a n y v e h i c l e w h i c h h a s t h e
c a p a blii t y o f t r a v e l i n g o f f - r o a d t h r o u g h f o u r - w h e e l - d rvi e , e t c .
This
c a t e q o r ya l s o s e e m st o b e u s e o n i e n t e d , i . e . , c l a s s i f i c a t i o n i s b a s e do n
the operation of the vehicle at the time of the accident, rather than on
t h e n l a n u f a c t u r e r 'ds e s i g n a t i o no f t h e v e h i c l e ' s j n t e n d e dv o c a t i o n .
W h i l e t h e f e d e r a l g o v e r n m e nnt o wh a s a u n i f o r m b o d y o f d a t a j n F A R S ,i t
c a n n o tu n i q u e l y i d e n t i f y t h e v e r y c l a s s e s o f v e h j c l e s t o w h i c h i t i s n o w
ext endi ng the standards .
I t w o u l d s e e m ,t h e r e f o r e , t h a t a u n i f o r m s y s t e n ro f v e h i c l e
i d e n t i f i c a t i o n a n d c o d in g n e e d st o b e d e v e l o p e ds u c h t h a t t h e u n i q u e
c h a r a c t e r is t i c s o f d e s i g n a n d u s e c a n b e e n c o d e d . I t s e e m st h a t u n l e s s
g r e a t c a r e i s t a k e n b y t h e d n a l y s t , s u b s t a n t i a l n u n b e r so f v e h i c l e s c a n
b e e x c l u d e d f r o m a n a l y s i s b e c a u s et h e y a r e i n c o r r e c t l y c o d e d . T h e
f o r e g o i n gd i s c u s s j o no n t h e C o n c o r d / E a g ldee s i g n a t i o ni s a c a s e i n
point.
T h i s s y s t e mw o u l d a l l o w t h e a n a l y s t t o m a k et h e d e c j s i o n e s t o
i
..6
':.
143
h o wt o g r o u p t h e v e h i c l e s o f i n t e r e s t , r a t h e r t h a n t o h a v e s u c h a
grouping p redetermined.
F.
D o c u m e n t a t i o na, s i d e f r o n t h e n a k e - m o d epl r o b l e m , o f t e n l e a v e s
s o m e t h i n gt o b e d e s i r e d . S o m ef a t a l a n d s e r i o u s i n j u r y a c c i d e n t sh a v e
a d e q u a t ed o c u m e n t a t i ownh e nt h e a c c i d e n t r e p o n t , n a r r a t i v e , a n d
p h o t o g r d p ha r e c o n s i d e r e d . H o w e v e r ,m an y f a t a l a c c i d e n t s w e r e r e v i e w e d
i n w h i c h t h e o n l y d o c u m e n t a t i oanv a i l a b l e w a s t h e o n e - p a g ea c c i d e n t
n e p o r t . S u c h a b r i e f r e p o r t d o e s n o t p e r m i t a d d j t j o n a l e n c o d i n go f
i tems of i nterest.
Oneaccident report form is usedto cover all types of accident
v e h i c l e s - - t r u c k s ,b u s e s ,m o t o r c y c l e s ,p a s s e n g ecr a r s . T h j s u n i v e r s a l
f o r m a p p e a r st o . b e d e v e l o p e dp r i m a r i l y f o r p a s s e n g e rc a r s w i t h v e r y
little
r n e a n sa v a i l a b l e t o e n c o d ct h e d i f f e r e n c e s b e t w e e nt h e v a r i o u s
t y p e s o f v e h i c l e s . E v e n t h e N A S Sd a t a c o l l e c t i o n s y s t e m r e p o n t f o n n
p r i m a r i l y a d d r e s s e sp a s s e n g evr e h i c l e s , w h e r e a st h e d a t a c o l l e c t i o n
encompassa
e ls' l v e h i c l e t y p e s . T h i s i n a b i l i t y t o a d e q u a t e l yd e s c r j b e
d j f f e r i n g v e h j c l e t y p e s a n d e q u i p m e n tl e a d s t o m i s s i n g i n f o r m a t i o n o n
s hich mayaffect safety jn these other vehicle types.
v i t a l p a n a m e t e rw
F o r e x a m p l e ,t h e N A S Sa c c i d e n t d a t a c o l l e c t i o n f o r n r sd o n o t p r o v i d e
f o r c o d i n g o f t h e t y p e o f c a b e n c l o s u n ef o r t h e o n - l o f f - r o a d v e h i c i e
c l a s s i f i c a t i o n - - a f a c t o r c r i t j c a l t o t h e p r o b l e mo f e j e c t i o n . A l s o , t h e
ty pe of rol lover protection (roll-bar) is not encoded. Both items are
e s s e n t i a l t o d e s c n i b i n gt h e v e h i c ' l e p e r f o r m a n c ei n t e r m s o f o c c u p a n t
protection.
h / h i l e t h e i n c l u s i o n o f t h e s e i t e m s m a y s e e mt o m d k et h e
d a t a c o l i e c t i o n b u n d e n s o r et ,h e i r e x c l u s i o nr e n d e r st h e c o l l e c t e d d a t a
u s e l e s s i n a s s e s s i n gv e h i c l e p e r f o r m a n c ei n t e r m s o f i n j u r y r e d u c ti o n .
0 n t h e o t h e r h a n d t h e C P I Rf i l e
contactedin great detail.
codesinjury and interior object
W h e r et h e r e a r e a l a r g e n u m b e ro f c a s e s
a v a i l a b l e w i t h s u f f i c i e n t n u m b e r sf o r e a c h b o d y s t y l e v a r i a t j o n , a
m e a n i n g f u la n a l y s i s o f i n j u r y p a t t e r n c a n b e u n d e r t a k e n . H o w e v e ri n
t h i s s t u d y o n l y 9 2 c a s e sw e r e a v a i l a b l e , s p r e a do v e r t w o b a s i c b o d y
s t y l e s ( o p e n a n d e n c i o s e d ) w i t h t h r e e t y p e s o f e n c l o s u r em a t e r i a l . T h u s
' i t b e c a m ei m p o s s i b l et o d e s c r i b e i n j u r y n e c h a n i s r nws i t h s o f e l v c a s e s
available of any one type.
144
l-
b u t n o t s u b s e q u e n tul yt i l i z e d i n t h i s
llhile initial 1y investigated
s t u d y , t h ' i s d i s c u s s i o no f t h e C P I Rh a s b e e ni n c l u d e ds o a s ! o d l e r t
f u t u r e r e s e a r c h e rosf t h e p o t e n t i a la n d l i m i t a t i o n so f t h e C P I R( a n d
s i m i l a r )f i l e .
I n m a n yj u r i s d i c t i o n st h e r e a p p e d r tso b e a n i n c r e a s i n rge l i a n c eo n
t h e V e h j c l e I d e n t i f i c a t i o n N u m b e (r V l N ) f o r v e h i c l e i n f o r m a t i o n . T h e
V I N p e r m i t s v e r i f i c a t i o n o f t h e b a s i c m a k ea n d m o d e li n f o r n r a t i o ne n c o d e d
'.)
i n t h e V I N . H o w e v g l t, h e V I N e n c o d e so n l y b a s i c m a k e ,n n d e l , a n d b o d y
s t y l e i n f o r m a t i o n a n d d o e s n o t c o d e t r i m a n d e q u i p m e n to p t i o n s w h i c h a r e
o f t e n k e y t o o c c u p a n ts a f e t y a n d p n o t e c t i o n . F o r e x a m p l e ,u n t i l
F e b r u a r y , 1 9 7 9 , t h e r o l l - b a r o n a A M CJ e e p w a s a n o p t i o n a l , e x t r a - c o s t
I.
l'
i
i t e m , a s w d s a n y t y p e o f c a b e n c l o s u r e . I n F e b r - u a r y1, 9 7 9 , t h e r o l l - b a r
i
w a s n E d e s t a n d d r de q u i p r e n t a n d t h e c a n v a st o p o f f e r e d a t a
s u b s t a n t i a ll y r e d u c e dp r i c e .
B o t h i t e m s a r e k e y t o o c c u p a n tp r o t e c t i o n .
|:
i.
i
H o w e v e r t, h e V I N d i d n o t i n d i c a t e t h e a b s e n c eo r p r e s e n c eo f t h e s e ,
still
d o e s n o t , a n d u n d e r t h e r e v i s e d V I N s y s t e m( t o g o i n t o e f f e c t
soon) will
not.
T h e o n l y w a y t o d e t e r m i n et h e a b s e n c eo r p r e s e n c eo f
r o l l - b a r s , t o p s , e t c . , i s t o r e v i e w a c c i d e n tr e p o r : s a n d p i c t u r e s i f
they exjst.
T h e V I N c a n c h a n g e ,t o o , f r o m t h e o r i g i n a l , w h e ne v e h i c l e
i s s u b s t a n t i a1l y m o dfii e d o r r e - b u i l t .
R e p l a c e n e net n g i n e s ,e t c . , c a n
p r o d u c ea f a l s e V I N .
G.
A n o t h e rc o n c e r ni s t h e c o l l i s i o n e x p e r i e n c eo f t h e s e v e h i c l e s i n
off-road environments. Accident data fjles derived from police reports
s n l y w i t h o n - r o a dc o l i i s i o n s , y e t t h e s e
u s u a l l y c o n c e r nt h e m s e l v e o
vehicles frequently operate off-road.
Presently there is no large-scale
d a t a c o ' l e c t i o n e f f o r t ( s i m il a r t o t h e o n - n o a dr e p o r t e da c c i d e n i s ) t o
c o l l e c t o f f - r o a d d a t a . T h e r e f o r e , t h r s s t u d y h a s b e e n l i m it e d t o o n road collisions.
H.
J u r i s d i c t i o n a l p r o b l e m sa n d d a t a f i l e
case identification presented
s o m eo b s t a c l e s i n t e f i n s o f n e t r i e v i n g a c c i d e n t r e p o r t s a n d p h o t o g r a p h s .
t , l h i l et h e c o l l j s i o n d a t a a r e c e n t r a l i z e d i n m o s t s t a t e s ( m a k i n g
a c c e s s e a s i e r ) t h e s u p p o r t i n g d o c u m e n t a t i o ni s n o t .
. tI
P h o t o g r a p h s ,f o r
e x a m p l e ,r e m a i nw i t h t h e i n v e s t i g a t i n g d g e n c y . T h u s , w h i l e o n e c a n
f r e q u e n t l y c e n t r a ll y i d e n t i f y v e h i c l e a n d c a s e i d e n t i f i c a t i o n , f o l I o w - u p
,FT
t o t h e i n v e s t i g a t i n g a g e n c i e sm J s t b e u n d e r t a k e ns o a s t o s e c u r e
i
145
i
p h o t o g r a p h j cd a t a , a n d i n s o m ei n s t d n c e s ,a c c i d e n t r e p o r t s . I n a t l e a s t
o n e s t a t e , j t w a s n e c e s s a r yt o v i s j t t w o a g e n c i e st o i d e n t i f y t h e
v e h i c l e s o f i n t e r e s t a n d s e c u r e a c c jd e n t r e p o r t s a n d p h o t o g r a p h s .
I.
C o m p u t efrj l e
f o r m a t s v a r y c o n s i d e r a b l yf r o m s t a t e t o s t a t e .
The
d a t a b a s e i s u s u a l l y d e s i g n e df o n u s e i n o n e s t a t e a n d i n o n e c o m p u t e r
s y s t e m . L i t t l e t h o u g h t h a s g o n e j n t o t h e d e s i g no f a d a t a b a s et h d t
w o u l d f a c i l i t a t e d a t a s h a r in g .
M o s t r e s e a r c h d a t a a n a l y s i s p r o g r a ms y s t e m sr e q u i t ' e t h a t d a t a b e i n
a f i x e d - r e c o r d - l e n g t h , f j x e d - b l o c k f o r n l a t . l , J i t hd a t a i n t h i s f o r m a t '
t h e a p p l i c a t i o n o f a n y n u m b e ro f a n a l y s i s s y s t e m st o t h e d a t a b e c o n t e s
p o s s i b l e . A n a l y s i s p r o g r a m s u c h a s S P S SA
, D A A 50, S l R l S ' e t c . , w h i c h
p r o v j d e b r o a d - b a s esdt a t i s t i c a l a n a i y s i s , a r e e a s i l y a d a p t e dt o a f i x e d
record system. Ho!./ever,many state mass accident data systems ust d
t i t h m i x e d r e c o r - df o n n a t s t o a c h i e v e
v a r j a b l e - r e c o r d - l e n g t hf o r ^ m a w
m a x i m u dma t a s t o r a g e . T h i s , i t c a n b e a r g u e d , i s n e c e s s a r yt o
a c c o m n - o d at ht ee l a r g e q u a n t i t i e s o f d a t a . H o w e v e rt,o u t i l i z e t h e d a t a
i n a n y o f t h e a f o r e r x e n t i o n e ad n a l y s i s s y s t e m s , i t i s n e c e s s a r yt o r e f o r m a t t h e d a t a i n t o t h e f i x e d - r e c o r d f o r m a t . S u c h a p n o c e d u r ei s t i r , E c o n s u m i n ag n d e x p e n s i v ea n d s e r i o u s l y l i m i t s a c q u i r i n g e n o u g hd a t a t o
s t u d y t h e l e s s c o m r n ovne h i c l e c I a ss i f i c at i o ns .
146
7.
C O N C L U S I OANNSDR I C O M M E N D A T I O N S
7.r !q!.]-c!-t_9_LsThe basic objective of this study was to describe the accident
e x D e r j e n c eo f t h e c l a s s o f v e h i c l e s g e n e r ally k n o w na s u t i l i t y v e h i c l e s '
T h e s p e c i f i c v e h i c l e t y p e s s t u d i e d i n c l u d e d : A M CJ t E P , K a i s e r a n d
l r r )' il y s J e e p , F o r d B r o n c o ( p r e - 1 9 7 8 ) , I n t e r n a t j o n a l S c o u t ' a n d T o y o t a
$
*
.ti
' hevrolet
L a n dC r u j s e r ( v e h i c l e sw i t h s m a l I s t a b ' li i t y e n v e l o p e s ) C
B l a z e r , G M CJ i m m y ,P l y m o u t hT r a j I D u s t e r , a n d D o d g eR a m c h a r g e(rv e h i c l e s
#
t
w it h l a r g e r s t a b i l i t y e n v e l o p e s ) .
:
T h e m a j o r c o n c l u s i o n so f t h i s s t u d y a r e :
A.
I
i
C r a s h I n v o lv e m e n t
1 ) B a s e du p o n1 9 7 7d a t a f o r a l l s t a t e s , u t i l i t y v e h i c l e sa r e i n v o lv e d
i n f a t a l c r a s h e sa l n n s t 4 0 p e r c e n tt n o r eo f t e n t h a n p a s s e n g ecra n s '
T h e o r o p o r t j o no f 1 9 7 7t o t a l c r a s h e si n w h i c ha t l e a s t o n e o c c u p a n t
w a sk i l l e d i s 7 2 p e r c e n th i g h e rf o r u t i l i t y v e h i c l e st h a n p a s s e n g e r
c a r s ( 3 1 . 8 u t i l i t y v e h i c l ef a t a l c r a s h e sp e r 1 0 0 ' 0 0 0r e g i s t e r e C
ti
1
*
vehiclesvs.lB.5passengercarfatalcrashesperl00'000register
3
v e hi c l e s) .
2 ) U t j l j t y v e h i c l e sc r a s h j n r u r a l a r e a s p r o p o r t i o n a t e l ym o r eo f t e n
t h a n p a s s e n g ecra r s , a c c o u n t i n gf o r a b o u t3 6 p e r c e n to f t h e
u t i l i t y v e h i c l e sa n d
d i f f e r e n c e i n o v e r a Il d e a t h r a t e s b e t w e e n
p a s s e n g ecra r s ' H i g h e r a v e r a g et r a v e l s p e e d ,c u r v e s ' a n d i c e o r
s n o wo n t h e r o a d s u r f a c e h a v eb e e ns h o w nt o b e m a i o rf a c t o r s i n t h e
#
-+
t
i'
t a t a r e a s s o cai t e d w i t h a n i n c r e a s ei n c r a s h e s
r u r a l e n v i r o n m e nt h
u t i I i t Y v e h ci I e s .
among
3 ) U t i l i t y v e h i c l e d r i v e r s i n v o l v e di n c r a s h e sg e n e r a l l ya r e y o u n g e r
a n d n D r eo f t e n m a l et h a n t h e i r c o u n t e r p a r t sj n p a s s e n g ecra r s ' T h e
imoortanco
e f t h e s e f a c t o r s i n c o n t r j b u t i n gt o t o t a l c r a s h e so r
f a t a l c r a s h e sh a s n o t y e t b e e ne s t a b l i s h e d .
$
:
.,
1 ) A s a g r o u p ,u t i l i t Y v e h i c e' ls a r e m u c hm o r e l i k e l y t h a n p a s s e n g e r
jn rural
c a r s t o o v e r l u r ne: s P e cai l l Y i n s i n g l e - v e h j c l ec r a s h e sa n d
147
?,
&.
s
'
a r e a s . U t i l i t y v e h j c l e s e x p e n i e n c reo l l o v e r a t
a rate that is at
least five times (and up to ll-l/Z tines in Michigan) j gher
h
than
t h a t e x p e r i e n c e db y p a s s e n g e rc d r s ( l , 4 a r y l a n dM
, i c h r g a n ,N o r t h
C a r o l i n a , T e x a s ,l " l a s h j n g t o n ) A
. r n o n ug t i l i t y
v e h i c l e s , s o m em o d e . l s
h a v ea h i g h e r r a t e o f r o l l o v e r t h a n d o o t h e r s .
r a v t t y , u t i l i t y v e h i c l e sa s a
c l a s s a r e n n : r el i k e l y t o o v e r t u r n , a n d w j t h i n t h e
utility vehicle
c l a s s t h o s e w i t h a s m a l l s t a b i l i t y e n v e l o p e( J E E p ,
Jeep, pre l97B
B r o n c o , S c o u t , L a n d C r u i s e r ) a r e m o r e I . ik e l y
to overturn than those
w i t h a l a r g e r s t a b i l i t y e n v e l o p e( B l a z e r , R a m c h a r - g e r ,
JinrmyT
, rail
D u s t e r . T h e J E E pa n d t h e B r o n c o ( p r e _ 1 9 7 8 )
overturn at least twice
as often during a crash as the Blazer. Further",
a m o n gt h o s e
v e h i c l e s w i t h t h e s n r lal e r s t a b i l i t y e n v e l o p e ,
the tire side fonces
ruy be sufficient to initiate the overtunn,
w h e r e a su t i l i t y v e h i c l e s
w i t h a l a r g e r s t a b i l i t y e n v e l o p ep r o b a b l yr e q u i r e
an external
tripping force (curb, pothoie, etc.).
3 ) D r i v e r e j e c t i o n i s m o r eo f t e n r e p o r t e da m o n g
J E E p st h a n o t h e r m a k e s
o f u t i ' li t y v e h i c l e so n p a s s e n g ecra n s .D r i v e r e j e c t j o n
i s a l s o m0re
o f t e n r e p o r t e da m o n g
o p e no r c a n v a st o p u t i l i t y v e h i c l e s t h a n am0ng
rigjd top utility vehicjes.
4 ) R o li o v e r o c c u r si n a b o u t3 0 p e r c e n to f u . S .
f a t a r c r a s h e si n v o r v i n g
u t i i i t y v e h i c l e s . I n c o m p a n i s orno, l l o v e r i s r e p o r t e d
in only six
p e r c e n to f a I l U . S . f a t a l p a s s e n g ecra r
crashes.
5 ) U n t i l 1 9 7 7 ,r o l l o v e r w a s c o d e dj n t h e F a t a l
A c c .di e n t R e p o r t i n g
S y s t e m( F A R Sd) a t a ( w h e ni t o c c u r r e d )a s t h e f i n s t
h a r m f u le v e n t ,
y i e l d i n g a r o l ' l o v e rr a t e o f 2 9 p e rc e n t .
I n c o n r r a s t ,t h e l 9 7 g F A R S
.
c o d e dr o l l o v e r a s b o t h f i r s t a n d s u b s e q u e nhta r m f u l
events. This
y i e l d e d a f a t a l o n - l o f f _ r o a dv e h i c l e
o v e r t u r nr a t e o f 4 5 p e r c e n t .
I n t h i s s t u d y , t h e m o r ec o n s e r v a t i v e( f i r s t
h a r m f u re v e n t)
d e f i n i t i o n w a su s e d .
o/
R o ll o v e r
u n r e s t r a i n e do c c u p a n t a
s r e o b s e r v e dt o b e
prr mary f a c t o r s i n f a t a l u t i l i t y v e h i c l e
crashes.
148
7)
particularly in open
R o l l o v e r p r o t e c t i o n ( r o l 1 b a r s , c a g e s ,e t c ' ) '
collapses
v e h i c l e s i s i n a d e q u a t ea s t h e r o l I p r o t e c t i o n f r e q u e n t l y
or is a sourceof injury to the occupanls'
8)
i n s i n g l e - v e h i c l ec r a s h e st h a n
0 c c u p a n te i e c t i o n i s m o r ec o m n n n
utility vehicle
m u l t i p l e - v e h i c l ec r a s h e s ' F i f t e e n p e r c e n t o f
1 9 7 5t h r o u g h i 9 7 7 '
o c c u p a n t sw e r e e . l e c r e di n s i n 9 1 e - v e h i c l ec r a s h e s '
i n M a r y l a n da s c o m p a r e dt o I p e r c e n t l n p a s s e n g e rc a r s '
9)Ejectionfromopenandcanvas.enc.losedvehic.lesoccurned.inthree( 4 0 % )o f
q u a r t e r s ( 7 5 % )o f t h e f a t a l c r a s h e s b u t i n o n l y t v l o - fi f t h s
( A r i z o n a ,M i c h i g a n 'a n d
the rigid cab vehiclesin three study states
i
g
-.{
$
*
I
C o lo r a d o) i n 1 9 7 8 .
R a t e o f I n i u r y a n do e a t h
are higher in
1 ) Traffjc death rates and rates of disab
all
u t i l i t y v e h i c l e st h a n i n p a s s e n g ec ra r s , w h e t h ecr o n s i d e r i n g
g l l o c c r - r p a n tbso' t h t h e
occupanto
s r iust drivers. Considerina
deathrateandrateofseriousinjuryareabouttwiceash.ighin
ratesare
u t i l i t y v e h i c l e s . A d d i t i o n a l l y ,b o t h d e a t ha n di n i u r y
Ss ' in B l a z e r s '
a p p r o x j m a t etlw
y i c e a s h i g h i n J E E Pa
(.)
about twj ce as grea!
T h e l i k e l i h o o do f s e r i o u s
p a n ts a n d f o r
i n u t i l i t Y v e h i c l e sa s i n p a s s e n g ec rar s , f o r a l I o c c u
d r i v e r s , b a s e do n M i c h i g a na n d} J a s hnig t o nd a t a .
i
il
t
ared
3 ) T h eB l a z e r e r h i b i t s t h e I o v t e s ts e r j o u s i n i u r y rate whenconrP
w i t h t h e S c o u t , B r o n c o 'a n dJ E E P '
(for all
4 ) T h e l i k e l i h o o d o f d e a t h a s a c o n s e q u e n coef a c r a s h
nts ) w a s f o u n d t o b e t w i c e a s h i g h i n u t i l i t y v e h i c l e s a s i n
occuPa
At
p a s s e n g ecra r s , b a s e do n M i c h i g a n 'T e x a s , a n d | . J a s h i n g t odna t a '
threel e a s t o n e p e r s o nw a s k i l l e d i n a u t i l i t y v e h i c l e i n a l n o s t
(the
fourths of a l l f a t a l c r a s h e si n v o l v i n g a u t i l i t y v e h i c l e
remai nder k i l i e d w e r e o c c u p a n t so f t h e o t h e r v e h i c l e s ) '
D. Esu-!3$-!-!9!-e!!i9l.
subsequent
1 ) A s t e e l c a b e n c l o s u r e r e d u c e st h e c h a n c eo f e j e c t i o n a n d
of
f a t a l c r u s h in g b Y t h e v e h i c l e ' I n a l l v e h i c l e s ,t h e u s e
of death and
r e s t r a in t s P r e v e n t se j e c ti o n' which is a prinrarycause
149
f.
i n j u r y . 8 g ] l _ l sE - i n o p e n ,c a n v a s ,a n d f i b e r g l a s s - t y p ec a b s p r o d u c e
o f s a f e t y o n l y i f t h e o c c u p a n its n o t e j e c t e d . H o w e v e r ,
a measure
r o l l b a r s w i t h o u ts u f f i c j e n t u p p e rb o d yr e s t r a i n t d o n 0 t o f f e r t h e
o c c u p a nat d e q u a tper o t e c ito n a g a i n s tf l a i l i n g i n j u r y . R o l l b a r s
t h e mesl v e s c a n p r o d u c ei n i u r i e s .
2 ) L i t t l e d i f f e r e n c e i n s e a t b e l t u s a g ei s f o u n d between drivers of
v e h i c l e s a n d p a s s e n g ecr a r s . I n o n e s t a t e w h i c h r e p o r t e d
t h i s f a c t o r , s e v e n t e e np e r c e n t o f d r i v e r s o f u t i I i t y v e hi c l e s w o r e a
dith I6 percent among
seat belt at the time of the crash, comparew
utility
t h e p a s s e n g e rc a r d r i v e r s .
0ther
r e h i c l eS a f e t y S t a n d a n d(sN u n r b e 2r s0 1 - 2 1 9 ) ,
1) 0f the 20 Federal '1otoV
o n l y s i x a p p l yt o u t i l i t y v e h i c l e si n t h e i r e n t i r e t y . T h e ya r e : 2 0 5
- - G l a z 'ni g I ' l a t e r i asl ; 2 0 7 - - S e a t i n gS y s t e m s2; 0 9 - - S e a t B e l t
A s s e m bel is ; 2 1 0 - - S e a t B e l t A s s e m b lAy n c h o r a g e s2;1 1 - - l , . l h e eNl u t s ,
D i s c s , H u bC a p s ;2 1 3 - - c h i l d S e a t i n gs y s t e m s .I n t w o s t a n d a r d s
( 2 0 1- - 0 c c u p a nPt r o t e c t i o n ,I n t e r j o r I m p a c t ;a n d2 I 2 - - l , j i n d s h j e l d
M o u n t i n gm
) u l t i - p u r p o s ev e h i c l e sa r e e x e m p t efdr o m t h e s a f e t y
r e q u i r e m e n t sI.n a n o t h e r( 2 0 8- - 0 c c u p a nCt r a s hP r o t e c t i o n )t h e r e
p a s s e n g ecra n s a n d
a r e d i f f e r e n c e si n r e q u i r e m e n tbse t w e e n
m u l t i p u r p o svee h i c l e s . 0 f p a r t i c u l a r i m p o r t a n c el a, p a n ds h o u l d e r
b e l t r e s t r a i n t a r e n o t r e q u ir e d ( 2 0 9- - S e a t B e l t A s s e m b l i e s ) .
2 ) P o s t - c r a s fhi r e f o r u t . i l i t y v e h i c l e sa s a r e s u l t o f c o l l i s i o n i s
rare and was not found to be a safety prob)em.
7.2 Recomnendat
ions
7.2.1 Recomrnendations
for I
r o v 'ni q U t i l i t y V e h j c l eS a f e t
B a s e do n t h e r e s u l t s o f t h i s s t u d y , t h e f o l l o w i n g r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s
f o r i m p r o v i n gu t ' i l i t y v e h i c l e s a f e t y a r e o f f e n e d .
A ) F e d e r a is a f e t y s t a n d a r d st h a t a p p l y t o p a s s e n g ecra r s s h o u l db e
e x t e n d e tdo u t i l i t y v e h i c l e s . I n p a r t . i c u l a r r, e s t r a i n t s y s t e m s
s h o u l db e i n s t a l l e di n a l l u t i l i t y
150
v e h i c l e sw
, i t h t h e d e s i g no f a
t:
p a r t i c u l a r s y s t e r ng e a r e dt o t h e v e h i c l e s t y l e ( i . e , , f u l I h a r n e s si n
o p e nv e h i c l e s ) .
P e r f o r m a n c es t d n d a r d s ( a n d p e r h a p sd e s i g n s t a n d a r d s ) s h o u l d b e
B)
p r o m u l g a t e fdo r r o l I p r o t e c t i o n e q u ip n n n t - - p d r t i c u l a r l y f o r o p e n
vehicles.
C ) l " l a n u f a c t u r e r sd,e a l e r s , j n s u r d n c ec o m p a n j e se, t c . , s h o u l d d e v e l o p
a n d d i s t n i b u t e t o p r o s p e c t i v ep u r c h a s e r s d, r i v e r s , e d u c d t o r s ,
i n s u r e d s ,e t c . , I i t e r a t u r e d e s c r i b i n gt h e p e r f o r r n a n cIej m i t a t i o n s
( h a n d l in g a n d s t a b i l i t y ) o f t h e s e v e h j c l e s f o r b o t h o n - r o a d a n d o f f _
i
;,
*
1
{
r o a d u s e , A d e q u a t ec o n s u m e jrn f o n n a t j o n c a n h e l p a l l e v i a t e m a n yo f
t h e p r o b le m s .
D ) A d d j t i o n a l r e s e a r c ho n t h e b e h a v i o r o f u t i l i t y
vehicle drivers
s h o u l d b e c o n d u c t e d . ! , l en e e d t o l , , n o w
to what extent the relatively
h i g h r a t e s o f u t j l i t y v e h i c l e f a t a l a n d s e r i o u s i n j u r y a c c i d e n t sa r e
a r e f l e c t i o n o f h o w t h e v e h i c l e s a r e d r i v e n , T o a n s r . i e trh a t
q u e s t j o n s a t i s f a c t o r i l y m o r e ' in f o r m a t i o n j s n e e d e d . A r e d r i v e r s o f
u t i l i t y v e h i c l e s g e n e r a l l y m o r er e c k l e s s t h a n d r i v e r s o f p d s s e n g e r
c a r s ? A n d , d o e s a n e x p e r i e n c e dp a s s e n g e cr a r d r i v e r b e c o m em o r e
r e c k le s s w h e nd r i v j n g a u t i l i t y v e h i c l e ?
t)
t,
t.
;i
i!
'{
A d d i t i o n a l s t u d i e s n e e dt o b e u n d e r t a k e n
t o e x a mni e a n d l i n k t h e
f a c t o r s o f v e h i c l e d e s i g n , o c c u p a n tp r o t e c t i o n , d r j y e r , a n d
.:
e n v i r o n m e n t a lf a c t o n s a s t h e y r e l a t e t o t h e p r o d u c t j o n o f c r a s h i n d u c e di n j u r i e s .
:
:
.!
An4.lyle:
I . L . L
B a s e do n t h e r e s u l t s o f t h e d a t a a n a l y s i s a n d t h e d j s c u s s j o no f
t e c h n i c a l p r o b l e m se n c o u n t e r e d ,t h e f o l l o w i n g a r s n e c o m r n e n d a t i ofnosr
i m p r o v in g d a t a c o l l e c t i o n / a n a l y s i s s y s t e m s .
a)
A c o m p r e h e n s i vsee t o f d a t a d e f i n i t i o n a n d c o d i n g c o n v e n t i o n sa n d
t e r m i n o l o g y s h o u l d b e d e v e l o p e df o r u s e b y a l l g o v e r n t n e n t aul n i t s
'f'
c o l l e c t i n g a c c i d e n td a t a . S u c ha u n i f o r m l i s t w o u l d p r o v i d e
d e f i n i t i o n a l i n f o r m a t i o n( d e f i n e j e e p - t y p e , u t i l i t y v e h . i c l e ,
p a s s e n g e cr d r , e t c . ) a n d a b b r e v ia t i o n s a n d c o d jn g c o n v e n t io n f o r
i t e m s s u c h a s b o d y s t y 1 e , n r a k e ,m o d e l , e t c . p i e c e s o f t h i s t y p e o f
151
,. il
s y s t e me x i s t , b u t n o o n e s t a n d a r d c o v e r s a l l t h e d a t a e l e n e n t s o n a
m o t o r - v e h i c l ea c c i d e n t r e p o r t , a n d t h e r e a n e 9 a p s . E x i s t i n g S A Ea n d
A N S Is t a n d a r d sa r e i n a d e q u d t ei n t h ' is a r e d ,
b)
A s t a n d a r d s h o u l d b e d e v e l o p e df o r c o n t p u t e r i zni g f i r d s sa c c i d e n t d a t a
s o t h a t d a t a f r o m e a c h s t a t e i s j n a c o m m ofn0 r m d t , r e a d i l y
a v a i I a b l ef o r s t a t i s t i c a l a n a l y s i s .
c)
Additional special studies on utility
v e h i c l e s n e e dt o b e u n d e r t a k e n
s o a s t o e x a r n i na
en d l i n k t h e f a c t o r s o f v e h i c l e d e s i g n , o c c u p a n t
p r o t e c t i o n , d r j v e r , a n d e n v i r o n m e n t a fl a c t o r s a s t h e y r e l a t e t o t h e
p n o d u c t i o no f c r a s h e s a n d c r a s h - j n d u c e di n j u r i e s . C a r e m u s t b e
t a k e n i n t h e d e s i g n o f s u c h a s t u d y a n d j n t h e m e t h o d so f d a t a
collecti.on so as to overco{ne
t h e d e f i c i e n c i e s u n c o v e n e da s a r e s u l t
of this project.
152
t '
:1:
" T h eI nrnortalJeep" The Retiled
C o ne' ly , M , A .
Qlfjggl
A p ri 1 r978.
pp.
42-45.
r t o n S o e ca
i l 5tu
o f V e h ' i c l eS t a bi l i t T e s t so f
C o oek, T . f l n a t x
l)1 , and Iru
T r u c k, u t fly_r_Ut ro_!-,_tl
4 x 4 , M 3 7 . U . S , A r m yT e s t a n v a lu a t i o n C o m m d,n Aberdeen rov I ng
Gi oui?l-Ftary I and. Report #0lS 2642 . F e b r u a r y , 1 9 6 8 .
" T r u c k , I / 4 - T o n , 4 x 4 C o n nnr ad R e c o n n a i s s a n c e
D e p a r L r n e notf t h e A r m y
( F o r d , M o d e lG P | , l!;l i l l y s , 1 4 o d e1l 1 B ) "D e p a r t m e n o
t f t h e A r m yS u p p l y
C a t a l o g . O R D B S N L G - 5A6 u6 g, u s t 1 9 5 1 .
1
:
1
i
,1
Departmentof the Army Acfj !e!tl &ep!{ s Involv11g !!_!!_!_lp1gl!eeps.
1 9 6 4 - 1 9 4 8 . D ir e c t o r o f S a f e t y . H e a d q u a r t e r sU
, nited States Arny,
Europe. 1969.
D e p a r t r n e not f t h e A r m y . S a f e 0 p e r a t i o n o f t h e M - 1 5 1S e r i e s T r u c k s .
0 f f i c e o f t h e A d j u t a n t G e n e r a l ,N o v e m b e2r7 , 1 9 7 6 .
Accjdents Surnnn
ry.
Departmentof the Army. ComputerPrintout l*4-151
I
G
e
n
e
r
a
l
A
u
d
i
t
o
r
G
e
n
e
r
a
l
.
W
a
s
hington,
Office of the nspector
and
2
6
,
1
9
7
6
.
0
c
t
o
b
e
r
D. C.
l
D ' A n g e 1 oS, . ( E d .) W o r l dC a r C a t a l o g u e P u b l j s h e dby t h e A u t o m o lbei
C l u b o f i t a 1 y . H e r a l d B o o k s ,B r o n x vlil e , N . Y . 1 9 6 9 .
" e t r o i t R e p o r t . P o p u l a rS c i e n c e
D u n n e ,J . " A n o t h e rA M C4 l , J DD
.iiit,,
" F o r 0 n o r O f f t h e R o a d : 4 l , l DT r a i l b r e a k e r s '"
D u n n e ,J . a n d R . H i l l
P o p u l a rS c i e n c e . p . 6 2 , 6 4 , 6 6 , I 6 8 , J u l y 1 9 7 6 .
E i k e l b e r g e rB, .
" 4 t ^ lCDl i n i c . " 0 f f - R o a d . p p . i 4 - 1 5 , J u l y 1 9 7 4 .
l
?.
" A T o u c ho f G l a s s ." O f f - R o a d . p p . 4 2 - 4 5 ,A p r i l 1 9 7 4 .
E m m o nD
s ,.
E r v i n , R . D . e t a i V e h i c l eH a n d l i n gP e r f o r m a n c eH.j g h v . , aSya f e t y
(D0r7HS
800i58)
I nst@2-2-3
Reseanch
p r e p a r e ud n d e rc o n t n a c D
t 0 T - H S - 0 3 1 - 1 -f1o5r 9t h e N a t i o n a lH i g h w a y
I
T r a f f i c S a f e t y A d m i n i s t r d l i o n ,N o v . 1 9 7 2 .
M a n u a lf o r F o r d Truck 1/4 Ton 4x4 Model
F o r d M o t o r C o m p a n yM a i n t e n a n c e
G P 1 9 4 1f o r U . S . G o v e r n m e n t T
. M l 6 - 1 1 6 1D, e a r b o r n M
, ichigan.
I9TT.
l u r o o s eV e h i c l e s .
Ford l'4otorCompanyAccident Statiqt!qs-FY67. G e n e r a P
ssi 1e-FT?nt,0 f f j c e o f p r o j e c t M a n a g e r ,G P D . l ' l i c h i g a nA-nnyl''1i
! , l rar e n , M i c h i g a n . N o v e m b 1e 9r 6 7 .
.
F o s dci k , D . " F o u r - l ' l h e e l - D r i v e - - 1 9" 7 8MotorcamDi
nq Handbook.
p p . B 6 - 8 5 ,1 9 7 8 .
F o u r t l h e e l D n iv e .
F u c h s ,J .
P e t e r s o nP u b il s h i n g C o ., L o s A n g Iee s , 1 9 7 6 .
" T h eR o u g h n e c k"s . M o t o r Tr e n d . p p . 4 5 - 4 8 , 1 2 6 , M a y1 9 7 4 .
155
l
I
:
G e n e r a lA c c o un t i n g 0 f f i c e Urwarra nt ed=Del!J:_!X_!j_ihe DSIjIIme nt of
T r a n sport
Trans
a t i on
mpi6lEl
D o r tat
o n to
to Im
uly
qlf
-1
G r e e n , L . " S p o r t T n u c k sa s T o r ,V
l e h i c l e s : H o wD o T h e y M e a s u r eU p ? "
Tra i I er ,alld RV Travel . p p . 5 9 - 6 2 , A u g u s t1 9 7 8 .
G n e e n ,L . " T o wni g w i t h t h e J e e p C J - 7 ."
p.57-59, l'1arc1
h979.
! . o o ! a ll s T r a i l e r a n d R V T r a v e l .
H a r r i s , C . N . , a n d V . E . l . l o o d J, r . " R o 1
lover Injuries of the Upper
E x t r e m i t y " T h e J o u r n a l o f T r a u m a1 B( B ): 6 0 5 - 6 0 ,7 1 9 7 8 .
Hartwel l, D.
le_ttghtX_qCgp.
n. d.
H e r m a n n sH, . J . f r o n t D r i v e S y s t e m sf o r f o u r - W h e e l - D r i vLci q h t T r u c k s' .
Socj ety of
H i l l , R . " F o u r - t { h e-eD' lr i v e : I s l t F o r y o u ? , , p o p u l d rS c i e n c e .
p p . 1 6 6 - 1 6 7 ,t ' l a r c h1 9 7 6 .
H i s s o n g ,F . A r m y ' sE x p e r i e n c e0 n I L 1 / 4 T o n C o m m e r c i aTlr u c k s . S o c i e t y
of Auto
Huelke, D.
Accident I Ive_s!_igq!_!elSqrnlell. HighwaySafety Research
Institffi
:{it$l
J a n u i r yi s 6 8 .
Hutch
i n s o n ,J. l.l. et. al., RecreatjonalVehicle Accident I
rc-*-1gg!_S.l
Study. U n i v e nist y o f @ n r e n t
of
T n a npso r t a t i o n ,N a t i o n a .Hl i g h w aTyr a f f i c S a f e t yA d mni j s t r a t i o n .
Contr a c t D 0 T - H S - 2 6 1 - 6 - 7 A
6 6p ,r i l 1 9 7 5 .
I n s u r a n c eI n s t i t u t e f o r H i g h w a yS a f e t y . " N H T S FAi e l d A r m yJ e e o T o o
H a z a n d o uf os r P u b l i c . " S t a t u sR e p o r t .7 ( 1 6 ) : 6 . M a t 2 2 , I g 7 Z .
I n s u r a n c eI n s t j t u t e f o r H i g h w a yS a f e t y . V e h i c l e 0 c c u p a n tE j e c t i o n S e e n
a s G r e a t e s tH a z a r d". S t a t u s R e p o r t . p p . 7 - 8 , l l a y ) 7 ' , 1 9 7 9 .
J d p a nM o t o r I n d u s t r i a l I e d e r a t i o n , I n c .
J a p a n . T o k y o ,1 9 7 1 .
G u i d et o t h e l 4 o t o r I n d u s t r v o f
J u r r a c , M . P . A T h e o r e t i c a l n v e s t i q a t . i 0onf t h e S t a b i l i t v o f r h p t 4 t 5 t
, r e v e n sl n s t j t L r e o f
f l 1 t 0 n r ' | ] r a r y t r u c k . U d v t d s 0 Ln d b o r a t o r y S
Tecffid o-s1a-Ieport-1420. Scpt. 1960.
l . ' n S . J ^ : ^ B : I m p a c tT e s t i n g o f . , A r r n, y] e e pM - I 5 l . S t e e r i n gH h e e l t o t 4 e e !
; 0 F 0 I ' o L o rL o n l f a n yA, u t o t i l o t i v e q r . yr ) f r , s o .
$sf
:+xequ
_jen91IS.
l e c h . q e L ' , . 5 - 6 6 - 5 2 . t 4 a y2 / 1 9 6 b .
i l o c h ,C .
" E v e r y t h i n g ' s0 u t
r97?.
F r o n t .". M o t o r T r e n d . p p . 9 1 - 9 4 ,A u g u s t
" T w oJ e e p
S i x e s v s . a J e e p V 8 . " M o t o r T r e n d . 2 4 ( 8 ) :9 6 - 9 s ,
A u g u s t1 9 7 2 .
156
R IF T R E N C T S
r a i n t e n a n c eM a n u a lM o d e l B R C
A m e r i c a nB a n t a mC o m p a n yA m e r i c a nB a n t a nM
4 x 4 l / 4 - T o nT r u c k
t : % T 5 9 I 5 9 t o t - 2 6 1 7 2 6 8 ; c a r s e n v i c e n u n b e r s1 6 l ? t o 2 5 7 2 .
B u tl e r , T e n n . 1 9 4 I .
ri can Eaole, The Beau
A m e rci a n l ' l o to r s C o r p o r a t i o nAme
t
D r i v e . S a le s B r o c u r e . 1 0 7 0
of Four-llheel
A n o n " N H S Bt o P r o v e S a f e t y A s p e c to f M l 5 l A r m yT r u c k ." A u t o m o t i v e
News.
p , 6 6 , 9 J u n e1 9 6 9 .
A n o n " 4 - W h e e- lD r j v e U t i l i t y V e h j c l e s ".
S e p t e m b e1r 9 7 2 ,
C o n s u n eRr e p o r t s . p p . 5 9 8 - 6 6 5 ,
s u i d et o t h e ' 7 7 S p o r tT r u c k s ."
A n o n " W o o d a l l 'G
p p . 7 6 - 7 7 , F e b r u a r y1 9 7 7.
Anon "Al'lCCherokee Chief. "
C a r a n dD r i v e r .
'l
!
,,t
T r a i l e r a n d R VT r a v e l .
p p . 4 6 - 4 8 ,M ar c h 1 9 7 7 .
Anon "l,{eTest Three 4 l.lDsj n D e a t hV a l 1 e y . " M e cahn 'ci s I l l u s t r a t e d ,
p p . 4 6 - 4 5 ; 1 1 J6 u, l y r 9 7 8 .
p. 56, December
Anon "MoneyMachine. The J e e p ' s f ' l ac ho I m a g e'. Igg.
1 8, 1 97 8 .
A n o n " T o y o t a sUn j t e . " 0 f f - R o a d , p p . 6 6 - 6 4 ,M a r c h ,1 9 7 9 .
A r i z o n aD e p a r t r n e n
o tf T r a n s p o r t a t i o n . A r i z o n a
I 9 7 6 . 0 f f i c e o f H i g h w a yS a f e t y , Ph o e ni x .
A r i z o n aD e p a r t m e notf T r a n s p o r t a t i o n . A r i z o n aTraffi c Accident Summar
I 9 1 7. S a f e t yPr o j e c ts S e r v ic e s ,
En g i n e e r i n g S e c ti o n,
P h o e n i x .1 9 7 7 .
A r i z o n aD e p a r t m e notf T r a n s p o r t a t i o n . A r i z o n aTraffic Acci dent Summa
1 9 7 8 . S a f e t yP r o j e c t ss e r v ic e s , T r a f f i c E n g in e e F ni g S e c ti o n ,
P h o e n i x 1, 9 7 8 ,
449mo!Ig!qqs.!119f,
O c t o b e 1r 9 7 9 .
"The 80's: AmericanMotors" Chiltons, pp. 52-53,
AutomotivN
e e r s s" 1 9 7 7M a r k e tD a t a B o o kI s s u e . "
--rr77
.
pp. 64, 65, April 27,
"1978t'lark et Data BookI s s u e . " p p . 5 4 , A p r j l 2 6 , 1 9 7 8 .
" 0 f f t h e B e a t e nT r a c k i n I t a 1 y " p . 1 6 , M a r c h2 7 , 1 9 7 8 .
" 0 n D i s p l a ya t T u r i n . " p . 2 , M a y2 ? , 1 9 1 8 .
"EuropeEnj oyi ng a Boomi n 4 - W h e e l - D r i vVee h i c l e s". p p . 1 6 ,
1 6 , N o v e m b e? r7 , 1 9 7 8 .
153
+J
ti
" G - S e r i eTsa k e sO f f . " p p . 1 , 6 7 , J a n u a r 2y 9 , 1 9 7 9 .
" C o n c e pJt e e p s t e rS u g g e s t T
s r q n d si n 4 - l ' / h e e l - 0 r i v0ee s i g n . "
1
9
7
9
.
1
,
fl 8, January
" S e aR a n g e r- T h e U l t i m a t e i n 0 f f r o a d i n g . " p p '
--T5,
l, 7, January
1979.
" 1 9 7 9M a r k eDt a t aB o o kI s s u e . " p p . 4 4 , 5 6 , A p r i l 2 5 ' 1 9 7 9 .
"LeylanO
d f f e r s M a k eC o n v e r s i o"n . p . 1 6 , M a y2 2 , 1 9 7 9 .
" 4 l , JE
Da gl e H e a d s' 8 6 A t ' l C
L i n e u p "p ' 6 2 . A u g u s t2 7' 1 9 7 9 .
-T9-7e.
" Y a k Y e o m aRn e a d yt o T r a v e l t o D e v e l o p i n gC o u n t r i e s ".
M a y7 ,
"lvlehari4
: x 4 w i t h B i k e - S i z eE n gni e " p . 1 6 J u n e2 5 , 1 9 7 9 .
" s u n r o o 0f f f e r e d o n J e e pV e h j c l e s . " A p r i l 2 , 1 9 7 9 .
"Accd
i e n t a l D e a t h si n M i l i t a r y V e h i c l e s ". U . S .
B a bo
i- n e . R . t d .
F o r c e sM e d i c a l J o u r n a l. VI I ( 16 ) : 1566 - 1565 , O c t o L r e ir9 5 C -
Armed
" G r a b "B a r C n a s hN o . 6 8 6 . M e m o
t o C . M a u c h '1 7
B e n t o n ,R . J . M - 1 5 i - A l
j
)
, and B
O c t o b e r ,@ u t o r r s k
(
B
e
r
t
o
n
)
I
9
6
7
.
Sept.
S p e c i f i c a t i o n a n dT e s t D a t a .
Blake, 0. 0. Britjsh Jeep FV1861
l
'
4
rac h 6 ' 1 9 2 9 .
c
a
t
i
o
n
.
C
o
m
m
u
n
'
i
Personnel
" D r i v i n g I m p r ^ e s s i o nS
: u b a r uB r a t . "
BrennenB
, .
p o . 6 4 - 6 9 ,Ju n e 1 9 7 8 .
P o p u l a r0 f f - R o a d ni g .
B r u n e , B . G . M i l i t a r y V e h i c l e R o 1 1 o v e rA, n a l y s i s a n d ( P h a s eI ) . V a r i g a s
P r o v in g
I n c . , T i m o n i u ml,l a r y l a n d ,f o r U . S . A r m yA b e r d e e n
Research
l e s t i n g D i r e c t o r a t e , A b e r d e e n ,M a r y l a n d . R e p o r t
G r o u n d ,l * 4 a t e r i a T
A P G - M I - 5 2 9J3u, l Y , 1 9 7 9 .
"Jeep NagoneerLimited. "
Bryant, T. L.
4 8 - 5 6 . A u g u s t1 9 7 8 .
pp.
8gq{_a.1d_T-1g_q!.
" T o y o t aL a n d C r u i s e r , J e e p C h e r o k e e J, e e p C J - 5 , T h e
Carlton, D.
"
IntennationaS
l c o u t I I , a n d D o d g eR a m c h a r g e r . M o t o r T r e n d .
p p . 7 6 - 8 6 , A u g u s t1 9 7 5 .
" Y o u ' v e C o n ea L o n g l J a y , B a b y . " M o t o r T r e n d . p p .
7976.
51-56, l"larch
" T h eR o l l - B a r H a n d "T h e J o u r n a l
o f T r a u m a1 8 ( 8 ) : 6 0 1 - 6 0 4 ,
C h a r t e r s ,A . C .
7
8
.
19
-
" 0 f f - R o a dA c c i d e n t s : A N e wS p e c t r u m
of Trauma"
, a n dG . S c h r o e d l
q8(8):596-600
T h eJ o q l q a lo f T r a u m 1
1 ,9 7 8 .
154
" U pF r o n tJ e e p ". M o t o rT r e n d . 2 4 ( 9 ) : 1 1 4, S e p t e m b e1r9 7 2 .
K o v a c i k ,B .
" T h eJ e e pT w j n s . " l to f p f
lfgnd'
6 6( 5 ) : 8 9 - 9 2 ,M a y1 9 7 8 .
" T o y o t a L a n d C r u i s e r S t a t i o n l , l d g o n" . M o t o rTr e n d . p p . B 9 - 9 1 ,
M a r c h1 9 7 9 ,
"
L a m m l,' 1 " B e a u t i f u l U g l i n e s s i n a W h e e l e dB r e a d b o x . P o p ual r M e c h acnsj .
p p . 1 2 8 - 1 6 i , F e b r u a r y1 9 7 4 .
" F a t h e ro f t h e J e e o ." S o e ca' il I n t e r e s t A u t o s . v o l.
pp. 2l - 62; 52-50, Novefr66rJDeternEEFTfISlL a w l a r ,J .
" R o a d t e s t : S c o u tT r a v e l e r ."
61.
0ff-Road. p. 66, 1979.
l ei L e a ( E d . ) l , l o r l dC a r s - 1 9 7 6 . B o o sk , N . Y .
L'editrjce Dell' Automob
1076
" opular
L i s t o n , J . " l t S e p a r a t e st h e R a n c h e nfsr o m t h e C o w b o y s . P
p
.
9
6
,
t
4
a
y
1
9
6
9
.
c
s
.
Mechani
"
L o p e y ,B . " W h a tY o uN e e dt o K n o wB e f o r eY o uB u y4 - W h e e l - D r i v e .
lSru_bl_l_Sj_e4g. pp. 76-77, 167, Manch1971.
I'
,ti
l
.
" E v o l u t i o na n d D e v e l o p m e n
o tf t h e A M Ct a g 1 e " P r e s e n t a t i o n ,
L u n d ,R . C .
1
4 i c h i g a n .6 N o v e m b e1r9 7 9 .
S
e
c
t
i
o
n
,
B
l
o
o
m
f
i
e
l
d
,
D
e
t
r
o
i
t
SAE
M a dgi a n , T .
iit6:,
" T h e T o y o t a L a n d C r u is e r . "
0 f f - R o a d . p p . 6 8 - 4 1 , M a yI 9 7 6 .
"I ntroducj ng the ' 75 4-l,,lheel
-Drive V e h 'ci l e s . "
r '9 7 4 .
o o . 2 6 - 2 6, l l o v e m b e 1
0f f -Road.
' i r c i n s k y A n A n a l y s i s o f P i c k u pA c c i d e n t
M a s o r ,R , L . a n d T . H . S w e
P
r
e s e n t e da t t h e V a n a n d S m a l l - T r u c kS a f e t y
Characterjstics.
S e s s l o - L - S I E - oTn gr e s s a n d E x p o s i t i o n , D e t r o i t , M i c h i g a n . l ' 1rac h
1 97 9 .
M a t h e w s o nJ ,. H . , R . B r e n n e r , a n d S . F . H u l b e r t . A n a l y s i s o f M a s sA i r
F o r c eM o t o r V e h i c l e n c c id e n t D a t a . I n s t t ' t u t e o f T r d n s p o n t a t i o n
a n AT T a f f i c : n g i n e e ' " i n gU, n i v e r s i t yo f C a l i f o r n i a , L o s A n g e l e s ,
C a l i f o r n j a . R e p o r t 5 4 - 6 9 . A u g u s t1 9 5 4 .
" T h eA l l - N e v rS c o u t . " M e c h a n i c Isl l u s t r a t e d .
l ' 4 c C a hl ,i l T .
166-164A
, p r il 1 9 6 1 .
pp. 16-79
,
"t,le
W a g o n" .
- - - M e c h a n i T e s t t h e I m m o r t a lJ e e p a n d I n t e r n a t i o n a l s ' W o w
c s I l l u s t r a t e d . p p . 1 6 2 , 1 6 4 - 1 6 5 ,1 6 6 - i 6 8 ' A p r i ) 1 9 7 2 l " l coSn e g a
1, R .
" J e e p C J - 7 " M o t o r T r e n d . p p . 7 6 - 7 6 , M a r c h1 9 7 9 .
M i n a h a nD, . J . , a n d J . 0 ' D a y C a r - T r u c kF a t a l A c c i d e n t sj n 1 4 i c h i g a an l q
-Tl e
n xs a
tsi.t u tTeh, e U n r ' v e r s i t YoFltiCFtran,@
A n n A r b o r , u M - l r s-R7I7 - 4 9 . 0 c t o b e r1 9 7 7 .
157
,l+
i
t.
f i3l'fi;":;f:::J::.ff
:l'i;it:
@%l;i:*
,onour;. ,. 'u.;stigates
s a f e t v H a z a r di n B a s i cv e h i c r eU s e db y
Army." (Associaredpress Reteasel
rl;i-r;,"is6s.,
A11 tfqjllt"_tf.
Mul 1 e r , G . H ,
fulg.
1 9 6 5 - 1 9 6 6U t i l i t y
-ini.io""t
V e h i c l eE v a l u a t i o nT e s t T r j o . K i
N a t i o n a lS a f e t yC o u n cI i A c c d
. ie n t F a c t s _ _ 1 9 E
7 9d i t i o n . C h i c a g o1, 9 7 9 .
NationaH
l i g h w aTy r a f f i c S a f e t y . A dnmi si t n a t . i o n ," p a r - t5 6 6 . 4
Definitions
A v e r a g eF u e l E c o n o msyt a n d a r d sf o r N o n - p i s s e n g e r
A
u
t
v
o
.
m
oourbepi s. r, t,cr o
" rdi e
'
r e g u r a t i o n s .4.9 . T r a n s p o r t a i i o. n, ' u p i .
o f F e d e r aR
o f T r a n s p o r t a t j o n ,R e v i s e d
as of O;tob;;, Igl7.
Nationa-l
_ T r a n s p o r t a t i oSna f e t y B o a r d l p q c i a l S t u d y . S a f e t v
ffi.urllllru.
l,,tashinston,
il:c;--tri#rffi
March
22,
N o r b y eJ, . P . " t u r o p eE n j o y i n gA B o o m
i n 4 - l { h e e r - D r i vv ee h i c r e s . , '
AutomotivN
e ews. p. 16, Novembe
Z rl , I g j B .
N o r b y eJ, . P . a n dJ . D u n n e , ' F ul l- T i m eF o u r _ l , l h e e l _ D r Forget
j v e : Abou
t
p o p u l a rS c i e n c e sp. . Z Z , Z e ,
9liyins Condjtions.,'
6 6 , 6 2 - 6 4, J u n e
r974.
ili8rii
s lazer:
0 e r t l e , V . L . " C h e v y 'B
A D i f f e r e n tF o u r _ | ^ l h e e l - D r i v pe o. ,p, u l a r
M e c h a n i c sp. p . 5 6 , 5 8 , A p r i l i 9 6 9 .
o f f j c e o f D e f e c t s I n v e s t i g a t j o n , N a t i o n a l H i g h w a yT r a f f j c
Safety
P'e"'oi'P"i
ffffi]'l:;tH''"T#fi"'
0 ' R o u r ^ kP
e ., J . " 0 f f - R o a d B a s h ." C a r a n d D r i v e r . p p . 8 9 - 9 9
D e c e m b e1r 9 7 g .
R a n d o l p h , DC
.D. arison of the R
j
i d e a n d t 4 o bIi t y C h a n a c t e r i s t i c s o f
SelectedJifrnercili
q ! v e n r cl e s a n d t h e
t
r e p a r e c T 0 r U . 5 . / \ r m yT a n k A u t o n n T - i v e
1f,1
i " l i c h i s a n , , b y i tiy a n " a
Invironmenta
s yr s t e m s
! : n : : g : i 1 ; r I e n : A ' " I t n si p l pt ". 1 ol b
i r a et r w asyE- p " . t . " r i '
i i.ri'".,
l , i?c1k "s.b:::u:lrr ,g.1,, 4Y:i-s| s: i s s i p p i .l , t i s c . e a p e r .
V
N ' _ i O _ 0l", l a r c h
1926.
R i c e , R . S .e t a 1 D e v e t o D [ g nq. rL
{ebicle RolloverMglguver. Calspan
Cornorati_on@ZmgOC
u y JI p r e p a r e du n d e r
c 0 n r r a c t D 0 T - H S - 6 - 0 1 3f8o2r t h e N a t r ' o n aH
r ighway'ri!iii. i.i.ty
A d mni i s t r a t i o n , J u n e I 9 7 g .
P o b s o n ,G . T h e L a n d - R o v e _ rl:, ] o r k h o r s e
o f l f , e _W q L L O .D a v i d a n d C h a r . l e s ,
V an c o uv E i l t - 9 7 6.
R o r v a nR
d ,. " U p t u r ni n ' g 6 i s S e e nb y A M Cf o r 4 x 4
Units" Automotive
News
P P . B ; 1 5 S e p t e n b e6r , I g l g .
I qq
S a a l f r a n k ,M . C . R a m p
a n d D o w n h i l lR o l l o v e r s . T w ot 4 - l 5 l A 1 p r o d u c t i o n
t l i t l t a r y V e h l c l e sw i t h a i o w rt t r o u t p @
E n g in e e r i n g S t a f f .
S a n d e r s ,B .
F o r - dM o t o r C o m p a n yR, e p o r t T - 2 8 5 6 . 1 9 6 6 .
'
" J e e pl , l a g o n e e r . "F o u r ! . l h e e l e r . p p .
64-68, July 1978.
I
:
S c h a f r a n e k ,E . J . C r a s h T e s t 6 8 6 ( B a r r i e r 6 1 . 2 m o h ) J e e o 1 / 4 T o n H - 1 5 1
A r . t e s t t n g u p e r a c t o n su t f l c e , t l n a t t e s t R e p o r t . O c t o b e r1 9 6 6 .
" T o y o t aF J - 4 6 L a n d
S c h m i d t ,J . G .
J u n e1 9 7 8 .
"GMC
J irnmyDesert Fox."
Cruiser."
Four lJheeler. pp. 75-86,
Four Wheeler. p p . 4 6 - 4 4 , J u n e 1 9 7 8 .
S h a r p , R . a n d L . S e g e l A n I n v e s t i q a t i o nof the Ro l I o v e r D namics of a
M il i t a r y V e h i c l e . H i g h w a y T a f e t yR e s e a r c hI n s t it u t e , R p n ^ r f l i M H S R I - 7 9 - 4 0 .J u l y , 1 9 7 9 .
I
:
,
:
S h e r m a nH, . W . a n d
D . F . H u e l k e C l i n i c a l C a s eR e v i e w so f L i q h t Truck and
V a n C r a s h e s . S o c ie t y o f A u t o m o tvj e En g in e e r s,
No. SAE
79!37-Il-M-archI979.
S k w i r a ,G . " F u t u r eA u t o s : T h e y ' l l B u i l d , B u l t i l l y o u B u y ? ' , O e t r o i t
F r e eP r e s s . p . 4 D , J a n u a r y4 , 1 9 7 9 .
tnr'u'in!;l;"
::'lii1
S o u t h e r l a n dE, . P e r s o n n eCl o n n u n i c a t i o n S
. e a t t l e . t.lashjngton.
S e p t e m b e1r 97 9 .
"Nor,rIt: s Four-l,lhee
l i ng for Family Fun."
I l I u s t r a t e d . p p . 6 6 - 6 1, D e c e m b eIr9 7 l
5piecel , M.
Stafford, F.
l,lechani
cs
" J e e pW a g o n e e r
a n d S u b a r uD L . " M o t o rT r e n d . p p . 4 8 - 4 9 ;
1 2 2 , 1 2 6 , A p r - i 11 9 7 9 .
S t e a r n s ,D . M . " L e a p i n gL e n a J o j n s t h e A r n r y . " P o p ualr S c ie n c e .
pp. I?6-126, October194i.
S t o c k t o n , A . " C o l o r P o r t f o l j o o f V a n s & 4 - t , r l h e e l - D r j v e s . ,M
, echanics
I l l u s t r a t e d . p . 4 6 , F e b r u a r y1 9 7 9 .
T a y l o r , C . " N e wR o m a n c e . A
" u t o c a r . p . x i v - x v , M a y1 9 7 8 .
T a y l o r , R . a n dJ . T a y l o r " A u t o S u g g e s t i o n :T h eJ e e pa n d B e y o n d" .
H o u s ea n d G a r d e n . p p . 6 2 , 6 5 - 6 6 , J u n e 1 9 7 8 .
T h o m p s o 5n ., " F o r dB r o n c oR a n q e rX L T . ' , C a r a n dD r i v e r . p p . 6 7- 6 9,
4 1 - 4 6 ,J a n u a r y1 9 7 8 .
'. 1
t
t
I
i
I
:
159
1
Army l'lateri al Command
Qelq.al_!]frpi-g_V{ l! l es.
9I.
0f f i ce of Pro.;.ec
r- llanagi r;TPVI-Xiallffi
l , l a r r e n ,l ' l i c h i g a n . N o v e m b e1r 9 6 7 .
Accj dent S t a t i s t i c s - F Y
s s i l eP l a n t ,
A r m yT e s t a n d I v a I u a t i o n C o n r n a n V
d e h i c l e C o l l i s . i o na n d A c c i d e n tS a f e t
T e s t . C o m m oEnn q i neering Test Proceciurffie
{-{-oz I.
A D e r d P P n P r o v i n gG r o u n d .M a y1 4 ,
1968.
U . 5 .A r m y . 0 p e r a t o r ' M
s a n u al ol r l / 4 T o n ,4 x 4M 1 5 S
l e r ei s V e h i c l e s .
neaaqu
i5l,
19]8.
u . s . N a v y , P e n s o ncaol n r n u n i c a t . i o nB.u r e a uo f M e d i c i n e ,0 f f i c e o f A d m i r a l
v i r i s . ( S e ea 1 s o , - S _ * qs tl l. ! l ! _ g FN a v yM e d i c i n e . Z Z ( 4 ) n . d . 4 t h rluarter, f tscat .l9bb).
U n i s t , M . R . " l n j u r i e s t o t h e H i p J o i n t : T r a u r n a t iD
c islocat.ions
I n c u r r e d C h i e fl y i n J e e p A c c i d e n t s i n t " / o r l df { a r I I . , , A m e r r - c a n
J o u r n a l o f S u r g e r y . p p . 5 8 6 - 5 9 7 ,N o v e m b e1r9 4 7 .
V a n d e r v e e nB, . H . T h e 0 b s e r v e r , sF i g h t i n g V e h i c l e sD i r e c l o r y . W o r l dW a r
II.
Frederi
Jsos-.-
Vanderveen
B,. H . f L e J e g . p . .C o m p i l e d
b y 0 l s y l a g e r0 r g a nzi a ti o n ,
F r e d e rci k l , t a r nTeT o . , L T D ,L o n d o n t. 9 7 4 .
V a n d e r v s eBn ., H . 0 r i q j n s o -f t h e J e e o . 0 l d M o t o r ,L o n d o n .
pp. 236-238,mt-1966.
-!i'r,
V a n d e r v e e nB, . H . T h e G r e a t J e e p P l a n ( F o r d a t l , l a r , P a r t 3 ) . F o r d
' ' l o r o r L o m p a n y L, t o . , b r e n L v r o 0 dL, s s e x . elaTl-ense;-tJ
i nter
p p . 1 9 - 2 2 ,1 9 6 8 .
V a n d e r v e e nB, . H . T h eQ u a r t e r - T o F
no ur - b y - F o ur J e e
L O n o o n . p p . 4 3 8 - 4 4,1 J a n u a r y
0'ld l'1oto r,
V e t t e r , J , ( e d .)
or thervlititary
Vehicle
C o l l e c t o r ' sSKl9+ffi:rn93:'nut
l l a l 1 a c ec, o 1 . | , t r . B L
. e t t e r t o t h e E d i t o r . I n f a n t r . yJ o u r n a r . D e c e m b e r
1946 (reproducedin ArnryMotor!. 6(11:--TE-OtrnEer-T9-78).
l , l e l l s , A . t , , l . H a i I t o t h e J e e p - . H a r p e r a n d B r o t h e r s ,N . Y . 1 9 4 6 .
"Jeep
t / j ' l i a n i s ,J . .
C J - 5 a n d N e wC J - l : F e e lr n g F r e e ." C a r a n d D r i v e r .
p p . 7 6 - 7 8 ;8 6 , 9 6 - 9 7 , A p r i l i 9 7 6 .
l , l o r l d1 4 o t o V
r e h j c l eD a t a " U n i t e dS t a t e s p r o d u c t i o _ n . ,M
' o t o rV e h i c l e
1 4 a n u f a c t u r eAr ss s o c i a t i o no f t h e U n i l e d S t a l e s , l n c . I g l l
E d i t i o n . D e t r o i t , M i c h i g a n . p . 2 6 6 , t g T t_
I60
APPDNDIX A
1
POSITION PAPER:
DISPOSITIOI'I OF THD MI5I
(I,/4
:l
3
TON JEEP)
.,
;l
Office
of Defects
National
Highway Traffic
Investiqation
Safety Administration
-*:r;i
A-l
i .
Offjce of Dcfects Ir.,cstigatlon
.rcptcntbcr I3,
l97l
P O S I T I O NP A I ) E R
DtsP0sIT toit 0 F T E r [ 5 ]
(I/4
TON
INTRODUCTION
Since the mld I960's the Departmen! of ttre Army and thc Congress have been
Thc Army initiated
aNarc of the hazards of operating the Ill5I vchicle.
stringent operators' tra ining !cquircments and operat ing, restriclions
in
These controls resulted in a fifty
order !o rcducc the accident rate.
percenL reduc Lion j.n the acciden! ra te of the I'll5I in Europe.
o n p r e v i o u s i n q u i r i e s c o n c er n i n g
1970, !o thc Deparcmentof the
The Army replicd on July 23, L970,
Army and thc DcparLment of TransporLation.
( a t t a c - h m c n t I ) , a n d S e c r e t a r y V o I p e r e p l i e d o n A u g u st 6 , 1 9 7 0 ,
S c n a t o r A b r a h a mR i b i c o f f ,
.L,
rtr ql
,,--+^
as a follow-up
1^)+^-^
^-
r..r..
I
(attaclrmcnt 2).
Secretary Volpe stated ". . . we have
In hls reply to Senator Ribicoff,
not received any reporls or infor:.ation concerning accidcnts of l.ll5I trucks
p u r c h a s e da s s u r p L u s v e h i c l e s .
lJe will, however, continue co evaluate and
r
e
por!ed safet.y-relaceddefects in these
a
n
y
take appropriate action on
w
h
e
n
u
s
e
r
i
t
h
e
on
Nation's highways. .
AL the present Lime
vehicles
this slatement is still- true.
;14.f
NHTSAIS CURRENTINVOLVE}IENT
(attachment l), thc Arrny requested the 0ffice
ln a l{ay 19, 1971, letter
of
(ODl) to provide comenls
and reconr",rendationson the
Defects Investigation
A s a r e s u l t o f t h i s r e q u c s t , r e p r e s e n i a t .i v e s o f b o c h
disposal of Lhe IlI5I.
197f, and again on JuIy 23, 1971, to
the Army and ODI net on June Ii,
of this vehicLe.
discuss lhe disposiLion
Attachacnt 4 lists
lhe persons
present at these meetings.
1971, was primarily
an inlroduction
The meeting on June ll,
to the problem.
After revicr"-ing the past correspondcnce conccrning thc !1151, a1l parries
agreed to meet on an unspecified future daie co discuss Lhc answers to
several questions raised by ODI personnel.
ODI requesred Lhat the r'.rmy
make arrangements for another meeting and bc prepared to answer ques:ions
( a t c a c h m e n ' ;i ) .
AL this meetint on JoIy 23, l97I,0DI
requested 3ddiLional
infornration concerniog the 3:cidcnt rate of the UL5L vehlcle when used on
^ ":L nunbers of vehicles to ho offnred for disr^siLion
(iru
rrr L'rkdy
during the next few years.
A-2
llr. Wiltiarn Lawrence of th€ Departmcnt of HeaIth, Education, and l'Jelfarc
( D l l E W )a t t c n C c d t h e J u l y 2 3 , L 9 7 I , r n c c t i n g a n d e x p r e s s e d h i s d c p a r t r n e n t ' s
dcsire to obtain the vchicles for somcof their ProS,rams. He stated
t h a t t h c D t l E t Jc o u l d u s c t h e s c v e h i c l c s a s t r a i n i n g a i d s i n v o c a l i o n 3 l
m a i n t c n a n c et r a i n i n g c o u r s c s o r a s o f f - h i g h w a y v c h i c l e s t o b c d r i v e n
b y f a c i l i t y a n d p l a n t m a i n t e n a n c ep e r s o n n e l o n c o L l e g e o r u n i v e r s i t y
l ould follow DOT's
c a m p u s e s . l l r . L a h ' r e n c e a l s o s t a t c d t h a t D l l E t 'w
t
h
e
M
l51, that is' whether o!
p
c
r
L
a
i
n
i
n
g
t
o
t
h
e
u
s
c
o
f
rcconrnendations
p
u
b
lic highways.
t
h
e
not to pcrmiE the use of the vehicle on
0 n A u g u s t 2 , 1 9 7 1 , l l r . M e l v i n C h a m b e r sp r o v i d e d t h e f o l l o w i n g
by phone:
information
td
scbgg!-l-:!lsl-qlere:4
FY 72
FY 73
1 0 9 9.
733
I030
t0 30
*Mt 5l r.l
4019
3415
3192
*r"Ml5lA2
195
890
Ht5l
I
rf 74
Current ly
( a s o f 6 - 3 0- 7 1 )
*
a
l08l
5,987
Ml5l
ul5l41
.52,O32
l.ri5rA2
1 5 ,2 9 0
TOTAL
73 , 3 0 9
:ih:
t
Atlachment 6 confirrns the above figures
and requests a rapid
reply.
On August 4, 1971, Mr. Joseph Valoris, Defense Supply Agency' requested
by phone thai his agency would like to recelve DoTr s ccsnents 3nC
r e c o r r r n c n d tai o n s a s s o o n a s p o s s i b L e , s i n c e v a r i o u s b r a n c h e s o f t h e D O D
are beginning to apply pressure to DsA to dispose of the vehicles.
* H e a v y D u t y S u s P e n si o n
r . * M o di f i e d S u s p e n s i o n ( S e e p . 3 ,
para. l.b)
!{
'i
!l
A-3
;,
thc on and off highway accident rltcs of the r,ll51.
ltr, Siriannc trans_
ferred thc ODI reprcscntaLive to l1r. David Abcrnrthy,
A r m y D E S t , E Rr, . , l r o
statcd thaL this type of inforrnation was not availatrle
wiihout *unu.ity
rcvicwing tllc accident rccords in the ficld units.
Both the Arny and the Dcfense.supply Agency rcquestcd
by letter in
August l97l (attacrxncnts 6 and 7) that-our'cori.mcnrs and
recorunendations
b c c x p e d i t c d . A s a r e s u l f o f t h e s e d i s c u s s i o n - sa n d
othcr information
furnished by che Army, ODI has reached the followi'g
conclusions:
l.
T h e D e p a r t m e n t o f - D e j e n . s 9 _ h a sr e c o g n i z e d t h e u n s a f e
handling
characteristics
of thc
to the cxtcnt that:
.M151
s.
b.
Specialized training in driving tlrese vehicles
is required
of all driverr_1:-,!:-TiIirary
sysren. A speci.aly orepared
t r a i n i n g f i l r n T F 5 5 - 3 7 0 7w a s r n a d et o i l l u s t r a t c
r h e -p ; r e ; l i a l
unsafe handling of these vehicles if not driven
ir;.;;;i_
fied manner.
. Design fcatures of the rear swing axle asscmbly lrere
modified for later v€rsions (l[5iA2) to lesscn
rollover
p r o p e n s i a y . T h e s e c h a n g e sd i d n o t e i i m i n a t e
the problenr
but allowcd approximately 10 orphgreater speeds
before
roIlover,
coupled with more ,'f eeli oruor,.ing for the
dr iver .
c. _ Special attention has been given to the high
rollover
accidcn! rates in the military
environmenc. Arny
records indicate that rhe I,1l5l was involved in 7460
accldents world-wide in thc years Fy 67 through
Fy 70,
lnvolving 138 fatalities.
220I, or roughly 307.,were
r o I l o v e r a c ci d e n t s .
i1$fiit
2.
There are an estimated 73,309 vehicles r:hich may be
disposed
of in the next six to_ ten years, with approxlnafcly 5,000
scheduled for disposal during each of tie fottowir,!
ye"rs:
FY 72, fy 73, and fy 74. The Army,s esrimated saliage
value
is 9300 ro gl?00 per complete vehicle.
Assuming an average salvage value of
$750 per complete vehicle,
the yearly salcs return for 5,000 vehic!es'would te
"ppro*i"ocely
$ 3 , 7 5 0 , 0 0 0a n d t h e r o r a l r e t u r n f o r 7 3 , 3 0 9 v e h l c l e s w o u l d b r
a p p ro x i m at e 1 y S 5 4 , 9 8 I , 7 5 0 .
{l"l \/
,-riill:ll:ri:rj
Fqn
FuSLlc
i,.\L
nFc,Ll'55\ | ' -Y'
A-4
'
yerrrcres
wrrrsn usc !ne Daslc flt)t. cnlssis,
the older
m o d c l sa r e t h e l t l 5 l , M I 5 l A I , I 5 I A L C , " . a
iiiii; and, the ncarcr
m o d c l sa r e .M l 5 t A 2 , 6 2 5 , a n d M 7 l 8 A l , ' f f r e
l t T i i a n d M 8 2 5a r e s p c c i a l
p u r p o s cv e h i cI e s .
i
For these vshiclcs to be operated safely
on the public highway,
a public uscr shou!d have a levcl of special
lr"ini.,g equivalent
to that givcn a miLitary drivcr.
Sr.t,'n .our." of action would
be impracticat to achicve and cnforce,
.o""i.f"ri"g thc diffcrcnt
liccnsing and rcgistraLion prac!ices
in !he var:.ousStates.
4.
In thc Army letter
of
July 23, 1970 (attachment l),
it
t'
was stated:
"It
i s D o Dp o l i c y , t h a t f i r s t c o n s i d e r a t i o n
wirl be given to the
pro!ccrion of rhe buyer^":!l .":p:".. to
disfostr.ionof rnilirary
r i sk.wheu
n , o i -i , , a n o n _ m i
ri rary
:sli:tlu; ,a t i: o: :n0. " " :I fl " ia^n" .i ltl el gm, ,i.s: " cl :o: nI ,s i d c r e d u n s a f e
it l.-";;".;i;.'""
( "tpl," " i. rd
noioro.,
s u f f i c i e n t l-y
to pro!ec! tlre buyer, lf,o ia"r-ur.y
be sold L,ith
a d c q u at e w a r n i n g .
I
;
r n _a c c o r d a n c e w i t h t h i s p o l i c y , t h c D o D
should not sell the Hr5l
vehicles as !hc ,,warning norites,, ur"noa
,utii.ient.
to protect
t h c b u v e r.
a.: i.
i\ii
PUBLI C
'irl{ir
ri
!
ii
',i
ii
|,:)
r. tI
.
r
PERIODICALS
I'lECHANIX ILLUSTRATED
"The AIl-New
Scout, " by rom Mccahill
Discusses acceleraLion,
Tests a 1961 IH Scout.
top
a
n
d
s
t
e
e
r
i
n
g
c
o
l
u
m
n
.
Presents specifications
lires
data on acceleration.
s p e e c l,
and
1961, p. 76-79, 163-164.
April
(A2) "Uow It's
Four-wheeling
for
Family Fun,"
by Marshal_t Spiegel
Discusses off-roading
c l - u b s f o r " 4 t ^ t Df a m i l c s " t o j o i n .
Stresses the importance of safeLy and the environmcnL to
the clubs.
December197I, p.
30-31.
(A3) "We Test the Immortal
by Tom McCahi 11
Jeep and International's
WowWagon,,'
Tests a 1972 Jeep CJ5 and a ]- 972Scout fI.
Discusses acceleration, top speed, Lires, and comfort.
Prescnts. in trbular
form, specifications
of the test vehicfes.
I972, p. 102. 104-105, 166-168.
April
,dllil
(A4) "We Test Three 4WD's in
Death Valley"
Tests three 1978 models:
Jeep CJ-7, IH Scout If, and Pord
Bronco Ranger XLT. D-iscusses acceleration, handlin.r, and
cornering.
Mentions that both Bronco and Scout have high
centers of gravity.
Presents specjfications and Cata on
accele.ration in tabular form.
July
1978, p.
(A5) "Color
(A6)
43-45, 1I5.
Portfolio
of
Vans and 4WD's,"
D6^^r!c o r n pI e t e
i lablc
four-wheel -drirrn
descrj tpl ons wiLh picLures.
February
I979.
"We Test
Three
4WDts in
by All.cn
vFhi.lr's
Stocktorr
f^r
I q7q
Death VaIIey"
Off-road
test of a Jeep CJ-7, a Ford Bronco ancl an l:tternational ScouL. Compares the pracLical it., of Llte JcL.i)L .
the more comfortabl c but ec;uaILy rur:rqed Scout anC Brc)nco.
Some specificati,ons.
JuIy I978, p.
43-46, l-16.
B-2
B.
POPULAR MECHANICS
( B r ) "It
S e p a r a t e s t h e R a n c h e r s f r o m t h e C o w b o y s ," b y J i m L i s t o n
Tests a 1959 Scout 800 (prototype) .
the test model.
Describes
features
of
May I969, p. 90.
( 8 2 ) "Chevyrs Bl-azer:
by V. Lee Oertle
A Different
Four-Wheel Drive,
I
Tests a 1969 Blazer (prototype) ,
Discusses acceleration,
handling, and comfort.
Includes a few specifications
of
the test vehicle.
1
I969, p.
ApriI
(B3) "Beautiful
56, 58,
Ugliness
f!
in
a Wheeled Breadbox,"
Dj-scusses results
of a survey of owers of
Presents survey findings
in tabular form.
February I974, p.
c.
by Michael
Lamm
a VW Thing.
I28-13I.
POPULARSCIENCE
( c 1 ) "What
h\r
You Need to
Ra rr\i
Knolr Before
You Buy 4-Wheel Drive,'
r ^n6r'
,ilFri
Describes different
equipment for 4WDvehicles,
including
free-wheeling
hubs, transfer
cases, rvinches, and tires.
f,rscusses safety equipment.
March 197I, p.
'76-77,
]- 37.
(C2) "Full-Time Four-Wheel- Drive:
Forget
by Jan P. Norbye and Jim Dunne
about Driving
Conditions"
T e s t s f o u r L 9 7 4 4 W Dm o d e l s :
Blazer, Cherokee. Ramcharger
and TraiI Duster.
Discusses handling, acceleration,
tabular form. futl
specifications
and test results
for the
four vehicles.
r:,
June 1974, p. 22, 28, 30, 32-34.
(C3) "Four-Wheel Drive:
Discusses size,
for
4WD vehicles
Is
It
drivetrain,
prpqan1.c
s af e t y .
'}
For you?', by Ray HiII
and locking
drirrina
tips
front-wheeI
which
hubs
emphasizc
#
$
I
March L976, p. 106-10?.
i
(C4) "for On or Off
and Ray tt i lJ-
the Road:
4wD Trailbreakers"
by Jim Dunne
T e s t s t h r e e 1 9 7 5 4 W Dn o d e l - s : S c o u t T r a v e f e r . J e e p C J - 7 ,
and Subaru Wagon, Presents ratings on acceleration.
braking, handling, visibility.
and noise-1evef.
Discusses
features of the test vehicles and inc.Iudes a section on
maintenance.
JuIy 1976, p.
lt
(Dl)
32, 34, 36, 108.
MOTORTREND
"The Roughnecks," by John Fuchs
Tests five I974 prototype models:
Ford Bronco, ChevroleE
Blazer, AMCCherokee, Jeep CJ-5, Toyota Land Cruiser,
and
Ford Quadravan. Discusses the on- and off-road
performance
presents specifications
of the test vehicles.
in tabul-ar
form .
May L974, p. 45-48, 126.
(D2) "Toyota Land Cruiser,
Jeep Cherokee, Jeep CJ-5, the International
Scout II, and Dodge Ramcharger,,, by David Carlton
itsli
Tests five 1975 models.
Presents performance resufts on
acceleration,
braking,
fuel mileage, and speeclometer error.
Includes fu11 specifications
of the test vehicles.
August 1975, p.76-80(D3) "You've Come a Long Way, Baby, " by David CarLton
Describes
the road.
impressions driving
a L975 Jeep CJ-7 on and off
Discusses tires and optional
tops.
March 1975, p.
(D4) "Everything's
5 1 - 53 .
Out Front, " by Chuck Koch
' n l a ! ' --i- , .h,d 1- h
- le c h a n g e s o v e r t h e
the 1972 Jepn .,1-q
197I modeI.
Improvements noted include
more powerfuf
enqines (3 to choose from), new l-speed manual transmj ssion,
improved running gear and steet:ing.
Discusses idios,,'ncrasies and problems unique to ieep-type vehjcles.
SecLjon
on handling and pcrformance;
complete specifications.
Exarnines
August
I972,
p.
9L-94.
B-4
(D5) 'Up Front
Jeep,', by Chuck Koch
Reports on the
_improved performance in Jeep CJ_5's
custom eguipped with a 40I cid V_g engine.
September 1972, p.
(D6) "The Jeep Twins,,'
114.
by Bob Xovacik
_16^^
-I
t
- q
+ ^
-,,e ueep /CJ-S
to
the ne\,,/er CJ_7 model.
Good dis_
c u s s i o n o f f u e l e c o n o m y i n f o u r _ w h e e l d r i v e v e-ana
h i c l -.
e s -aru.p".
;
atso
examines the advantages of free-r^'heeling rruus
gearNotes available
options such as center console ornlrp
box and interior
carpeting.
f-.rmna
'
when
ra
c
{- ha
I'lay 1978, p.
(D7) "toyota
B 9, 9 I - 9 2 .
Land Cruiser
Station
Wagon,,' by Bob Kovacik
Non-technical report on a 19?8 Land Cruiser.
Construction,
performance and handling compared with a l9?2
model.
io*_
ments on changes since 1972, including
improved manual trans_
mission.
Also reports fueL economy tigures,
n" ""npi"tu
list
of specificatrons.
,
6
fr
March 1978, p.
,,
B9-91.
(D8) "Jeep CJ-1 ,,, by Ro Mcconegal
Tests a fu11y equipped.Jeep CJ-?, particuLar
a t t e n t i-or nv a r ugai tvi eo n
to handling'
Accompanied by fulr ipecifications.
primarily
from a practicar- viewpoint;
technicar discussron
hel-d to a minimum-
{ill
March 1979, p.
?0-72 -
(D9) ,'Jeep Wagoneer and Subaru DL, " by Fred Stafford
Evaluates two very different
four_r+hee1 drives as family
vehicles,
comparing their advantages and aisaavanuates.
Fu.l-l specifications
given for eacli.
Tested for periormance,
handling and ride in both city driving
and on thl open road.
April
1979, p.
48-49. 122-123.
CAR AND DRTVER
T D I '
"Jeep CJ-5 and New
CJ-7:
Feeling
Free,"
by Jim Wil1ians
Tests and 7976 CJ-s and CJ-7.
Describes impressions of the
two test vehi.cles in on- and off-road
presents
settings.
full
specifications
and. performance results
(aqceleration
and t.op speed) in tabular
formApril
1976, 76-7A, AO, 96-97.
8-5
I
II
(82 ) "Al4C Cherokee
Chie f ,,
Discusses
drivins im_
;;i::,:":'ll.::;':l::":n:.f.I:n:r:
tost,,,in
i":::"i,liji, Iil". l;'l"i:^
i_
r.E;.,
iiSiii;:
lnancc daLa
r ' - ' r o r:r,e
*j
pares performance
unJ
cf
mooels:
subaru cr
o r ' * 9 d ' - bc rhd- kc rj no o
'
cornt t'e . . l ' " ; ; ;
onrY)
l , / a o l - ' : ( q w o ) , p : v t " . r t ii ;":;' "' oj ;c;oj n
"#i;:"]tllo
c h e v r o - L ecr - r o p i c k u p : o n
March 1977, p. 4
3 _ 4g .
(83) ,,p616 Bronco
Ranger XLT,,, by
steve
Thompson
:::i:giii?]j i;;:"3:::it l?"?:r
" ' t n t Il''
test
specj f ic_ati;n"
;;;-;.-;l-
top-speco, brakins,
u"a"lTll'l
of
Describes
on-andorrPrescnLs
voli^t
o;;;-.;;";;^"'"'
rurl
"*l
,".o,,inii:l::.
:i: rlii?,
7 / o :l:::jll:,,::ll3;::ili:ljl,j,3l:"
,ubaru cL tl,agolr (qWOj. --' ,
.
January 1978, p.37_39,
4l_43.
(84) ,,Off_Road
Bash,,, by R. ,J.
O,Rourke
or rn,,"
"if;ii{li;,ii,iil:,",
;,:i;:.
;:*
;;''i:';:;,;:;iIu::nj.iff
i:ilTll]r"".an
,}ilii
informar orf_road resr
December 1978, p.
F.
AUTOCAR
(FL )
" l,tew
g8_99.
Romance , " by Colin
Taylor
Describes
the virtues
of the Land Rover.
cations
w h i c h can be made
Discusses modifi_
ror comfort
ne\r seats and nuos,
and sarety, incl
and a t:elsfze hard_top
u dj n q
root.
May 1974, p. XfV_XV.
G.
?RATLER AND RV
TRAVEL
t"t'
o;o;::r;'"':5:"o=
fests
row vehicles:
HowDo rhey Measure
up?,,
t h"ei o it ;o"w;i.n:o- : 1.P
' fhi:Ir i_t,-irvr ,,n
of rour ott modcls:
chc\'1'olet
Trave-ler. o."o^n"o1 Rlymouth-rr;;; '1
and r'rr' scout
handrins rr.n unJ"l?t""pti"nt ;;;';.""ttnr'
nr.r.',
":!:iru!i.i;i'.
;::ii:lt"
J"
;"
:::"'ifij.;"il':.Hi:::t;"
;i:ii:l
August 1978, p.59_62
B-6
(G2) "woodallrs
'77 Sport Trucks"
Guide to the
Presents a market guide to the 1977 sports trucks,
including
vehicles,
the sports-utility
The vehicles covered include:
Jeep Wagoneer, Ford Bronco, Dodge Ramcharger, Plymouth Trail
DusLer, I.H. Scout, Jeep CJ-5 and CJ-7, Jeep Cherokee,
C h e v r o l e t B l a z e r , a n d C M CJ i m m i ' .
,$
F e b r u a r y L 9 7 7, p .
73-77.
H.
POPUI.AROFF-ROADING
(Hl)
"Driving
ii
7
:
I
Impression:
Subaru Brat,"
by Brian
Brennan
presents
Discusses on and off the road driving
impressions.
fulI specifications
on engine, body, axle and suspension,
brakes, and other systems for t.he 1978 model.
June I978, p.
(H2) "Driving
!
f:
34-39-
Impression:
cMC Jinuny Desert Fox,"
Discusses on and off the road driving
specifications
and a trailering
guide
by Brian
Brennan
presents
impressions.
for the ]978 modei.
June 1978,p.48-53.
.n
I
,ptli
I.
FOUR WHEELER
(r1)
"Jeep Wagoneer," by BiII
Sanders
.i
Tests the J-978modeI.
Discusses powertrain,
ride, handling, and braking,
Presents full
> rn r^ u
u
narf^rman^a
|Jrr
i^
fiL.,,lr-
.^rh
.
'
r
;
1978, p. 64-68.
July
(I2)
rr ur lL- fi rnr n9 cJ
performance,
specifications
" G M CJ i m r n y D e s e r t F o x , "
by Julian
G. Schlidt
,*
Tests
the 1978 mode1.
ridp
h:nd
and
l i ncr
oerformancc
:nd
Discusses powertrain,
hr:I.inn
rafinos
i n
Droc-nFc
fahrrl^r
F,,l l
performance,
-evnEou n i rF Ii n r t i n - -
icrm.
;.
;:
J u n e 1 9 7 8 , p . 4 0 - 4 4(13) "Toyota FJ-40 Land Cruiser, " by Julian
Tests the L97B modeI.
rido
:nri
hrndl.inl-]
norf
nrm
>nA
rdf,.In9s
Schmidt
Discusses povrertrain,
l-,rrL- i nn
. i- ^ -
c.
r; n^
June 1978,p.75-80.
Dr^c^Ft--
caDuldr
..'l
rornr.
I
performance,
J- I. /\ U^ !^ .
ii^-F;^^^
I I
ri
J
x:
o-t
J.
HOUSE AND GARDEN
(J1)
"Auto Suggestions:
The Jeep and Beyond,,,
by Richard and Jean Taylor
Discusses some of the reasons for thc popularj.ty of 4Wit
presents price. Iength, basc
vehicles.
engrne/ mrleage,
and weight for twenty-one 4wD models.
June 1978, p.
32, 35-36,
CONSUMER
REPORTS
tr\r,
"4-wheel-Drive
Utility
Vehicles "
Tests five L972 4wDmode.ls: the Chevrolet BLazer,
the I-fi.
Scout fI, the Jeep Commando.the Ford Bronco,
a n d t h e : f o,y o i a
Land Cruiser.
Discusses safety, comfort. handling, ancl
presents fulI
braking.
specifications
and performance data
i-n tabular form.
September 1972, p.
.iii!!:-
598-605.
L.
OFF- ROAD
(L1)
"The Toyota
Land Cruiser,,'
by Tom Ma(ligan
Tests the 1973 Land Cruiser (soft-top).
Discusses tires,
presents specifications
brakes, and handling.
in t;;;i",
form.
May I973, p. 38-41.
(L2) 'A Touch of cl,ass",
by Oon Emmons
Discusses the parmley fiberglass
body kit for the Jeep CJ_5,
and notes that different
tops and roll_bars
are avaifali".
April
l-974, p.
(L3) "4wD Clinic",
42-45.
by Bruce Eikelberger
Discusses the differences
vehrcles.
Divides utility
on size of vehicle.
betrreen pickup
vehiclei intb
July I974, p. 14-15.
B-8
trucks and utiltity
three groups basecl
.
(L4) "Introducing
|75 4wD vehicles,
the
" by Tom t'ladigan
;E
Presents pictures and brief descriptions
of the vehicles.
the Plymouth Trail
The following rnodels are included:
Duster, the Jeep Wagoneer, the Dodge Ramcharger, the Ford
Bronco, the Chevrolet Blazer, the Jeep Cherokee "S",
and the Jeep cJ-5.
November 1974, p.
(L5)
"Road Test:
"Road Test:
20-23.
Scout fraveler."
by John Lar^'ler
Scout ff," by Kevin Smith
r!
offer
Two tests presented side-by-side
a comparison bemodels.
Traveler is
tween these International
Larger-size
rated againsL the Scout II in handling and general uL-iljty;
some technical
discussion primarily
centering on drivetrains.
Complete specifications
for both vehicles.
I v l a r c h1 9 7 9 , p .
!{.
(MI)
50-64, 95, 106.
HANDBOOK
MOTORCAJVIPING
"Four-Ialheel
Drive
Reviews several
Pr^h-^
/nnfoq
-
1978,"
by Dick
f97B model utility
-^mnlat-o
rozlacinn
inrr\
Fosdick
vehicles,
\
cMa
including
.-Iimm\'
Ford
ahal/r^l6l-
Blazer and Suburban, AMC Jeep and Cherokee modcls, Chrysler's
Trail
Duster,
Toyota Land
Dodge Ramcharger and Pflmouth
and International
Harvester's
Cruiser,
Scout and Traveler.
particularly
options.
engine and
Notes numerous availabfe
revlsions
drivetrainr
also indicates
and changes over I977
lnode L s for all
makes-
,!:ir-;
'E
7
p.83-86.
N.
(NI)
ROAD AND TRACK
"Jeep wagoneer Limited, " by Thos L- Bryant
wagoneer.
Examines the special
edition
Options such as
Turbo Hydra-matic transmission,
air conditioning,
aluminum
wheels, cruise control,
AM/FM stero/CB radio and many others
^ro
l-o^.1.f
aA
^^A
August 1978, p.
q^DA
i hcha-l-p.l
usual road Lest topics
:+f
oh+
i nn
ni
rren
l-^
of performance and handling.
iha
li
48-50.
: i
b-v
O.
{OI )
WOODALLIS TRAILER AND R\I TRAVEL
"16rit]n
with
the
Jeep
CJ-7, ,' by Larry
Examines
Green
the Jeep CJ-7 as a tow-vehicfe
from a camperr s
,l tSCUsses
vrcw, u
performance
and handling
with
some attention
given to interior
comfort.
h^;nt-
^f
rriaL'.
March 1979, p.
57-59.
;iiilio.
8-10
I.
BOOKS
The Jeep'
edited
by Bart
Presents a detailed
used in l^iortd [Var f f
book are devoted to
of Lhe
descriptions
photographs.
H- vanderveen
Jeeps
sketch of the rnilitary
historical
(
A
e
n
d
o
f
t
h
e
f ew pages near the
.
Detailed
versions' )
the early civilian
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
e
d
a
l
o
ng with
Jeeps are
military
Warne
Frederick
Organization,
by the Olyslager
Compiled
London and New York, 1972, 64 p.
Co. Ltd.,
fB
Pour
j
t
di'
;
&
ln/heel Drive
of 16 four-wheel
book is devoted to eval-uations
Most of this
(I) the
cover:
b
o
o
k
t
h
e
c
h
a
P
t
e
r
s
i
n
other
drive vehicles.
(
2
)
v
e
h
i
c
l
e
s
,
tips
4
w
D
of
rol-e of the Jeep in the history
(
3
)
p
u
l
l
i
n
g
in
t
r
a
i
l
e
r
s
t
i
p
s
o
n
4WDvehicl-es,
on driving
p
i
c
k
up
(
4
)
f
o
r
4
W
D
k
i
t
s
conversion
and
settings,
off-road
t
h
e
d
i
s
c
u
s
s
lon
tested,
For each of the 16 vehicles
trucks.
A
l
s
o
d
i
s
c
u
s
s
e
s
and body.
drivel-.ine,
covers the chassis,
specifiPresents full
impressions.
driving
on and off-road
v
ehicles.
f
o
r
t
h
e
t
e
s
t
performance data, and ratings
cations,
f
o
l
l
o
w
i
n
g
:
a
r
e
t
h
e
t
e
s
t
e
d
Anong the I975-1977 vehicles
Blazer,
Dodqe Van Charger, Ford Bronco, I.H. scout
Chevrolet
Jeep CJ-?. Jeep Wagoneer, and Plymouth
II,
cherokee Chief,
Tra i I Duster.
t
'ti*
Peterson
IC
Publishing
.the Land-Rover:
Co.,
Los AngeIes,
!{orkhorse
of
I976,
the world,
144 p.
by Graham Robson
Describes
the deve loPment of the Land Rover.
Discusses
t
h
e sPecific
o
m
P
a
r
e
s
R
o
u
e
r
r
a
n
d
of the Land
the features
Prew
i
I
l
Y
s
JeeP.
t
h
e
R
o
v
e
r
r
^
r
i
t
h
of the 1947 Land
cations
(
I
9
6
4
1
9
7
4
)
f
o
r
i
n
s
a
l
e
s
y
e
a
r
b
Y
sents sa]es statistics
England and abroad.
Nertlon
David and Charles,
1
4
3 P.
L
9
7
6
,
Vancouver ,
Abbot,
London,
North
Pomfret
(VT) '
t
:'
B - lI
II
REPATR MANUALS
C H I L T O N T SR e p a i r
and Tune_Up Guide:
If
A.
Blazer,
Ir
B.
Bronco (1966_1973)
II
C.
fI
D.
If
D.
Jeep Unj-versal (CJ_3,
CJ_5, CJ_G, cJ_7; I953_197e)
Jeep Wagoneer, Conunando
and Cherokee (1966_1974)
International
scout (800' 800A,
8008. scout rr,
1967-rg73)
Jirruny (1969_1973)
(The Repair Guides
i
vehrc-[es ' includino ::]:9t
generaL infor
idenrif
icai;;;;"#;
#:i"'i:iijit;:j;:lr, :::i:liiiin::.
rdenti
chilton
Book companyr
Radnor,
I- t2
pennsylvanra.
f ica t ion , )
UTILITY
VEHICLE ACCIDENTS: MICIIIGAN AND wAsTIINGTON
The tables
statistics
crashes
tables
in
in
are
sorne of
I'lichigan
the
always
characteristics
crashes
The sum of
equal
pages provide
following
and washington.
based on 6.599
washington.
does not
'iiir::.
for
shown on the
100.0
the
utirity
The percentaqes
in
Michigan
individuar
percent
of
vehicle
shown in
and I,456
percentages
becar:se of
detailed
in
roundinq.
the
crashes
a corurnn
l
TABLECI
C H A M C T E R i S TO
I CFS
U T I L I T YV E H I C LCER A S H E S
l'lichiqan
Hour of Day
:$!!
M i d n i g h t t o 0 1: 0 0 A M
0 l : 0 0 A M- 0 2 : 0 0A l 4
02:00M-03:00A1'l
0 3 : 0 0 / W - 0 4 : 0 0A M
0 4 : 0 0A M- 0 5 : 0 0A M
0 5 : 0 0 A M- 0 6 : 0 0 A l 4
0 6 : 0 0A M- 0 7 : 0 0A M
07:00M-08:00AM
08:00M-09:00AM
09:00M-10:00M
I 0 : 0 0A M- l l : 0 0 M
l l : 0 0 A M- N o o n
Noonto 0l : 00 Pl'4
0 l : 0 0 P M- 0 2 : 0 0P M
0 2 : 0 0 P M- 0 3 : 0 0 P l ^ 4
0 3 : 0 0P M- 0 4 : 0 0P M
0 4 : 0 0 P l 4- 0 5 : 0 0 P M
0 5 : 0 0 P l 4- 0 6 : 0 0 P M
0 6 : 0 0P M- 0 7 : 0 0P M
0 7 : 0 0 P M- 0 8 : 0 0 P M
0 8 : 0 0 P M- 0 9 : 0 0 P M
0 9 : 0 0 P M- 1 0 : 0 0 P M
l0:00 Pl'l- ll :00 Pl'l
l l : 0 0 P t ' -l M i d n i g h t
N o t A s c e r t a ni e d
3 .0 z
3 .I
l
7
0.9
[.lashjnqton
4.6%
,{
5-I
J ..+
'I
2
n o
n o
L-q
J.f,
J.9
3.6
1 7
+.5
.+.o
) - I
:
4.8
7 f }
d . o
F
? o
4.1
J ..1
3.8
5.f,
d i
n
l
n n
Day of lleek
Sunday
Monday
Tuesday
l,lednesday
Thursday
Friday
Saturday
N o t A s c e r t ai n e d
I
12.8%
12.8
t a , L
1 n
.1.tr
8.2
6.5
0.0
13.9C
12.0
il.9
Ii.9
14.6
1 7. ?
t8 . 6
0.0
r00.0%
( c o n t in u e d)
TABLECI
( c o n t in u e d)
Michiqan
l . l a s ihn q t o n
P o p ual t i o n o f Ci t y
0ver 250,000
100,000- 250,000
5 0 , 0 0 0- t 0 0 , 0 0 0
2 5 , 0 0 0- 5 0 , 0 0 0
i 0 , 0 0 0- 2 5 , 0 0 0
5 , 0 0 0- 1 0 , 0 0 0
2 , 5 0 0s,000
U n d e r2 , 5 0 0
Townsh
i ps
M i s s i n gD a t a
5. 8 %
6.6
8.1
8.8
5. I
o
1a/
t0.6
2.3
9.3
11.7
3.0
4.2
3.5
5 0 .I
0.0
?.8
0.0
4 9 .0
10 0 .0 %
I 0 0 .0 %
RoadSurface
Dry
Het
Snow
45.3y.
J1
1
liinn
0t her
Not Ascertai ned
a
'
n 2
n 1
'I
00.0%
I 0 0 .0 %
L i g h t C o nidt i o ns
Dayli ght
Dawnon Dusk
Darknesw
s ith Street
Lights
D a r k n e sw
s it h o ut
Street Lights
Not Ascelta i ned
EO ?4
60.9%
4.1
I u. f,
20.2
74
148
.
0.0
A
10 0 .0 %
( c o n t in ue d)
TABLECI
(conti nued)
inqton
M i c h i g a n I,|ash
'l{eather
Clear or Cl oudy
Raining
Snowing
Fo9
0ther or
N o t A s c e r t ai n e d
74.61
8.6
1 6 i.
0.7
7 7. 2 1
r5.6
0.0
0.2
I 00.0g
I 0 0 .0 X
4.1
D r i n k in g o r U s e o f
Drugs by the Dri ver
HadTakenAl cohol
or Drugs
Had Not Taken
Al cohol or Drugs
Not Ascertai ned
14.?%
14.6%
82.0%
3.9
5t.J
I 00.0z
48.?%
I 00.0%
?"rit
I
:
Regression
I,4ultjple
The results
regression
from
data
accident
l4ichigan
Dl- and D2.
Tabfes
are
of
dichotornous.
Equations
All
are
used as
analys.is,
one category
the
A11 independcnt
zero.*
at
significant
vaf ue one or
Sj-mple Correlalions
variables
These coefficients
-1
from
such a result
as
itself,
equation
the
is
around
this
regress:,on
cqual
the
to
are
tables
confidence.
case
two
of
independent
along
the
of
value
in
correla-.ion;
If
a
in
the
one variable
variables
because
.
variables
higher,
between
has been correlated
diagonal
predictor
cor-
variables.
can varv
+1 shows perfect
a variabJ-e
.90 or
studl,
of
(or simple)
The statistic
No independent
in
t\rhen clurur.]'
can be sct
of
equ.rtions
the 1eve1 of association
A correlation
between
redundant.
equations
indicate
means that
is
correlation
between pairs
variallles.
+1.
to
thc
Between Independent Variables
coefficients
r-ha ih.r6n6h^6h+
shown i:r
in
shown in
levet
using
zero.
Tab]es D3 and D4 show the zero-order
relation
in
variables
each cfass
95 pcrcent
the
are
included
independent
in
conducted
and l,lashington
varial:les
having
variables
analyses
were
high
simple
same
would
removed
v,.ith
be
from
zero-order
correlaticn.
*When the dependent variable
is dichotomous the equations are
functions.
Also. multipe reoften called Iinear probability
gression with a dependent variable
to two values is
limited
nlncclrr
!r c6 pn u. \! r l -
e
relarad
f h^i-
crr.h
rn
di scriminanf
m
i nr 1t J^ a E
r . r, ru ' rl ! u
:nalvqi
rFe6Y^ rr ^ ^ -s ;5^s- a u r r
q
^^">l-i-nc
EvuGurvlr
r:h-ih^
:^,
nr^a11-6
r/!vuuuL
t.r^r^?n
reh. ar e
results
as l-inear discriminant
functions
same statistical(John B. Lansing anc
when classification
errors
are minimized
James N. l{organ, Economic Survey I.lethods. Institute
for Sc:ial
Research, The University
of Michigan.
I971, pp. 300-301).
**For
a discussion
of the mathematical
probasis for this
"The
Daniel
see:
B. Suits,
:n
cedure,
Use of Dummy VariabLe
Equations, " Journal
of The American Statistical
Regression
VoJ-. 52. t
AssociaLion,
D-2
TABLI DI
I { U L T I P LR
EE G R E S S I 0 N
t I :I C H I G A N
D e p e n d e nVta r i a b l e ( Y ) :
U t i l i t y V e h i c l e C r a s h =,l a n d
P as s e n g e rC a r C r a s h = 0
M u tl i p l e c o r r e l a t i o n r a t i o ( R )
N u m b eor f c as e s 8 , 0 0 0
.4?
&
;t
l { u l t i p l e d e t e r m j n a t i o nr a t j o ( R a ) . 1 8
Consta
nt term
.03
I n d e p e n d e nVt a r ja b l e
Coefficient
St a n d ar d
Error
{.
S i m p el
T
Correlation
Ratio
tlith Y
I
E n vi r o n m e n tIa C h a r a c t e r si t i c s
( x r)
U p p e rP e n i n s u l a
( X : ) NorthernLower
P e n ni s u la
( x . )C u r v ei n R o a d
( x ; lS n o wo r l c e
o n R o a dS u r f a c e
T o w n s hpi
( x i lC i t y S i z e :
u n d e r 25 , 0 0 0
( X z )C i t y S i z e :
.19
.02
9.1
.19
.05
.02
.01
r0.0
a.z
.o7
.il
.01
.02
9.3
15.6
.l ri
.17
. to
.ul
l 0.6
.08
.02
4.9
.18
.16
.01
.01
.01
, . J
fY-\
2q nnn-oq aaq
ti
-tf,
.16
1' )
.uo
D r i v e r C h a r a c t e rsi t i c s
( X A )A g e :
20'?9
30-39
(xn) S e x : l 4 ael
( x ; )A g e :
.t5
I t
o (
.06
T h eE q u a t i o nY = . 0 3+ . 1 9 X 1+ . 1 9 X , + . 1 5 X 3+ . i l X 4 + . 2 3 X s
+ . I 8 X 5 + . 0 8 X 2+ . l B X e . ' . l 6 X s + . 2 3 X 1 e
:
il
D-3
TABLED2
M U L T I P LREE G R E S S I O IN, I: A S H I N G T O N
V ta r i a b l e( Y ) :
Dependen
U t j l i t y V e h i c i eC r a s h =' l a nd
P as s e n g e rC a r C r a s h = 0
Multiple correiation ratio (R)
l{um
ber of cases 2,740
.38
M u l t i p l e d e t e r m i n a t i o nr a t i o ( R 2 ) . , l 4
.?4
Consta nt term
I n d e o e n d e nV
t a r i a b le
C oe f f i c i e n t
T
Standard
R at i o
Error
SimPle
Correlation
tlith Y
D r i v e r C h a r a c t e rsi t i c s
( x r )Sex:
Ie
l*4a
( X r ) Age: 20-29
( x ): A g e :
30-39
( x q )A g e : 6 0 - 6 9
( X s )A E e : 70 - 79
12
.l4
-.18
1 0
( x e )o c c u p a t i o n :
Skilled,
Semi-skilled
.07
.02
.02
.03
.05
.07
I t
n
no
1' I
'ln
.03
E n v i r o n m e n It a C h a r a c t e r si t i c s
( x z) Rura l
( x r)' lC i t y S i z e :
0 0 , 0 0 0o r m o r e
( x o )C u r v ei n R o ad
(xio)S n o wo r I c e o n
R o a dS u r f a c e
( n
.il
.02
A
.UU
.02
.03
. lI
.04
.t.o
tq
C
z.o
. 1 8 x 4- . l 8 x s
T h e E q u a t i o n \ = . 2 4 + . 2 2 X 1+ . 1 2 X 2+ . l 4 X 3
+ . 0 7 X 5+ . l l X z - . l o X B + . 0 8 X e+ . 1 7 X 1 9
D-4
TABLE03
VARIABLES
: I'1ICHI GAN
INDEPENOENT
BETI^/EEN
SI14PLECORRELATION
Xrr\
x(s)
Xrr\
+.?3 -,14
- .00
- .o2
.04
.09
-.'|6
.0.|
.04
.04
.17
- .04
- .07
.04
-.03
.03
.14
.05
-.09
.03
.o2
.01
I .00
-.40
-.43
.ul
.05
.05
I .00
- .24
- .00
-.02
.00
n,
- .05
- .03
l 00
-.35
.04
-.09
.05
.15
.04
L 00
.12
.09
.]9
I .00
.03
l 00
x(q)
* (s )
*(e)
A/r\
__t:t
^fE\
\ J/
"(6)
Xtrr
x(s)
x(g)
x ( ro )
CRASH
CHARACTERISTICS
( X t)
(X)
U p p e rP e n i n s u l a
l , J o r t h e rLno w e rP e n i s u l a
( X 3 ) C u r v ei n t h e R o a d
( X q ) S n o wo r I c e o n t h e R o a dS u r f a c e
(xs) Township
( X O ) C i t y s i z e i s u n d e r2 5 , Q 0 0( p o p u l a t i o n )
( x z ) C i t y s i z e i s 2 5 , 0 0 0 - 9 9 , 9 9( p9o p u l a t i o n )
( X e ) A g eo f d r i v e r i s 2 0 - 2 9y e a r s
( X g ) A g eo f d r i v e r i s 3 0 - 3 9y e a r s
( X., I\4al
e Driver
O)
Xtrn\
xrot
1.00
,
"(7)
ki
-__l-:1
\
x ( )r
Xtrt
X r| ' r,
I .00
i
' 1v
\ J l
'I
.00
- .02
I .00
t
*
i.
TABLED4
SIMPLECORRELAT]ON
BETI,IEEN
I N D E P E N D IV
NATR I A B L E SI:, I A S H I N G T O N
btalo
^ ( )r
'|
^/r\
^/q.\
"(6) azl
"(B)
^Y ( e )
Y
_"(-lo)
.07
- .0l
-.02
.01
..l5
.09
-.03
.08
.02
I .00
- .35
-.ts
-.10
.08
.03
- .02
.05
.03
l 00
-.t0
-.07
.05
.02
-.03
-.00
.02
1. 0 0
- .03
-.03
-.01
.02
-.06
- .05
I .00
-.05
-.02
.00
-.04
-.04
i.00
-.0i
-.03
.00
.04
"(7
)
"(8)
1 . 0 0 -.35
.32
'l.00 -.15
.24
-.1I
t(s)
1.00
.i3
"(2)
.00
x(r)
"(4)
x(s)
*(o)
t ( ro )
I .00
CRASH
CHARACTERISTICS
(Xt)
M a l eD r i v e r
(xz)
A g e o f D r i v e r i s 2 0 - 2 9years
(X:)
A g e o f D ri v e r i s 3 0 - 3 9y e a n s
(Xq)
A g e o f D r i v e r i s 6 0 - 6 9y e ar s
(XS)
A g e o f D r i v e r i s 7 0 - 7 9y e a r s
(xO)
Skilled or Semi-skilIed
wor ker
( x z) R u r a lA r e a
( X e ) C i t y s i z e i s . l 0 0 , 0 0o0r m o r e ( p o p u al t i o n
)
(X9)
C u r v ei n t h e R o a d
( X l O ) S n o wo r I c e o n t h e R o a d
D-6
APPROXIMATE
SAMPLING
ERROR
S o m eo f t h e f i n d i n g s j n t h i s r e p o r t a r e b a s e do n s a m p l ef i 1 e s .
F o r T e x a s ,b o t h u t i l i t y v e h i c l ea n d p a s s e n g ecra r c r a s n e sr e p r e s e n t
f i v e p e r c e n to f t h e t o t a l n u m b eor f c r a s h e s . A f i v e p e r c e n ts a m p l e
f i i e w a sa l s o u s e dj n t h e a n a l y s i so f t h e t o t a l v e h i c l e c r a s h e si n
Michigan.
Because
s o m eo f t h e f i n d i n g s a r e b a s e do n p r o b a b i il t y s a m p l e s o
, ne
c a n e s t i m a t et h e r a n g eo f e r r o r d u e t o t h e f a c t t h a t a s a m p l ei n s t e a d
of a total universe was ana)yzed. Someapproximatesampling errors for
d i f f e r e n t p e r c e n t a g easr e p r e s e n t e di n t h e t a b l e .
TABLEEI
APPROXII4ATE
SAI'IPLING
ERRORS
OF PERCENTAGES*
Reportedpercentagesaround:
Numberof Interviews
?0
5U
100
200
500
I,000
5, 0 0 0
10 , 0 0 0
4 0, 0 0 0
50
30 0r 70
20 0r 80
l0 0r g0
30.0
14.2
10.0
2 1. 4
13.0
17.8
il.4
8.0
5.6
3.6
2.4
Ll
.8
i3.4
7.0
4.4
3.2
1.4
i.0
.5
9.2
6.8
4.1
3.0
1.3
.9
.4
.4
8.5
6.0
4.2
2.7
1.9
.8
.6
.3
* T h e s a m p l i n ge r r o r d o e s n o t m e a s u r et h e a c t u a l e r r o r t h a t i s
i n v o l v e d i n s p e c i f i c m e a s u r e m e n t s .I t s h o w st h a t - e x c e p t f o r
n o n - s a m ipnl g e r r o r s , e r r o r s i n r e p o r t j n g , i n i n t e r p r e t a t i o n ,
e t c . - - d i f f e r e n c e s l a r g e'rl 0t0h.a n t h o s e f o u n d i n t h e t a b l e w i l l
arise in only 5 cases in
E-2
1
:
APPENDIX F
EXCERPTS FROI,IFEDERAL REGULATIONS:
l) Part 523 - Vehicle Classification
533 -
2)
Part
3)
49cFR57I.3
Average
-
Fuel
fconomy
FllvsS Definitions
!
;
ti..ti!.;
Jvly ?8.;et7
P A R T5 2 3 _ V E H I C L EC T A S S I F I C A T I O N
5ec.
523.1
5<ope.
523.?
Definilions.
523,3
A utomobiles.
523-4
Po:senger ot lomobiles.
523.5
Nonpossenger ov lomobiles.
,\UTIIOFII'\-; Scc.301.Pub. L. 9{-103.S0
).
.Strr.001 ( I 5 tl.S.C.9001
S 523.1 S<ope.
T h i s p a l r e s t r b l i s l r c sc n t c g o r i e so f r c h i c l c s t h a t
ate subjcct to Titlc Y of tirc Jlotor \-ehiclc In.
folriration rrid Co-.tSatirrgs -{ct. 15 U.-s.C.9001
?t. Ecq.
g 523-2 D efln ition!.
r ' . - \ p p l o l c ) r n n g l e ' ' r r r c a n st l r e s t n a l l e s tr n g l c . i n
a p l n n s i d c r - i c l ' o f a n a u t o n r o b i l c .f o l r n e d b - r ' t l r c
l e r - e ls r r l f n c c o n l - h i c l t t h e a L r t o n t o b i l ci s s t r n d i n g
and a line tr))gcnt to thc ft'ont tire static loarled
rndius alc ancl touclting the rrntlcrsirlcof thc
a u t o n r o b i l ef o r n ' t r d o f t h c f r o n t t i l e .
" - - l r l e c l c a r ' : r n c c "n r e a n s t h e l e r t i c a l d i s t a n c c
flonr the lercl srtrflce on rr')tic)r rn lutontobilc is
stfln(ling t() tllc louest lroint on tlrc arle di{icre n t i n l o f t l r e a ut o : u o L r i l c ,
"Rrenkolel
rngle" rncans the supp)eucnt of
the l$rgest anglc. in tltc p)an side r-ierr of rn
arrtorrobilc. tlrxt cflr) be. fo|rned bv trto lines
trnge)lt to tl'e frort arrd lcar stlrtic loarled rldii
alcs antl intcr':cctils lt :r lroint on the undersido
o f t l r e a r :t o r n o l r i l e .
to nhich ncitlrcl of llro:c t.r'nlsrpph. "cullo
c a l r ' . r ' i l g l r , l u r r c " n r t r r t r .t l r l t r r t l l r , o l r r r l c i n c r r b i l
f e c t l o r r r r < l r rrl o t l l c l c i r l o : l O . l c u b i c l c c l o f e i t l r c r
a n a r r t o l r o l r i l cs c n c l o : r ' , 1t t . r r r . r , r t t i r gs y r n c tt l u r t i s
i n t t r < l c d 1 ; r i r r r r l i l rf r r r c r l t l i n : l c a l g o u n t l i s t r o l
l l c c c : : i l i l e I r o D t t l r c I ) r l : _ i a n : j c cl o l | l l ) r t t l t l c n l . o l t l r e : P l c c i r r { o r r r l c rP
! l i t n r r : ' i l . rf' o r c l l l t i ; r g c ' a r g , ,
b o r r n d c r li n t i r c f r o n t l r l r t l e r t i c : r l p ) l n e t ) r a t i s
p c r ' p . ' n r l i c r i ) rllo t l r c l o n g i t r r , l i n l l c c n i c r ' l i u oo f
l l r c r t r t o r r r o l r i l1c 1 1 , l1r r r : : c st l u r ) n g l r I l r r r l r r ' l t o s l
p o i n t o n l l r c t c : n r r o s l : r . i l i l r r l c l : r . r | l r c l r ,l ) \ t l r c
r ru t u r r r o b i l sc i r ) r c r i u r ' : . u r f i r c e : .
"Culb rrciglri" is dcfirrcd the :lrnc rs "r'chicL.
crrrb rreig)rt" il l0 CFII I'rrrt S0.
" I ) e p a t t r r r t . : r n g ) c ' ' r r r c l : r , .t h e s r n r l ) e s t r n g l c .
i n a 1 . ' l o ns i t l c l i c l ' o f r l a u t o r r o L i l c . { o l n r c r l b l
t h c l e l e l s r r f r c c o n r r ' l r i c l r t l r e : r i r I o r r r r r i r i l li s
s t r n r i i r ) gr r r < li l l i D ( ' t i l l r g c r ) t o t h c n ' u I t i | e s r r t i c
l o a c i r c ll a d i r s a l c l n , l t . , r t c l r i t r gt l r c r r t r , l e l s i d co f
t l r c r r r l o r r o l , i l el c r l r l i r t ' l o { t l r c r r ' : r tt i r e " G r o s s v e h i c l e s c i g J : t : n t i r r l " n r c a n st l r c v a l r r c
s y r e c i f i e t lh l t l r e : r l n u i r c t r r l e r l - c t h c l o : r d e r l
rrcirjrr of r singlc lehicir.
" P i r s s c n g c r ' - c a t nj n g l o ) t u u e " r t r t . l n st h c s r r r r ro f
tlrc front scat volrrrc rrnd. if lnr'. retr soll
l o l u r n c . : r s r l o f i n c d i r 1 0 C F R 6 r ) 0 . : 1 1 ;i .n t l r e c l s c
o f a r r t o r r r o l r i l ctso r r . l r j c l rl l r : l t t r l r r a p p l i c : . \ \ - i t ) r
lesp('ct to:rutorrrobilc,.to rrlriclt tllrt lell) (l(x's
n o t a p p l 1 . ' ' p a s s c n : r c r ' - c l r t ' t . l i n gv o l t t t t t t , " t u t , r r '
t ) r e s r r r n i n c u b i c f e c t , r o t i t r d t ' r lt o t l r e n ( ' a r e i t 0 . 1
c u b i c f e e t . o f t ) r e v o J r r n r eo f a l e h i c l c ' s f r o n l s o r l
nn(l setts lo tllc re:ll of tlic ftrtnt scilt. irs :ll)'
p l i c l c l e . c a ) c r r l a t e r l r r s f , - r l l , r r \ ' 'r v i t l r t l r c l r c l r l
r o o n r . s l r o r r l , l e l I o o r r t . : i t : d I e g t ' o , r n rr l i t n c n s i , t n .
d e t e r - : n i n c r li n n c c o l r l : r r r c e ' r l i t l r t h e l l t r x : r l t t : r . .
lolunre" :reans the luggagt
o
rrtliled ir t,t"1o1.' .'f -\rrtorlotilc Engintcr'r
o
l
t
t
l
r
r
'
itt'lcr. rs rll lol'ri:rto.
capacitr ol crr'.1u
I
i
a n d a s t h o s e t c r r ) r si u . ed c f i r c d i n + 0 C F n 6 0 ( - 1 . 3 1 . 1 . e c o l t r r r e n , l r r l P r a c r i c c . l l t 0 r l ; r . l J o t o r \ - e l : i c l ,
Dirrensiorrs (Rcpolt of I-lrr:nln Fnctors litrgi'
i n t h e c a : e o f a u t o t n o l ) i l c st o l i r i c h e i t h c r o f
n t ' e r i n g C o r r r r r r i t t c eS. o c i c l . r 'o f - \ t t t o r r r o t i t e E n g i those lerrrrs nppl-r. \\-ith rcsl)cct to arrtonrobilc:.
"Cargo-crnlinv
P-\RT 523-1
F-?
!
.
Ii..liY.:
J!ly
28.
l9Z7
n e c r s . i l l ) l , r n \ . o , lS c I t c l : i l c : l l i j j l r r r l l r : l l e \ . i : ( , 1
l c p l c l l | l r l I { r i ' , .)
( r ) F o r - f r r , r ' r . \ ' : r r \ ' , i , r r r r ( ., i ; r i r l c I . i l S i r r t , '
ilI
\\'hi,ir-
t it ls rltc,l t|l,rtc tltrttt ft.(x\t lxtlll)(l: !'loss \'{'gl1):I r i c l c r | c i : i r t . l , r l t l c . s t l l r t t l l l ) . 1 ) ( i l{))r ' l l t l l l :
v c l r i c l c r ' .c i g l r t .
thc plorluct r.f tlrc fol)orrirrg S-\1, dirrrt'nsir.'n'.
i i i ) l r a t r ' y r t ' , r lr , ' ) r i 'l l f o t ' r t l t i , l r t l r t - \ t l t r t i t r n r c a s r r t c di r t i n r ' l r t ' : t. o l l r c t l { ' l t t c s l t ) . 1 i t l c i r c s .l r r i
i i t r l r o r t l c t c r t t t i t l ( ' sl l.t ) , 1 | t; , r t rt t : 1 1 : t 1 i' lltr ) o f t l r i s
r . o u n t ll l r r : ( l l l o l j c n l t ( r t l t t ' t r e l t - e s tl - 1 . 0 0c1l l b i c J c c i
scction. :tvcl:rgc fttcl ccttrttttllr'sllrllrlll(l: llo
( l ) I I 0 l - D f l t ' c t i l c l r c : t i lr o o t t t - f t o t r t .
f c a s i l t l c .t n , l
(2) 11"J-Slrotrlrlerroorrr-Ironi.
(iii)(--f ) Is a t1'pe of lclric)t: for rvlriclr tlrc
elicctilc leg t'oont-acccl(3) L:l{-llaxirnutn
. \ d r l i n i s t r l t o r c l c t c r r t r i t t c r. t. : l , l c r l t l r I l r g l : r 1 ' l(rl r )
er:rtor.
o f t h i s s t ' c t i o t l . l t l c l l g c f t l c J c c o t l o t t ) \ '- c t a n ' l l t t l '
r r . i l l r t s r r l t t n : i r l i l l c a l t t c l l c l g ! r " o t ) : l( r ' l r l i r ) I l ( t l '
(l-r) For llrr lolttnrc ol ;eats to tltc reltr of tlrr
(13) Is l tr'ptrof ltl:iclc rllticlr iltc -\rlrrrinis'
f r o t . s e : r t . d i v i d c 1 . ? 9 , si n t o t h e p | o d r r c t o f t l r c
jtt ittcltc:
t
t
t
e
a
s
u
r
.
c
C
S
'
\
I
l
t
l
i
r
r
r
c
n
s
i
o
n
s
.
I | t l t o r ' ( l ( ' l ( , 1 - r ) r i l l ctst t. r t l c t l x t t a l . l t l r P l r ( b ) o f t h i s
follorting
q
r
t
o
t
i
c
n
r
t
i
t
c
t
o
l
l
t
r
t
l
a
n
r
l
scctior, i. srrllstllrrtialll ttsctl fot tltc sittttcpur'
to tl)e nctrcst 0.1 inclres.
p o s c s t s t t ' i t i c l t ' . t l r : : c l i l i , ' , 1i r r p r r l a g r r l p ) l ( l t ) ( 1 )
t o t l r c t r c a t c s t0 . 0 0 1c r r b i c f t c t .
o f t ) r i s s c c ti o t t .
(1) II63-Dflcctivc ltc:rtl roont'-sccorrd.
(9) \\'{-Shorr
(3) L5l-lIi:r
lder t'oont-sccot:tl.
i r r r r r t rc) i l r ( ' t i v ( : l c g I o o n l - s c c o t r d
"Ilrnning
c l c a t a n c c " t : t e l n s t h c c l i s t a n c cf r < . r l r r
o
rt s'hiclt rt: :rulottlobilcis stanclitlg
s
r
r
r
f
a
c
e
the
p < . , i t tor r l t ) : r i r u t r r t r t ' : r b i l c r. : c l u d i u g
l
o
\
\
'
e
s
t
to tllc
rt'eigltt.
rrnspt'rtng
"stltic
loldcrl taditrs llc" lrlorlnli porrion of
'
l
'
)
a circle tose ccnlcl is il,e cc::ltt of it s(:rttclnLrl
t i l e - t ' i t r rc o n t b i n r t t i o no I a n l l t l o : r : o b i l e a r t t l r l l t o : c
radirrs is tlle di-.ttnce i;ottt th;rt ccntcr to tllc
l e t e i s r r l f a c ee n t l t i c h t l r r ' l u t r . . : n t o l r i lies s t t n c l i n g .
r : r e a s u r e cl 'li t l t t l r e a u t o t t t o b i l ca t c r r l b r t e i g ) t t . t l l e
l h e c l p a l u l l e ) t o t l t c l c i r i c l e ' s ) o r t g i t t r d i t t a lc c t t '
t e r l i n c .a n d t l r c t i l c i n f f r t e r lt o t i t e : l l a n t r f l c t u r e r ' s L e c o r r r r t t c t t , l cl rcr lc s s tttt .
"Tenporatr' living rlrtr:ters" lttelns n sltaccitt
thc irrtcriol of tn auto;rrobilc in u'hlt)l lleolllt
r r r l - r 't e r r t p o t i u i l , r 'l i l c r n i l r r l r i c h i n c l t r d e s s J c e p i n g s t u f : r c c s . s t r c l r a s L e J s . a n d l r o t r s e l r o l dc o n v e n i e : r c c ss, u c l t a s I s i n i i , s t o l e . t e f t i g e t a t o r . o l '
toilet.
! 523-3 Automobile.
( l ) , \ n u u t o r r r o l - , i ) ci s a n . v { - t . l r e e l e d t e l r i c l e
p r o p e l l c r l l r l f r r c l r ' . l r i c bi s t t t a t r t t f l c t t t l e < 1
lllit:tar. trtl )tigllsals
i l . r ' f o r r t s c < . r ul r r t L r l i cs t t e e t s .r ' o a ( l s a
( c r c c l r t r t n l l e ) r i c l c o p e r : r l e de , r c l u s i l e l l o t t a m j l
o r r : r i l . ) . ; r n r lt l r : tr c i t l r c r ' (l; Is rltcrl at 6.001 pounds glo:s
l eixlrt o:' le.-::ot'
tehicle
( b ) . \ v c l r i c l ct l r r l i s l r t l c d l l t t ) o t el l l l n 0 ' 0 0 0
p o u n r l s r r t t l l e s s t l t t t r 1 0 . 0 ( l ( pt o r r l r r l sg r o s ' ' r ' c i t i c l c
jn t)tc
l c i g J r t . l s t r r r t r t t f a c t t t t c dp l i n r l l ' i l l f o l t t s c
t r ' r l s l ) o t ' t : r t i o l l o f t t o t t t r o t c 't l r a n 1 ( ) i n r l i l i t l u a l s '
ancl rlocs n()l rreet tllc clitclil irl S 523.i(b) (1)
f o l a t t t o t r t o b i l c sc n p l r b l ec f o l I ' l , i g l r r l a i o l ) c l r I I i o n
is u tr pc of rclticlt'( J ) I i o r r r ' ) r i c ) r , 1 1 1 ' 1 ; qf tgt ct ' l ( ' r o l l r ) l l l . \s' t l l l t l a l ' t i "
l l e f e l s i l . r l t .r rt r t l
( ! ) \ \ ' l r i c h i s s u b - s t : r n t i a l l rt.t s e d f o t t l t c s a t t r c
prlrl)oscs ls lclticlcs rlcsctilrrl irt pltrulalllr
(a) (1) oi tlris scctiur).
$ 5 23 . 4
arttolnobilc
.\ passenget ltttotrrollilt' is rnl
o
f
o
ll-)rig)rrtlr
( o t ) t c : 't ) r a n 1 1 11 1 1 1 6 1 1 1 r l ci 1l pi Jr cr b l e
t t s ci t t t ' h c
f
o
r
o p r l n t i o t t ) t t t : r t r t t f a c t t t l t ' ,p1l i l t l r l i ) r '
rr:anspoltrtionof not tttole thrrrl1() indilidu:rls'
5 5 2 3 . 5 N o n P o s t e n g e ro u l o 6 o b i l e '
( l ) . \ n o l t p r t s s c r t g e :t r t t l o t t t o l r i l ci i l n a u t o m o bile eithcl rlcsigrrcd for o{I-iriSlrrlrrl opelation'
r s d e s c :i b c r i i n p r l a g r a p l r ( t . r ) o f t l r i s s c c t r o n o l .
< l e s i g n e r1l o I r c ! t r l r t n f l t l c l s t o t t c o f t l r c f o l l o r t i n g
ftttlat l!)llt :
(1) Tr:lrspo|.t tttorc lltrttt 10 llctsons:
(9) I'rolirle teltrl)ollll lif ill:.:'lrlxrlclS:
( 3 ) T r u r r s p , r r t l ) l o l ) c 1 1 \ ' o t t r r t t o l . ' e t tb c d :
( 1 ) I ' r o l i d e i : r ' c u t c t c x I g o ' c : rt ' t ' .ilr t * t h a n p : r s scngcr-crtt r',r'itrgvoltrntc: or
PAlll' .1?3-'
r-J
P o s s e n g e .o u l o n r o b i l e .
a
t { . r r i v ( ,J e t , 2 E 1 9 7 ,
i i t l ' , ' t r r r i rc r r , : r r r , l c l,rl - r , ( r fl l t ( ,; u r r ) i l o l ) i l c1 . , , 1
t . i r r :.r rrt , , rrri ,I , i I , , r - ; t r , . r : t l ,r , . L , i j l r r . , , r r
lr l,,,il .rr,
t j r ' r . . . \r1r l r r 1 , , .{ r , , : , r r r l , , , . l .
I
r
1 , . . : . , 1 1 ,. , 1 1 , ,:,r r r t ,
t r | . r t ' r l. ' . l , rrr _ .i r . , , l r r r: r ] , , , r r c rl r r r , . .
:||trl tiln |lr,,
irll:llo,l I,, tir,. rljr:r..i,r.:rjt.,l..
r.,,,.orrrrr;r,rlI,,,l
a : t lg f r - ( t l l l l - i I : I l r r i t . l r l ) . c . o r ' a , tl r o t . l t r ) l l t ) i r \ i c t l d , . r
c l l t t t i t t : l l ) l l t l r ( ) : o - t l r l o r r g l r 1 . p 1 1 1. ,611o f . o n l - l ^
tre:rn. insrlllctl f,,)).tilu
l ) l t t . l ) o s cl r r I l r , , l r r t o r t r , ,
I t i i c s r r r a r r r r f r r t l r n . colt . r t i l ] r s i l l l r l { , t . r o l : . - u t , ] r
rsctcs,llivcli;rrrri rlttnc]rc.. s()it! l. rr.r,ir|{,:
llri.
floor' lclt.l srr.facc estcnclinl ft.olr tlrc for.rrlrrl
nrost l)oirrt of irr.t:rllltiorr r,f lltosc :clus to tltc
t e l r o f t l r e i l l l t o I ] ) . r L ) i l cs i n l c t , i o r .
( b ) . \ r r t u t o r r r o l , i l ec a p r l r l e o f o l j - l ) i g h \ u , r .
ol).
e t ' a ti o r r i s a r r a r r t o r n o b i l e (l )(i) Tlrlr lrrs .l-rrlrecl
rlrive:c,r
( i i ) I s r . r t e t l : r r n l o t . er l r l n 6 . 0 0 0
pounds grrrss
t'ehiclcrr.cigltr:nnd
(2) 'flrat lras at lcrst Jour of
tlrr follorl'jrr:J
clralrcte).istics(scc Fir:.urc 1) crJculrro,i
rr.l,cir
1,11.::lllr.-
1 i ) - \ p p l o ; r r l r: r r r - l r ,, j r l , r j , , . - r u u r - ) \ , 1 , , . - , r 1 , . ( i i ) I t i , ' l l ; o r . , .rrr r r l l , ,. , f
r , , , r1 , , . .t l r : , r ,l l i l l
gl ('('.:.
(iii)
grrci.
(iv) Ilr:nrrilrgclolr.ln,,cof tror
lc.:- thtn s
It r c l r c s .
(r') Frorrt rrnrl n,lrr :rxlc clclr.:rrrr.r,..
of lot lcs.
tirlrn i ilclrcs tlch.
r . . A P P R O A C AA | l G I '
E -- aRfliovEF ar6l t
( .- OfP'RIUR€ Ai6L €
I'ART 52it-j - 4
F-4
l ) c ; r t r r r r r r ' : r r s l i , o f r r , . r rl c s s i ) r r r l . 1 0
de-
42 F.R..3A362
July 28, t97Z
PART '33_AVERAGE FUELECONOMY s;ANDARDs FOR
N O N P A S S E N G ETR, U T O M O B ! I , ! S
" , l e e p -rt' ; r i
5e c .
g e r t crtt I p r r r r .
533.1 5cope
\tir\'
533.2 Purpose
ol)fIl
i,
)rlclls
l l . r r . l t c tl r i r i r . , .
, l , i l c c : r 1 , l l r ) i .r r f o l l , l r i g l r .
t r I ; , , - l l , ; r . , , l o t l n ( r t( ,
t l r l r : t 1 l r - ri ( . . . i .
l i g r r r: r ti o n .
5 33 . 3
Applicobility
533.4
O c f in i t i on t
533.5
R e qu i r e me n l r
533.6
M e o s u r e m e n t o n d < o l c u l o l i o np r o < e d u r e r
5 5 33 . 5
11
l)r: r
i ( ' ( ' i )r \ l i l . c o t | ,
R e c . r i r e r ' : : et s, n
( l L ) I . , : r c )i r. . . : l l r ! : l c i t i : r ,or f. l o r . r l r i r i i o n g c r
nllr(,r u o b i l c ' - . l r r r ) ir o r r i l , ) r .. r . i t l r t l r c r r , . l r r i n , r r c n irr r
1 r : r l l l r r l r l r ( 1 , o f : i r l : : e c t i o l . o : . .: r r t l r c o l ) t i o r l
5 5 3 3 . 1 5 < o p e . 1 ' l r i s I r r t c s r l l r l i s l r c sa r . c r . l r : : t ,
o f l l r c r r n r r r r i : : t n l r : . .s l . r r l lc o l r l r J r r r . i t ) rt l r r .
r.ofrrcl urrrrorrrr stlttlrttr]. l)llf-;llil)l lr) sectlotl
r l r r i l u r r r . ' I t -oi i : i . t r X r . l l , . _( q ) r , l r ! r i : . t c r i o r r .
.]tU(l') r)l rlrt' )lorot. \'rlticle Infollurtion ltrrl
'1
( i r - t 5 : t t . i i t ( : - \ ( , ( . l r s f l n ] ( ' ( l c r - i ,. f o l l | o | l J r J : : c t r : . : ( , t
( l r ) b c a r . : . : : r : : t f, t r c , c , - . r , r r , r r r,r, .t ' r r ) J
nr.ltl,:t._
x t l t' x | | r ) l r i i c : .
s c u : j e l l u t o n r , , i l ( , s : : t : 1 1 . . . : f rurlcLt- , i j r r r r : r _ i r l cr .l r . : r l
l l , i l t l ) . \ l r r r r : . t f . 1 , . . : r r l c,:l r , . e r . i i . . , ii r ,
l,al.lXrllll,
5 5 3 3 . 2 P u r p o s e . ' l ' l r r ' 1 ' r r r . 1 u r .o1f . t i t i s p : r r r i .
( a ) o f t l r i s : r : : i o : r - . 1 I i , 1l r] e 1 1 p ;l ' . . r ; r l r r r r r
li.l
t o i l ( t r ' ; r - o t l r r . f r r c l c c o l r r ) r n . \<. , f n o trp l s s c tt : t r . t
) r l [ ) g -i r- ( i ( ' tc I i : . ;i r c r ] r :r r ,i i : S . ' , : . ) : j . 0 .
n r l l { , r r o l ' i l ( .l.r I c . t r r l r ) i . l r i r r g
r D i r r i r r r r r rl rcrr . c l so f
'l'lrc
(c)11)
: : r ' t : : r g c ; r t l ( . c o l r e r r \ .o f : L l l n o r r .
:rvcr':r::r'frrr'l ('eor)oll\. for tlrose lelriclc:.,
t
t
t
'
,
. . , o l , i i i , j .r r c c I t j t c P - r r ' 1 r er . c l t i c ) e r .
l)asscrt:.tcI
'
l
'
h
i
s
t
n
n
l
u
f
i
l
c
t
t
r
t
(
'
r
l
5533.3 Appti(cbiliry.
. : r t r r o , l c l . . . . : r t .1 l i l r l l . : t r r l t r r r r l : r t , l)ar.t npPlies r()
t t t : t t t r r f ; rr, r t r . t . o f l , r r r l l i t . . c t t g c t l r t t o r l o b i l e s .
t r r t r , r 'r k ' : c r . i l r . , li ! l l ) r . lilr j : x l ) l r ( r r) o f t l r i . : r , c t i o r r .
slttll lrc rrot )c-. :lt:rl )i.: rrrlr::.:r:t,l
5 5 3 3 , 4 D e f i ni r i o n r .
( J ) 1 ) r c ; r . ' a t a l c f . : l e t . o l , , : r r . r, r 1 a J i j e c | lir),\l,rl4lp711 11,y111s.
t l p c r l c l r i c ) c . i : .t n u i i c t i r : , - \ l i r r r , , , r , l c i
.\.c:u l0i!l
( I ) ' I l r l t c r r r r s ' ' r l v c r ' ; r : . l ef r r c l c c o r r , r r r l r . . " l r l l r r r : r r r r r f i.r: .e. lr . , 1 . . ( . : j i j ( , ,i it , p : r r : r 1 r ; r p l l
11)
" : l t q ' 11 - , ' r r c l
f
o f l l r i - : r ' c t i o l . . . : r r l j ] c l : , , i l t , : - r j r : r r .l r: , . Sl ) i r . : 1L. l .
c r . o r r , , r r:r. r1' : r r r ,r lrllt. . . r r r t r tfl , r ,t r r tr , . . '
"lriurrfl,.tllcr.."
: r r r r l , , r r t r x i e ,tl . r , l l j . ; r r . e r r s c r l n i
r l e t e l r r r i r r c rl l) \ ' , - . ' , 3 ; ) . ! i .
r l n J i r r r .i' rl r : r , r . t i o r .rt r L tol f t l r c - \ c r .
( 3 ) ' l ' l r c t c t . r r r . . f l u t o t ) ) o b i l c "i s r r s c r l a s
5 5 3 3 . 6 M e c r . r r e r n e n to n d < o l ( u l o . ; o n p r o ( e _
tlc_
l i r x ' , 1i r r ' r ' r . t i , r r .r - , 1 io1f l l r ( , - \ c r n l t ( l i n l c t o t . r l l n c e
d u r er .
s i t l r t l , r ' r L ' r , . r ' r r r i r r r r i oi rrrr.s{ 9 C F I i j l ; .
( a ) - \ r r l r c f . : :r t r e c
:. t lrr:' t,i rt.rrtl)1.:clr!(,r'
t
)
t
L
,
i
.
/ , r . r r r . . - \ s r r . r . , li r r t l t i s
r t t t t o r r o l r i l c .t r r ; : : : i r i :l i , , i l ' 1 ; 1 r i li l l l i l t ( . lt l t l l
lltl
l
l
n
l
(
.
:
f
l)irl.t.
( ) ll r r t \ r l . ( : r . r 1 r rci r l l , r . t l r t , < , , , r r t c l t _
s l r ri l b e r l e ( , r r r r , i ".\r'r
r r r l r r r r . l l r t ' _ ' \ l o t o l .\ - c l r i c l c l r r f o r . r r r a r i , > r r
( I ) 1 ' o i r r ,i : , l e n i ) r ; . , r : i r a , . c r r l r. :l r r ! r , r r i , j l ( , ( i r . r ) r r r . i l l g . - \ ( . r . i r S: l t t l e n ( l e ( li ^ .
I)rtlr-L.!t{_l(;:).
i t i t l r t l c l t - : rrr: :: i rr f : rr t rrr . I l r r '
1 , r : - o : r - u . l r , rr . o l
"\,,tt1,1-r1.11-"r.
; l l r l . t l l l n l r i l Li,:' r r . o r li r r : r c c , r r r l - l r ' o l . 1 1 1 ' c , r r r t r " . . t ' , 1 , . r .o. r : r r r . ! i | l , l i , l .c . ) t l | | | r . , r r
a t t ( . rr. r . i lt r t l r r . , l o r r . r ' r r r i r ri ol tn . i r r - l i t ( . l j I l | ) r r r t . - r l ) ,
c o t t t t o l r v i t l r . : r i . - : rl r i i u l t t L r c n l ( , r ' i:l l r t
P.\nT 533-r
F-5
| | l i l | | I r 1 , l . I r I r '{ : t t ) , 1i
i r t t l r r t c i r r - - I i t i r I r I i 1 rur r, r' I' , 1 I ' , r i t l r i r rI l r I
01
l ) i l t t l : j r i l l r l l i : rr l l I
r,1 tiri- :rtriorr)
i t t g t l r c o r , i , r { - t i c l r: r r r r L . ll c : r t .
( l r ) ' l l r c l l c l r r r c f r r c l { ' (o t ) o r r \ . o l i t ) l r r o n y r l - r e r r : . : ( r, l r r l o l r o l ) i l t 't.l t i r t t r t c | l l i U I t l ; t ( l l t r ' ( ' L( l) \ { l
P-,\RT 533-2
F-6
" -ll
r,. I r,,
> ' , i i : i . ' - ,J( ,- l r r l l , , l | r , , r ; ,r : . . , 1 | : r ,
.'
I , r , ' r r , I rr r r,- , - r : r l , i i - i r , l, ,i \ 1 , 1 \ , . r .
t l r c L l r i t , , r r r , ' r ' r r t ; lr 'Ir o r r ' ,r r l r r \ : , , . ,
I r i i l l ; { } : }l ; r ) r . . 1) , r l r l r , _ \ , 1.
'J
4 2 F . R .r 3 ; 0 7
Morch14,1977
R LE G U L A T I OTNI TSL, E4 9
C O DO
E FF E D E R A
Chop. V-}{ct.
Hlghwcy ttaffk
Sofoty Adarln" Drpl' ol Ttonr'
t 57r.r
fl .49-lt
alt€r s trllur€
lubporl A*rorrul
ay6t4rD.
nrpcttotlon
ol the servlc€ brake
"6th p€rcentlle adult temale" Dreana
a perEon possesshg the dlrnenslonr
ard welsh! o( tbe 6th p€rcenttle edult
lemale speclJlcd tor thc total ase
Sxoup tn Pubuc Heslth Scrvlce Publlcstlon No. 10O0. Serles 11, No. 8.
"Welght. Helghl, and Selectcd Eody
Dlmenslon ol Adulta."
" 'Flrellghttns vehlcle'mearu a vehlcle destgned cxcluslvely lor tht purpos€ ol llghtlna llres."
"nxed couklon barrler" mes,n6 I
tl.t. vertlca,l, uryleldlng lurl&ce *'lth
! 5?lJ lHlnltlon|.
the loDoe'1nacha,ractarl6tlca:
6,1 slalutory daJinlttons. AII tanns
(l) The sultsce ls suJllclently large
dellned tn sectlo:r lO2 of the Act Ere
when struck by B test€d vehlcle,
tha!
6t4tut-ory
roeantnS.
ln
thelr
used
portlon ol the vehlcle projects or
no
(b\ O0rcr d4anltloru. A3 used ln thls
passesbeyond the surtace.
chapter(2) The approech ls a horlzonlal sut"Act" Eeans the Nsuonel Ti8tflc
lare thst ls lsrSe enough tor the vehl0.nd Motor vehlcle Sstetv Act ot 1966 cle to atlaln a stsble attltude durtng
(80 Stat. ?18).
Its Bgproach t! the barrler, and thet
"Approved," unless nsed !'lth relerdo€s not reitrlct vehlcl€ motlon durlng
ence to &nother Person, means aP' ttDpacl.
proved by the SecretalY,
(3) Wlen siruck by B vehlcle, the
"BoEt traller" me&ns 4 treller de'
surface and lts supportlng 6tructure
sl8ned FlLh cradle-tw€ mountlnfs to ahsorb no slSr[tlcsnt portlon ot the vetrsnsport a boat &nd conJlsured ta
hlcle's klnetlc energv. ao that a perforp€rmlt lsurchlna of the boat lrom the
ldance requlrerqent descrlbed ln t€rD5
rear ot the traller.
of topact qdth a ftxed colllslon b&rrler
"Bus" roeans a motar vehlcle Elth
Bust be roet no Eett€r how 6Eall an
rooilve power, except a traller. de- smount of enerSy G sbsorbed bY the
slgned lot c€.rrylng Eote thrn 10 per'
b8.rrler,"
"ForB'ard control" me&ns a conflSxr!on5.
"Curb wel8ht" Deo.ns the welaht of
rstton ln whlch Eore th&n h&It of ihe
r motor vehlcle Elth st4ndard equlp- enllre len8:th ls re&rward oI the torecap&clty ol en8lD€ Eost potnt of the vlndshleld b8se and
Eent; rlsrto\rm
fuel, otl, snd coolrnq an4 lJ 5o t.Lc staerlna wheel hub Ls h the lorg,ard ausrt€r of the vehlcle length,
cqulpped, s|I condltlonlng snd addl'
"Oross axle welght ratln8"
ttond weiE:htoptlonal caalne.
or
"Deslgnatad 6€&tlng c$paclty" rDe&ns -GAWR', Ioean6 the v&Iue 8pecl.ftedby
the nuEber oJ deslgnat4d 6eatuxg posl- the v€Ncle Eanulacturer Es the load'
tlon6 proi4ded.
cr.rlyhg c8D&clty ol a slngle txle
"DeslSTlst€d Eeatltrs po6ltlon" roearls 6''st€ro, as roe8sur"edst the tlr€_STound
rD.y plBn vlew locatlon lntznded by the
lnt€rf aaes.
"Grqss corobtnetlon welght ratLng"
rornutactu.rer to Drovlde seettns accomtrodatlon whfle the vehlcle ls ln or "GCWR" meens the v8lue EpeclJled
E,otlon, lor a persoD lt lesst a! larte
by the la8nuJacturer as the lo&ded
rs s futh p€rcentlle sdult fe!]laje, welSht o! s coEblnatlon vehlcle.
"Gross veruclc welght ratlng" or
cxcept &urlllary Eeatlng accom.Eoda.
"GVWR"
or
toldLnS
8s
tcmporary
such
means the value Epecfled by
tlons
E€ats.
the manuJsctu-rer 8s the lo8ded welaht
,uDp
"Drlver" Eeahs the occupant ol a ot a stngle vehlcle.
"II poht" mesrs the mechanlcauy
motor vehlcle seatcd l-D.roedlat4ly
8t,EteEo.
htneed bfp Polrt ot s Esr ljn whlch
b€trlnd the st€erlns @ntrol
'EoarScncy bnle" bcl.r|r r EechsElnulst€ the acturl plvot ctntar o(
Dl.@ dcftgned to rtop r Eotor vehlcle the hu!o$ t-orro srld thl8h. d6crlb€d
F-7
I
fi
,n
"a
i
:
:
!
5'
:
tr
.t
i
Ln 8AE Rccommcnded Pnctlcc JEro,
"M8ntlnr to! U6. ln Dellr rra vehlclc
sclttna Accommodrtlons." NovcEber
1962.
"He&d lrope4i atea" Ecaira a'll non_
8l8zed 6urte4el o! the lnterlor of a vehlcle thst s,re gtatlcally cont"acl,ableby .
6,5-lnch dlamet€r spherlcal head tomr
ot a measurlng de!'lcc havlnS 6 plvot
polnt to "top-ol-head" dlmelralon ln-(lr tely BdJurtlble trom 29 to 33 lnchea
ln accordatrc€ wlth the tollowlns Drocedu-re,or lt6 Sraphlc equlvBlent:
(a) At e&ch detlsnBt€d 8eatl.Dapo6ltlon, place the plvot polnt ol the meaEurlrg dei'tce(1) Fbr seat5 that are &dJuatable tore
end att, at(l) The 6eatl-nsreference polnt; and
(lt) A polnt 5 lnches horlzontally lorwsrd ol the scatkur rel€rencc polnt
and vertlcsuy Bbove the aeatlng retercnce potnt aD r,mourt equal to the rl,se
whlch results lrom a s-lnch fore.aid
&dustbent of the seet or 0,75 lnch:
and
(2) For 6eal5 thst Ere not ad.Ju6t4ble
lore &nd att, Bt the 6e&tlng retereDce
polnt.
(b) Wlth the plvot potnt to "t4p-ofhead" dlEeDslon at each value allowed
by the de!'lc€ 8nd the Int4rlor dtDeu6lon6 ot the vehlcle. detarmlne all coDtact poLnts above the lower slDdshleld
glass llne s.nd forw&rd ol th€ 6e&tl!g
relerence polnt.
(c) wlth the he&d lorB at each cotltsct polnt, 8rd s'tth the devlce LD a
v€rtlca.l posltlon It no contqct poLcta
exbts tor a partlculr,r &djusted leDgtb.
plYot the llessurlng devlce lorfard
a.nd downwsrd throush &ll arcs h verttcal planes to 90' each slde of the yerthe
tlcsl lonaltudin&l pl&De thrugh
seatLDg reference polnt, untll the besd
IorE cantacts an inL€rlor surlact or
urltu lt lE ta!8enL t! a horlzontgl plane
I lnch sbove the seatlnl: ref€r€Dce
polrt, q,hlchever occurs llrst'.
"lrt4rlor coEparlEent door" rderr|a
any door llr the interlor of the veh.lcle
lnst€,lled by the m4DuJacturer 8s a
cover lor EtorsSe 6pace norBslly used
for persorD.l ellect6.
"I4ngltudiDal"
or ^lon8ltudlnalty"
means p&rallel t4 the lonaltudlnal cenicrllne ot the vehlcle.
"Motorcycle Deans a Eotor ve-blcle
wlth Dottve powe. hai4ns r aeat or
F-8
trddlc tor thc nrc ot th. rlder srtd dell8lred t! tnvel on not more thln
t.trie€ rheelr
ln contrcl
wtth th.
SToutrd.
"Motorddven cycle" mr&na a rno[orcycle $1th a motlr that produc?i 5brale hors€power or less.
"MultlDurpo8e pa.sa€ndier vehlc)e"
Dlearu l Eotor vehlcle *4lh motlve
power, "xcept a traller, deslmed t
carry l0 persorts or leia whlch Is con,
Etruct4d €lther on a truck chassls o!
wllh 8peclsl teaturea lor occr-slorLs.l
o!t-roed op€ratlon.
"Open-body type vehlcle" r|tearrs r
vehlcle ha!'llrs no occupo.nt compartmeDt top or an occupsnt compartEent
top thBt ca,n b€ lrEtslled or relrroved
by the user at hls convenlence.
"Outbosrd deflgDat€d s€Btlng posltlon" means s deslAnat€d seattnf po61tlon whcre a lon8ltudlnal vertlca.l
plane tansent t,o the outboa.rd slde of
the seBt cusblon ls less than 12 tnches
Iro[o the lnnermost froht on the
lnslde surfaae of the veNcle &t a
helght betweeD the 8esllna relerence
poht 8rd the Bhoulder r€ference polrt
(aa BhowD h tis. I ot F'edera,lMotar
Vehlcle SaJety Siandsrd No.210) snd
lonaltudlttaly between the froDt and
re8r edges of the sest cusblon.
"Overall verucle crldth" Ees,ns the
DoElnal
deslSx| dhrenslon
oI the
wldest Dart of the vehlcle, excluslve ol
slgnal lamps, Eoarker laEps. outside
r€arylep lolrrors, nexlble teDder extaDslons, !.Dd Eud flap6. deterElred
wlth doors t'rrd whdows clqsed and thc
rheels lo ttre EtraBht-atreld posltlon.
"PsrklDa br8.ke" bear|s E Eechanlst!
deslSxredt! prevent the movement of a
6tatlonary lDotor Yehlcle"Passenger cai" means a motor vehlcle wlttr motlve power, exc€pt a mulllpurpose p8ssenaer vehlcle, motorcycle,
or traller, deslgrred lor ca,rr!'lna l0 p€r.
lons or les6.
"Pelvlc lmpact area" Eeans that
8.reaof the door or body slde p&nel sd,8cent ta any outbo&ld desigxrated
EeatLl8 p6luon wtllch ls bounded by
horlzontal pla.Des ? lnches s,bove and ,l
LDches bclow the s€stlru relerence
polrt and ?crtl6l tran6vers€ planes 8
lDches lorgard and 2 tlches rearc'ard
ol the 6e&tl-ogrefereDce polnt.
"PoIe tidler" Inea.oat hotor vehlclc
wlthout rootlve po\e€r deslaDed to b€
I uou
Defined
J
.
f
*
tt
tt r
thlr chrpt r, 8nd thc Act' unless'
get'r 'a_
runnln8
traller
the
lqlnlrouJl]whe€b. bratlna arld
IrD-Ufv f ufa"l'
iuapcrulottl !8 not neE snd i"al teren
"lroEl en €xt8ttng trallerldentttv l5 contlnued tn
ir I Wfr*.
vehtcle wlth reapect
reassemUted
tnei. 1n" v.nt"t. Identutcatlon Nu-6bet:
-iir
arld
rnat l8 owned or lessed bY the
user ot the ressseBbledv€hlcle'
r33 FR lg?03. Dcc
I
i
3
25' 1938 Rcd'tlsnAttd'
tmli#*iii#ta:3'.Fs
!
2?O?{,JulY l. l0?61
Eltcctiv. dst''
l5?l.t
the eftectlve dat'
Notclttt6tsndlng
Ealety
o-ul.f orr3 ol the ootor v€hlcle.
h th!6 P&rt. the ellectlve
;;d;G
or anendment of
""vlutta&rd
iit.J
tssued artcr s€Pt€IDber I'
;;;;'dri
irii'*rtrcn tL'ef lshttnS vehlcles
to
-'u"i co"fo.m shau be wlth respectthe
i";l ""nr"r"", elther 2 veers erL,'r
-a-ete
on qhlch such slandard or
ls publlshed-tn the mles
L"""a-"n,
.nd rerulauons Eectlon of the !'6n'1!
or the eltectlve dst'e sPecl;;t't;,
iiJ G tn. notlce' whlchever 15 laler'
* such stsndaid or -atnend;;;;a
pro-"ni -.v otheretse 6peclllcr'Ily
fii"'-f tn- te"pe"t to ftr€ftghtlng vehl(36FR r3O?7'
JulY28'r9?l)
! 671.9 S.Fdbtlltt'
U &r'J st rdatd est-&blbhed tn thfs
DAn or lt6 sppllcrtlon to any -per6on or
ts held Inv&lld' the re'
[1.c"-"tan"i
t-atrraer of lhe part and the applica'
perscns
tlon ot lhat 6t5'ndard to other
lhere8'llect4d
!s
not
""a"
"i"rau.Ett
by.
r!! PR lt7o6' Dcc.,5. 196SRtd..lF|rr'd 't
!5 FX 5ltr. ltr.t.26. 10?01
E
::i
!
i;
I
F-] 1
*
>
\
>
1
x
dE
z
:t
F
d
€ v F
+
- d t - > o
o
€ d l € < € s
a
j
E
d
I
I
lrJ
o
-
I
sr.
|
l
I
|
l
+ t
!
c !
- o
6
|
c
o-
!
v O
L l
L
o
.
o
d
r
>l
!
i
-
o l
Lt
I
c
]:
I
c
<
!
.
o
E >
rl,-
E
o
a
>
!
t 6 +
l
I
l
I
l
f
-
I
|
t
c
L
c
c
o
o
c
n
o l E
E !
c
'
D -
t d
E
E
E
C
=
4 E
o !
o
=
o
t
r
- @
s
o
u
!
!
+
> @l
- > l
L o t
0i
o
or
fl
ci
a l
u t
dl
x
E
O
cEl
! ct
zi
--J
J
6
i
>ro
e
!
)
r
r.i
E
ul
>-l
0
@ E
!
El
ItJ
d1
o
l
l
-
o l
(Jt
<l
l
F
d.
e
C
!
F
I
z,t
!
l
O
l
o
"
d i
t
c l
lrJ
)
=
TJJ
El
=
F
1I
= > -
I
I
F
F
= ! J
.l
<
a
z < ^
l.-l c,
cx -J
< c o
.
I
z,l
il
>
=
@ o -
o.
t
r
rz
t
l
N
'
o
-
os
-
t
o
I
I
- \
L =
|
c
N
-
-
@
o
O
s
o
- F
4 =
c'r
lJF C )
FI
4l
€0r
t
> l
ol
6
o -
o +
o?
> \ :
Nt
N c
Nao
r c
>,=
o ?
>,:
>,:
>,:
>r3
6l
lal
. l
d,l
@!
eE
N.3
>.1
<l
5l
1
t
t
6
F
l :
o
\
6
b
0
<
rw
R
0
)
€
o
| ' ) 0
F
O
o
o
o
o
o
6
o
(
o
o
D
O
|.
i
:,i
!i!
t.
{l
I
I
Ll
I
-1,
I
< o
!
I
t';
5l
o
l
;o l
E
l
|
-
3
.
P
I
l
6 a
!r-l
o
l
o
l
9
l
F l
ol
c
!
*
3
+
r> E! ,8 , ,
El
|
|
|
I
|
|I
.?
M
i5-
;
!
.:
:
:
6
: :
c- . o9
E
o
"
E
-
d: " . -
r
3
3
i
=
.
:
:
l
l
;
E3
i
,
E
-
bf
?l
.
5 uc
!: , l
;
-
E:
= ,
; _
o
z
,E
>a
a
N
L
6
E
i
o
-l
t'
,;!
-
!
o a
-- ZZ
x
>, >,
5 5 3 F5 !o
FaF
ta !E,
- 6 - , ? @
<
n
o
R A
E i N
'i
3
C
:l
I
:
-.
!
-
!
:
4
R.3 €
{,1
E!
-
o :
F:
d
E
- o
'- I
L
o
d j
\ o
3 c )
- . -
z
E
q :
< > r
!
Y =
-
z
t
.
t':
=
t:
-
pl
EI
r
E
.
:,
=l
dl
6
y.i
I=l
=l
sl
6
:
.9 5 -5= ::
b; bl =
3 = 3 R ? E 3 : 3 l 3 [
=
z
r
6
Fe, 3
U E :
l?.e =
-: .E9 :.
_ 9 =
^
;
Jl
!l
-
o
j
C
o
r
E P I
9
:
Ee
Pl
-
i
.;
ol
-
r <
6
S
=
u
:
L
;
,
6
*
=
:
g
L
l
t
-
o
-
n
u
o
4
cR
El 9x E a8
6
!
=
i
3 = i t i
o
g
!
i
6
!
:
=
!
g
- '. z A
>
:
3
l
:
g
:'
6
-
E
6 _6
2
2
.5 s co -o P " - s ? - P i
< ' - -
o
6
o
6-
:
-
o
i
-
o
;
:
!
l
s = = ;
i e e E
3
r
!
3
0
=
t
;
d
o
0 $o " i " 'g
N
6
o
dt
-
G-3
\
o
N
\
o
a
\
\
R
\
b
o
g
!
g
a
'o -
e
-s -s EF
I
R j
P
_
o
i
:
:
q
F
!
o
.
o
>
\
o
@
(
9
0
r
'.;
,#
I
I
I
.I
=t
I
I
I
I|
l
o
I
I
;
hl
=
l : l lt
E l E r5 l
;l
"j E
=
:
!
:;€
!
:
toZF P
:5
E ; ; : : ; ! * S = i
:: ;. " ; i :: t ; : z- = : b
j'
-. ir E E +
; € ;
t
.
^ l : : 9 : : 5 '
-
E:i
i
bl = E -5 E
= lE ! ; : - €
sl E
' 'esr Ig
:
E
El
I s - . , . ; , ,
1 s i EEE;
I !' ;F ;a ;6 ;FEE
|
I E s sr R;
;
9
E l e l r r - . !" .;
dI
;i
t
L
:
:
i : 3 e - j .? :s€i s: :
't s
B
g
i
:
= l ;rl
r:A:
*o c
;
L
E
€
:r '
?r
;tP:
i: I
;
;
E
;
: € < ; : ,
;
E Ej E
!3 ! i E e F
P
I !;[ E
E i ;-' il;
E E= i; ili Ejr E j ;'.= _.
-i e . i i = ; P l i : i Il S : =E$g3 ; :
= : i : f ; s 6 t: ;
::
s. Li s : s : : E = - . ; I j ; + ai F
.i
g < 3, l3 r ! i: .F, ;F-r I : : = * = 3
i
:
-
4
I
I
- i
e l l f^ i9 E8 = s
=
tu ; :
i;
= l ; - i
|
6
=
:
l s : :
!l
:- l' t b b :
: : :
tt
=!
QI
'e
c 5
E
e F i
o
'
:
R
=
;
P
b
b
g
s . e:
:
:
;
:
€
P e F e s .
F S F S H F
b
a
= =
:
;
E
i
:
:
-
N
; l :
;
i.
:
?
,-
i. x
s
6
5l
R x I
5
=
R
;
F
R
5
I
I
t:
:
3
8
F
3
9
s= ' Rt
I| E
F F F
5 3 3
:
E lI n n i
E
s s 3
1 3 3 3
:
3
;
> <
3
B B
3
:
-
r
; > :
S
3
B S
B E
;
i
i : :
ft
i
g
v
:
5E -s f
i
€
€ b
t i
6l
:l
-
b
i
5! 5 S :
:
€
: i
s X
S = 3
= Be a:
g
S
a
r
!f
'i
i
I
I
I
I
t
=l
x
:l
II
o
I
I
I
II
I
-l
.
o
5
:i
EI
-i
c
o
s
o
i
a,l
E
5
;
;- a
I
F
-
II
r
t
n
II
I
?
| d=
.
;
i
{
:
a
e
o
u-
o
--
ot
rl
o
o,l
> l
L l
!
ill
6 ; 1
t ; 6 1
!
6
J
a
2G , :
4
o
c
-
9
! o
t
'
c <
E d
i
!g l N l
Nq l
olo'
- c
ol
- l
!
. r E o
- i
-
o
6
E
t
6
-
-
E €
=-B
i
.t
E
lE
o>
r -
-l
4 o
u !
6 ( l r
u >
:!
3
-35e a
: :
= - - -;
-3'
e
<4
!grl i 9 F' ' l: ! ;' lr
3 -r
or
=o l l !c . : 4c ! 8 {
6 N
El +
t
E
= P
; P. 3 :
b 5 E - g . -- i - . 1
,
6
i . ,
l
u
e
b
;?=o :
F
!
,..8
I
ll: l
:
o
E
o :
E
c
-o . ;o
E i
F F
+ 6 \ 0 @
e
o
P
e
.
o
*
-
s
o
i
o
6
-; i :l
;i lt
:s6 F ;€
-E r. ;_ o . ;o ,
.
o
-
ie
"3
.
,a
-
!
.l
a l :o ;
-l
l
-9
}
o
t
i
*
o
;
d
e
i
;
!
>
o
t
r
!
!Jl
; :
-6
E
i
'
a t
!
i
;
.r
e
: ll
il
t
io
*- ll
o
j
;
i '
:j
j
xd .tE
r . !
>
i!
o<
o
>
a >
! o
a ' -
E
S
9 F
oo
!
! E
'
I
s
ii
' o
{.t
E
4
=
E
z
z z ,
4
z
r*l
I
I
t
1
d
= Il
;= l l
= l
1
|
A
J;
I
I
o
-Nai .
e
i.-
=
6
g
3
\
E
E
a
- s
=
6
o
i
u
\6
o
B
a
*6
=
6
H
> !
dt
i n
o !
a
ol
6
o
6
S
i
P
6
=
=
@
i
;
N
N
3
^
\
o
o
b
;
;
P5
l
3
5
i
i!
E
6
i
6,
z
=
€ .:. o
.
'
\
;
3 3
;
E
3
;
=.
5
F
H
;
=
5
o
o
-
E
:
;
=
J
R
B
-
8
a
g
6
v
: f r
3 b
E ;
= 3
,
- 6
;
; >
E
l
n x
3 3- 3
;
E
3
E
64
v
L
ar
z
=e g
_
!
q
D
o
= E
c g
= c
3- 3
Y d
c
q
'
8 3 5
lr-
f,
@
g
o
3 B
3
-
A
o
>
E
e
e
9
9
6
!
-
E
b
'
=
.
o
;
c
q
.
9
o
r
ci
a1
?
r
i
!
E
;
zl
E
r
f
r
r
o
P
\
i
r
5
. ;
g
-
"5
h
: J c
!
--l
,- :
N
O
Ei
,
+
O
a
:{
.
:l
q
e
>t
ol
ol
t
s
(D
P
o
t
.
E
- r .
ol6J
I
.':
E R
. :
!
6 0
!
E
U E
@
>t
ol
>
.o
F t
ol
LI
.-
,
6
O
!
c
o
o
O
r
o
r
l
r,t9
0l
E
-
- l
ol
LI
-
3
oit
O
e =
E
a
E i : -
+
E
E
o
o
ro
<
+
. E
I
= E E
I
I
.l
9| l P
{,
-
= l !
>l
l
i
"11
=l
:l
5l
;l
e
5
o
E
,
.
,
J
-
,
x -
!
-
IRB
3
R S g
i l B E E E3 H !
3
$
I
a33
E
3
g
-
-
e 5J-
i
-
5 5
ca
6
E :
5
I
R
!
6o6
, , >
>
?
=
E
E =
N
6
co .l
F
a
E
i
: R
q
.
d o
a
-l i
=l
C
F n
E
i
qr
.
x
SE s
!3 e
E59 =
:
R
>
.
.
- - - - B
> >->
G-6
s 3 gs
B d s *-
-1
4.
!
I
I
I
I
I
I
el
=
l
6l
u
l
>
t
orl
>l
ol
- E
t '
?
t
'
fa,
9
Lt"
9
o
!
- :
I
o
'
a
l ^c
>l
o l
s
i
u
:
. P
- ;
s
6
?
!
o
-' :|1:6
t
l
=
q
. ,
= t
o i
e
-
=
-l
-;
oi
.,1
cl
Ll
c
E
o
6 i ;
o
j
-
t
r
=
E
!
l
o
E
-
E
!
u
6
:
,
E
'
E d
-
!-
-
:
I
!
q'
E
.{t
q
o
!
!o
!
c
d
t F Z ! s i i E
.I -o.
- c
:
dl
-t
: F l E : i
H I = =
N
N
N
O
-
'
I
I
I
I
!31
F
r l x =
= =
-l
:1
t
t
t|
6l
RI
(
-
D
.\
)o
?
g
e
-<
s
.r
-
=
@
1,
h
9
o
o
;
k
€o
=
6
P
L
- a
5
-3
3 3 3 :
6
€
X
5
=
=
6
F
<
<
ca
o
- <co
b
co
5
G
3
-€
g"
+
,
3;
;
j
=
f,
-
E
q
!
o
@
-
3 3
f
q
e
o
@
:
co
_-
Y
x
f
o
^
'
!
;l
q
<
i
E i
6
: 3 3 3
Ee
3i
. 3
r
6
3
9
El
*l
'l
o
)-i
E ;
o
)
N a N
>t
'11
,l
c
-
9
c
D
Q
c
.
o
,
6
6
6
3
;
o <
*
-E
_
o
6
-
N
o
j
-o
- i
.
-4
o
o o
+
r
i
; - ;
F e > > - E
o
o
^
4d 3 !^- 4 E?
E
6
r
i 1'
ii
33
rr
9
i
,.:
3€
o
6
6
,
-_ _;
-
o
:
I
II
II
-l
*l
t . t
q
t
*
t
-
t
*
I
l
;-
*5
.:
.
-
:
EI
F
;
;t
.r
<l
:
@
-
-
d
!'
;
a
-
6:
.r
,
I
I
I
-
E
'-
I
!
E
'p
:
L
i
q ,
4 t
|
q
.c
9
o!
s !
. 6
- l
el
.
it
o,t
"o lt
€
E
o
c
l
'
99
4
;
I
ol .
-El -l c
o l
=r
Lr
.
:
u
;l
"^o.b
:
i
o: 5
E ; . i
.€
"6;d
e*
!
=l
=
e
6N
or
-
6
;
o
a
-
or
i
,
o,
-d
=
=
'o
E:
<
I
P
ii
=
F
P
o
*
6 ;
:.1
:
o
=
- -j
["
-! =
-F
-! o
N>r
=
-.
9 i
z
l
-
o
6
+
(
La
F H
o
I R
o
E
3
E
o
l
-
;
-
=
-
6
=
-
<
-
;
;
<
<
>
>
O
o
\
c
3
@i
l :
e
€l
=
<
tL
;
=
<l
EI
-9
ts=
!
C
-
-E
-i j==
0- ( - )
<o
l
N
r
G o
!
6
6
n
a
F
i
*
-
i
-
oJ
N a
c
€
;
.oJ
-
N
a
o
o
s
-
o
o
'
-
o
-
-
o
-
r
o
o
o
d
s':
o
-
-
o
\
N
c
o
r
-
F
o
i
o
N
o
r
e
g
E
^9
3:<
+
o
o
-
> ,
- o
- L
s: ,:s ,B- b el
i
@
o
c
d
G.B
c
u
o
N
o
i
'
o
t
.
N
C
-
t
-
!
o
o
o
!
.
,
-
{
'
-
€
F
4
i
t o €
N o
r
N t F
6
-
4
Nno
N ( . ]
)
r
d
e
s; 3 h
6
-r
I6
;
i
= - E E 5 € * . a ; e 2 i
c
r
i
-s
N
l
6
"6
d o
-df : o
u
@
3
o : = *-
B
oi
d i- da ' ao i - s
o6
'E
@=
o
L
s
n
t^l
>t
.A-
o
L
o
.
;
E Z
=
c
o
c
o
r
D
N
o
o
F
o
ts
E
:
\o
o
6
=
qp.j
ooL
v
u e l u
= E H -sE F
!
i
.
i
. , e E
hl oi,
>l
E
E
>
+
o,
Y - E l
1
I
II
.t
.
t
o.
=
or
+l
- E Pa : ; +
",
z
vl
or
=!
r
_;
=c
'
tro
P
- d^
;
-or
r i c z
o
u
l o l
:t it El:i i;
!|
o,
=
6
e
q
9
l,
g
!
E
o
o
6
.t ;
A
5
=. ::
r!l
o-l
./rl
.r
o
'
o
H
2l
.
"
-
.,
6
'- i
FI
ol
6
3
;
=
,
j
b
:
o
l
!
^
^ F
. i -
.':
3l
3i
:l
-l
t
..
dl
=
:E
=
E
=
h
=
E
.'
EI
j
I
I
d
t
zl
; l 5
; l
It
l
l
,
:
6t
I
=l
F
:l
:1
q
l
>l
'
g
N
= =
3 3
=
=
,r.
cD,
ca
3 3
i
H
o
o
@
J
- s
o
c o
o L
^
@
L
X O
L
@
@
o
n
N
6
-
t o
e
a
.
l
r
-
o- o
* :
_q =
(O
c
=
6
9 1
F
.')
b t
d !:
+ .1." e
= 8 <i *E
-N
^F =:
1 3 3 = s
=
i: :
F
; >:
?
" li o t i
I BS B* - - B
b
!
a
.- j
!r (J
.:
b
3
.)
r
<
Pl
>. c;
+.? +3
-3- !r
q
a
e
E
* 3
e q
-- U !- <,
r
C
o
-
o
o
r
g
N
N
o
..
s
q
3e
*..r 3
e
oB
"e
-=
I
eE
-1
-
g
C
s _s
_
:
*
.
;
s _g
_
-E
ei
_i
*
R
:
3
e
e
=
B s 3
2 t
=
E
_
B F E g
d
E
B
B B E
o
3
e s
€ - € Q
g
s - -
;i
;
N
>
-
G-9
;- >-
e!
g
_E
_
;
:i
a
E
!o
1
ru t t
f
l
e-t -ot
El ,
=9 r F
I
-
t
i
lI
=c 0o
5
-i
4
-
i' Z
]
P
E
-;
?
y
!
E
i's
.
t
-
*
e
-
9
L -r
@l
;
i
9
:l
6l
E
5
9
i
i
sE
.
";3 y
3
:.
3l :l
-l bl
g
:;
:
"
:
€
3;
"
ad:
E € .o
:l il
cL lr :o
- eF-
r i
!
a
bS
+'3 .:!
ig
:.
E
:
o
6 0 l
E
d
i , d
>c di
;"
;o , I
;c ! J-. : l :o
b
-I
;e !=
q o
N t r
6 o
- -
o > l
6 o l
h
N
.
- c
6 !
p
;-3 i
:E -9 e, e: :s
E1
+9 -
€q c- o 4q
e
P
bl gl :
8.;
o o
q
E
o
.z
i3
I
ii
E 3
--E
;>
i.';
: t -
E r
5
..,
.Ll
-yl
5
I
e
"
.
5
-b
.:3
?
.P
E
i:
;
E
-
] i,
€
6
E o:
;g ;
;5i ,
:
:
.
=l
=o r
E 5
E o
i:: ;
3 -
E h , l E
E :
.-
o 9
€l
I
I
I
.
o l
z
t
I
:-,
>
il
l
l
6
9
:
3
-
^
6
$
8
q
l
c
E=
D
3L
-
s
-
S
r . |6 <
*
=
o
z
:<
=<
5@
€o
3L
a
-
o
co
ro
* 6
N>:
<
.)
=l
o>\
cJ\
.ro
E c
< q r
s c
< € )
E c
< o
*
;
-
g
>
r
^
3j
:l
't-t
o
J > | a J
-
r
-o
-
<r
( 9
9
.
i
E
o
E
B
t
e
6 9
o
E
40
q
o
8
Ni
<o,
F
6
0
t
s
r
,
o
t
_
o
a
3
A
E
G - l0
a
\
3
6
;
o
D
\
6
+
6
\
=
;
5
-
5 A
3
I
g
II
=
.
-l
o
i
3l
t
t
:
:
t
,
;
B
.
b
r'?
.l
is
.6
.
i
j
l.
;
;
.tt
lr.
i:
I
l?
-.;
L.;
L
rE
s
!
9 ; : E g : g g j ;
A 3 : e a 3 A A ; a
t ' :
t
;
E
I
;i
!
':; <'ii'
F
€
"
!
3
I
3 E
2 e
g E
!
..
!
i :
g 3
;
;
!
E
r
;
l
i
i l
l= t ; E, . ; F. : E
l
? ; ; 3 . 3 l
! E l; ! ;
el
.:;
5
s l s l : 9 ii =
; ; l ; ni =g l9 F: i; ; Hig
s g ; r*
b lr ; $ i 5
; ;
e i ! s ; P= 'FE E
:=
i : *E *c : 5*' o:= r ; g :
-!l l . t i
:
r
E
s s : ! . :
i , _ - . :
_ t
E : .
e ! l ; r E E E ; t: e !E
=
l
!
:
:
:
5
:
E
r
pl i ;5 F -; b- i
:l Bl E. :i
F l ;, r l r ! . 9 3 : *E
a
- . : ! j ^ - .3 5 <
ts-.g |
€
F ;;
1
F:
e
3
B s g H i _r l
s
i
F ,E E ssl s! n
.:l
a6
e
i
I
.fl[t
F:
;
s- E l = , . :EFo - :3E_
ri j9
; :
ir E
-e E
;.9
ts ;
i
i
" q
i..
.-: .-; :
;
E
,a
sr I n
l ; 5 ; ; ; r l ; g t t ; ; ; i l t ; : ls E z
j:l
xl
=
E
=
4
sl
I
I
J
I
I
'|
-
O
e l F
. ll e =
z
-=
tl u \
5 E@
t
=
lr F- 6o
q
l
- l
q
5 s
::e E
< =
E E
@
b- h<
M
r
3
o
o
i e-
N
q?
.o
I
ai
!'l
o
!o r '
<
o
6
.
6
;
q
?
vi
q
b -6
-
O
;
6
3.
=
!
o
c-
-
-
3 3
or
:
3
=
s,
o
$ E a ? s
;
-o S
o
^
o
E
3* E
E9
*r :: ' .
h
2 ' i
,
t s R ' ,
sD n 3 a!
E E !
6
&
E
E
P F
g
c
c
a
d
ai
o
d
:
d
t
co5
€.f
3 i
= :
- - :
I F E
= l i F
*=l l i >
tl ' 4
R
o
L
* A
E la E
e
E
H
; :v=
E9 o
@
o
:
e
;
c
:
;
u "o '
po -
s 3
3 3
o
D
oD
-
3
3
js
>c
j
;
R
:
a
;
o
.'!
s 3
5 3
3
n
;
;
;
:
,
t
I
oL
b
>
I
! ^
0r
G
I
Ytl
=l
=l
d L
-
" ^.e
l)
> -
|
t
l
-
-
_
-
,: ::F
|
t
;
t
-
€t6
€
'%
t
_
6
t
o
;
.
=l ;E
3
= l
s t
:- q.
:..
-b
: .
b
3-s
P
t
r, . Il
J
l ;
6 1
.
-) l
>
l
:= l l
<
6l
=l
o
!
EI
t
iiti:
|
*
F
9
*
E
!
q
.:
- o
:
;
;
E
:5
4
;
+ i
Fi
;
; 3
t
;
E
Y
E
l
i
I
'r
i
=
= = =
=
E
sl
II
= l! i
E ie* EE
F
= i5 = F
F
F
F
E
E
i
q
l E q
s 5 =
i q =
:l
;
:
*
J
J
i
3l s3
rl a 3
d l
>l
I
.-l
i
'
c
a
>
:-o
:
=
n
i+
3_
-
r y :
H
E 6: 6! T
:
H
g
c
:
B
9
t
9
- c
P
{
E
F
o
E
"
€
4
E;
.- q ; q
i-
g - P . ,
; =o j i o
< 6
6 ;
:v:r3
R
B
>
3 Rs
=
- :!-S
y j
d
- o
-Pl 9€
;
lJpj
- ' E7 j 3
3
cj
Ey
B,i I
I
:S r5
g 3
R a
:' \
9
:
<
p
:: :
p
{P
o
E
e
:q
6
;
tsS
,
a bA Ea e
-E i sE S
S -3 tai A
e
6 5=
33
5
A
S
E
I
-t
!,
'.:
i
E
t
s
: g > r -
.
t
d ;
i
=' -;
a.
=
_6 6 -o -r ' 3
=
=
e
e t :
II
-
i E E e
E
a
o
'*
J
.
6
..9
..
!
O
9
)
l
<
i
qJ
<
@
=l
bl
:
r
,
9
9
!
'
.
?
4
--j
;l
=l
o
4
cn
>
6
o
t-
.
R-
; o
E
=
5
o
o
:
jr
0
Lt
cii
>
ol
-l
_l
ot
^l
*l
1
o
a,
lo
r
a'!rt13
-loi
-lc
ol"
!lr
;
9
; E
_l
EI
o!
o
!l
!
. !
;
;
a E
q9
_9
E !
E !
E
o
EE
c
c
E.:
o
0r
c"
!J
o @
EI
LI
ol
ol
o
=
:-
I
E
P
E
! O
E =
:+ ^
E !
c h
U
:
^9
-
!
N
E
:
E
L
p
II
:ll
!
! E
4
4 0
bi
st
F d
-
z , =
c
L
l-
E
.
<r
>J
Ol
9l
O
.
=:
-bl
E
-l
F
qot
t!dt
E
*
q<
u4
E
-
<
u
=
.:
I
:
el
4
q
<
9
h
o
.q
o
o
o@
, o
r
D
<
:
9
o
o
.
r
o
-
o
.
n
r
o
a
n
D
o
o
o
@
'
)
- f
*tl
=l
:i
,
E U
O
5
6
*I
=l
!
?
6
q
9
o
N
q
N
q
6
o.
.
?
.
ii
E
*l
6
e
!
=
9
9
4
9
o
^
O
o
6
d
c
o
-
'
-i
\
_
N
o
o
(
o
o
tr-lJ
i
o
F
,
@
\
i
o
o
i
: l
o
O
<
t
@
a
=l
t
*
l
o
I
rl
iir
El
:
lll
9l
<l
.l
:
ol
-,,1
9l
;1
_ 1
9l
al
-- 1
t
ul
i
0
ln
.-
:
-E
>
:
.3=
;i 6
t
iEl
:
;=l
PUr
o Ll
c
I
:
i.= r
EE
E
!r
b
";
-6
Ee
3
. - !
"E€E
3
i
.=:
uo 5?
r .: r *=-E
:
5'E
"l : =-i ; =i
"iI ;{ ;p
II aE o;i r :E .o! ;€€ ! .oEE
!
'?- *
9
dl
,
I
ikli,.-
i
.^ Fl
o > t
|
|
|
!l
l u: r: l
I
a o r
^.
h o
-
o
o h
!
c € q
-t-
9'
3
f .
!
PE
3
!
3
" Jr
: !l
E el
_
=
"
c ,
!d i
- A
.:
.9
..i
=
O
F g ! 5
!
6
I
A
c
3
3
3
e
ta -
:
=
E
o
.=;
c
6
=,
'l
)
F
D
,,
.5-
.5 '
;
,
.
".
6-1
3 -
sr .g: it
--3
.:
; b r E
&
Au
5
3
b
. .: El : :!'" tr i :
; . : eF ;F - =F ; -: :: R€Z aC. =: rF
!
3
i
5
3
:
$
:
qq
o
=
6
i
o
'i
-
:J
g'
A
s;
-.
:-
9
-^
E
' Yi lr
!
:
=i
G
=}
I
|
0
o
0
@
o
r
;
!
.1
.il-:;
. ; 6
!;_l;
-olo
; ;
.
;
i
E
5
6 ;
I
n
-
;
!
.9
E
-
Bl
i E
i E
.
:
>
.
-.
!
P
1
;
: -
ol
Bl
q
o
:lb
:l
:IP
9
^
5
.i
:
9:
-9 +
" 3
3
: d3 .v
= 3 p i 5
i
:
3 i
o' =
3_:
H;
5
i
!
.i
s
t
'6; , ; ;1 :7
3. b
r
F
=
F
'-{'$!i
=
E
.
F 5E
=
ri
-F
= j
;L@
g
':
:
al
> o l
o
et
,'
6
!
. o
<
=
. :
E,^
E
E
e!
a
!
6- a
g
E
I
3 R ;
;=
,: n€l sg ,r ,rl I?
,ir S
;
;=i
i i E
=
=
=
J'i
;
$
Il :
6l ;
=l
o l
ot
-E
cF :3
3:
"E r
E !l .F
!l
ol
-E F,
i?
8 iOlI g qE , s
:'
E
-F
ee
-i .e:
-
E
3
E
E
€., J
=
!_ F
_
.1 r_;b f-;
gl gir "E
:- ll :- ll;C . : " :
o t o t
dr d,co
. F
I
=e
:
! -
e
:
.
;'€
; S
' : e
A
Eld
: ll
:' l
n
u ;: E d
_ ; ; N*
€
-
,
- 3!
:t
F
-s
e F
-
f'
=
l
!
=
r
i
EI
I
I
:=l iR ; =
$
g E H
F
R-
;= : -i FE* -l3
E=
=
I g q F q q E se q E E s g
".11
=l
6l
.l
-1
-l
=1
*l
-l
=l
-
;
uj
-F;
-,
::
i
p
d
Bu i l
f
:
-
9
9
6
i
.s r
y> j
,
i '-
=
g i . g
'
I
S
-
: aE e.9 B.E sf a b =
3f r .A3 3A E
: .i 3E 4e 3" 4. 11=
R s
:;
: RS p: sA s,l B p a
;f :== ;
ro=16
.; r t -
E
BL
se
F
=
cE . g 6
o
-
:
g;
o
:
s =n = i F e i
o
:
gS l
_
x
c
-
oS
c
-
:o 3 o 3 o5
j
:
t
_
i
n- n > i
_
R
'v
3o
';
i i
:'
l
*
Fii>
u- tJ
'.'
I
I
rl
al
I
:l
I
;
I
I
I nF E
I
,t
.
o
a
<t
;t
: :s "b " 5
u
i
<l
a I P a:
ul
;! i ; ,I -i 6
I
I
iriilii\
xl
HJ
! : :
E
=l
E
=
E
E
E
F
:
9
x
!Y i.
l
Y
|
,
E
-
!
F
i- : - 5 :
5
1
6
=
o
r
-
!
c
€
=
E
=
=
=
:
E
5 ; ;
; 3 ;
E
=
q
o
A
!
q
\
g
<
G-
s i= ' :: V v:
9l
- ; ; : 9 ; . e
s ds s R s ; ;
I= . . .' ; :J ; U- - *: j -Ej - :j : :
, 3n r s 3 ; J 5 i p i + g I ; ; i ; I s E I g
=
- i
E
j H F i :i I : I q i ;'
i==6 $
i :
- - r P - f : l
. : l
i 3 3
d ; I i
I i ; 3
E
s
a ' a E a 2 i = e l= = g : ; l i : l
'' ; €l
:
:
; ; ; ; ; * * , ; = -F
:
r
;
-c
F .E F F =€
Fi _e F cl :-: =€ _FE
E E E
B ; : i ;= :
-'
I ;i
.l i i:
=
-:l
;l
6 € ; B
: 5 J h
! E
! E F R
E
!
:l
q
: E f
r ; 6
E E = t s : ; € i
F ; :
:l
I
'
e E e ' E gi
!g E
r
:
5
.
!
* = ! i E - ii 2 ; i R ' i
3
HI
I
e
g E
3
g
_
c
E
€ : E : : - E ; ;
E ' - : i i l s
E
i F E ;g
E
zl
9!l
**l
5 s
s
;5 ;
<
?
-
q
P - S<
=
N
o
R
o
N
!
o
E v E =
3 : ;
H; == = q
;r
E : r F
E::
r
I
P
p
B
s I
S * x IF ; e g R 5 s e '
F
= E F= S E * c is : ; ii .
4 5 3 T *
E ; ;
g s : s s! ' : s
;l E . ! . E g
sl i : : : 3 3
:
P E : e
b
B : E
6
55 -<Bol3 :i!=-;
; g; ; g I ; i q € r ' .
3s 3P e- *a s3 ' a_e"L; E
r E- lsil E
tr : : P;t
tF^- R I € €; s3: i
n
r
-l :' =s :E pB ;;s ds :q ;E ii :; :F Fr s; ;E ; [ ; F : ! E
i : : = Rs s = = : : " i . ! : : : ; i i ; ; s
I
*l
rl
li
,
i
;
9
.
E
i
B
o
o
O
E
t
E
'!
E
L
*.
<
E
c
.o F
u
rqill
>l
o
t
t
t
ot
!l
o
A
E
-
>
o
.
c
r
6 E
o
E
+t
L
o
o
u
d
c o>
.
o
{t
oe
r
u
cr
rt
|
>l
-l
oJ
,
- l
c o t
crl
-
-
o
:
o
o
=
E
E c
oo
] -
! s
t
I
II
.t
1l
=l
=l
I
it
?
=i ;
=l
l
e
.
N
o
o
o
,
'
o
O
c
-
'
<
-
6
o
C
r
O
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
u-t/
i
f
l'
I
,l
;t
=l
=l
I
+
t
!
i
Z
II
I
I
I
zl
al
6t
=l
Fl
"
;* i j;E;.E
b E :
i
t
s
C
= ; *
t e F
oi
fii
r
t
;
'l
tt
:
t
:
E-: ;
U
E ! r= : s : !
i ; : ; ; l ; : ; l :
E
i
;
i
:
i
:! E; ;: E
;
;
;
;
c
'
:
:
:
;
i
E
:
F ; =
:l
rl
{ASil
E's$ El
,
€
I
I
E
;;
; E = !a s f ! i j . : ,
f s E . : ; 3F e : ! = = . - ; ! e ; F
s 9d il s slt s:
FE
E=
= =*
-E
6= EE:Fi; sEt;i:Eii
=
)rl
o
c
D
.
o
E
=
E
j
;
=
6
EI
(
Z
o
.
:
9
9
9
7 :5 5 : 5 :
5 s
= a ; ; 5 5 ; 5
.
:
I
i
;
P
!
E
=
e
b
,; ,3 .5
'
I;J
R
l-.
:
:
S
I
G
-
?
:, !
K
:
n
h
=
'i :
6
u
-
-
o
d
6
6
:
;: : :
6
q
d
i
6
A
:
J
e
s , <i
i E :
5 : ; : i :
P
P
p
9
G
a
?
)
E
g
E
,i ,b: .5
L;
i
:
i!
a
I
:
=
R
=
3i
G-'l8
P
i
!
5
I
I
I
-t
=l
o
r
!
o
C
o
!
o
!
i
a
t
,
d
|
L
o , >
+l
q(t
o
c
L
I
o
o
r
J
)
o
\
e
;
=
6
E
q
;
"
,
E
r
e
!o
€
;
r
3i!
tri
:
;'
--
j
E
O
=
c
)
F l
6
l E
!
dr
:
P
:
.e : - ;
E
j
.
:
d . : a5
:
!
*>
-
':{:_
f'
3
E
:
E
g * ; :
i t= 3
al =^
-
i
6qj
i
ts
=l I
? F := . 6 b n
al
;t 5; € ,Er!, =. -.: ;- t
-F
:;
.e
I ir
-; 3 i'
: ; : . : : = FP i r : : * l g I ; l
=
R
;
3
-
;
:
B t
o
s
i
:
-6 -€l t r! rl
;
I iE
u" t == _
ii i
= =
= e ; iF . a
3 € i Pe
=it
F
e : l
:
:
E
;
!
r
e ; 5 s l l
=
i
,
.
E 3lb
;= ; :r
; :i
=
z
=
=
;=;:; !l
i:
=
z
z
N
:
I
=l
,
P
;
:
?
{
E
513 J:J:I I e ;3 ;3
r
el
:l
_l
i
s
-l
II
;
!
o
I
!
;
o
=
:l
'l
i
:
-
ol
:t
iil
'
E
e
o
+
o
o
N
-
<
,!
i
I
J
e
)
o
q
!
e
!
@
-
a
n
<
j
,
a
a
!
o
!
:1
a
-
:
a
c
i
i
6
J
r
L
= :c o s 6
=.c
i
.
i
T
-
.
B
5
o
i
o
>
h
;
.
t
=
*6
o
z
-
p
c
:E
,
t
I
f
-
L
i
-
-=
a
r a
5
!
'-l
;i
=l
:t
'i'
\
i
1
R
PI
el
I
t
l
cO
o1
o\
o
-
6
5
'
.
.
q
4
=
€
>
O
S
-
6
=
N
> G-19
O
o
-* 9n -E
- q
o
o
o
(
o
o
+
:
o o
a
;-
j
o
I
I
l
-
l
b
l
Et
z
l
E
;
l
€ l E
l
b l
_ r
l l
Fi
'
i l
t
i;
a
f
g
>
2 e .
-: .
i=
F : F :
33 3f
t !
p 6
E
= l
I
t
:
:
3
:
: :
:
E
.
P
:
.
;
i
=
l 3
It
x- t
|
I
:
; u
5 0 r
s . i
E
I
B
E
. : ' =
o l
s
,
3
=
Rl
o
*
I
;
p
o
l-P
e
at
,til}hl
-i
-l
{ -
E =
.'l
iI
-:l
-l
N
z
l
<
S
9
X
- :
P
X
:
:
l
='
:
:
:
:-A
:-
-
I
1
:
;
: r !
si ri
S
=
- + =
o
d
;
:
{ i i
:
:a
! :
si pi
s
,
}
6
{
P
;
3
>
\
3
-
Si i
3
:
i
o-
:
F
-
;
:
:
s= :-
;
:
I
e
=- i
P
6
6
i n =
s' ;;
o
o
E
B
* N B s E 5 5 s; ;
G-20
;
i:
I
ro o E6
o o o
E
;
+
*
L E s J I
I
I
H*=
=l
i;P
Ft
e
r;
Fa
i
",
dS i
3 . 3E
. -
9 c
e u.-J" . ! - 3
s
;!!:'l ls
.;
tr64&5 S*
e
E
E
zE=.
;
E l € ; i - ; * i ; :e ; 5
i; t l E : ; " ; i i ;E ; F E: a* : ::E f
r !€ :Ep
'E.5 r- qs € . e E=
: al;;!'I:;FEEei
*+s
h !
I t e : : s i , ; : i l : € . i gi i:
I i : 3 J = 3 ! : ! 3 1J s g J
I'i g
.iEair
=
O
=
r
=
o
o
=
E
r
::
a.
_o
-3'
s j ! i ; ; i ; ! €; : 3 s
e =! og ; ; Ei " : - ; 2
: l sF ; F r l g
:
=l
H :
d€
i
5
Eir $!
o d
.
.
:3i -
E P; I: 3
t
a5l ;:
nil -i
- :
o I
e
a
g
F
;
:
E
s
S
=
+
I
;issFFEEFsEgE
El
>i
;
;
. :
li
:e
;!
! !
a ,y
:
a
:
a
: 9
=
! F : !
!
!
I
P 3
P
R
3 :
Ei$is$:$$,F,$F
*
;
t
;
l
t
ll
6
;;
j
:
.
o
?
l : r r : 5
,
;
:
3
"
:
c-
;:
P
€ :
E lE ? l; :
r
;
I
i
.
9
;
5
E
;i l ii r:* ,F ;e=; E
; q; i: ;g '
;
i
; is tl i lp t
3
:
:
* : * E; f .: ;
=
5
El
E
€
-l
|
,ilJfltr
. *i g i
6
:
r
e
e
r
:
,
=-: B; 5
3
3 R: R s: n
A
l ; : € ; r E ; s ir t l ; s :
HI
=
N
=
=
O
\
Id l 5 H
E
O
€
F ;
S F a
!9 :? E
i
::
-s
:
;
;
.??
3?
;
-; IIa 5 ; g s e E € F
F EE gB F E F :
Jl
ii
q
:l
\?l
_t
rl
u
t
ii
:
F
;t
:
;
:
E
.;
=
s r; I ri
1 l 6p
0
E li ;
:
l d B
F
6
6
:
i 5
=3 ;
:
:
R
-
H ;
E B B n
3
i
i
3
3
> i
= -i
G-22
APPENDIX H
UTILITY
VEHICLE COLLISIONS
AUGUST l-917 -
D E C E I ' ' I B E F1, 9 7 B
INVESTIGATED BY NEW MEXICO STATI1 POLICE
,i:ii
;,
t-
H-l
)
. i t. -
=
-l
E
l
x
:
3
r
5
= la
! z
-t
^l
x
t^l
{
"l
i -
i
a
*
: 1
z
=
z
z
<
;
i
;
< i
=
3
I
-.t ;
Nl
II
itj
a
l
=l
I
o
t
-
t
!
I c;. -;
l r P
-
o,
F
E
6
;
l
:
-
9
==
=B
d ci
I
:
o
t
<
,
L
C
J > I
6l
or
l-\
coi
r cl
or
d
.. I
u
i'l
c
:-i
z
=
: i
;
:I
€
o-i
-
-9: :L"
r 3
c)
Itr
2 . .
E
:1
! t
F
;liI
E CrO
I
=
L
-c)
a
;
o€
L ;
I A
A 6
tJ1
z
(,
J
<
=
H
F
-
El *
*
: : : !
=II;E;g
E
':-l
:l
=
J
H
Hl -
=
r:r
:i
-l
-t I
t6 t s l:o :
o
- l- "
t
=
9
e u -
a
: 5
6
;
6
f
.l
H-2
.*
i
'l
1
i
- .
r
- ;
i
6
I
;
J
a
g
<
;
<
!
;
3
"(
r
n
i
,
,
5
-sl
5 9 I1
I
E
lt
"=l =
a
1
{z
.-
,;
;
;;
=t
-
,.
;
;
; ?L-
'
g
l=
" ;;! i* F i:
l i ; : = ; E
Ii € r : : r
l : = . E ; ; E : : ; : i - s i d
l : E . . :i
I F:
J " " F" F r ; s3 !' o. io iE . s '
i
H l! : !
": :.. EE: : :1 E: i: :
I
bl -gA 5 .c; ;i ;:: I :3 EF CH :
r l I r . : . t ; E i t , 5 :: E - : H 5 s !
5d
; l e = i ; : ; ! ; ; i.;!;: l !; ig:: !F:: l: :' j E
"
9!
efi:E :g ,^
-i a
E:
i a;
!!
=
s
3
:o
3
o
s
q ' o
L
!
:
l
€
:;
_
9
E
b"
!
>l
o-l
o l
o ! E
' : * :
i :
o
l
:
or
.
L
-3
:
:
o
:
c
<
d
>
\
:;
Ll
tEd:E€I
e
!
-
!l
b
t
>l
!9
,
cl
5
i:
! 6 >
o
b
.
,
'5
etr
::
i ,
.
O J f l
tt
!
-EE P-tr :f
:e
; E F z , ,e , , : .
I
c l c (
A e o
O O
F o
=
- l:
e i F E gh E* H
= I€
E ? F H
',1
; i ;i
I
E
l e e = * g e Ep
i
,l
AI :
>
i -=
; l
i i
*
:-=
R
?-
-
B
: ;
a
j
-
..8
,y
:?
::
- z 2
:
:
r
i
I
p
:
6
C
3
A
8
:
I
F i
;
;
;
g
P
:
- ? r
E
-
,
E !
o
i
H-3
. 1
J
r!l
! r
:= : l
2
=o
C'F
-
'.:t
zl
o
EI
E c l
i;
cg ;
I ; . . i : E ! 3 ! n . : ; E; i 6 i g l - : l
l : i i & s! E ! s ; i ; i 5 ; i E i E ! ^
;l
".,
1
691
z ^ : z
-
c t =
5j
i l : B; id : ; E; :::ee E: ;I :! ;; i : ;j ;: F
i ;I :E; E . i :i :; : s
I
!;:
ir$tL.
-
;;
r3 l l;r! l i 'r e is; :i : : illE:r i. iE;c ;rY Ei ;EE =t
'l
;
'i
T
-
;
i
;l
l
e
:
j
,
et;
z
i
l.!
s
El;
I r! or
6
s tE
I g
-:
a
a
P
f
. . ;
=t" :
z
;
t
5
F
HI
0 6
I
L
I
II
!
-l g€
5 15 : s
>t
H.q:'
o l
I
|
: : a
I r5
g! ii ::
-'t :.5 =-*
3: !:13
*; E:c
io t5i
"'
: ! :
g€.:
n:l
I
L
; ,
-'il
4
g!
-:"
6
=
6
=
g
-
H
So
;
:
ql
*
=l ^
;
o
<
*
:
-
R
>
{
E
-
>
-
-
i
+
:
l
-
s
:
('
l
9
co
:
=
co-
*
:
N
j!;
r-6" Ft
6i.; ::
,.-=
l
=l -
;j
.E::
-8-55. :
: -
3::l
E ; l a E Aa E E : - :
l i
=
t :
;- ri ;; .:- i
:i l:l !E E;Er
g; ;A
!
=l
Ev
;E
Fl;
tr-
;;;
P
;
; < P
I
i-
! ;a
_
Bl =
II
;-:
t . i c ; . ii A : ! ;
!!
t ; "
> 9 1 . . a " e
o o q
;:
.A s e4
:
-
H-4
+$
:
;
X
;
;
;
;
;
:
d
e:
;
;t l! lJ: +: !l
€: &:J -: srsl
I t?E a:l ;:E
I ' = = L
:
E6
3!*
5cr
- o l
: : l
E.
;^
Ef-
=,
f:
i g€ :: E -!.e
:E :- l : : P ;i , : "F. l ?
s !
:
i.
::l
3g 5ir
3
:. Yl i iip5l i l ,
o
;l
d ; l
:
!
:.t
-o
f
Y,:.
o:e
o
".l
-
d
> o L
6,o
II 9 -. 3
.:
r
:g;.iiiii
:" g. =
:A
L 6
!q,
*o ll
8tr-
:
-
clt ,E :E
;lg
'.t
id
i ' f
E; !:;
: 9 r
o
:
!l E
'3
o5*
F
I
P
| 60
.:'
E
l
u l
6l
_ y . _
. . :
- .
,, 3
: '
-9
5i a :{
;:
:
:b
-d
i;
.
=
fI
-o
i 5
!
a L l
i- "i E 5 ' B l
i
F-l
^.:
--
--
'- o]
>-l
;5
J
6&l
. :3 : 1
g : :
: :
: : : : :
z
z
--:.
<
o
.l
@
]
=
-
'
';d
!9
Dnl
=
3C ;cd
I
'or
=-
3
-;
=
..:ili
! o
9
rro
5:
o
t i
:!-:
; ; -
E5 A EE A3A
r
t !
9 q
E E
=
=
=
x
F
F
r
* -
S F
H
x
i
=
i'
E F E
i
*
=
R
F i 3
E
:
R : :
3
g
E E EE
i
a d
t
n
:
!
i
2
!
i
b
*
b
!
b
n
a
e
a
a
6
b
o
6
a
aa
-
i
; .
:
P
*
x
:
R
x^
:
P
3
-
g
l i i E
=
;
i F
l i
=
6
:-jt_ t rl _
6
-l
;l
-
=
-t
I
I
.J :
5l i
33:
* - ll
r i
t
@
r ^
:D
i3 lle - : F
l >
E n
F r
H-9
E : ;
p ' S =
b
"i
b
b
b
a
I
R
E : F * F
3 l : < }
R {
*.
;.
' :
-=
E
!l -8
=
=
;ri',!Ai r
<
::
=
E
j
;
;
;
<
i
i
=
J
gl: * : : : : : : : : : :
zl
rdl
" Et
er
Fr^."
I
*" i; E
]
l : : , , " i 83; r;" E
i
i
- ' T E* : l
E r-
li.i=li"=^6
l F ' i ! ; t t ! a ! E I . . ; t : ; E 5 l;
a:l i g : ; t : : : a s ; : E : EE ?: i
g F
i , i € i i d F = ; ; i ; i : E EE ;:
lp ll,E: l ;ei:l ; ;t; ,: ; i: ;; "j ; ;i:i :E: :tE!Tif: ii .
;t :
;;
-l
;; i ;: ;it;gEf;;r;f :;
;ilip:;E,i
lfu::; i; ; '=I: i; !; ;ir r: t'
lg€:s;i: :EE iEi; ir il fti :i :F
rlill*ii
Hl =
l E
R
* l t Er j 9;
=l ;
:
l.x
H
=
t
e
s
6
I
h
:i
;
36
s
B
s
;
6
3
;
i
Fi
!
=
i
i
=J
r
:
_
o
s
H
:
;
:
F
:
:
=
-
r
g
-J
;
p
g
e'k'
s
I
G
5
:
s
;
E
=
p
i
5
N
E
;3
_
G
v=
;
,- l. , t
?
il
E
F :=
st , r
i N
!
b
b
b
h
h
:
!
a
:
.
E. a
E
;
:
e
j;
|
;
r
i
R
I
X
. X
; J
!
'
:
fi
;
!
;
3
j
*
g
R
:
X
=
:
______
i
I
1
.il j
r
iil <
<.
5
= *l:
I
al
:l
v,I
. - l
=
=l
=
I
'Jr
=
!l
<;
x
?
i
t
tl
6
I
u ^
u<
;:-
6
I
=l
:
.:
-
t
€ n
p
'
=
€-
E E-
3d !E
cE
-
E -
Ei i 3;
6-
:-"
iiliri:.
E
HI
rd
r
! J
i .
"o;
3 ' 9
6 EA
f
ss ! ! !
A gA
5A
I
=
=
l l
* l l r;
=
; l=I
l
4
qr
-
F
+
=
E
E
g
G E
ib =s
; . Y= i: t: -:
B
h
=
3
*
;
3
b
i
E
*J
s
-
ig
E
[
5
.
s Sg
"
F; GE
3 g
,.,J
E
=
o
F
, 3 r
- s
3
;
h !
i;
L
i
F= : - ;
= v 3
=l
6l
ell :i
e
g i
I IX
t
I^ ; I; ; !
=
P
6 E
3 R
!:
E
:
b
_
- !
b
!
b
_!
P
R
: :
^
" ,*1 E s E E s
S ;
E "Sl F = =
-i
;
S * = = e < i=
H-5
g
E
;
:
= t i:
a 6
i :
Ri
6
a
X
q is
l; =>-
lS-
't
. t . ^
o l < A
ij
-
i4
s
,E
j
=
:
S
a
=1 s*
a
<
-
r
l
;
t
l
u
l
5 3 1
I
* ^ l
q,
n
i
-
z
t
I
t
\
l
I
I
l
:t".1
g
al
LI
! . o
-l
_l
{
E
> _ i
t
9-i
o
;
)!
I
t
9 !
; y' .
.:
€-i
: :
o
,
=
_:il
-
:
ES*s:
r
9
i
E
!
A
s
S
-
: i :
: i
-; o
i
r '
9 o
i - - '
i:
9:'
5.:
A::
.
!
.
?
:
:
r o
i
>
1
s
i ,
P
33
;;
!
t.!
"- -E- :
B , _ E ri
f s
si
" :
:
ar
:
gi
3€"
F -
!l
-' .- 4- :
o
it
'.:
E!
i!
;E- E
t> .!
,- !J
,9";
q J
o:l
"" 3. S
- '; Y
L
c !
^ j
iE
-:
.:g :
;
; ;
;
!o
- " "
:
; . E
:d
6 -
". el@
!
=
*
t J l
F
o -
'
i
-
-
E d
a E l <
i :lr"
i il*
ar>l-
E
o
l"
- :
' co
o
-;
o - 6
t
s i:
= p
i.:
:t
:_
-o1
*
*
-o ' ' - ;
f '3 -:- ,
*E
!
':
;
L
gi
€
6
! 6
zl
:; F
a a L
=El
::l
- J ^
: : l
;;l
-d -
-"
eE ;El 3r-!
'
Fi
rEl bP ;!l r::
A A A S Ea € 3 E * E €; :. t1 .6:;: ' - t ; ; ;
d6l A.bA
, = . = . a
L
: . : i
= >
3l =
a d ;
E
E
UI 3
l x r
l o d
t d
:
-i R
-
+
l a
E
:
:
F
R
=
N
;
3
=
=
;
=
.
.
o
d
5
i
H
E
;
F
9
x : :
I
"iI
-l
6 i e
di
:
;
g
.
; j -
l
:
)
:
:
=
\
;
1
G
6
- E
G
>!
;
i
j
P
r
l
<
i'
r
;
e
s
.3 s a
9 , ;
E
S
:
r
:
6
;*^<
;
;
n-o
+ *
j g
t t
|
>
;
N
:
=
F
i
;
i
;
!
9
=
a
c
9
:
i
E
E
6
o
!
S
;
3
x
S
:
l.-H
!,
I
lir
cc
q)
o,
^)
oll
0
Y
- t
@
\ |
:lo
o
@
5
\
k;
;t
c
xs
b
5
4
:k
E
::
i
5
e
{
O
r
$
I
!
-
'
h
3
* * F E
d
E
:
;
st-
F €
e
s
j
I
iiii
li
i1;1
i5i
r:!
liiii
;li
"
o
: 3 i 5 i $i ; i i i i a s i : r l = i l r
Iil;
:;i';i
i:
i
=i
liff
ti la '"=I ia 'tii irll
o a
:::liS
::
E: 5 F ::
:*
q;lg
i; li;
= 7 io fli;ig iii
i
? 3l
t?
t6
=>
v
g
:
z
-lr
-i,
{
.jl .
<-l I
9
5
3l
El =
*
!
a=
5
t
2
a.
2
a
;l
Il ! ,l
' €- " :^Er ;
::y E
-^'
_
F.
:gf
:d
ps!
s!
+'i
s F g i ;: o;
r
i
I
Iel
l5l
.ltl;
!::
":
E l: , ; : 5 i ' = : ? F : ;
!:
*; i:
eEi
E:e
E
;i
-23
.5; =
6
4t
E*
;EEo
Enr:;
E:
-Bl {:
E
3E iqi
E " l ,f ,
i:
; l : r ! : 1 ,: ; = - i - - : * , . : : : : ; E , l T
; :i: !:
[ l l , : i i r E ; ;; r iE : : i : ; E i E
;
{
il:;
e:a.EE p :; :I :: :-: -="-
F l: b : - i
:i i!i
F
n l ii 6 ; .
+
! i * : *e ii ;t
=!i'^:
l ; i € s * ' = E ; I ;: .a ;
| 5 ; : - . r E - e ::.
l :-' ;,E'E
illYii{
l:"
I ;;
i g ;
t3;
al
6
6
l
€
:.
+l
.t:'
t ;
=sr.: .;
; - 3 b
=t ;
=t F
l 6
- l >t
o
>l
r
-..J
O
-
+
>t
I
gt
-
iE- sgil !8. €:. :j
"- .;s
F
l
i
;
;
;
l
i
E
;
;
e
i
r
;
s
"": :E:l !i=;
E:;
. E : sl - l E l . * ' ; E
'
€
.e
llf
:'j5l ElI-
; 5 ; " : l _ Ee" : ' i :
E
. ; : ' :. .I- ;:
: - : !
! i !
::"
i
:
e
=
*
3
F
:
:€
;
.
:
i
s 5 6 E E _ 3 :3 e i A S ; E : i f a E fi iE .: i; :: - [ _
s.:
i ' 3
=
l
t
liI =;l
d
.;l .
:
<
=
r
-
5
<
.
t
i
1
-
1
=
1
i
{
El j
*
-
"
5
-
:
r
I
r
. L
l*
i!
IF
t _- L
|
-l
:" =
l l --
3l g:
F l
;
D l: E ? i r
o . t; , "
| €"-
.t-.
t
l a .
?
;r
i* iietF:i: ie *: Eg;sl
| !E! Fit!
I aiE E:la
F
:
E
-n
R
E
E
>
;a;*
::-
Lt
I g
-t =
=l !
.jj
i; g
* ; ; ! i # e' - E
l i r c: =
s
;
3d
FE.g:E-
:{
: €1,;
II =.:d
o>,I
rcttr
|
!l
:'.;
E
:
IiE? ;; !: =*i:;;
PE
6l
€
;
sil ;5
€;F
;;
e;s
i:
i
't; :!a
l3
! =
lr
i? r;
r i I
:i
*l
I* ,'? f F:- E. E ltt 5a
* ; i 9 =E : t * :
i - a : E " b f i f e ,: ! : l ; :
j
E:
!'
;: g i : :g ;3 E E . : ; : ; gI ;
t:
t.:
gr
E l ;EvP
:
;-
::;;;F ; z !
I'
iE
:<
,
\
E
S:
o t
=l _::
Ht ts:
:+
;
EE :
F= gE
E
e
oc
5
|
*
i
*t
ll
:l
i;=I;!i:E;:!; ii IE:::l
r
o
@
-
;
6
sg
b
R
l
R
b
b
k
9
?
:
<J
:
2>
a
g
3l
:-l
El b
E "l
-
b
i
!
b
h
I
o
-
6
.o
i r
:
r
A
:
*,
^
Cl
l=
-I F
EI }
t ;
e
E
N
5
R
h
:
I
*
H - lI
!
:
;
E
E
;
:
i
d
3
;
!
P
'
F
9
;
6
;
E
:
6
o
\
P
g<
a
\
o
:
;
a
T
I
i
3
r
=
R
;l
.l
qi ;
"' T
;
-l
.a
a
r
r
;
z
z
;
;
;
=
=
r
:
:
j
i! r E ;,
E l :-5e i t i ;
il
; * E _ iEl. r : i " : * E
g
s'
s;
rs
:l sg ;: ;: _
i;
=
E
'- ri ':
:r
I
= =E
i= :+-F"ss
I : F€; E!;
;:i
t;di:e EFe
tii:€:
!;i
;
15 EIF
!E
;r E
. ;?
:s":l ie i;
l:
;€:
=l
;
;i
iii
€:
#
i;i
i:
:;
E
::
;:
lii
j
i
.
T
t
e
:i
l
i
q
F li ; : ; s '
pi
; ::
E ;5 ;:
;e
ti
;il
,;;,ii
E;
i;'
i
Fl
::
;;;i
- ;g,
s
d
E
i
r
,
t
:
: i i l 's
Y : !ff
! * * j!;
.= €;f,
E;:er;'rHii];
" i ;i :
€
s;:
'i;
!;
Ei
;;l,
;r
El:
;:i:F
1i Ej
il5i
i;jr
:i
gE;1,
gi
;=
::ri:
';; !it !*; ;!:i*; i;, ;i: ::
i;
:li!tr
l!: !::! !i::!
l a s A ; E !a : 3 : !
;t =
*l
3
P
=i
i-:
!A!: ! E : . ! : tgr i ; ; l ! j s lp E ll : l ; ! i ; i
a ; Ea : l a^ E ; ! : - : ; S A .- i : i : 5 i :
f
=
E
e
9
5
iD ;
E
6
6
=
=;
o
F
o
P
i
=
;
i
=
o
S
H
=
=
EC * r :
H=
;
:
g
=
=
'
g
=
!:
f ! r Fr
a
g
=
s
=
=
:
-J l l
-t
,
-1
e
;
6
F
o
9
E
;
6
F]
\
l1-l2
E
6i
!
Ae
;
i
:
,
i
3
F:
i
3
::
:
9
53
:
;
P
s
S
. t .
:l {
<
1
r
a
z
*
S
<
z
<
;
*t
hl <
-t
-l
-t
ql
a
-l
i
= l z
-
a
;
-
j
t
=
-l
,il|
1
rl
I
I
l
I
|1
|
j
l
-
h
:
.a
E
l
E
e
e
;
:
6
.r
:.:
os
e l
6 Hl S,, g-.:.
l tsl .:: :o E:
S
i :o ;r
ul
ol
:d
-sE iEl : !l:
:g
:"
o u
;;
E:
:l
il
*ab- .
E!
- ;
= :
!!
* o
: !
; d
!:
=,9
:b
s.r E:. 5;i
E
- . :;
-,,
P9
:0 i1 6
H l ; : .:Y. ; i9 F9 :Pj " ; =. " ti r: t = - !
,. oY
| ":l - o5
.6
; ,
.- : =:
I
-
i ' t
: 9
I ;! ;;
I E: !-
.1i,.1
l;:
r 5;
ul
o
€l '
I
t
-
l R
* t
r
- ' P
-
= t
>l
<:
-
!
: ;
^
f :.:
€3A
.r::l
a;:l
-
s
:
:
R
:
p
P
e
6
q
i J r ;
=
-6
6
G
--
s
-
u
s
It
A
+
:9
i
;
j
! * l
: v :
:
::
g E
i :
; E
! E
i
- E ! ' 3 i "
i r
- ;
. o
; ;
v-!
f--r g€ i;;
eFl.
.: Slx
: :'t5
;;l-
E:9
: 3 6i
..:
i-
I
_
c
9:E oe
; t : -?: ;' .
.c;
-";
o : :
:"i
S
:
.z'z\ E;.: .::5
493 r:a Agg
!
g
9
<
s=
g
=
<
U
&
d
:l
=l
al
=
i9
o
o
FIJ E E 5 E J
l x
R
I
p
3
;
-
:
i:
;
t
tt <El <
El R
l -
-
;
R
i
\
:
S
e
F
x
i
N
H_13
5
i
=
:=
i.:
s:.
; : i i "
j*e
:" i .i - : 8 "
b!.: -" h
a
: ;
b€1"
: ;ilj i:
ibl
:3r
.:"" u:
x - : ->: F
: o ;
.
E5:, ;:; 3;sl
9i !! ;bb bg:l
8.. .:.:
AA
=
i =
r F -
A;
6
1 6
-
F:i
b : -
Fr
6;
a
i :
5
. -*
?
o. -r
a
=
;=
i{ E"
d* E,i E€.
Jl :d 'i, :i
9 13 - : b : s
;p{
E t>
=
i:
: ?
*€ oE
: t
d l
o L
o ; l
n
:*
.:tr
i
ri
n
r
eo gl
3
= i
fl el .5
:
e
f
s
e
L
. l
oe
E
L
o
I
| ;
I
:'-
;
>
:
a
o
o
s
6
APPENDIX T
FA?AI UrrLrTY VEIITCLE COLLISIOIIIS
INVESTIGATED BY COLORADOS T A T E
POLICE
D U R I N G1 9 7 7
':in:
I-l
I
I
I
.
-' lt
2
ql
ul
5l br
b:
! o
= l
o 6
I
,
|
!
6 0
I
I
l
I
u
L O t
|
1
I
|
! !
5 , ,
rlo
. o l c
I
I
I
o ot6
o -t!
+-lc
I
co Lt6
I
rr 5.,
c
! E
-e.
Is-:
=l 3
3c
- ' f. -
iI
:;:
P38
Et
ql
u!
c)t
o
u
Hl s-.
=l d€:
9-g
3e-
- 1
9 l
o r o .
xl -433
o-E
I
c o r l
o e t o
-rl3
o
ostd
d ! -
I
| ?.33
!
|
<
l !
;ElE
t-l
g .o jEb
II 5
e !
c c ,
I
-
p-rE
E l !- c"53
531:
r
| 3€=G 353
J
I
@ N C '
J
E J
,:il::,r
E
=
;l
-
l
o
t
\
E
-
i
c,
II
l :
!
_l
a.
-t
:_
lt '; .
Itr
el.
o -
c
!
t
s3E
-E€is. l,
- : 5 - : .E.
.i
;_:gPE
;r;i!
e!-ii
ij:rl1
r-*s: ;; ._ i
ii
5-:L3
S;
EigeE ;:
3 I. t
-bi E
sE
:E,E:
J , E E" 3 .
:!e:a
ee-r
' . - J ; ' -E ,- :E; i : 5 : i b ; E
3 : r r g d c H i HE 3 ?
ilcSE
-EP;;
€i!-?
o.,r
:
-i FE;=f l. 9, :l S :! g: ;?
3E?l:E 5J;
:9.
3
f
!! e
l::
E
-E:|.
d c o - r d
-+:-:5-:.;
*- '. 8
r!.3
9_:.tr
:i:5'P: :3'E
-3 3e3
b:j--J
t--3:
"5;3:
, r8
+
io
!;s
:gdo-
rB
l"
IP
t-
3
!t E : l ! $ E
E
E
r: : 5 i e ' = :eg : :ei !- :-ls : i ! : !
!
;
E
;
s
?
E
s iEs
- " : * 'i . s : : * - - I i E : ; € s ;
l " , E i E ,: ;E 3 r : i E ;
;r.
g ; ; i , i6i?Sq ;g6 : E i E : !s^ .iAE s- ; :e :s i: 5P' ; -i! op
tu
s: j
5-i's5lie-"
iE.aaS
1
i.i:s
ii,,r
:!;5
=-'o.1-P ?a-
S:!ilp: ii;
:g-
-.;
.t;:
ie;EEr gE::
;: 8i i. :E5 -; r ;: t:3:5: :' *: 5i :9 l1; : ; p ; ; ; * : : ; : ; s ;
I*5;r: .t,J. ;;d*ei ::r :!E:pi is!i
J - 3 - 3 : ;! . € - 3 3 5 : e E ; 3 3 p ; 5 p ; : 3 : :
JI
ol
;=5&
e E
9
';
E
i
I
.;
,.
s t =
t
-
t
-
l
5
6 l a
I
-l :
!l
<
o
l-J
l : a
*
.9 g
? =
d 9
eit €
.
,
i
iI 5 =
=ij
. - -:. : F|9 :
'i:3
E*3
E:.:P
3rt?
l*--3"'
| "$E:-€
!:i!
b ': sE
€: es
s-t!
I Es€.o ;;lE gi; il i! 3;:
s Pl s€ i; -3- i ;'1' " 9 ; l : € . l l *j : ;5! t c
I
=l I
E
E :3 .gl
i:
et
Ei
El
E.-E:"3"5
!' i: :K"g- 3
-jf*- "Ee6l
E 3 s '3 : : _
A
E 3: " ; h 3 = = t
Hl
or @
e ,€: u; "o ; ! ! - ,
':5
l:::*
=,39t
o =
o
I
o L
l;jIl,r4
- 55R
--:
;-?;
o a ' . n!
:3;^t
Eg89
-:'
? - -o E6 .
!
- Iu R
_^
t
!-G'or
li;..-
-3"'
.=le;
o o
=@ +? :o I ; . !
>
r
I
: 3 r P : ' * 6 t s f_ : € " 6
=l
-l
;i
I B
t
i
o
oj!
P;- \:
L!
o
!
a
)
:--
e
g--E5
-
r
E
L
.
t
I
olo- !
-g"r-, E
d
?6:3 3
e
.a
Ll!
otb
6
?
.il.il
l o \
u
: b - 3 l E -- 6 a J ;a 5a
| 5 ! ; i l F i f ! ! s EI F e t ! " ? : ' ! .
S=*.;E
i 5:e"ls: -8".5 iE -;"
| : E ; ! l l i ' : ; . E E : . EH . : ; j i : i F F
l i E i ? L l , E S gE
Jisii !:i;E?
.t E
!
I
:o - o.-gF .El @H
9 J !
.l
.
q , c
E 6
3e'= ;::ai Es-r;
=l
-r :d!PiE :E5' :-t:i lcEeT
E
:Prii ::J:P 6;:af
* ll € E e r ! ; - P
3 3 5! E . E € : : : : s
.s:sis
I
E;86
odf;-
3't;:
o
L
D
6i . o
-lu
6
E*6F3
d
o
L l -
d
I
I
3 e
I
v,l
t
li
'bi
?l -l
;€
e
t
-
{
'l
i - 5: e +! :+
€
?
3- .
95;
;
l,r
]
;
tij,
t
.
i
,
t
I
|
D r o o L !
.oN
L o
I
I
I
I
c c !
ott
Lo, qr
-oF.c
oa
o F
o u
|
- '
|
- 9 ?
q
f
lF
.o !t
"
a,fE
(Jl
ql
<t
I
> -e
o!
< o oe_
d
o o d o u o
Llo,
ot.
>F
=l ;- =15:= -'
3
l I 9 lo - !;l l e dg
-l
6 I
l r t
I
I
|
I
I
I
::-e
o
Es!l!
o o
o
a,loe !
5 >'-F
.E
E I ofE
L 4
c , q r 6
s o . - L d 5
L !
I
| = 5e:EP
8Pb
EE
:::
[;d
sEi
-
.i"
3E
f
Bt
:
:F
j:r
J! ,F i;
E#
BiI: 3rr'tsE f;
>artEc
L
>F- o!
ul
c)t
|
Ec
iu=- o i- ;: :e_ J'.r
Hi ::
d . ?
4 , o r -
Et
ol
,p
i-" ij
=l .i.u d r"'
e l
si_-
F: e
T3:
:
!;i'; :'::
€.!
- - P :3!
o6
f:s
:!:3
p
E e ;! ! :
-:r-
s:E Es
€" i
; - { ! ' ; * - E* !o;3 ?l ;
t!
.ol-lo
* ; i " - F : i " €l * ; ;l-
::ii Fi
$il,
i5E
: : E E :E
;€_j:
5-"
I i :" i ! l I
5b;r
bg
E i e :E ; i ; ; B e; ;
].
E
.s
,11
.rgii
| , l e
c
E
e €
O
|
|
r
gl -
t
t
N
=
O
t
9
s
d
o
"{l
.
c
o
6
4
=
E
O
-
(
".
N
3
g
*
o
)
:
<
E
t H -
O
!
* t I
l
,;
o
R
;
tl o;
E
:
9
o
A
I-5
c
t
1
6
I P
;
E=
- E;a E !
?
E-
-i
I ; I ;b:P-. J=; i$;l:! EEi ;:l ; "; - " E :
l;*
.ej ;:
s E b s :r F F : l ;
-l i:; i:E
5!
=tE;'59,=r:;itlEi i;
:;
€!sr
y,si
*l
sli
::::= :; ::*
r
ll ii,riE!;l I!-t.;e:--^=
E r. : ; l ' x ; i l ; E E ? :E * - 3 E
" ; EE
!l:il;;:; ;;#E;:;t i€ ;;
I ?,! s;i ;3'
glig
;ci,
ft:;:
ff
l;;i
Ei
| : l e : a E '5 i = " ::!: i F ! s . E ;
I s E ;;-: ' " ei l . E l i; * l ; ; I E ; g
,*iiii,
-:l
Fl
ol
=
o
6
\
o
6
-
o
g
"li
=1
:l
>
r
>
o
o
*l d
El
3
- t
z
@
<
-
l
=
j
6
.
.
?
;
;
c
U
o p .
>*
. ! o t
li
E
c
t
E
@
;l
al
;l
=
otJ)-
or
i
i
I
t
l
>
-
I
L
|
-
z t
ol
- l
d t
-l
e l
qt
u t
o t
O -
> '
q '
o c
+
olo
- o l
!
L
<
e
6
o
!
o L
.
E
ru
o
old
t o
u
o
.
uF.-
o
o o-l@
d!
0t<
6 *
L t
6
d
C
E
6
I
q
.
, o
l
I
I
c
o
o
o
L
*
s
!
!
c
a ,
p
} c o
r
i!!!
. o o
!
>
-
r
t
L <
2
|
o
>$
z
.
:
r@$
e,
4
-. i
=! ro ' 9
< 6 0 d !
d
@
t
=
J
o
e
3 @
C J
*
9
! ! o
c L
c 2 . !
! 9 6
arl.i
L I
.,1
ol
b l
0,1
o o @ o
-
r-
? . -
o
L
E
- .
o
E
E'
!
t ! -
ot
t t.
E
-
O E
>i,
L
!
ol
! o
!
; o
!!
*
l
e
9.'
a
E
E
6
!
@
!
a
e
,
6 o
6 n
. Oo !
h
o
?
!
..r
, r t c
! ot€
rF
o ot6.
-Tl:
E;l;,
--le o l d
acit;
e
a
!,
J . o .
c
a -
o L g
_ o i
c c
t o -
o
o
F 6
L
'.c
!
o'!
e
o
E
@
le
Y t
td . o
L
!f
c
- -
9 C
.o
* c
! d
|
|
-
>6Ic
'-16
o,o
oll
o L t !
c o
- z
! E
|
o o
I
l ' o
ot@
c
o
'
i
6 - toto
'
o t > t f
< L t o l
o
1 6
6l
|
|
e
O
@ o
-
=l
<l
E
!
6
o t
'
e @ E '
E @
>,F
- :
|
.
- F
! e o ! c
l !
d
4
-
c
=
ru.b ,
I
t
!
1 6 .
l
c
l
|
!
,
a
l
t
O ;
c !
L
o o
J z
- o
= : z
e 6 -
jo| Jb
jot @
a r ;5 ;
.c
--ts
r
:,
:.
'-i
ol
:ilri
.
.
t
E
O
E
c
6 0
! d
'
l
i
d
E
€l
l
x
a
3
G
,
E
o
o
-
f
9
I
!
9
:
::9
')!
a
t-7
!t
o
-t
5
-<
R
a
3
3
:
3