Matrix parameters of manure and storage conditions

Transcription

TEXTE
02/2011
Matrix parameters and
storage conditions of
manure
| TEXTE |
02/2011
Project No. (FKZ) 360 04 031
Report No. (UBA-FB) 001436/E
Matrix parameters and storage
conditions of manure
by
Karlheinz Weinfurtner
Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied
Ecology (IME), Schmallenberg
On behalf of the Federal Environment Agency (Germany)
UMWELTBUNDESAMT
This publication is only available online. It can be downloaded from
http://www.uba.de/uba-info-medien-e/4054.html.
The contents of this publication do not necessarily
reflect the official opinions.
ISSN 1862-4804
Publisher:
Federal Environment Agency (Umweltbundesamt)
P.O.B. 14 06
06813 Dessau-Roßlau
Germany
Phone: +49-340-2103-0
Fax: +49-340-2103 2285
Email: [email protected]
Internet: http://www.umweltbundesamt.de
http://fuer-mensch-und-umwelt.de/
Edited by:
Section IV 2.2 Pharmaceuticals, Washing and Cleansing Agents
Dr. Silvia Berkner
Dessau-Roßlau, January 2011
Report Cover Sheet
1.
4.
Report No.
UBA-FB 001436/E
Report Title
2.
3.
Characterisation of matrix parameters of manure and storage conditions for manure in preparation of an OECD draft
test guideline for the degradation of substances in manure
5. Autor(s), Family Name(s), First Name(s)
Weinfurtner, Karlheinz
6. Performing Organisation (Name, Address)
Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology
Auf dem Aberg 1
57392 Schmallenberg
7.
8.
Report Date
07.07.2010
9.
Publication Date
January 2011
10.
Project No. (FKZ)
360 04 031
11.
No. of Pages
54
12.
No. of Reference
46
13.
No. of Tables, Diagrams
15
14.
No. of Figures
3
Sponsoring Agency (Name, Address)
Umweltbundesamt, Postfach 14 06, 06813 Dessau‐Roßlau
15.
Supplementary Notes
16. Abstract
The literature study presents an overview of storage conditions for manure and information about important matrix parameters of
manure such as dry matter content, pH value, total organic carbon, total nitrogen and ammonium nitrogen. The presented results
show that for matrix parameters a dissimilarity of cattle and pig manure can be observed but no difference within the species for
different production types occurred with exception of calves. A scenario for western and central European countries is derived.
17.
Keywords
manure, cattle, pig, manure storage conditions, manure matrix parameter, dry matter content, pH value, redox potential,
total organic carbon content, total nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen, storage conditions
18.
Price
19.
20.
Berichts‐Kennblatt
1.
Berichtsnummer
UBA FB 00
1436/E
4.
Titel des Berichts
2.
3.
Charakterisierung von Matrixparametern und Güllelagerungsbedingungen in Vorbereitung auf eine OECD
Richtlinienentwurf zum Abbau von Stoffen in Gülle
5.
Autor(en), Name(n), Vorname(n)
Weinfurtner, Karlheinz
6. Durchführende Institution (Name, Anschrift)
Fraunhoferinstitut für Molekularbiologie und Angewandte Oekologie
Auf dem Aberg 1
57392 Schmallenberg
7.
8.
Abschlussdatum
07.07.2010
9.
Veröffentlichungsdatum
January 2011
10.
Förderkennzeichen
360 04 031
11.
Seitenzahl
54
12.
Literaturangaben
46
13.
Tabellen und Diagramme
15
14.
Abbildungen
3
Fördernde Institution (Name, Anschrift)
Umweltbundesamt, Postfach 14 06, 06813 Dessau‐Roßlau
15.
Zusätzliche Angaben
16. Kurzfassung
Die Literaturstudie präsentiert eine Zusammenfassung über Lagerungsbedingungen und wichtige Matrixparameter wie
Trockensubstanzgehalt, pH‐Wert, TOC, Gesamtstickstoff und Ammoniumstickstoff von Güllen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, das sich die
Matrixparameter zwischen Rind und Schwein unterscheiden, innerhalb der Art bei verschiedenen Produktionsrichtungen jedoch
keine Unterschiede mit Ausnahme der Kälbermast auftreten. Es wird ein Szenario für west‐ und mitteleuropäische Länder
vorgeschlagen.
17.
Schlagwörter
Gülle, Rind, Schwein, Güllelagerungsbedingungen, Gülle‐Matrixparameter, Trockensubstanzgehalt, Redoxpotential, pH‐Wert,
TOC, Gesamtstickstoff, Ammoniumstickstoff
18.
Preis
19.
20.
Table of contents
1.
Abbreviations .................................................................................................................................. 5
2.
Note ................................................................................................................................................. 6
3.
Background ...................................................................................................................................... 6
4.
Aim of the literature study .............................................................................................................. 7
5.
Research method ............................................................................................................................ 8
6.
Results ............................................................................................................................................. 8
6.1
Storage conditions ................................................................................................................... 8
6.1.1
Animal species ................................................................................................................. 8
6.1.2
Housing system ............................................................................................................... 9
6.1.3
Storage system ................................................................................................................ 9
6.1.4
Storage time .................................................................................................................. 10
6.1.5 Storage temperature ............................................................................................................ 12
6.2
Matrix parameters of manure ............................................................................................... 14
6.2.1 Dry matter content ............................................................................................................... 14
6.2.2 pH value ................................................................................................................................ 20
6.2.3 Redox potential .................................................................................................................... 24
6.2.4 Total organic carbon (TOC) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) ........................................ 25
6.2.5 Total nitrogen ....................................................................................................................... 26
6.2.5 Ammonium nitrogen (NH4‐N) ............................................................................................... 33
7. Discussion .......................................................................................................................................... 41
8. Summary............................................................................................................................................ 46
9.
10.
Zusammenfassung ......................................................................................................................... 48
Literature ................................................................................................................................... 50
Annex 1: ................................................................................................................................................. 54
Biological oxygen demand (BOD) .................................................................................................. 54
5
1. Abbreviations
BMELV
BOD
dEB
DEFRA
DOC
EU
IME
EMA, EMEA
KTBL
LfL
LIZ
LUFA
mio
NH4‐N
NRW
NSP
TOC
Total N
UK
Bundesministerium für Ernährung, Landwirtschaft und Verbraucherschutz
Biological Oxygen Demand
dietary electrolyte concentration
Department for Environment Food and Rural Affairs, United Kingdom
dissolved organic carbon
European Union
Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology
European Medicines Agency
Kuratorium für Technik und Bauwesen in der Landwirtschaft
Bayerische Landesanstalt für Landwirtschaft
Landwirtschaftlicher Informationsdienst Zuckerrübe
Landwirtschaftliche Untersuchungs‐ und Forschungsanstalt
Million
Ammonium nitrogen
North Rhine‐Westphalia
non‐starch polysaccarides
total organic carbon
total nitrogen
United Kingdom
6
2. Note
In this report the term “manure” is used for the german term “Gülle” and describes a mixture from
urine, faeces and water which result in a waste material with a dry matter content of about 10 % or
less. By contrast in the agricultural literature the term “manure” is used as umbrella term for all kinds
of animal wastes including urine, faeces, litter, water and all mixtures of that materials. For the term
“Gülle” the terms “slurry” and “(semi) liquid manure” are normally used in agricultural publications.
3. Background
Currently there are no standard methods for studies on the degradation behaviour of substances in
manure. Such methods are of great importance for the authorisation process for biocides and
veterinary medicinal products, as the respective active ingredients are introduced into the
environment via manure spreading. In the framework of the Environmental Risk Assessment (ERA)
Working Party (WP) of the European Medicines Agency (EMA1) a guidance document on degradation
in manure is being drafted at the moment. In the long term perspective an internationally accepted
test guideline (OECD Guideline) should be developed.
The EMA guideline will focus on basic considerations concerning the test design and evaluation of
results but so far does not specify detailed composition of the manures used for the studies or
specify limits for matrix parameters.
The composition of manure is dependent on species and production system. Taking into
consideration cattle and pig manure the EMEA guideline (EMEA, 2008, Table 3) differentiates in:
‐ calves
‐ beef fattening (0 ‐ 1 year)
‐ dairy cattle
‐ cattle > 2 years
‐ piglets/weaner pigs
‐ pig fattening
‐ sow housing
Presently, information on the variability of the composition of different types of manure is not
available. Essential questions are:
−
How can realistic storage conditions be mimicked in the laboratory?
−
Can limits for different matrix parameters be established, taking into account the occurring
variability?
‐
How do the characteristics and composition of the manure change during the storage with
regard to its degradation capacity and sorption capacity for veterinary medicinal products?
1
EMEA has changed ist name to EMA whilst this report was in preparation. Therefore both abbreviations are
used in this document
7
In previous research projects (Kreuzig et al., 2006) the determination of a range of matrix parameters
has been shown to be crucial for matrix characterisation of different manure matrices. From the
suggested parameters the following ones form a minimum set:
•
dry matter content
•
nitrogen content (Ntot and NH4‐N)
•
organic matter
•
redox potential (or oxidation/reduction potential)
•
pH
•
microbial activity
4. Aim of the literature study
The aim of the project is to gather information on the conditions that prevail in manure storage tanks
in the EU. The present project consists of two tasks:
Task 1: Determination of conditions for manure storage in the EU. Of importance are the following
parameters: animal species, housing system, storage system, storage time before application, and
temperature of the manure as well as their variability.
Task 2: summary of matrix parameters of manures (see above) and determination of parameter
dependence on the animal species, the age of the animal or production type, as well as on housing
conditions and feeding composition. The research will be limited to cattle and pigs, taking into
account for the following production type/ age should be taken for cattle,
• calves
• dairy cattle
• beef fattening > 1 year
and for pigs:
•
•
•
piglets
pig fattening
sow housing (sows with piglets).
The relevant matrix parameters as dry substance content, pH‐value, redox potential, total nitrogen
and NH4‐Nitrogen, TOC (total organic carbon) or organic matter content are to be considered. It
should be analysed if some other parameters of manure characterisation (e. i. S, P, Cu), which can
influence the process of degradation of substances, should be also taken into consideration or
whether a positive control would be more suitable as a comprehensive sum parameter.
For the sorption process of veterinary medicinal products and biocides in manure and division of
those into solid and liquid matrix, the DOC‐content (dissolved organic carbon) plays an important
role as DOC can increase the solubility in the aqueous phase because of its ability to bind the
components.
Of importance is also the influence of time, as during storage degradation processes take place,
leading to a change of parameters in the manure (“manure ageing”). Therefore the age of the
manure as well as changes during the storage period should be taken into consideration.
8
Finally, it should be pointed out that an estimate for the variability of the matrix parameters should
be given. Of special interest is the comparison of the variability of different age stages/ production
types and feeding conditions on the one hand and the variability within farms with comparable
conditions on the other. If possible the variability between single animals should also be also studied.
5. Research method
The literature study was carried out by using scientific journals, publications of statistical agencies
(Statistisches Bundesamt, Eurostat, BMELV), information from agricultural administrations and
research institutes and agricultural associations. Public search engines in the internet were used (e.g.
Google) to get additional information.
Before starting the search a list of keywords was generated taking into consideration the needed
information as given in the two tasks. For the search in scientific publications the search engines
“scienedirect.com”, “scirus.com”, “current contents” and, as special search engine for ecological
agriculture, “Forschung im ökologischen Landbau” were used. For the most publications an online‐
access was possible, other publications could be ordered by the document service “Subito”.
The results were sorted according to the questions which have to be dealt with in the study:
‐ Task 1: information about manure storage conditions (duration of storage, storage systems, storage
temperature)
‐ Task 2: information about important matrix parameters such as dry mater content, pH‐value, redox
potential and nitrogen concentration.
For both tasks the questions were discussed taking into account the animal species and production
types as described in chapter 4.
6. Results
6.1
Storage conditions
6.1.1
Animal species
The livestock grouped into production types as in EMEA/CVMP/ERA/418282/2005‐Rev.1 is presented
in table 1. Calves include about 9.2 mio. (1.7 mio. for Germany) animals for beef fattening. The most
important production type is the dairy cattle with about 24 mio. (4.3 mio. in Germany). The group of
cattle > 2 years are mostly female animals with about 12 mio. heads (0.73 mio. in Germany). The
production type of these animals is not further subdivided for the EU. In Germany the most animals
of that group (cattle > 2 years) are suckling cows with about 660.000 animals (Statistisches
Bundesamt, 2007). In pig production the most important production type is pig fattening (live weight
> 50 kg).
9
Table 1: livestock in the EU (27) an in Germany for cattle and pigs in 2008 (in mio), (Eurostat, 2010)
EC (27)
Germany
calves
25.82
4.02
Beef fattening > 1 year
6.86
Dairy cattle
Cattle > 2
6.1.2
EC (27)
Germany
piglets
36.40
6.66
1.09
Pig fattening
61.64
11.18
24.25
4.23
Sow housing
13.95
2.30
13.84
0.83
Housing system
Statistics about the manure management systems ((semi)‐liquid, solid, pasture) are not available for
the EU. Oenema et al. (2007) give a short overview about manure management systems in the EU.
Thereafter between 60 and 70 % of livestock excreta is collected in housing systems and this
percentage increases. Between 30 and 40 % of livestock excreta is dropped by grassing cattle in
pasture where it is unmanaged. Between 50 and 65 % of the manure management systems in the EU
produce a (semi)‐liquid manure. In Germany at least 50 % of the livestock husbandry in housing
systems produce a (semi)‐liquid manure (BMELV, 2007). Oenema et al. (2007) reported that there is
a huge regional variation in manure management systems across the EU‐27 and there is only little
quantitative information about the actual storage of manure in practice. (Semi)‐liquid manure is
dominant in the Netherlands (> 95 % of manure in housing systems), in other countries such as UK,
France and Eastern Europe separate collection of liquids and solids dominates (< 50 % (Semi)‐liquid
manure) in housing systems.
6.1.3
Storage system
For the manure storage different storage systems are available (Oenema et al., 2007, KTBL, 2005):
•
Pit storage; storage of manure in a pit beneath the confinement
•
Storage in tanks; storage of manure in concrete/lined tanks, tanks can be constructed as
high‐level or subsurface tanks
•
Anaerobic lagoons; the manure is stored in open lagoons, mostly diluted with water
•
Anaerobic digesters; digestion with other materials to produce biogas
•
Anaerobic/aerobic treatment; Animal excrements are treated (an)aerobically to decrease the
amount of suspended solids, organic and N before discharge to surface waters
Within the EU and within Germany unfortunately no statistics are available about the percentage of
the different systems. From the information presented by Oenema et al. (2007) it can be estimated
that between 70 and 80 % of all produced and sampled manures within the EU are (semi)‐liquid
manure. Hence pit storage (storage directly beneath the animal stable) and storage in tanks (storage
not directly beneath the animal stable, e.g. in an adjacent tank) have a percentage of about 40 %
each on the storage systems and only about 20% are stored in other systems. For Germany neither
the “Statistisches Bundesamt” nor the agricultural administrations, research institutes and
agricultural associations (e.g. Landwirtschaftskammer (LK) Nordrhein‐Westfalen, LK Niedersachsen,
KTBL) have information about the percentage of the different storage systems. According to Mrs. Dr
Eurich‐Menden (KTBL, 2010) the percentage of the systems is very different on a regional level and
10
depends on internal and external factors like distance to residential areas, available area on the farm,
geology and groundwater level. Lagoons and treatments (e. g. composting) are of less importance (<
2 % of total manure) but the percentage of anaerobic digesters is increasing because of promotion of
energy production from biomass especially in Austria, Denmark and Germany. The proportion of
manure used directly in anaerobic digestion is in the range of a few percent (<5 % for Germany).
6.1.4
Storage time
The storage time depends on field crops, fertilizer requirements, vegetation period, and storage
capacity. The field crops and fertilizer requirement is different between farms and management
types and change every year. The storage time can range from some days to some months
depending on the management system and regulatory requirements. In agricultural practice a first
application of manure will be performed in spring with the start of the vegetation period and
increasing nutritional requirements of the plants. Depending on the cultivated field crops and the
management system several applications of manure can be performed till the end of the vegetation
period. Especially in intensive pasture systems up to 5 or 6 applications are possible. A time limitation
for the application of manure is regulated by legal requirements in the countries of the EU. For the
implementation of the “Nitrates Directive” (Directive 91/976/EEC) the member states prohibit the
application of manure other than in the vegetation period. Additionally some member states
regulate a minimum storage capacity for manure to avoid storage problems within the prohibition
period. The period of prohibition and the required minimum storage capacity (up to 10 months)
differ between the member states and depend on soil texture and management system. An overview
of regulations in several countries is presented in Table 2.
Taking into consideration the legal regulations and the requirements of management practice it can
be assumed that the average age of the manures from the first application in spring is about 3‐4
months whereas the manures of the following applications have an average age of 1‐2 months.
11
Table 2: regulations for storage capacity for manure and limitations for application
source
Landwirtschaftskammer
NRW, 2008
German fertilisation
ordinance, 2007
EU‐Nitrates Directive
91/676/EWG –
Österreichischer Bericht,
2004
Third Dutch action
programme (2004‐2009)
concerning the nitrates
directive (2005)
Ireland consultation paper
(Good Agricultural Practice
for Protection of Water),
2008
Chambre d’Ágriculture
Vienne, 2009
DEFRA, 2008
Hrustel‐Majcen and Kos,
2006
Information
Storage capacity for manure at least 6 months, for pigs up to 10
months
Ban of manure application between 01.11. and 31.01. on tillage
land and between 15.11. and 31.01. on grass land
Storage capacity for manure a least 6 months,
Ban of manure application between 15.10. and 15.02. on soils
without vegetation and between 15.11. and 15.02. on soils with
vegetation
Ban of manure application between 01.09. and 31.01. on sandy and
loess soils and between 15.10. and 31.01. on clay and peat soils
under grass
Ban of manure application between 15.10. and 12.01 till 31.01.
depending on region
comment
Germany
Ban of manure application between 01.11. and 15.11. respectively
to 15.01. depending on type of cultivation
Storage capacity for manure a least 6 months for pigs and 5 months
for cattle,
Ban of manure application between 01.09. and 31.12. for sand and
shallow soils under grass and between 01.08. and 31.12. for sand
and shallow soils under tillage; in other soils between 15.10. and
15.01 under grass and between 01.10. and 15.01. under tillage
Storage capacity for manure at least 4 or 6 months depending on
region
France
Germany
Austria
The Netherlands
Ireland
Great Britain
Slovenia
12
6.1.5 Storage temperature
The manure temperature during storage depends on climate, season and storage system.
Arrus et al. (2006) determined the temperature profiles in an above ground pile and an
earthen reservoir in southern Manitoba, Canada. The manure temperature in the above
ground tank ranged between ‐4 °C in winter and 22 °C in summer and depended on season
and depth. The highest variation of temperature was observed close to the surface in a depth
of 10 cm. The variations of temperature decreased with increasing depth (table 3). In the
earthen storage reservoir the seasonal variation of temperature was higher in a depth of 10
cm compared with the above ground tank, but with increasing depth the variations decreased.
Patni et al. (1986) measured the manure temperature in four depths between January and
October 1985 at a research farm near Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. The tanks were built with their
top tops extending 0.2 m above ground. In a depth of 30 cm the temperature ranged between
2 (February) and 23 °C (July). In a depth of 2.5 m the range of temperature was only between 4
and 15 °C. Similar results were observed by Arrus et al. (2006) on farms in southern Manitoba.
These data have been included for information purposes but should not be taken into account
to derive relevant temperatures for the EU.
Montfort et al. (2003) gave an overview of several publications in different climate regions
(table 3). The observed temperatures range from ambient (freezing) to about 50 °C. For
underground systems the seasonal variations were lower with temperatures between 4 and 18
°C. Under western and central European conditions (e. g. Netherlands) the temperatures vary
only within a small range.
In conclusion, it is not possible to define an “average” temperature for manure storage. It can
be assumed that under middle European conditions and for underground storage the smallest
variation of temperature within the year can be expected and larger variations in aboveground
storage and under colder or warmer climate. Therefore two scenarios are proposed One
scenario with an average temperature of 10 °C for cold climate conditions (e.g. northern
European countries) and a second scenario with a temperature of 20 °C for warmer climate (e.
g. southern Europe). If that is not possible a worst case of 10 ° C should be assumed.
Table 3: storage conditions: storage temperature
source
Information
comment
Montfort et
al. (2003)‐
pit temperature for cattle about 15 °C in
period June to September and 10 °C in
remaining months for underground
storage, for pig manure 15 °C during the
whole year
In conclusion, depending on
climate, season and storage systems
temperatures can range from
ambient (freezing) to about 50 °C.
For underground storage systems
this range is narrowed down to 4‐18
Temperature in above pits for pig
13
manure ranged from 15 to 19°C
(Netherlands);
°C.
Pig manure temperatures under rearing
facilities ranged from 16 to 23 °C in
Canada and from 15 to 35 °C in Illinois,
USA.
Temperatures in manure/bedding packs
used in hooped structures for finishing
pigs ranged from ‐1 °C to 47 °C in Iowa,
USA
In a calf manure pile erected outdoors in
winter (New York, USA) the temperature
rose from initial 10 °C to 29 °C in the first
five days, fell to 15 °C after 30 days, was
at its lowest(4 °C) after 80 days and
steadily increased till the end of the
study.
In a biogas production plant in Texas,
USA the temperature in a beef cattle
manure pile was initially about 25 °C, but
the temperature dropped rapidly during
the first month as the manure became
anaerobic. Temperature began rising
during summer months and peaked
around begin of August at 22 °C. The
temperature dropped below 15 °C in the
middle of October and has remained
there until May.
Arrus et al.
2006
Temperatures ranged between ‐2 to ‐4
°C in winter and up to 22 °C in summer
in a depth of 10 cm in an above ground
pile. In a depth of 2 m the temperature
ranged between ‐1 to 3.4 °C in winter
and between 14 to 19 °C in summer. At
about 6 m depth in winter and spring
temperature was consistently 3 to 7 °C,
in late summer and fall the temperatures
ranged at this depth between 14 and 17
Temperature profiles were recorded
between December 2003 and May
2005 in the above ground pile and
from April 2004 to May 2005 in the
earthen storage pile
14
°C.
In earthen manure storage the
temperatures ranged between ‐14 to 27
°C in December and April, respectively in
a depth of 10 cm. In 2 m depth the
temperature ranged from 0.7 to 8.7 °C
(winter), 1.0 to 19.7 °C (spring), 15 to 18
°C (summer) and ‐.7 to 16.5 (fall). At the
bottom of the earthen manure storage
facility the temperatures ranged form
0.3 to 5.8 °C, 3 to 19.3 °C, 16 to 17.7 °C,
and 1.7 to 16.9 °C, during winter, spring,
summer and fall, respectively
Patni et al.,
1986
6.2
In a depth of 0.3 m a variation of
temperature was measured between 2°
C in February and 23° C in July. The
range of temperature decreases with
increasing depth: In 2.5 m depth the
range was only between 4° C and 15° C.
Tanks with a top 0.2 m above
ground; measurement from January
to October 1985
Matrix parameters of manure
This chapter gives an overview of important matrix parameters of manures taking into
consideration different species and production types. Relevant matrix parameters which may
influence sorption and degradation of substances are dry matter content, pH‐value, redox
potential, total nitrogen and ammonium nitrogen (NH4‐N), total organic carbon (TOC) and
dissolved organic carbon (DOC). Another aspect of the study is the change of parameters
during storage induced by degradation processes.
6.2.1 Dry matter content
As shown in table 6 the dry matter contents of manures vary within a large range. In these
data the results of publications with single measurements as well as from some thousands of
measurements are included.
15
The dry matter contents for cattle manure (between 6 and 10.1 %) mentioned by LIZ (2009),
Schaaf (2002), LUFA NRW (2008) and LUFA Nordwest (2010) are mean values of an unspecified
amount of analysis (table 7). LUFA NRW and LUFA Nordwest declared that these data are the
mean value of at least some hundred analyses. The data given by Kreuzig et al. (2006) are data
from 2000 analysis. The median of 8.7 % is close to the information mentioned above. A lower
mean value (3.47 %) was observed in southern EU countries by Martinez‐Suller et al. (2008).
For manure from dairy cattle the range of dry matter content is a less variable. The mean
values given by LfL (2007) and LUFA Nordwest (2010) (8.6 % and 7.5 % respectively) are slightly
higher than the data (6.23 % and 5.68 %) given by Martinez‐Suller et al. (2008) and Safely et al.
(1986). The mean values for beef fattening are within the range between 7 and 10 % (e.g. LUFA
NRW, LUFA Nordwest) for large sample collectives, the data from Gerl (1998) are a lower. For
calve manure the available data are very similar and lie in between 3 and 4 % dry matter
content (Martinez‐Suller et al., 2008. LUFA NRW, 2008 and LUFA Nordwest, 2010).
Table 4: range of dry matter content for different productions types (summarized results of
table 5)
Cattle (unspecified)
Dairy cattle
calves
Dry matter (%)
0.4 – 12.3
1.99 – 12.0
4.0 – 10
3 – 12
Pigs (unspecified)
Pig fattening
Sow housing
piglets
Dry matter (%)
0.11 – 12.0
3.0 – 15.4
0.3 – 7.4
2.7 – 5
For pig manure the range of data is comparable with cattle manure but the mean values given
by several authors are lower than for cattle manure. The mean values from german data (LIZ,
2009 and Schaaf, 2002) are considerably higher (6 and 7.78 %) than the data from south
European countries ( 1.78 % and 2.27 %) given by Martinez‐Suller et al., (2007) and Moral et al.
(2005). For fattening pigs german data are within the range between 3 and 7 % with mean
values at about 5 % (e. g. LUFA NRW, 2008, LUFA Nordwest, 2010, LfL, 2007) whereas south
European data (Martinez‐Suller et al., 2007 and Moral et al. 2005) are again at an lower level
with 2.3 % and 3.1 %, respectively. The higher dry matter contents in the publications of Canh
et. al. (1998), Kreuzer et al. (1998) and Le et al. (2009) can not be directly compared with the
data given above. The manures in the experiments of Canh, Kreuzer and Le were a mixture of
urine and faeces. In the other publications farm manures from storage containers were
analyzed. These manures contain additional water from cleaning processes in the barn and ‐ in
a lot of cases ‐ rainwater which flowed into the storage containers. Therefore a dilution in the
farm containers can be expected compared to manure which is obtained directly at the animal.
For manures from sow housing the german data indicate a dry matter content of 2 to 5 %.
Lower data are observed by Martinez‐Suller et al., 2007 and Moral et al. 2005 (1.46 – 1.69 %).
Even for piglets a small difference in dry matter content between german data (3.6 – 5 %) and
the data from Moral et al. (2005) can be observed (2.72 %).
16
Only little information is available about the influence of season on the dry matter content.
Sommer et al. (1993) found a higher dry matter content in pig manure during a spring period
compared with an autumn period. But they could not find a difference in dry matter content
between a winter/spring manure and a summer manure of cattle whereas Hermanson et al.
(1980) found higher dry matter contents for dairy cattle in the summer period than in the
spring or winter period. In the experiment of Hermanson et al. manure of an open lagoon was
used and it was argued that the higher dry matter content in summer was caused by lower
precipitation and higher evaporation during the summer months.
Martinez et al. (2003), Hermanson et al. (1980) and Amon et al. (2006) reported a decrease of
dry matter content during storage. Hermanson et al. (1980) and Amon et al. (2006) found a
decrease of dry matter content of about 40 to 50 % within periods of 80 days in an open
system whereas Martinez et al. (2003) reported a decrease of 10 to 20 % within a period of 50
days in a closed system. Kreuzer et al. (1998) observed an increase in dry matter within a
period of 8 weeks by using an open system and explained that result with evaporation of water
in the open system.
Stevens et al. (1993) tested the influence of different diets on some parameters of manure
from dairy cattle. They used four diets with a combination of different protein concentrates
(17 % and 34 % protein) and low‐ and high‐digestibility silage. Only the combination of high
protein concentration and high‐digestibility silage resulted in a change to a lower dry matter
content. More information is available for pig production. Canh et al. (1998/1‐4) tested several
diets at fattening pigs and found that dry matter content was reduced if dEB (dietary
electrolyte balance) and crude protein content was reduced and the carbohydrates were
increased. Dourmad & Jondreville. (2007) and Portejoie et al. (2005) confirmed the results of
Canh et al. that a reduction of crude protein in the diet reduces dry matter content. Sørensen
and Fernandez (2003) showed that a diet with low fibre fermentability and high fibre level
increases dry matter content of pig manure. Velthof et al. (2005) presented similar results
because high concentrations of non‐starch polysaccharides increase dry matter.
Table 5: dry matter content of manures
source
Information
Cattle: without differentiation between production types
LIZ, 2009
cattle manure 8 %
Schaaf, 2002
cattle manure 10.1 %
Kreuzig et al., 2006
Sommer & Husted,
cattle manure: minimum 0.4 %,
median 8.7 %, maximum 12.3 %
cattle manure: 20.8‐114.2 g/kg
comment
Germany, Mean value
Germany, Mean value of a not
specified amount of analysis
between 1998 and 2000 at LUFA
Kassel
Germany, Data of 2000 Analysis
between 1997 to 2004
Denmark, 4 cattle manures
17
1995
LUFA NRW, 2008
LUFA Nordwest, 2010
Møller et al., 2004
6‐8 %
8.6 %
95.2 g/L
Sommer et al., 1993
cattle: period 1 and 2: 5.9 %,
pig: period 1: 4.6 %; period 2: 7.4
%
Martinez‐Suller et al.,
2008
combined cattle manure (N=49):
5.00‐120.0 kg/ m3, ∅ 34.7 kg/m3
Cattle manure: 47 g/m3
Sørensen &Eriksen,
2009
Germany
Germany, Median
Denmark, No information about
number of animals which
produce the manure
Denmark, Cattle period 1: 21 Dec
1989‐ 15 June 1990, period 2: 6
July 1990‐2 Sep. 1990; pig:
period 1: 18 Sep 1990‐10 Dec
1990, period 2: 27 Feb 1991‐25
June 1991;
Farms in northern Italy; N:
number of farms
Denmark, cattle manure, several
treatments; data only for
untreated manure
Dairy Cattle
Hermanson et al.,
1980
spring: 23,580 mg/L; summer:
40,420 mg/L; winter: 29,800 mg/L
Sommer et al., 2000
62.0‐75.5 g/kg
Amon et al., 2006
5.74 % ‐ 7.84 %
Stevens et al., 1993
88‐110 g /kg
2008
Safely et al., 1986
dairy cows (N=22): 19.9‐120.0 kg/
m3, ∅ 62.25 kg/m3
dairy cattle manure: 5.68 ± 1,98 %
Sommer et al., 2000
62.0‐75.5 g/kg
LUFA Nordwest, 2010
8.6 %
North Carolina, USA, 29 samples
from dairy farms, average and
standard deviation
Denmark, Dairy cattle, one farm ,
two samplings
Germany, Median
LfL, 2007
7.5 %
Germany, Mean values
bull manure 10 %
Washington, USA, Dairy cattle
manure; spring period: 4 May‐23
June, Summer period 31 August‐
4 October, winter period: 19
January ‐22 February, 65 animals
Denmark, 2 manures from dairy
cattle
Austria, Dairy cattle, end of
storage, 2 treatments
UK, 4 dairy cattle manures,
different diets
number of farms
Landwirtschaftliches
18
Wochenblatt, 2008
LUFA NRW, 2008
bull manure 7‐10 %
LfL, 2007
7.5 %
LUFA Nordwest, 2010
9%
Germany, Median
Gerl, 1998
4.0 – 8.3 % ∅ 6.38 %
Germany, Data from 16 manures
of two farms with several
samplings between March, 1993
and April, 1995
number of farms
LUFA NRW, 2008
calves (N=27): 5.00‐120.0 kg/ m3,
∅ 32.00 kg/m3
4%
LUFA Nordwest, 2010
3%
Germany, Median
calves
2008
pig: without differentiation between production types
LIZ, 2009
pig manure 6 % dry matter
Schaaf, 2002
pig manure 7.78 % dry matter
2008
combined pig manure (N=83):
1.13‐67.44 kg/m3, ∅ 17.82 kg/m3
pig manure 14.5‐28,6 g/kg
Sommer & Husted,
1995
Hisset et a., 1982
pig manure 25 g/L
86 g/L pig manure
Martinez et al., 2003
pig manure: 24‐106 kg/m3
Moral et al., 2005
Total: 2.27 ± 3.08 %
Sørensen &Eriksen,
2009
pig manure: 23.8 g/kg
Pigs fattening
Wochenblatt, 2008
Canh et al., 1998/1
Germany, mean value
Germany, Mean values of a not
Kassel
number of farms
Denmark, 7 pig manures
UK, Material of 10 pigs
amount of animals which
produce the manure
France, 4 manures from three
different farms,
Pig manure of 36 farms in
Southeast Spain; average and
standard deviation
Denmark, One pig manure,
several treatments; data only for
untreated manure
fattening pig manure 5 %
pig manure: 62.4‐101.5 g/kg
Netherlands, 18 different diets,
every diet with 5 pigs fattening
19
Canh et al, 1998/2
Canh et al, 1998/3
pig manure: 92‐154 g/kg
Canh et al, 1998/4
Dourmad &
Jondreville 2007
pig manure: 4.4‐5.9 %
Kreuzer et al., 1998
pig manure: 58.5‐107.4 g/kg, ∅
83.4 kg/m3
Le et al., 2009
2008
finisher pigs (N=30): 5.39‐66.44
kg/ m3, ∅ 22.99 kg/m3
Moral et al., 2005
finishers: 3.10 ± 4.13 %
Portejoie et al., 2004
pig manure: 4.4‐5.9 %
Sørensen &
Fernandez, 2003
growing pigs: 22‐64 g/kg
LUFA NRW, 2008
LUFA Nordwest, 2010
LfL, 2007
Laurenz, 2009
3–7%
5,5 %
5%
5%
Sow housing
Wochenblatt, 2008
suckling sows 4 % dry matter
pigs, about 40 kg per animal
every diet with 4 growing
finishing pigs (about 81 kg per
animal)
every diet with 3 growing pigs
(about 40‐55 kg per animal)
about 55 kg per animal
France, 3 different diets,
fattening pigs (30‐102 kg per
animal)
Switzerland, 18 diets, every diet
with six fattening pigs (starting
with about 30 kg per animal),
different storage time
Netherlands ?,2 diets, every diet
with six fattening pigs
number of farms
standard deviation
France, Three diets, every diet
with 5 fattening pigs with an
initial weight of about 50 kg
Denmark, 8 Different diets for
growing pigs (40‐60 kg), 5
animals per diet, data at end of
storage
Germany,
Germany, Median
Germany, Mean value
Germany, Mean value of 240
manure samples
Germany, Mean value
20
2008
Sørensen &
Fernandez, 2003
farrowing sows (N=40) : 3.00‐
42.57 kg/ m3, ∅ 15.02 kg/m3
Dry sows: 29‐74 g/kg
Moral et al., 2005
gestating Sows: 1.46 ± 1.73 %
farrowing Sows: 1.69 ± 3.11 %
LUFA NRW, 2008
LUFA Nordwest, 2010
LfL, 2007
piglets
2‐4 %
3%
5%
Moral et al., 2005
weaners: 2.72 ± 3.41 %
LUFA NRW, 2008
LUFA Nordwest, 2010
5%
3,6 %
Farms in northern italy; N:
number of farms
Denmark, 4 diets for dry sows
(about 220 kg) , 5 animals per
diet, data at end of storage
standard deviation
Germany,
Germany, Median
Germany, Mean value
standard deviation
Germany, Mean value
Germany, Median
6.2.2 pH value
As presented in table 6 the pH values in manure show a large variation within the different
production types. Even if the variations are large the shown results indicate that the range of
variation is larger in the pig production (more than 2.5 pH units) as in the cattle production
(max. 2.4 pH units). Nevertheless it is not possible and necessary to differ between pig and
cattle manure or the single production types related to pH due to the large variations of about
two pH units within the single production types.
Table 6: range of pH value in manure for different productions types (summarized results of
table 7)
pH
pH
calves
6.56 – 7.87
piglets
7,54
Pig fattening
6.3 – 9.14
Dairy cattle
6.2 – 8.8
Sow housing
5.55 – 8.11
6.56 – 8.11
Pigs (unspecified)
5.55 – 8.29
Compared with the information about dry matter content or amount of nutrition there is less
information on pH‐value available because pH is normally not determined by manure analysis
for farmers. As noted above the range of pH‐value is a little bit narrower for cattle than for
21
pigs. Taking into consideration the data from Martinez‐Suller et al. (2008), Sommer and Husted
(1995) and Gerl (1998) the mean values for cattle manure do not differ a lot (table 8). For pigs
some more information is available and the mean values for the different production types do
not differ a lot, too (Martinez‐Suller et a., 2008, Sommer and Husted, 1995, Canh et al., 1998).
Møller et al. (2004) reported about changes of pH during storage. In all trials the pH increased
within the first few days after begin of storage due to degradation of urea to ammonia. After
about five days pH decreased because acetogenic bacteria produced acid pH buffers in form of
volatile fatty acids (VFA) and CO2. After about 50 days pH increased again when the manure
was kept at 20° C while pH decreased even further after more than 100 days when the manure
was kept at 15 ° C. Canh et al. (1998/2) found an increase of pH within the first day of 1‐2 pH
units depending on diet and then a stable pH for the experimental period of 7 days with. An
exception was a diet with sugar‐beet pulp where a decrease of pH of about one pH unit was
observed between day one and seven. Kreuzer et al. (1998) reported a decrease of pH in all
trials after eight weeks. The decrease ranged between 0.3 and 0.6 pH units depending on the
content of fermentable non‐starch polysaccarides (NSP) in the diet. The decrease of pH got
lower with increasing amount of NSP in the diet. Yang et al. (2004) reported about an increase
of pH of about one pH within three days unit during two weeks of aeration. Amon et al. (2006)
found an increase of pH within a period of 80 days of about 0.8 units in untreated and of 0.3
units in aerated manure.
The influence of diet on pH was studied by several authors. Stevens et al. (1993) varied the
protein concentration in a diet of dairy cattle and found a decreasing manure pH when
decreasing the protein concentration. Similar results were presented by Dourmad &
Jondreville (2007), Le et al. (2008/2009), Canh et al. (1998/4) and Portejoie et al. (2004). All the
authors reported a decreasing pH when decreasing the protein concentration in the diet of
fattening pigs. Canh et al. (1998/1) found an influence of dEB and Ca‐supplements on pH. The
pH decreased at low dEB and was lower by using Ca‐benzoate than CaSO4 and CaCO3 as
supplement. In another experiment of Canh et al. (1998/3) cornstarch in the control was
replaced by coconut expeller, soybean hulls and dried sugar beet pulp in three levels. They
found a decrease of 0.2 to 0.3 pH units for coconut expeller, 0.3 to 0.4 pH units for sugar beet
pulp and of 0.5 to 1.2 pH units for soybean hulls. Velthof et al. (2005) reported a decrease of
pH with increasing amounts of NSP in the diet.
Table 7: pH‐value
source
Information
Cattle without differentiation between production types
Sommer &
Cattle manure: 7.71‐8.11, ∅ 7.90
Husted, 1995
Sommer et al.,
Cattle: period 1: 7.5, Period 2: 7.7;
1993
comment
Denmark, Cattle period 1: 21 Dec
1989‐ 15 June 1990, period 2: 6
22
Martinez‐Suller et
al., 2008
Sørensen &
Eriksen, 2009
6.2‐7.9, ∅ 7.31
Cattle manure: 7.03
Dairy cattle
Hermanson et al.,
1980
spring: 7.5, summer: 7.3, winter: 7.3
Amon et al., 2006
7.55 – 7.8
Stevens et al.,
1993
al., 2008
7.6‐8.0
Dairy cows (N=22): 6.2 ‐ 7.9, ∅ 7.34
Sommer et al.,
7.4‐7.7
2000
Paul &
Dairy cattle manure: 7.00‐7.21
Beauchamp, 1989
Paul &
Beef cattle manure: 7.54
Beauchamp, 1989
Gerl (1998)
Beef cattle manures: 7.2 – 8.2, ∅ 7.7
calves
Martinez‐Suller et calves (N=27): 6.56‐7.87, ∅ 7.28
al., 2008
Sommer &
pig manure 7.72‐8.29, ∅ 7.59
Husted, 1995
Sommer et al.,
pig: period 1: 7.3 period 2: 7.4
1993
al., 2008
Combined pig manure (N=83): 5.55‐
8.17, ∅ 7.46
July 1990‐2 Sep. 1990;
number of farms
Denmark, One cattle manure,
several treatments; data only for
untreated manure
June, Summer period 31 August‐4
October, winter period: 19
January ‐22 February, 65 animals
storage, two treatments
UK, 4 dairy cattle manures,
different diets
number of farms
Denmark, Dairy cattle, one farm ,
two samplings
Ontario, Canada, 2 manures
Ontario, Canada, 1 manure
and April, 1995
number of farms
Denmark, pig: period 1: 18 Sep
1990‐ 10 Dec 1990, period 2: 27
Feb 1991‐25 June 1991;
number of farms
23
Moral et al., 2005
Total: 7.43 ± 0.31
Paul &
Beauchamp, 1989
Sørensen
&Eriksen, 2009
Swine manure: 6.30
standard deviation
Ontario, Canada, 1 manure
Pig manure: 7.45
Denmark, 1 pig manure, several
treatments; data only for
untreated manure
Pig fattening
Canh et al.,
1998/1
Pig manure: 6.31‐8.65, ∅ 7.62
Canh et al, 1998/2
Pig manure: 8.07‐8.9
Canh et al, 1998/3
Pig manure: 6.3‐8.4, ∅ 7.58
Canh et al, 1998/4
Dourmad &
Jondreville , 2007
Kreuzer et al.,
1998
Le et al., 2009
Le et al., 2008
Luo et al., 2002
Pig manure: 6.47
al., 2008
finisher pigs (N=30): 6.7‐8.17, ∅
7.41
every diet with 4 growing finishing
pigs (about 81 kg per animal),
mean pH over 7‐day period
France, 3 different diets, fattening
pigs (30‐102 kg per animal)
Netherlands ?, 2 diets, every diet
Netherlands, 3 diets, every diet
with about 41 kg per animal)
Minnesota, USA, Finishing pigs,
aeration experiments over 16 days
number of farms
Moral et al., 2005
Finishers: 7.54 ± 0.34 %
Pig manure: 6.68‐8.42, ∅ 7.56
standard deviation
24
Portejoie et al.,
2004
Sørensen &
Fernandez, 2003
Growing pigs: 7.5‐7.9
Sow housing
al., 2008
Sørensen &
Fernandez, 2003
with 5 fattening pigs with an initial
weight of about 50 kg
growing pigs (40‐60 kg), 5 animals
per diet, data at end of storage
farrowing sows (N=40) : 5,55‐8.11,
∅ 7.46
number of farms
Dry sows: 7.9‐8.4
(about 220 kg), 5 animals per diet,
data at end of storage
6.2.3 Redox potential
There is only few information available on the redox potential of manures. This parameter is
normally not determined by characterisation of manures for agricultural purposes and no data
are available at agricultural administrations, research institutes and agricultural associations.
The publications listed in table 8 give only information for pig manure and present similar
results. Luo et al. (2002) studied the effect of different aeration procedures on chemical
parameters of pig manure and found in all cases a redox potential between ‐350 and ‐300 mV
at the end of the experiment. But within the first two days the untreated manure and the two
aerated (intermittent and continuous aeration) manures differed in redox potential. Whereas
the untreated manure showed a small increase from ‐350 mV to about ‐330 mV in both
aerated manures the redox potential increased within the first 4‐5 hours up to about – 170
mV. Then the redox potential decreased rapidly to around ‐300 mV and fluctuated slightly in
the rest of the aeration period. Moral et al. (2005) studied the chemical composition of 36
farms in southeast Spain and found an average redox potential between ‐319 and ‐389 mV for
different production types but a high standard deviation. Park et al. (2006) measured the
redox potential in storage tanks depending on season and found the lowest redox potential
during fall with about – 333 mV and the highest redox potential (‐232 mV) in winter.
Table 8: redox potential
source
Information
Luo et al., 2002 Pig manure: ‐350 ‐ ‐300 mV at end of
experiment
Moral et al.,
Total: ‐361 ± 72 mV
2005
Gestating Sows: ‐374 ± 70 mV
Farrowing Sows: ‐352 ± 134 mV
comment
Finishing pigs, aeration experiments
over 16 days
Pig manure of 36 farms in Southeast
Spain; average and standard
deviation
25
Park et al.,
2006
Weaners: ‐319 ± 75 mV
Finishers: ‐389 ± 41 mV
Summer: ‐318.3 mV, fall: ‐333.4 mV,
Winter: ‐232 mV, spring: ‐284.2 mV
Farm in Ontario, Canada
6.2.4 Total organic carbon (TOC) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC)
Only little information is available about TOC and DOC in manures. For cattle TOC found in
several studies ranged between 0.88 and 4.2 % of wet weight (table 9). The higher TOC
concentrations reported by Kreuzig et al. (2006) are caused by differences in manure sampling.
Kreuzig et al. used “artificial” manures which had an adjusted dry matter content of 10 % and
therefore a higher TOC than the farmyard manures for which TOC was presented by Gerl
(1998) and Amon et al. (2006). For pig manure the observed range of TOC is smaller than for
cattle but with mean values at about 20 g/kg similar to the TOC concentration of cattle
manure.
Park et al. (2006) found similar concentrations of TOC in manures from fall, winter and spring
but about twice that amount in summer. Amon et al. (2006) tested different treatments of
manure storage from dairy cattle and found a reduction of TOC in the untreated trial of more
than 40 % (35.4 g/kg to 20.1 g/kg) and a reduction of only 18 % (32.7 to 26.7 g/kg) in the
aerated trial within the period of 80 days. Opposite results were presented by Luo et al.
(2002). In their experiment in the untreated sample of pig manure only a small reduction of
TOC from 14.5 to 14 g/kg was observed. In the aerated samples the TOC was reduced to 13
g/kg by intermittent aeration and to 11 g/kg by continuous aeration within a period of 15 days.
Sørensen and Fernandez (2003) studied the influence of different diets and found for growing
pigs TOC concentrations between 9.6 g/kg and 28.9 g/kg. In an experiment with dry sows a
diet with high fibre level increased TOC more than twice (11.5 to 32.5 g/kg).
Table 9: total organic carbon (TOC) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC)
source
Information
total organic carbon (TOC)
cattle
Gerl, 1998
8.8 – 29 g/kg wet weight, cattle
manure, ∅ 18.2 g/kg
Kreuzig et al.,
2006
Amon et al.,
2006
Cattle manure: 39‐42 g/kg, ∅ 40
g/kg
20.05 – 26.73 g/kg wet weight
comment
Germany, Data from 8 manures of
two farms with several samplings
between March, 1993 and April,
1995
Germany, 4 cattle manures
storage, two treatments
26
pig
Luo et al., 2002
Sørensen &
Fernandez, 2003
Pig manure: 11‐14 g/L at end of
experiment
Growing pigs: 9.6‐28.9 g/kg,
∅ 19.1 g/kg
Dry sows: 11.5‐32.5 g/kg,
∅ 18.8 g/kg
Kreuzig et al.,
2006
Pig manure: 20‐25 g/kg,
∅ 22.25 g/kg
dissolved organic carbon (DOC)
Growing pigs: 0.56‐4.49 g/kg
Sørensen &
Fernandez, 2003 Dry sows: 1.14‐2,29 g/kg
aeration experiments over 16 days,
end of experiment
Denmark 8 Different diets for
growing pigs (40‐60 kg) and 4 diets
for dry sows (about 220 kg) , 5
animals per diet, data at the end of
storage
Germany, 4 pig manures
Denmark, 8 different diets for
growing pigs (40‐60 kg) and 4 diets
for dry sows (about 220 kg) , 5
animals per diet, data at the end of
storage
For DOC only Sørensen and Fernandez (2003) presented some results. The DOC concentration
in the manure of growing pigs ranged between 0.56 for a diet with high fibre fermentability
and a normal fibre level and 4.49 g/kg for a diet with low fibre fermentability and a high fibre
level. In the manure of dry sows DOC ranged between 1.14 g/kg for a normal fibre level and
2.29 g/kg for a high fibre level.
6.2.5 Total nitrogen
Table 10: range of total nitrogen (total N) for different productions types (summarized results
of table 11)
Dairy cattle
calves
Total N kg/m3
wet weight
0.43 – 5.7
0.76 – 4.8
2.2 – 4.5
0.78 – 3.3
Pigs (unspecified)
Pig fattening
Sow housing
piglets
Total N kg/m3
wet weight
0.2 – 8.7
0.85 – 11.1
0.45 – 5.8
2.3 – 4.6
As shown in table 10 the total nitrogen concentrations of manures vary within a large range.
The total N concentrations for cattle manure (between 3.2 and 4.6 kg/m3 wet weight)
mentioned by LIZ (2009), Schaaf (2002) and LUFA NRW (2008) are mean values of an
unspecified amount of analysis (table 11). As mentioned above the data from LUFA NRW and
27
LUFA Nordwest are the mean value of at least some hundred analysis. The data given by
Kreuzig et al. (2006) are data from 2000 analysis. The median of 4.0 kg/m3 wet weight is close
to the information given by LIZ, Schaaf and LUFA NRW. A lower mean value (2.16 kg/m3 wet
weight) was observed by Martinez‐Suller et al. (2008). For manure from dairy cattle the range
of total N is a little bit narrower. The mean values given by LfL (2007), LUFA NRW and LUFA
Nordwest (2010) (3.5 – 3.8, 3.2 – 4.8 and 4.1 kg/m3 wet weight respectively) are higher than
the data ( 2.54 kg/m3 wet weight) given by Martinez‐Suller et al. (2008) but within the same
range as the data ( 4.67 kg/m3 wet weight) of Safely et al. (1986). The mean values for beef
fattening are within the range between 2.2 and 4.5 kg/m3 wet weight (e.g LUFA NRW, LUFA
Nordwest) for large sample collectives, the data from Gerl (1998) are a little bit lower. For
calve manure the available data are very similar and lie in between 1.84 and 3.3 kg/m3 wet
weight and again Martinez‐Suller et al. (2008) found lower concentrations than LUFA NRW
(2008) and LUFA Nordwest, (2010).
For pig manure the range of data is comparable with cattle manure but the mean values given
by several authors are a little bit higher than for cattle manure. The mean values from german
data (LIZ, 2009, Kreuzig et al., 2006 and Schaaf, 2002) are considerably higher (at about 5
kg/m3 wet weight) than the data from south European countries ( 2.43 and 2.58 kg/m3) given
by Martinez‐Suller et al., (2007) and Moral et al. (2005). For fattening pigs german data for
mean values are within the range between 2.7 and 5.3 kg/m3 depending on diet (e. g. LUFA
NRW, 2008, LUFA Nordwest, 2010, LfL, 2007) whereas south European data (Martinez‐Suller et
al., 2007 and Moral et al. 2005) are again at a lower level with 2.81 and 3.42 kg/m3,
respectively. The higher total N concentrations in the publications of Canh et. al. (1998),
Kreuzer et al. (1998) and Le et al. (2009) can not be directly compared with the data given by
other authors. The manures in the experiments of Canh, Kreuzer and Le were a mixture of
urine and faeces. In the other publications farm manures from storage containers were
analyzed. These manures contain additional water from cleaning processes in the barn and ‐ in
a lot of cases ‐ rainwater which flowed into the storage containers. Therefore a dilution of
manure in the farm containers can be assumed in comparison with manures which are
obtained directly at the animal. For manures from sow housing the german data indicate a
total N concentration of 2.8 to 4 kg/m3 wet weight, lower data are observed by Martinez‐Suller
et al., 2007 and Moral et al. 2005 (2.29 – 2 kg/m3). Even for piglets a small difference in dry
matter content between german data (3.3 – 4.6 kg/m3) and the data from Moral et al. (2005)
can be observed (2.3 kg/m3).
It is not surprising that the range for total N is similar as the range for dry matter because the
total N concentration depends on dry matter content. The german data for total N are taking
into account the dry matter content (rise of dry matter content causes increase of total N). In
figure 1 a moderate relation between dry matter content and total nitrogen for fattening pigs
can be seen (on basis of data from Canh et al. (1998) and Kreuzer et al. (1998)).
28
total nitrogen (g/kg wet weight)
8,00
7,00
6,00
5,00
r2=0,58, n=68
4,00
3,00
2,00
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
dry matter content (g/kg)
Figure 1: relation between dry matter content and total nitrogen in pig manure
Sommer et al. (1993) studied the influence of season on total N and found for cattle manure a
higher total N concentration in a winter/spring period than in a summer/autumn period
(5.2/4.1 kg/m3). For pig manure in the summer/autumn season the observed concentrations
were a little bit higher than in the winter/spring season (6.1/5.8 kg/m3). Hermanson et al.
(1980) observed in dairy cattle manure similar total N concentrations in summer and winter
but lower concentrations in spring. Hermanson et al. (1980) also found a decrease of total N in
cattle manure of about 30 % within a storage period of six weeks unrelated to the season.
Similar results were observed by Kreuzer et al. (1998) with a decrease of total N in manure of
fattening pigs of 20 to 30 %. Amon et al. (2006) reported about a decrease of total N of about
20 % within 80 days in an untreated manure and of only 2 % in an aerated manure. Canh et al.
(1998/2) measured the difference in total N with a storage period of one week and found a
reduction of total N of about 10 %. Luo et al. (2002) studied the influence of aeration in
manure parameters and found within a period of 16 days no change of total N in an untreated
manure but a reduction of total N of about 15 % and 25 % for a manure with intermittent
aeration and continuous aeration respectively.
Stevens et al. (1993) studied the influence of different diets and found in dairy cattle manure
the lowest total N concentration with a diet with low protein concentration and a low‐
digestibility silage and the highest total N with a diet with low protein concentration and high‐
digestibility silage. Canh et al. (1998/1‐4) tested in several studies the influence of different
diets on manure of fattening pigs. The concentrations of total N were lower in diets with a low
dEB and rose with increasing amount of crude protein. Dourmad & Jondreville (2007), Le et al.
(2009), Sørensen & Fernandez (2003), Velthof et al. (2005) and Portejoie et al. (2005)
29
confirmed these results and showed a close relation between rising of crude protein
concentration and increasing total N. Le et al. (2008) presented results which showed that not
only the protein concentration but also the fermentability of protein can influence total N. In a
diet with low fermentable protein total N was low (6.0 kg/m3) too. The total N concentration
increased in diets with medium (6.3 kg/m3) and high fermentability (7.0 kg/m3). Kreuzer et al.
(2006) studied the influence of different polysaccharides and found higher total N
concentrations in diets with a high content of Hemicellulose and Pectin and low concentrations
in diets with starch as main component. They also demonstrated that with an increasing
amount of fermentable non‐starch polysaccharides the total N concentration increased.
Table 11: total nitrogen
source
Information
LIZ, 2009
cattle manure 4 kg/m3
LUFA NRW, 2008
3.2 – 4.8 kg/m3, wet weight
Schaaf, 2002
cattle manure 4.16 % of dry
matter
Cattle manure: minimum 0.43
kg/m3, median 4.0 kg/m3,
maximum 5.7 kg/m3, wet weight
cattle manure: 4.64 kg/m3, wet
weight
Sommer et al., 1993
Cattle: period 1: 5.7 g/L, Period 2:
4.1g/L
2008
0.78‐4.11 kg/ m3, ∅ 2.16 kg/m3,
wet weight
Sommer et al., 1993
Cattle: 4.1‐5.2 g/L, wet weight
Sørensen &Eriksen,
2009
Cattle manure: 2.65 g/kg, wet
weight
Dairy Cattle
LUFA NRW, 2008
comment
Germany, Mean values, wet
weight
Germany, Depending on dry
matter content
Kassel
between 1997 to 2004, wet
weight
produce the manure
Denmark, Cattle period 1: 21
Dec 1989‐ 15 June 1990, period
2: 6 July 1990‐2 Sep. 1990
number of farms
Denmark, 2 cattle and 2 pig
manures
Denmark, One pig and cattle
manure, several treatments;
data only for untreated manure
Germany, Depending on dry
30
3
LUFA Nordost, 2010
LfL, 2007
4.1 kg/m , wet weight
3.5 ‐3.8 kg/m3, wet weight
Hermanson et al.,
1980
spring: 761 mg/L, summer: 973
mg/L, winter: 1017 mg/L
Sommer et al., 2000
3.8‐3.9 g/kg wet weight
Amon et al., 2006
3.25 g/kg wet weight
2008
Dairy cows (N=22): 0.94‐4.11 kg/
m3, ∅ 2.54 kg/m3, wet weight
Dairy cattle manure: 2.65 ± 0.82
kg/m3, wet weight
Safely et al., 1986
Sommer et al., 2000
3.8‐3.9 g/kg, wet weight
bull manure 4.5 kg/m3 , wet weight
Wochenblatt, 2008
LUFA NRW, 2008
LUFA Nordwest, 2010
LfL, 2007
4.4 kg/t, wet weight
3.8 kg/m3
Gerl, 1998
0.22 % wet weight
calves
LUFA NRW, 2008
LUFA Nordwest, 2010
3.3 kg/m3, wet weight
matter content
Germany, Median
Germany, Mean values, on basis
of 7.5 % dry matter for feed
stuff from grassland or arable
land
June, Summer period 31 August‐
4 October, winter period: 19
January ‐22 February, 65
animals
cattle
storage
number of farms
29 samples from dairy farms in
North Carolina, USA; average
and standard deviation
Denmark, Dairy cattle, one farm
, two samplings
Germany, Mean values,
depending on dry matter
content
Germany, Median
Germany, Mean value,
calculated on basis 0f 7.5 % dry
matter
and April, 1995
Germany, Mean value
Germany, Median
31
calves (N=27): 0.78‐2.73 kg/ m3, ∅
1.85 kg/m3
LIZ, 2009
pig manure 5.1 kg/m3, wet weight
Schaaf, 2002
pig manure 7.2 % of dry matter
2008
number of farms
Kassel
pig manure: minimum 0.6 kg/m3,
median 4.6 kg/m3, maximum 8.3
kg/m3, wet weight
Hisset et al., 1982
Pig manure 1.7 g/L, wet weight
pig manure: 5.99 kg/m3, wet
weight
Sørensen & Eriksen,
2009
Pig manure: 4.37 g/kg
Sommer et al., 1993
pig: period 1: 5.8 g/L period 2: 6.1
g/L, wet weight
2008
Combined pig manure (N=83):
0.20‐5.62 kg/m3, ∅ 2.43 kg/m3
Moral et al., 2005
Total: 2.58 ± 1.29 kg/m3
standard deviation
Pig fattening
Wochenblatt, 2008
fattening pig manure 5.6 kg/m3,
wet weight
Germany, Mean value
LUFA NRW, 2008
LUFA Nordwest, 2010
5.1 ‐ 5.3 kg/m3, wet weight
LfL, 2007
Laurenz, 2009
Min.: 2.8 kg/m3, mean value: 5.6
kg/m3, max.: 8.7 kg/m3, wet weight
content
Germany, Median, depending
on diet
depending on diet
Germany, Result of 240 analysis
produce the manure
1990‐ 10 Dec 1990, period 2: 27
Feb 1991‐25 June 1991;
number of farms
32
Canh et al., 1998/1
Pig manure: 6.08‐7.09 g/kg, ∅ 6.35
kg/m3, wet weight
Canh et al, 1998/2
Pig manure: 5.59‐7.37 g/kg, ∅ 6.46
kg/m3, wet weight
Canh et al, 1998/3
Pig manure: 4.8‐7.3 g/kg, ∅ 6.92
kg/m3, wet weight
Canh et al, 1998/4
Pig manure: 7.22‐11.13 g/kg, wet
weight
Dourmad &
Jondreville, 2007
weight
Pig manure: 4.69 – 7.65 g/kg wet
weight matter, ∅ 6.29 kg/m3
Le et al., 2009
weight
weight
Le et al., 2008
Luo et al., 2002
Pig manure: 2.88 g/L (initial
amount)
2008
finisher pigs (N=30): 0.85‐5.40 kg/
Finishers: 3.42 ± 1.75 kg/m3, wet
weight
Moral et al., 2005
weight
Sørensen &
Fernandez, 2003
Growing pigs: 2.91‐5.21 g/kg, wet
weight
Sow housing
animal)
animal)
Netherlands?, 2 diets, every diet
aeration experiments over 16
days
number of farms
standard deviation
storage
33
Wochenblatt, 2008
suckling sows 3.9 kg/m3, wet
weight
Germany, Mean value
LUFA NRW, 2008
LUFA Nordwest, 2010
LfL, 2007
Sørensen &
Fernandez, 2003
Dry sows: 5.37‐5.86 g/kg, wet
weight
2008
farrowing sows (N=40) : 0.45‐5.62
kg/ m3, ∅ 2.29 kg/m3, wet weight
Gestating Sows: 2.35 ± 1.09 kg/m3
Farrowing Sows: 1.80 ± 0.88 kg/m3,
wet weight
content
on diet
depending on diet
number of farms
Moral et al., 2005
piglets
LUFA NRW, 2008
LUFA Nordwest, 2010
Moral et al., 2005
Weaners: 2.30 ± 1.25 kg/m3, wet
weight
standard deviation
Germany, Mean value
Germany, Median
standard deviation
6.2.5 Ammonium nitrogen (NH4‐N)
As presented in table 12 the range of NH4‐N varies within a large range, too. The NH4‐N
concentrations for cattle manure (between 1.8 and 2.4 kg/m3 wet weight) noted by LUFA NRW
(2008) are mean values of an unspecified amount of analysis (table 13). The data given by
Kreuzig et al. (2006) are data from 2000 analysis. The median of 1.7 kg/m3 wet weight is close
to the information given by LUFA NRW and similar to the data from Sommer & Husted (1995).
A lower mean value (1.39 kg/m3 wet weight) was observed by Martinez‐Suller et al. (2008).
For manure from dairy cattle the range of NH4‐N is a little bit narrower. The mean values given
by LfL (2007), LUFA NRW (2007) and LUFA Nordwest (2010) range between 1.7 and 2.5 kg/m3
wet weight and are higher than the data ( 1.12 kg/m3 wet weight) given by Martinez‐Suller et
al. (2008) and those of Safely et al. (1986) ( 1.05 kg/m3 wet weight). The mean values for beef
fattening are within the range between 1.9 and 2.5 kg/m3 wet weight (e.g LUFA NRW, LUFA
Nordwest) for large sample collectives, the data from Gerl (1998) are a little bit lower. For
calve manure the available data range between 1.20 and 2.5 kg/m3 wet weight and there could
34
be observed no difference in concentration between data of Martinez‐Suller et al. (2008) and
LUFA NRW (2008) or LUFA Nordwest, (2010).
Table 12: range of Ammonium nitrogen (NH4‐N) for different productions types (summarized
results of table 13)
Dairy cattle
calves
NH4‐N kg/m3
wet weight
0.25 – 3.13
0.23 – 2.5
0.5 – 2.5
0.57 – 2.5
Pigs (unspecified)
Pig fattening
Sow housing
piglets
NH4‐N kg/m3 wet
weight
0.15 – 5.63
0.44 – 8.83
0.19 – 5.07
1.53 – 3.3
For pig manure the range of data for NH4‐N is wider than for cattle manure and the mean
values given by several authors are higher than for cattle manure. The mean values from
german data (Kreuzig et al., 2006 and Landwirtschaftliches Wochenblatt, 2008) and the data of
Sommer and Husted (1995) are considerably higher (between 2.6 and 3 kg/m3 wet weight)
than the data from south European countries ( 1.83 and 2.01 kg/m3 wet weight) given by
Martinez‐Suller et al., (2007) and Moral et al. (2005). For fattening pigs german data for mean
values are within the range between 1.9 and 4.7 kg/m3 depending a on diet (e. g. LUFA NRW,
2008, LUFA Nordwest, 2010, LfL, 2007) whereas south European data (Martinez‐Suller et al.,
2007 and Moral et al. 2005) are again at a lower level with 2.03 and 2.73 kg/m3 wet weight,
respectively. For manures from sow housing the german data indicate a NH4‐N concentration
of 1.9 to 2.9 kg/m3 wet weight, the data are obtained by Martinez‐Suller et al., 2007 and Moral
et al. 2005 (1.38 – 1.93 kg/m3 wet weight) are a little bit lower. Even for piglets a small
difference in NH4‐N between german data (1.9 – 3.3 kg/m3) and the data from Moral et al.
(2005) can be observed (1.63 kg/m3).
In contrast to the total N concentration NH4‐N does not depend on dry matter (Fig. 2) or total
N (Fig. 3) (data for fattening pigs on the basis of data from Canh et al. (1998) and Kreuzer et al.
(1998)).
35
6,00
5,00
3
Nh4-N (kg/m )
4,00
3,00
2
r =0.10, n=66
2,00
1,00
0,00
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
dry matter content (g/kg)
Figure 2: relation between dry matter content and NH4‐N in pig manure
6,00
5,00
3
NH4-N (kg/m )
4,00
3,00
r2=0.31, n=66
2,00
1,00
0,00
2,00
3,00
4,00
5,00
6,00
7,00
8,00
3
Total N (kg/m )
Figure 3: relation between total N and NH4‐N in pig manure
Sommer et al. (1993) studied the influence of season on NH4‐N and found for cattle manure
and pig manure no difference in NH4‐N concentrations between the seasons. Park et al. (2006)
36
found similar concentrations of NH4‐N in manures from fall, winter and spring but the
concentrations in summer were about 180 % of the concentrations in the other seasons.
Hermanson et al. (1980) observed in dairy cattle manure similar NH4‐N concentrations in
summer and spring but higher concentrations in winter. Hermanson et al. (1980) also found a
decrease of NH4‐N in cattle manure of about one third within a storage period of six weeks in
winter and of 15 % in summer. Similar results were observed by Kreuzer et al. (1998) with a
decrease of NH4‐N in manure of fattening pigs between 20 to 30 % within seven weeks. Amon
et al. (2006) reported about an increase of NH4‐N of about 20 % within 80 days in untreated
manure and of a decrease of 15 % in aerated manure. Canh et al. (1998/2) measured the
difference in NH4‐N with a storage period of one week and found a rise of NH4‐N of about 200
to 700 % related to the diet. Luo et al. (2002) studied the influence of aeration in manure
parameters and found within a period of 16 days a slight increase of NH4‐N in untreated
manure but a reduction of NH4‐N of about 15 % and 40 % for manure with intermittent
aeration and continuous aeration respectively. Paul & Beauchamp (1989) found a reduction of
NH4‐N in a short‐term experiment of 33 % within 4 days.
The influence of different diets on NH4‐N in dairy cattle manure was studied by Stevens et al.
(1993). They found the lowest NH4‐N concentration in a diet with low protein concentration
and low‐digestibility silage and the highest total N in a diet with high protein concentration
and high‐digestibility silage. Canh et al. (1998/1‐4) tested in several studies the influence of
different diets on manure of fattening pigs. The concentrations of NH4‐N were not influenced
by dEB and the type of acidifying salts but rose with increasing amount of crude protein.
Dourmad & Jondreville (2007), Le et al. (2009), Sørensen & Fernandez (2003), Velthof et al.
(2005) and Portejoie et al. (2005) confirmed these results and showed a close relation between
increasing of crude protein concentration and rising NH4‐N. Kreuzer et al. (1998) studied the
influence of different polysaccharides and the amount of fermentable non‐starch
polysaccharides and found no influence on NH4‐N concentration in manures after eight weeks
of storage in contrast to total N.
Table 13: Ammonium nitrogen
source
Information
LUFA NRW, 2008
Sommer & Husted,
1995
Cattle manure: minimum 0.01
kg/m3, median 1.7 kg/m3,
maximum 2.9 kg/m3, wet weight
Cattle manure: 1.26‐3.13 kg/m3,
wet weight, ∅ 2.06 kg/m3, wet
weight
cattle manure: 1.80 kg/m3, wet
comment
content
37
weight
Sommer et al., 1993
Cattle: period 1: kg/m3, Period 2:
2008
2009
0.25‐2.4 kg/m3, ∅ 1.39 kg/m3, wet
weight
Cattle manure: 1.50 kg/m3, wet
weight
Dairy Cattle
LUFA NRW, 2008
LUFA Nordwest, 2010
LfL, 2007
Hermanson et al.,
1980
spring: 0.27 kg/m3, summer: 0.23
kg/m3, winter: 0.37 kg/m3, wet
weight
Sommer et al., 2000
1.9‐2.1 kg/m3, wet weight
Amon et al., 2006
2008
Dairy cows (N=22): 0.26‐1.86 kg/
Dairy cattle manure: 1.35‐2.27
kg/m3, wet weight
Dairy cattle manure: 1.05 ± 0.40
kg/m3, wet weight
Paul & Beauchamp,
1989
Safely et al., 1986
Sommer et al., 2000
1.9‐2.1 kg/m3, wet weight
LUFA NRW, 2008
produce the manure
Denmark, Cattle period 1: 21
Dec 1989‐ 15 June 1990, period
2: 6 July 1990‐2 Sep. 1990
number of farms
Denmark, One cattle manure,
several treatments; data only
for untreated manure
content
Germany, Median
Germany, Mean values, on basis
of 7.5 % dry matter for feed
stuff from grassland or arable
land
manure; spring period: 4 May‐
23 June, Summer period 31
August‐4 October, winter
period: 19 January ‐22 February,
65 animals
cattle
storage
number of farms
Ontario, Canada, Two dairy
cattle manures
29 samples from dairy farms in
North Carolina, USA; average
and standard deviation
Denmark, Dairy cattle, one farm
, two samplings
38
LUFA Nordwest, 2010
LfL, 2007
Gerl (1998)
0.5 – 1.9 kg/m3, ∅ 0.98 kg/m3, wet
weight
Wochenblatt, 2008
Paul & Beauchamp,
1989
calves
LUFA NRW, 2008
LUFA Nordwest, 2010
2008
bull manure 2.5 kg/m3, wet weight
Beef cattle manure: 2.06 kg/m3,
wet weight
Ontario, Canada, One manure
Germany, Mean value
Germany, Median
number of farms
calves (N=27): 0.57‐2.40 kg/ m3, ∅
1.62 kg/m3
pig manure 3 kg/m3, wet weight
Wochenblatt, 2008
pig manure: minimum 0.27 kg/m3,
median 2.7 kg/m3, maximum 4.9
kg/m3, wet weight
Sommer & Husted,
pig manure 1.03‐5.63, kg/m3, wet
1995
weight, ∅ 2.61 kg/m3, wet weight
Hisset et al., 1982
Pig manure 0.8 g/L
Sommer et al., 1993
pig: period 1: 4.1 kg/m3, period 2:
2008
Combined pig manure (N=83):
0.15‐4.97 kg/m3, ∅ 1.83 kg/m3
Total: 2.01 ± 1.06 kg/m3, wet
weight
Moral et al., 2005
content
Germany, Median
Germany, Mean value,
calculated on 7.5 % dry matter
content
Germany, Data from 13
manures of two farms with
several samplings between
March, 1993 and April, 1995
Germany, Mean value
Germany, Mean value
produce the manure
1990‐ 10 Dec 1990, period 2: 27
Feb 1991‐25 June 1991;
number of farms
standard deviation
39
Paul & Beauchamp,
1989
2009
Swine manure: 3.72 kg/m3, wet
weight
Pig manure: 3.66 kg/m3, wet
weight
Pig fattening
Wochenblatt, 2008
LUFA NRW, 2008
fattening pig manure 3 kg/m3 wet
weight
3.3 ‐ 4.7 kg/m3 wet weight
LUFA Nordwest, 2010
2.6 – 3.0 kg/m3 wet weight
LfL, 2007
1.9 – 2.3 kg/m3 wet weight
Laurenz, 2009
Min.: 1.5 kg/m3, mean value: 4.2
kg/m3, max.: 6.4 kg/m3 wet weight
Canh et al., 1998/1
Pig manure: 2.25‐4.23 g/kg, ∅ 3.66
kg/m3, wet weight
Canh et al, 1998/2
Pig manure: 0.56‐4.75 g/kg, ∅ 2.32
kg/m3, wet weight
Canh et al, 1998/3
Pig manure: 2.03‐2.35 g/kg, ∅ 2.23
kg/m3, wet weight
Canh et al, 1998/4
Pig manure: 4.49‐8.83 kg/m3, wet
weight
Dourmad &
Jondreville., 2007
weight
Pig manure: 2.38 – 5.14 kg/m3, ∅
Le et al., 2009
weight
weight
Le et al., 2008
Ontario, Canada
content
on diet
depending on diet
Germany, Data from 240
manures
animal)
animal)
Netherlands?, 2 diets, every diet
40
3
Luo et al., 2002
Pig manure:2.0‐2.7 kg/m , wet
weight at end of experiment
2008
finisher pigs (N=30): 0.44‐3.50 kg/
Finishers: 2.73 ± 1.51 kg/m3, wet
weight
Moral et al., 2005
aeration experiments over 16
days
number of farms
standard deviation
storage
weight
Sørensen &
Fernandez, 2003
Growing pigs: 2.0‐4.06 kg/m3, wet
weight, ∅ 3.07 kg/m3, wet weight
Sow housing
LUFA NRW, 2007
LUFA Nordwest, 2010
LfL, 2007
2008
Moral et al., 2005
farrowing sows (N=40) : 0.19‐4.97
kg/ m3, ∅ 1.76 kg/m3, wet weight
Gestating Sows: 1.93 ± 0.82 kg/m3
Farrowing Sows: 1.38 ± 0.79 kg/m3,
wet weight
Sørensen &
Fernandez, 2003
Dry sows: 4.32‐5.07 kg/m3, wet
weight
Germany, Mean value
Germany, Median
Weaners: 1.53 ± 0.91 kg/m3
standard deviation
piglets
LUFA NRW, 2007
LUFA Nordwest,
2010
Moral et al., 2005
depending on diet
on diet
depending on diet
number of farms
standard deviation
41
7. Discussion
Storage conditions
The available information on storage conditions within the EU is fragmentary. Information on
housing systems and storage systems is lacking. Yet the information given by Oenema et al.
(2007) and BMELV (2007) indicate that at least 50 % of the produced manure is a (semi)‐liquid
manure within the EU and also within Germany and therefore the most relevant form of
manure. The influence of housing systems and storage systems on matrix parameters is small
or not detectable. Only the manure temperature is influenced by storage systems because
underground systems show a narrower seasonal range of temperature than aboveground
systems (Arrus et al., 2006, Montfort et al., 2003). The storage time is mostly influenced by
such agricultural requirements like field crop, vegetation period and storage capacity. Because
of regulatory requirements in the most countries of the EU a minimum of storage capacity of
six months is regulated. As described in chapter 4.1.4 for the storage time two main scenarios
can be assumed. A “long‐term” storage with an average storage time of 3 to 4 months and an
application in late winter or early spring and a “short‐term” storage during the vegetation
period with an average storage time of 1 to 2 months. The maximum storage times as defined
in EMEA/CVMP/ERA/418282/2005‐Rev.1 of 91 days for pig and cattle except for weaner pigs
(53 days) are therefore justified for winter times. However, in summer the storage period
might be shorter. For this period of the year a maximum value of 53 days, as presently in
EMEA/CVMP/ERA/418282/2005‐Rev.1 for weaner pigs, seems more appropriate.
Matrix parameters
The availability of information for matrix parameters of manure is highly variable. Data for the
matrix parameters such as dry matter content, pH value, total N and NH4‐N are available in a
lot of publications and in information from agricultural administrations and research institutes
because these data are of importance for the use of manure as fertilizer. For other matrix
parameters such as redox potential less information is available. Since a redox potential of less
than ‐ 100 mV is an indicator for anaerobic conditions (OECD, 2002) it can be concluded that all
tested manures were in anaerobic status. All values derived from the limited data available are
in the range of ‐230 to ‐400 mV (Table 4: storage conditions: redox potential). Also for TOC and
DOC the data base is limited. From the available data it can be assumed that the TOC
concentrations in cattle and pig manure do not differ and range from 8.8 to 42 g/kg.
More information is available for the dry matter content, pH value, total N and NH4‐N. It can
be assumed that manures from cattle and pigs vary in the dry matter content with higher dry
matter contents for cattle but not within production types of the species. The exception seems
to be the production of calves where the dry matter content is twice smaller than that of the
other production types. Whereas for cattle manure no difference in dry matter content
between different countries could be observed it seems especially for fattening pigs that a
regional/ country‐specific difference in dry matter content occurs. This should be further
determined with the help of the national agricultural institutions of other countries. The pH
42
value shows only small variations. Values ranging from 5.5 to 9.1 were observed for both
species and all production types. The data for total N and NH4‐N range from 0.2 to 11.1 kg/m3
for total N and from 0.15 to 8.83 kg/m3 for NH4‐N and indicate that within the two species the
average concentration of both parameters is a little bit different with a slightly higher
concentration for pig manure. Total N concentration does not differ a lot within the production
types. The exception is calf production because calf manures contain 25 to 30 % less total N
than the other production types. This is probably due to the lower dry matter content
generally observed for calf manures (see above). As already observed for dry matter there is a
difference pointed out in total N between northern and southern European countries because
data of south Europe indicate lower concentrations, supposedly caused by lower dry matter
content. In manure of fattening pigs the NH4‐N concentrations show slightly higher values in
comparison to the other production types and span a wider range. The results also indicate a
difference in NH4‐N concentrations between northern und southern European countries as the
data of Martinez‐Suller et al. (2007) and Moral et al. (2005) in southern Europe show mostly
lower values.
Seasonal influences on matrix parameters were reported only by a few publications. Sommer
et al. (1993), Hermanson et al. (1980) and Park et al. (2006) found small variations for the
parameters in dry matter content, total‐N and NH4‐N. Higher concentrations during summer
months can be explained by evaporation and lower precipitation (e.g. Hermanson et al., 1980,
Park et al., 2006). But this can not explain observations from Sommer et al. (1993) because
they found higher total N concentrations in cattle manure during a winter/spring period.
Possibly different feedstuff between winter/spring and summer/autumn had influenced the
composition of manure.
Most publications which studied the influence of storage on matrix parameters reported on a
decrease of dry matter content with increasing storage time (e. g. Martinez et al., 2003,
Hermanson, 1980, Amon et al. (2006). This is not surprising because due to biological
degradation of organic matter by microorganism during storage a decrease of dry matter
content is expected. Only Kreuzer et al. (1998) observed an increase of dry matter and
explained that by evaporation during the storage in open tanks. No clear observations were
made with regard to the pH value. Some authors (e.g. Canh et al., 1998, Amon et al., 2006 and
Yang et al. (2004) reported on an increase of pH during storage in closed systems (e.g Tanks),
whilst Kreuzer et al. (1998) found decreasing pH values in an open system. A possible reason
for these differing observations could be that methanogenic conditions are not obtained in an
open system and therefore volatile fatty acids accumulate and induce a decrease of pH. In
contrast in a closed system volatile fatty acids are degraded to methane and therefore the pH
increases. Møller et al. (2004) could show that during the storage an increase and decrease of
pH can be observed due to different microbial reactions in the manure. For total N the most
publications reported a decrease during storage between 10 to 30 % induced by biological
degradation. The available data indicate that the storage time influences the degradation
because with a rise of storage time the degradation increases. From the available data it can
43
be assumed that a 10 % reduction of total N occurs within the first two weeks of storage and a
30 % reduction within 40 and 80 days. Nevertheless it is not possible to calculate the
degradation of total N only on basis of storage time because degradation is influenced by
other parameters (e.g. manure treatment). The level of lowering of total N is in the same range
as for dry matter which confirms the close relation between dry matter content and total N.
Hermanson et al. (1980), Kreuzer et al. (1998), Amon et al. (2006) and Paul & Beauchaump
((1989) observed decreasing NH4‐N concentration during the storage whereas Amon, (2006),
Canh et al. (1998) and Luo et al. (2002) observed a rise of NH4‐N. The studies of Amon et al.
(2006) and Luo et al. (2002) indicate that the manure treatment during the storage (e.g.
aeration) can influence the change of NH4‐N concentration but whereas Amon et al. (2006)
observed a rise of NH4‐N in an aerated manure, Luo et al. (2002) found a decrease of that after
aeration.
The influence of diet on matrix parameters was studied mainly for pig production. Several
authors (e. g. Canh et al., 1998, Dourmad & Jondreville, 2007, Velthof et al., 2005) showed that
the amount of crude protein and the amount and type of polysaccarides influences the dry
matter content and other matrix parameters. A reduction of protein in the diet reduces the dry
matter content and also pH value, total N and NH4‐N. The total N concentration is additionally
influenced by protein fermentability (Le et al., 2008) and the type, amount and fermentability
of polysaccarides. Low fermentability of polysaccarides and a high fibre amount increases dry
matter content and total N (e.g. Kreuzer et al., 1998, Le et al., 2009).
By way of concluding the present report can be summerized in the following way:
•
The storage time is mostly influenced by agricultural and regulatory requirements.
Therefore two main scenarios for storage time can be assumed: a “long‐term” storage
with an average storage time of 3 to 4 months and an application in late winter or
early spring and a “short‐term” storage during the vegetation period with an average
storage time of 1 to 2 months.
•
The data availability for matrix parameters of manure is highly variable and depends
on their importance for the assessment of manure as fertilizer. For some matrix
parameters such as redox potential, TOC and DOC the data availability is limited.
•
It can be assumed that the matrix parameters such as dry matter content, total N and
NH4‐N are different for cattle and pig manure. Cattle manure has a higher dry matter
content and a lower total N and NH4‐N concentration than pig manure. No difference
in pH value could be observed. Within the production types of the two species no
significant differences in matrix parameters could be observed. The only exception is
the production of calves because the dry matter content and total N concentration in
calf manure is 50 and 30 % lower, respectively.
44
•
The data indicate differences in matrix parameters for pig manure between northern
and southern Europe because manures of southern Europe show lower dry matter
contents and lower total N and NH4‐N concentrations.
•
Seasonal influences on matrix parameters were pointed out by some publications.
•
During storage most studies observed a reduction on dry matter content and total
nitrogen caused by microbial degradation. Some controversial observations were
made as for pH value and NH4‐N whereas some studies detected an increase of pH and
NH4‐N some others showed a decrease of these parameters.
•
An influence of diet on matrix parameters was observed especially for manure of
fattening pigs. The protein concentration and fermentability and also the amount and
type of polysaccarides influences dry matter content, pH value and total N.
•
It can therefore be concluded, that the variability in between different animals due to
different feeding conditions is comparable to the observed variability of matrix
parameters between different animal types. Thus it is not necessary to differenciate
between different animal types and one set of matrix parameters for pigs and cattle
are sufficient.
•
The matrix parameters dry matter content, total nitrogen concentration, ammonium
nitrogen, pH, redox potential, and TOC seem appropriate for matrix characterisation.
The determination of the oxygen concentration is difficult and detection limits do not
allow to draw meaningful conclusions.
However, it must be pointed out that the available data are sometimes sparse. The data on
storage conditions and matrix parameters are fragmentary and mainly rely on data from
central European countries. The observations that dry matter content, total N and NH4‐N of pig
manures in southern Europe is less than in northern Europe are based only on two publications
with measurements of less than 100 manures. To confirm these observations additional data
of other national agricultural administration or research institutions from the respective region
would be necessary.
Nevertheless a scenario for western and central European countries with a moderate climate
can be proposed because most data presented in this study were collected in these countries.
This scenario includes the following countries: Ireland, United Kingdom, France, Belgium,
Luxembourg, Netherlands, Germany, Denmark, Austria, Poland, Czech Republic and Slovakia.
In these countries semi‐liquid manure represents between 30 and 65 % of total livestock
excreta. 5%‐40 % of livestock excreta belong to other types of manure (e.g. liquid, solid
manure) and about 30 % are dropped on pasture by grassing cattle. These countries represent
about 75 % of the total livestock for cattle and about 65 % for pigs within the EU (27). The
storage temperature in these countries ranges between about 10 and 20 °C within the year.
The lower temperature is observed in winter and the higher temperature in summer. Due to
45
agricultural practice it can be assumed that the average age of the manures from the first
application in spring is about 3‐4 months whereas the manures of the following applications
have an average age of 1‐2 months. A range for estimated mean values for some matrix
parameters is given in table 14. These data show that the dry matter contents used in the EMA
guideline (10 % for cattle, 5 % for pig) are within the range of the measured data.
Table 14: total range of values and average for matrix parameters in manure
parameter
storage time (d)
storage temperature (°C)
pH
redox potential (mV)
dry matter content (%)
total nitrogen (g N/kg)
(N)
ammonium nitrogen (g
N/kg) (NH4‐N)
total organic carbon
(g/kg) (TOC)
average pig
30 ‐ 120
range pig
15 ‐ 240
average cattle
30 ‐ 120
range cattle
15 ‐ 240
a
a
a
a
6‐9
5.5 – 9.14
6.5 – 8.5
range: ‐230 ‐ ‐400 b
0.11 – 12.0 7.5 10 (calves 3‐4)
0.2 – 11.1
3 – 4.5
4‐7
3‐5
6.2 – 8.8
0.4‐12.3
0.43 – 5.7
range: 0.15 ‐8.83 b
range: 8.8 – 42 b
a: storage temperatures vary between central/northern Europe and the southern European
countries. For the northern european countries, 10°C is a reasonable average temperature (see
6.1.5 Storage temperature), whereas for the southern part of Europe this conclusion is not valid.
b: for the matrix parameters redox potential, ammonium nitrogen and total organic carbon not as
much information is available as for other matrix parameters. For that reason no values are given
for the average and only the range of the values found in the literature combined for pig and
cattle is displayed.
In the table the complete observed range for some matrix parameters is given. It has to be
kept in mind, that as described in detail for dry matter and total nitrogen concentration the
parameters are partly interdependent. This is unlikely to affect the parameters pH and redox
potential, but has an important effect for the parameters dry matter content, nitrogen content
(total and ammonium), and TOC.
At present there is not enough information to determine the influence of matrix parameters
on degradation of substances in manures for each matrix parameter. Therefore up to now it is
not possible to determine how many different manures are necessary for a basic set for
testing. More information on the degradation behaviour could be obtained by using a model
substrate in different types of manure as a kind of positive control. At Fraunhofer IME a
research project is dealing with this question in more detail, results will be available soon.
46
8. Summary
Currently there are no standard methods for studies on the degradation behaviour of
substances in manure. Such methods are of great importance for the authorisation process for
biocides and veterinary medicinal products. Presently, information on the variability of the
composition of different types of manure with regard to species and production type is not
available. Therefore the aim of the present study is to gather information on the conditions
that prevail in manure storage tanks.
The literature study was carried out by using scientific journals, publications of statistical
agencies (Statistisches Bundesamt, Eurostat), information from agricultural administrations
and research institutes and agricultural associations. Public search engines in the internet were
used (eg. Google) to get additional information. Information was collected about manure
storage conditions (duration of storage, storage systems, storage temperature,) and matrix
parameter such as dry matter content, pH‐value, redox potential, total carbon and nitrogen
concentration.
The availability of data is highly variable. Information is sparse concerning housing systems and
storage systems. From the available information it can be concluded that in the EU at least 50
% of produced manure is a (semi)‐liquid manure with a large regional variation. The storage
time ranges between 1 and 2 months in summer and 3‐4 months in winter and is mostly
influenced by agricultural and regulatory requirements. Matrix parameters such as dry matter
content, total N and NH4‐N are different for cattle and pig manure but do not differ within a
species with exception of calf production. In cattle manure a higher dry matter content and a
lower total N and NH4‐N concentration as in pig manure was observed. The data indicate
differences in matrix parameters for pig manure between northern and southern Europe
because manures of southern Europe show lower dry matter contents and lower total N and
NH4‐N concentrations. Seasonal influences on matrix parameters were pointed out by some
publications but the main influence of season was observed on storage temperature. During
storage a reduction of dry matter content and total nitrogen was observed by the most
studies. For pig fattening an influence of diet on matrix parameters such as dry matter content,
pH value and total N was observed. It can therefore be concluded, that the variability in
between different animals due to different feeding conditions is comparable to the observed
variability of matrix parameters between different animal types. Thus it is not necessary to
differenciate between different animal types.
47
The following ranges for matrix parameters were found:
parameter
storage time (d)
pH
redox potential (mV)
dry matter content (%)
total N (g N/kg)
NH4‐N ((g N/kg)
TOC (g/kg)
range pig
range cattle
15 ‐ 240
15 ‐ 240
5.5 – 9.14
6.2 – 8.8
‐230 ‐ ‐400
0.11 – 12.0 0.4‐12.3
0.2 – 11.1
0.43 – 5.7
0.15 ‐8.83
8.8 ‐ 42
48
9.
Zusammenfassung
Aktuell gibt es keine Standardmethoden für Untersuchungen zum Abbau von Stoffen in Gülle.
Sie sind jedoch von großer Bedeutung für Zulassungsverfahren für Biozide und
Veterinärpharmazeutika. Aktuell liegen keine Informationen über die Variabilität der
Zusammensetzung von verschiedenen Güllen in Abhängigkeit von Tierart und Tiernutzung vor.
Daher ist es das Ziel dieser Literaturstudie Informationen über Bedingungen während der
Güllelagerung zu sammeln.
Für die Literaturstudie wurden wissenschaftliche Veröffentlichungen, Veröffentlichungen von
Statistikbehörden (Statistisches Bundesamt, Eurostat) sowie Informationen der
Landwirtschaftsbehörden, landwirtschaftlichen Forschungseinrichtungen und Verbänden
ausgewertet. Ergänzend wurden öffentliche Suchmaschinen im Internet (z. B. Goggle) für
zusätzliche Informationen untersucht. Die Ergebnisse wurden entsprechend der
Fragestellungen der Studie aufgeführt. Zum einen wurden Informationen über
Güllelagerungsbedingungen
(Lagerdauer,
Lagerungssysteme,
Lagerungstemperatur)
gesammelt, zum anderen wurden Informationen zu wichtigen Matrixparametern wie pH‐Wert,
Redoxpotential, Trockensubstanzgehalt, TOC, Gesamtstickstoff und Ammonium‐Stickstoff
erfasst.
Die Datenverfügbarkeit ist sehr unterschiedlich. Über Haltungs‐ und Lagerungssysteme liegen
nur wenige Informationen vor. Aus den verfügbaren Daten lässt sich ableiten, dass mindestens
50 % des anfallenden Wirtschaftsdüngers in Form von Gülle anfällt. Allerdings variiert dieser
Anteil regional stark und Informationen zum Anteil der einzelnen Lagerungssysteme sind nicht
verfügbar. Die Lagerungsdauer variiert zwischen 1‐2 Monaten im Sommer und 3‐4 Monaten im
Winter und wird hauptsächlich durch die Anforderungen der landwirtschaftlichen Praxis und
durch gesetzliche Vorgaben beeinflusst. Die Matrixparameter (z. B. Trockensubstanzgehalt,
Gesamt‐N und NH4‐N) unterscheiden sich zwischen Rind und Schwein, jedoch nicht innerhalb
einer Tierart bei unterschiedlichen Produktionsrichtungen mit Ausnahme der Kälbermast. In
Rindergüllen wurden höhere Trockensubstanzgehalte und niedrigere Gesamt‐N‐ und NH4‐N‐
Konzentrationen als in Schweinegüllen gemessen. Für Schweinegüllen weisen die Daten auf
Unterschiede zwischen Nord‐ und Südeuropa hin, da in südeuropäischen Güllen geringere
Trockensubstanzgehalte und niedrigere N‐Gesamt und NH4‐N‐Konzentrationen als in den
nordeuropäischen Güllen gemessen wurden. Jahreszeitliche Einflüsse auf Matrixparameter
wurden von einigen Autoren untersucht, hauptsächlich beeinflusst die Jahreszeit jedoch nur
die Gülletemperatur während der Lagerung. Bei der Schweinemast zeigten sich deutliche
Einflüsse der Fütterung auf Matrixparameter wie Trockensubstanzgehalt, pH‐Wert und
Gesamt‐N. Da die beobachteten Variabilitäten zwischen einzelnen Tieren, z. B. aufgrund
unterschiedlicher Fütterung so hoch sind, wie die Variabilitäten zwischen einzelnen
Typen/Altersstufen, reicht pro Tierart ein Satz an Matrixparametern aus.
49
Folgende Spannweiten für die Matrixparamter wurden gefunden:
Parameter
Lagerungsdauer (d)
pH
Redoxpotential (mV)
Trockensubstanzgehalt (%)
Gesamt‐N (g N/kg)
NH4‐N ((g N/kg)
TOC (g/kg)
Spannweite Schwein
Spannweite Rind
15 ‐ 240
15 ‐ 240
5.5 – 9.14
6.2 – 8.8
‐230 ‐ ‐400
0.11 – 12.0
0.4‐12.3
0.2 – 11.1
0.43 – 5.7
0.15 ‐8.83
8.8 ‐ 42
50
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54
Annex 1:
Biological oxygen demand (BOD)
Only a few publications gave information about the BOD (table 10). Hisset et al. (1982) tested
one pig manure with a BOD of 8.8 g/L. Pig manures with higher BOD values between 32.5 and
71.8 kg/m3 were observed by Martinez et al. (2003). Moral et al. (2005) studied pig manures of
36 farms in southeast Spain and found mean values for BOD between 9.0 and 25.0 g/L but with
high standard deviations depending on production type.
Table 15: biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)
source
Information
Hisset et al., 1982
Pig manure 8.8 g/L
Martinez et al., 2003 Pig manure: 32.5‐71.8 kg/m3
Moral et al., 2005
Total: 14.5 ± 9.4 g/L
Gestating Sows: 11.7 ± 13.4 g/L
Farrowing Sows: 9.0 ± 5.0 g/L
Weaners: 25.0 ± 23.6 g/L
Finishers: 21.6 ± 12.4 g/L
comment
Material of 10 pigs
3 manures from two different farms
Pig manure of 36 farms in Southeast
Spain; average and standard
deviation

Matrix parameters of manure and storage conditions

Transcription

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