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Petros Kostagiolas Assistant Professor, Department of Archive, Library Science and Museology, Ionian University Konstantina Martzoukou Lecturer, Department of Information Management, Robert Gordon University, [email protected] [email protected] Evaggelia Artopoulou Dimitris Niakas MSc Student Professor Hellenic Open University Hellenic Open University [email protected] [email protected] Keats, S. and Wiggins, S. 2014. Future diets: Implications for agriculture and food prices. Overseas Development Institute Keats, S. and Wiggins, S. 2014.Future diets: Implications for agriculture and food prices. Overseas Development Institute Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 systematically identified surveys, reports, and published studies (n=1769) that included data for height and weight, both through physical measurements and self-reports Results: Worldwide, a body-mass index (BMI) of 25 kg/m2 or greater increased between 1980 and 2013 for both men and women Developing countries: 62% of the world’s obese people live in developing countries women have higher rates of obesity than men Developed countries: The prevalence of overweight and obesity in childhood has increased remarkably men have higher rates of obesity than women UK Population Greek Population For the first time in history, there are 11 million people aged 65 or over in the UK There are over 22.7 million people aged 50 years and over, over a third of the total UK population There are now nearly 14.7 million people in the UK aged 60 and above. 3 million people are aged 80 or over There are now more people in the UK aged 60 and above than there are under 186 There are more pensioners than there are children under 16 (Age UK, 2015) UK life expectancy expected to rise to late 80s by 2030! Population approx. 11 million Retirement age: from 65 to 67 4.1 million pensioners and unemployed 2.7 million pensioners Unemployment 27.3% and over 60% for those under 24 Highly skilled Low emigration 2011: fertility rate of 1.4 (2.1. needed to replenish the previous generation (last Census 2011 in Greece) Health information websites are used by nearly half the internet population 20.9 million internet users visited health information websites in July 2014, spending an average of 11.8 minutes each, and representing 43% of the active internet population. NHS websites are the most popular health information sites, with a unique audience of 10.1 million (around two in ten of the UK internet population accessed NHS sites in July 2014 ) engage with the site through a range of channels and platforms, with social media and access via mobiles and tablets increasingly popular more likely to be women female than male (70% vs. 30%) and from AB households, and in the 35-54 age groups A? B? C? D? E? Cyberchondria overly distressed or anxious about health performing excessive or repeated healthrelated searches on the Internet, only to become more distressed or frightened (Starcevic & Berle, 2013) UK (ONS 2014) Cabinet Office (2014) Digital Divide older people - over 53% of people who lack basic digital skills are aged over 65, and 69% are over 55 those in social housing - 37% of those who are digitally excluded are social housing tenants those with disabilities 33% of people with registered disabilities have never used the internet. 54% of the total number of people who have never used the internet Cabinet Office 2014 young people - 27% of young people who are offline are in full-time employment those on lower wages, or unemployed - 44% of people without basic digital skills are on lower wages or are unemployed Digital Literacy Health Literacy “being able to make use of technologies to participate in and contribute to modern social, cultural, political and economic life”: "the degree to which individuals have the capacity to obtain, process and understand basic health information and services needed to make appropriate health decisions“ communication, collaboration, social engagement and understanding of the context in which it is applied (JISC infoNet 2014) (Institute of Medicine 2004) I think that we need to explore the interesting connections between health information seeking and maintaining health related quality of life! adoption of healthy lifestyle habits influenced by a number of socioeconomic parameters, different educational levels and occupational characteristics new set of information literacy skills and become more proactive in maintaining their health related quality of life previous research: information needs and the preferences of patients and/or healthcare professionals towards specific health issues (e.g. diabetes malicious, cancer, etc) improved online public access and better communication/ health related online information space rapidly expanding Framework: Wilson IB model (1999) & EQ-5D 3L Self-perceived quality of life scale (EuroQol 1990) a standardised measure of health status developed by the EuroQol Group provides a simple, generic measure of health for clinical and economic appraisal EQ-5D 3L health related quality of life scale Level 1: indicating no problem Level 2: indicating some problems Level 3: indicating extreme problems • A unique health state is defined by combing 1 level from each of the five dimensions • A total od 243 possible health states is defined in this way with a five digit score. e.g. 11223 indicates • no problem with mobility and self-care • some problems with performing usual activities • moderate pain or discomfort • extreme anxiety or depression a three–level scale (no problem, some or moderate problems, and extreme problems with a score from 1 to 3) Methodology Questionnaire: Adaptation of Wilson’s (1999) model for healthcare related ISB of citizens Importance of information needs Utilization of online information resources Importance of obstacles citizens face when seeking information EQ-5D 3L Survey : February to March 2014 medium-size city, situated in the Peloponnese region of Greece 680 citizens / 585 agreed (86%) Methodology details non-probability sampling Statistics: descriptive and inferential nonparametric statistical analysis through SPSS Correlation statistics assess the association of various EQ-5D scales to citizens’ information seeking behaviour Internal consistency: the 27-item questionnaire overall scale used had excellent internal consistency reliability with Cronbach alpha coefficients 0.91 The reliability coefficients of the questionnaire sub-scales were: Importance information needs, 0.89 Utilization of online information resources, 0.90 Importance of obstacles when seeking information, 0.87 EQ-5D 3L , 0.70 Survey Demographics Demographics Women search more for mental care, diet and nutrition, patient groups/networks Younger people search more when the doctor is unclear Health Online Information Needs Women turn to online sources to inform others more than men Married people look for diagnosis more than the rest of the categories (e.g. divorced) Principal Component of information Variable Reduction, PCAAnalysis for Information Needs: needs Scale Validity Examined internal consistency of the Cronbach Coefficient and the Likert scales: variable reduction (above 0.4). Loading in the three components with high consistency Three doctor-related variables; unusually one related online networks/groups: collective expertise. May replace the doctor? Use of Online Information Resources Significant differences in favour of the younger subgroups. Younger people utilise online health sources more frequently. Principal Component Analysis: online information resources We can say with confidence that the category ‘online information’ resources’ include all these different sources. A very strong result in the internal consistency of the subscales Obstacles/barriers to IS Indicates a need for the development of health literacy. Different health literacy programmes in relation to different age groups Married people experienced lack of time as a significant barrier profession: pensioners and the unemployed experienced higher barriers PCA: Obstacles/barriers to IS Variable Reduction, PCA for Obstacles when seeking Information: Scale Validity EQ-5D 3L health related quality of life scale over 50 years, pensioners and stay at home individuals experience higher levels - but not anxiety! Women feel more anxiety/depression than me Descriptive statistics Unusually, there is very high level of level 2 responses which may be due to special socioeconomic conditions Imbalanced but it reflects what is expected in the population. Level 3 represents extreme health conditions Associations of Quality of life dimensions with Information Needs Mobility is associated with information for “patient groups / networks” (p=0.005; -0.116) Self-care is associated with information for “alternative therapy” (p=0.06, 0.114); “drugs” (p=0.018; 0.098); Usual activities is associated with “alternative therapy” (p=0.02, 0.096); Anxiety /depression is associated with information for - “drugs” ( p=0.022, -0.095); “reducing anxiety after consultation” (p=0.012; -0.104); “support groups” (p= 0.011;-0.105) The less mobility the more use of patient groups/networks Higher self-care problems are associated with needs for these information needs The more anxiety the more the need to turn to support groups. Consultations with doctors/ information on drugs may not help. The more the mobility problems the less the use of online information resources Associations of Quality of life dimensions with Information Resources Utilization The more the pain/discomfort the less the use of official/medical websites Associations of Quality of life dimensions with obstacles when seeking information A number of positive correlations Mobility is not associated with any of the obstacles when seeking information Self-care is associated with: “PC skills” (p=0.09, 0.107); “cost” (p=0.06; 0.114); “” Usual activities is associated with: “cost” (p=0.016, 0.100); “complicated information” (p=0.048; 0.082) Pain/discomfort is associated with: “complicated information” (p=0.024; 0.094) Anxiety /depression is associated with: - “PC skills” ( p=0.035, -0.087); “lack of trust” (p=0.018; 0.098) Value of the study • Proposed a research framework using an established information seeking model developed by Wilson (information needs, sources and barriers) and a standard measurement for assessing health related quality of life (Q-5D 3L health related quality of life scale). This could be replicated in future research in different contexts • Employed Principal Component Analysis to propose a useful reduction to a few key components for information needs, sources and barriers which could be employed in future research with confidence • Examined correlations between quality of life and information seeking dimensions • More details of this soon in our full paper! References Age UK, 2015. Later life in the UK. EuroQol Group. 1990. EuroQol-a new facility for the measurement of health-related quality of life. Health Policy, 16, pp.199208 Cheuk, K. Oeman, M. Oppe, M. and Rabin, R. 2009. EQ-SD User Guide basic Information on how to use EQ-SD. EuroqQol http://www.euroqol.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Documenten/PDF/User_Guide_v2_March_2009.pdf Starcevic V., Berle, D.2013 Cyberchondria: towards a better understanding of excessive health-related Internet use Expert Rev Neurother. 2013 Feb;13(2),pp. 205-13. doi: 10.1586/ern.12.162. Keats, S. and Wiggins, S. 2014.Future diets: Implications for agriculture and food prices. Overseas Development Institute Ng, M et al. 2014. Global, regional, and national prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adults during 1980– 2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Lancet , 38 (9945), pp. 766-781. Ofcom, 2014. Internet Citizens 2014 Use of selected citizen-related online content and services http://stakeholders.ofcom.org.uk/binaries/research/telecoms-research/Internet_Citizens_Report_14.pdf ALA Connect, 2011. Digital Literacy Definition. Retrieved from http://connect.ala.org/node/181197 Commission of the European Communities. (2007). Key Competences for Lifelong Learning – A European Framework. Institute of Medicine, 2004. Health literacy: a prescription to end confusion. Washington DC: National Academies Press UNESCO INSTITUTE FOR INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES IN EDUCATION, 2003. Towards policies for integrating information and communication technologies into education [online]. Available from http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.phpURL_ID=7782&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html Office of National Statistics, 2014. Internet Access – Households and Individuals 2014. http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/rdit2/internet-access---households-and-individuals/2014/stb-ia-2014.html Images From my personal library Drawings Electro-girl Drawing By Evelina Anagnostopoulou Martzoukou (age 6)