Effect of selenium and vitamin E supplementation on quality of fatty

Arch. Geflügelk. 2004, 68 (4), 153 - 159, ISSN 0003-9098. ©Verlag Eugen Ulmer GmbH & Co., Stuttgart
Effect of selenium and vitamin E supplementation on
quality of fatty goose liver and chemical composition
of breast muscle
Einfluss von Selen und Vitam in E auf die Qualität von Stopfleber und auf die chemi sche
Zusammensetzu ng des Brustmu skels von Gä nsen
Andrea Körösi-Moln6r 1, M . Mezes 2 , K. Balogh2, S. Varga 3 , Maria Karsai-Kov6cs 3 and Z. Farkas 1
Manuskript eingegangen am 20 . November 2002, angenommen am 12. April 2004
lntroduction
One of the most important commodities of export of the
Hungarian food industry is fatty goose liver. Tue delicate
market has rather rigorous requirements for the quality of
goose liver. Tue fattened goose liver is a very precious
product, for that reason the expenses will be recovered if
the quality of the end-product will be improved by the use
of some special feed supplements.
The liver, from the point of perishableness is a very
sensitive product. Among the perishing processes the
peroxidative processes are of importance in products
with high polyunsaturated fatty acid content. Against that
process an effective antioxidant system has to be
formed . Antioxidants are chemical compounds, which inhibit the direct oxidation or prevent the accomplishment
of chain reaction initiated by free radicals. Tue antioxidant system can be divided into two main groups, as
enzymatic and non-enzymatic defence (MEz.Es, 1999).
Those small molecular weight, partly fat- and partly
water-soluble antioxidant compounds, which according to
their chemical properties are able to convert oxygen free
radicals into more stable and less harmful molecules, belong to the non-enzymatic defence. The weil known
antioxidant compound is the a-tocopherol (vitarnin E).
Tue biological antioxidant defence system, besides the
antioxidant compounds, also contains such enzymes
which exert their effects as electron acceptors. One of
such enzyme groups are the enzymes of the glutathioneperoxidase farnily, which decompose hydrogen-peroxide
and lipid-hydroperoxides in presence of reduced glutathione in different compartments (ERDELYI et al., 1999).
Selenium as an integral part of the glutathione-peroxidase
enzyme plays an indispensable role in antioxidant processes.
Vitamin E is one of the most effective fat-soluble natural antioxidants. A number of researches were carried out
to investigate the effect of a-tocopherol on poultry meat
(fresh, boiled and frozen) and on oxidative stability of
lipid and myoglobin (SANTE et al., 1992, SHEEHY et al.,
1 Institute for Small Anima! Breeding and Nutrition, Gödöllo,
Hungary
2 Szent lstvan University; Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Department of Nutrition, Gödöllo, Hungary
3 Szent Istvan University, Centre for Goose Breeding, Gödöllo,
Hungary
Archiv für GeAügelkunde 4/2004
1993, GALVIN et al., 1998, GRAU et al., 2001, WEBER,
2001). A significantly positive effect of vitamin E on biochemical (SHEEHY et al., 1993.) as weil as physical processes was reported influencing the colour of meat (SANTE
et al., 1992, YIN et al ., 1993) and its texture (SHELDON
et al., 1997). SANTE et al. (1992) found that during chilling
until the 5th day of storage there was significantly less
myoglobin oxidation and colour change in the meat of turkeys which received vitamin E supplementation. After the
5th day, however not any difference between the treated
and the control groups could be demonstrated. HASDAI
(1997) established, that during the period of force-feeding
a large dose (100 mg/k:g feed) of vitarnin E significantly
improved the chilled goose liver quality. SHEEHY et al.
(1991) as weil as MORRISSEY et al. (1997) investigated the
deposition of vitamin E into different tissues. Close to the
increase of the vitamin E content of feed concentration the
a-tocopherol content in the tissues increased linearly.
Higher rate of deposition was found in the heart and
lungs, less in the liver, thigh and breast muscles as weil as
in the brain. MoRRISSEY et al. (1997) established that the
saturation level of the a-tocopherol given in large <loses
appeared one week after the beginning of treatrnent in the
blood plasma and after 3-4 weeks in the different organs.
There exist only a limited number of publications on
the increase of the oxidative stability of meat as weil as of
other anirnal products as an effect of excess selenium
supply. Despite, selenium is weil known as one of the
components of the biological antioxidant defence system,
particularly in the defence of biological membranes (BURK
and HILL, 1993.), so the effect is presumable.
The objective of the present study was to investigate the
effect of high dietary levels of a-tocopherol and selenium
on the improvement of the quality of chiiled fatty goose
liver and breast muscle.
Material and Methods
The experiment was carried out with 150 Babat Grey
Landes geese in three groups (50 birds in each group).
Nine-weeks-old geese were grown traditionally and were
then force fed. Force feeding was carried out with a special devise and it took 19 days. Tue feed used for forcefeeding (Table 1) was given in 5 portions daily. On the
first day of force feeding the amount of the feed was
600 g, and it was increased by 250 g per day up to 2000 g
from the 7th day on.
154
KöRös1-MoLNAR et al., Effect of selenium and vitamin E on the quality of fatty goose liver
Table 1. Composition of force-feeding diet
Mash for force-feeding (40%)
lngredient
Composition (%)
Corn
Wheat
Extracted soybean
Fot powder (40% fat) *
Sa lt
Urne
85
5
4
Steamed corn 60%
4
0.5
1.5
* 50% Aaked carn + 50% sunAower oil
Tue feeding and keeping of the experimental groups
was identical to the control with the exception of adding
DL-a-tocopheryl-acetate (Hoffmann-LaRoche, Basel) or
organic selenium - mainly in the form of seleno-methionine - preparate (Sel-Plex®, Alltech, Lexington) to the
feed daily from the start of experimental period.
CODEX (1990), malondialdehyde content to asses the
steady state oxidative status (MIHARA et al. , 1980) in the
tissue homogenate (1: 9 in physiological saline solution).
Reduced glutathione content was measured according to
SEDLAK and LINDSAY (1968) and glutathione-peroxidase
activity according to MATKOVTCS et al. (1988). Tue enzyme activity was measured in the 10,000 g supematant
fraction of the 1 : 9 sample homogenate and was expressed
in units, which mean the oxidation of 1 nmol glutathione
at 25 °C per minute in presence of cumene-hydroperoxide
as co-substrate. The enzyme activity was calculated to the
protein content of the 10,000 supematant fraction of the
sample muscle homogenate which was measured with
Folio fenol reagent (LOWRY et al., 1951) using bovine serum albumin as standard.
Statistical analysis of the data was carried out by Students' test.
Results and Discussion
Ouality of liver
Experimental groups
Control - without additional a-tocopherol and selenium supply
Group II (50 geese): Feed supplemented with vitamin E
(80 mg/kg feed)
Group III (50 geese): Feed supplemented with selenium
(0.3 mg Se/goose/day)
The geese were slaughtered on the 19th day of forcefeeding period at the "Kiskunhalas" poultry slaughter
house. Tue classification of the liver was carried out at the
slaughter house. Categories of the liver classification have
been: Extra, 1st Class, 2nct Class, 3rct Class and Domestic.
The main classification criteria of the goose liver were:
the weight (Extra and 1st Class 500-900 g, 2nct Class and
3rct Class 400-900 g), the colour, the odour, the springiness and the greasiness. On the day of slaughtering 5
livers were selected randomly from each group, the liver
was exarnined partly freshly and partly after a chilling storage period of 8 days. Tue storage of the livers was carried out in different closed vessels at 0 °C. Breast muscle
samples were taken immediately after slaughtering.
Group 1 (50 geese):
lnvestigations of liver
The following chemical characteristics were determined
from the fresh liver and after 8-days storage: dry matter,
crude protein, crude fat, ash, N-free extractable material
(HUNGARIAN FEED CODEX, 1990), malondialdehyde
content to assess the steady state oxidative status (MIHARA
et al., 1980) in the tissue homogenate in 1: 9 physiological
saline solution of fresh liver and liver samples during an
8-days (0 °C) period of storage with daily sampling. The
weight loss at the roasting of fattened goose liver was exarnined with pre-cooled livers. The roasting test was carried out by cutting down the right lobe of the liver. The
livers were roasted for 20 minutes on covered roasting
plate at the same time at 180 °C. Then the livers were
weighed after cooling to room temperature.
lnvestigations of the breast muscle
Determination of the chemical composition: dry matter,
crude protein, crude fat, crude ash, N-free extractable material was carried out according to HUNGARIAN FEED
According to the liver classification at the slaughter house
10% from the control and 20% of the selenium group belonged to the „Extra" category (Figure 1). Livers were
classified as 1st class as following: 63 % of the control
group, 55% of the selenium and 47 % of the a-tocopherol
group. In the 2°ct class qualification category there was no
significant difference amongst the groups, but there was a
significant difference in the 3rct class category. Most livers
from the a-tocopherol supplemented group were classified
here, as their weight exceeded 900 grams. Some dotted
haemorrhages were found on the surface of four livers
(8% of total) in the selenium supplemented group, two of
them were confiscated because of this reason. Based on
the liver classification, the liver premium for 1 kg fatty
liver was 1490 HUF (approx. 6 euros) in the control
group, 1240 HUF (approx. 5 euros) in the vitarnin E supplemented group and 1520 HUF (approx. 6 euros) in the
selenium supplemented group.
Chemical composition of liver
Chemical composition of the liver of geese of the control
and selenium supplemented groups was similar (Table 2).
Dry matter content, as weil as crude fat and crude protein
content calculated as percentage of dry matter was considerably decreased as an effect of a-tocopherol supplementation. Despite covering, during storage the dry matter content increased in all the three groups, with nearly the same
degree due to water loss. There was a sirnilar difference as
in fresh liver among the groups considering the chemical
composition. The degree of the alterations of the chemical
composition of the fresh and the 8-days stored livers was
different among the groups. In the samples of the a-tocopherol supplemented group the crude fat content increased
more significantly (2.4%) than in the control (l.45 %) and
in the selenium supplemented (l.72%) groups. Protein loss
during storage was smaller in the a-tocopherol supplemented (0.63 %) than in the control (0.85 %) and in the selenium supplemented (0.80%) groups. Compared to the
composition of liver of not force-fed 84 days-old growing
goose breeders (dry matter: 24.50%; crude protein:
18.79%/d.m.; crude fat, 4.17 %/d.m.; crude ash: 2.00%/
d.m.) it can be established, that the dry matter, crude fat
and the crude protein content increased significantly with
force-feeding (MOLNAR, 1967).
Archiv für GeAügelkunde 4 / 2004
KöRös1-MoLNAR et al., Effect of selenium and vitamin E on the quality of fatty goose liver
155
Classification of fatty livers
40
•Extra
D 1st dass
0~
D2nd class
E
QI
„CJ
~
03rd class
•Homeland
D Confiscate
30
Contol
Selenium
Vitamin-E
Figure 1. Classification of fatty livers
Klassifizierung der Fettlebern
Roasting loss of the liver
The weight loss of the fattened goose liver during roasting
was detennined from pre-chilled livers. Roasting for
20 rninutes resulted in an average roasting loss of the samples from the control and selenium supplemented groups
of 43 % and 41 %, respectively. The livers of the a-tocoArchiv für Geflügelkunde 4/ 2004
pherol supplemented group lost however, only 32% from
their weight in turn. Tue possible cause of the difference
between selenium and a-tocopherol supplemented group
is the different effect on the cell membrane permeability.
Tue effect of selenium is mainly as antioxidant (SURAI,
2002b) while a-tocopherol also has an effect on the physical stability of membranes (LucY, 1972).
156
KöRös1-M OLNAR et al., Effect of selenium and vitamin E on the quality of fatty goose liver
Table 2. Effect of selenium or vitamin E supplementation of Force feeding diet on the composition of the fatty goose liver
Einfluss einer Zulage von Selen oder Vitamin E zur Futterration während des Stopfens auf die Zusammensetzung der Fettleber
Control
57.6 ± 2.27***a, ***b
59.7 ± 1.16*a, *b
21.7 ± 0 .43**a, **b
1.47 ± 0 .26
68.7
63 .3
23 .9
1.38
Dry matter %
Ether extract (d .m. %)
Crude protein (d .m. %)
Ash (d .m. %)
69.2
63.3
24.1
1.23
After storage
Dry matter %
Ether extract (d .m. %)
Crude protein (d .m. %)
Ash (d .m. %)
74.9 ± 3.98
64.8 ± 1.22
23.2 ± 0 .67
2.74 ± 0.5
62.5
62.1
21.1
2.55
Difference (after slaughter
and storage)
Dry matter %
Ether extract (d .m. %)
Crude protein (d.m . %)
Ash (d .m. %)
+5 .05 ±
+ 1.45 ±
- 0.85 ±
+ 1.52 ±
+ 4.84 ±
+ 2.40 ±
- 0 .63 ±
+ 1.08 ±
compared to control, b compared to selenium supplementation, level of significonce:
Chemical composition of the breast muscle
Considering the chemical composition of breast muscle
(dry matter: 28.39%; crude protein: 17.79%/d.m; crude
fat: 9.47%/d.m.; crude ash: 0.85%/d.m.) of not force-fed
84 days-old growing breeders (MoLNAR, 1967) it can be
established that the crude fat and ash content significantly
increased, the dry matter content became marginally higher and the crude protein was not affected by treatments
(Table 3). The only marked difference among the samples
gained from the three investigated groups was the higher
crude fat content of the breast muscle of the force fed
geese supplemented with selenium as compared to the
control or a-tocopherol supplemented groups (Table 3).
Malondialdehyde content of liver
The results indicate unanimously, that supplementation of
feed with selenium impairs the oxidative status of the
liver, which was followed by changes in the malondialde-
2.23
1.25
0.92
0 .43
Selenium
supplementation
At slaughter
0
±
±
±
±
Vitamin E
supplementation
2.35
0 .93
0 .43
0 .64
±
±
±
±
±
±
±
±
2.46
2.36
0 .59
0 .11
2.61***a, ***b
1.11 *b
0 .24**a, **b
0 .49
74.0 ±
65 .1 ±
23.1 ±
2.56 ±
3.88
2.84
0.60
0.66
2.22
0.89
0.57
0.40
+5 .29 ±
+ 1.72 ±
- 0 .80 ±
+ 1.18 ±
1.9
0.88
0.31
0 .58
* P ~ 0 .05, ** P ~ 0.01 , ** * P ~ 0 .001
hyde content (Table 4). Therefore, the additional selenium
supplementation (0.3 mg/day) did not improve, but someway decreased the oxidative status of the fatty livers and
induced peroxidation of the unsaturated fatty acids. Selenium was given in present study using selenium enriched
yeast in the form of seleno-methionine as the main form
of selenium in plants (COMBS and CoMBs, 1984). The potentially harrnful effect of seleno-methionine is negligible
in birds but showed mainly antioxidant effects as an active
centre of glutathione-peroxidase (SURAI, 2002a). The present study confirmed that such effect of selenium is moderate as compared to vitarnin E during the force feeding
period. The unfavourable effect of the selenium was described previously only in acute and subchronic selenium
toxicosis using organic (HOFFMANN et al., 1991) and inorganic (MEzEs and SALYI, 1994) selenium preparations.
The background of that effect of selenium would be its
chemical characteristic. Selenium can induce redox
changes, which may have a peroxidative effect during the
force-feeding period and also during the post mortem processes. Vitamin E supplementation at the beginning of the
Table 3. Changes of chemical composition of the breast muscle of the fattened goose as effect of vitamin E or selenium supplementation
Veränderung der chemischen Zusammensetzung des Brustmuskels von zwangsgefütterten Gänsen in Abhängigkeit von der Vitamin
E- oder Selenzulage zur Ration
Group
Dry matter
Control
Vitamin E supple-mentation
Selenium supplementation
0
%
Ether extract
(% d.m.)
Crude protein
(% d.m.)
Ash
(% d .m.)
31.8 ± 0.79
30.8 ± 0 .62
30.4 ± 1.08
15.6 ± 2.21
17.6 ± 1.03
18.9 ± 1.06 *a
21.4 ± 0.75
20.3 ± 0 .44
20.3 ± 0 .43
5.33 ± 0 .25
5 .05 ± 0 .15
4.70 ± 0.77
os compared to control, level of significonce: * P < 0 .05
Table 4. Malomdialdehyde content of fatty goose liver during the 8 days storage
Gehalt an Malondialdehyd in der Fettleber nach einer Lagerdauer von 8 Tagen
Group
MDA (mcmol/g)
1' 1 day
3rd
day
4th day
5th day
8th day
Control
6 .25 ± 2.11 9.83 ± 5 .82
7 .41 ± 4.74 5.81 ± 2.14 4.28 ± 0 .63
2.81 ± 0.34
4.92 ± 1.84 4.14 ± 0.90
Se
6 .14 ± 3.73 16.7 ± 6.76 *a 9 .55 ± 5.78 8.11 ± 4.76 6 .85 ± 1.36 *a 4.07 ± 2.19* 0 9.12 ± 4.09 5 .39 ± 1.35
Vitamin E 4.89 ± 1.24 5 .69 ± 2.19
5 .95 ± 2.64 4.12 ± 1.19 5.50 ± 2.65
2.55 ± 0 .23
4 .21 ± 1.38 5 .26 ± 1.87
0
os compared to conlrol, level of significonce: * P < 0.05
Archiv für Geflügelkunde 4/2004
KöRös1-MOLNAR et al., Effect of selenium and vitamin E on the quality of fatty goose liver
experimental period (1-3 days) showed somewhat more
favourable effect as compared to the control, but there was
no significant alteration in neither the a-tocopherol supplemented nor the not supplemented control group. Tue
initial favourable effect of a-tocopherol may be connected
to its antioxidant effect, but because of the well known
accumulation of lipids with high polyunsaturated fatty acid
content in fatty goose liver, this effect lasted only for a
limited period of time. Later this effect was not manifested.
Malondialdehyde content of the breast muscle
Tue oxidative status of the breast muscle samples was
measured after an 18-days, deep frozen (-20 °C) storage.
The results showed a sirnilar tendency as it was found in
liver. As an effect of selenium supplementation the oxidative status of muscle was also impaired, so the degree of
the lipid peroxidative processes slightly increased followed
by changes in the malondialdehyde content (Table 5).
There was also no significant difference among the samples from groups fed with the not supplemented control
and a-tocopherol supplemented diet, but the effect of vitarnin E supplementation was somewhat more favourable.
The malondialdehyde content proved to be somewhat lower. The alteration of the malondialdehyde content of the
breast muscle among other factors was influenced by the
fat content of the sample (DwoRSCHAR et al., 1988). Accordingly, the favourable effect of a-tocopherol supplementation is unanimous, since the malondialdehyde content decreased even with growing fat content. The not
significantly higher malondialdehyde content of the group
supplemented with selenium can also be partly affected by
the higher fat content and that can explain the opposite
effect of selenium in the present study as the previous
findings with broiler chicken (DEVORE et al., 1983, SURAI,
2002b).
Reduced glutathione content and glutathione-peroxidase
activity of the breast muscle
Glutathione content and glutathione-peroxidase activity deterrnination of the muscle samples was carried out after an
18 day deep freezing ( - 20 °C) Storage period. The results
showed, that there were no significant changes in the
quantity and also activity of the antioxidant defence system of the breast muscle during storage (Table 6), despite
that the changes of malon-dialdehyde content indicated
some lipid peroxidative processes. One possible reason of
this fact can be that the samples were stored at low temperatures (-20 °C) and under those circumstances neither
Table 5 . Malondialdehyd content of breast muscle of fattened
goose as effect of the vitamin E or selenium supplementation of
force-feeding diet
Gehalt an Malondialdehyd im Brustmuskel von gestopften Gänsen in Abhängigkeit von einer Vitamin E- oder Selenzulage zur
Ration
Group
MDA
(mcmol/g)
Control
Vitamin E supplementation
Selenium supplementation
0
8.10± 1,86
7 .60 ± 1.47°*
10.9 ± 1.62
os compored to cantrol, level of significance: * P < 0 .05
Archiv für GeAügelkunde 4/2004
157
Table 6. Reduced glutathione content and glutathione-peroxidase activity of breast muscle of fattened goose as effect of the
vitamin E or selenium supplementation of force-feeding diet
Reduzierter Gultathiongehalt und Glutathion-Peroxidase-Aktivität
im Brustmuskel von gestopften Gänsen in Abhängigkeit von
einer Vitamin E- oder Selenzulage zur Ration
Group
Glutathione
content
(mmol/g)
Glutathione peroxidase
activity U/g l 0 000 g
supernatant protein content
Control
Vitamin E
supplementation
Selenium
supplementation
14.2 ± 1.24
14.0±3.16
1.48 ± 0.22
2 .15 ± 1.04
14.1±2.80
1.44 ± 0.41
the small antioxidant peptides (e.g glutathione) nor the
proteins with larger molecule weight (e.g. glutathione-peroxidase) did take part in the antioxidant defence. Under
Storage at a higher temperature (4 °C) a decrease of both
investigated parameters was measured (WATANABE et al.,
1996). Tue other possible explanation is that the basic
level of selenium in the diet of geese during the growing
period was adequate, and for that reason glutathione-peroxidase reached its maximal activity previously.
Conclusions
Supplementation of force-feeding feed with organic selenium preparation improved the percentage of the Extra
and 1st class livers at the end of force-feeding. However,
as an effect of a-tocopherol supplementation, the ratio of
the extremely large (~ 900 grams) livers increased significantly which is unfavourable from the point of view of
premium liver.
Chernical composition of the liver and muscle was not
influenced by the selenium supplementation of the diet, in
contrast to the a-tocopherol supplementation. The roasting
loss was also sirnilar to the control in the liver of the
geese consuming selenium supplemented feed, while the
liver of animals from the a-tocopherol supplemented
group lost significantly less weight during roasting.
lt can be established from the values of malondialdehyde content that the selenium supplementation decreased
while a-tocopherol supplementation increased the steady
state oxidative status of both liver and muscle at the applied dose. According to the results, the defence of the
polyunsaturated fatty acids of the liver lipids with a-tocopherol supplementation during storage at 4 °C succeeds
for about 72 hours, sirnilarly as it was found by SANTE
et al. (1992). Tue significance of this result is less irnportant from the point of view of product quality, but this
advantage is not negligible from the point of view of food
safety. Tue unfavourable effects of the selenium supplementation draw attention to the importance of the selenium preparation and the selenium supplementation during
force-feeding. Based on the results of present experirnent
on the steady state oxidative status of meat it can be concluded that if it was stored at low temperature the effect
of the glutathione redox system in the antioxidant defence
is negligible.
lt can be also concluded from practical point of view
that using force feeding feeds with suitable quantity of selenium, the liver quality can be irnproved. Tue supplementation with vitarnin E improves the quality of those livers
which are chilled or will be used for processing.
158
KöRös1-MoLNAR et al. , Effect of selenium and vitamin E on the quality of fatty goose liver
Summary
Goose diet was supplemented with organic selenium
(0.3 mg/animal/day) or with a-tocopherol (80 mg/kg feed)
during a 19-days force feeding period. Supplementation of
the force-feeding feed with organic selenium preparation
improved the quality of liver. The effect of vitamin E supplementation was unfavourable because the ratio of extremely large livers increased significantly. Chernical composition of the liver and its roasting loss as weil as chernical
composition of breast muscle was not influenced by the
selenium, but partly by the vitamin E treatrnent. Selenium
supplementation impaired while vitamin E supplementation improved the oxidative status of both liver and muscle at the applied dose. That effect is less important from
the point of view of the product quality, but it is not negligible from food safety point of view. lt was also found
that the oxidative status of meat did not affect the glutathione redox system during storage.
Keywords
Goose, force feeding, liver quality, meat quality, selenium,
vitamin E
Zusammenfassung
Einfluss von Selen und Vitamin E auf die Qualität von Stopfleber und auf die chemische Zusammensetzung des Brustmuskels von Gänsen
Die Futterration für Gänse wurde während der 19-tägigen Stopfphase mit einer organischen Selenverbindung (0,3 mgrTierrTag)
bzw. mit a-Tocopherol (80 mg/kg Futter) angereichert. Die Anreicherung mit der organischen Selenverbindung verbesserte die
Qualität der Leber. Dagegen war dir Wirkung der a-TocopherolZulage ungünstig, da hierdurch der Anteil an extrem großen Lebern erhöht wurde. Die chemische Zusammensetzung und die
Garverluste der Leber wie auch die chemische Zusammensetzung
des Brustmuskels wurden durch die Zulage an Selen nicht beeinflusst, während dies für a-Tocopherol zum Teil der Fall war. Die
Selenzulage beeinträchtigte und die a-Tocopherol-Zulage verbesserte den oxidativen Status sowohl der Leber als auch des Brustmuskels in der gewählten Dosierung. Dieser Effekt ist zwar für
die Produktqualität von geringerer Bedeutung, im Hinblick auf
die Lebensmittelsicherheit aber nicht zu vernachlässigen. Es wurde ferner festgestellt, dass der oxidative Status des Fleischs das
Gultathion-Redox-System während der Lagerung nicht beeinflusste.
Stichworte
Gans, Zwangsfütterung, Leberqualität, Fleischqualität, Selen, aTocopherol
Acknow ledgement
The present investigation finaneially supported by the Ministry of
Agriculture and Rural Development with a grant to A.K-M.
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Buchbesprech ung
Wasser· und Wasserz:iergeflügel
Heinz-Sigurd Raethel, Wasser- und Wasserziergeflügel; Verlag
Oertel und Spörer, Reutlingen, 5. vollständig überarbeitete und
erweiterte Auflage, 2003, über 180 überwiegend s/w Abbildungen,
276 Seiten, Preis 29,80 EUR, ISBN 3-88627-513-2
Wen begeistert nicht die Form- und Farbenvielfalt des Wasserund Wasserziergeflügels, das die Gewässer in unseren Park- und
Freizeitanlagen bevölkert und zu einer lebendigen Natur beiträgt!
Es verwundert daher auch nicht, dass Hausenten und Gänse viele
Liebhaber gefunden haben und neben Kleintierzuchtanlagen,
Parks und Tiergärten auch häufig in Privathaltungen anzutreffen
sind. Das vorliegende Buch „Wasser- und Wasserziergeflügel"
von Heinz-Sigurd Raethel befasst sich daher eingehend mit der
großen Ordnung der Entenvögel (Anatiformes), zu der unsere
Enten und Gänse wie auch die Schwäne gehören.
Nach kurzen einführenden Kapiteln zur Systematik, Geschichte,
Zucht, Fütterung und wesentlichen Krankheiten des Wassergeflügels, befasst sich Heinz-Sigurd Raethel mit den wichtigsten
Verhaltensweisen der Entenvögel. Besonders gut gelungen sind
hier die Schema-Zeichnungen der verschiedenen Verhaltensweisen. Ein kurzes Kapitel behandelt ferner die Anatidenm.ischlinge, zu den auch die Artenkreuzung zwischen Moschusenten und Pekingenten zählt, die als Mularde ihren Eingang in die
Wirtschaftsgeflügelhaltung gefunden hat. Der wesentliche Teil des
Buches widmet sich dann der Beschreibung der verschiedenen
Wassergeflügelarten der Familien Spaltfußgans, Gänse, Schwäne,
Archiv für Geffügelkunde 4/2004
Echte Gänse, Meergänse, Hühnergänse, Halbgänse, Dampfschiffenten, Glanzenten, Schopfenten, Gründelenten, Eiderenten,
Meerenten und Säger sowie Ruderenten. Bei den Hausgänsen
dürfen natürlich nicht Deutsche Legegans, Diepholzer, Emdener,
Pommern oder Toulouser Gans fehlen. Bei den Hausenten sind
Aylsbury-, Peking-, Sachsen, Moschus-, Rouenenten sowie die
indischen Laufenten zu erwähnen. Insgesamt werden von HeinzSigurd Raethel 58 Gänse-, 126 Enten- und 9 Schwanarten vorgestellt. Die Reihenfolge könnte allerdings etwas nachvollziehbarer sein. So ist nicht klar, warum die Pünktchenente
zwischen Gänsen und Schwänen besprochen wird und warum die
Schwäne nicht an den Anfang des Buches gestellt wurden. Für die
einzelnen Arten werden die Trivialnamen und die lateinischen
Namen angegeben, danach erfolgt eine kurze Beschreibung von
Habitat, Erscheinungsbild, Brutkenndaten und zum Teil des
heutigen Verbreitungsgebiets. Die Darstellung hätte durch den
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Eindruck entstehen, der auch durch die gelegentliche Einstreuung
von ganzseitigen Farbaufnahmen oder den sehr sehenswerten
Gemälden von E. Witzmann (16 Stück) nicht beseitigt werden
kann. Den Abschluss des Werkes bilden der Quellennachweis und
Verzeichnisse sowie der Trivial- als auch der lateinischen Namen
der besprochenen Arten.
Das vorliegende Buch „Wasser- und Wasserziergeflügel" ist
sicher ein brauchbarer Ratgeber, der dem interessierten Leser
einen ersten Einblick in die Artenvielfalt unseres Wassergeflügels
M. A. Grashorn
gibt.