Guide to Cremation Practice - International Cremation Federation

Transcription

International Cremation Federation
Guide to Cremation Practice
CONTENTS
1.0
CREMATION AND WASTE ETHICS______________________________3
2.0
SELECTION AND PRE-TREATMENT ____________________________4
3.0
OPERABILITY ________________________________________________5
4.0
PERFORMANCE STANDARDS __________________________________5
5.0
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ____________________________________6
5.1
Emissions to atmosphere ___________________________________________ 6
5.2
Residues from Cremation___________________________________________ 6
5.3
Energy Recovery __________________________________________________ 6
6.0
TRAINING ____________________________________________________7
7.0
HEALTH AND SAFETY_________________________________________7
8.0
INFORMATION TO BE EXCHANGED WHEN CREMATION
EQUIPMENT IS PURCHASED___________________________________8
8.1
Cremator ________________________________________________________ 8
8.2
Cremator loading door ____________________________________________ 10
8.3
Ash handling equipment___________________________________________ 11
8.4
General information ______________________________________________ 11
ENCLOSURES
ENCLOSURE A _____________________________________________________12
ENCLOSURE B _____________________________________________________13
ENCLOSURE C_____________________________________________________14
ENCLOSURE D 1/3__________________________________________________15
ENCLOSURE D 2/3__________________________________________________16
ENCLOSURE D 3/3__________________________________________________17
ICF GUIDE TO CREMATION PRACTICE
Technical Sub-Committee
1.0
CREMATION AND WASTE ETHICS
1.
In no way can human remains be treated as waste.
2.
Even so, cremation of human remains (definitely not to be combined
with cremation of e.g. pets) must be conducted in a satisfactory way
having regard to the latest developments in the requirements for
optimum environmental protection as applied to combustion processes.
The environmental impact of cremation must be minimised.
Ethical
Primary
Dosing
Technical
Secondary
Cooling
Ashes
Human Remains
Filter
Spent
Reagent
All activities after the primary combustion chamber are related to
waste materials and are subject, as such, to a technical, environmental
and economic point of view.
All activities before and within the primary combustion chamber are
related to human remains and are not waste.
!
2.0
SELECTION AND PRE-TREATMENT
Front-end manipulation
In seeking the best prevention, it is important to accommodate the
specific ethical and cultural requirements attached to cremation
(e.g. clothing).
We recommend that:2.1
Coffin materials to be selected so as to minimise the generation of
pollution when cremation takes place. Eventual non-combustable
coffin fittings must be removed.
2.2
Certain materials shall not be used: PVC, Heavy metals, Zinc plate,
Solvent-based paints, Nitrogen-containing resins.
2.3
Implants containing power sources must be removed as a preparation
for cremation, and certified as such in the documentation presented to
the crematorium.
2.4
Radioactive substances are used in diagnosis and treatment, mainly
isotopes of Carbon, Iodine, Strontium. Such residual quantities as may
remain at cremation have been shown to represent negligible levels of
risk to personnel.
"
3.0
OPERABILITY
The local culture, and, where applicable, the law relating to cremation practice
has a strong influence upon the methods used in crematoria. However, this
guide makes the following recommendations.
By use of the best available techniques, the problems and dangers for work
people in the crematorium can be minimised. In particular, these
improvements are recommended for safety rather than economic reasons.
These techniques include:
3.1
Minimisation of dust and gaseous emissions into the furnaceroom of
the crematorium during insertion of the coffin into the cremator.
3.2
Removal of ashes at the end of cremation, and ash processing, shall be
carried out without dust emission.
3.3
During cleaning and maintenance operations upon the internal surfaces
of all components which are in contact with the gases, dusts, and
treatment reagents, it is essential that total worker protection methods
are used in accordance with local safety laws.
4.0
PERFORMANCE STANDARDS
Having reviewed standards worldwide, ICF has concluded that detailed
performance standard must be established by the local competent authority in
each country.
However, we recommend that specific standards are established for cremators
taking into account the fact that cremation is NOT a waste destruction process.
Appendix I has been prepared to give our recommendations in the case of
European Community Countries.
#
5.0
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
5.1
Emissions to atmosphere
The highest standards, following Best Available Techniques (B.A.T),
have already been applied to crematoria in some countries. It is the
task of local competent authorities to establish the extent to which
emissions to atmosphere must be controlled.
5.2
Residues from Cremation
These are regarded as:
5.2.1
Cremated remains, to be treated as human remains and needing
respectful treatment and the avoidance of unnecessary handling
and workplace dust exposure. Personal protective equipment
(P.P.E) shall be provided.
See Appendix 2 for general composition on these materials.
5.2.2
There are also materials which are not human remains, such as
recognisable metals from coffins, prostheses, jewellery and
non-combustible parts of clothing, surgical instruments. These
materials must be removed using suitable techniques and
disposed of according to local requirements. It is known, that in
some member countries a schedule has been set up to recycle
these materials. This is recommended as good practice
providing the crematorium neither itself nor the staff of the
crematorium will benefit in whatever way of this practice.
5.2.3
Residues from the technical processes (including fly ash, filter
components, non-reacted and spent dosing materials, and
residues from maintenance of the secondary combustion zones)
shall be treated as special waste and disposed of in accordance
with local requirements.
5.3
Energy Recovery
When treatment of gases after cremation requires cooling, it is possible
to recover ca. 250 kW per cremation. This heat is available for re-use.
This is recommended as a sustainable and environmentally beneficial
option.
6.0
TRAINING
All persons who will operate cremators shall have sufficient training and
competence according to the complexity of the equipment.
The training shall be given when a major change is made to the equipment at a
crematorium and when a person begins employment.
The formation shall cover a minimum of:
•
Cremation Code of Practice
•
Technical Operation of the Equipment
•
Safety and Emergency operations
This guide recommends especially those national cremation authorities or
companies who provide a formal scheme of training.
7.0
HEALTH AND SAFETY
Health and Safety issues have been incorporated in specific places throughout
this guide.
In addition general awareness of health and safety requirements and
procedures is essential for the operation of cremators and their auxiliary
equipment, all in accordance with local prescriptions and reporting procedures.
$
8.0
INFORMATION TO BE EXCHANGED WHEN CREMATION
EQUIPMENT IS PURCHASED
8.1
Cremator
1.
Main Chamber Dimensions
mm wide
mm long
mm high
m3
Secondary Combustion Chamber Volume
2. .
Maximum insertion Dimension
mm wide
mm high
mm long
3.
Ignition Burner
Max. Fire
Min. Fire
After Burner
Max. Fire
kW
Medium Fire kW
Min. Fire
kW
kW
kW
4.
Number of cremations that the cremator will perform per day, 5 days
per week (stating combined coffin weight). See Enclosure A.
5.
The colour of the ash.
6.
Details of observation glasses fitted together with their position and
angle of coverage.
7.
Provide details of :
• Cleaning/access ports.
• Loading door to the primary chamber
• Flue gas sampling position for oxygen and carbon
monoxide.
• Opacity measurement position.
8.
Minimum temperature to be achieved within the secondary chamber
before charging can commence.
Cremator preheat after 64 hours stop time (minutes).
Cremator preheat after 40 hours stop time (minutes).
Cremator preheat after 16 hours stop time is (minutes).
Further details on preheat times to be included within Enclosure A.
%
9.
Average fuel consumption per cremation based on weekly operation as
detailed within Enclosure A (excluding preheating).
10.
Flue gas temperature as measured in the chimney stack (Minimum and
Maximum) as per Enclosure A.
11.
Concentration of dust/particulates as measured within the chimney
stack (mg/m3) as per Enclosure A.
12.
Combustion air fan capacity
Volume
(Am3/hr @ 20oC)
Pressure
(Pascal)
Motor
(kW absorbed)
13.
Maximum pressure loss in oven during periods of peak combustion
rates. (Pascal)
14.
Cross sectional area of proposed flue liner (if applicable) for normal
operation, plus details of any additional items which may be required to
ensure that the discharge velocity of the flue gases matches the
requirements of the local regulations.
15.
Details of induced draught fan if applicable or method of generating
underpressure.
16.
Electrical consumption (as per Enclosure A) –
During preheat
During cremation
17.
Method of controlling under pressure in the cremator.
18.
Details of modulating ejector air supply valve (if applicable).
19.
Refractory lifetimes/guarantees as per Enclosure C.
20.
Heat loss from cremator by convection from all surfaces enclosed by
the cremator's casing, excluding losses from hot gas ducting.
Details of surface temperatures (oC) and surface heat loss of the
cladding (kW) based on steady state operating conditions.
21.
Typical cladding temperature for cremators
22.
Typical ash out door temperature
8.2
Cremator loading door
23.
Details of loading system and any weight checking facility fitted as
standard.
Procedures in the event of a power failure to complete the coffin
loading procedure.
Maximum loading weight.
24.
Details of cremator control as per Enclosure D.
25.
List of tools and accessoires provided.
26.
Details of cremator data management system (if applicable).
27.
Details of PLC control programme and any manual controls available.
28.
Provide details of those functions which can be controlled from the
charging station.
29.
Operating and Maintenance Manual to be supplied on the cremator,
loading machine and ancilliary equipment, comprising detailed
instructions for the operation and maintenance of the equipment
supplied including list of suppliers, suppliers detailed information and
equipment drawings.
30.
Flue gas residence time @ 850 0C and min. 6 % O2 within the
secondary combustion chamber.
31.
Size of secondary combustion chamber.
32.
Control of under pressure and how it is measured. What happens in
the event of over pressure?
33.
Method of clean-out of ash and any ventilation provided/required.
34.
Noise levels attributed to the cremator:
•
•
•
•
Cremator room
Charging room
Machinery room
External
8.3
Ash handling equipment
35.
The machine to be installed within a sound attenuating cabinet
36.
Noise level in ash processing room
37.
Particle size of reduced ashes
38.
Typical time for size reduction.
39
Specify residues and / or metal separating
40.
How is unit ventilated and efficiency of filter (if any).
8.4
General information
40.
Details of spare parts to be provided.
41
Tools provided like hand magnet etc.
42.
Details of any modem system for remote Engineering Support.
43.
Reference list
Recommendation concerning
Requirements for cremators
ENCLOSURE A
Specification and enclosures to offer for:
Name of Contractor:
Given information will be considered as guarantees concerning a possible delivery of cremator:
Day
Number of
Cremations
PreHeating
Time
Minutes
Fuel
consumption
for pre-heating
Gas m3
Oil: kg
Cremation
Time
Minutes
Fuel
consumption
for cremation
Gas m3
Oil: kg
Electricity
consumption
for pre-heating
Gas m3
Oil: kg
Monday
Tuesday
Wednesday
Thursday
Friday
Saturday
Sunday
At gas heating the calorific value should be equal to natural gas:
At oil heating the calorific value should be equal to light oil:
Other information
Date:
Manufacturer:
...................................................
Signature:
...................................................
Electricity
consumption
for cremation
Gas m3
Oil: kg
ENCLOSURE B
Name of Contractor:
Flue gas conditions a.o.
1.
Quantity of flue gas in chimney at max. charge
Nm3/h
2.
Flue gas temperature in chimney max./min.
°C
3.
Lowest excess air at cremation
%02
4.
Residence time of flue gases in ACC after the last addition of combustion air
Sec.
5.
Max CO amount in flue gas classed with state of reference with 10% 02
Mean value during complete cremation
mg/nm3
10 minute mean value
mg/nm3
1 minute mean value
mg/nm3
Max. amount of particles in flue gas classed with state of reference
with 10% 02
Max mg/nm3
6a.
Amount of particles > 10 my, maximum
%
6b.
Glowed away of particles max.
%
7.
Amount of combustion air
nm3/h
8.
Amount of cooling air (in ejector or before induced draught fan)
nm3/h
9.
Are marginal values according to direction no 2/1993 set by the Local Department of
Environment respected
Yes
6.
This information is guaranteed information. If points 3, 4, 5, 6, 6a and 9 at a test, carried out by an
accredited measuring institute, are not performed, the plant will be rejected.
Date:
Manufacturer:
...................................................
Signature:
...................................................
!
No
ENCLOSURE C
Name of Contractor:
Guaranteed life for refractory brickwork, set by amount of cremations at the following operations:
Floor in primary combustion chamber
Cremations
Top of primary combustion chamber
Cremations
Walls in primary combustion chamber
Cremations
Walls in flue gas ducts
Cremations
Walls, top and floor in ACC
Cremations
Total replacement of all refractory materials within cremator
Cremations
Other information about refractory lining:
Place in Furnace Type
Content
Al203 %
Content
Si02 %
Content
Fe03 %
Content
Ca0 %
Hot Face Brick
High Wear Points
Main Chamber Hearth Brick
Burner Quarls, Cement Refractory
Other insulating materials:
Date:
Calcium Silicate Board Insulation
Ceramic Fibre Insulation
Mineral Wool Insulation
Manufacturer:
...................................................
Signature:
...................................................
"
Remarks
ENCLOSURE D 1/3
Name of Contractor:
Re:
1.
SCADA System
PLC
Manufacturer
Type
Local representative
Data sheet enclosed
2.
Operator panel on cremator
Manufacturer
Type
Data sheet enclosed
3.
PC station for surveillance, registration and PLC
communication
Manufacturer
Type
Screen:
Keyboard:
Mouse:
Printer:
Others:
#
ENCLOSURE D 2/3
4.
Thermocouples
Manufacturer
Type
5.
Pressure Transmitter(s)
Manufacturer
Type
6.
Damper motor(s) for primary damper
Manufacturer
Type
7.
Working time
Sec
Possibility for manual regulation
Yes
No
Damper motor(s) for secondary dampers
Manufacturer
Type
8.
Working time
Sec
Yes
No
Damper motor(s) for flue gas dampers
Manufacturer
Type
Working time
Sec
Manufacturer
Spring return function
Yes
No
Yes
No
ENCLOSURE D 3/3
9.
Oxygen meter
Manufacturer
Type
10.
CO meter
Manufacturer
Type
IR meter
11.
Other relevant information
12.
Software application:
12.1
Which programmes are on PC station
12.2
Which system software supply is used.
Yes
No
Sec
Yes
No
Sec
Yes
12.3
Which display images are available on panel and PC station
Hard copies, process display images, 24 hour report, alarm
report, alarm limits operation limits, statistics reports etc.,
enclosed as examples.
13.
Other relevant information about SCADA system
Date:
No
Manufacturer:
...................................................
Signature:
.........................................
$
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Guide to Cremation Practice - International Cremation Federation

Transcription

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