OPERATIONS and LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT Introduction Importance

Transcription

OPERATIONS and LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT Introduction Importance
OPERATIONS and LOGISTICS
MANAGEMENT
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Introduction
Importance
Scope
Trends
Careers
Course Overview
Applied Management Science for Decision Making, 1e © 2012 Pearson Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Philip A. Vaccaro, PhD
Operations Management
DEFINITION
The competent and adept management
of complex systems in the service, nonprofit, manufacturing, and government
sectors via the effective and efficient
utilization of time, labor, money, and
materials in the generation of goods
and/or services.
Overview
Operations Management plans for, and creates the
competitive advantages that all businesses need
for fueling profitable growth. As a result, OM is
the most critical of the business functions.
Studying OM means studying modern planning,
decision-making and management methods in all
functional areas of an organization, including
strategic and tactical planning, products and services
development, product and project management,
process and supply chain management, and more.
Why Study OM?
I. Operations Management is one of the three
major functions of any organization……and
they are integrally related.
All firms market (sell) , finance (account), and produce (operate)
MARKETING
The
Strategic
THE
Triad
STRATEGIC
PRODUCTION
TRIAD
FINANCE
Why Study OM?
II. Operations Management shows
us how goods and services are
generated. Consequently, it is
the………
foundation of all business!
Why Study OM?
III. Operations Management shows us what
OM managers do. This enables us to learn
the skills, techniques, and models needed
to practice 21st century management, and
to also explore the lucrative career opportunities in OM.
Why Study OM?
IV. Operations Management represents as
much as 70% of the operating budget
of most firms due to:
 Manufacturing activity
 Warehousing
 Distribution
 Inventories
 Research and Development
 Maintenance
 Facilities and Equipment
 Worker training
 Cost and Quality Control
 Planning and Scheduling
Why Study OM?
V. Operations Management, by virtue of its
huge collective budget, provides a major
opportunity for the firm to improve its
profitability.
In fact, OM has become the last resort
for most firms that have exhausted the
potential of marketing, finance, and
general management.
Why Study OM?
VI. About 40% of all jobs in the United States
are in Operations Management.
Exposure to the following disciplines will
enhance one’s job prospects:
 Operations research
 Statistics
 Information systems
 Economics
 Logistics / Transportation
 Mathematics
 Accounting / Finance
 Computer science
 Engineering
 Manufacturing
What OM Managers Do
 Supervise skilled trade
workers & technicians.
 Manage the production
and technical operations.
 Integrate new technology
into manufacturing and
service processes.
What OM Managers Do
 Develop, monitor, and
update measures of
efficiency.
 Develop, monitor, and
change operating plans
and schedules.
 Control costs and quality.
What OM Managers Do
 Evaluate and improve the
existing operating system
in terms of productivity and
customer responsiveness.
 Translate improved operating
systems into competitive advantage in the marketplace.
OM Necessary Skills
 Keen understanding of people and processes.
 Ability to solve problems in multi-disciplinary
teams.
 Strong leadership/coordinating ability.
 Strong analytical and problem-solving skills.
 Strong interpersonal communication skills.
 Strong background in mathematics.
 Strong background in computer programming.
 Proficiency in one or more foreign languages.
 Graduate degree in the field or a related field.
Exciting New Trends in OM
CAUSES
FUTURE
Low cost, reliable
global
communication
and transport
networks
Global Focus
Cost of capital
puts pressure
on the reduction
of inventory
investment
Just-in-Time
Shipments
Exciting New Trends in OM
CAUSES
Quality emphasis
requires that
suppliers be
engaged in
product
improvement
Shorter product life
cycles, computer-aided
design, international
collaboration and
rapid communication
FUTURE
Supply Chain
Partners
Rapid Product
Development
Exciting New Trends in OM
CAUSES
Affluence and worldwide
markets.
Increasingly flexible
production processes.
Changing socio-culture
milieu.
An increasingly
knowledge and
information based
society.
FUTURE
Mass
Customization
Empowered
Employees,
Teams, and Lean
Production
Career Possibilities
 Business Executive
 Blue-Collar Supervisor
 Construction Manager
 Production Manager
 Operations Manager
 Information System
Manager
 Materials Manager
 Project Manager
 Customer Service Mgr
 Defense Analyst
 Purchasing Agent
 Inventory Analyst
 Cost Estimator
 Systems Analyst
 Industrial Engineer
 Quality Control Mgr
 Time & Motion Analyst
 Operations Scheduler
 Operations Planner
 Process Improvement
Manager
Career Possibilities
In corporations, OM managers are responsible for developing
new products and services, the strategic and tactical plans,
and the execution of, and realization of the plans.
Demand for OM concentrators is particularly high in
financial services, IT, manufacturing, non-profit,
government, education, and health care.
Entrepreneurs will find OM knowledge pivotal.
The advancement opportunities are superior and may lead
all the way to the organization’s senior leadership.
The Ten Critical Decisions
OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT
1. SERVICE AND PRODUCT DESIGN
 What goods or services should we offer?
 How should we design these products?
The Ten Critical Decisions
OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT
2. QUALITY MANAGEMENT
 Who is responsible for quality?
 How do we define the quality we want
in our services and products?
The Ten Critical Decisions
OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT
3. PROCESS AND CAPACITY DESIGN
 What processes will these products require
and in what order?
 What equipment and technology is necessary
for these processes?
The Ten Critical Decisions
OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT
4. LOCATION
 Where should we put the facility?
 On what criteria should we base the
location decision?
The Ten Critical Decisions
OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT
5. LAYOUT DESIGN
 How should we arrange the facility?
 How large must the facility be to meet
our plan?
The Ten Critical Decisions
OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT
6. HUMAN RESOURCES & JOB DESIGN
 How do we provide a reasonable work
environment?
 How much can we expect our employees
to produce?
The Ten Critical Decisions
OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT
7. SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT
 Should we manufacture or buy a particular
component or product?
 Who are our good suppliers and how many
should we have?
The Ten Critical Decisions
OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT
8. INVENTORY CONTROL AND
JUST-in-TIME ( JIT )
 How much inventory of each item should
we have?
 When do we reorder or manufacture?
The Ten Critical Decisions
OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT
9. INTERMEDIATE, SHORT-TERM, AND
PROJECT SCHEDULING
 Is subcontracting or outsourcing production
a good idea?
 Are we better off keeping people on the payroll
during slowdowns?
 Which job do we perform next?
The Ten Critical Decisions
OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT
10. MAINTENANCE
 Who is responsible for maintenance?
 When do we perform maintenance?
 What are the effects of a maintenance
program on productivity and efficiency?
WHY AACSB ACCREDITORS
STRENGTHENED OM GUIDELINES
“ To sustain a career in business for
many years, a business graduate
needs an understanding of the
analytical foundations and tools
that are important for managerial
decision-making.”
WHY AACSB ACCREDITORS
STRENGTHENED OM GUIDELINES
“ The explosive growth of information
technology applications is being driven by
management science-based models such as
decision analysis, scenario generation,
simulation, and optimization ”. *
*
OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT
WHY AACSB ACCREDITORS
STRENGTHENED OM GUIDELINES
“Since management science techniques
are driving operations, supply chains,
and e-commerce, they constitute a
major driver of the entire economy.”
OPERATIONS
MANAGEMENT
A Brief History
Applied Management Science for Decision Making, 1e © 2012 Pearson Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Philip A. Vaccaro, PhD
1776
Adam Smith develops the concept
of specialization of labor wherein
the production process is broken
down into discrete stages allowing
specially-designed machines or
narrowly-trained workers to perform
each step with the least material
waste and the maximum productivity.
1900
A Philadelphia engineer named
Frederick W. Taylor publishes
The Principles of Scientific
Management , a guide to
increasing the efficiency of
factory workers.
His methods, known as
Taylorism, dominate industrial
work through much of the 20th
century, from automobile
plants to McDonald’s.
1900
Frederick Taylor believed there were
natural laws governing production systems.
Once these laws were identified through
experimentation and observation, the best
way to perform any job or to produce any
product could be found.
He also called for separation of responsibilities
between floor workers and managers.
The latter would develop processes, jobs, work
methods, and select, train, plan, coordinate,
and control.
1940
Researchers in Britain and the
United States build mathematical
models of North American shipping
lanes. Their goal: to find an optimized
approach for getting convoys safely
past Nazi submarines.
The result is operations research, a
mathematics discipline that now runs
the logistics and operations of the
modern world.
1950s
W. Edwards Deming begins teaching statistical
management in Japan. His thesis: Meticulous
Control of Quality also leads to lower costs.
His methods contribute to startling advances
in Japanese manufacturing which later spread
throughout the world.
1980s
W. Edward Deming and J.M. Juran stressed that..
 Everyone is responsible for quality… not just inspectors.
 Product should be made right the first time to avoid rework.
 Reliance on workers to make suggestions…not “experts”.
 Elimination of any activity or material that does not add
value to the product.
1970s
Manufacturing becomes
the second major
functional area of business
to utilize the computer.
Applications include
machine movement
control, equipment &
material monitoring,
and the continuous
adjustment of settings
and flow rates.
Early 21st Century
Database systems and all manufacturing equipment
and subsystems are integrated into a single system.
In theory, this computer-integrated manufacturing
system (CIM) would control and coordinate every
phase of production from initial customer order, to
custom-product design, inventory purchase orders,
tooling requirements, production schedules, tracking,
quality control monitoring, assembly of information
on productivity, profitability, and tool wear, as well
as shipping and billing.
Mission / Strategy Relationship
Corporate Mission and Goals
Corporate Strategy
External Factors
Product and Service Selections
Market Segment Selections
Competitive Advantage Factors
Policy Constraints
Internal Factors
Functional Strategies
Operations,
Marketing, Finance
Strategy Implementation
and
Performance Measurement
Data Input
and
Feedback
Functional Strategies
Corporate strategy dictates the individual
strategies of the firm’s three functional
units: marketing, finance, and operations.
The operations functional strategy should
identify tasks related to the planning, design, and operation of the production conversion system.
Operations Functional Strategy
 It must delineate the tasks that the operations
function must do well in order to support and
achieve the corporate strategy.
 Almost any operations task can be used to support a firm’s strategy but most firms can compete
very effectively by emphasizing one or two.
 The operations functional strategy should be consistent with the marketing and finance strategies,
as well.
Operations Functional Strategy
The ten critical decisions of operations management
developed in chapter one provide an excellent checklist for identifying the particular tasks that an operations functional strategy must perform in supporting
and achieving the firm’s corporate strategy.
Operations Functional Strategy
Checklist
1. QUALITY
- customer expectations
- quality systems design
- quality measures and standards
2. PRODUCT
- customized
- standardized
Operations Functional Strategy
Checklist
3. SUPPLY CHAIN
- sole or multiple vendors
- type of distribution system
4. LABOR
- specialized skills
- multiple skills
Operations Functional Strategy
Checklist
5. MAINTENANCE
- “as needed”
- preventitive
6. LAYOUT
- assembly line
- work cells
- project
Operations Functional Strategy
Checklist
7. INVENTORY
- ordering policy
- stockage levels
- type of system
8. PROCESS
- scale of operation
- choice of technology
- in-house production
- outsourcing
Operations Functional Strategy
Checklist
9. SCHEDULING
- stable
- variable
10. LOCATION
- near supplier
- near customer
The Dynamics of Strategy
Strategies change over time due to two reasons:
1. changes within the organization.
2. changes in the environment.
FOR EXAMPLE, CHANGES IN TECHNOLOGY, PRODUCT, OR PROCESS AFFECT
A FIRM’S STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES, AND THEREFORE ITS STRATEGY.
The Dynamics of Strategy
Sales + Revenues
Birth
Growth
Maturity
THE PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE
Decline
Change in Corporate & OM
Functional Strategies
STAGE
CORPORATE
STRATEGY
OPERATIONS
STRATEGY
Birth
INCREASE MARKET
SHARE, R+D, ENGRG
FREQUENT PRODUCT
AND PROCESS DESIGN
CHANGES, QUALITY
FOCUS, SHORT
PRODUCTION RUNS
Growth
STRENGTHEN HOLD ON
MARKET SEGMENT VIA
PRICING AND QUALITY
IMAGE
MORE PRODUCT OPTIONS
PRODUCT AND PROCESS
RELIABILITY
ENHANCE DISTRIBUTION
INCREASE CAPACITY
Maturity
DEFEND MARKET SHARE
CUT COSTS
PRODUCT STANDARDIZATION
MINOR PRODUCT CHANGES
LONG PRODUCTION RUNS
INCREASE PROCESS STABILITY
Decline
COST CONTROL EVEN
MORE CRITICAL
REDUCE CAPACITY
ELIMINATE POOR PROFIT MAKES + MODELS
COST MINIMIZATION
LITTLE PRODUCT DIFFERENTIATION
INTRODUCTION TO
OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT
Applied Management Science for Decision Making, 1e © 2012 Pearson Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Philip A. Vaccaro , PhD
OPERATIONS and LOGISTICS
MANAGEMENT
EPILOGUE
Applied Management Science for Decision Making, 1e © 2012 Pearson Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Philip A. Vaccaro , PhD
What You Have Seen
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Decision Theory
Basic Simulation
Queuing Theory
Manufacturing Processes
What You Have Seen
• Service Processes
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Transportation Algorithm
Line Balancing
Work Measurement
Time Standards
What You Have Seen
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Learning Curve
Just-in-Time Systems
Inventory Control
Short-term Scheduling
What You Have Seen
• Assignment Algorithm
• Project Management
• Linear Programming
What You Have Not Seen
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Decoupling Theory
Outsourcing / Offshoring
Telecommunications
Yield Management
What You Have Not Seen
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Data Envelopment Analysis
Data Mining
Internet Service Design
Environmental Management
What You Have Not Seen
• Process Opportunities
• Experiential Blueprinting
• Sensitivity Analysis
What You Have Not Seen
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Minimal Spanning Trees
Maximal Flow Technique
Shortest Route Technique
Stochastic Inventory Control
What You Have Not Seen
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Advanced Transportation Theory
Reliability Theory
Product Development / Design
Artificial Intelligence
Agile Manufacturing
What You Have Not Seen
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Data Base Management
Quality Control
Game Theory
Markov Processes
Project Budgeting
What You Have Not Seen
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Project Crashing
Resource Leveling
Duality
Goal Programming
Integer Programming
What You Have Not Seen
• Dynamic Programming
• Optimization Theory
• Quantitative EXCEL programming
What You Have Not Seen
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Survey Information
Utility Theory
Complex Simulation
Service Systems Theory
What You Have Not Seen
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Global Operations
Logistics
Supply Chain Management
E-commerce
What You Have Not Seen
• Maintenance & Reliability Theory
• Mathematical Modeling
• Materials Requirements Planning
What You Have Not Seen
• Decision Support Systems ( DSS )
• Forecasting Methods and Models
• Capacitated Transhipment Models
What You Have Not Seen
• Traveling Salesman Network
• Enterprise Resource Systems
• Ergonomics
…….and so on, and so on !
Solutions to the Dilemma
APPLY YOUR
DEGREE CREDITS
TOWARD A
2nd DEGREE
IN
ODS or MIS
Solutions to the Dilemma

Earn an MBA or MS
in:
- Decision Sciences
- Operations Research
- Operations Management
- Materials Management
- Transportation
- Management Science
- Decision Support Systems
- Logistics
- Industrial engineering
Solutions to the Dilemma
 Earn a certificate or certification in:
•
•
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Supply chain management
Quality control
Integrated resource management
Manufacturing management
…..and many more !
Operations and Logistics
Management
Thank you !
Come again !
Applied Management Science for Decision Making, 1e © 2012 Pearson Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Philip A. Vaccaro , PhD