Rack railway - railwayengineering.in

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4/18/2014
Rack railway - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Rack railway
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
A rack railway (also rack-and-pinion railway, cog railway) is a steep
grade railway with a toothed rack rail, usually between the running rails.
The trains are fitted with one or more cog wheels or pinions that mesh
with this rack rail. This allows the trains to operate on steep grades
above 7%, which is the maximum for adhesion-based rail. Most rack
railways are mountain railways, although a few are transit railways or
tramways built to overcome a steep gradient in an urban environment.
The first cog railway was the Middleton Railway between Middleton and
Leeds in West Yorkshire, England, UK, where the first commercial
steam locomotive, Salamanca, ran in 1812. This used a rack and pinion
Locomotive nr 7 of the Vitznau-RigiBahn, one of the last operational
locomotives with a vertical boiler.
system designed and patented in 1811 by John Blenkinsop.[1]
The first mountain cog railway was the Mount Washington Cog Railway in the US
state of New Hampshire, which carried its first fare-paying passengers in 1868 and
reached the summit of Mount Washington in 1869. The first mountain rack railway
in continental Europe was the Vitznau-Rigi-Bahn on Mount Rigi in Switzerland,
which opened in 1871. Both lines are still running.
Contents
1 Rack systems
1.1 Blenkinsop
1.2 Marsh
1.3 Riggenbach
1.4 Strub
1.5 Morgan
1.6 Abt
1.7 Locher
1.8 Lamella
1.9 Rack-and-adhesion systems / Pure rack systems
1.10 Fell
2 Switches
3 Cog locomotives
4 List of cog and rack railways
4.1 Angola
4.2 Argentina
4.3 Australia
4.4 Austria
4.5 Bolivia
4.6 Brazil
4.7 Chile
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rack_railway
Functioning of the rack
and pinion on Strub
system.
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4.7 Chile
4.8 Czech republic
4.9 France
4.10 Germany
4.11 Greece
4.12 Hungary
4.13 Indonesia
4.14 India
4.15 Italy
4.16 Japan
4.17 Lebanon
4.18 Mexico
4.19 Panama
4.20 Portugal
4.21 Slovakia
4.22 South Africa
4.23 Spain
4.24 Switzerland
4.25 United Kingdom
4.26 United States
4.27 Vietnam
5 Rack railways in fiction
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
End of the rack in the Saline-Volterra
railway, built with Strub system.
Rack systems
A number of different rack systems have been developed. Today, the
majority of rack railways use the Abt system.
Blenkinsop
Different rack systems: from the left,
Riggenbach, Strub, Abt and Locher.
Thinking that the friction of metal wheels on metal rails would be too low,
John Blenkinsop built his locomotives for the Middleton Railway in 1812
with a 20 teeth, 3 feet (914 mm) diameter cog wheel (pinion) on the left side that engaged in rack teeth (two teeth
per foot) on the outer side of the rail, the metal "fishbelly" edge rail with its side rack being cast all in one piece, in
three feet (one yard) lengths. While Blenkinsop's system remained in use for 25 years on the Middleton Railway, it
remained a curiosity because simple friction was found to be sufficient for railroads operating on level ground.[2]
With the exception of some early Morgan rack installations, all other rack systems place the rack rail halfway
between the running rails.
Marsh
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The first successful rack
railway in the US was the
Mount Washington Cog
Railway, developed by
Sylvester Marsh.[3] Marsh was
issued a U.S. patent for the
general idea of a rack railway
in September 1861,[4] and in
January 1867 for a practical
rack where the gear teeth take
The Marsh rack and pinion system,
the form of rollers arranged
Located in the museum.
Blenkinsop rack and pinion with teeth
like the rungs of a ladder
on outer side of one rail only
between two L-shaped
wrought-iron rails.[5] The first public trial of the Marsh rack on Mount
Washington was made on August 29, 1866, when only one quarter of a mile (half a kilometer) of track had been
completed. The Mount Washington railway opened to the public on August 14, 1868.[6] The pinion wheels on the
locomotives had deep teeth that ensure that at least two teeth are engaged with the rack at all times - this measure
helps reduce the possibility of the pinions riding up and out of the rack.[1]
Riggenbach
The Riggenbach rack system was invented by Niklaus Riggenbach working at
about the same time as, but independently from Marsh. Riggenbach was granted
a French patent in 1863 based on a working model which he used to interest
potential Swiss backers. During this time, the Swiss Consul to the United States
visited Marsh's Mount Washington Cog Railway and reported back with
enthusiasm to the Swiss government. Eager to boost tourism in Switzerland, the
government commissioned Riggenbach to build a rack railway up Rigi Mountain.
Following the construction of a prototype locomotive and test track in a quarry
near Bern, the Vitznau-Rigi-Bahn opened on 22 May 1871.[1]
The Riggenbach system is similar in design to the Marsh system. It uses a ladder
rack, formed of steel plates or channels connected by round or square rods at
regular intervals. The Riggenbach system suffers from the problem that its fixed
ladder rack is more complex and expensive to build than the other systems.
The Riggenbach rack system
Following the success of the Vitznau-Rigi-Bahn, Riggenbach established the Maschinenfabrik der
Internationalen Gesellschaft für Bergbahnen (IGB) - a company that produced rack locomotives to his
design.[1]
Strub
The Strub rack system was invented by Emil Strub in 1896. It uses a rolled flat-bottom rail with rack teeth
machined into the head approximately 100 mm apart. Safety jaws fitted to the locomotive engage with the
underside of the head to prevent derailments and serve as a brake.[1] Strub's US Patent, granted in 1898, also
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includes details of how the rack rail is integrated with the mechanism of a turnout.[7]
The best-known use of the Strub system is on the Jungfraubahn in Switzerland.[1] It is the simplest rack system to
maintain and has become increasingly popular.[citation needed]
The Strub rack system
Morgan
In 1900, E. C. Morgan of Chicago received a patent on a rack railway
system that was mechanically similar to the Riggenbach rack, but where
the rack was also used as a third rail to power the electric locomotive.[8]
Morgan went on to develop heavier locomotives[9] and with J. H.
Morgan, turnouts for this system.[10] In 1904, he patented a simplified
but compatible rack, where the teeth on the engine pinions engaged
square holes punched in a bar-shaped center rail.[11] J. H. Morgan
patented several alternative turnout designs for use with this rack
The non-powered variant of the
[12][13]
Morgan rack, from the 1919
system.
Curiously, Morgan recommended an off-center rack in
Goodman catalog.
order to allow clear passage for pedestrians and animals walking along
the tracks.[8] Some photos of early Morgan installations show this.[14] A
simplified rack mounting system could be used when the Morgan rack was not used for third-rail power[15] and the
Morgan rack offered interesting possibilities for street railways.[16] The Morgan rack was good for grades of up to
16 percent.[17]
The Goodman Equipment Company began marketing the Morgan system to mining companies, and it saw
widespread use, particularly where steep grades were encountered underground.[18][19][20] By 1907, Goodman
had offices in Cardiff, Wales to serve the British market.[14] Between 1903 and 1909, the McKell Coal and Coke
company in Raleigh County, West Virginia, installed 35,000 feet (10,700 m) of Morgan rack/third-rail track in its
mines.[21] Between 1905 and 1906, the Mammoth Vein Coal Company installed 8,200 feet (2,500 m) of powered
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rack in two of its mines in Everist, Iowa, with a maximum grade of
16%.[22] The Donohoe Coke Co. of Greenwald, Pennsylvania had
10,000 feet (3,050 m) of Goodman rack in its mine in 1906.[23] The
Morgan system saw limited use on one common carrier railroad in the
United States, the Chicago Tunnel Company, a narrow gauge freight
carrier that had one steep grade in the line up to their surface disposal
station on the Chicago lakefront.[24]
A rack-powered Goodman
locomotive on a 16% grade in a coal
mine near Everist, Iowa.
Abt
The Abt system was devised by Roman Abt, a Swiss locomotive
engineer. Abt worked for Riggenbach
at his works in Olten and later at his
IGB rack locomotive company. In
1885, he founded his own civil
engineering company.[1]
During the early 1880s, Abt worked to
devise an improved rack system that
overcame the limitations of the
Abt rack system used on the
Riggenbach system. In particular, the
Snowdon Mountain Railway.
Riggenbach rack was expensive to
manufacture and maintain and the
switches were complex. In 1882, Abt designed a new rack using solid bars with
Abt rack system
vertical teeth machined into them. Two or three of these bars are mounted
centrally between the rails, with the teeth offset.[25] The use of multiple bars with
offset teeth ensures that the pinions on the locomotive driving wheels are constantly engaged with the rack.[26] The
Abt system is cheaper to build than the Riggenbach because it requires a lower weight of rack over a given length.
However the Riggenbach system exhibits greater wear resistance than the Abt.[1]
Abt also developed a system for smoothing the transition from friction to rack traction, using a spring-mounted rack
section to bring the pinion teeth gradually into engagement.[27]
The first use of the Abt system was on the Harzbahn in Germany which opened in 1885.[1]
The pinion wheels can be mounted on the same axle as the rail wheels (as in the picture at left), or driven
separately. The steam locomotives on the Mount Lyell Mining and Railway Company had separate cylinders driving
the pinion wheel, as do the 'X' Class locomotives on the Nilgiri Mountain Railway.
The steepest gradient on the rack section of Mount Lyell Mining and Railway Company was 1 in 15
(6.67%),[28]
The steepest gradient on the rack section of the Mount Morgan Railway was 1 in 16.5 (6,06%).[29]
Locher
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The Locher rack system, invented by Eduard Locher, has gear teeth cut
in the sides rather than the top of the rail, engaged by two cog wheels on
the locomotive. This system allows use on steeper grades than the other
systems, whose teeth could jump out of the rack. It is used on the Pilatus
Railway.
Locher set out to design a rack system that could be used on gradients as
steep as 1 in 2 (50%). The Abt system - the most common rack system
in Switzerland at the time - was limited to a maximum gradient of 1 in 4
(25%). Locher showed that on steeper grade, the Abt system was prone
to the driving pinion over-riding the rack, causing potentially catastrophic
derailments, as predicted by Dr. Abt. To overcome this problem and
allow a rack line up the steep sides of Mt. Pilatus, Locher developed a
rack system where the rack is a flat bar with symmetrical, horizontal
teeth. Horizontal pinions engage the centrally-mounted bar, both driving
the locomotive and keeping it centered on the track.
Locher rack system
This system provides very stable attachment to the track, also protecting
Locher Rack system (seen from
the car from toppling over even under the most severe crosswinds. Such
above)
gears are also capable of leading the car, so even flanges on running
wheels are optional. The biggest shortcoming of the system is that the
standard railway switch is not usable, and a transfer table or other complex device must be used where branching
of the track is needed.
Following tests, the Locher system was deployed on the Pilatus Railway, which opened in 1889. No other public
railway uses the Locher system, although some European coal mines use a similar system on steeply graded
underground lines.[1]
Lamella
The Lamella system (also
known as the Von Roll system)
was developed by the Von
Roll company after the rolled
steel rails used in the Strub
Joint between Riggenbach and
system became unavailable. It
Lamella
is formed from a single blade
cut in a similar fashion to the
Abt system but typically wider than a single Abt bar. The Lamella rack
Rack railway track using the Strub
can be used by locomotives designed for use on the Riggenbach or the
system rack.
Strub systems, so long as the safety-jaws that were a feature of the
original Strub system are not used. Some railways use rack from multiple
systems; for example, the St. Gallen Gais Appenzell Railway in Switzerland has sections of Riggenbach, Strub and
Lamella rack.[1]
Most of the rack railways built from the late 20th century onwards have used the Lamella system.[1]
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Rack-and-adhesion systems / Pure rack systems
Rack-and-adhesion systems use the cog drive only on the steepest sections and elsewhere operate as a regular
railway. Others, the steeper ones, are rack-only. On the latter type, the locomotives' wheels are generally freewheeling and despite appearances do not contribute to driving the train. In this case the racks continue also in the
horizontal parts, if any.
Fell
Main article: Fell mountain railway system
The Fell mountain railway system is not strictly speaking a rack railway since there are no cogs with teeth. Rather,
this system uses a smooth raised centre rail between the two running rails on steep lines which is gripped on both
sides to improve friction. Trains are propelled by wheels or braked by shoes pressed horizontally onto the centre
rail, as well as by means of the normal running wheels.
Switches
Rack railway
switches are as
varied as rack
railway
technologies, for
optional rack
lines such as the
Zentralbahn in
Switzerland and
the West Coast
Wilderness
Railway in
Mount Washington Cog Railway Operators, 2000
Tasmania it is
convenient to
only use switches on sections flat enough for adhesion (for example, on a
pass summit). Other systems which rely on the rack for driving (with the
conventional rail wheels undriven) such as the Dolderbahn in Zurich,
Štrbské Pleso in Slovakia and the Schynige Platte rack railway instead
must switch the rack rail. The Dolderbahn switch works by bending all
three rails, an operation that is performed every trip as the two trains
pass in the middle.
Railroad switch on a rack railway.
The turnout itself uses Lamella rack
rails, but the design is one originally
pioneered by Strub. The track outside
the turnout uses Riggenbach rack
rails. (Schynige Platte Railway,
Switzerland)
The geometry of the rack system has a large impact on the construction of turnouts. If the rack is elevated above
the running rails, there is no need to interrupt the running rails to allow passage of the driving pinions of the engines.
Strub explicitly documented this in his U.S. patent.[7] Strub used a complex set of bell-cranks and push-rods linking
the throw-rod for the points to the two throw-rods for the moving rack sections. One break in the rack was
required to select between the two routes, and a second break was required where the rack rails cross the running
rails. Turnouts for the Morgan Rack system were similar, with the rack elevated above the running rails. Most of the
Morgan turnout patents included movable rack sections to avoid breaks in the rack,[10][13] but because all Morgan
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locomotives had two linked drive pinions, there was no need for a continuous rack. So long as the breaks in the
rack were shorter than the distance between the drive pinions on the locomotive, the rack rail could be interrupted
wherever there was need to cross over a running rail.[8]
Turnouts are far more complex when the rack is at or below the level of the running rails. Marsh's first rack patent
shows such an arrangement,[4] and the original Mount Washington Cog Railroad he built had no turnouts. It was
not until 1941 that a turnout was constructed on this line.[30] The new turnouts installed on the Mount Washington
line in 200? are essentially transfer tables. The Locher rack also requires transfer tables.
Cog locomotives
Originally almost all cog
railways were powered by
steam locomotives. The steam
locomotive needs to be
extensively modified to work
effectively in this environment.
Unlike a diesel locomotive or
electric locomotive, the steam
locomotive only works when
its powerplant (the boiler, in
Vertical boiler locomotive of the
this case) is fairly level. The
Arth–Rigi Railway.
locomotive boiler requires
water to cover the boiler tubes
and firebox sheets at all times, particularly the crown sheet, the metal top
of the firebox. If this is not covered with water, the heat of the fire will
soften it enough to give way under the boiler pressure, leading to a
catastrophic failure.
Schneeberg cog railway steam
locomotive, with tilted boiler, on level
track.
On rack systems with extreme gradients, the boiler, cab and general
superstructure of the locomotive are tilted forward relative to the wheels
so that they are more or less horizontal when on the steeply graded track.
These locomotives often cannot function on level track, and so the entire
line, including maintenance shops, must be laid on a gradient. This is one
of the reasons why rack railways were among the first to be electrified
and most of today's rack railways are electrically powered. In some
cases, the vertical boiler can be used that is less sensitive for the track
gradient.
On a rack-only railroad locomotives always push their passenger cars for
safety reasons since the locomotive is fitted with powerful brakes, often
including hooks or clamps that grip the rack rail solidly. Some
Rittnerbahn early electric cog
locomotives are fitted with automatic brakes that apply if the speed gets
locomotive and carriage
too high, preventing runaways. Often there is no coupler between
locomotive and train since gravity will always push the passenger car
down against the locomotive. Electrically powered vehicles often have electromagnetic track brakes as well.
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The maximum speed of trains operating on a cog railway is very low, generally from 9 to 25 km/h (6 to 16 mph)
depending on gradient and propulsion method. Because the Skitube has gentler gradients than typical, its speeds
are higher than typical.
List of cog and rack railways
See also list of mountain railways
This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it (//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?
title=Rack_railway&action=edit).
Angola
Lengue gorge.[31]
on Benguela railway - 1906[32]
Argentina
Transandine Railway between Mendoza and Santa Rosa de Los Andes, Chile, see Chile below.
Australia
West Coast Wilderness Railway in Tasmania, originally opened in 1896 to service the Mount Lyell copper
mine and closed and completely removed in 1960s. Rebuilt and re-opened for tourists in 2003. Uses the Abt
rack system. 1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in) gauge.
Mt Morgan Rack Railway on Mount Morgan - rack system existed until 1952 when the line was deviated.
Uses the Abt rack system. 1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in) gauge.
Ellalong Colliery - underground Lamella rack - installed in 1984
Skitube Alpine Railway - Lamella rack - in the Snowy Mountains, opened in 1987; 1,435 mm (4 ft 81⁄2 in)
gauge.
Blue Mountains sewerage project - temporary 610 mm (2 ft) gauge construction railway, 1995
Austria
Achensee Railway (Achenseebahn), Tyrol 1,000 mm (3 ft 33⁄8 in)
Erzberg Railway (Erzbergbahn), Styria
Gaisberg Railway (Gaisbergbahn), Gaisberg (1887–1928)
Kahlenberg Railway (Kahlenbergbahn), Kahlenberg, Döbling, Vienna (1872–1920)
Schafberg Railway (Schafbergbahn), Upper Austria 1,000 mm (3 ft 33⁄8 in)
Schneeberg Railway (Schneebergbahn), Lower Austria
Bolivia
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Rio Mulatos-Potosí line
Brazil
Corcovado Rack Railway
The Estrada de Ferro Santos-Jundiaí which became part of Rede Ferroviária Federal Sociedade Anônima
(RFFSA) 1957-1997, now owned by MRS Logística. 1,600 mm (5 ft 3 in) gauge between Paranapiacaba
and Raiz de Serra.
Teresopolis and Petropolis railways, both out of service, near Rio de Janeiro. More on German page!
Chile
Arica–La Paz railway, Arica–La Paz
Santa Lucía Hill tramway (Abt system), Santiago (1902–1910)[33]
The Transandine Railway, Santa Rosa de Los Andes - Mendoza, Argentina The rebuild will be adhesion
only and use a base tunnel.[34]
Czech republic
Cog railway Tanvald-Harrachov
France
Lyon Metro Line C
Mont Blanc Tramway
Montenvers Railway
Petit train de la Rhune
Panoramique des Domes
Germany
Drachenfels Railway (Drachenfelsbahn)
Harz Railway (Harzbahn)
Rübeland Railway (Rübelandbahn)
Höllentalbahn (adhesion only since 1933)
Murg Valley Railway (adhesion only since 1926)
Oberweißbach Mountain Railway (Oberweißbacher Bergbahn)
Schwarza Valley Railway (Schwarzatalbahn)
Stuttgart Rack Railway, Stuttgart
Wendelstein Railway (Wendelsteinbahn)
Bavarian Zugspitze Railway (Bayerische Zugspitzbahn)
Greece
Diakofto Kalavrita Railway
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Hungary
Fogaskerekű Vasút in Budapest, Hungary is a kind of cog-wheel tram in the hilly Buda part of the city.
Indonesia
The Padang-Sawahlunto line in West Sumatra
A railway in Aceh - no longer in operation but will be reconstructed.
Ambarawa Railway Museum - still in operation as a tourist line using
steam locomotives.
India
Nilgiri Mountain Railway, in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu is also a
World Heritage Site. Runs twice a day using steam powered 'X'
Class locomotives built by the Swiss Locomotive and Machine
Works.
The Padang-Sawahlunto line in
1898
Italy
Mont Cenis Pass Railway ; temporary while main
tunnel built.
Vesuvius Funicular (1880–1944; originally built as a
funicular and then changed to a rack railway. It was
the only railway climbing an active volcano. It was
destroyed various times by Vesuvius eruptions. With
its last destruction in 1944, it was never built again. It
is famous worldwide as a result of the song Funiculì
Funiculà written about it)
Opicina Tramway (1902–1928; rack replaced with a
funicular section)
Rittnerbahn (rack section closed)
Rack railway Saline-Volterra, built with Strub
Superga Rack Railway
system. Italy, about 1920
Principe-Granarolo
S.Ellero - Saltino (1892–1922; it was the first rack
railway built in Italy)
Lagonegro-Castrovillari-Spezzano Albanese of Ferrovie Calabro Lucane (1915–1978; it consisted in a
series of separated lines which had to been unified into a single one but the project was never completed)
Vibo Valentia-Mileto of Ferrovie Calabro Lucane (1917–1966; it was a local rack railway localized in south
Italy)
Rocchette-Asiago (1910–1958; it was the highest Italian rack railway)
Catanzaro Città - Catanzaro Sala of Ferrovie della Calabria (Actually on service; it connects the city of
Catanzaro to the borough of Sala)
Paola-Cosenza of Ferrovie dello Stato (1915–1987; it was replaced by a tunnel)
Saline-Volterra of Ferrovie dello Stato (1863–1958; it was part of a railway which connected Cecina to
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Volterra. Downstream flat line, from Cecina to Saline, is actually on service)
Dittaino-Leonforte of Ferrovie dello Stato (1918–1959; it was located on the island of Sicily)
Dittaino-Piazza Armerina of Ferrovie dello Stato (1912–1971; it was dismissed after a series of landslides
which damaged some parts of the line)
Lercara Bassa-Filaga-Palazzo Adriano-Magazzolo of Ferrovie dello Stato (1924–1959; it was used for
mining and workers transports in Sicily )
Agrigento-Naro-Licata (1911–1960; it was used to transport sulfur extracted from mines located on the
island of Sicily)
Japan
Ikawa Line, Oigawa Railway
Usui Pass was the first rack and pinion line in Japan, on the Shin-Etsu Line of the then Japanese National
Railway. It was replaced in 1963 by a new parallel adhesion line, and in turn replaced by the Nagano
Shinkansen line opened for the 1998 Winter Olympics at Nagano.
Lebanon
A rack railway used to exist on the climb from Beirut to Syria, gauge 1,050 mm (3 ft 511⁄32 in).
Mexico
The 762 mm (2 ft 6 in) gauge Mapimi Railroad in Durango State had a short Abt rack section from El
Cambio to Ojuela. The maximum grade was 13.6% and it was worked by two Baldwin 0-6-2T steam
locomotives built in 1896 and two Baldwin 2-6-2T steam locomotives built in 1898 and 1900. The railroad
closed in the early 1930s.[35]
Panama
Large ships are guided through the Panama Canal Locks by electric locomotives known as mulas (mules),
running on rack rails on the lock walls rather than proceeding under their own power. The new locks,
approved in 2006, will use tugs.
Portugal
There was previously a cog railway from Funchal to Monte in Madeira Island, which operated between
1893 and 1943, and went further up to Terreiro da Luta at 867 m above sea level.
Slovakia
Štrbské Pleso - Štrba rack railway
Brezno - Tisovec rack railway
South Africa
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There used to be a Riggenbach rack railway built by the NZASM between Waterval Boven and Waterval
Onder. It was in operation until 1908.[36]
Spain
Montserrat Rack Railway
Vall de Núria Rack Railway
Switzerland
Appenzeller Bahnen , also owning (after merger) Rorschach-Heiden-Bahn, Rorschach to Heiden and
Bergbahn Rheineck-Walzenhausen (RhW)
Berner Oberland Bahn, also owning Schynige Platte Railway
Brienz Rothorn Bahn
Dampfbahn Furka-Bergstrecke (DFB)
Dolderbahn (Db)
Gornergratbahn (owned by BVZ Holding and managed by MGB)
Joweid Zahnradbahn (a now closed freight line)
Jungfraubahn holding company comprising Jungfraubahn and Wengernalpbahn - the longest continuous rack
railway in the world
Matterhorn-Gotthard Railway (MGB) (former Furka-Oberalp-Bahn and Brig-Visp-Zermatt Railway)
Monte Generoso Railway
Pilatus Railway
Rigi-Bahnen (Arth-Rigi and Vitznau-Rigi railways)
Transports de Martigny et Régions (TMR), comprising Chemin de Fer de Martigny au Châtelard (MC)
Transports Montreux-Vevey-Riviera (MVR), owning Chemin de fer Montreux-Glion-Rochers-de-Naye and
Blonay - Les Pléiades
Transports Publics du Chablais (TPC), owning (after merger) Chemin de fer Aigle-Leysin, Chemin de fer
Aigle-Ollon-Monthey-Champéry and Chemin de fer Bex-Villars-Bretaye
Zentralbahn (Zb) (former Swiss Federal Railway's Brünigbahn and Luzern-Stans-Engelberg-Bahn)
United Kingdom
Snowdon Mountain Railway
United States
The Chicago Tunnel Company (abandoned) used the Morgan rack system on the steep grade up to Grant
Park.
Manitou and Pike's Peak Railway, Manitou Springs, Colorado. Swiss-made Diesel-Pneumatic railcars, 1- or
2-car trains. Abt rack system.
Mount Washington Cog Railway, Bretton Woods, New Hampshire. Bio Diesel & live steam cog train
operations.
Quincy and Torch Lake Cog Railway,[37] cog rail tram opened in 1997. Hancock, Michigan.
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Vietnam
The Đà Lạt–Tháp Chàm line in Southern Vietnam. Abandoned after the Vietnam War, although a 7 km
section remains in use as a tourist attraction.
Built in the 1920s, the 84 km line had a cogwheel part 34 km long, running through four tunnels with a total
length of almost 1,000 meters, taking trains from the Krongpha Pass up the Ngoan Muc (Bellevue) Pass to
Da Lat.
Rack railways in fiction
The Culdee Fell Railway is a fictional cog railway on the Island of Sodor
in The Railway Series by Rev. W. Awdry. Its operation, locomotives
and history are at least in part based on the Snowdon Mountain Railway.
It is featured in the book Mountain Engines.
See also
The Mount Washington Cog Railway
in 2006
Cable railway
Fell railway (friction wheels)
Funicular
Grade (slope)
Hillclimbing (railway)
History of rail transport in Great Britain to
1830
List of steepest gradients on adhesion railways
Mountain railway
Rack and pinion
Railroad switch
Ruling gradient
Slippery rail
Steep grade railway
References
1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Jehan, David (2003). Rack Railways of Australia (2nd. Edition ed.). Illawarra Light Railway
Museum Society. ISBN 0-9750452-0-2.
2. ^ Roman Abt, Mountain and Rack Railways (http://books.google.com/books?id=6pIEAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA525)
Cassier's Magazine, Vol. XXXVII, No. 5 (March 1910); page 525.
3. ^ Sylvester Marsh (http://www.cog-railway.com/smarsh.htm)
4. ^ a b Sylvester Marsh, Improvement in Locomotive-Engines for Ascending Inclined Planes, U.S. Patent 33,255
(http://www.google.com/patents?id=M1RtAAAAEBAJ), Sept. 10, 1861.
5. ^ Sylvester Marsh, Improved Cog-Rail for Railroads, U.S. Patent 61,221 (http://www.google.com/patents?
id=JHAAAAAAEBAJ), Jan. 15, 1867.
6. ^ C. H. Hitchcock, Chapter IV: The Approaches to Mount Washington, Mount Washington in Winter
(http://books.google.com/books?id=aLmHk2fFfbQC&pg=PA82), Chick and Andrews, Boston, 1871; page 82-85.
7. ^ a b Emil Strub, Rack-Rail for Mountain-Railways, U.S. Patent 600,324 (http://www.google.com/patents/about?
id=8ulMAAAAEBAJ), March 8, 1898.
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8. ^ a b c Edmund C. Morgan, Electric-Railway System U. S. Patent 659,178 (http://www.google.com/patents/about?
id=UQtfAAAAEBAJ), Oct. 2, 1900.
9. ^ Edmund C. Morgan, Electric-Railway System U. S. Patent 772,780 (http://www.google.com/patents/about?
id=7uNHAAAAEBAJ), Oct. 18, 1904.
10. ^ a b Edmund C. Morgan and John H. Morgan, Switching System for Combined Third and Traction Rails for
Electric Railways, U. S. Patent 772,732 (http://www.google.com/patents/about?id=8ONHAAAAEBAJ), Oct. 18,
1904.
11. ^ Edmund C. Morgan, Combined Third and Traction Rail for Electric Railways, U. S. Patent 753,803
(http://www.google.com/patents/about?id=DDpYAAAAEBAJ), Mar. 1, 1904.
12. ^ John H. Morgan, Switching or Crossover Device for Traction Rack Rail Systems, U.S. Patent 772,736
(http://www.google.com/patents/about?id=9ONHAAAAEBAJ), Oct. 18, 1904.
13. ^ a b John H. Morgan, Throw Rail for Combined Third and Traction Rail Switching, U.S. Patent 772,735
(http://www.google.com/patents/about?id=8-NHAAAAEBAJ), Oct. 18, 1904.
14. ^ a b Electric Locomotives, The Electrical Magazine (http://books.google.com/books?id=urNAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA4-PA181), Vol. VII, No. 3 (Mar. 30, 1907); page 179.
15. ^ Edmund C. Morgan, Cog wheel railway, U.S. Patent 1,203,034 (http://www.google.com/patents/about?
id=koJeAAAAEBAJ&dq=morgan+rack), Oct. 31, 1916.
16. ^ Edmund C. Morgan, Traction Rack for Railways, U. S. Patent 772,731 (http://www.google.com/patents/about?
id=7-NHAAAAEBAJ), Oct. 18, 1904.
17. ^ Conveying Machinery -- Motor Haulage, Mechanical Engineer's Handbook (http://books.google.com/books?
id=NxUHAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA1145), McGraw Hill, 1916; page 1145.
18. ^ J. J. Rutledge, Recent Improvements in Coal Mining in Illinois, Mining Magazine
(http://books.google.com/books?id=hOUZAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA186) Vol. XIII, No. 3 (March 1906); page 186.
19. ^ Frank C. Perkins, Development of Electric Mine Locomotive, The Mining World
(http://books.google.com/books?id=iisAAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA3), Vol XXIX, No. 1 (July 4, 1908); page 3.
20. ^ Goodman Rack Rail Haulage, Goodman Mining Handbook (http://books.google.com/books?
id=ugwOAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA198), Goodman Mfg. Co., 1919.
21. ^ H. H. Stock, New River Coal Field, W. VA., Mines and Minerals (http://books.google.com/books?
id=vJPmAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA513), Vol. XXIX, No. 11 (June 1909); page 513.
22. ^ E. C. DeWolfe, Operations of Mammoth Vein Coal Co., Bussey, Iowa., The Black Diamond
(http://books.google.com/books?id=BPBZAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA80), Vol. 37, No. 5 (Aug. 4, 1906), page 28. Note,
the article systematically misspells Everist as Everts, a spelling contradicted by all other sources.
23. ^ Plant of the Donohoe Coke Co., Greenwald, Pa., The Black Diamond (http://books.google.com/books?
id=BPBZAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP38), Vol. 37, No. 1 (July 7, 1906), page 28.
24. ^ Third- or Rack-Rail Haulage, Mining and Minerals (http://books.google.com/books?
id=VJvmAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA513), May 1904; page 513.
25. ^ Roman Abt, Permanent Way for Mountain Railways, U.S. Patent 284,790 (http://www.google.com/patents?
id=ik1QAAAAEBAJ), Sept. 11, 1883
26. ^ Roman Abt, Locomotive, U.S. Patent 339,831 (http://www.google.com/patents/about?id=bjBJAAAAEBAJ), April
13, 1886.
27. ^ Roman Abt, Rack-Rail for Railways, U.S. Patent 349,624 (http://www.google.com/patents/about?
id=oZlbAAAAEBAJ), Sept. 21, 1886.
28. ^ http://www.queenstowntasmania.com/Railway_Past_And_Future_Page.php
29. ^ http://www.mountmorgan.org.au/history/the-mount-morgan-railway
30. ^ Mount Washington Railway Company Historical Timeline (http://www.cog-railway.com/timeline.htm)
31. ^ http://trains-worldexpresses.com/700/705.htm
32. ^ http://www.railpage.com.au/f-t11357768-s75.htm
33. ^ Morrison, Allen (1992). The Tramways of Chile: 1858–1978. New York: Bonde Press. pp. 64–65. ISBN 09622348-2-6.
34. ^ Se construye (http://www.seconstruye.com/webnoticia/asp/interior.asp?id=17067)
35. ^ [1] (http://www.mexlist.com/penoles/index.htm)
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36. ^ [2] (http://www.krugergateway.co.za/historical/index.html)
37. ^ Quincy and Torch Lake Cog Railway
(http://www.michiganrailroads.com/MichRRs/Pictures/IndividualPhotos/161-170/Photo169A.htm)
External links
Liste der Zahnradbahnen (German)
RAIL-INFO SWITZERLAND (http://www.rail-info.ch/index.en.html)
Mount Washington Railway Company (http://www.thecog.com/)
Manitou and Pike's Peak Railway (http://www.cograilway.com/)
Winchester, Clarence, ed. (1936), "Rack rail locomotives"
(http://www.railwaywondersoftheworld.com/rack-rail-locos.html), Railway Wonders of the World,
pp. 804–808 illustrated description of the various types of rack rail systems, including the Wetli
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Categories: Vertical transport devices Rail transport-related lists Rack railways
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