lIFE CVClE ASSESSMENT OF A FIBRE

I Simposio de l a Red ES{X1ñola de ACV: 'ACV & bioenerg !a', 2013
lIFE CVClE ASSESSMENT OF A FIBRE-REINFORCED POlVMER
MADE OF GLASS FIBRE AND PHENOllC RESIN WITH
BROMINATED FLAME RETARDANT
J.' . Cseh M. 2, V idal R. l
lEngine ering Oesign Group, Department of Mechonico{ Engineering and Construetion,
Universitat Joume 1, Av. SosBaynot s/n, 12071 castetlon. Spoin, +34 964729252,
[email protected] (Moliner E.J, www.gid.uji.es
20 en kstatt Hungary Kft., Vórósmarty u. 64., 1064 Budapest, Hungary, +3612391206,
[email protected](Cseh M.j, w w w.denkstatt-hu
Moliner
t.'.
Peb regat
Abstract
Ali fe cycle assessment (LCA) fo r f ibre-reinforced polymers consisting on glass fibre and
pbenoltc resin with a brominated flame retardant additive ts presented . Due to its toxicity and
difficulties in recycling, new environmental friend ly matertals are being designed . lt is intended
that this LCA. which is based on new data lffe cvcre invent ory (LCl) serves as a benchmark. LCA
resu lts obtained with these new LCI are campa red with results from l CI of cornrnercial
database . The env ironmental impacts assoclated w ith energy consumption and air emissions
were assessed, as well as other env ironmenta l impacts resulting f rom the extraction and
processing of materials and f ibre-reinforced polymers manufacturing. End -ot-llfe scenarios fo r
recycl ing, incineration and landfilling, includ ing the environmental impacts of brom inated trame
retardants,were also compared fo r this materia l.
Keyw ords:life cycle assessment; fibre-reinforced polymer; glass fibre; phenolic resm;
brominated [lame retardant
Re sumen
Se presenta el análisis del ciclo de vida (ACV) para un po límero de resina tenóltca refo rzado co n
fibra s de vidrio y con retardante de llama bromados co mo adit ivo. Debido a su toxicidad y
dificultades en el recicla je, se están buscando nuevos materiales alternativos. Se pretende que
este ACV, que está basado en datos de nuevos invent arios del ciclo de vida (ICV) sirva como
base de comparación . Los result ados del ACV obtenidos co n estos nuevos ICV se com paran co n
los resultados de ICV de bases de datos co merciales. Se han eval uado los im pact os
amb ienta les asociados al consumo de energía y em isiones al aire, así co mo otros im pact os
resultantes de la extracción y procesado de los materiales y fabricació n de los
polímeros.Además, se han com parado tres escenarios de f in de vida : reciclaje, incineración y
disposición en vertedero, incluyendo en todos ellos los im pact os ambientales de los
retardantes de llama bromados .
Palabras clove: análisis del ciclo de vida; polímero reforzado con fibras; fibra de vidrio; resina
fe nófica; retardante de llam a bromado
1. Introduction
Hbre-r etnforced po lymer (FRP) matertals are com monJy used in the aerospace. automotive.
marine, and construction indu stries. FRP is a co m postte material made of a polymer matr¡x
reinfo rced wlth f ibres. The fibres are usually glass, carbo n, basa lt or aramid, although other
ñbres such as pape r. wood or asbestos can also be used . The po lymer is usua lly an epoxy,
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/ Symposium 01 the Spanish LCA Network: 'L CA & Siaener gy', 2013
vinylester or polvest er thermosetting plastic, or phenol formaldehyde resins. The FRP
co nsidered in this research co rn prtse glass ñbre. phenoüc restn and Deca-BDE as ñameretardant ad dit ive. These are noxious mate rials and this com posite is not easily recyela ble.
Deca-BD E ls a bromi nated f lame retardant used in polymers and com posites for applications
that demand high f ire resistance. Deca-B DE belongs to t he group of polybrominat ed diphenyl
ethe rs (PBDEs). PBDEs are persfst ent. bioaccumulattve. an d toxic to bot h hum ans and the
environment. Human exposure to PBD Es may occur through occupations that manufacture
f lame ret ardants or products t hat co nt ain flame reta rdants, as we ll as in end-of-llfe operat ions.
The European Communit y and th e United 5tates govern ment have expressed concem about
t he use of PB DEs as fl ame reta rdants. The EU Direct ive rest ricting the use of haza rdous
subst ances in electrical and electron ic equipment (Ro H5 Directive or Direct ive 2002/95/EC)
pro hibits the use of Oeca-BDE since July 2ooG. In December 2012, the Eu ropean Chem icals
Agency announced the tnclustc n of th e f lame retardant Deca-BDE in the Candidate list of
5ubstances of Very High Concern (5VH Cs) for Autho rization under REACH regulation . The
authorizat ion pro cedure aims t o assure that t he risks f rom 5VHCs are prope rly cont roll ed and
that these substances are progressively replaced by su itable altem attves while ensuring the
good f unct io ning of t he EU int ernal market. In June 2013, No rway announced that tt su bm itted
a proposa l to consider t he list ing of Deca-BD E under the Stockholm Convent ion as a persistent
organ ic poltutant (POP). The Stockholm Convention aims for th e elimination of POPs and
requires that thev are disposed of in such a way that the POP content is 'dest roved or
irreversibly t ransforme d so that thev do not exhtblt the cha ractertstics of POPs' . lt also permit s
to dispose of POPs in an environmenta lly sound manner 'whe n dest ruction or irr eversible
transformation does not represent t he environmenta lly preferable opt io n' or 'w hen th e POP
co nt ent is 10w' . If t he pro posal of Norway is fina lly adopted, th e inelusion of Deca-BDE in the
Candidat e list of 5VHCs will cease to be valid and the use of Oeca-B DE will be def init ively
prohibited as prev iou sly happened with other PBDEs Iisted as POPs in the 5tockholm
Conventio n (e.g ., Pent a-DBE and Octa -BDE).
Purt hermc re, th e question of how to dispose of end-of-lffe the rrnoset composite parts Is
gro wing in importance. Tradit iona l dis posa l rou tes such as landf ill and incineratio n are
becomi ng increasingly rest rtcted, and com posites com panies and t hetr cust omers are looking
for more susta inab le solut io ns .
Alife cvcte assessment (LCA) has been carried out for FR P made of glass fibre and phenolic
resin wi th a brominated f lame reta rdant additive t o be used for fut ure co mparat ive
assessm ents w ith other environmenta l f riendly substi t ut es. Bestdes ga ining know ledge about
the environment al impact of FRP by the results of LCA, one additicna l aim of the study was to
obta in new Iife cvcle invent o ries, which environmenta l results are compared to LO of
commercial databases.
The LCA was f urt her extended by the consideratio n of fl ame retardants at the end-of-Hte
calculatlons. As a result of LCA, enviro nment al impa cts by llfe-cvcle stages and by FRP
co mpo nents f urt hermo re th e end-of-llfe impacts by incineration, mechanica l recyel ing and
landfilting is discussed in th e paper.
2. Materials a nd methods
The LCA methodo logy was used in thls study to calculate the envi ronmenta l impacts of a FRP
made of glass fibre and phenottc resin and a brominated flame reta rdant addit ive. LCA was
applled accordi ng to the guidelines provided by the Int ernat io nal Organization for
Stan dard ization (ISO, 200Ga, 200Gb). The LCA software application 5imaPro'" was used to
tackle the develo prn ent of the st udy mo re effect ively. The ReCiPe method (Goedkoo p et al.,
2009) was t hen used to assess t he enviro nment al ímpacts acco rding to two sets of impact
categories: midpoint cat ego ries and endpoint catego ries. M idpoint impact cat ego ries are
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I Simposio de la Red ES(KJño la de ACV: 'ACV & bioenergía', 2013
cltmate chenge, foss¡l de pletlo n, an d anot he r sixteen lmpact catego rtes. Endpoint trn pact
categcrfes are damage t o hum an health, damage to ecosvstem d iver sity, and darnage to
reso urce ava ilability. The Cumulative Energy Demand method w as also used t o assess t he t otal
energy .
2.1 Goal and scope definition
The present stu dv aimed t o calculate the environmental impacts of a FRP made of glass ñbre
and phenolic res¡n with f lam e retardant . One kilogram of FRP is ass umed her e as th e fu nctio nal
un it, wh ieh is a reference unit to wh ich the results o f the LCA are related. t hese resul ts w ilt
serve as a baseltne for eom parison with nove l FRP matertals ma de f ro m re newa ble polymers
and natura l fi bre reinforcements, w hich w ill be assessed in furt her studtes.
The sco pe o f t his stu dy ineludes all proeesses fro m raw materia l ext raetion until deli very o f the
FRP at plant (cra dle-to-ga te analysis). The end-of- life of t he FRP is also considered in t he st udy
to compare t he envi ronmen tal i mpacts of different t reatments that can be applied to FRP
product s w hen these beco me waste. The Iife cvcle o f the FRP being st u died can thus be
divi ded into these major stages or sub-svst erns: (1) materials, (2) manufactu ring, and (3 ) en d-
of-life.
2.2 Inventory analysis
2.2.1 Materials
The FRP being studled is composed o f glass f ibres and phenolic resln modified w ith a
halogenated f lame-ret ard ant additive (deeabromodi phenyl ether or Deca-BDE) . Table 1 shows
the ccm position of the f inished FRP and the total amount o f eaeh materia l required for
manufacturing o ne kil ogra m o f FRP, ineluding reiects a nd waste .
Table 1: Materials required for manufacturing 1 kg of FRP
Material
Composition of FRP (% by weightj
Total amount, including waste (kg)
Phenolic resin
34.4
0.406
Glass ñbre
60.0
0.708
Deca-DBE
5.6
0.066
Phe noli c resins are synthet ie polym er s obtained by reaetio n o f phe nol w it h formaldehyde. The
phe nolic resin u sed in t he FRP st udied is eom posed o f 95% phenol and S % fo rmaldehyde . The
LCI of formald ehyde w as taken f rom the Ecotnvent" dat abase (Altha us et al., 2007) and
ineludes data for all processes fro m raw mate rial ext raetion untll deliverv of form aldehyd e at
planto The LCI of phenol was based onthe Eeo-profil es of the European Plasti cs Indust ry
(Boustead, 2005) and it also i neludes dat a for all processes f rom raw mate ria l extraction unt¡l
delfverv of phe nol at pla nt . Add it io nal data for the produet ion of phenolie res¡n w ere also
take n f ro m the Ecoinvent" database (Altha us et al., 2007), ineludi ng transpon of rnat ertals to
t he manufaeturing plant, in fras t rueture o f t he plant , wa ter consum ption, process energy
demand, and em tsslons t o alr and wa ter from product ion.
Glass f ibre s are pre pared f ro m a mixture o f the so-called E-glass in the form of contin uous
strands w ith a size eoating and a binder. A LCI o f glass f ibres was available fr om the Ecol nvent "
database (Ke llenbe rge r et al., 2007), w hich inelu des data for al! proeesses from raw material
ext raction until delivery o f glass ñbres at plant. An altern ative LCI of glass ñb res w as develcped
here based on the reference doe ument on best avatla ble techniques fo r the manufac t ure of
glass (Join t Research Centre, 2013), w hich inelu des a specif ic section for glass fibre produ et s.
This invent ory indudes t he resources. raw materials and chemlca ls used fo r produetion (siliea
sand, limest o ne, dolomit e, aluminium oxide, and so forth ); process energy demand (light f ue!
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/Symposium 01 the Spanish LCA Network: 'LCA & Sioenergy', 2013
o il an d nat u ra l ga s u sed f o r melt ing of gla ss. and elect r icity used f o r f o rm ing g lass st ra nds );
e m issio ns t o air and w ater f ro m prod ucti o n; and w ast es occu rr ing d u r ing the production
proce ss. Tab le 2 sho ws the Lel of one kilogram o f glass f ibres man ufa ctured w ith best avai lable
technlq ues.
Table 2: Lel of 1 kg of glass fibres m anufactured with best avai lable te chniques.
Input/ output
Amount
Unit
Input/output
Amount
Unit
MATE RIALS
surca sand
0.565
k,
Aluminium oxide
0.135
k,
Um est one
0.205
k,
Titanium dioxide
0.0075
kg
Oolomite
0.025
k,
Pot assium oxide
0.005
kg
Colemanit e
0.025
k,
Sodium hydroxide
0.00 5
k,
Bora x
0.025
kg
Fluorspa r
0.005
kg
Nat ural gas
6.2
MJ
ELECTRIClTY ANO FUELS
atectncrtv
4.1
MJ
Ught f uel oil
6.2
MJ
EMI5510 NS TO AIR
Carbon dioxide
0.1
kg
5eleni um
0.0000044 5
kg
Particula tes
0.00024 5
k,
Chro mi um VI
0.0000045
k,
Fluoride
0.00009
kg
Antim ony
0.00001 4
kg
Chloride
0.00005
k,
Lead
0.000014
k,
VOC
0.0003
kg
Chromium 111
0.000014
kg
Arsenic
0.0000045
k,
Copper
0.000014
k,
Cob alt
0.00000445
k,
M anganese
0.000014
kg
Nickel
0.00000391
kg
Vanad ium
0.00001292
kg
Cadmium
0.00000448
kg
Tin
0.00001 4
kg
EMI5510N5 TO WATE R
CaD
0.0004385
k,
Coppe r
0.00000 195
k,
Suspen ded soltds
0.000195
kg
Crcompou nds
0.00000 195
kg
Fluoride
0.000039
kg
Cdcom pound s
0.000000325
kg
Hydrocarbons
0.000097 5
k,
Ni compounds
0.00000325
k,
Lead compoun ds
0.00000113
kg
Ammonia
0.000065
kg
Antimony
0.0000032 5
k,
Boron
0.000013
k,
Arsenic
0.00000195
kg
Su lfate
0.0065
kg
Barium
0.0000195
k,
Ph enol
0.00000 65
k,
Zn compoun ds
0.000003 25
kg
Tin
0.00000325
kg
Inert wast e
0.007
k,
W ASTE TO TREATM ENT
Inorganic waste
0.155
k,
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I Simposio de la Red ES{X1ño la de ACV: 'ACV & bioenerg!a ', 2013
Decabromodiphenyl ether (Deca~BDE) is a brominated f lame retardant used in po lymers and
co mposit es for appli cat ions that demand high fire reslstan ce . Deca ·BDE belongs to the group
of po lybrominatedd iphenyl ethers (PBD Es) . The LCI of Deca-BD E was taken f ro m the
Ecotnvent" database [Sutter, 2007) and ineludes the raw materials and chemicals used for
productlon, tran sport of rnaterials to th e chemical plant, inf rast ruct ure of the plant, water
co nsum ptio n. pro cess energy demand o and emisstons to air and water from production of
diphenyl ether co mpounds.
2.2.2
Manufacturing
The d ifferent materia ls co mposing the FRP are processed and mixed at the manufacturing
plant to produce a sheet mould ing compound . Sheet moulding compound (SM C) ís an
integrated ready-to-mould composition of gtass fibres, polymer resin, f illers and addit ives. Th is
compound ls made by chopping continuous ñbres onto the surface of a resin paste t hat ls
co nveved on a thin plastic ca rrier film . This mixture of ñbres and res¡n Is furth er covered by
anot her laver of res¡n on a second plast tc carrier film . Compact ion rollers knead the ñbres into
the res¡n for uniform f ibre distribution and wetting. The compound sandwic hed between the
carrier f ilms is gathered ínt o rolls and st ored until it m atures. The ca rrier films are then
removed and the material ts cut into charges of predetermined we ight and shape. The charges
are placed on the bottom of two mould halves in a co mpresslon pre ss. Heat and pressure act
on the charge until it is fully cured, and th en it is removed from the mould as th e f inished FRP
product. Figure 1 shows the manufacturing process for FRP produ ct s.
Paste laved eo wn
e nte ru ms
gestn nuers and
ct ess t.1E rovin gs
addmve preparanon
o make the paste
•
•
Impregnanen svst em
FRP produrt
( ompressrcn mo utdmg
Figure 1: Manufacturing proce ss for FRP products (Aimpla s, 2010).
Data on auxilia ries, pro cess energy dem and, and wa stes occurring during the manufacturing
pro cess were based on field data from an int ernational Spanish company. Table 3 shows the
LCI of the production of one kilogra m of FRP producto
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/ Symposium 01 the Spanish LCA Network: 'L CA & Sioener gy', 2013
Table 3: l el of th e manufacturing of 1 kg of FRP product o
Input/ output
Amount
Unit
455E +Ol
MJ
Hydraulic oil
S.OOE-03
kg
Water
5. 64E -Ol
kg
1.52E-Ol
g
polvmer waste
1.79E-Ol
kg
u vorauuc oil
2.41E-03
kg
Wastewater
2.85E-06
m'
ELECTRICITY
Electricity, rnedlum voltage
AU XILlARIES
EMISSIQNS ro AIR
Particulates
WASTE
2.2.3
ro TREATME NT
End-of-Iife
The last stage in t he life cvcle of t he FR P is t he end -of-Hte . When FRP products reach this stage ,
the alternatives considered in th is paper are: disposed of i n a landfill, recvcled or incinerated
(with t he possibltitv of energv recovery) . The enviran mental burdens associated w ith thls stage
can be quite different de pen ding on the en d-of-lffe strategv that is chose n.
2.2.3.1 Mechen rcal recycHng
Mechanical re cvcltng process starts wit h t he stze reduct ion of the corn postte scrap bv low
speed cutttng or crushing (to 50-100 mm ). The size Is then reduced down t o 10 mm t o 50 urn
through a hammer mili or other hfgh speed rnllltngs fo r fine grinding . M echanical t reat m ent of
FRP produce short mi lled fibr es used as fi ller rein forcement materials.
The lel of mechanfcal recvcltng of thermosetttng-based panels w as based on a studv bv
Hed lu nd-Ást r6 m (2005 ), w ho mea sured the fuel and electrtdtv con sumption fo r the different
processes invo lved (com pression, cutting, shredd ing, and grinding ). lt was assumed t hat t he
produ ctfon of 1 kg of f iller (limest o ne) fro m raw ma teria ls is avoided as a result of recvcttng 1
kg of r esidual polvrn er corn postte .
2.2.3.2 Incineration
The model of Doka (2009) was used to estímate the t ct of waste d isposal in a municipa l salid
waste incinerator (MSWI). The lncl neratlon of waste leads to direct air and water em lsstons as
w ell as land use burdens . Indirect burdens are afso o rig inated f rom the ccnsum ptton of
auxiliaries, energy and infrast ruct ure ma terials. The solid w aste s rem aining after incinerat io n
are landfilled : slag (bo ttom ash) Is landf illed in a slag compa rtment , w hile f lV ash and scrubber
sludge are soüdtñed wit h cement and dtsposed of in a residual materia l landfill.
Brom inat ed f lame reta rdan t requires specia l attentlon during lnclneratlcn. Research f ro m
Wang et al. (2010) was used to quantttv PBDEs, polvbromlnated dtbenzo-p-dtoxíns and
d ibenzofurans (PBDD/ Fs), and polvchlortnated d ibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) .
In this paper, based on the f ind ings of Wang et al. (20 10), it w as assumed that 2.45E -D6% of
Deca-BDE is undest royed in the tnctneratlo n process. The amount of undestroyed Deca-BDE
was allocated bet w een the th ree rou tes: bottom asbes. 91.2%; f1V ashes, 1.9%; and the stack
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I Simposio de Ja Red ES{X1ñola de ACV: 'ACV & bioenerg{a', 2013
f lue gases, 6.9%. Furthermore, PBDD/ Fs in t he input mater tals w ere found not destroved in t he
co mbustion. M oreover, a ratio o f 3.0SE-04 was assumed between Deca-BDE and PBDD/Fs
emls sfons. The abundant 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpBDF and OBDF in t he bottom ashes may be th e side
co mpounds i n t he co mmercial Deca-BDE mixtu res (tíanar¡ et al.,2006 ). The dis posa l o f bottom
ashes of M SWls in sanitary landfilts sho uld con t ribute PBDEs into the enviro nment, and n ot be
igno red from the developi ng PBDE inventory . Pu rth ermore. t he high PBD E cont ent in bottom
ashes may also cont ribute t he PBDE exposures of t he wo rkers who ha nd le and opera te with
these substances. The burdens assocíated with th e tncfneratlon of on e kil ogram of Deca-BDE
wer e t hus in ventoried as shown i n r abie 4.
Table 4 Burdens from th e incineration of 1 kg of Deca -BDE.
Input/output
Oeca-BDE (kg)
PBDD/Fs (kg)
Deca-BDE (kg)
PBDD!Fs (kg)
Deca-BDE (kg)
PBDD!Fs (kg)
Amount
Stac k flue gases (emissions to air)
l.70E -09
S.18E-13
Bottom asbes (wast e t o sanitary landfill]
2.23E-D8
6.82E-12
Fly asiles (waste t o hazardous waste landfill)
4.7DE-ID
1.44 E-13
2.2.3.3 landfill
I he model of Doka (2009) w as used to esttmate t he LCI of w aste dtsposal in a m unici pal sclfd
w aste landfi ll (MSW L) . r he tnctneratlon of w aste leads to direct air and w ater emissfons as w e!l
as land use burdens. Ind irect burdens are alsc c rigin at ed f rom the consum ption of auxtlla rtes,
energy and in frast ruct ure mat eria ls.
Bromi nated flame retardant requtres also spec!al attention du ring landfilllng.The expected
leachat e f rom deca-BDE f lame retarda nt w ill be 3, 81E-20 kg (Danon -Schaffer MN, 2006).
3. Results
r he envira nmental im pacts of t hts mate rial w ere assessed both at t he rntdpotnt leve ! and t he
en dpotnt leve l. Sens ttivitv o f LCA to dffferent invent ory dat abases w ere analysed and LCA
results by life cvcre stages. mate rial com pon ents and end-o f-tlfe scenerfos w ere dtscussed.
3.1 Comparison of results of different inventory data
LCA f rom inventory data o f phenottc restn fro m Eco-proñles of t he European Plast ics Indust ry
(Boustead, 2005) have been ca mpared wi th LCA f rom inventory data f ro m Ecoinvent"
data base (Alt haus et al., 2007). The resu lts f ro m Eco-proflles of t he Euro pean Ptastics Indust ry
are t he most reltable due t o the updated database. The phenclic res¡n f rom r eo-cromes obtatn
better results in tssues as human t oxfcttv. phot ochemfc al o xidaticn, ionizing radtation. f resh
w ater eutroph icat ion, marine eutrophicatio n, fresh w ater eco-toxlcttv, marine eco-to xtcltv,
agricultu ra! land occ upatlon, water depletlo n, land deple t ton and foss¡l de pletlo n. Values in
which phenoli c restns ts worse are in climat e change, ozone deplet io n, particular matter,
t erre strial acídtftcatton, t err est rial eco-toxlcttv and nat ural rand transformati on (Figure 2).
Im pact s of phenoli c resin calculated from Eco-proñles data are less harm f ul regards in pol nt s
as foss!l depleticn due t o the c ptimizaticn of energy consum ptio n along t he t ime . In other
aspects the im pact s of phenol¡c res¡n from Eco-p rofiles are w orse and more restrfctive t ha n
trn pact s of resin f ro m Ecoi nvent due to t hat th e restn fro m Eco-proñles has been conduct ed
w ith a more co mprehensfve st udy.
LCA fro m the inventory data of glass f ibres f ro m re fer ence docu ment on best ava ilable
t echniques for t he man ufacture of gtass (Jo int Research Ce ntre, 20 13)have been cam pared
101
/ 5ymposium 01 the 5panish LCA Network: 'L CA & Sioen er gy', 2013
w ith LCA from the invento ry data from Ecoinvent'" database (Kellen berger et al., 2007 ) and
tde mat ". The results from BAl docum ent are the most refiable due to that co me f ro m a most
representative industrial survey. The im pact s of glass fibre calcula ted based on the BAl
document dat abase ls higher in some po int s as in Terrestrtal an d Freshw at er Ecotoxicit y wit h
respect to gfass f ibre of Ecoinven t due to that the glass fib re from BAl document has in
con sfderatton mo re heavv metafs and mainly has in constderatto n the f luorides (Figure 3).
Respect t o t he rest of the aspects t he glass f ibre f ro m BAl do cume nt is less harmf ul because of
the opt imizatio n of energy consum pt ion along t he time for poi nts as climat e changa, fossil
depletion, etc .
100
80
60
40
20
• Phenolic Resin CAYLEY
• Phenolic resm, at plant/RER U
Figure 2: Comparison lkg o f phenolic resin from 'Eco inve nt ' and 'Eco -pro files', Method : Récipe
Midpoint (H) Vl.06/ Europe ReCiPe H/ Cha racte rizat ion .
100,
80,
60,
40,
20,
O,
• Cayley
• Ecoinvent
. Idem at
Figure 3: Compa rlso n lkg of gta ss fiber from "tccín ve nt", ' BAT', a nd ' Jde rnat" Method: Recipe Midpoint (H ) Vl. 06/
Europe ReCI Pe H/ Cha raderiza t ion.
102
I Simposio de l a Red ES{X1ñola de ACV: 'ACV & bioenerg !a', 2013
3.2 Environmental lmpacts by life cyele stages
I he enviro nment al im pacts of each Iife cyele stage were assessed at the endpo int level
according to three end point im pact categories: damage to human healt h (HH), damage to
ecosystem d iversity (EO), and damage to resource availability (RA) . The endpoint tm pact s by
Iife cvcle st age are shown in Figure 4 to Figure 9.
FRP manufacturing st ages became the stage of the life cvcre w ith the greatest im pact s in HH.
I he materials st age ca used damage t o ED and RA w ith a co nt ribution to t he overall damages of
47.2 % and 52.5 %, respect ively. The FRP man ufacturing caused damage to ED and RA w ith a
co nt ribut io n t o t he overall damages of 52.1 % and 47.5 %, respectively. The end-of-lffe stage,
in this case fo r the end-ot-hte option land f illing was chosen, caused the lower impact in every
end point category.
Human Health (DAlY)
6,00E-05
5,00E-05
4,00E-05
3,00 E-05
2,00E-05
1,00E-05
O,OOE+OO
Mate rial
_ Glass Fibre
M anufacturing
_ Phenolic Resin
landfilli ng
_ Flame Retardant
Figure 4: Damages t o HH per Kg of skin made of gl as s fib re and phenoli c resin
Ecosystem Diversity (species.year)
6,ooE-08
5,0 0 E-08
4,ooE-08
3,00E-08
2,0 0 E-08
1,00E-08
o.oor-oo
Material
_ Glass Fibre
Ma nufacturing
_ Ph enolic Resin
l andfilling
_ F!ame Retardant
Figure S: Damages t o ED per Kg of skin made of glass fib re and phenoli c resin
103
/5ymposium 01 the 5panish LCA Network: 'LCA & Sioenergy', 2013
Resources Availability ($)
3,SOE+01
3,DDE+Ol
2,SOE+Ol
2,DDE+Ol
1,SOE+01
1,DDE+Ol
S,DDE+OO
O,DDE+OO
Materia l
_ Glass Fibre
Manufacturing
_ Phenolic Resin
l andfill ing
_ Flame Retardant
Figure 6: ü ameges t o RA per Kg of skin made of glass fibre end phenolic resin
3.3 Environmental impacts of materials
The enviro nment al im pacts of the matertals st age were assessed in more deta!l t o determine
the tmpact s of each of the main com ponents of th e FRP. To th ts end, the envi ro nmenta l
tmpacts of the phenolic res!n. glass fibr e and flame retardant (de caBDE) w ere assessed at the
mldpoint level according to ni netee n midpoint impa ct catego ries . The im pact on clirnate
change (Ce) and cum ula tive en ergy de mand (CEO) for the above com ponents are show n in
Figur e 7 and Figure 9.
tt can be observe d that the phe nolic res¡n is t he com pon ent wlth th e greatest tmpacts. wlth a
co nt rtbutio n to the overall im pacts o f the matertals stage of 52.84% for ec and 52.53% fo r
CEO . Although glass fibre is the domi nant com po nent o f FRP (60% by weight is glass fibre), t he
higher energy dem and of phenolic resin leads to signif icant alr pollutant emlsstons f rom the
Iife cyele of the electric ity used, t herefor it has the most tmpacts for ec and CEO out of th e 3
investlgated co m po nents.
Relativelv im po rtant are the impact s of the brominated flam e retardant i n the two im pact
categorfes sho w n in Figure 7 and Figure 9 and much mo re in ozo ne depletion Figure 8.
elimate Changa (kg e02 eq)
2,SOE+OO , - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2,OOE+OO
+--
1,SOE+OO
t--
1,OOE+OO
+--
S,DDE-01
O,OOE+OO
+-Phenolic resin
etess fibre
Flame ret ardant
(decaBDE)
Figure 7: Impact on ee of the materials stage per kg of fibre-reinforced polymer by components
104
I Simposio d e la Red Española de ACV: 'ACV & bioenerg{a', 2013
Ozone depletion (kg CFC-U eq )
6,OOE-07
S,OOE-07
4,OOE-07
3,OOE-07
2,OOE-0 7
1,OOE-07
O,OOE+OO
Phenol ic Resin
Glass Fi bre
Flame Retardant
(deca -BDEl
Figure 8: Impact on 00 of the materials st age per kgof ñbre-remtorced polymer by
components
Cumulative Energy Oemand (MJ)
4,OOf+Ol , - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 3,SOf+Ol
+--
3,OO E+Ol
t--
2,SOE+O l
2,OOf+Ol
1,SOf+O l
+-+-+--
t-S,OOf+OO t-1,OO E+Ol
O,OOf+OO -!-Phenolic resin
Glass ftbre
Flame retardant
(decaBDE l
Figure 9: CED of the materials sta ge per kg of fibre-r einforced polymer by com ponents
3.4 Environmental impacts of end-of-llfe
In Section 3.1, it wa s assumed that panels are depos ited on landfills at the end of thei r useful
Iife . How ever, other end -of-ltfe st rategies are com monly used for products made of flbrereinforced po lymer composites. Three end -of-Iife scenanos were assessed in thls study:
mechan tca t recvcüng. tnctneratt on and landf illing. The im pact s on ee and CEO for all the three
scenario s are show n in Figure 10 and Figure 11.
105
J Slmposio
e la Red spañola de ACV: 'ACV & bioenerq lo ', 20 3
o tp uts associated with each stage of the íf e cyele.
ifferent inve nt o rv
In arder to use the best and mast up-to-dat e inventory data base,
databases were cornpared and e viro me tal impac s of
hese differe
databases were
ud ied . For the p e o ll c es! da abase from t e co profiles of t e European Plas ic I d s rv
p ov d to b
ore r rab i com ar d to Ecoinv t databas du to its u dat s. For g ass
d
w r co par do inv nto y
fibr s
coi nv n
bas
docu
nt on b s ava ilabl
t ch niqu s f r
h
ata of glass fibr
anufactu r
s fr m
r nc
A
of glass . Ter s lt s ro
document were eansidered more rel iab le in this study d ue t o that eome from the last
act ali z tia
est Ava ilable Tech iq es . Ho ever it is im po r a t
of
damag
act ri g stages b e
to human h alth . Th
co tribu ion to h ov rall da
s ag s of t h if ey e
at rials stag caus d da
ag s o 47.2 % and 52 .5 %J r s
otea
Iife cyele
rea lity there m ight be
inv e to rles use me n va lues which ca e u ncertai t y in LeA . I
díffe re ce between t e invent orv va lues a d he practical values .
FRP m an
o
w ith
gr a es i pae s i
ag to ED and
A with a
ctiv Iy . Th
FRP
an ufact ring
ca sed damage to ED and RA with a eon tribution t o the overa I damages of 52.1 % and 47.5 %J
re spective ly .T e end-of-li e s age, however, caused
he low e r im pact i
every e d poi t
cat egory.
Co sid r ing t
er i
paly
im
d
cts of t
j
pae s
eo
po
ft
a
n wi h
ri als of ' RP J P e o li c r
gr
a s
i
a e ria l stage of 2 .84% or clima
pae
e
s,
wi
nge a
sn a of t h
a e tributio
fi re-r i
forc d
t e
ve rall
d 52 . 3% for e
ua v
e ne rgv
nd .
Inv stigation of
nd-
- 'f e impacts co u ld show the b st wast
ma age
nt fo r a giv
materia l by giving its environmenta l irnpacts quantitative ly. Recvcl ing, incineration and
landfilling were compared as e d-of-Ilfe scen ríos i th is st dv. As o IV a ig
b r cyel d rom w ieh f ill r e n
roduc ed , recyeling how po ít íve
vir
wi h a sign i ie
t e
eonsid . r . d h rs as . n alt . rnativ
n rgy contain d i
e t r
rgv dem and (h ig est
w s
ca
b
nd o
se
arios).T
if se nario fo r pan . 1was
r cov re
in t
part of FRP e n
m t al i pae s
. ei e rat i
. A portio
incin ration, b t it is no
o t
noug
was al so
t
.r
I
to offs t
t
n rgy d a d a d th im ac s du to ai r p Iluta nt m issio s f ro
cin ratio n . he hir
scenario was landfill ing which has no energy emand b t its co ntinu itv in the f t re is
uncertain if deca BD
5.
is fnally included in
OP Iist.
Refere ci s
Aimp las. Inf orme de vi i ancia tecnol ógica: p incipa es avanc es en pu t rusión y 5MC. Ai
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ir poi u ant
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ory g id
ook 2 o . E A
Goed koop MJ eij ungs RJ uijbreg s M J e Schryver A, 5t uijs J, van Zelm R. ReCiPe 2008 : A "fe cycle
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15ympo ium
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K
iyak V; Oka aw
1 Koda vanti
RI Idous K ,Yamashi
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1
pu rltl s in cornm
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I
a
A~
ed u nd-Ast r ó
cial po lvbrornl
d ip eny l e
er rrux
Model for end of if e t reatment of po ly
es. nviro
ent 1Scl nc & l ec
er cornposite
o ogy
ateria ls, Ph.D, T esis, KT ~
2 O .
SO (Internationa l Organization for Standa rdizationl .Bo 14040:2006
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en. ri ( pi s and F
ew o
Envi ro
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Cv cl e Assess e
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va} S it erla
echniques (BA)
nviron m ent al Ma na em ent.Li e
: SO; 2006 .
ef er ence Document for t e manufacture of
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h N} K
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{
s nd po lyb ornl
dd ib en 0- - lox l s nd dib en o r
inc inerators. viren ental o ution 2010; 1 S( ):1 9 -1602
08
s (
of po ly b o
. atedd ipheny ethers
st
/F s) in unicip I solí