Fragmentación del hábitat y corredores biológicos: una bibliografía

Transcription

Bibliografías Especializadas OET #20
Fragmentación del hábitat y corredores biológicos: una bibliografía anotada
Febrero 2013
Reservados todos los derechos por parte de OET. Se permite su fotocopiado
con fines académicos y la utilización de los datos, siempre y cuando se cite la
fuente de información.
Febrero 2013
333.13
F751f
Fragmentación del hábitat y corredores biológicos: una bibliografía
anotada / Compilado por Gilbert Fuentes González. – 1ª ed – San
José, C.R.: Organización para Estudios Tropicales, 2013.
334 p.;3 MB; PDF. (Bibliografías especializadas OET; no.20)
ISBN: 978-9930-9445-7-8
1. Fragmentación - Bibliografías. 2. Corredores biológicos Bibliografías. 3. Costa Rica – Bibliografías. I. Gilbert Fuentes González. II.
Título. III.Serie.
La OET cuenta con un Sistema de Bibliotecas, conformado por una biblioteca principal ubicada en su
oficina central en la Ciudad de la Investigación UCR y una en cada una de las 3 Estaciones Biológicas. La
colección total del Sistema de Bibliotecas de la OET esta formada por más de 12 mil volúmenes, 500
tesis, 75 títulos de publicaciones periódicas, 150 libros de cursos de OET y más de 14000 documentos en
formato pdf.
Le invitamos a visitar nuestra Biblioteca en La Ciudad de la Investigación de la UCR, de lunes a viernes de
8 a.m. a 12 m.d. y de 1 p.m. a 5 p.m. También puede localizarnos en el teléfono (506) 2524-0607, ext.
1260, en http://www.ots.ac.cr y en http://www.facebook.com/OTS.OET.
Si quiere recibir información permanente de OET ingrese sus datos en http://www.ots.ac.cr/contactos
marcando la casilla de su interés.
Créditos
Portada: Carlos Rodríguez Dussán, Departamento de Manejo de Información OET.
Compilación: Gilbert Fuentes, Consultor Externo – Manejo de Información OET.
Control de Calidad: Susana Aguilar, Biblioteca OET – Manejo de Información OET.
Febrero 2013
Presentación Organización para Estudios Tropicales (OET):
La Organización para Estudios Tropicales (OET) cree firmemente que el correcto manejo de los datos y la
información, es una herramienta indispensable para promover la educación y la investigación en los
trópicos y esa es una razón para que desde 1996 utilizando la plataforma de su Biblioteca, haya
desarrollado y consolidado la “Bibliografía Nacional en Biología Tropical” (BINABITROP
http://www.ots.ac.cr/binabitrop).
En la actualidad BINABITROP cuenta con más de 39000 registros de libros, publicaciones periódicas,
tesis, monografías, congresos y otros, de los cuales más de 16 mil de estos documentos se ofrecen ya en
texto completo. Este es un proyecto único en el país, cuyo objetivo principal es rescatar las
publicaciones científicas que tratan sobre Costa Rica, generadas a través de los años tanto dentro como
fuera del país para reunirlas en una base de datos disponible al público.
De esta forma la OET colabora con aumentar, conservar y difundir conocimientos generados a partir de
nuestra riqueza natural y se constituye en una herramienta de consulta obligatoria para investigadores,
siendo la temática principal de Biología Tropical y temas afines como: ecología, manejo de recursos
naturales, conservación de la biodiversidad, aspectos legales, sociales y económicos, forestales,
agroecología.
Como un subproducto de BINABITROP, hemos iniciado desde el 2001 la generación de Bibliografías
Especializadas que tienen como objetivo, compilar las referencias sobre un tema específico y crear un
documento electrónico de libre acceso, que le facilite a los interesados sobre el tema tener en un solo
punto la información que requieran y así aumentar y difundir el conocimiento que tenemos de nuestra
riqueza natural de una forma más práctica.
Fragmentación del hábitat y corredores biológicos: una bibliografía anotada, es nuestra producción 20
de las Bibliografías Especializadas OET, la cual se desarrolla como una solicitud expresa del Instituto
Nacional de Biodiversidad (INBio) para ser utilizada como una herramienta en el desarrollo de un
proyecto, pero igual esperamos que este documento sea de interés para la comunidad científica y
educativa en general.
Esta bibliografía está compuesta por un Índice
Publicaciones compuesto por 441 referencias.
ser solicitadas por correo electrónico a la
referencias que cuentan con un enlace donde
formato pdf.
de Autores, una Lista de Descriptores, y un Listado de
Las referencias cuya localización indica NBINA pueden
dirección [email protected]. El texto contiene
el lector podrá ver el documento a texto completo en
Susana Aguilar ([email protected])
Encargada del Sistema de Bibliotecas
Organización para Estudios Tropicales
Página 1 de 332
Febrero 2013
ÍNDICE DE AUTORES
Acevedo-Mairena, Heiner
351, 352
Acevedo-Mairena, Heiner
(ed.)
334
Ackerly, David D
237
Adams, K
407
Aguilar, Gabriel
109, 134, 135, 181
Aguilar-Alfaro, G
053
Aguilar-Barquero, Virginia
380
Aldrich, Preston Rice
021, 044, 049, 057, 060, 063
Aldrich-Wolfe, Laura
022, 169
Alemán-Zelaya, Indalecio
403, 434
Alfaro-Fernández, Juan
Diego
053
Allen, M
427
Allen, William
146
177, 202, 203, 209, 216
Almeyda-Zambrano,
Angélica M
421
Arroyo-Rodríguez, Víctor
393
Altrichter-Cateula, Mariana
026, 028, 183
Artavia-Zamora, G
175
Ankersen, Thomas T
055, 085, 256
014
Aspinall-Murray, William
(ed.)
042
Anonymous
097
Asquith, N.M
148
Apsit, Victoria Joan
058, 072, 088, 139, 188
Aubrecht, Gerhard
436
Araneda, X
155
Aureli, Filippo
393
Araya-Fallas, Maríamalia
061, 062, 067
Avelino, Jacques
411
Arcos-Torres, A
236
Avila-Hernández, M.L
173
Arias-Castillo, Elvis
351, 352
Aygen, Deniz
137
Arias-Le Claire, Harold
119, 154, 368
Baish, S
124
Arnberger, R
102
Ballentine, K
102
Aronson, T
407
Baltodano-Fuentes, Adriana
417, 418
Arroyo-Mora, J. Pablo
Barborak, James R
Página 2 de 332
Febrero 2013
081, 351, 352
Barnett, Jacob R
316, 342
Barrantes-Montero, Gilbert
064, 388
Basso, Georgia
430
Bawa, Kamaljit S
019, 068, 189
Beauvais, J.F
111
Bell, K.E
273, 295
Benjamin, Tamara Jo
322, 416
Bennett, Andrew F
221
Benson, W.W
008
Bergman, C
150
Bermúdez-Acuña, Fernando
102
Bernecker-Lücking, Andrea
163
Beyer, Hawthorne L
392
Bezy, M. Bernadette
323
Biamonte, Esteban
388
Bicca-Marques, J.C
217
Bierregaard, R.O., Jr (ed.)
070, 071
Billingham, M.R
228, 271
Bissonette, J.A (ed.)
055
Bjork, Robin D
013, 082, 173, 190
Blair, Mary Elizabeth
398, 401, 402, 428
Boggs, Carol L
165
Boh, Sonja
335
Boinski, Sue
035
Bolaños-Montero, Rafael A
042
Bolaños-Vives, Federico
129, 332
Boni, M.E
237
Bonilla-Carrión, Róger
110, 151
Borgella, Rene, Jr
023, 115, 239
Borgognini-Tarli, S.M
408
Boshier, David H
127, 228, 245, 271
Bourg, N.A
024
Bouroncle-Seoane, Claudia
354, 366, 400
Boza-Loría, Mario Andrés
102, 409
Braatne, J
280
Brenes-Gámez, O.E
272
Brenes-Pérez, Cristian
Francisco
373
Brightsmith, Donald J
323
Broadbent, Eben N
421
Brosi, Berry J
317, 340, 350, 360, 420
Brown, L.M
025, 103, 223
Brunsfeld, Steven J
270, 279, 299
Busch, C.B
156
Página 3 de 332
Febrero 2013
Bustillo, R
053
Calvo-Alvarado, Julio César
083, 160, 202, 203, 209, 216,
409
Calvo-Obando, Ana Julieta
423, 425
Camargo-García, J.C
140
Camero-Rey, L.A
140
Campera, M
407
Campos-Arce, José Joaquín
353
Canet-Desanti, Lindsay
319, 354, 367, 369, 383, 413,
419
Cárdenas-Carmona, G
195, 234, 257
Carr, Archie III
075, 081
Carr, M.H
084
Carranza-Velázquez, Julieta
065
Carrillo-Jiménez, Eduardo
026, 141, 283
Casanoves, Fernando
431
Cascante-Marín, Alfredo M
027, 029, 073, 098, 143, 258,
259, 339
Castaño-Betancur, Leandro
(ed.)
248
Castro-Peinador, Gustavo
424
Castro-Salazar, René
102
Ceballos, Gerardo
332
Cedeño, J.R
129
Cepeda-González, María
Fernanda
192, 193
Céspedes-Agüero, Margarita
Victoria
275, 353, 355
374, 431
Chamberlain, C. Page
360
Chamberlain-Gallegos,
Francisco
041
Chang, Elsa
213, 326
Chassot, D (il.)
187
Chassot, Olivier
170, 226, 246, 277, 285, 336,
341, 344, 357, 367, 377, 384,
389, 390, 391, 403, 409, 434
Chassot, Olivier (ed.)
187
Chavarría-Espinoza, María
Isabel (comp.)
329
Céspedes-Castro, Maguil
184, 204, 362
Chavarría-Ñamendi,
Francisco José
424
Chacón-Chavarría, Oscar
351, 352
Chavarriaga-Aguirre, Paul
060
Chacón-Chaverri, Didiher
265
Chaverri-Echandi, Priscilla
260
Chacón-León, Mario
222, 233, 330
Chaves-Badilla, Oscar M
393
Chacón-Madrigal, Eduardo J
388
Chaves-Cordero, Gerardo A
129, 332
Chain-Guadarrama, Adina
Chaves-Kiel, Henry
Página 4 de 332
Febrero 2013
170
Chazdon, Robin L
017, 311, 383
Chinchilla-Romero, Federico
Alfonso
379, 394
Clair, Colleen, Cassady St
337
Clark, Deborah A
050
Collister, Douglas M
412
Colmenares, Angélica
421
Coloma, L.A
129
Conner, J. C. Ross
325
Courrau, J.A
164, 172
Cramer, P
076
Criado-Hernández, Juan
390
Cristobal-Azkarate, J
218
Crockett, C.M
051
Cruz-Cuellar, Héctor F
411
Cubero, José
351
Cubero-Moya, José Alberto
422
Corella-Rodríguez, Osvaldo
113
Daily, Gretchen C
011, 020, 107, 137, 156, 162,
165, 168, 186, 199, 224, 237,
317, 332, 360
Cornelius, J.P
197
Danforth, Elizabeth
333
de Freitas-Pereira, Henrique
Miguel Leite
199
de la Cruz-Godoy, Juan
Camilo
424
de Leeuw, Hanneke M.H
259, 339
DeClerck, Fabrice A.J
383, 411, 415
DeGama-Blanchet, Holly
Noelle
180, 251, 328
Delgado-Rodríguez, Luis
Diego
158, 353
den Nijs, Joannes C.M
259, 339
Denslow, Julie Sloan
138
Dhondt, André A
320
Corrales, Lenín
351
Daugherty, Howard E
262, 263
Di Stéfano-Gandolfi, José
Francisco
065
Cortés-Ortiz, L
287
Dayanandan, S
068
Diamond, A.W (ed.)
003, 4, 5
Coto-Hidalgo, Mario
351, 352
De Camino-Beck, Tomás
159
Díaz, Ileana I
439
Coulon, Aurélie
316
de Campos, D.P
157
Díaz-Escobar, M
427
Página 5 de 332
Febrero 2013
Díaz-Fajardo, Gerardo
Eugenio
438
Dirzo, Rodolfo
421
Enríquez-Lenis, Marta Lucía
266, 308
Estrada, Alejandro
244, 269, 286
157, 158, 234, 257, 270, 278,
279, 282, 284, 294, 299, 310,
311, 322, 353, 354, 355, 356,
381, 383, 400, 413, 416, 431
Flores-Llampa, B
240
Dokken, David Jon (ed.)
348
Estrada-Chavarría, Armando
(ed.)
334
Florian-Rivero, Elena M
302, 322, 416
Donati, G
407, 408
Fairweather, K
238
Forero-Molina, A
158
Donnelly, Maureen A
273, 427
Fariñas-Velázquez, L.E
056
Fournier-Origgi, Luis Alberto
048, 065
Driscoll, Laura
421
Farris, C.N
105
Francis, P.A
102
Duffy, D.C
225
Fay, J.P
107
Fu, P
031
Durán, Guillermo
317
Fedigan, Linda M
180, 328
Fuchs-Castillo, Eric J
029, 098, 099, 143, 166, 376
Durham, William H
421
Feinsinger, Peter
264
Fuller, Tood K
026
Edwards, P.J
153, 268
Feoli-Boraschi, Sergio
426
Furley, P
276
Ehrlich, Paul R
011, 020, 107, 137, 165, 168,
332
Ferguson, Bruce G
311
Gaitán-González, L.B
087
Fernández-Morillo, Maria
Teresa
028, 183
Gallagher, P.B
002
Ehrlich, Paul R (ed.)
433
Ellis, Susie (ed.)
410
Emerson, L
238
Figueroa, Alfredo
336, 384
Finegan, Bryan
Gallagher, Patrick
421
Gallego-Castillo, B
310
Página 6 de 332
Febrero 2013
Gámez-Lobo, Rodrigo
077, 102
García, G
053
García-Víquez, Randall
080
Garton, Edward O
278, 281
Gavin, Thomas A
115, 125, 223, 239, 320
Gelabert, Cecilia
424
Gessler, Paul E
278, 284, 381
Ghazoul, Jaboury
128
Gibbs, James P
015
Gilbert, Benjamin
325, 358
Gill, Douglas E
024
Gillespie, T.W
105, 114
Goehring, David M
137, 162
Gómez, René
327, 349
Gómez-Bernal, German Luis
183
Gómez-Figueroa, Patricia
090
González-Jiménez, Eugenio
(ed.)
123, 124, 176
González-Quesada, P
032, 068, 100, 101
Guariguata-Urbano, Manuel
R
066, 154, 205
Guariguata-Urbano, Manuel
R (ed.)
148, 149
Guerrero-Aguirre, G.F
305
Gutiérrez, Isabel
354
Gutiérrez-Espeleta, Gustavo
A
181
González-Téllez, Adolfo
403, 434
Gutiérrez-Soto, Marco
Vinicio
184, 208
González-Villalobos, Jorge A
183
Guzmán, S.M
138
González-Zamora, Arturo
393
Haber, William A
039
Gormley, Lorraine Helen L
276
Haines, B.L
179
Gormley, Lorraine Helen
Lillian
361
Hall, Pamela
019
Gillies, Cameron Scott
337, 343, 385, 392
Griffith, Daniel M
311
Hamann, R.G
055, 085
014
Gitay, Habiba (ed.)
348
Grijalva, A
105
Hamilton, Lawrence S (ed.)
034
Glander, Kenneth E
043, 181
Groves, C.P
287
Hamrick, James L
Página 7 de 332
Febrero 2013
021, 049, 057, 058, 060, 063,
088, 104, 139, 188, 206, 210,
212, 220, 376
Herrera-Fernández, Bernal
351, 352, 353, 354, 355
Hannah, L
235
Herrera-Retana, Javier (ed.)
410
Hanson, Thor R
270, 279, 291, 299
Herrera-Rosales, Heydi
Maria
028, 183
Harms, Kyle E
207
Harris, L.D
001, 2, 076, 081
Harriss, R.C
130, 159
Hartshorn, Gary Spencer
016
Harvey, Celia A
117, 232, 233, 234, 244, 257,
267, 269, 278, 281, 286, 311,
314, 322, 327, 330, 349, 356,
416
Helmer, Eileen H
096, 106
Hernández, Blas
232, 327
Herrerías-Diego, Yvonne
196, 309
Hines, J.J.H
287
Höbinger, Tamara
429
Holbrook, Noel Michele
184, 208
Holl, Karen D
383
Hollenhorst, Steven J
278, 356
Horner-Devine, M.C
165, 219
Howe, Henry F
178
Induni-Alfaro, Gustavo
351, 352, 355
James, T
063
Janzen, Daniel H
216
Jiménez, B
183
Jiménez, G
121
Jiménez, Vladimir
246, 285, 357
Jiménez-Hernández, A
255
Jiménez-Hernández, Fabiola
380
Jiménez-Madrigal, Quírico
(ed.)
334
Jiménez-Méndez, Mildred
422
Jiménez-Pérez, Ignacio
028, 183
Hernández-Calderón, José J
(ed.)
410
Ibáñez-D., Roberto
129
Jiménez-Ramón, Jorge A
(ed.)
123, 124, 176
Hernández-Flores, Y
309
Ibrahim, Muhammad A
140, 234, 257, 308, 327, 349
Jiménez-Ruiz, Belkys
028
Hernández-Soliz, César
Augusto
028, 183
Imbach-Bartol, Pablo Andrés
383
Johnson, Jerald B
347
Página 8 de 332
Febrero 2013
Johnson, Nels
213, 326
Jones, Carissa P
346, 347
Jones, Clara B
069, 201
Jones, F. Andrews
179
Jones, G
154
Jones-Román, G
122, 144
Jost, C.A
315
Juvik, J.O (ed.)
034
Kanninen, Markku
158
Kattan, G.H (ed.)
148
Kattan, ; G.H (ed.)
149
Kavanagh, Kathleen L
278, 282, 294, 356
Keast, Allen
005
Kelm, Detlev H
324
Kirby, Kathryn R
325, 358
410
Kjeldsen, Jørgen Peter
336, 384
Kleinn, Christoph
094
Kochert, Gary
021, 060
Komar, Oliver
311
Kramer, E.A
071, 145
Krausman, P.R (ed.)
055
Kumar, Anjali
345
La Marca, E
129
Lacher, T.E., Jr
083
Lam, N.S.N
030, 167
Lambert, L.D
084
León, M.C
267
Lezama-López, Martín
Antonio
389
Lieberman, Diana
359
Lieberman, Milton
359
Lindshield, Stacy M
250, 293
Linsenbardt, Kim
333
Liponi, G.B
408
Lips, Karen R
129
Lobo-Segura, Jorge A
098, 099, 143, 166, 196, 309
López, Marlon
327, 349
Landmann, Armin
335
López-Arévalo, Hugo
Fernando
028, 183
Laurance, William F (ed.)
070, 071
López-Vargas, R
170
Laurence, S.G.W
243
Lorion, Christopher M
280
Leandro-Loría, Danilo (ed.)
Losada-Prado, Sergio
Página 9 de 332
Febrero 2013
405
Lovejoy, Thomas E
006, 102
Lovejoy, Thomas E (ed.)
003, 4, 5
Lovejoy, Thomas E, (eds.)
235
Lovejoy, Thomas E, [ed.]
016
Lovette, Irby J
316
Luckett, Jerimiah
333
Lücking, Robert
163
Machlis, G
102
Mack, Steven A
256
Mackintosh, G (ed.)
002
Madrigal-Castro, E
086
Maes, Jean Michel
232
Maldonado-Ulloa, Tirso
047, 095, 110, 151
Marín, Melissa
390
Marín-Méndez, Walter
065
Mariscal-Pueyo, Teresa
336, 377, 384
Marshall, W
031
Martin, S.G
153
Martínez-Cascante, David
424
Martínez-Garza, C
178
Martínez-Ramos, Miguel
311
Martínez-Salinas, Alejandra
383, 415
Mata-Montero, Erick
102
Matagne, P
111
Matamoros-Delgado, Alonso
080
Matamoros-Hidalgo,
Yolanda (ed.)
410
Mateo-Vega, Javier (ed.)
176
Matlock, Robert B., Jr
153, 268
323
Mayfield, Margaret M
168, 224, 229, 237, 252
McClearn, Deedra
359
McLeish, M
128
Medina, Arnulfo
232, 327
Meisel, Joe E
253, 261, 404
Melnick, Don J
398, 401, 428
Mena-Araya, Yadira
175
Mendoza-Quijano, Fernando
332
Meyer, J.R
129
Milder, Jeffrey C
383
Millán-Araujo, José Oswaldo
028, 183
Miller, Kenton R
213, 326
Mills, Matthew
360
Mittermeier, R.A
287
Matuzak, Greg D
Página 10 de 332
Febrero 2013
Monahan, B
147
Morales, Helda
311
Monge-Arias, Guisselle
170, 226, 246, 277, 285, 336,
341, 344, 357, 367, 377, 384,
389, 390, 391, 403, 409
Morera-Beita, Carlos Manuel
395
Monge-Arias, Guisselle (ed.)
187
Monge-Nájera, Julián
090
Montero, J
232
Montero, Jorge
327
Montero-Muñoz, Jorge L
194, 313, 314
Montoya, G.S
309
Moorthy, I
160
Mora, A
065
Mora, C
249
Mora, G
067
Mora-Cerdas, Geisel
028, 183
Mora-Madrigal, M.E
102
Morse, Wayde
278
Morse, Wayde Cameron
356
Newcomer, Quint
430
Ngai, Jacqueline T
325
Nigh, Ronald
311
Nisbett, R.A
043
Munguía-Rosas, Miguel
Angel
196
Nowakowski, Aaron Justin
427
Muñoz, A
129
O'Connor, K.A
092
Muñoz-Guerrero, Diego A
269, 286
O'Donnell, Sean
345
Murillo-Rodríguez, Fabiana
(ed.)
334
Occhibove, F
408
Murillo-Rodríguez, Luis
Fernando
052
Murrieta-Arévalo, E
303
Musinsky, J
018
Naranjo, E
269, 286
Nason, J.D
058, 088, 139, 149
Newcomer, D.W
307
Ochoa, E
265
Oduber-Rivera, José
155
Oostermeijer, J. Gerard B
259, 339
Ortiz-Malavasi, Edgar
425
Otero-Jiménez, Beatriz
427
Oviedo-Brenes, Federico
317
Paaby-Hansen, Pia
Página 11 de 332
Febrero 2013
351
Polisar, John
414
Ramos-Bendaña, Zayra S
231, 381, 383
Porras-Velázquez, J.P
101
Randolph, Shannon G
421
Powell, George V.N
013, 082, 173, 190, 409
Rangel-Salazar, José Luis
059
Pringle, Catherine M
126
Read, J.M
030, 136, 138, 167
Pruetz, Jill D
333
Reaser, J.K
129
Pulido-Herrera, Luz Astrid
375
Redondo-Brenes, Alvaro
386
Quan-Rodas, Claudia Lorena
174, 331
Regan, Kevin E
256
Rich, P.M
031
Pérez, C.I
079
Quesada-Avendaño,
Mauricio
027, 029, 098, 099, 108, 143,
166, 196, 309
Pérez-García, Oscar
318
Quesada-Mateo, Carlos A
032, 068, 100, 101
Perfecto, Ivette
372
Quigley, Howard
414
Peters, R, [ed.]
016
Quirós-Quesada, Ligia María
422
Peterson, A. Townsend
093
Ramey, R.R., II
223
Peterson, Chris J
179, 440, 441
Ramírez-Chávez, J.R
304
Pfaff, Alexander S.P
156
Ramírez-Umaña, M
131
Pacheco, Jesús
332
Padilla, Clara
409
Palacios-Guevara, Carolina
196
Palminteri, Suzanne
409
Paniagua-Espinoza, Arnoldo
028
Paniagua-Palacios, Wendy
Carolina
424
Pelletier, Aimee J.D
325
Ricketts, T.H
107, 142
Rivard, Benoit
160, 202, 216
Rivas-Rossi, Marta Eugenia
090
Roberts, Dina L
278, 281, 301
Robertson, D.R
249
Robinson, W. Douglas
432
Rocha-Núñez, Oscar J
Página 12 de 332
Febrero 2013
027, 108, 109, 134, 135, 149,
181, 184, 204, 208
Ron, Santiago R
129
Salazar, Karla A.O
196
Rodríguez-Barrantes, Ruth
116
Rosales-Meda, Marta
Marleny
269, 286
Salom-Pérez, Roberto
414
Rodríguez-Matamoros, Jorge
363
Rodríguez-Pineda, J.M
120
Rosas-Guerrero, Víctor
196
Rosero-Bixby, Luis
110, 151
Rodríguez-Solís, Carlos
Mario
102
Rothman, Andrew
378
Rogers, D
153
Roughgarden, J
199
Rogers, Dennis W
404
Rojas, Luis A (comp.)
329
Roldán-Chacón, Carmen
Alexa
087
Roman, G
238
Ruiz-Gutiérrez, Viviana
316, 320
Ruiz-Meléndez, Antonio
336, 344, 377, 384, 389
Rutherford, B.M
263
Rylands, A.B
287
Romero, L.M
102
Sáenz-Méndez, Joel Cris
026, 028, 232, 269, 286, 308,
312, 313, 314, 327, 349, 355
Romero-Gurdián, Alí
411
Salas, A.W
129
Romero-Ramírez, Sergio
046, 288
Salas, C
053
Romo, D
129
Salazar, José Antonio (ed.)
410
Salters, Rosalyn
421
Sánchez-Azofeifa, Gerardo
Arturo
032, 040, 068, 112, 130, 156,
159, 160, 191, 202, 203, 209,
216
Sánchez-López, Sonia
393
Sánchez-Merlo, Dalia
232, 327
Sánchez-Pérez, Julio E
182
Sánchez-Porras, Ronald E
181
Sánchez-Ulate, Natalie
Viviana
424, 437
Sancho-Madriz, E
102
Sandí, Randi F
137
Sandiford, M
271
Sandoval-Vargas, Luis
388
Santivañez-Galarza, J.L
Página 13 de 332
Febrero 2013
306
Santos-Barrera, Georgina
332
Scatena, Frederick N (ed.)
034
Schedlbauer, Jessica L
278, 282, 292, 294, 356
Schindler, Stefan
429
Schipper, Gerrit Jan III
283
Schlaepfer, M.A
033, 125, 152, 185, 290
Schlönvoigt, Andrea M
140
Schultz, Jared
421
Schulze, Christian H
370
Scott, J.M
283
Seaman, Benjamin S
370, 429
Sekercioglu, Cagan H
137, 161, 162, 198, 200, 435
Senf, Melissa Joy
364
Sesnie, Steven E
278, 284, 298, 355, 356, 381
Sherry, Thomas W
247, 321, 396, 399, 432
Shih, Tiffany M
317
Sibaja-Morales, Karen
Daniela
424
Sierra, Claudine
028, 183
Sigel, Bryan J
247, 300, 321, 396
Sinclair, Fergus L
232, 327, 349
Sirot, L
035
Skole, D.L
130
Smith, Alistair M.S
381
Snow, Allison A
115
Sodhi, Navjot S (ed.)
433
Soto-Muñoz, Gabriela
322, 416
Soto-Pinto, Lorena
311
358
St Clair, Colleen Cassady
385, 392
Starzomski, Brian M
325
Stevenson, R.D
039
Stiles, F. Gary
003, 4
Stoian, Dietmar
278, 356
Stoner, Kathryn E
196, 242, 309, 393
Storrier, A.L
159
Suárez, Avelino (ed.)
348
Sugiyama, Anna
440, 441
Suni, Sevan S
420
Tabilo-Valdivieso, Elier
Lorenzo
028, 183
Tamburini, B
223
Soto-Soto, Ricardo
045
Tavares-de Almeida,
Roverbal
371
Srivastava, Dianne S
Tejeda-Tellez, Arianna Gisela
Página 14 de 332
Febrero 2013
424
Tenorio-Alfaro, L.A
053
Thessler, Sirpa
381
Thiele-Mora, G.M
118
Timm, Robert M
359
Tobar-López, Diego E
227
Tosi-Olin, Joseph A., Jr
037, 078
Townsend, Patricia A
406
Trapnell, Dorset W
210, 212, 220
Valle-Bourrouet, Luisa (ed.)
410
van Breugel, Michiel
311
van Laake, Patrick E
191, 254
Vandermeer, John
372
Vargas-Barrantes, Elida
María
181
Vargas-Rojas, Gustavo (ed.)
410
Vargas-Ulate, Gilbert
397
Varley, J.D
102
353
Venegas, B
053
Vieglais, D.A
031
Vílchez-Alvarado, Braulio
260
Vílchez-Mendoza, Sergio J
232, 327, 431
Villa-Romero, J.L
132
Villalobos-Vega, Randol
382
Villanueva-Najarro, Cristóbal
327, 349
Villate, Mauricio
419
Traub, B
094
Vaughan-Dickhaut,
Christopher
009, 010, 230
Villate, Rodrigo
367
Tucker, N.I.J
244
Vázquez-García, J.A
034
von Helversen, Otto
324
Turner, I.M
012
Vea, J.J
218
von Meijenfeldt, Noemi
339
Turner, J.R.G
007
Vega, A (ed.)
074, 075, 076, 077, 078, 079,
080, 081, 082, 083, 084, 085
von Mejenfeldt, Noemi
259
Ugalde-Gómez, Jesús
355
Valerio, Luis
344
Vege, S
063
Velásquez-Mazariegos,
Sergio
Vorauer, Anton
335
Waits, Lisette P
299
Página 15 de 332
Febrero 2013
Walder, Christoph
335
Walker, Sarah
019
Wang, J
031
Watson, D.M
093
Watson, Robert T (ed.)
348
Watt, Allan D
276
Weissenhofer, Anton
429
Werner, Frederick Reuben
171, 338
White, G.M
127
Whitmore, T.C
070
289, 355
Wiesner, Kerstin R
324
Wille, Carlos
087
Wilson, Amy G
412
Wilson, C.L
091
Wilson, Scott
412
Winbeer, Moritz
335
Wishnie, M
311
Wolf, Jan H.D
259, 339
Woltmann, Stefan
321, 387, 399
Woodward, Catherine L
211, 274
Wrbka, Thomas
429
Wright, Pamela
409
Wulfhorst, J.D
356
Young, Bruce E
089, 129, 247, 321, 396
Zaldívar-Ruiz, María Eugenia
181
Zamora-Pereira, Juan Carlos
417, 418
Zeller, Kathy
414
Zwick, P.D
084
Wong-Reyes, Grace
Página 16 de 332
Febrero 2013
ÍNDICE DE DESCRIPTORES
ABANDONED LAND
096, 106, 117, 178, 237
ABIOTIC FACTORS
345
ABUNDANCE
033, 183, 230, 266, 280, 306,
308, 414
ACCIPITRIDAE
009, 137
ACID PRECIPITATION AND
SOIL
129
ACTINOPTERYGII
346, 347
ACTIVITY PATTERNS
026, 141, 393
ACTUAL LAND USE
037
ADAPTATION
217
ADAPTATION IMPACTS
348
ADENOSINE DEAMINASE
181
ADULT MORTALITY
295
ADULTS
180, 251, 315, 328
AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY
030, 091, 096, 106, 113, 123,
136, 138, 167, 176
AFLP
211, 274
AGALYCHNIS
129
AGOUTI
119, 154, 359, 368, 371, 379,
394
AGOUTIDAE
119, 154, 359, 368, 371, 379,
394
AGRICULTURAL
COLONIZATION
096, 106
AGRICULTURAL FRONTIER
087
AGRICULTURAL HABITATS
237
AGRICULTURAL LAND
429
AGRICULTURAL LANDSCAPE
306, 330
AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES
147, 150
AGRICULTURAL STREAM
280
301, 375
AGRICULTURE
030, 087, 091, 092, 096, 106,
107, 116, 123, 142, 165, 167,
176, 191, 216, 219, 244, 254
AGRICULTURE AND CATTLE
GRAZING
216
AGROECOSYSTEMS
266, 267, 306, 308, 312, 317,
415
AGROFORESTRY
037, 087, 091, 092, 140, 222,
233, 243, 244, 245, 269, 286,
318, 383, 416, 429
AGROFORESTRY SYSTEMS
308, 330
ALBIZIA
043
ALFA DIVERSITY
194
ALFAROA
305
ALLELE
019
ALLEY CROPPING
140
ALLIGATORIDAE
009
AGRICULTURAL STRUCTURE
Página 17 de 332
Febrero 2013
ALLOENZYMES
220
ALLOPATRIC MODEL
007
ALLOZYMES
019, 057, 058, 063, 072, 104,
139, 212, 376
ALLUVIAL GALLERY FORESTS
158
ALOUATTA PALLIATA
009, 010, 051, 069, 133, 174,
180, 181, 201, 217, 218, 251,
269, 286, 287, 315, 328, 331,
333, 359, 363, 364, 407, 408
ALPHA DIVERSITY
313, 335
ALTITUDE
345, 431
ALTITUDINAL GRADIENTS
182
ALTITUDINAL MIGRATION
013, 082, 173, 348
AMAZILIA
064, 264, 415
AMAZONA
225, 236, 323, 389
AMEIVA
295, 332
AMISCONDE INITIATIVE
083, 131
AMPHIBIAN DECLINE
129, 235, 295
AMPHIBIANS
033, 045, 116, 125, 129, 152,
185, 235, 273, 290, 295, 332,
427
AMPLIFIED FRAGMENT
LENGTH POLYMORPHISM
211, 274
ANACARDIACEAE
043, 128, 133, 188, 197, 206,
441
ANACARDIUM
043, 128, 197
ANADARA
133
ANALYSIS
246, 285, 357
ANANAS
390
ANATOMY
287
ANDIRA
043
ANGUIDAE
332
ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR
122
ANIMAL FEEDING
140
ANIMAL MIGRATION
001, 301, 333
ANIMAL MOBILITY
261
ANIMAL MOVEMENT
337, 343, 385, 392
ANIMAL POPULATION
097
ANIMAL PROTECTION
225, 236
ANIMAL WELFARE
225, 236
ANNUAL SURVIVAL
412
ANOPHELES
358
ANOURA
335
ANTHODISCUS
133
ANTHROPOGENIC
DISTURBANCE
361
ANIMAL DISPLACEMENT
221
ANTHROPOGENIC
OVEREXPLOITATION
433
ANIMAL ECOLOGY
301
ANTS
162, 253, 261, 345, 361
Página 18 de 332
Febrero 2013
ANURANS
125, 129, 152, 185, 235, 273,
290, 295, 427
APIDAE
128, 317, 340, 350, 360, 420
APIS
317
APOCYNACEAE
063, 065, 231
346, 347, 351, 357, 361, 390,
417, 418, 426, 434
AREA DE CONSERVACION
ARENAL TILARAN
004, 013, 018, 034, 036, 037,
038, 039, 041, 042, 081, 093,
111, 117, 123, 124, 129, 133,
156, 173, 175, 176, 177, 190,
216, 235, 243, 244, 258, 259,
264, 339, 345, 351, 379, 394,
397, 406, 426, 433
ARCIDAE
133
CORDILLERA VOLCANICA
CENTRAL
001, 002, 003, 004, 005, 006,
015, 016, 017, 019, 030, 034,
050, 059, 061, 062, 067, 068,
081, 089, 093, 102, 113, 114,
116, 119, 120, 122, 126, 134,
136, 138, 144, 148, 153, 154,
156, 158, 164, 167, 170, 172,
175, 187, 205, 207, 214, 221,
222, 226, 227, 231, 233, 240,
246, 247, 253, 254, 260, 261,
267, 268, 270, 273, 274, 276,
277, 278, 279, 281, 282, 284,
285, 286, 291, 292, 294, 295,
298, 299, 300, 301, 302, 303,
304, 305, 306, 318, 319, 321,
322, 324, 329, 330, 336, 338,
341, 344, 346, 347, 351, 356,
357, 361, 363, 367, 368, 369,
372, 373, 377, 378, 381, 383,
384, 387, 388, 390, 391, 396,
399, 400, 404, 409, 411, 414,
415, 416, 417, 418, 422, 424,
427, 432, 437, 438
ARENAL HUETAR NORTE
094, 156, 170, 175, 181, 187,
214, 244, 246, 255, 276, 285,
GUANACASTE
004, 051, 071, 080, 093, 099,
102, 105, 123, 124, 143, 145,
APPARENT SURVIVAL
320
AQUATIC WEEDS
133
AQUIFER
126, 424
ARA
009, 133, 187, 241, 279, 323,
336, 341, 367, 377, 384, 389,
403, 409, 434
ARABLE LAND
130
ARATINGA
064, 323
ARCHILOCHUS
264
146, 147, 156, 166, 175, 176,
177, 180, 181, 184, 196, 202,
203, 204, 208, 209, 212, 216,
228, 230, 251, 254, 255, 309,
325, 328, 329, 337, 343, 346,
347, 351, 358, 362, 376, 382,
385, 392, 393
AREA DE CONSERVACION LA
AMISTAD CARIBE
034, 053, 083, 096, 106, 131,
133, 156, 175, 181, 191, 213,
221, 230, 265, 268, 280, 283,
326, 329, 351, 383, 386, 414
AREA DE CONSERVACION LA
AMISTAD PACIFICO
011, 012, 020, 021, 022, 023,
024, 025, 031, 033, 040, 044,
049, 060, 063, 083, 091, 092,
093, 096, 103, 106, 107, 115,
125, 129, 131, 133, 134, 137,
142, 149, 152, 156, 161, 162,
165, 169, 171, 175, 179, 182,
185, 198, 200, 219, 223, 224,
230, 237, 239, 252, 262, 263,
264, 275, 288, 290, 316, 317,
320, 329, 332, 334, 338, 340,
342, 350, 351, 353, 360, 373,
374, 375, 383, 386, 420, 431,
435, 440, 441
MARINA ISLA DEL COCO
175, 351
OSA
004, 007, 008, 026, 031, 035,
045, 047, 081, 086, 095, 110,
121, 133, 141, 151, 156, 160,
175, 183, 196, 224, 229, 230,
237, 252, 256, 275, 319, 335,
351, 353, 369, 370, 371, 374,
Página 19 de 332
Febrero 2013
375, 386, 395, 405, 412, 429,
431, 436
PACIFICO CENTRAL
028, 052, 064, 065, 134, 149,
156, 175, 181, 182, 183, 236,
266, 286, 301, 308, 319, 351,
369, 395, 398, 401, 402, 421,
428
TEMPISQUE
003, 004, 040, 043, 046, 057,
058, 069, 072, 073, 088, 098,
104, 105, 118, 123, 124, 128,
133, 134, 139, 147, 149, 156,
174, 175, 176, 177, 181, 192,
193, 194, 195, 201, 203, 209,
210, 212, 216, 220, 228, 232,
234, 242, 257, 271, 286, 313,
319, 323, 331, 346, 347, 351,
359, 369, 376
TORTUGUERO
056, 061, 062, 067, 081, 153,
155, 156, 175, 181, 191, 230,
250, 255, 268, 293, 315, 319,
329, 333, 346, 347, 351, 364,
369, 380, 393, 407, 408, 439
ARECACEAE
017, 024, 229, 380, 400, 429
ARID ZONES
234, 257
ARMY ANTS
253, 261, 345
ARTHROPOD COMMUNITIES
162
ARTHROPODS
007, 008, 011, 020, 039, 045,
107, 116, 128, 133, 137, 142,
161, 162, 165, 192, 193, 205,
219, 227, 229, 232, 244, 253,
261, 272, 276, 309, 317, 318,
325, 340, 345, 350, 358, 360,
361, 375, 411, 420
ARTIBEUS
335
ARTIFICIAL BAT ROOSTS
324
ARTIFICIAL NESTS
061, 062, 067
ASCOMYCOTA
163, 260
ASSESSMENT
177, 202, 203, 209, 238
ASTERACEAE
168, 224, 252
ASTEROGYNE
380, 400
ATELOPUS
129
ATMOSPHERIC CARBON
140
ATROPOIDES
332
ATTA INFORMATION
SYSTEM
160
AVIAN COMMUNITY
114, 412
AVIAN DIVERSITY
386
AVIAN EXTINCTION
012, 015
AVIAN FRUGIVORES
171, 338
AVICENNIA
064
ASTROCARYUM
017
AVIFAUNA
195, 199, 234, 257, 302, 322,
404
ASTRONIUM
133
BACTRIS
017, 380
ASYNCHRONOUS
MIGRATION PATTERNS
264
BAGACES (CANTON)
139
ATELES
009, 010, 180, 250, 251, 269,
286, 287, 293, 328, 333, 359,
363, 371, 393, 407
BAIRD'S TAPIR
283
BANANA PLANTATIONS
Página 20 de 332
Febrero 2013
059, 061, 062, 067, 089, 191,
254
BANANAS
153, 191, 268
BARBILLA SUBCORRIDOR
414
BARRED ANTSHRIKE
343, 392
BAYESIAN CLUSTERING
316, 342
BEES
317, 350
BEHAVIOUR
015, 020, 069, 147, 150, 250,
293, 315, 364, 437
BARVA (CANTON)
424
BEHAVIOURAL LANDSCAPE
ECOLOGY
427
BARVA AQUIFER
424
BETA DIVERSITY
194, 313, 381, 431
BASELINE
413
BIGNONIACEAE
063, 133, 382
BASIC BIOLOGY
141
BILLIA
379, 394
BASIDIOMYCOTA
411
BINATIONAL CAMPAIGN
336, 341, 377, 384, 389
BASILISCUS
332
BIOCLIMATOLOGY
016
BAT COMMUNITY
STRUCTURE
242
BIODIVERSITY
001, 008, 011, 012, 014, 016,
020, 022, 023, 024, 031, 032,
034, 039, 045, 047, 049, 050,
053, 054, 056, 059, 074, 075,
076, 077, 078, 079, 080, 081,
082, 083, 084, 085, 087, 089,
090, 093, 095, 097, 098, 100,
102, 105, 107, 111, 115, 117,
118, 131, 134, 137, 140, 142,
143, 148, 153, 155, 157, 160,
161, 162, 163, 165, 169, 173,
178, 182, 188, 189, 190, 192,
193, 194, 197, 198, 200, 215,
BATAN (DISTRITO)
153, 268
BATRACHOCHYTRIUM
295
BATS
021, 044, 060, 116, 147, 194,
196, 232, 242, 299, 313, 324,
335, 359
219, 227, 228, 232, 234, 235,
237, 238, 239, 242, 243, 244,
245, 246, 248, 255, 256, 257,
258, 260, 267, 268, 269, 272,
273, 284, 285, 286, 295, 296,
297, 298, 302, 306, 308, 310,
312, 313, 314, 317, 318, 319,
322, 325, 327, 333, 334, 344,
348, 349, 351, 352, 355, 357,
358, 365, 366, 370, 372, 374,
375, 412, 414, 415, 416, 421,
429, 431, 433, 438
BIODIVERSITY
CONSERVATION
055, 156, 168, 175, 186, 221,
224, 252, 262, 263, 276, 288,
330, 361, 383, 404, 410
BIODIVERSITY DECLINE
238
BIODIVERSITY INDICATORS
162
BIODIVERSITY
INFORMATION
MANAGEMENT
102
BIODIVERSITY LOSS
006, 068, 087, 090, 148
BIODIVERSITY PROTECTION
038
BIODIVERSITY SUSTAINING
253
BIOGEGRAPHIC PATTERNS
148
BIOGEOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS
170
Página 21 de 332
Febrero 2013
164, 172
BIOGEOGRAPHY
008, 034, 138, 168, 224, 252,
334, 346, 347
BIOGRAPHIES
146
BIOLOGICAL CORRIDORS
001, 002, 003, 014, 018, 026,
031, 036, 037, 038, 041, 042,
045, 046, 048, 052, 053, 054,
055, 056, 074, 075, 076, 077,
078, 079, 080, 081, 082, 083,
084, 085, 086, 087, 090, 102,
111, 117, 121, 123, 124, 131,
132, 133, 140, 141, 150, 155,
156, 157, 170, 175, 176, 182,
187, 190, 200, 213, 214, 215,
221, 226, 230, 231, 238, 243,
246, 248, 255, 262, 263, 265,
272, 275, 277, 283, 285, 288,
296, 297, 303, 304, 305, 307,
319, 326, 329, 333, 335, 336,
337, 341, 343, 344, 351, 354,
355, 356, 357, 365, 367, 369,
370, 371, 373, 377, 378, 381,
383, 384, 385, 389, 390, 391,
392, 409, 413, 414, 415, 418,
419, 421, 422, 423, 425, 426,
429, 430, 436
BIOLOGICAL INDICATORS
011
BIOLOGICAL JUSTIFICATION
170, 246, 277, 285, 344, 357
BIOLOGICAL PRESERVATION
053, 054
BIOLOGICAL RESERVES
013, 126, 156, 175, 213, 326
BIOLOGICAL RESERVES
DESIGN
013, 173
BIOLOGY
011, 109
BIOMASS
146
BIOPHILIA
225, 236
BIOPROSPECTING
272
BIOSPHERE RESERVES
083, 131
BIOLOGICAL
DIFFERENTIATION
008
BIRD COMMUNITY
137, 200, 247, 300, 396
BIOLOGICAL DYNAMICS
207
BIRD CONTROL
133
BIOLOGICAL EDUCATION
PROGRAM
102
BIOLOGICAL FACTORS
BIRD DIET
137, 200
BIRD DISPERSAL
387, 399
BIRD DISTURBANCE
198
BIRD DIVERSITY
089, 268
BIRD PESTS
133
BIRD POPULATIONS
115
BIRD SPECIES DIVERSITY
024
BIRDING TRAILS
378
BIRDS
003, 004, 005, 009, 010, 012,
013, 015, 023, 024, 025, 045,
059, 061, 062, 064, 067, 082,
086, 089, 093, 103, 114, 115,
116, 133, 137, 150, 153, 171,
173, 187, 190, 195, 198, 199,
200, 223, 225, 232, 234, 236,
239, 241, 243, 247, 253, 257,
264, 266, 268, 279, 281, 300,
301, 302, 306, 308, 316, 320,
321, 322, 323, 336, 337, 338,
341, 342, 343, 348, 367, 370,
371, 377, 378, 384, 385, 386,
387, 388, 389, 392, 396, 399,
403, 404, 405, 409, 412, 415,
416, 432, 434, 435, 436, 437,
438
BIRDWATCHING TOURISM
198
BIXACEAE
382
Página 22 de 332
Febrero 2013
BLOOD
025, 223
BOA
332
BOCA RIO SAN CARLOS
187
129, 235
BOUNDARIES
255
BOVIDAE
216
BREEDING BIOLOGY
199, 210, 220
BOCA TAPADA DE SAN
CARLOS
434
BREEDING SITE
434
BOIDAE
332
BREEDING SYSTEMS
098, 143, 149, 188, 189, 258
BOLITOGLOSSA MINUTULA
129, 332
BRIBRI AMERINDIANS
280
BOMBACACEAE
099, 166, 196, 228, 240, 245,
271, 274, 309
BROMELIACEAE
258, 259, 339, 358, 390
BOMBACOPSIS
099, 166, 228, 245, 271
BORAGINACEAE
133, 188, 302, 322, 416
BOS
216
BOSCOSA PROJECT
045
BOTANICAL COMPOSITION
086, 116, 118, 158, 233, 242,
244, 327, 334, 349, 374, 431
BOTANISTS
263
BOTHROPS
332
BROMELIAD TANK WATER
325, 358
BROSIMUM ALICASTRUM
305
BROSIMUM
400
BROTOGERIS
323
BUFFER ZONES
041, 054, 074, 075, 076, 077,
078, 079, 080, 081, 082, 083,
084, 085, 090, 111, 118, 131,
132, 155, 213, 326, 371
BUFO
129, 235
BUFONIDAE
BURSERA
382
BURSERACEAE
382, 400
BUTEOGALLUS
064
BUTORIDES
064
BUTTERFLIES
011, 020, 165, 219
BUTTERFLY FARMING
272
BUTTERFLY MIGRATIONS
039
CABECAR AMERINDIANS
280
CAECILIIDAE
332
CAIMAN
009
CALIFORNIA TICO DE
SARAPIQUI
187
CALLITRICHIDAE
286, 287
CALUROMYS
359
CALYPTROGYNE
380
Página 23 de 332
Febrero 2013
CAMPYLOPTERUS
264,
119, 122, 144, 154, 231, 333,
368
CASEARIA
043
CARATE DE PUERTO
JIMENEZ
086
CASSIA
043
CARBON CYCLE
096, 106, 235
CATALINA
376
CARBON DIOXIDE
235
CATHARUS
198
CARBON SEQUESTRATION
036, 037, 140, 356
CATIE
132, 373, 374, 375, 415, 431
CARE OF YOUNG
150
CATOPSIS
258, 259, 339
CANOPY MICROCLIMATE
259, 339
CARIARI (DISTRITO)
181, 191, 250, 293, 315, 333,
364, 380, 393, 407, 408, 439
CATTLE
216
CANOPY PALMS
017, 431
CARIBBEAN COAST
084
CANOPY TREES
431
CARNIVORES
009, 010, 116, 121, 141, 230,
283, 371, 414
CAMPYLORHYNCHUS
337, 343, 385, 392, 435
CAÑAS (CANTON)
128, 134, 149, 192, 193, 194,
195, 232, 234, 257, 286, 313
CANIDAE
359
CANIS
359
CANOPY BIOLOGY
128
CANTHON
375
CAPTIVITY
225, 236, 241
CAROLLIA
324, 335
CARYOCAR
133
CAPTURE-MARK-RECAPTURE
ANALYSIS
320
CARYOCARACEAE
133
CARABIDAE
162
CARYODAPHNOPSIS
133
CATTLE FARMING
216
CATTLE PASTURES
171, 185, 338
CATTLE PRODUCTION
SYSTEMS
267
CEBIDAE
009, 010, 028, 035, 051, 069,
133, 174, 180, 181, 183, 201,
217, 218, 250, 251, 269, 286,
287, 289, 293, 315, 328, 331,
333, 359, 363, 364, 371, 393,
398, 401, 402, 407, 408, 410,
428
CEBUS
CARAPA
CASE STUDIES
131, 265, 272, 308
Página 24 de 332
Febrero 2013
009, 010, 133, 180, 251, 269,
286, 287, 328, 333, 359, 363,
371, 407
CERVIDAE
133
CECROPIACEAE
400
CHAMAEDOREA
380
CEDRAL FARM
059, 089
CHANGE IN LAND USE
184, 204, 208, 362
CEDRELA
063, 133, 188, 228, 245
CHANGE OF LANDSCAPE
STRUCTURE
094
CEIBA
196, 309
CENTRO CIENTIFICO
TROPICAL
262, 263
CHANGES
030, 101, 136, 138, 167
CHIROPTERA
021, 044, 060, 116, 147, 194,
196, 232, 242, 299, 313, 324,
335, 359
CHIRRACA DE ACOSTA
401, 402, 428
CHLOROSTILBON
264
CHOERONISCUS
335
CHOMES (DISTRITO)
064
CHANGES IN SPECIES
COMPOSITION
189
CHORDEILES
064
CHARADRIUS
064
CHRYSOLAMPIS
264
CHECKLISTS
332, 405
CHYTRIDIOMYCOSIS
295
CHELONIIDAE
133
CHYTRIDIOMYCOTINA
295
CERRO COPAL
CAMARONERA
174, 331
CHEMICAL CONTAMINANTS
129
CICONIIDAE
064
CERRO COPAL OJO DE AGUA
174, 331
CHILAMATE DE SARAPIQUI
187, 417, 418, 437
CINGULATA
359
CERRO DE LA MUERTE
264
CHILDREN
377
CINNAMOMUM
065
CERRO DE LAS VUELTAS
156, 175
CHILOPODS
137
CISSIA, 318
CENTROLENIDAE
129
CENTRONYCTERIS
335
CENTURIO
335
CERRO SAN GIL
164, 172
CHIRODERMA
335
CIUDAD COLON
065, 149
Página 25 de 332
Febrero 2013
CIUDAD UNIVERSITARIA
RODRIGO FACIO
388
CLARAVIS
064
CLASSIFICATION
351
CLAVICIPITACEAE
260
CLIMATE
008, 046, 071, 086, 123, 145,
176
CLIMATE CHANGE
016, 040, 079, 126, 129, 140,
189, 235, 238, 300, 345, 348,
352, 355, 365, 374, 375, 393,
406, 431, 433
CLIMATIC CONDITIONS
038
CLIMBERS
158
CLOUD
254
CLOUD FOREST ECOLOGY
034
CLOUD FORESTS
034, 096, 106, 235
COASTAL ZONES
348
COLUBRIDAE
332
COBANO (DISTRITO)
046
COLUMBIDAE
133, 137
COCHLOSPERMUM
382
COLUMBINA
064
COCHRANELLA
129
COMBRETACEAE
064
COFFEA
162, 169, 302, 318, 322, 411,
416
COMMUNAL TREE NESTING
SITE
434
COFFEE
162, 169, 302, 318, 322, 411,
416
COMMUNITIES
059
COFFEE PLANTATIONS
040, 112, 107, 142, 162, 165,
219
COLEOPTERA
137, 162, 192, 193, 229, 232,
276, 361, 375, 411
COLIBRI
264
COLLECTING METHODS
090
COLONIZATION
239
COMMUNITY ASSEMBLY
237
COMMUNITY CAPITALS
413
COMMUNITY COMPOSITION
022, 169, 258, 259, 317, 339,
350
COMMUNITY
DEVELOPMENT
037
COMMUNITY DYNAMICS
239
COMMUNITY ECOLOGY
153, 268
CLUSIACEAE
021, 044, 049, 060, 274
COLOSTETHUS
129
CNFL
426
COLOUR PATTERN
007
COMMUNITY
ORGANIZATION
132
Página 26 de 332
Febrero 2013
COMMUNITY
PARTICIPATION
132
COMMUNITY STRUCTURE
358
COMMUNITY WEIGHTED
MEAN
400
CONEPATUS
CONNECTIVITY
028, 221, 222, 231, 233, 302,
306, 322, 383, 411, 415, 416,
418, 427
CONSEQUENCES
001, 002, 098, 143, 184, 204,
208, 333, 362
CONSERVATION
002, 003, 004, 005, 013, 061,
062, 067, 074, 075, 076, 077,
078, 079, 080, 081, 082, 083,
084, 085, 105, 107, 115, 131,
146, 150, 153, 157, 160, 170,
173, 175, 187, 190, 203, 209,
214, 217, 218, 220, 225, 230,
236, 243, 244, 245, 246, 248,
255, 268, 269, 277, 285, 286,
287, 288, 289, 295, 296, 297,
315, 317, 329, 332, 336, 341,
346, 347, 348, 357, 365, 377,
384, 388, 389, 406, 418, 435,
436, 439
CONSERVATION AREAS
001, 014, 041, 042, 055, 074,
075, 076, 077, 078, 079, 080,
081, 082, 083, 084, 085, 102,
131, 155, 156, 333
CONSERVATION BIOLOGY
012, 070, 071, 145, 433
CONSERVATION CORRIDORS
074, 075, 076, 077, 078, 079,
080, 081, 082, 083, 084, 085,
131
136
CONTINENTAL WATERS
297
CONTINUOUS FORESTS
108
CONSERVATION EFFORTS
256
COPAIFERA
133
CONSERVATION
IMPLICATIONS
435
COPRIS
375
CONSERVATION IN HUMANMODIFIED LANDSCAPES
433
CONSERVATION MEASURES
307, 341, 367
CONSERVATION PLANNING
AND PRIORITIES
433
CONSERVATION POLICY
032, 100, 101, 284, 298
CONSERVATION PRIORITY
AREAS
303
CONSERVATION PROGRAMS
439
CONSERVATION PROJECT
041
CONSERVATION STRATEGY
221
CONTAGION METRIC
METHOD
CORAGYPS
064
CORAPIPO
316, 320, 342
CORDIA
043, 133, 188, 302, 322, 416
CORDILLERA DE
TALAMANCA
081, 093, 096, 106, 129, 383,
386
CORDILLERA DE TILARAN
036, 037, 038, 111, 190
CORREDOR BIOLOGICO
BINACIONAL EL CASTILLOSAN JUAN-LA SELVA
170, 187, 214, 226, 231, 246,
255, 277, 278, 279, 284, 285,
298, 319, 329, 336, 341, 344,
356, 357, 367, 369, 377, 378,
381, 384, 390, 391, 409, 417,
418
CORREDOR BIOLOGICO
BOLSON-ORTEGA
319, 369
Página 27 de 332
Febrero 2013
CORREDOR BIOLOGICO
CERROS DE JESUS
319, 369
CORREDOR BIOLOGICO
CERROS DEL ROSARIO
319, 369
CORREDOR BIOLOGICO
CHOROTEGA
319, 369
CORREDOR BIOLOGICO
CENTRAL-TALAMANCA
304, 318, 373
CORREDOR BIOLOGICO
DIRIA
319, 369
CORREDOR BIOLOGICO
MESOAMERICANO
214, 215, 255, 278, 310, 319,
329, 369, 386
CORREDOR BIOLOGICO
MONTEVERDE-GOLFO DE
NICOYA
036, 037, 038
CORREDOR BIOLOGICO OSA
319, 369
CORREDOR BIOLOGICO
PASO DE LA DANTA
319, 369
CORREDOR BIOLOGICO
PENINSULAR
319, 369
CORREDOR BIOLOGICO RIO
POTRERO
319, 369
001, 002, 074, 075, 076, 077,
078, 079, 080, 081, 082, 083,
084, 085, 131, 221, 261, 333
CORREDOR BIOLOGICO SAN
JUAN-LA SELVA AREA DE
CONSERVACION
CENTRAL
366
CORYTOPHANES
332
CORREDOR BIOLOGICO
TALAMANCA-CARIBE
213, 221, 265, 326
CORREDOR BIOLOGICO
TORTUGUERO
319, 329, 369
CORREDOR BIOLOGICO
TURRIALBA-JIMENEZ
302, 305, 319, 322, 369
CORREDOR BIOLÓGICO
CENTRAL-TALAMANCA
303
CORRELATED MATING
134, 135
CORRELATION OF
PATERNITY
134
CORRIDOR DESIGN
018, 221
CORRIDOR USE
343, 392
CORRIDORS
CORYTOPHANIDAE
332
COST DISTANCE
275, 423, 425
COSTS
079
COTINGIDAE
137, 190
COTO 47
229
COTO BRUS (CANTON)
022, 024, 025, 033, 063, 091,
092, 169, 342
COTO BRUS BIOLOGICAL
CORRIDOR
024
COUMA
231
COUNTRYSIDE
317, 350, 420
COUNTRYSIDE
BIOGEOGRAPHY
162, 186, 199, 237, 311, 325,
358
COUNTRYSIDE ECOLOGY
335
Página 28 de 332
Febrero 2013
COUNTRYSIDE HABITATS
168, 186, 224, 252
COURATARI
133
COVER ASSESSMENT
040, 112
COVER FOREST MAPS
216
CRACIDAE
009, 010, 371
CRAUGASTOR
295
CRAX
009, 010, 371
CROPS
123, 130, 176
CUPANIA
065
CROTON
400
CURCULIONIDAE
229, 411
CROTOPHAGA
064, 308
CUTANEOUS MYCOSIS
295
CUAJINIQUIL
376
CYANOCORAX
416
CUCULIDAE
064, 308
CYNOMETRA
133
CUENCA BAJA RIO
TEMPISQUE
210, 212, 220
DALBERGIA
133
CREATION PROPOSAL
170, 277, 344
CUENCA DEL RIO
TEMPISQUE
123, 124, 176
CRICETIDAE
359
CUENCA RIO SAVEGRE
182, 288, 334
CRISTO REY DE SARAPIQUI
187
CULEX REJECTOR
358
CRITICAL PATCH SIZE
199
CULICIDAE
358
CROCODYLIA
116
CULTIVATED LAND HABITAT
201
DAMAGE
065
DAMAS DE QUEPOS
401, 402, 428
DAMS
123, 124, 126, 176
DASYPODIDAE
359
DASYPROCTA
119, 154, 359, 368, 371, 379,
394
CROCODYLUS
009
CULTURAL RESOURCES
164, 172
DASYPROCTIDAE
119, 154, 359, 368, 371, 379,
394
CROOKED TREE
164, 172
CULTURE
225, 236
DASYPUS
359
CROP POLLINATION
317
CUNICULIDAE
359
DATA ANALYSIS
009, 216
Página 29 de 332
Febrero 2013
DATABASES
031, 032
DENDROBATIDAE
427
DEAD TREES
158
DENDROCOLAPTES
253
DECIDUOUS SEASONAL
FORESTS
027, 029, 099, 108
DENDROCOLAPTIDAE
137, 253
DECISION-MAKING
430
DEFAUNATION
119, 144, 154, 368
DEFORESTATION
006, 009, 010, 020, 027, 030,
031, 032, 035, 036, 037, 038,
040, 047, 061, 062, 063, 064,
067, 068, 069, 070, 071, 091,
092, 095, 096, 106, 108, 110,
112, 130, 136, 138, 145, 148,
151, 159, 160, 167, 168, 174,
182, 187, 189, 191, 197, 201,
203, 209, 216, 224, 225, 235,
236, 237, 241, 252, 254, 260,
265, 278, 280, 301, 314, 325,
331, 336, 341, 356, 367, 377,
384, 389, 403, 414, 421, 434
DENDROICA
064, 308, 415
DENDROPHIDIUM
332
DEPLETING ACTIVITIES
218, 287
DICHOTOMIUS
375
DIDELPHIDAE
359
DIDELPHIS
359
DIET
051, 323, 371
DIFFERENTIATION
134
DIFFUSION MODELS
199
DERMAPTERA
137
DIGITAL CARTOGRAPHIC
DATABASE
123, 176
DERMOPHIS
332
DIGITAL MAPPING
068
DESIGN
319, 414
DIGITAL PROCESSING OF
AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS
123, 176
DESIGN OF ECOLOGICAL
NETWORKS
275
DILODENDRON
382
DEFORESTATION RATES
156, 159
DESMODUS
324, 335
DIOECIOUS PLANTS
120
DEGRADED SOILS
117
DEVELOPMENT
185
DIPLOGLOSSUS BILOBATUS
332
DEMOGRAPHY
021, 038, 044, 051, 060, 174,
218, 331
DEVELOPMENT PLANS
280
DIPTERA
137, 358
DEVELOPMENT POLICY
053, 100, 101, 365
DIPTEROCARPACEAE
128
DENDROBATES
427
Página 30 de 332
Febrero 2013
DIPTERYX
119, 122, 144, 154, 270, 279,
291, 299, 368
DIRECT OBSERVATIONS
141
DISCOVERY CHANNEL
263
DISPERSAL
128, 139, 161, 174, 181, 184,
188, 204, 208, 249, 331, 350,
362, 420
DISPERSAL ASSEMBLY
431
DISPERSAL BEHAVIOUR
432
DISPERSAL CHALLENGE
432
DISPERSAL MECHANISM
066
DISPERSED TREES
140
DISPERSER BEHAVIOUR
066
DISPERSION
194, 313, 368, 415
DISPLACEMENT
427
DISPLACEMENT PATTERNS
221
010, 023, 033, 125, 152, 162,
183, 230, 235, 239, 289, 290
DISTRIBUTION PATTERNS
332
DISTRIBUTION WITHIN
HABITAT
358, 385
DISTURBANCE
115, 380
DISTURBED FORESTS
154
DIURNAL ACTIVITY
020
DIVERSITY
258, 266, 306, 313, 314, 317
DIVERSITY INDEX
257
DNA
287
DNA SEQUENCING
103, 223
DOMINANT SPECIES
301
DRAINAGE
046, 123, 159, 176
DRAINAGE SYSTEMS
040, 112
DROUGHT
123, 176, 235
DISTRIBUTION
DRUG CONSUMPTION
046
DRY ATMOSPHERIC CARBON
037
DRY DECIDUOUS FOREST
128
DRYAS
227
DUNG BEETLES
192, 193, 232, 375
DUSSIA
133
DYNAMICS
096, 105, 106, 128, 216
DYSDERCUS
309
DYSITHAMNUS
103, 223
EARLY MORTALITY
440
EARTH
153, 268, 430
ECITON
253, 261
ECOAGRICULTURE
383
ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS
381
ECOLOGICAL
CLASSIFICATION
038
Página 31 de 332
Febrero 2013
ECOLOGICAL CONNECTIVITY
421
ECOLOGICAL DISTURBANCE
030, 158, 163, 167
ECOLOGICAL IMPACT
235
ECOLOGICAL LAND USE
CAPABILITY
078
ECOLOGICAL LANDSCAPE
395
ECOLOGICAL MONITORING
355, 391
ECOLOGICAL NICHE
358, 375
ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION
031, 324
ECOLOGICAL SUCCESSION
071, 145, 147, 148, 178, 184,
204, 208, 244, 362
ECOLOGICAL
SUSTAINABILITY
205
ECOLOGY
011, 013, 020, 045, 093, 099,
107, 118, 123, 124, 125, 133,
138, 141, 142, 149, 152, 165,
173, 176, 177, 180, 183, 185,
186, 197, 202, 217, 230, 241,
246, 248, 251, 264, 285, 290,
315, 328, 357, 358, 366, 398,
401, 402, 406, 428
ECONOMIC ANALYSIS
024
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
041
ECONOMIC EFFECTS
041
ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY
079
ECONOMIC GROWTH
STRATEGY
397
ECONOMIC POLICIES
079
ECONOMIC VALUE
150
ECOPHYSIOLOGY
432
ECOSYSTEM APPROACH
391, 422
ECOSYSTEM FUNCTIONING
AND SERVICES
433
ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT
284, 298, 365
ECOSYSTEM SERVICES
096, 106, 317, 411
ECOSYSTEMS
015, 090, 147, 150, 161, 164,
172, 215, 235, 237, 238, 244,
273, 295, 319, 334, 351, 355,
414, 417
ECOTOURISM
024, 037, 041, 042, 046, 055,
123, 124, 150, 176, 198, 365,
397, 421
ECOTOURISM IMPACT
036
EDGE EFFECT
118, 125, 152, 158, 185, 261,
282, 290, 292, 294, 366
EDGE EFFECTS
385
EDGE HABITAT
147
EDUCATIONAL ASPECTS
036
EFFECTIVENESS
354, 369, 413
EFFECTS
114, 174, 221, 235, 331
EFFICIENCY
282, 292, 294
EGG INCUBATION
185
EGGS
185
EIRA
359, 371
EL CARMEN DE SIQUIRRES
153, 268
EL NIÑO SOUTHERN
OSCILLATION
Página 32 de 332
Febrero 2013
040, 112, 235
EL ROBLE DE PUERTO VIEJO
DE SARAPIQUI
437
EL ZOTA BIOLOGICAL FIELD
STATION
250, 293, 333, 364, 380, 393
ELAEIDOBIUS
229
ELAEIS
229, 429
ELAPIDAE
332
ELECTROPHORETIC
MARKERS
174, 181, 331
401, 402, 403, 410, 414, 428,
433, 434
ENDEMISM
436
ENSO
040, 112, 235
ENTEROLOBIUM
057, 058, 072, 088, 104, 109,
134, 135, 139, 149, 188, 206
ENVIRONMENT
045, 110, 151, 213, 326, 365,
397
ENVIRONMENTAL
DEGRADATION
159, 216, 233
ELEUTHERODACTYLUS
125, 129, 290, 295
ENVIRONMENTAL
EDUCATION
037, 132, 187, 336, 341, 377,
384, 389, 410
ELEVATION
254
ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS
087
ELVIRA
264
ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
374, 431
EMBALLONURIDAE
335
ENVIRONMENTAL GRADIENT
148
EMBERIZIDAE
137, 415, 436
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
ASSESSMENT
045, 105, 159, 185, 191, 233,
254, 319, 414
ENDANGERED SPECIES
003, 004, 009, 069, 082, 114,
116, 121, 129, 133, 173, 187,
190, 198, 201, 241, 246, 279,
285, 289, 295, 305, 336, 341,
357, 367, 377, 384, 389, 398,
ENVIRONMENTAL LAW
014, 055
ENVIRONMENTAL
MANAGEMENT
354, 367, 369, 413
ENVIRONMENTAL
MONITORING
045, 161, 198
ENVIRONMENTAL
PLANNING
079
ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY
079, 248, 351, 365
ENVIRONMENTAL
PROBLEMS
255
ENVIRONMENTAL
PROTECTION
146, 159, 235, 365
ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES
102, 248
ENVIRONMENTAL
VARIABLES
305
EPIDEMICS
129
EPIPHYTE ESTABLISHMENT
259, 339
EPIPHYTIC BROMELIADS
258, 259, 325, 339, 358
EPTESICUS
335
ERETHIZONTIDAE
359
Página 33 de 332
Febrero 2013
433
EROSION
036, 038, 040, 112
EUTERPE
017, 024, 380
ERYTHRINA
222, 233, 302, 322, 416
EUTOXERES
115
ERYTHROLAMPRUS
332
EVAPOTRANSPIRATION
037, 130
ESPARZA (CANTON)
266, 301, 308
EVENNESS
306
ESTACION EXPERIMENTAL
ENRIQUE JIMENEZ NUÑEZ
181
EVOLUTION
007, 008, 264, 346, 347, 398,
401, 402, 428
FAECAL ANALYSIS
141
ESTACION EXPERIMENTAL
FORESTAL HORIZONTES
212
EVOLUTIONARY RADIATION
007
FAGACEAE
382
EX SITU GERMINATION
440
FARM MANAGEMENT
314, 330
EXOTIC SPECIES
065
FARM SIZE
341
EXPERIENCE EXCHANGE
304
FARMER DECISION MAKING
092
EXPERIENCE
SYSTEMATIZATION
304
FARMER MANAGEMENT
244
ESTERILLOS DE PARRITA
401, 402, 428
EUCOMETIS
103, 223
EUGENIA
043
EUGLOSSA
420
EUGLOSSINE BEES
012, 317, 340, 350, 420
EULAEMA
420
EUPHORBIACEAE
333, 400
EURYSTERNUS
375
EXPLOITATION
COMPETITION
099
EXTINCTION RATE
239
EXTINCTION RISK
175, 199
FABACEAE
019, 058, 027, 029, 043, 057,
065, 072, 073, 088, 098, 104,
109, 119, 122, 133, 134, 135,
139, 143, 144, 149, 154, 188,
206, 222, 231, 233, 270, 279,
291, 299, 302, 322, 368, 382,
400, 416
FACILITIES
031
FARMLAND
036, 038, 318
FARMS
140
FAUNAL DIVERSITY
314, 330
FAUNAL MOVEMENTS
243
EXTINCTIONS
Página 34 de 332
Febrero 2013
FAUNISTICS
116
FEASIBILITY STUDIES
053
FEEDING
150
FEEDING BEHAVIOUR
345
FEEDING ECOLOGY
408
FEEDING GUILDS
306
FEEDING HABITS
141, 217, 230, 240, 269, 286
FELIDAE
009, 010, 121, 141, 230, 283,
359, 371, 414
FELIS
009, 010, 371
FEMALES
180, 251, 269, 286, 315, 328
FENCEROWS
385, 392
FILA BRUNQUEÑA
395
FILA LAS CRUCES
125, 152, 185, 290
FILA TIGRE
223
183
FINCA EL PROGRESO
380
FINCA LADRILLERA
158
FINCA PANIAGUA
158
FINCA ROJOMACA
158
FIRE
146, 433
FIRE CONTROL
146
FISHERIES
348
FISHERIES PRODUCTION
045
FISHES
249, 280, 346, 347
FLACOURTIACEAE
043
FLOODING
123, 159, 176
FLORISTIC COMPOSITION
334
FLORISTIC PATTERNS
381
FLOW REGULATION
123, 126, 176
FINCA CERROS
FLOWERING
099
FLOWERING ASYNCHRONY
066
FLOWERING DENSITY
019
FLOWERING PHENOLOGY
166, 188, 189
FLUVIAL HYDROSYSTEMS
123, 124, 176
FONAFIFO
312
FOOD CRISIS
372
FOOD LIMITATION
161, 198
FOOD PLANTS
323
FOODS
150
FORAGING
217, 345
FORAGING ECOLOGY
174, 323, 331
FORAGING GUILDS
335
FOREST
244
FOREST BIRDS
023, 114, 239, 343, 392, 435
Página 35 de 332
Febrero 2013
FOREST CHANGE
356
FOREST CLEARING
345
FOREST CONSERVATION
047, 048, 091, 092, 095, 096,
101, 106, 235, 256
FOREST CORRIDORS
011
FOREST COVER
031, 100, 101, 177, 194, 202,
203, 209, 313, 314, 322, 416,
425
FOREST DEPENDENCY
415
FOREST DESTRUCTION
009, 010, 241
FOREST DISTRIBUTION
040, 112
FOREST DISTURBANCE
260
FOREST DYNAMICS
148
FOREST FRAGMENT SIZE
180, 251, 328, 440
FOREST RESOURCES
130
FOREST FRAGMENTATION
PROJECT
207
FOREST RESTORATION
177, 202, 244, 269, 286, 323,
380
FOREST GENETICS
197
FOREST STRUCTURE
407
FOREST HETEROGENEITY
028
FOREST SUCCESSION
171, 258, 259, 260, 338, 339
FOREST MANAGEMENT
036, 037, 038, 066, 122, 144,
157, 437
FOREST TREES
011, 068, 105, 109, 115, 133,
149, 197, 211, 244, 269, 274,
286, 308
FOREST PATCHES
039, 093, 244, 269, 286
FOREST PLANTATIONS
140, 153, 276
FOREST PRESERVATION
034
FOREST PROTECTION
159
FOREST PROXIMITY
168, 224, 252
FOREST RECOVERY
096, 359
FOREST ECOLOGY
011, 073, 098, 143, 188, 189,
200, 215
FOREST REGENERATION
036, 037, 038, 048, 117
FOREST EDGES
321
FOREST REMNANTS
059, 071, 089, 145
FOREST FIRES
116
FOREST RESERVES
175
FOREST TYPES
158
FOREST UNDERSTORY
207, 400
FORESTATION
110, 151
FORESTED STREAM
280
FORESTRY
161, 150, 197
FORESTRY PRACTICES
150
FORESTRY RESERVES
156
FORESTS
094, 163, 232, 233, 234, 257,
308, 348, 352, 374
FORMICARIIDAE
Página 36 de 332
Febrero 2013
103, 137, 223, 301, 385, 387,
435
FORMICIDAE
162, 253, 261, 345, 361
FRACTAL DIMENSION
194, 313
FRAGMENT ISOLATION
180, 251, 328
FRAGMENT SHAPE
313, 314
FRAGMENTATION
011, 021, 060, 061, 063, 067,
092, 094, 239, 240, 275, 313,
314, 322, 423
FRAGMENTED
POPULATIONS
211, 274
FRAGSTATS
425
FREEMAN
153, 268
FRESHWATER
126
FRESHWATER ECOLOGY
045
FROGS
033, 125, 129, 273, 290, 295
FRUGIVORES
323
FRUGIVOROUS BATS
324
137
FRUGIVOROUS BIRDS
190
FRUGIVORY
190
FRUIT
013, 173
FRUIT DEVELOPMENT
099
FRUIT PREDATION
309
FRUIT PRODUCTION
120, 135
FRUIT SET
211, 274
FRUIT SIZE
440
FUNCTIONAL CONNECTIVITY
423, 425
FUNCTIONAL DIVERSITY
237
FUNCTIONAL REDUNDANCY
128
FUNCTIONAL RESPONSE
385
FUNDECOR
400
FUNGI
022, 163, 169, 260, 295, 411
FURNARIIDAE
GAMALOTILLO DE PURISCAL
401, 402, 428
GAMMA DIVERSITY
194, 313
GANADERIA HURTADO
343, 392
GAP ANALYSIS
148, 231, 303
GAPS
148
GASTROPHRYNE
295
GASTROPODS
133
GAVILAN RESERVE
059, 089
GEITONOGAMY
210
GENDER EQUITY
365
GENE BANKS
178
GENE DISPERSAL
212
GENE FLOW
007, 021, 044, 049, 057, 058,
060, 072, 104, 128, 139, 149,
184, 188, 204, 206, 211, 220,
245, 274, 299, 342, 362, 398,
401, 402, 428
Página 37 de 332
Febrero 2013
GENE FREQUENCY
134, 149
GENEALOGY
RECONSTRUCTION
044
GENERAL PUBLIC
225, 236
GENERALIZED LINEAR MIXED
MODEL
385, 392
GENETIC DIFFERENTIATION
420
GENETIC DIVERSITY
019, 021, 057, 058, 060, 072,
088, 090, 097, 104, 127, 139,
188, 189, 206, 210, 212, 220,
316, 342, 376
021, 044, 049, 057, 058, 060,
072, 104, 115, 127, 139, 149,
188, 206, 212, 228, 245, 271,
342, 376
GENETIC VARIATION
025, 073, 098, 103, 109, 134,
143, 149, 174, 197, 211, 223,
228, 245, 258, 271, 274, 291,
299, 331
GENETICS
258, 287
GEO-SPATIAL ANALYSIS
357
GEOGRAPHICAL DISTANCE
431
GENETIC DRIFT
057, 058, 072, 088, 104, 139,
188, 189, 206
GEOGRAPHICAL
INFORMATION SYSTEMS
017, 018, 030, 031, 032, 050,
052, 068, 071, 084, 091, 092,
100, 101, 110, 113, 121, 123,
136, 138, 145, 151, 176, 177,
191, 202, 235, 254, 423, 425
GENETIC EROSION
211, 274
GEOGRAPHICAL ISOLATION
410
GENETIC ISOLATES
256
GEOGRAPHY
046, 249
GENETIC MARKERS
021, 025, 044, 049, 060, 184,
204, 220, 223, 258, 291, 299,
362
GEOLOGY
086, 123, 176
GENETIC POPULATION
025, 223, 258, 387, 399
GEOMORPHOLOGY
038, 046, 086, 123, 176
GEONOMA
380
GENETIC STRUCTURE
GEOPHIS
332
GERMINATION
098, 119, 143, 154, 258, 368,
441
GIS
017, 018, 030, 031, 032, 050,
052, 068, 071, 084, 091, 092,
100, 101, 110, 113, 121, 123,
136, 138, 145, 151, 176, 177,
191, 202, 235, 254, 423, 425
GLIRICIDIA
222, 233
GLOSSOPHAGA
196, 335
GLUCOSE PHOSPHATE
ISOMERASE
181
GMELINA
276, 333
GOETHALSIA
222, 233
GOLFITO DE LA CUREÑA DE
SARAPIQUI
187
GOLFITO FIELD STATION
031
GOLFO DULCE
436
GRASSLANDS
040, 112, 130, 232
GREATER OSA BIOREGION
256
Página 38 de 332
Febrero 2013
GREEN CORRIDOR
111
GUAZUMA
043
GREENHOUSE EFFECT
016, 235
GUETTARDA
382
GROUND COVER
216
GUILD
266, 308, 318
GROUND-DWELLING
ARTHROPODS
162
GUZMANIA
258, 259, 339
HABITAT DISTURBANCE
010, 147, 150, 335
HABITAT ELEMENT
325
HABITAT ISLANDS
147
HABITAT ISOLATION
247, 300, 396
GYMNOPHTHALMIDAE
332
HABITAT LOSS
218, 235, 247, 287, 300, 396,
433
GYMNOPITHYS
103, 223
HABITAT MANAGEMENT
028
HABIA
436
HABITAT MODIFICATION
129
HABIT
334
HABITAT PREFERENCE
137, 200, 227, 318, 385
GROUP SIZE
217, 218, 286
HABITAT AND EDGE
SELECTION
385
HABITAT PROTECTION
175
GROWTH
258
HABITAT AVAILABILITY
331
GUACIMO (CANTON)
061, 062, 067, 153
HABITAT CONNECTIVITY
117, 337, 343, 378, 385, 392
GUAIACUM
133, 376
HABITAT CONSERVATION
378
GUANACASTE (PROVINCIA)
057, 058, 072, 088, 104, 206
HABITAT DESTRUCTION
009, 010, 153, 159, 163, 187,
189, 198, 241, 268, 336, 341,
367, 377, 384, 389, 403, 433,
434
GROUND-TRUTHING
414
GROUNDWATER
126
GROUP COMPOSITION
183, 217, 218, 286
GROUP DIFFERENCES
287
GUAYMI INDIGENOUS
RESERVE
024, 371
HABITAT QUALITY
243
HABITAT SELECTION
010, 174, 331, 343, 392
HABITAT USE
012, 147, 230, 246, 249, 285,
357, 408, 435
HABITAT VIABILITY
ASSESSMENT
357
HABITATS
Página 39 de 332
Febrero 2013
051, 093, 099, 121, 146, 157,
162, 163, 182, 183, 217, 227,
228, 234, 240, 244, 245, 246,
257, 271, 285, 289, 291, 299,
301, 315, 318, 345, 352, 357,
366, 410, 438
HACIENDA CIRUELAS
228
HACIENDA EL VIEJO
212, 220
HACIENDA LOS INOCENTES
254, 393
HACIENDA MONTE VERDE
139
HACIENDA SAN JOAQUIN
210, 212, 220
HACIENDA SOLIMAR
210, 212, 220
HACIENDAS
123, 176
HARPIA
009
HELICONIUS
007, 008, 227
HETEROZYGOSITY
019, 258
HELIOMASTER
264
HIPPOCASTANACEAE
379, 394
HEMIGIANGIUM
043
HISTORICAL REVIEW
436
HEMILEIA
411
HISTORY
041, 123, 176
HEMIPTERA
137, 309
HISTORY OF ORNITHOLOGY
436
HEMISPHERICAL
PHOTOGRAPHY
292, 294
HOME RANGE
026, 141, 230
HENICORHINA
103, 223, 301, 437
HERBACEOUS PLANTS
168, 224, 252
HERBIVORES
065, 122, 144, 240
HERMEUPTYCHIA
227, 318
HATCHING
185
HERPETOFAUNA
273, 295
HEAT TOLERANCE
261
HERPETOFAUNA
CONSERVATION
033
HEDGING PLANTS
168, 224, 252, 337, 343, 392
HEDGES
140, 195, 227, 232, 233, 234,
244, 257, 267, 306, 327, 349
HETEROMYIDAE
359, 379, 394
HETEROMYS
379, 394
HORIZONTAL STRUCTURE
158
HORQUETAS DE SARAPIQUI
153, 268, 404
HOTEL BYBLOS
401, 402, 428
HOTEL GAVILAN LODGE
089
HOTEL LA POSADA
401, 402, 428
HOTEL RANCHO CASA
GRANDE
401, 402, 428
HOTEL TULEMAR
401, 402, 428
HUMAN ACTIVITY
030, 129, 167, 429
HUMAN INFLUENCE
Página 40 de 332
Febrero 2013
126
129
HUMAN POPULATION
235
HYDRIC BALANCE
382
HUMAN-DOMINATED
LANDSCAPES
168, 224, 252, 404
HYDROGEOLOGY
123, 176
HUMEDAL DEL
TAMBORCITO
187
HUMEDAL LAGUNA
MAQUENQUE
187
HYDROLOGIC CONNECTIVITY
126
HYDROLOGICAL NET
123, 176
HYDROLOGY
038, 086, 123, 176
HUMID FOREST
380
HYDROPOWER POTENTIAL
040, 112
HUMID TROPICS
308
HYERONIMA
333
HUMIDITY VARIATION
182
HYLA
129
HUMIRIACEAE
133
HYLIDAE
129
HUMIRIASTRUM
133
HYLOBATES
286
HUMMINGBIRD
POLLINATED FLOWERS
210
HYLOCHARIS
264
HUMMINGBIRDS
021, 044, 115, 264
HUNTING
066, 133, 225, 236, 270, 279,
289, 291, 299, 359, 414
HYLOCICHLA
281, 301
HYLONYCTERIS
335
HYLOPHYLAX
387
HYALINOBATRACHIUM
HYMENAEA
043, 206, 382
HYMENOPTERA
128, 137, 162, 253, 261, 317,
340, 345, 350, 360, 361, 420
HYPOTHENEMUS
411
HYPOTHESIS
093
ICTERIDAE
308
ICTERUS
308
IDENTIFYING TRAITS
287
ILLEGAL HUNTING ACTIVITY
421
IMANTODES
332
IMPACT ASSESSMENT
129
INBIO
050, 077, 080, 102, 133, 146,
160, 192, 193, 213, 252, 256,
260, 272, 276, 288, 297, 326,
334, 351, 352, 355, 358, 374,
375, 431
INBREEDING
057, 058, 072, 088, 104, 139,
188, 189, 206, 211, 274
INDICATOR ORGANISMS
310, 355
Página 41 de 332
Febrero 2013
INDICATORS
157
INDIGENOUS ORGANISMS
090, 093, 128, 165, 219, 245,
256, 272, 289, 334
INDIGENOUS PEOPLE
365
INDIGENOUS RESERVES
365
INDIVIDUAL ROUTE CHOICE
392
INGA
400
INSECT MIGRATION
039
INSECTIVOROUS BIRDS
137, 161, 198, 200, 437
INSECTIVORY
137, 161, 198, 200, 247, 300,
396, 437
INSECTS
007, 008, 011, 020, 039, 045,
107, 116, 128, 137, 142, 161,
162, 165, 192, 193, 205, 219,
227, 229, 232, 244, 253, 261,
272, 276, 309, 317, 318, 325,
340, 345, 350, 358, 360, 361,
375, 411, 420
INTER-AMERICAL
GEOSPATIAL DATA
NETWORK
031
INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY
235
IRRIGATION CHANNELS
123, 176, 201
INTERFERENCE
COMPETITION
099
IRRIGATION DISTRICTS
123, 176
INTERGROUP RELATIONS
364
IRRIGATION DRAINWATER
126
INTERNATIONAL
COOPERATION
255
IRRIGATION PROJECTS
123, 176
INTERNATIONAL WATERS
255, 365
INTERSPECIFIC
COMPETITION
358
ISLA CHIRA
174, 331
ISLA DAMAS
183
ISLA MURCIELAGOS
228
INTERSPECIFIC
INTERACTIONS
364
ISLA NEGRITOS
323
INTRODUCED SPECIES
129
ISLA TORTUGAS
323
INVASION POTENTIAL
065
ISLAND BIOGEOGRAPHY
THEORY
180, 251, 328
INVASIVE SPECIES
348, 433
INVERTEBRATE COMMUNITY
137
INVESTMENT
054
ISLANDS
093
ISOLATED REFUGES
007
IRIARTEA017
ISOLATED TREES
195, 222, 233, 234, 244, 257,
269, 286, 385
IRRIGATION
116, 123, 176
ISOLATION
249, 350
Página 42 de 332
Febrero 2013
244
ISOPODS
137
ISOZYMES
134, 181
IUCN RED LIST
410
JACARANDA
063
JAGUAR
141, 230
JAGUAR-HUMAN CONFLICTS
230
JANZEN-CONNELL
HYPOTHESIS
441
JIMENEZ (CANTON)
302, 305, 322, 416
JUGLANDACEAE
133, 305
KISS MODEL
199
LA AMISTAD BIOSPHERE
RESERVE
275
LA COLONIA
089
LA FLORIDA DE SIQUIRRES
414
LA FORTUNA DE SAN
CARLOS
LA GAMBA BIOLOGICAL
STATION
335, 370, 429, 436
LA GARITA DE ALAJUELA
134, 149
LA MANAGUA DE QUEPOS
183
LA PACIFICA ECOLOGICAL
CENTRE
043, 069, 116, 181, 201
LA PALMA DE PUERTO
JIMENEZ
224, 237, 252
LA SELVA BIOLOGICAL
STATION
001, 002, 003, 004, 005, 006,
015, 016, 017, 019, 030, 050,
059, 061, 062, 067, 068, 089,
113, 114, 119, 120, 122, 126,
136, 138, 144, 148, 153, 154,
167, 205, 207, 221, 226, 231,
240, 246, 247, 253, 254, 260,
261, 268, 270, 273, 274, 277,
279, 281, 285, 291, 292, 294,
295, 298, 299, 300, 301, 319,
321, 324, 329, 338, 341, 344,
356, 357, 366, 367, 368, 369,
372, 381, 383, 387, 391, 396,
399, 400, 409, 427, 432, 437
LA SELVA INFLUENCE AREA
319, 369, 378
LA SELVA-BRAULIO
CARRILLO CORRIDOR
221
LA SUERTE BIOLOGICAL
STATION
315, 407, 408
LA VASCONIA
183
LA VIRGEN DE SARAPIQUI
438
LACISTEMA
440
LACISTEMATACEAE
440
LAELIA
210, 212, 220
LAGUNA DEL LAGARTO
LODGE
434
LAGUNCULARIA
064
LAMPORNIS
264
LAND ACQUISITION
146
LAND BRIDGE ISLANDS
012
LAND CAPABILITY
047, 095, 216
LAND CLEARING
020
LAND CONSERVATION
307
Página 43 de 332
Febrero 2013
LAND COVER
030, 136, 138, 167, 429
LAND COVER CHANGE
159, 421
LAND COVER
CLASSIFICATION
381
LAND DEVELOPMENT
191, 254, 430
LAND DISTRIBUTION
087
LAND MANAGEMENT
191, 254, 373
LAND POLICY
191, 254
LAND TENURE
213, 326
LAND USE
030, 031, 040, 041, 046, 047,
053, 068, 092, 095, 096, 106,
110, 112, 113, 118, 123, 130,
136, 138, 140, 150, 151, 156,
159, 167, 170, 176, 177, 187,
191, 202, 213, 214, 246, 254,
277, 278, 283, 285, 289, 301,
308, 312, 326, 336, 341, 344,
351, 352, 353, 357, 359, 373,
377, 384, 389, 411, 421, 424,
427
LAND USE CAPABILITY
037, 042, 123, 176, 216
LAND USE CHANGE
092, 113, 199, 275, 360, 386,
429
LAND USE CHANGE EFFECT
421
LANDOWNER DECISION
MAKING
356
LANDOWNERS
150
LANDSAT IMAGERY
096, 106, 160, 203, 209
LANDSAT THEMATIC
MAPPER
030, 040, 091, 096, 100, 101,
106, 112, 123, 136, 138, 160,
167, 176, 203, 209, 381
LANDSCAPE
126, 186, 216, 233, 242, 244,
266, 273, 289, 295, 306, 308,
312, 314, 318, 322, 327, 348,
349, 373, 374, 375, 381, 415,
416, 419, 420, 431
LANDSCAPE ANALYSIS
071, 091, 096, 106, 145
LANDSCAPE
CHARACTERIZATION
314, 330
LANDSCAPE CONNECTIVITY
243, 314, 330
LANDSCAPE CONSERVATION
233, 244, 353, 354, 369, 373,
413
LANDSCAPE CONTEXT
317
LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY
091, 092, 096, 097, 106, 146,
222, 232, 233, 244, 269, 275,
286, 303, 314, 317, 330
LANDSCAPE FACTORS
117
LANDSCAPE
FRAGMENTATION
001, 002, 003, 004, 005, 006,
007, 008, 009, 010, 011, 012,
013, 015, 016, 017, 019, 020,
021, 022, 023, 024, 025, 027,
028, 029, 030, 031, 032, 033,
034, 035, 039, 040, 043, 044,
047, 048, 049, 050, 051, 057,
058, 059, 060, 061, 062, 063,
064, 065, 066, 067, 068, 069,
070, 071, 072, 073, 081, 082,
084, 085, 088, 089, 090, 091,
092, 093, 094, 095, 096, 097,
098, 099, 100, 101, 103, 104,
105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110,
111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116,
118, 119, 120, 122, 125, 126,
127, 128, 129, 130, 133, 134,
135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 142,
143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148,
149, 151, 152, 153, 154, 158,
159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164,
165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 171,
172, 173, 174, 177, 178, 179,
180, 181, 183, 184, 185, 186,
188, 189, 191, 192, 193, 194,
195, 196, 197, 198, 199, 200,
201, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206,
207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212,
216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221,
222, 223, 224, 225, 227, 228,
229, 231, 232, 233, 234, 235,
236, 237, 238, 239, 240, 241,
242, 244, 245, 247, 249, 250,
251, 252, 253, 254, 256, 257,
Página 44 de 332
Febrero 2013
258, 259, 260, 261, 264, 266,
267, 268, 269, 270, 271, 273,
274, 276, 277, 278, 279, 280,
281, 282, 283, 284, 286, 287,
289, 290, 291, 292, 293, 294,
295, 298, 299, 300, 301, 302,
303, 306, 308, 309, 310, 311,
312, 313, 314, 315, 316, 317,
318, 320, 321, 322, 323, 324,
325, 327, 328, 329, 330, 331,
332, 333, 334, 338, 339, 340,
342, 343, 344, 345, 346, 347,
348, 349, 350, 352, 353, 358,
359, 360, 361, 362, 363, 364,
366, 368, 372, 374, 375, 376,
379, 380, 382, 385, 386, 387,
388, 392, 393, 394, 395, 396,
397, 398, 399, 400, 401, 402,
403, 404, 405, 406, 407, 408,
410, 411, 412, 416, 417, 418,
420, 424, 425, 427, 428, 429,
431, 432, 433, 434, 435, 436,
437, 438, 439, 440, 441
LARGE-SEED SEELINGS
144
LAURACEAE
065, 133, 163, 179, 379, 394
LARVAE
358
LECYTHIDACEAE
133, 366
LAS ALTURAS BIOLOGICAL
STATION
031, 223
LECYTHIS
133, 366
LAS CRUCES BIOLOGICAL
STATION
004, 011, 012, 020, 021, 023,
024, 031, 033, 044, 049, 060,
103, 107, 115, 125, 137, 142,
161, 162, 165, 179, 198, 200,
219, 223, 224, 237,
239, 252, 275, 290, 316, 317,
320, 332, 338, 340, 350, 360,
420, 435, 440, 441
LEGAL ASPECTS
102
LEGISLATION
248
LENTIC WATER
358
LEOPARDUS
009, 010, 359
LANDSCAPE INDICES
094
LAS CRUCES INFLUENCE
AREA
152, 185, 316, 320, 332, 342,
360
LANDSCAPE MANAGEMENT
417
LAS CUEVAS
183
LANDSCAPE METRICS
030, 138, 429
LAS LOMAS DE SIQUIRRES
414
LANDSCAPE MOSAIC
006, 091, 323
LAS NUBES DE QUIZARRA
262, 263
LEPIDOPTERA
007, 008, 011, 020, 039, 107,
137, 142, 165, 192, 193, 219,
227, 232, 318
LANDSCAPE PLANNING
284, 298
LATIFUNDIA
123, 176
LEPTODACTYLIDAE
125, 129, 290
LANDSCAPE SCALE
305
LATITUDINAL GRADIENTS
093
LEPTODEIRA
332
LANDSCAPE STRUCTURE
267
LATITUDINAL MIGRATIONS
264
LEPTONYCTERIS
196
LEPIDOBLEPHARIS
295
LEPIDOCOLAPTES
416
LEPIDOPHYMA
332
Página 45 de 332
Febrero 2013
LEUCAENA
228
LIBERIA (CANTON)
212, 337, 343, 385, 392
LICHENES
163
LICHONYCTERIS
335
LIFE CYCLE
185
LIFE ZONES
037, 086, 100, 123, 176
LINE TRANSECT SURVEY
180, 251, 328
LINEAR ELEMENTS
267
LIOMYS
359
LIOPHIS
332
LISSAMPHIBIA
295, 427
LITERATURE REVIEW
436
LITHOBATES
295
LIVE MULCHES
373
033, 125, 152, 185, 273, 290,
295
LOSSES
159
LOCAL ATTITUDES
439
LOWLANDS
301
LOCAL DECISION MAKING
123, 176
LUEHEA
382
LOCAL KNOWLEDGE
330
LYSILOMA
043, 382
LOCAL MANAGEMENT
304
MABUYA
332
LOCAL ORGANIZATIONS
036, 123, 176
MACHAERIUM
065
LOCAL POPULATION
212
MAGNOLIACEAE
305
LOCAL SCALE
305
MALES
180, 251, 269, 286, 315, 328
LOGGING
070, 128, 239
MANACUS
415
LOGISTIC REGRESSION
114, 305
MANAGED LANDSCAPES
383
LONCHOCARPUS
043, 065
MANAGEMENT
123, 124, 132, 150, 164, 172,
176, 230, 319, 354, 369, 414
LONCHOPHYLLA
335
LONG-TERM STUDIES
295
LOS CUSINGOS
NEOTROPICAL BIRD
SANCTUARY
262, 263
LIZARDS
MANAGEMENT PLAN
086
MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES
304
MANGROVE AVIFAUNA
064
MANGROVES
Página 46 de 332
Febrero 2013
064, 348
MANILKARA
043, 382
MANTLED HOWLING
MONKEY
051, 069, 133, 174, 180, 181,
201, 217, 218, 251, 315, 328,
331, 333, 363, 364
MAPPING
254
MAPS
113, 216
MARINE AREAS
419
MARINE CORRIDORS
419
MARINE ECOSYSTEMS
348
MARINE RESOURCES
419
MARK-RELEASE-RECAPTURE
023, 115, 239, 404, 412
MARMOSA
359
MASTIGODRYAS
332
MATING SYSTEMS
019, 063, 098, 134, 143, 166,
184, 204, 220, 245, 258, 271,
362
MATISIA
274
MATRIX
107, 142, 194, 313, 372
MEPHITIDAE
359
MERCEDES DE GUACIMO
268
MESOAMERICAN
BIODIVERSITY HOTSPOT
311
MATURE FOREST
258, 259, 339
MESOAMERICAN
BIOLOGICAL CORRIDOR
214, 215, 255, 386
MEAN PATCH SIZE
096
METADATA
031
MEAN TREE SPECIES
DENSITY
043
METAPOPULATION
107, 142, 184, 194, 204, 313,
362
MEASUREMENT
199
MICROBIAL ECOLOGY
219
MECHANITIS
227
MICROBIOLOGY
219
MELANERPES
308
MICROCLIMATE
031, 118
MELASTOMATACEAE
168, 224, 252
MICROCLIMATE VARIATION
253
MELIACEAE
043, 063, 065, 119, 122, 127,
133, 144, 154, 184, 188, 204,
228, 231, 245, 333, 362, 368
MICRONYCTERIS
324, 335
MATE GENETIC
CORRELATION
109
MELOIDOGYNE
411
MATERNAL EFFECT
440
MELOIDOGYNIDAE
411
MICROORGANISMS
219
MICROPARASITES
295
MICROSATELLITES
Página 47 de 332
Febrero 2013
021, 044, 049, 060, 184, 204,
258, 291, 299, 316, 331, 342,
362, 387, 399
MITOCHONDRIAL DNA
VARIATION
174, 331
MICRURUS
332
MIXED MATING
134, 135
MIGRANT BIRDS
064, 281, 301, 415
MOBILITY
253
MIGRATION
026, 039, 141, 150, 190, 264
MODEL FOREST
422
MIGRATION ACTIVITY
039
MODELS
096, 106, 114, 308, 373
MIGRATION PATTERNS
190, 264
MODIOLUS
133
MIGRATORY SPECIES
348
MINAE
133
MODIS
254
MOLECULAR ECOLOGY
401, 402, 428
MONTANE FORESTS
096, 348
MONTES DE ORO (CANTON)
266, 308
MONTEVERDE CLOUD
FOREST RESERVE
004, 013, 018, 034, 036, 037,
038, 039, 041, 042, 111, 117,
129, 173, 177, 190, 235, 243,
244, 258, 259, 264, 339, 345,
379, 394, 406, 433
MONUMENTO NACIONAL
GUAYABO
164, 172
MORA
133
MORACEAE
179, 305, 400
MINQUARTIA
133
MOLLUSCS
133
MORAN'S I INDEX OF
SPATIAL AUTOCORRELATION
136
MIONECTES
301, 415
MONITORING
173, 310, 319, 355, 414
MORMOOPIDAE
335
MIRAVALLES GEOTHERMAL
FIELD
397
MONITORING STRATEGY
164, 172
MOROCOCCYX
064
MORPHOSPECIES
162
MITIGATION IMPACTS
348
MONKEYS
009, 010, 051, 069, 133, 174,
180, 181, 201, 217, 218, 250,
251, 269, 286, 287, 315, 328,
331, 333, 359, 363, 364, 371,
393, 407, 408
MITOCHONDRIAL DNA
025, 181, 212, 223
MONOGAMY
150
MIST NET TRAPPING
137, 171, 338, 370
MORTALITY
122
MOTHS
020, 107, 142
MOUNTAIN ECOLOGY
Página 48 de 332
Febrero 2013
034
064
MOVEMENT
147, 281, 301, 385, 392
MYIODYNASTES
064
MOVEMENT PATTERNS
023, 227, 239
MYOTIS
335
MTDNA MARKERS
103, 223, 287
MYRISTICACEAE
120, 400
MULLERIAN MIMICRY
007
MYRMECIZA
301, 387, 399, 437
MULTILOCUS ALLOZYME
ANALYSIS
057, 058, 072, 139
MYRMECOPHAGA
009, 359
MULTINOMIAL LOGISTIC
MODEL
096
MULTIPLE PATERNITY
135
MULTIPLE USE TREES
244, 403, 434
MURIDAE
379, 394
MUSA (BANANAS)
153, 191, 268
MUSACEAE
153, 191, 268
MUSONYCTERIS
196
MUSTELIDAE
359, 371
MYIARCHUS
MYRMECOPHAGIDAE
009, 359
MYROXYLON
133
MYRTACEAE
065
MYTILIDAE
133
NARANJITO DE QUEPOS
183
NASUA
371
NATAL DISPERSAL
199
NATIONAL OBJECTIVES
365
NATIONAL SYSTEM OF
CONSERVATION AREAS
102
NATIONAL WILDLIFE
REFUGES
156
NATIVE BEES
317
NATIVE FOREST HABITAT
185
NATIVE HERBACEOUS
PLANTS
168, 224, 252
NATIVE SHRUBS
168, 224, 252
NATURAL CAPITAL
248
NATURAL ENVIRONMENT
344
NATURAL FENCES
CONSERVATION
028
NATURAL FOREST
CHARACTERIZATION
303
NATIONAL BIODIVERSITY
CONSERVATION STRATEGY
102
NATURAL HISTORY
221
NATIONAL MONUMENTS
175
NATURAL HYBRIDS
008
Página 49 de 332
Febrero 2013
NATURAL POLLINATION
073, 098, 143
NATURAL REGENERATION
066, 122, 154
NATURAL RESOURCE
MANAGEMENT
365
226, 227, 233, 327, 333, 344,
349, 351, 354, 365, 369, 410,
413, 415
NATURE RESERVES
045, 114, 156, 175, 319, 373,
414
NESTING
403, 434
NESTING AREA
341
NATURE TOURISM
042
NET PRIMARY
PRODUCTIVITY
037
NATURAL RESOURCES
014, 046, 055, 074, 075, 076,
077, 078, 079, 080, 081, 082,
083, 084, 085, 131, 155, 164,
170, 172, 175, 187, 213, 214,
246, 277, 285, 326, 334, 336,
341, 344, 357, 365, 377, 384,
389
NECTANDRA
179
NETWORK
418
NECTARIVORES
196
NEUSTICURUS
332
NECTARIVOROUS BATS
196
NEW DATA
183
NATURAL RESOURCES
CONSERVATION
102, 182, 238, 248, 262, 263,
272, 307
NECTRIACEAE
260
NEW RECORD
434
NEMATODES
411
NICHE ASSEMBLY
431
NEOMORPHIDAE
064
NICHE PARTITIONING AT
MULTIPLE SCALES
358
NATURAL RESOURCES
MANAGEMENT
102, 413, 419
NATURAL RESOURCES
PROTECTION
030, 136, 138, 167, 226, 344
NATURAL SELECTION
007
NATURE BASED TOURISM
421
NATURE CONSERVATION
001, 011, 014, 045, 056, 091,
092, 110, 118, 123, 124, 142,
151, 155, 156, 157, 158, 162,
165, 175, 176, 188, 189, 219,
NEST
403, 434
NEST DESTRUCTION
187, 336, 341, 377, 384
NEST POACHING
236, 241
NICOYA (CANTON)
271
NINIA
332
NOCTILIO
335
NEST PREDATION
012, 015, 061, 062, 067, 089,
236, 268, 321, 432
NOCTILIONIDAE
335
NEST SUCCESS
321
NOCTURNAL ACTIVITY
020
Página 50 de 332
Febrero 2013
117
NOROPS
033, 125, 152, 185, 290, 295,
332
NUCLEIC ACIDS
287
NULL MODELS
237
NYCTOMYS
379, 394
NYMPHALIDAE
007, 008, 227
OCOTEA
163, 379, 394
ODOCOILEUS
133
OIL PALM
229, 429
OLACACEAE
133
OLD-GROWTH FOREST
030, 167
OLIGORYZOMYS
359, 379, 394
ONDULATING TOPOGRAPHY
FOREST TYPES
158
ONTHOPHAGUS
375
OPEN POLLINATION
291, 299
OPORORNIS
415
ORCHID BEES
340
ORCHIDACEAE
210, 212, 220
OREOMUNNEA
133, 305
ORGANIC AGRICULTURE
390
ORTHOPTERA
137
ORYZOMYS
359, 379, 394
OSA (DISTRITO)
110, 151
OSA BIOLOGICAL CORRIDOR
PROJECT
256
OTS
002, 003, 004, 005, 008, 015,
016, 017, 019, 020, 044, 050,
059, 060, 061, 062, 067, 115,
123, 124, 125, 137, 138, 146,
152, 174, 176, 212, 223, 290,
376, 394
OUTCROSSING RATE
134, 135, 196
OVER-EXPLOITATION
184, 204, 362
OVERSTORY COMPOSITION
OVIPOSITIONING
185
OXYBELIS
332
OXYRHOPUS
332
PACHIRA
099, 166, 228, 245, 271
PALATABILITY
007
PALM DIVERSITY
380
PALMA TICA
229
PANGOLA DE SARAPIQUI
187
PANOPSIS
379, 394
PANTHERA
009, 010, 121, 141, 230, 283,
359, 371, 414
PARAMACHAERIUM
133
PARAPATRIC MODEL
007
PARKIA
133
PARQUE INTERNACIONAL LA
AMISTAD
Página 51 de 332
Febrero 2013
131, 230, 329, 374, 375, 431
PARQUE NACIONAL
BARBILLA
156, 175
PARQUE NACIONAL BARRA
HONDA
156, 175
PARQUE NACIONAL
BRAULIO CARRILLO
001, 002, 019, 030, 089, 126,
136, 138, 156, 164, 167, 172,
175, 221, 226, 279, 292, 294,
321, 329, 372, 424
PARQUE NACIONAL
CAHUITA
156, 175
PARQUE NACIONAL CARARA
134, 156, 175
PARQUE NACIONAL
CHIRRIPO
034, 156, 175
PARQUE NACIONAL
CORCOVADO
004, 026, 035, 045, 121, 141,
156, 160, 175, 196, 256, 371
PARQUE NACIONAL
GUANACASTE
071, 080, 146, 156, 175, 177,
180, 196, 251, 309, 325, 328,
329, 358
PARQUE NACIONAL ISLA DEL
COCO
175
PARQUE NACIONAL JUAN
CASTRO BLANCO
156, 175, 426
PARQUE NACIONAL
MANUEL ANTONIO
156, 175, 183, 286, 401, 402,
421, 428
PARQUE NACIONAL PALO
VERDE
003, 004, 057, 058, 072, 073,
088, 098, 104, 105, 118, 156,
174, 175, 177, 212, 228, 242,
331, 376
PARQUE NACIONAL PIEDRAS
BLANCAS
121, 156, 175, 335, 370, 371,
374, 375, 429, 431, 436
PARQUE NACIONAL RINCON
DE LA VIEJA
080, 156, 175
PARQUE NACIONAL SANTA
ROSA
004, 051, 071, 105, 143, 145,
146, 156, 175, 177, 181, 184,
202, 204, 208, 212, 228, 254,
362, 376, 382, 393
PARQUE NACIONAL
TAPANTI-MACIZO CERRO DE
LA MUERTE
156, 175, 329
PARQUE NACIONAL
TORTUGUERO
056, 155, 156, 175, 191, 230,
255
PARQUE NACIONAL VOLCAN
ARENAL
156, 175
IRAZU
156, 164, 172, 175
POAS
034, 156, 164, 172, 175
TENORIO
156, 175
TURRIALBA
156, 175
PARROTS
133, 225, 236
PARTAMONA
360
PARULIDAE
137, 308, 415
PASEO PANTERA PROJECT
230, 414
PASTURE ABANDONMENT
184, 204, 208, 362
PASTURE REGENERATION
179
PASTURE TREES
049
PASTURES
022, 130, 167, 168, 169, 195,
224, 227, 232, 234, 244, 252,
257, 317, 350, 427
Página 52 de 332
Febrero 2013
PATCH SIZE
023, 239, 342
PATCHY HABITAT
059, 089, 250, 293
PATERNITY
220
PATERNITY ANALYSIS
139, 188, 220
PATH OF THE TAPIR
BIOLOGICAL CORRIDOR
307, 386, 430
PATTERNS
051, 096, 106
PATTERNS OF FOREST
COVER
030, 136, 138, 167
PAVONES
174, 331
212
PENELOPE
371
PENINSULA DE NICOYA
203, 209
PHENOLOGY
066, 099, 382
PHILODICE
264
PHOEBIS
227
PENINSULA DE OSA
045, 047, 081, 095, 110, 121,
151, 160, 256, 386, 412
PHOLIDOSTACHYS
380
PENTACLETHRA
222, 231, 233, 400
PHOSPHOGLUCONATA
181
PERCEPTION
046
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
235
PERIODICITY
020
PHOTOSYNTHETICALLY
ACTIVE RADIATION
254
PEROMYSCUS
379, 394
PHYCOMYCETES
022, 169
PERSISTENT ORGANIC
POLLUTANTS
365
PHYLETIC DIFFERENCES
287
PERSPECTIVE
107, 142
PHYLLOSTOMIDAE
196, 242, 324, 335
PECARI
009, 010, 026, 141, 379, 394
PESTICIDES
153
PHYLLOSTOMUS
335
PELAGE
287
PETS
225, 236
PHYSICAL ASPECTS
386
PELECYPODA
133
PHAETHORNIS
115, 264, 415
PHYSICAL FACTORS
345
PELTOGYNE
133
PHAROMACHRUS
009, 010, 013, 082, 150, 173,
243
PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY
177, 202
PAYMENT FOR
ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES
140, 159, 278, 282, 292, 294,
307, 311, 356, 383, 422, 433
PEÑAS BLANCAS
Página 53 de 332
Febrero 2013
PHYSICAL INTEGRITY OF
RIVERS
123, 176
PHYSIOGRAPHY
038
PHYTOGEOGRAPHICAL
UNITS
425
PHYTOTELMATA
325
PICIDAE
308
PIERIDAE
227
PILOSA
359
PINEAPPLE
390
PIONEER MATRIX
178
PIPRA
301
PIPRIDAE
137, 301, 316, 320, 342, 415
PIRRIS
183
PITFALL TRAPS
137, 361
PITHECELLOBIUM
019, 027, 029, 043, 073, 098,
143
174, 331
PITILLA BIOLOGICAL
STATION
325, 358
PLAYA NANCITE
228
PLANNING
132, 319, 351, 414
PLETHODONTIDAE
129, 332
PLANT ASSOCIATIONS
090
PLUMERIA
197
PLANT BREEDING
STRUCTURE
188, 189
POCOCI (CANTON)
153
PLANT COVER
195, 232, 233, 234, 257
PLANT DISPERSAL
235, 243
PLANT PHYSIOLOGY
382
PLANT POPULATION
149
PLANT REPRODUCTIVE
SUCCESS
196, 366
PLANT-ANIMAL
INTERACTIONS
309
PLANT-ANIMAL
RELATIONSHIPS
122, 144
PLANT-POLLINATOR
INTERACTIONS
115
POCOSOL DE SAN CARLOS
181
PODOCARPACEAE
133
PODOCARPUS
133
POECILIIDAE
346, 347
POLICIES
079, 087, 230
POLITICAL ASPECTS
386
POLITICAL SCIENCE
248
POLLEN COMPETITION
029, 099
POLLEN DEPOSITION
029, 135
POLLEN DISPERSAL
PLAYA LAGARTERO
Página 54 de 332
Febrero 2013
021, 044, 057, 058, 060, 072,
104, 139, 149, 188, 206, 220,
245
POLLEN FLOW
029, 210, 220
POLLEN LOADS
115
POLLINATION
098, 128, 143, 188, 189, 220,
229, 317, 350, 366
POLLINATORS
135, 184, 189, 204, 229, 340,
360, 362
POLLINIA
210
POLLUTION
410
POPULATION BOTTLENECK
025, 223
POPULATION COMPOSITION
438
POPULATION CONNECTIVITY
316, 342
POPULATION DECLINE
129, 185, 341
POPULATION DENSITY
096, 195, 197, 232, 234, 257,
264
POPULATION DISTRIBUTION
197, 375
POPULATION DIVERGENCE
398, 401, 402, 428
POLYADS
135
POPULATION DYNAMICS
046, 065, 069, 141, 180, 183,
236, 251, 308, 318, 325, 328,
363
POLYCHRIDAE
033
POPULATION ECOLOGY
318
POLYCHROTIDAE
125, 152, 185, 290, 332
POPULATION ESTIMATION
183
POLYMORPHISM
019, 063
POLYPLOIDY
258, 291, 299
POPULATION
051, 063, 069, 110, 128, 133,
134, 151, 184, 204, 208, 210,
220, 235, 295, 362, 363
POPULATION GENETICS
025, 103, 149, 174, 181, 197,
212, 223, 331, 398, 401, 402,
428
POPULATION GENETICS
CONSEQUENCE
174, 212, 331
POPULATION GROWTH
110, 151, 235
POPULATION SINK
185
POPULATION SIZE
019, 183
POPULATION STATUS
183, 289
POPULATION STRUCTURE
220, 258, 259, 273, 295, 301,
339, 342, 438
POPULATION VARIATION
103, 223
POPULATION VIABILITY
199
POROZOL
210, 212, 220
PORTHIDIUM
332
PORTICA DE CARIARI
439
POTENTIAL CONSEQUENCES
066
POTENTIAL HABITAT
246, 285, 357
POUROUMA
400
POUTERIA
400
POVERTY
365
Página 55 de 332
Febrero 2013
POZO DE AGUA
376
PRIMARY PRODUCTION
235
PRATYMISCIUM
PLEIOSTACHYUM
133
PRIMATE COMPETITION
364
PRE-COLUMBIAN
123, 176
PRECIPITATION
235
PREDATION
027, 051, 061, 067, 089, 108,
154, 179, 240, 270, 279, 291,
299, 371
PRIMATE DENSITY
407, 408
PRIMATE ECOLOGY
174, 331
PRIMAVERA DE CARIARI
439
PRIORIA
133
PREDATOR SATIATION
379, 394
PRIVATE LANDS
307
PREDATORS
015
PRIVATE RESERVES
307
PREDICTABILITY
115
PROCNIAS
190
PREMONTANE RAIN
FORESTS
258, 259, 339
PROCYONIDAE
371
PREMONTANE TROPICAL
WET FORESTS
394
PRESBYTIS
286
PRESTOEA
380
PRIMARY FORESTS
015, 031, 032, 253, 364
PRODUCTION SYSTEMS
140
PRODUCTIVITY
036, 038, 327, 349
PROGENY PERFORMANCE
135
PROGRAMME REVIEW
307
PROPERTY RIGHTS
213, 326
PROPOSAL WRITING
215
PROSTITUTION
046
PROTEACEAE
379, 394
PROTECTED AREAS
002, 036, 037, 038, 046, 054,
055, 056, 068, 074, 075, 076,
077, 078, 079, 080, 081, 082,
083, 084, 085, 086, 090, 111,
118, 123, 126, 131, 132, 159,
160, 164, 172, 175, 176, 215,
226, 230, 235, 256, 262, 263,
296, 297, 319, 329, 344, 351,
353, 354, 355, 369, 413, 414,
415, 419, 426
PROYECTO DE RIEGO
ARENAL-TEMPISQUE
123, 176
PROYECTO GEOTERMICO
MIRAVALLES
397
PROYECTO
HIDROELECTRIOCO
REVENTAZON
414
PSEUSTES
332
PSITTACIDAE
PROJECT PROPOSAL
039
Página 56 de 332
Febrero 2013
009, 133, 187, 225, 236, 241,
279, 323, 336, 341, 367, 377,
384, 389, 403, 409, 434
PTERONOTUS
335
PTYCOGLOSSUS
332
PUERTO JESUS
174, 331
PUERTO JIMENEZ
224, 229, 237, 252
PUMA
009, 010, 121, 359, 371
PUNTARENAS (CANTON)
052
QUALEA
133, 231
QUARARIBEA
240
QUEBRADA GRANDE
187
QUEBRADA GUACALILLO
183
QUEBRADA LA REINA
183
QUERCUS
382
QUETZAL
009, 010, 013, 082, 150, 173,
243
RABO DE MICO
376
RACE FORMATION
007
RADIATIVE TRANSFER
254
249
RANIDAE
129
RAPID ASSESSMENT
268
RADIOTELEMETRY
190, 281, 301
RARA AVIS LODGE &
RESERVE
372
RAIN
393
RARE ALLELES
220
RAIN FOREST ECOLOGY
070
RARE SPECIES
305
RAIN FOREST
MANAGEMENT
070
RATES
063
RAIN FORESTS
011
RAINFOREST BIODIVERSITY
GROUP
378
RAINFOREST OF THE
AUSTRIANS
436
RAMSAR SITES
255
RANA
129
RANCHING
123, 176, 216
RANGE-SIZE FREQUENCY
DISTRIBUTION
REACTION-DIFFUSION PDE
199
REARING
241
REFORESTATION
036, 037, 038, 131, 146, 153,
203, 209, 268, 324, 333, 406
REFUGIO DE VIDA SILVESTRE
CERRO DANTAS
424
REFUGIO DE VIDA SILVESTRE
JAGUARUNDI
424
REFUGIO NACIONAL DE
VIDA SILVESTRE BARRA DEL
COLORADO
175, 230, 255
Página 57 de 332
Febrero 2013
REFUGIO NACIONAL DE
VIDA SILVESTRE CAÑO
NEGRO
255
REFUGIO NACIONAL DE
VIDA SILVESTRE CURU
323
REFUGIO NACIONAL DE
VIDA SILVESTRE GANDOCAMANZANILLO
265
REFUGIO NACIONAL DE
VIDA SILVESTRE GOLFITO
375
REFUGIO NACIONAL DE
VIDA SILVESTRE LAS
CAMELIAS
255
REFUGIO NACIONAL DE
VIDA SILVESTRE MIXTO
MAQUENQUE
170, 187, 246, 255, 285, 357,
367, 390
REFUGIO NACIONAL DE
VIDA SILVESTRE PEJEPERRO
086
REFUGIO PRIVADO DE VIDA
SILVESTRE NOGAL
059, 089, 363
REGENERATION
105, 122, 144, 171, 178, 207,
338
REGENWALD DER
ÖSTERREICHER
436
REGION CHOROTEGA
177, 216
REGIONAL BIODIVERSITY
CONVENTION
085
REGIONAL CONSERVATION
280
REGULATIONS
047, 095, 413
REITHRODONTOMYS
379, 394
RELATIVE ABUNDANCE
371
RELATIVE GROWTH
441
REMNANT TREES
117, 259, 339
REPRODUCTIVE OUTPUT
099
REPRODUCTIVE
PERFORMANCE
099, 166, 211, 274
REPTILES
033, 045, 086, 116, 125, 133,
152, 185, 273, 290, 295, 332
RESERVA BIOLOGICA
ALBERTO M. BRENES
156, 175, 426
RESERVA BIOLOGICA HITOYCERERE
156, 175, 265, 329
RESERVA BIOLOGICA LOMAS
BARBUDAL
156, 175, 228, 271
RESERVA DE LA BIOSFERA LA
AMISTAD
083, 156, 175, 353
REMOTE SENSING
030, 032, 040, 112, 113, 130,
138, 160, 167, 173, 177, 191,
202, 203, 209, 254, 421
RESERVA DE LA
NATURALEZA INDIO MAIZ
336, 367, 377, 384
REPRODUCTION
039, 064, 073, 098, 099, 143,
258, 259, 339, 366
RESERVA FORESTAL DE
GRECIA
164, 172
REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY
057, 058, 063, 068, 072, 073,
088, 098, 104, 108, 109, 139,
143, 149, 184, 188, 189, 197,
204, 206, 208, 362
RESERVA FORESTAL GOLFO
DULCE
095, 121, 375
REPRODUCTIVE ECOLOGY
073, 098, 143
RESERVA FORESTAL LA
CUREÑA
187
Página 58 de 332
Febrero 2013
RESERVA FORESTAL RIO
MACHO
096, 106
RHAEBOA
295
RIO NARANJO
028
RHIZOPHORA
064
RIO PARISMINA
268, 346, 347
RHIZOPHORACEAE
064
RIO PARRITA
028
RESERVA NATURAL
ABSOLUTA CABO BLANCO
046, 156, 175, 228, 359
RHOGEESSA
335
RIO POCOSOL
346, 347
RESIDENT BIRDS
023, 025, 223, 239, 415
RHYNCHONYCTERIS
335
RIO REVENTAZON
WATERSHED
422
RESOURCE AVAILABILITY
174, 331
RIBERINE FORESTS
123, 176
RESOURCE CONSERVATION
036, 037, 038, 041, 045, 046,
059, 083, 086, 087, 089, 100,
110, 116, 131, 146, 151, 225,
236, 291, 299, 318, 352, 353,
355, 365, 410, 417, 418
RICHNESS
266, 306
RESERVA INDIGENA DE
BORUCA
405
RESOURCE DEPLETION
130
RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
118, 126
RINCON DE OSA
007, 008
RIO COLORADO
126
RIO DOS NOVILLOS
268
RIO RINCON WATERSHED
110, 151
RIO SAN JUAN
187, 255, 344
RIO SARAPIQUI
346, 347
RIO TEMPISQUE
123, 124, 176, 346, 347
RIO TORTUGUERO
346, 347
RIO FRIO
153, 222, 227, 233, 267, 268,
330, 346, 347, 404
RIO VALERIA
183
RIO FRIO DE SARAPIQUI
286, 306, 438
RIO ZAPOTE
346, 347
RESTORATION
011, 083, 084, 131, 146, 178
RIO GRANDE DE TERRABA
WATERSHED
040
RIPARIAN CORRIDOR
UTILIZATION
435
RHADINAEA
332
RIO JESUS DE SAN RAMON
181
RIPARIAN ECOSYSTEMS
123, 124, 176
RESOURCE PARTITIONING
358
RESOURCE SELECTION
FUNCTION
385
Página 59 de 332
Febrero 2013
RIPARIAN FORESTS
043, 092, 195, 232, 234, 257,
337, 343
RUBIACEAE
162, 169, 302, 318, 322, 382,
411, 416
RIPARIAN HABITAT
201
RURAL AREAS
056
RIPARIAN LINEAR FOREST
370
RURAL DEVELOPMENT
155
RIPARIAN VEGETATION
227, 221, 232, 234, 257
RURAL TOURISM
365
RISK ASSESSMENT
191, 254
SACCOPTERYX
335
RIVER FOREST
028
SAGUINUS
287
RIVER RESTORATION
123, 176
SAIMIRI
009, 010, 028, 035, 183, 269,
286, 287, 289, 398, 401, 402,
410, 428
RIVER SYSTEMS
123, 176
RIVERS
126
ROADS
031
RODENTS
116, 119, 154, 232, 309, 359,
368, 371, 379, 394
ROOSTING ECOLOGY
324
ROSARIO
376
ROUTE CHOICE
343, 392
SAN CARLOS (CANTON)
276, 361
SAN ISIDRO (CANTON)
424
SAN RAFAEL (CANTON)
424
SAN VITO DE COTO BRUS
332
SANTA BARBARA (CANTON)
424
SANTA CRUZ (CANTON)
181
SANTA ELENA DE PEREZ
ZELEDON
262, 263
SANTA RITA
187
SANTIAGO DE SAN RAMON
266, 308
SAPINDACEAE
065, 382
SAPLINGS
207
SAPOTACEAE
043, 133, 382, 400
SARAPIQUI (CANTON)
059, 061, 062, 067, 068, 089,
136, 144, 167, 276, 282, 292,
294, 356, 361, 363, 381
SATELLITE IMAGERY
030, 091, 096, 106, 167, 381
SATYRIDAE
227, 318
SAURIA
033, 125, 152, 185, 290, 295,
332
SCALE
094, 107, 142, 165, 186, 219
SCAPHIODONTOPHIS
332
SCAPTOTRIGONA
360
SCARABAEIDAE
162, 192, 193, 232, 375
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SCATIMUS ERINNYOS
375
SCATTERHOARDING
119, 154, 368
SCINCIDAE
332
SCIURIDAE
309, 359, 371, 379, 394
SCIURUS
309, 359, 371, 379, 394
SCOLYTIDAE
232
SCOTINOMYS
379, 394
SCRUB
030, 167, 195, 232, 234, 257
SEASONAL DIET
141
SEASONAL DRY FORESTS
188, 189
SEASONAL MIGRATION
039
SEASONAL VARIATION
026, 141, 190
SEASONALITY
393
SECONDARY FORESTS
015, 031, 096, 106, 171, 177,
202, 203, 209, 216, 258, 259,
327, 338, 339, 349, 356, 364,
382, 398, 401, 402, 421, 428
027, 179
SEDENTARY SPECIES
103, 223
SEDIMENT
159
SEDIMENT YIELD
159
SEED AVAILABILITY
066
SEED BURIAL
119, 154, 368
SEED DISPERSAL
021, 044, 049, 060, 066, 115,
117, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150,
154, 171, 258, 259, 324, 338,
339, 368
SEED LONGEVITY
441
SEED PREDATION
309
SEED PREDATORS
379, 394
SEED SOURCE
440
SEEDLING DENSITY
270, 291, 299
SEEDLING ESTABLISHMENT
258
SEEDLING RECRUITMENT
258
SEEDLINGS
065, 122
SEEDLINGS REGENERATION
144
SEEDS
019, 027, 098, 108, 109, 119,
122, 135, 143, 154, 368
SELECTIVE LOGGING
066, 119, 154, 368
SELF-COMPATIBILITY
063
SEED PRODUCTION
027, 066, 073, 098, 108, 143
SELVA VERDE PRIVATE
RESERVE
158, 372
SEED RAIN
258, 259, 339
SEMIVARIOGRAMS
207
SEED REMOVAL
379, 394
SERPENTES
116, 244, 332
SEED SET
128
SETTLEMENT
092
SEED SIZE
SEX RATIO
Página 61 de 332
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039, 218
SEX-BIASED DISPERSAL
401, 402, 428
SEXUAL SELECTION
135
SHADE COFFEE
302, 318, 322
SHADE PLANTS
244, 269, 286
SHANNON-WIENER INDEX
136
SHARED WATERSHEDS
255
SHELLFISH
133
SHOREA
128
SHOREFISHES
249
SIGMODON
359
SOCIAL EFFECTS
041
SILVICULTURE
047, 048, 095, 096, 106, 235
SOCIAL FACTORS
164, 172
SILVOPASTORAL SYSTEMS
140, 232, 244, 266, 269, 286,
308, 312
SOCIAL ORGANIZATION
069
SIMAROUBA
120
SIMAROUBACEAE
120
SINAC
090, 102, 133, 175, 272
SIQUIRRES (CANTON)
191
SITE FACTORS
045, 053, 118, 197, 413
SIZE OF HERDS
141
SOCIOECONOMIC
ADVANTAGE
421
SOCIOECONOMIC ASPECTS
036, 038, 046, 170, 246, 285,
357, 386
SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS
421
SOCRATEA
017, 380
SOIL
031, 042, 046, 086, 123, 176
SOIL CONSERVATION
040, 112
SHORT SEQUENCE REPEATS
044
SKY MOUNTAIN CANOPY
TOUR
401, 402, 428
SOIL DEGRADATION
140
SI-A-PAZ
230, 255, 344
SMALL-SCALE FARMERS
372
SOIL MAPS
042
SIBON
332
SOCIAL BEES
317, 350
SOIL RESPIRATION
282, 292, 294
SIDEROXYLON
133
SOCIAL BEHAVIOUR
183, 217, 218, 286
SOLAR RADIATION
254
SIERPE (DISTRITO)
110, 151
SOCIAL CONDITIONS
038
SOROCEA
179
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SPACING
240
SPATIAL CONSTRAINTS
066
SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION
073, 094, 098, 143
SPATIAL FORAGING
360
SPATIAL HETEROGENEITY
017
SPATIAL MODEL
096, 106
SPATIAL NICHES
358
SPATIAL VARIATION
030, 167, 179, 193, 220
SPECIES ABUNDANCE
421
SPECIES EXTINCTION
012, 020, 105, 114, 178, 198,
273, 289, 295
SQUIRREL MONKEY
028, 035, 183, 289, 398, 401,
402, 410, 428
SPECIES LOSS
070, 432
STABILITY OF HERDS
141
SPECIES PARTITIONING
358
STABLE ISOTOPES
360
SPECIES PRESENCE/ABSENCE
180, 251, 328
STAKEHOLDERS
213, 326
SPECIES RICHNESS
412
STAND STRUCTURE
158
SPECIES SURVIVORSHIP
020
STANDARD DIGITAL IMAGE
PROCESSING
030, 136, 138
SPHENOMORPHUS
295, 332
SPHIGGURUS
359
STANDARDS
354, 369
STATIC MOSAIC MODEL
044
SPIDER MONKEY
180, 250, 251, 293, 328, 333,
363
STEMMADENIA
063, 065
SPILOGALE
359
STENORRHINA
332
SPECIES COMPOSITION
022, 208, 227, 242, 280, 370,
421
SPILOTES
332
STINGLESS BEES
317, 360
SPECIES CONSERVATION
174, 181, 331
SPONDIAS
188, 206
STRATEGIC PLANNING
045
SPECIES DENSITY
180, 251, 328
SPOROPHILA
415
STREAMSIDE
168, 224, 252
SPECIES DISAPPEARANCE
129
SQUAMATA
033, 125, 152, 185, 290, 295
STRIGIDAE
137
SPECIES ACCUMULATION
CURVE
227
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STRIGULA
163
SURVEYS
011, 020, 116, 174, 331
TABEBUIA
043, 133, 382
STROMBIDAE
133
SURVIVAL
020, 185, 199, 253, 281, 301,
404, 441
TACHIGALI
133
STROMBUS
133
STRUCTURAL CONNECTIVITY
275, 303, 352, 353, 354, 369,
374, 413, 418, 423, 425, 431
STRUCTURAL
CONSERVATION
417, 418
STRYPHNODENDRON
222, 233
SUSTAINABILITY
053, 101, 272, 319, 327, 349,
365, 414
SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE
036, 038
SUSTAINABLE COMMUNITY
DEVELOPMENT
262, 263
SUBSPECIES DIFFERENCES
287
SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT
041, 047, 074, 075, 076, 077,
078, 079, 080, 081, 082, 083,
084, 085, 095, 111, 112, 131,
132, 155, 235, 248, 391, 418,
421
SUBSTRATE TEMPERATURE
253
SUSTAINABLE TOURISM
248
SUCCESS
128
SWIETENIA
043, 127, 133, 184, 204, 362
SUCCESSIONAL GRADIENT
148
SYMPHONIA
021, 044, 049, 060, 274
SUGAR CANE LAND
040, 112
SYNECHANTHUS
380
SURFACE AREA
130, 167
SYNERGISMS
129
SURUBRES DE SAN MATEO
183
SYZIGIUM
065
STURNIRA
335
TALAMANCA (CANTON)
053, 191, 265, 280, 283
TALAUMA
305
TAMANDUA
359
TAMNOPHILIDAE
437
TANGARA
198, 416
TANTILLA
332
TAPIRIDAE
009, 010, 246, 283, 285, 357
TAPIRIRA
441
TAPIRUS
009, 010, 246, 283, 285, 357
TARCOLES
149
TAXONOMY
287
TAYASSUIDAE
009, 010, 026, 141, 379, 394
TEACHER TRAINING
102
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258, 259, 339
TECHNIQUES
173
TECTONA
043
TEIIDAE
332
TELEFERICO DEL BOSQUE
LLUVIOSO
089
TEMPERATURE
182, 235, 345, 393
TEMPORAL CONSTRAINTS
066
TEMPORAL VARIATION
013, 173, 220
TENURE
031, 038, 053, 123, 176, 289,
341
TERRABA
134, 149
TERRAIN PARAMETERS
254
TERRESTRIAL ECOLOGY
185
TERRESTRIAL HABITAT
345
TERRITORIALITY
281, 301
TETRAGASTRIS
400
THAMNOPHILIDAE
137, 301, 337, 343, 385, 392,
399, 435
THAMNOPHILUS
064, 301, 337, 343, 385, 392,
435
THE CENTER FOR
CONSERVATION BIOLOGY
031
THEMATIC MAPPER
167
THERMAL BARRIERS
261
THERMAL ECOLOGY
261
TIMBER MANAGEMENT
205
TIMBER TREES
140
TIME SERIES
030, 138, 167
TINAMASTE DE PEREZ
ZELEDON
223
TINAMIDAE
371
TINAMUS
371
THRAUPIDAE
103, 137, 198, 223
TIRIMBINA RAIN FOREST
CENTRE
260
THRAUPIS
416
TOADS
129, 235
THRYOTHORUS
437
TONATIA
335
THYROPTERA
335
TOPOCLIMATIC MODEL
031
THYROPTERIDAE
335
TOPOGRAPHY
031, 182
TIARIS
415
TOURISM
042, 046, 056, 150, 397
TILIACEAE
222, 233, 382
TOURISM DEVELOPMENT
035, 265, 395
TILLANDSIA
TOURISM IMPACT
Página 65 de 332
Febrero 2013
046
TRACHOPS
324, 335
TROGLODYTES
415
TRADE
129
TROGLODYTIDAE
103, 137, 223, 301, 337, 343,
385, 392, 415, 435, 437
TRANSLOCATION
EXPERIMENT
432
TROGONIDAE
009, 010, 013, 082, 137, 150,
173, 243
TRANSPIRATION
235
TROPICAL CLOUD FORESTS
406
TRAPPING TECHNIQUES
137
TROPICAL DECIDUOUS
FOREST
105, 178
TRAVEL DISTANCE
218, 315
TREE COVER
266, 308
TRENDS
216, 235
TRICHECHIDAE
009
TRICHECHUS
009
TRICHILIA
065
TRIGONA
128, 360
TRIMETOPON
332
TROCHILIDAE
115, 137, 264, 415
TROPICAL DEFORESTATION
130, 156
TROPICAL DRY FORESTS
043, 057, 058, 063, 071, 072,
073, 088, 098, 099, 104, 105,
109, 116, 118, 127, 128, 139,
143, 145, 146, 147, 166, 177,
180, 184, 192, 193, 194, 195,
196, 202, 203, 204, 206, 208,
209, 210, 212, 216, 220, 228,
232, 234, 235, 236, 242, 245,
251, 257, 271, 309, 313, 328,
343, 362, 376, 382, 385, 392
TROPICAL FOREST
FRAGMENTS
022
TROPICAL FOREST
RESTORATION
178
TROPICAL FORESTS
011, 020, 036, 037, 038, 065,
107, 142, 146, 150, 156, 159,
161, 162, 165, 198, 199, 216,
219, 239, 317, 321, 350, 360,
437
TROPICAL HABITATS
147
TROPICAL LOWLAND
RAINFORESTS
407, 408
TROPICAL MOIST FORESTS
168, 177, 224, 252
TROPICAL PLANT
COMMUNITIES
237
TROPICAL RAIN FORESTS
005, 006, 007, 011, 012, 015,
017, 019, 025, 026, 030, 050,
059, 063, 068, 089, 096, 097,
103, 105, 106, 107, 110, 114,
115, 119, 120, 122, 129, 130,
136, 137, 138, 141, 142, 151,
153, 154, 158, 163, 165, 167,
170, 178, 187, 200, 205, 207,
214, 219, 223, 225, 231, 235,
240, 246, 256, 260, 261, 267,
268, 270, 273, 277, 279, 284,
285, 291, 292, 294, 295, 298,
299, 301, 325, 333, 336, 341,
344, 356, 357, 358, 366, 368,
371, 377, 381, 384, 387, 399,
400, 432, 438
TROPICAL STREAMS
126
TROPICAL TREES
044
Página 66 de 332
Febrero 2013
TROPICAL WET FOREST
340
TURDIDAE
137, 198, 281
TURDUS
198
TURNOVER RATE
239
TURRIALBA (CANTON)
302, 305, 322, 411, 415, 416
TV REPORTS
263
TYLOMYS
379, 394
TYRANNIDAE
137, 200, 301, 415
UNDERGROWTH
059, 103, 115, 211, 223, 274
UNDERSTORY
370, 437
UNDERSTORY BIRD
COMMUNITIES
387, 399
UNFRAGMENTED FORESTS
387, 399
UPLAND FOREST
043
URBAN AREAS
130
388
UROCYON
359
URODERMA
335
USES
327, 349
UV RADIATION
129
VALLE CENTRAL
388
VALLE DE EL GENERAL
262, 263
VAMPYRESSA
335
VAMPYRODES
335
VAMPYRUM
335
VASCULAR EPIPHYTE
325, 358
VAZQUEZ DE CORONADO
(CANTON)
424
VEGETATION
011, 045, 096, 105, 106, 158,
167, 175, 233, 244, 327, 349,
381
VEGETATION STRUCTURE
137, 208, 268
VENTANA DE OSA
183
VERBENACEAE
064, 276, 333, 366
VERTICAL STRATIFICATION
258
VERY-HUMID MONTANE
FOREST DISAPPEARANCE
032
VAN SOMEREN TRAPPING
340
VESICULAR-ARBUSCULAR
MYCORRHIZAE
022, 169
VANISHING SPECIES
129, 295
VESPERTILIONIDAE
335
VANTANEA
133
VICARIANCE
346, 347
VARIANTS
181
VIPERIDAE
332
VARIATION PARTITIONING
431
VIRGIN FORESTS
096, 106, 170, 214, 246, 271,
277, 285, 344, 357
URBAN DEVELOPMENT
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Febrero 2013
101, 159
VIROLA
120, 400
VISITOR EXPERIENCES
102
VITEX
366
VOCHYSIA
231, 305
VOCHYSIACEAE
133, 231, 305
VOLATINIA
415
VULNERABILITY
100
WARNING COLORATION
007
WATER USE
282, 292, 294
WATERSHED MANAGEMENT
040, 112, 123, 159, 176, 426
WATERSHEDS
054, 101, 123, 124, 126, 175,
176
WELFIA
017, 400
WERAUHIA
259, 339
WETLANDS
043, 058, 064, 092, 123, 124,
139, 156, 175, 176, 255
WATER CONSERVATION
140
WHITE-FACED CAPUCHIN
MONKEY
009, 010, 133, 180, 251, 269,
286, 287, 328, 333, 359, 363,
371, 407
WATER EROSION
159
WILD ANIMALS
141, 225, 236
WATER FLOW
123, 176
WILD BIRDS
114, 153, 268
WATER MANAGEMENT
123, 159, 176
WILD FELINES
121, 371
WATER QUALITY
123, 176
WILDERNESS AREAS
WATER RELATIONS
382
WATER RESOURCES
WILDLIFE AREAS
010, 074, 075, 076, 077, 078,
079, 080, 081, 082, 083, 084,
085, 131, 132, 272, 351, 353,
354, 369, 413
WILDLIFE BIOLOGY
197
WILDLIFE CONSERVATION
114, 153, 225, 236, 268, 308,
359, 378, 409
WILDLIFE CONTROL
236
WILDLIFE CORRIDORS
055
WILDLIFE HABITATS
225, 236
WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT
010, 221, 241, 429
WILDLIFE PROTECTION
005, 028
WILDLIFE REFUGES
086, 175
WILDLIFE SPECIES
CONSERVATION
386
WILDLIFE TRADE
152, 225, 236
WILDLIFE/HABITAT
RELATIONSHIPS
150
WIND-DISPERSED SEEDS
258
WINDBREAKS
117, 140, 244, 269, 286, 330
Página 68 de 332
Febrero 2013
WINTERING NEOTROPICAL
MIGRANT BIRDS
064
ZONA PROTECTORA CUENCA
RIO ABANGARES
040
WITHIN-TREE LOCATION
258
ZONA PROTECTORA LAS
TABLAS
374, 375, 431
WOMEN'S GROUPS
036
WOOD DENSITY
400
WOOD THRUSH
281, 301
WOODLANDS
047, 095
WOODY PLANTS
011, 140
ZONA PROTECTORA
MIRAVALLES
397
ZONA PROTECTORA TIVIVES
236
ZOOGEOGRAPHY
165, 183, 219, 287, 436
ZYGOPHYLLACEAE
133, 376
WOODY REGENERATION
117
WORKING PLANS
052
WORLD BANK
133
WYEOMYIA
358
XANTUSIIDAE
332
XENOPHALLUS
346, 347
ZENAIDA
064, 133
Página 69 de 332
Febrero 2013
LISTA DE PUBLICACIONES
Publicación no.: 001 Special visual presentation. Landscape linkages: the dispersal corridor approach
to wildlife conservation [Presentación visual especial. Enlaces del paisaje: el enfoque de corredor de
dispersión para la conservación de la vida silvestre] / Harris, L.D. (University of Florida. Department of
Wildlife and Range Science, 118 Newins-Ziegler Hall, Box 110430, Gainesville, FL 32611-0430, US).
Transactions North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference, 53rd US, 1988, p. 595-607. (No
abstract).
Localización: Biblioteca OET: DOC 624.
Publicación no.: 002 New initiatives for wildlife conservation: the need for movement corridors
[Nuevas iniciativas para la conservación de la vida silvestre: la necesidad de corredores de movimiento] /
Harris, L.D; Gallagher, P.B; Mackintosh, G (ed.). (University of Florida. Department of Wildlife and Range
Science, 118 Newins-Ziegler Hall, Box 110430, Gainesville, FL 32611-0430, US).
En: In defense of wildlife: preserving communities and corridors Washington, DC: Defenders of Wildlife,
1989. p. 11-33. (No abstract).
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S622.
Publicación no.: 003 Conservation of forest birds in Costa Rica: problems and perspectives
[Conservación de las aves del bosque en Costa Rica: problemas y perspectivas] / Stiles, F. Gary; Diamond,
A.W (ed.); Lovejoy, Thomas E (ed.). (Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Departamento de Biología,
Ciudad Universitaria, AA-35884, Bogotá, CO <E-mail: [email protected]>). Proceedings of a Workshop
and Symposium held at the XVIII World Conference of the International Council for Bird Preservation,
Kings College, Cambridge, GB, 7-10 August 1982.
En: Conservation of tropical forest birds Kings College, Cambridge: International Council for Bird
Preservation, 1985. p. 141-168. (ICBP Technical Publication; no. 4). ISBN: 0-946888-05-1.
Costa Rica represents something of a special case with respect to bird conservation in the Neotropics: its
stable democratic government, literate public, and high standard of living have made it possible for
conservation measures to make great strides in the last 15 years. However, some of the very factors that
have facilitated these advances will come to pose direct or indirect threats in the coming years; the real
question is whether the gains of recent years can be maintained. Threats to the Costa Rican avifauna can
be classified into two general sorts: general and specific. The former affect many or all bird species over
a considerable area, while the latter affect only certain species - or particular populations of these
species. Habitat destruction is the most critical general threat; specific threats include the cage-bird
trade, and hunting. Proposed or extant legislation can deal with the specific threats, assuming adequate
enforcement (which has not been the case to date), but the situation with respect to the general threats
is less clear. Deforestation is not being effectively regulated, and within a relatively short time the future
of the avifauna will become synonymous with the future of the country's system of parks and reserves.
Most such protected areas were not set aside while taking into account such features of the avifauna as
local and altitudinal migrations, and more land is needed in several key areas. However, the real
problem will come in protecting the parks and reserves as pressure on the land grows in the coming
years. The underlying causes of this problem include uncontrolled population growth and the need to
develop an export-based agroeconomy to maintain a high standard of living for this population. The lack
Página 70 de 332
Febrero 2013
of ecological and biological input into the decision-making process is an aggregating factor. Perspectives
for bird conservation in Costa Rica for the short and long term are discussed.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: 333.958 C755c. NBINA-9270.
Publicación no.: 004 On the role of birds in the dynamics of neotropical forest [Sobre el papel de las
aves en la dinámica del bosque neotropical] / Stiles, F. Gary; Diamond, A.W (ed.); Lovejoy, Thomas E
(ed.). (Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Departamento de Biología, Ciudad Universitaria, AA-35884,
Bogotá, CO <E-mail: [email protected]>). Proceedings of a Workshop and Symposium held at the
XVIII World Conference of the International Council for Bird Preservation, King College, Cambridge, GB,
7-10 August 1982.
Preservation, 1985. p. 49-59. ISBN: 0-946888-05-1.
Most of the contributors to this symposium have emphasized that conserving tropical forest avifaunas
requires the preservation of sizeable tracts of relatively undisturbed tropical forest. This paper
addresses the other side of the coin: in conserving tropical forest ecosystems, how important is the
preservation of the forest avifauna? In other words, what biological role(s) do birds play in the dynamics
of tropical forest? I shall attempt to answer these questions for Neotropical forests, particularly those of
southern Central America, with which I have first-hand experience. It would be most interesting to
extend this analysis to the forests of the Old World Tropics.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: 333.958 C755c; S1158.
Publicación no.: 005 Tropical rainforest avifaunas: an introductory conspectus [Avifaunas del bosque
lluvioso tropical: un estudio general introductorio] / Keast, Allen; Diamond, A.W (ed.); Lovejoy, Thomas E
(ed.). (Queen's University. Biology Department, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, CA). Proceedings of a
Workshop and Symposium at the XVIII World Conference of the International Council for Bird
Preservation, Kings College, Cambridge, GB, 7-10 August 1982.
Preservation, 1985. p. 3-31. ISBN: 0-946888-05-1.
Lowland rainforest avifaunas are species-rich, diversified, and often highly specialized. Many groups of
birds have obviously had a long history in this habitat. The rainforest habitat extends back to the
Eocene, at which time all modern orders were evolving or had evolved. Endemism is high in the different
zoogeographic regions, reflecting the disjunct nature of the rainforest blocks. The climatic shifts of the
Pleistocene had important effects on the rainforests and their avifaunas. Dry phases led to shrinkage
and break-up of the forests. This has been variously evoked as a partial explanation of the modest
avifaunas of the African forests compared to the rich ones of Amazonia, where much speciation
occurred during the break-up phases. High species diversity is a major feature of the world's lowland
rainforests. Various explanations have been advanced for this: the benign and stable tropical climate
that permits fine division of niches and great species packing; limited extinction (in the Amazon); the
high structural diversity of the habitat; high floristic and food diversity, and a high proportion of rare and
specialized species that survive because they make only a negligible impact on resources. It is now
obvious that all these, and other factors, are involved, A major feature of rainforest avifaunas is the
degree of coevolution and coadaptation shown by birds and plants. The most striking examples of this
occur in connection with nectarivory and frugivory, the birds being major pollinators and seeddispersers. In some cases both bird and plant show striking structural adaptations. Rainforest birds are
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closely linked through their annual cycle (breeding, the moult, seasonal diet patterns and movements)
with the seasonal climatic cycle. They exhibit many adaptations in connection with this, including
protracted breeding and moulting seasons, and small clutch sizes. Rainforest birds thus emerge as highly
specialized forms, dependent upon their habitat which is, in some degree, dependent upon them. As
one of the world's great natural resources they demand both more research (sound conservation can
only be based upon understanding) and a major international effort at conservation.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: 333.958 C755c.
Publicación no.: 006 A celebration of life on earth [Una celebración de la vida en la tierra] / Lovejoy,
Thomas E. (Counselor to the Secretary on Biodiversity and Environmental Affairs, Castle Bldg. 320,
Washington, D.C, US <E-mail: [email protected]>).
En: Tropical rainforests: diversity and conservation. Almeda, F; Pringle. C.M. (eds.) San Francisco, CA:
California Academy of Sciences, 1988. p. 1-12. (California Academy of Sciences Memoir; no. 12). ISBN: 0940228-19-X.
The tropical rainforest is where life reaches its fullest expression, where more forms of life are to be
found than anywhere else on the globe, and where complex arrangements amongst species are
encountered to an unparalleled degree. The ability of the life sciences to contribute to human welfare
or, for that matter, the ability of biology as science to understand life on earth adequately, rests in large
part on the knowledge waiting to be discovered in tropical forests. Our knowledge of these forests
cannot be described as anything more than superficial; yet, at the same time, they are being obliterated
at staggering rates. There is, as a consequence, a conservation imperative to protect the great diversity
of tropical forest species and ecosystems in a very short time. But given the current ignorance, a
conservation network cannot be simply established. Research on topics such as minimum size for
reserves must go hand in hand with conservation action. A discussion of the research project on the
minimum size problem in Central Amazonia will highlight the urgency of the Zona Protectora project in
Costa Rica.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: 333.7516 T856t.
Publicación no.: 007 How do refuges produce biological diversity? Allopatry y parapatry, extinction
and gene flow in mimetic butterflies [¿Cómo los refugios producen diversidad biológica? Alopatría y
parapatría, extinción y deriva genética en mariposas miméticas] / Turner, J.R.G. (State University of New
York. Department of Ecology and Evolution, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5245, US). Proceedings of the Fifth
International Symposium of the Association for Tropical Biology, Macuto Beach, Caracas, VE, February 813, 1979.
En: Biological diversification in the tropics. Prance, G.T. (ed.) New York: Columbia University Press, 1982.
p. 309-335. ISBN: 0-231-04876-9.
The allopatric and parapatric models of diversification in the tropical rain forests are not, it is argued,
very different. The South American butterfly genus Heliconius has undergone a remarkable evolutionary
radiation; we understand the adaptive function of the radiation (muellerian mimicry), the selective
forces acting on the characters (normalizing selection), and the genetical outcome of these forces (major
multigenic differences between races). It is argued that periods of climatic deterioration in the
Quaternary have caused increased rates of race formation, whether or not the forest became split into
extremely isolated refuges, and whether or not the process is allopatric or parapatric, because the
driving force of race formation is not the stoppage of gene flow but the differential extinction of other
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members of the flora and fauna in the refuge areas. Race formation increases when the forest is
fragmented because the effects of extinctions last for longer. Evolution in the color patterns of
Heliconius, timed from the dating of the last stadial, is faster than that of the most rapidly evolving
proteins, and takes the form of a miniature, rapid adaptive radiation like that normally thought of as
characterizing long-term evolution.
Publicación no.: 008 Alternative models for infrageneric diversification in the humid tropics: tests with
passion vine butterflies [Modelos alternativos para la diversificación infragenérica en los trópicos
húmedos: pruebas con mariposas de las passifloráceas] / Benson, W.W. (Universidade Federal de Rio de
Janeiro. Faculdade de Farmacia, Centro de Pesquisas de Produtos Naturais, Praia Vermelha, Rio de
Janeiro ZC-82, BR). Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium of the Association for Tropical
Biology, Macuto Beach, Caracas, VE, February 8-13, 1979.
En: Biological diversification in the tropics. Prance, G.T. (ed.) New York: Columbia University Press, 1982.
p. 608-640. ISBN: 0-231-04876-9.
Refuge models have been proposed to explain the "paradox" of the high degree of biological
diversification and species richness within forested areas of the American tropics. They are based on the
fact that the distributions of forms, subspecies and, to a lesser extent, species of diverse taxa are
approximately coincident and on the inference that not long ago the Amazonian forest was broken into
isolated forest refuges. There is the basic assumption that allopatric isolation is necessary, and parapatry
and presently existing barriers insufficient, to explain the differentiation observed today. Models
derived from population biology explaining the same phenomena are based on the fact that neotropical
forest landscapes differ greatly among regions and the inference that, due to these differences,
divergent selection has directed adaptive evolution along different paths. I present evidence that the
population models produce relevant predictions for neotropical heliconiine butterflies, identify
situations in which different models produce contrasting predictions, and show that the limited data
available tend to support the population model over the refuge model. Integrated studies in ecology,
biogeography, and revisionary taxonomy will be necessary to identify and resolve the many unanswered
questions of evolutionary importance. The possibilities raised by this report underline the urgency of
preserving and studying organisms in natural ecosystems for understanding ecological and evolutionary
processes in the tropics.
Publicación no.: 009 A report on dense forest habitat for endangered species in Costa Rica [Informe
sobre hábitat de bosques densos para especies amenazadas en Costa Rica] / Vaughan-Dickhaut,
Christopher. (University of Wisconsin-Madison. Department of Wildlife Ecology, Madison, WI 53706, US
<E-mail: [email protected]>). Heredia: Universidad Nacional, Departamento de Publicaciones,
1983. 62 p.
Existence and loss of dense forest habitat for 28 endangered wildlife species in Costa Rica is quantified
and analyzed using vegetation maps, density estimates and insular ecology theory. From 1940 to 1977
species suffered an average 35% destruction of dense forest habitat. A number of species including:
Myrmecophaga tridactyla, Panthera onca, Trichechus manatus, Haria hapyja and Ara ambigua will
probably go extinct in Costa Rica within the next century due to lack of sufficiently large dense forest
habitat areas for survival. The importance of protecting large areas of dense forest habitat for
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conserving genetically "viable" wildlife populations is emphasized and key areas are identified for each
species. In addition species are ranked as to degree of endangerment using biological parameters.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: AD 995.
Publicación no.: 010 Hábitat potencial y su aplicabilidad en la conservación de especies faunísticas en
Costa Rica / Vaughan-Dickhaut, Christopher. (University of Wisconsin-Madison. Department of Wildlife
Ecology, Madison, WI 53706, US <E-mail: [email protected]>). Contribuciones de la Escuela
de Ciencias Ambientales al Primer Congreso Nacional Sobre Conservación de Fauna Silvestre, San José,
CR, Julio 14-19, 1980.
En: Vaughan-Dickhaut, Christopher; McCoy-Colton, Michael B. (eds.) Heredia: Universidad Nacional,
1981. p. 21-38. (Serie de Ordenación de Fauna Silvestre; no. 3).
Con base en la literatura se ha hecho un cálculo de la habitat potencial de especies faunísticas
consideradas en vías de extinción en el país y por medio de una encuesta nacional con cazadores y
campesinos se ha tratado de comprobar la existencia de estas especies en su hábitat potencial boscosa
propuesta. Como resultado se han dividido las especies estudiadas en dos grandes grupos: aquellas que
dependen mayormente de hábitats boscosos no alterados para su sobrevivencia y aquellas que se
encuentran tanto en hábitats de grandes extensiones (80% o, mayor) como en áreas de bosque
secundario y bosques aislados, o sea, en hábitats alterados. Para todas estas especies se puede calcular
la cantidad de bosque primario existente en los años 1950, 1961 y 1977 y la tasa de destrucción de
hábitat entre estos períodos. Así se determina la cantidad de hábitat boscoso existente en el año 1977
para cada especie y se extrapoló la fecha de eliminación de hábitat boscoso, utilizando para ello una
tasa actual de deforestación. Además se determina en términos generales la cantidad de hábitat
potencial bajo protección en el año 1977. Al estimarse el hábitat actual y la tasa de pérdida del hábitat
de una especie faunística llegamos en forma general al objetivo de este trabajo, cual es el de cuantificar
el estado de hábitat potencial de algunas de las especies faunísticas nacionales consideradas en vías de
extinción. Desde el punto de vista de hábitat, se llega a conocer en forma general el estado de la
especie. Se nota que existen especies que se encuentran casi exclusivamente en áreas boscosas de 80%
o mayor cobertura boscosa y otras que se adaptan a áreas alteradas aunque además viven en áreas de
grandes extensiones boscosas. Este segundo grupo de especies es más adaptable a cambios de hábitat y
aparentemente en menos peligro de extinción por esta razón. Además el hábitat tiene relación directa
con la población potencial de la especie, tomando en cuenta que por razones de presión de cacería y
factores naturales (enfermedades y depredación, disponibilidad de comida), las densidades pueden ser
más altas o bajas entre áreas semejantes, o sea, el hábitat potencial es posiblemente un mejor índice del
estado de la especie que el índice de densidad. Para poder llegar a directrices generales de manejo de
una especie, y contando con el mapa de hábitat potencial, el primer paso es recomendar protección de
la superficie más grande posible de su hábitat. Sin embargo, cada especie tendrá sus necesidades
propias y será necesario profundizar en cada caso para determinarlas densidades de las poblaciones en
diferentes tipos de hábitat y la ecología de cada especie, con la finalidad de llegar a un manejo racional.
Para poder visualizar el proceso descrito en este trabajo, a continuación se presenta un diagrama de
flujo que pretende guiar los pasos y la secuencia que se deben tomar en cuenta para llegar a manejar
una especie faunística. Funciona en especial para especies en vías de extinción cuyo problema principal
es la destrucción o alteración de hábitat (ver figura 5). Después de realizar las etapas 1,2; 3 y 5 uno debe
decidir si es necesario estimar la densidad de la población en la zona o zonas donde la manejará. Con
respecto a esto, Caughley (1) presenta una excelente discusión acerca de las razones que ayudan a guiar
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esta decisión. Si se decide hacer estimaciones de densidades, hay una variedad de métodos que se
puede utilizar (1). Este tipo de información puede servir para comparar el tamaño de la población de un
año a otro o entre diferentes regiones para un mismo año. Si se decide no estimar el tamaño de la
población, se procede al paso 7 donde se estudia la ecología de la especie, lo que debe incluir:
comportamiento, movimientos, territorio, hábitos alimentarios, tasas de natalidad y mortalidad, etc. En
el mejor de los casos se puede recopilar mucha de esta información antes de pasar al número 8 el cual
contempla esbozar los principios de manejo de la especie y probar estos principios durante un período.
A la vez es importante en esta etapa hacer estimaciones de densidad para compararlos mientras que
uno practica el manejo de la especie. En. síntesis, para poder definir el estado de una especie
considerada en "vías de extinción" es necesario cuantificar su situación en cuanto al tamaño de su
población y/o su hábitat en el espacio y tiempo y/o los otros factores que la amenazan. El método que
fue empleado con especies faunísticas en Costa.-Rica, suministra datos acerca de la existencia, cantidad,
distribución y utilización de hábitat por cada especie estudiada. El modelo que se presenta trata de
mostrar la secuencia lógica a emplear en el manejo de una especie faunística en vías de extinción.
Publicación no.: 011 Preservation of biodiversity in small rainforest patches: rapid evaluations using
butterfly trapping [Preservación de la biodiversidad en pequeños parches de bosque lluvioso:
evaluaciones rápidas utilizando trampeo de mariposas] / Daily, Gretchen C; Ehrlich, Paul R. (Stanford
University. Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Conservation Biology, Stanford, CA 943055020, US <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]>).
En: Biodiversity and Conservation (ISSN 0960-3115), v. 4, no. 1, p. 35-55. 1995.
Enlace: http://www.ots.ac.cr/rdmcnfs/datasets/biblioteca/pdfs/nbina-9838.pdf
Determining capacity of small forest remnants to support biodiversity is of critical importance, especially
in the tropics where high rates of land conversion coincide with extraordinarily high species richness and
endemism. Using fruit-baited traps, rapid evaluations were made in 1993 and 1994 of forest butterfly
diversity of seven small patches (3-30 ha) and a single remaining large patch (227 ha) of Costa Rica midaltitude moist forest. Results suggest that even recently isolated 20-30 ha fragments of primary forest
retain surprisingly depauperate butterfly faunas relative to that supported by the 227 ha patch only 0.51.0 km away. If forest butterflies are an index of diversity of small-bodied organisms in general,
preservations of the latter may require unexpectedly large patches. In 1994 a 16 ha botanical garden
was surveyed, situated between and contiguous to both the 227 ha patch and an exceptionally speciesrich 25 ha patch. In the garden, adults of many butterfly species associated with forest interior were
found, suggesting that even heavily managed systems of largely exotic plants (such as agricultural
systems) could be designed to serve as corridors for butterflies and perhaps some other groups of
organisms. Implications are discussed for a planned restoration of biotic connections between lowland
and montane forests in southern Costa Rica.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S6134. Biblioteca OET: NBINA-9838.
Publicación no.: 012 Species loss in fragments of tropical rain forest: A review of the evidence [Pérdida
de especies en fragmentos de bosques lluviosos tropicales: revisión de la evidencia] / Turner, I.M.
(National University of Singapore. Department of Botany, Singapore 119260, SG).
En: Journal of Applied Ecology (ISSN 0021-8901), v. 33, no. 2, p. 200-209. 1996.
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1. A review of the literature shows that in nearly all cases tropical rain forest fragmentation has led to a
local loss of species. Isolated fragments suffer reductions in species richness with time after excision
from continuous forest, and small fragments often have fewer species recorded for the same effort of
observation than large fragments or areas of continuous forest. 2. Birds have been the most frequently
studied taxonomic group with respect to the effects of tropical forest fragmentation. 3. The mechanisms
of fragmentation-related extinction include the deleterious effects of human disturbance during and
after deforestation, the reduction of population sizes, the reduction of immigration rates, forest edge
effects, changes in community structure (second- and higher-order effects) and the immigration of
exotic species. 4. The relative importance of these mechanisms remains obscure. 5. Animals that are
large, sparsely or patchily distributed, or very specialized and intolerant of the vegetation surrounding
fragments, are particularly prone to local extinction. 6. The large number of indigenous species that are
very sparsely distributed and intolerant of conditions outside the forest make evergreen tropical rain
forest particularly susceptible to species loss through fragmentation. 7. Much more research is needed
to study what is probably the major threat to global biodiversity.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-789. Biblioteca del BIODOC: 574.5 Jou.
Publicación no.: 013 Implications of intratropical migration on reserve design: A case study using
Pharomachrus mocinno [Implicaciones de la migración intratropical en el diseño de reservas: estudio de
caso utilizando a Pharomachrus mocinno (quetzal)] / Powell, George V.N; Bjork, Robin D. (World Wildlife
Fund, 1250 24th Street nw, Washington, D.C. 20037, US <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail:
[email protected]>).
En: Conservation Biology (ISSN 0888-8892), v. 9, no. 2, p. 354-362. 1995.
As habitat loss continues, natural protected areas will become islands in human-modified land-scapes;
maintenance of functional communities and ecosystems will depend on properly designed protected
areas. We demonstrate that incorporating regional habitat linkages that allow for seasonal migrations of
intratropical resident species must be a major design criterion for establishing protected areas. Using
radiotelemetry, we monitored the seasonal movements of one such migrant, the Resplendent Quetzal
(Pharomachrus mocinno), a large, frugivorous bird, one of many tropical residents known to migrate
altitudinally within Mesoamerica. Based on three years of data we determined that quetzals followed a
complicated local migration that linked four montane life zones. Using this species as an indicator
revealed that the configuration of the Monteverde reserve complex in the Tilarán Mountains in westcentral Costa Rica lacked sufficient habitat distribution to conserve montane biodiversity. On the basis
of these results, we propose that the three-step process proposed by Soule and Simberloff (1986) for
estimating minimum sizes of reserves be amended to include a fourth step: The critical habitats used
throughout the annual cycles of target or keystone species must be identified and adequately protected.
Natural protected areas can be considered adequately designed only when sufficient area with a full
complement of ecologically linked habitats is included.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: C.
Publicación no.: 014 The Mesoamerican biological corridor [El corredor biológico mesoamericano] /
Ankersen, Thomas T; Hamann, R.G. (University of Florida. College of Law, Center for Governmental
Responsibility, 230 Bruton Geer, Gainesville, FL 32605-7629, US <E-mail: [email protected]> <Email: [email protected]>)./ Mesoamerican Biodiversity Legal Project / Centro de Derecho Ambiental
y de los Recursos Naturales (Costa Rica) / Instituto de Derecho Ambiental y Desarrollo Sostenible
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(Guatemala) / University of Florida. Center for Governmental Responsibility, Gainesville, FL, US.
Gainesville, FL: Center for Governmental Responsibility, University of Florida College of Law, 1993.
Localización: No disponible.
Publicación no.: 015 Avian nest predation in tropical wet forest: an experimental study [Depredación
de nidos de aves en un bosque tropical húmedo: un estudio experimental] / Gibbs, James P. (Yale
University. School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, New Haven, CT 06511, US).
En: Oikos (ISSN 0030-1299), v. 60, no. 2, p. 155-161. 1991.
I used artificial nests to examine predation on birds' nests in lowland wet forest in La Selva Biological
Station, Costa Rica. My purpose was to assess patterns of latitudinal variation in nest predation intensity
and to predict the effects of further fragmentation of this forest on its associated avifauna. Nest loss did
not vary among sites or between dry and wet seasons within the primary forest interior during 1988.
Nests near forest/second growth edges were destroyed more frequently than nests in the forest's
interior. Nest loss near forest/pasture edges, however, was similar to that in the forest interior. Nest
loss was higher at five smaller (100 ha) than at three larger forest patches. Predation intensity at this site
was comparable to that observed in three similar studies conducted in temperate forests. Comparative
data from this site indicate that predation on nests of ground-dwelling birds at Barro Colorado Island,
Panama, may be unusually high due to elevated densities of nest predators. High mortality rates of
birds' nest previously reported for tropical forests could be artifact of studying birds in disturbed or
isolated forests.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S839. LS. PVB. NBINA-6406.
Publicación no.: 016 Possible effects of global warming on the biological diversity in tropical forests
[Posibles efectos del calentamiento global en la diversidad biológica en bosques tropicales] / Hartshorn,
Gary Spencer; Peters, R (ed.); Lovejoy, Thomas E (ed.). (Duke University, Box 90630, Durham, NC 277080630, US <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]>).
En: Global warming and biological diversity New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992. p. 137-146. ISBN: 0300-05930-2.
Introduction: Rampant deforestation, the inexorable advance of the agricultural frontier, species
extinction, and the conservation of biological diversity are some of the principal problems facing those
who would protect tropical forests. Global warming due to the greenhouse effect may also affect the
composition and integrity of those few tropical forests that survive well into the next century. Tropical
forests not only are the most species-rich ecosystems known on this planet but also are exceedingly
complex ecologically. This chapter has three objectives: (1) to highlight briefly the ecological complexity
and biological diversity of tropical forests; (2) to review documented effects of historically recent
climatic fluctuations on tropical forest communities; and (3) to use these first two components for
cautiously exploring possible effects of global warming on the biological diversity in tropical forests. My
primary theater of experience is the humid forests of tropical America; hence, I will draw heavily on such
well- known sites as the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute's Barro Colorado Island (BCI) in
Panama's Lake Gatún (Leigh et al. 1982, 1990) and the Organization for Tropical Studies' La Selva
Biological Station in the Caribbean lowlands of Costa Rica (Clark 1990). 1 am focusing on mature or oldgrowth forests, with minimal or no direct human disturbance; thus young secondary forests,
deforestation, restoration of degraded forest lands, soil fertility, nutrient cycling, and so on are beyond
the purview of this chapter.
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Publicación no.: 017 Spatial heterogeneity in tropical forest structure: canopy palms as landscape
mosaics [Heterogeneidad espacial en la estructura del bosque tropical: las palmas del dosel como
mosaicos de paisajes] / Chazdon, Robin L. (University of Connecticut. Department of Ecology and
Evolutionary Biology, U-43 Storrs, CT 06269, US <E-mail: [email protected]>).
En: TREE - Trends in Ecology and Evolution (ISSN 0169-5347), v. 11, no. 1, p. 8-9. 1996. (No abstract).
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S2544. LS. NBINA-6399.
Publicación no.: 018 Usando un SIG para el diseño de corredores de vida silvestre en Monteverde,
Costa Rica / Musinsky, J.
En: SIG Natura, v. 2, no. 1, p. 4-5,11-12. 1995.
Este artículo describe un método para diseñar corredores de vida silvestre con sistemas de información
geográfica (SIG), usando una técnica para identificar las áreas de los hábitats deforestados y restaurar
las zonas de hábitats alrededor de bosques existentes. Una ventaja de esta técnica es que identifica los
diferentes tipos de hábitat en cuencas deforestadas que podrían ser restaurados. Con esta información
la colocación de los corredores de vida silvestre pueden restringirse a áreas que tienen un déficit de un
tipo determinado de hábitat compensando la pérdida de recursos críticos, al mismo tiempo
minimizando los costos asociados con la restauración de la cobertura vegetal en tierras deforestadas.
Mapas de los sitios óptimos para el establecimiento de los corredores, derivados de datos ecológicos,
pueden combinarse con estudios o encuestas económicas para evaluar la factibilidad de ubicar los
corredores de vida silvestre en áreas específicas.
Publicación no.: 019 Effect of forest fragmentation on genetic diversity and mating system in a tropical
tree, Pithecellobium elegans [Efecto de la fragmentación del bosque sobre la diversidad genética y
sistemas de reproducción en un árbol tropical, Pithecellobium elegans] / Hall, Pamela; Walker, Sarah;
Bawa, Kamaljit S. (University of Massachusetts. Department of Biology, 100 Morrissey Blvd, Boston, MA
02125-3393, US <E-mail: [email protected]>).
Genetic diversity, population differentiation, and temporal variation in outcrossing rates were examined
for Pithecellobium elegans, a Neotropical rain forest canopy tree. Several forest fragments and a large
reserve (1500 ba) were compared for several population genetic parameters. For eight populations
sampled on the Atlantic coastal plain of Costa Rica, allozyme heterozygosity (0.13), polymorphism (35%),
and effective number of alleles (1.24) were similar to values reported for other tropical tree species that
occur at similar densities of less than one individual per hectare. These measures of genetic variation
were lowest in populations of the smallest size, farthest from the reserve, and more isolated from other
populations. Differentiation among samples collected in small forest fragments and the reserve
population accounted for 10% of the total genetic variation observed. There was a positive relationship
between the level of differentiation of populations from the reserve population and their distance from
the reserve. Though predominantly an annually flowering species, the number of trees in flower at any
one time varied from 80% of observed trees to only 6%. Outcrossing rates did not differ for two
episodes in which the proportions of flowering trees were 33 % and 80%. But periods of low density of
flowering adults resulted in poor seed crops or failure to set fruit for many individuals. Population size at
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many sites will be effectively decreased because of the variation in flowering. Fragmentation of what
was once a large, continuous forested area is resulting in genetic erosion of small, isolated populations
of Pithecellobium elegans.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: C. NBINA-3805. LS.
Publicación no.: 020 Nocturnality and species survival [Nocturnidad y sobrevivencia de las especies] /
Daily, Gretchen C; Ehrlich, Paul R. (Stanford University. Department of Biological Sciences. Center for
Conservation Biology, Stanford, CA 94305-5020, US <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail:
En: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (ISSN 0027-8424),
v. 93, no. 21, p. 11709-11712. 1996.
Surveys of butterfly and moth diversity in tropical forest fragments suggest that nocturnality confers
dispersal, and possibly a survival, advantage. The butterfly faunas of smaller fragments were
depauperate; in contrast, the species richness of nocturnal moths was similar in all fragments and even
in pasture. The lack of correlation between butterfly and moth species richness among fragments (r 2 =
0.005) is best explained by movements of moths at night when ambient conditions in forest and pasture
are most similar; butterflies face substantial daytime temperature, humidity, and solar radiation
barriers. This interpretation is supported by information on birds, beetles, and bats.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S2764. NBINA-3971.
Publicación no.: 021 Microsatellite assessment of gene flow via seed and pollen in fragmented
populations of the tropical tree Symphonia globulifera [Evaluación mediante microsatelites del flujo
génico a través de las semillas y el polen en poblaciones fragmentadas del árbol tropical Symphonia
globulifera] / Aldrich, Preston Rice; Hamrick, James L; Kochert, Gary. (University of Georgia. Botany
Department, Athens, GA 30602, US <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail:
[email protected]>). Tropical Diversity Origins, Maintenance, and Conservation. ATB &
OTS Symposium and Annual Meeting Abstracts, San José, CR, 15-20 June, 1997. San José: Organization
for Tropical Studies, 1997. p. 34.
(Abstract only). This study examines the effects of habitat fragmentation on gene flow via seed dispersal
(by bats) and pollen dispersal (by hummingbirds) in fragmented populations of the tropical tree
Symphonia globulifera. A 38 hectare area of fragmented forest plus plots in the continuous forest at Las
Cruces were mapped for this species, and tissue was collected from all adults, saplings, and seedlings in
the study area. Three microsatellite markers were developed and employed to examine the genetic
effects of fragmentation as manifest in the demographic genetics and patterns of gene flow in the
species. It is found that gene flow into patches occurs at a very high rate with pasture adults having
much greater fertilities than adults residing within patches. Further, the distribution of fertilities is highly
skewed which limits the effectiveness of gene flow to counter drift. Genetic neighborhoods and
effective population sizes are calculated and the long-term impact on population dynamics and viability
are discussed.
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Publicación no.: 022 Species diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in forest fragments and adjacent
pastures [Diversidad de especies de hongos micorrízicoarbusculares en fragmentos de bosque y potreros
adyacentes] / Aldrich-Wolfe, Laura. (Kansas State University. Division of Biology, Ackert Hall, Manhattan,
KS 66506, US <E-mail: [email protected]>). Tropical Diversity Origins, Maintenance, and Conservation. ATB
& OTS Symposium and Annual Meeting Abstracts, San José, CR, 15-20 June, 1997. San José: Organization
(Abstract only). Conversion of forest to pasture has been hypothesized to lead to declines in species
richness, overall abundance, and relative abundances of mycorrhizal fungi species in pastures relative to
forest sites. Evidence for such declines is currently incomplete. In this study, I provide a preliminary
estimate of species diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi spores for five pairs of forest fragment
and adjacent pasture sites in a farming community in Coto Brus, Costa Rica. I determined species
diversity of AM fungi spores by both direct assessment of field-collected soil samples and estimates
from trap cultures in the greenhouse. Initial results suggest differences in the relative abundances of
species of AM fungi between forest fragment and adjacent pasture sites and a higher overall abundance
of spores of AM fungi in pasture sites.
Publicación no.: 023 Distribution and abundance patterns of forest birds in a fragmented landscape:
patch size is not the only factor [Patrones de distribución y abundancia de aves de bosque en un paisaje
fragmentado: el tamaño de la parcela no es el único factor] / Borgella, Rene, Jr. (Ithaca College.
Department of Biology, CNS 213, Ithaca, NY 14853, US <E-mail: [email protected]>). Tropical
Diversity Origins, Maintenance, and Conservation. ATB & OTS Symposium and Annual Meeting
Abstracts, San José, CR, 15-20 June, 1997. San José: Organization for Tropical Studies, 1997. p. 41.
(Abstract only). Since 1994, I have been conducting an intensive mark-release-recapture experiment to
study the distribution, abundance, and movement patterns of resident forest birds in a system of five
small forest fragments (0.3 - 25 ha) and the forest reserve of the Las Cruces Biological Station (LCBS, 245
ha) in Costa Rica; all sites are near each other (90-400 m apart) and are imbedded in a landscape matrix
dominated by cattle pasture. This paper discusses the distribution of species and abundance of
individuals (5000 captures, ca. 2000 individuals), which were determined principally by forest patch size.
More species (97) were captured in the LCBS than at any of the other sites (27-66 species). Most species
also had larger estimated population sizes in the larger fragments. However, results suggest that
although patch size seems to be an important factor in determining the abundance and distribution of
some species, it is not the only factor; some taxa were distributed according to abiotic differences
among the sites. Besides the consideration of minimal size constraints, heterogeneity of habitats would
also increase species richness. These data suggest that reserves could incorporate several nearby areas
of habitat that exhibit some differences in abiotic attributes to increase species richness.
Publicación no.: 024 A biological and economic evaluation of the Coto Brus Biological Corridor with
special reference to forest bird diversity [Una evaluación biológica y económica del Corredor Biológico
de Coto Brus con especial referencia a la diversidad de aves del bosque] / Bourg, N.A; Gill, Douglas E.
(University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, US <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail:
[email protected]>). Tropical Diversity Origins, Maintenance, and Conservation. ATB & OTS
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Symposium and Annual Meeting Abstracts, San José, CR, 15-20 June, 1997. San José: Organization for
Tropical Studies, 1997. p. 42.
(Abstract only). The proposed Coto Brus Biological Corridor would connect the Las Cruces Biological
Station forest reserve (LCR) with the Guaymí Indigenous Reserve. I studied resident forest bird
populations in forest remnants and the LCR to identify species and guilds to target in corridor planning.
Two economic components were also analyzed: 1) visitation to the station, a large portion of which
consists of bird enthusiasts, and 2) palm heart production from Euterpe precatoria, a favored food
source for frugivorous birds. I conducted point count surveys to determine bird species diversity and
species and guild discrepancies between forest fragments and the LCR. A travel-cost analysis was
performed on visitation data extracted from the station guestbook. I gathered data on the population
structure of Euterpe from a 0.01 hectare sample plot. Moderately abundant species were absent from
fragments, and edge points had fewer species and representatives of certain guilds than forest interior
points. Estimated consumer surplus by travel-cost analysis = $ 208.00 USD/visitor/year. Seedling palm
production was high. I identified eleven bird species and three guilds as corridor planning targets,
particularly army ant-following birds. Partial corridor funding could come from visitor fees and
sustainable palm management could be incorporated into design strategies.
Publicación no.: 025 Genetic population structure of resident birds in mid-elevation tropical rainforest
[Estructura genética de la población de aves residentes en un bosque lluvioso tropical de altura media] /
Brown, L.M. (Denver Museum of Nature and Science. Department of Zoology, 2001 Colorado Boulevard,
Denver, CO 80205, US <E-mail: [email protected]>). Tropical Diversity Origins,
Maintenance, and Conservation. ATB & OTS Symposium and Annual Meeting Abstracts, San José, CR, 1520 June, 1997. San José: Organization for Tropical Studies, 1997. p. 43.
(Abstract only). To understand the possible effects of forest fragmentation on resident bird populations,
I am using indirect means to describe the population structure of several species of forest-dwelling birds
in the Coto Brus region of Costa Rica. This is being done through the analysis of patterns of genetic
variation within and among populations of several bird species exhibiting different life histories (e.g.
obligate understory vs. "edge" species) at three different spatial scales. In a preliminary blood protein
survey of nine species using 22 enzyme systems, significant differences in heterozygosity were found for
populations of White-ruffed Manakins and Buff-throated Foliage-gleaners between a large forest
fragment site and a contiguous forest site. However, no significant differences in heterozygosity were
found between sites for the other species due to small sample sizes and a lack of sufficient variation in
allozymes. Consequently, I am currently developing techniques to utilize mitochondrial DNA from bird
blood as a genetic marker and I am using restriction fragment length polymorphisms to assess genetic
variation within and among populations of forest birds.
Publicación no.: 026 Home range and activity patterns of white-lipped peccaries (Tayassu pecari) in
Corcovado National Park, Costa Rica [Rango de distribución y patrones de actividad de los chanchos
cariblancos (Tayassu pecari) en el Parque Nacional Corcovado, Costa Rica] / Carrillo-Jiménez, Eduardo;
Sáenz-Méndez, Joel Cris; Fuller, Tood K; Altrichter-Cateula, Mariana. (Universidad Nacional. Programa
Regional de Maestría en Manejo de Vida Silvestre, Apdo. 1350, Heredia, CR <E-mail:
[email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail:
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(Abstract only). White-lipped peccaries (WLP) Tayassu pecari, have disappeared in most of Costa Rica
and the rest of Central America, mainly due to the destruction of their habitat and to hunting pressure.
Nevertheless, their population dynamics, their role in the tropical forest ecosystem, and the general
biology of these species are relatively unknown. In Costa Rica, Corcovado National Park (CNP) is likely to
have the largest population of white-lipped peccaries. There is some evidence that WLP perform an
annual migration out of CNP boundaries. When this occurs, the local people living around the park take
advantage of the potential prey source. We are carrying out research that should indicate what the
minimal areas are to maintain healthy populations, and whether it is necessary to create corridors
between CNP and other areas to maintain such populations. With this work we planned to: 1) estimate
the seasonal variation activity patterns and home range in CNP and 2) determine if WLP herds are
migrating outside the CNP. Investigations were initiated in January 1995. Eleven animals have already
been captured and marked with a radio-collar. Our current data show us that peccary herds have a
monthly home range between 200 and 1800 ha and that they are mainly diurnal. Throughout the first
study year, we did not find evidence to support the statement that white-lipped peccary herds which
live in CNP lowlands migrate outside the park.
Publicación no.: 027 Effects of forest fragmentation on the reproductive output of natural populations
of the timber tree, Pithecellobium saman [Efectos de la fragmentación del bosque en éxito reproductivo
de poblaciones naturales del árbol maderable, Pithecellobium saman] / Cascante-Marín, Alfredo M;
Quesada-Avendaño, Mauricio; Rocha-Núñez, Oscar J. (Museo Nacional de Costa Rica. Departamento de
Historia Natural, Apdo 749-1000, San José, CR <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail:
[email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]>). Tropical Diversity Origins,
Maintenance, and Conservation. ATB & OTS Symposium and Annual Meeting Abstracts, San José, CR, 1520 June, 1997. San José: Organization for Tropical Studies, 1997. p. 46.
(Abstract only). Forest fragmentation due to deforestation is one of the major threats of extinction of
natural tree populations in the tropics. Several studies have indicated that forest fragmentation may
influence the effective population size and viability of natural populations. However, little is known
about the impact of fragmentation on the reproductive success of tropical trees. In this study we
evaluated the effects of forest fragmentation on seed production, seed abortion, seed predation and
seed size in a tropical dry forest tree in Costa Rica. Our results indicate the following: 1) trees in
continuous forests produced more seeds per fruit than in fragmented forests; 2) trees in continuous
forests abort fewer seeds per fruit than trees in fragmented forests; 3) trees in continuous forests are
more likely to be attacked by seed predators; 4) seed size is similar between continuous and fragmented
forests but is affected by the number of seeds produced per fruit. Our findings show that the
reproductive output of this tropical tree is affected by forest fragmentation and the fitness of this tree is
likely to be affected by management practices.
Publicación no.: 028 Habitat fragmentation and protection status evaluation of titi monkey (Saimiri
oerstedii citrinellus) population in Central Pacific Region, Costa Rica [Evaluación de la segmentación del
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hábitat y estado de protección de la población del mono tití (Saimiri oerstedii citrinellus) en la región
Pacífico Central, Costa Rica] / Fernández-Morillo, Maria Teresa; Altrichter-Cateula, Mariana; HernándezSoliz, César Augusto; Herrera-Rosales, Heydi Maria; Jiménez-Ruiz, Belkys; Jiménez-Pérez, Ignacio; LópezArévalo, Hugo Fernando; Millán-Araujo, José Oswaldo; Mora-Cerdas, Geisel; Paniagua-Espinoza,
Arnoldo; Sáenz-Méndez, Joel Cris; Sierra, Claudine; Tabilo-Valdivieso, Elier Lorenzo. (Universidad
Nacional. Programa Regional en Manejo de Vida Silvestre, Apdo. 1350-3000, Heredia, CR <E-mail:
[email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]> <Email: [email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail:
[email protected]>
<E-mail:
[email protected]>
<E-mail:
[email protected]>
<E-mail:
[email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]>). Tropical Diversity Origins, Maintenance, and
Conservation. ATB & OTS Symposium and Annual Meeting Abstracts, San José, CR, 15-20 June, 1997. San
José: Organization for Tropical Studies, 1997. p. 55.
(Abstract only). The most endangered primate in Costa Rica is tití monkey, owed to habitat destruction.
During 1996, we evaluated the fragmentation forest status and titi distribution between Parrita and
Naranjo rivers (Puntarenas, Costa Rica) from 0 to 350 meters high. By photointerpretation and field
checking, we studied some forest patches and their surrounding matrix characteristics. We looked for
monkey groups in the patches and made 124 interviews to local people. We found monkeys in 26 of 45
studied patches. Their presence was associated with connectivity among patches (P=0.0009) and forest
heterogeneity (P=0.025). Distance to Manuel Antonio or the mountains was smaller in patches with
monkeys (P=0.005). The multivariate analysis showed that monkeys live in areas with high density of
patches, in the biggest ones, far from villages and in forest fragments with high charral percentage in the
matrix. The patches distribution map showed that lots of them are out of Central Pacific Conservation
Area (ACOPAC). We conclude that monkeys population is more abundant than previously supposed, but
out of control landscape changes could affect their future survivorship. We recommend to focus on
habitat management, river forest and natural fences conservation, and to include in ACOPAC the most
critical patches.
Publicación no.: 029 The effect of forest fragmentation on the rate of pollen deposition, pollen
competition and pollen-ovule ratio under natural conditions of the tropical dry forest tree,
Pithecellobium saman [El efecto de la fragmentación del bosque en la tasa de deposición de polen,
competencia por el polen y relación polen-óvulo bajo condiciones naturales de árbolo del bosque seco
tropical, Pithecellobium saman] / Fuchs-Castillo, Eric J; Quesada-Avendaño, Mauricio; Cascante-Marín,
Alfredo M. (Universidad de Costa Rica. Escuela de Biología, San José, CR <E-mail:
[email protected]>
<E-mail:
[email protected]>
<E-mail:
for Tropical Studies, 1997.
(Abstract only). Disruption of tree populations in natural forests is likely to affect pollination patterns
and gene flow of individual trees. Little is known about the impact of fragmentation on the reproductive
success of tropical trees. In this study we evaluated the effect of forest fragmentation on pollen
deposition, pollen tube growth and pollen ovule ratio under natural conditions. This research was
conducted in the tropical dry forests of the Pacific coast in Costa Rica. Our results indicated that the
amount of pollen grains and pollen tubes found in the style are greater in trees from continuous
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populations than in isolated trees. Pollen/ovule ratio is greater than one in most flowers styles in both
isolated and continuous trees. Pollen competition is more likely to occur within polyads than between
polyads. Because this species is self-incompatible, stigma clogging by polyads may potentially occur in
self-pollinated flowers. This study shows that the reduction of tree populations affects pollen flow
patterns in P. saman.
Publicación no.: 030 Land-cover changes in a lowland tropical environment: deforestation, patterns of
forest cover, and habitat fragmentation in northeastern Costa Rica [Cambios en la cobertura vegetal en
un ambiente tropical de tierras bajas: deforestación, patrones de cobertura del bosque y fragmentación
del hábitat en el noreste de Costa Rica] / Read, J.M; Lam, N.S.N. (Syracuse University. Maxwell School,
Department of Geography, 144 Eggers Hall, Syracuse, NY 13210, US <E-mail: [email protected]>).
Tropical Diversity Origins, Maintenance, and Conservation. ATB & OTS Symposium and Annual Meeting
Abstracts, San José, CR, 15-20 June, 1997. San José: Organization for Tropical Studies, 1997.
(Abstract only). Changing landscape dynamics in the lowland tropics, resulting from human use of land,
leads to uncertainty in rates of deforestation, patterns of forest cover, and degree of habitat
fragmentation from local to global scales. These factors can affect the adequacy of areas set aside within
a landscape for protection of natural resources. We studied recent changes in land-cover/land-use in the
area comprising La Selva Biological Station, the northern sector of Braulio Carrillo National Park, and
surrounding heavily-impacted unprotected areas in the Province of Heredia, Costa Rica. Landsat-TM
imagery from 1986 and 1993, airphotos, and other secondary data were used to identify, quantify, and
map land-cover changes in the study area using standard digital image processing and geographic
information system (GIS) techniques. Changes, dominated by continued deforestation and an increase in
the extent of land area in plantation agriculture, have resulted in increased landscape fragmentation.
The inaccessibility of large areas of forest, combined with rapid changes in land-cover/land-use within
the study area, demonstrate the utility of satellite remote sensing and GIS as conservation management
tools.
Publicación no.: 031 A GIS database for conservation biology research and management in Costa Rica
[Una base de datos de sistemas de información geográfica para investigación de la biología de
conservación y manejo en Costa Rica] / Rich, P.M; Vieglais, D.A; Fu, P; Marshall, W; Wang, J. (The
University of Kansas. GEMLab-Nichols, 2291 Irving Hill Road, Lawrence, KS 66045, US <E-mail:
[email protected]>). Tropical Diversity Origins, Maintenance, and Conservation. ATB & OTS
Symposium and Annual Meeting Abstracts, San José, CR, 15-20 June, 1997. San José: Organization for
Tropical Studies, 1997.
(Abstract only). A geographical information system (GIS) database is being developed for research and
management in the Brunca Region, Costa Rica, with a focus on the Organization for Tropical Studies Las
Cruces Biological Station, the University of Kansas Golfito Field Station, and the Center for Conservation
Biology Las Alturas Biological Station. The impetus for the project is to provide the geospatial database
for a large-scale "corridor" conservation biology experiment that will test current biological theories
concerning habitat fragmentation, biodiversity, and restoration ecology. The project also builds a
resource of broad utility for both the research community and the local people. The project involves
four components: 1) compilation and evaluation of GIS resources; 2) construction of GIS database of
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core map coverages (topography, land use and ownership, soil, roads, facilities...), forest cover, and
microclimate (based on topoclimatic models); 3) analysis of patterns of deforestation to document the
historical pattern of deforestation, determine the distribution and extent of remaining primary and
secondary forest, and evaluate habitat conditions; and 4) establishment of an internet-based data
clearinghouse - providing an on-line catalog of metadata for Costa Rica as part of the Inter-America
Geospatial Data Network (IGDN).
Publicación no.: 032 Building of a remote sensing data base and a geographic information system to
monitor tropical deforestation and habitat fragmentation in Costa Rica [Construcción de una base de
datos de percepción remota y sistemas de información geográfica para vigilar la deforestación tropical y
la fragmentación del hábitat en Costa Rica] / Sánchez-Azofeifa, Gerardo Arturo; Quesada-Mateo, Carlos
A; González-Quesada, P. (University of Alberta. Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences,
Edmonton,
Alberta
T6G
2E3,
CA
<E-mail:
[email protected]>
<E-mail:
[email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]>). Tropical Diversity Origins,
Maintenance, and Conservation. ATB & OTS Symposium and Annual Meeting Abstracts, San José, CR, 1520 June, 1997. San José: Organization for Tropical Studies, 1997.
(Abstract only). The need for an accurate and precise forest cover inventory to quantify the rate and the
extent of primary forest loss in Costa Rica is becoming a matter of urgency. This paper focuses on
current research efforts carry-on by the Research Center on Sustainable Development of the University
of Costa Rica regarding monitoring of deforestation and ecosystem fragmentation in Costa Rica. Two
main research lines are presented: 1) Efforts to quantify the extent of primary forest cover in Costa Rica,
and 2) Efforts to quantify the degree of habitat fragmentation and which are those life zones more
affected. The information is critical to research dealing with biodiversity conservation policies in Costa
Rica. Results indicate that the extent of tropical deforestation goes beyond the estimations by Costa
Rica's Ministry of Natural Resources. The impacts at the national level have deeper roots when the data
indicates the nearly complete disappearance of the very-humid montane-forest, presenting the former
important questions and concerns for current conservation policies.
Publicación no.: 033 The distribution and abundance of amphibians and reptiles within the
fragmented landscape of Las Cruces, Costa Rica [Distribución y abundancia de anfibios y reptiles dentro
de un paisaje fragmentado de Las Cruces, Costa Rica] / Schlaepfer, M.A. (Cornell University. Department
of Neurobiology and Behavior, Mudd Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853-2702, US <E-mail: [email protected]>).
Tropical Diversity Origins, Maintenance, and Conservation. ATB & OTS Symposium and Annual Meeting
Abstracts, San José, CR, 15-20 June, 1997. San José: Organization for Tropical Studies, 1997.
(Abstract only). In 1996 and 1997 I surveyed amphibians and reptiles in 10 forest fragments (0.02 ha
to650 ha) in the vicinity of the Las Cruces Biological Field Station, Coto Brus, Costa Rica. Fragments were
surrounded by cattle pastures. I visually surveyed 15m x 15m plots during the day and at night for leaflitter frogs and semi-arboreal lizards. The abundance of frogs correlated primarily with the volume of dry
leaf-litter within a plot. The abundance of the most common lizard species (Norops sp.) also correlated
primarily with habitat components, such as the amount of vines within a plot, although some species
(e.g. Norops polylepis) showed a positive correlation with fragment size and distance to the fragment
edges. Implications for the conservation of the herpetofauna are discussed.
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Publicación no.: 034 Cloud forest archipielagos: Preservation of frangmented montane ecosystems in
tropical America [Archipiélagos de bosques nubosos: Preservación de ecosistemas montanos
fragmentados en la América tropical] / Vázquez-García, J.A; Hamilton, Lawrence S (ed.); Juvik, J.O (ed.);
Scatena, Frederick N (ed.). (<E-mail: [email protected]> ).
En: Tropical montane cloud forests New York: Springer-Verlag New York Inc, 1995. p. 315-332. ISBN: 0387-94323-4.
The uniqueness of and relationships among tropical montane cloud forests (TMCFs) in tropical America
discussed here at three different scales should have direct implications in defining priorities and
strategies for conservation within the context of island biogeography. I emphasize the importance of
establishing regional, provincial, and local archipielago preserves as an approach that can best represent
the natural distribution and heterogeneity of TMCFs in northern neotropics. However, further analytical
work is recommended to refine our understanding of endemism and relationships among neotropical
TMCFs, especially at the local and provincial scale. In addition, the geographical fragmentation and
inherent biological interest of TMCFs make them idially suited to conduct relevant evolutionary and
biogeographical research. In the meantime, these ecosystems deserve an inmediate but effective
protection.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S3085. 574.52642 T856.
Publicación no.: 035 Uncertain conservation status of squirrel monkeys in Costa Rica, Saimiri oerstedii
oerstedii and Saimiri oerstedii citrinellus [Estado de conservación incierto de los monos tití en Costa
Rica, Saimiri oerstedii oerstedii y Saimiri oerstedii citrinellus] / Boinski, Sue; Sirot, L. (University of Florida.
Department of Anthropology, 1350 Turlington, Gainesville, FL 32611, US <E-mail: [email protected]>).
En: Folia Primatologica (ISSN 0015-5713), v. 68, p. 181-193. 1997.
Central American squirrel monkeys, Saimiri oerstedii, have never been abundant. This species is
apparently extinct in Panama and nearly so in Costa Rica. Less than 4,000 are estimated to survive in
Costa Rica. In recent years only a limited number of squirrel monkey troops have been documented
outside of two Costa Rica national parks, Parques Nacionales Corcovado and Manuel Antonio.
Numerous factors contribute to a pessimistic prognosis for this species, most importantly, the continued
deforestation and tourist development with concomitant demands on prime squirrel monkey habitat
from hotels, restaurants, roads, and vacation villas in the Pacific Wet Lowland habitat of squirrel
monkey. We also highlight features of the natural history of this species most relevant to conservation
efforts with the goal of enhancing the success of surveys and maintenance and breeding of captive
groups.
Publicación no.: 036 Monteverde-Gulf of Nicoya biological corridor: Costa Rica [Corredor biológico
Monteverde-Golfo de Nicoya: Costa Rica] (Tropical Science Center, P.O. Box 8-3870, 1000 San José, CR)./
Tropical Science Center. USIJI Project Proposal, San José, CR. San José: Tropical Science Center, 1995. 15
p.
The proposed project is one of carbon sequestration. The main objectives of the Biological Corridor
include: 1) long-term conservation of the Arenal-Monteverde protected area, 2) forest management and
regeneration, reforestation and sustainable agriculture, 3) improvement of productivity and reduction
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of erosion on remaining agricultural land, 4) improvement of the socioeconomic and educational status
of the residents of the corridor area, 5) empowerment of local organizations and women's groups, 6)
further development of low-impact ecotourism. To accomplish these goals this project will establish a
biological corridor on the Pacific watershed, between the complex of protected areas of Monteverde
and the Gulf of Nicoya in Northwestern Costa Rica. The corridor encompasses morte than 16,000
hectares and contains four ecological life zones and one transitional life zone. Implementation of the
Monteverde-Gulf of Nicoya Biological Corridor Project will be carried out in three gegraphically-oriented
phases. Phase I corresponds to the area between the Monteverde Cloud Forest Preserve and the lower
part of the San Luis Biological Station, where the Amapala and Guacimal Rivers join. Phase II consists of
the area between the limits of Phase I and the Iter-American Highway. Phase III is located between the
Inter-American Highway and the Gulf of Nicoya.
Localización: Biblioteca Centro Científico Tropical: MONTE 3.
Publicación no.: 037 Carbon sequestration by life zone associations in the Monteverde Biological
Corridor [Almacenamiento de carbono por asociaciones de zonas de vida en el Corredor Biológico de
Monteverde] / Tosi-Olin, Joseph A., Jr. (Tropical Science Center, P.O. Box 8-3870, 1000 San José, CR <Email: [email protected]>).
En: Tropical Science Center. Monteverde-Gulf of Nicoya biological corridor: Costa Rica (USIJI Project
Proposal) San José: Tropical Science Center, 1995. p. (s.p.).
Estimated cost and carbon benefits have been calculated for lease and acquisition of land for the
purpose of forest preservation or regeneration of natural forests on degraded land, as well as
operational and maintenance cost of those lands. Cost for the agroforestry, environmental education,
community development and ecotourism development of Phase I are not included in the carbon offset
portion of the project. Three scenarios are presented. In Scenario 1, 50% of the land is leased and 50% is
purchased or under conservation easements. In Scenario 2, 100% of the land is purchased. Scenario 3
contemplates purchasing only 25% of the land.
Publicación no.: 038 Establishment of a biological corridor between the Arenal-Monteverde protected
area and the Gulf of Nicoya, Costa Rica [Establecimiento de un corredor biológico entre el área
protegida Arenal-Monteverde y el Golfo de Nicoya, Costa Rica] (Tropical Science Center, P.O. Box 8-3870,
1000 San José, CR)./ TSC/MCS/SLDA/ACA, San José, CR.
En: Tropical Science Center. Monteverde-Gulf of Nicoya biological corridor: Costa Rica (USIJI Project
Proposal) San José: Tropical Science Center, 1995. p. 1-25.
The complex of protected areas in the Arenal-Monteverde Protected Area, located in the Tilarán
Mountain Range, covers an extensive area of forest and includes an important variety of habitats. This
complex is composed of the Monteverde Cloud Forest Biological Preserve, the Children's International
Rainforest, Eternal Forest, S.A., the Manuel Alberto Brenes Biological Reserve and Arenal National Park.
The first three of these areas are privately owned, and the latter two are under government jurisdiction.
All of the territory in this complex is above 80 m of elevation. Because many species migrate seasonally,
they depend on lower-altitude forest fragments as well as the Arenal-Monteverde reserves. Given the
lack of economic options for local residents, these lower-altitude areas have been deforested rapidly for
agricultural purposes, cattle production and others, even when conditions are unfavorable due to steep
terrain or poor soil quality. Deforestation threatens the Arenal watershed, where Costa Rica's largest
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hydroelectric plants are located, while agricultural and pasture production does not reach maximum
potential because of soil degradation resulting from he disappearance of forests. Many conservationists
and development agents working in the Monteverde area have concluded that the best solution to
ecological problems that affect both wildlife and local residents would be the establishment of a
biological corridor. The proposed biological corridor is located on the Pacific watershed between the
Monteverde Cloud Forest Preserve and the Gulf of Nicoya in Nortwestern Costa Rica (aprox. 16,000 ha).
More specifically, the Corridor limits to NE with the complex of protected areas in the ArenalMonteverde Protected Zone, composed of the Monteverde Cloud Forest Biological Preserve (MVCFP,
owned and administered by TSC), The Children's International Rainforest, Eternal Forest S.A., The
Manuel Alberto Brenes Biological Reserve and the Arenal National Park. To the SW it limits with the
Pacific Ocean. The Corridor would serve to protec and regenerate remnant forests, while also providing
tangible benefits for individuals in the community. The main objectives of the Biological Corridor Project
are: 1. Long-term conservation of the Arenal-Monteverde protected area. 2. Forest management and
regeneration, reforestation and sustainable agriculture. 3. Community development, including
formation of grassroots groups, development groups and women's groups. 4. Improvement of the
socioeconomic and educational status of the residents of the Corridor area. 5. Scientific research. 6.
Further development of ecotourism designed for maximum benefit to local residents and minimal
environmental impact.
Publicación no.: 039 Survival of migrant tropical butterflies in fragmented forests [Supervivencia de
mariposas tropicales migrantes en bosques fragmentados] / Haber, William A; Stevenson, R.D. (Missouri
Botanical Garden, P.O. Box 299, St. Louis, MO 63166, US <Fax: (506)645-5042> <E-mail:
[email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]>). Monteverde, 1994. 16 p.
Migration is a widely recognized but poorly understood phenomenon in the tropics. Species that
migrate need special consideration when developing conservation plans because they depend on at
least two seasonal habitats and they may rely on resources at stopover sites along the migration path.
Haber (1993) has documented the east-west migration of butterflies near Monteverde, Costa Rica. A
surprisingly large fraction, approximately 80% (260 species), of the extant Pacific slope and lowland
fauna move seasonally to the Atlantic side. Standardized sampling procedures will quantify the
magnitude, direction and temporal components of migrants in the Monteverde region. Changes in
population levels and local resources of six focal species will be studied along the entire migration route.
A comparison of life-history, morphological, and physiological traits will be used to rank habitat
specialization and the migration capability of species. Comparisons will also be made between migrants
and residents of the dry forest to examine their relative sensitivities to habitat fragmentation. A broad
geographic perspective on butterfly migration will be provided by surveys in other parts of Costa Rica.
Together, these studies will advance the conservation of tropical invertebrates and increase our ability
to identify the unique resource needs of migrant species.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: DOC 4507. Biblioteca Centro Científico Tropical: AP3.106.
Publicación no.: 040 Assessing land use/cover change in Costa Rica [Evaluación del cambio en el uso de
la tierra/cobertura vegetal en Costa Rica] / Sánchez-Azofeifa, Gerardo Arturo. (University of Alberta.
Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E3, CA <E-mail:
[email protected]>). Ciudad Universitaria Rodrigo Facio: Universidad de Costa Rica / Centro
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de Investigaciones en Desarrollo Sostenible, 1996. 180 p. (Documento CIEDES; no. 1-97). Dissertation,
Ph.D. in Earth Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH (USA).
The need for accurate estimates of forest cover and forest fragmentation is a critical issue for
developing countries such as Costa Rica. Accurate estimates of forest cover can help in several sectors
related to the environment and economic development. This dissertation focuses on providing an
accurate and precise estimate of forest cover in Costa Rica. The year 1991 was use as a baseline. Landsat
Thematic Mapper was the remote sensing sensor used in this analysis. This dissertation concludes that:
(1) Twenty-nine percent (¸1,400,000 ha) of the country was under primary forest (80% canopy closure)
in 1991. Of the total forest cover, 71% is outside national parks and 29% is protected by the national
parks. (2) Forest loss (for scene path 15/row 53) during five years period (1986-1991) was 224,970 ha,
and it was estimated that the rate was ¸44,994 ha/yr. (3) Deforestation produced an increase in island
fragments during the study period. Between 1986 986 and 1991, the total number of islands between
three and 50 ha and 100 ha increased by 524 and 45, respectively. Fifteen new islands with areas
greater than 500 ha were created. (4) Results suggest that the extent of tropical deforestation go
beyond estimations of total forest loss at the national level. The impacts at the national level have
greater roots deeper roots when the data at the life zone level is considered. The results have important
implication for biodiversity conservation and restoration, water resource management and climate
change. The issue of partial sampling of remote sensing data base was also explored through this
dissertation. Partial sampling is important for the definition of sound deforestation monitoring systems
in tropical environments. A data set from the Brazilian Amazon was analyzed in order to understand
how stratified sampling, using persistence, would improve estimates of tropical deforestation over
random sampling. Results show that stratification based on persistence contributes to the reduction of
error, regarding estimates of total deforestation, when contrasted against random sampling without
stratification (FAO methodology). Results are important to future monitoring programs in Costa Rica and
the Central American region.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-5762.
Publicación no.: 041 The Monteverde Cloud Forest Preserve Chapter [Capítulo de la Reserva de Bosque
Nuboso Monteverde] / Chamberlain-Gallegos, Francisco. (Apartado 7572, 1000 San José, CR <E-mail:
[email protected]>). Lead First International Session, Cohort II (1993-1995), San José CRJune
10-21, 1993.
En: Leadership for Environment and Development Program. The Costa Rica case study San José: Tropical
Science Center, 1993. 30 p.
A brief description of the Monteverde Cloud Forest Preserve, Costa Rica, and the history of its
development, together with the presentation of a series of conflicts between human traditional
production activities and the conservation of the natural resources of the area are stated in the
document. Proposed actions to developa biological corridor, a buffer zone and a sustainable
development project in Monteverde are presented. A brief presentation of the author's point of view
toward the need to reorganize the administration of conservation organizations in a country that is well
known for it's conservation efforts, but in the need for an efficient system that can better utilize the
scarce resources available for conservation purposes.
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Publicación no.: 042 Informe sobre el mapa de capacidad de uso de la tierra en el área del propuesto
Corredor Biológico de la Reserva Biológica Bosque Nuboso Monteverde / Bolaños-Montero, Rafael A;
Aspinall-Murray, William (ed.). (Tropical Science Center, P.O. Box 8-3870, 1000 San José, CR).
En: Performance report on Costa Rica ecological tourism project No. 940-0002.90 San José: Tropical
Science Center, 1993. s.p.
En el presente informe se indica la metodología aplicada y los principales resultados, obtenidos del
mapa de capacidad de uso de la tierra, para el área de la primera fase del Corredor Biológico de la
Reserva Bosque Nuboso Monteverde, Costa Rica. Asimismo, se dan algunas conclusiones y
recomendaciones derivadas de este estudio. También se aprovechó el trabajo de campo para considerar
y recomendar la posibilidad o no, de establecer o desalentar el uso de senderos dentro del Corredor
Biológico. El presente mapa, elaborado a una escala de 1:50 000, fue llevado a cabo durante el mes de
junio de 1992 en un área de 8 767,8 ha. Este trabajo, financiado con fondos de una donación hecha a la
Reserva Bosque Nuboso Monteverde, por la USAID en Washington, forma parte de los estudios básicos
requeridos para la planificación y desarrollo de este proyecto del Corredor Biológico.
Localización: Biblioteca Centro Científico Tropical: AP3.62.
Publicación no.: 043 Community structure and species density in tropical dry forest associations at
Hacienda La Pacífica in Guanacaste province, Costa Rica [Estructura de la comunidad y densidad de
especies en asociaciones de bosque tropical seco en la Hacienda La Pacífica en la provincia de
Guanacaste, Costa Rica] / Glander, Kenneth E; Nisbett, R.A. (Duke University. Duke University Primate
Center, 3705-B Erwin Rd, Durham, N.C. 27706, US <E-mail: [email protected]>).
En: Brenesia (ISSN 0304-3711), no. 45-46, p. 113-142. 1996.
The fragmented tropical dry forests of Guanacaste Province, Costa Rica, exhibit a mosaic character. At
Hacienda La Pacífica, two riparian forests and an upland forest island were studied. Marked differences
in the family and species composition as well as the species density among communities were found.
The west riparian forest contained 103 species with a mean species density of 0.344 per 0.1 ha. The
three most important species by ranked density were: Guazuma ulmifolia, Lonchocarpus minimiflorus,
and Anacardium excelsum. The upland forest island had 91 species with a mean species density of 1.231
per 0.1 ha. The three most important species by ranked density were: Lonchocarpus minimiflorus,
Cordia alliodora, and Guazuma ulmifolia. The east riparian forest had 103 species with a mean density of
0.504 per 0.1 ha. Based upon ranked density, the three most important species were mostly canopy
species exhibiting alluvial habits and large size while the upland forest trees were treelet, understory, or
subcanopy species exhibiting open country or plateau/flatlands habits. Additional large-crowned
emergents such as Andira inermis, Hymenaea courbaril, Manilkara chicle, Pithecellobium sp. and
Swietenia macrophylla were found in the gallery forests. Other common species in the upland forest
included: Albizia sp., Casearia sp., Cassia emarginata, Lysiloma divaricatum, Tabebuia sp. and Tectona
grandis. These associations are comparable to those studied at similar alluvial and extremely dry sites
within a 50 km radius of Cañas in Guanacaste Province.
Publicación no.: 044 Dispersal and the scale of fragmentation in tropical tree populations [La
dispersión y la magnitud de la fragmentación en las poblaciones de árboles tropicales] / Aldrich, Preston
Rice. (University of Georgia. Botany Department, Athens, GA 30602, US <E-mail:
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[email protected]>). Athens: University of Georgia, 1997. 93 p. Dissertation, Ph.D,
University of Georgia, Botany Department, Athens, GA (USA).
Tropical regions are increasingly dominated by mosaics of forest remnants and human-dominated
matrices. The impact this has on the population ecology and population genetics of tropical trees is
poorly understood at this time. Over the past two decades, allozyme research has begun to unveil the
genetic dynamics of tree populations in continuous tropical forest. Similarly, traditional demographic
studies have revealed much about ecological processes in continuous forest. Recently, the advent of a
new class of genetic marker, hypervariable simple sequence repeats or microsatellites, permits the
exploration of a new frontier in tropical tree biology. This includes traditional pursuits of population
genetic and demographic concerns, but also a unique combination of the two disciplines. Population
genealogies can be reconstructed and used to ascertain habitat-specific patterns of fecundity and
survivorship which can be linked to genetic processes to gain detailed insights regarding landscape-level
responses of tree populations to forest fragmentation. These data and procedures should prove
valuable for landscape management purposes, such as the design of nature reserves, and the
enhancement of our basic understanding of biotic interactions in complex environments.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: Tesis 251.
Publicación no.: 045 Evaluación ecológica rápida. Península de Osa. Costa Rica / Soto-Soto, Ricardo.
(Universidad de Costa Rica. Centro de Investigación en Ciencias del Mar y Limnologia (CIMAR), San Pedro
de Montes de Oca, CR <E-mail: [email protected]>). San José: Fundación Neotrópica, 1992. 252 p.
A strategy for developing an environmental monitoring program for the Osa Peninsula, Costa Rica, is
presented. The monitoring program is based on our current understanding of the environmental threats
facing the three major ecosystems: tropical rain forest, freshwater rivers, and the marine environment.
A major threat to the Peninsula is loss of primary forest due to conversion to other land uses. A
monitoring program using permanent sampling stations is proposed. The marine environment is being
threatened by sedimentation and over fishing. A monitoring program of permanent transects on
selected offshore reefs and an annual survey of fish abundance is proposed.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: AD 390. Biblioteca Luis D. Tinoco: 333.72 E92e.
Publicación no.: 046 Percepción de los recursos naturales y de la actividad turística en el distrito de
Cóbano, Puntarenas, Costa Rica / Romero-Ramírez, Sergio. San José: Universidad de Costa Rica, 1997.
192 p. Tesis, Licenciatura en Geografía, Universidad de Costa Rica, Escuela de Historia y Geografía, San
José (Costa Rica).
El presente estudio, que ahonda en los paradigmas de la geografía de la percepción, tuvo como objetivo
conocer la percepción de los pobladores del distrito de Cóbano, provincia de Puntarenas, Costa Rica,
sobre algunos recursos naturales, tales como suelo, uso de la tierra y paisaje. Se analiza también la
percepción sobre la actividad turística en la zona, sus impactos, tanto positivos como negativos, y sobre
la Reserva Natural Absoluta Cabo Blanco, emplazada en el extremo sur de la península de Nicoya. Para
alcanzar dichos objetivos se llevó a cabo un muestreo intencional de 112 casos (3,56% de la población
distrital), durante el mes de febrero de 1995. Los resultados evidenciaron, entre otros aspectos, que no
existe una configuración espacial adecuada, por parte de la población estudiada, sobre los atractivos
turísticos regionales. A su vez, entre los principales impactos positivos percibidos destacaron la
generación de empleo, las mejoras en la electricidad y en el transporte. Los impactos negativos
percibidos más importantes fueron el consumo de drogas, la pérdida de valores morales y de
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costumbres y tradiciones y la prostitución. Desde el punto de vista espacial, los pobladores de la zona de
estudio perciben algunos sitios como de mayor interés turístico, como aquellos localizados en la zona
costera, como Montezuma y Malpaís. Los poblados del interior del distrito no se visualizan como
poseedores de atractivos turísticos. La Reserva Natural Absoluta Cabo Blanco obtuvo la cuarta posición
como atractivo, además de que los pobladores desconocían los programas de extensión comunal de la
misma, aunque percibieron que su existencia era importante para el desarrollo de la región. El estudio
demostró que a mayor cercanía de la RNACB mayor concientización sobre su existencia, en tanto que a
mayor lejanía el conocimiento de los pobladores era mínimo. La escasa participación de los pobladores
de la región para ser absorbidos por la industria turística se expresa en los bajos índices de escolaridad.
Los programas desarrollados pr las instituciones estatales no satisfacen las expectativas locales de una
mayor calificación para desempeñarse en el sector turístico. Una conclusión trascendente del estudio es
que se recomienda la creación de un corredor biológico, que una propiedades privadas con propiedades
estatales, bajo medidas de manejo de la vida silvestre adaptadas a las necesidades de las poblaciones
locales.
Localización: Biblioteca Luis D. Tinoco: Tesis 7146.
Publicación no.: 047 Uso de la tierra y fragmentación de bosques. Algunas áreas críticas en el Area de
Conservación Osa, Costa Rica / Maldonado-Ulloa, Tirso. (Fundación Neotrópica. Centro de Estudios
Ambientales y Políticas, Apdo. 236-10002, San José, CR <E-mail: [email protected]>). Simposio
Conservación del Bosque en Costa Rica. Memorias, Heredia CR30-31 Oct. 1997.
En: Academia Nacional de Ciencias; Programa Centroamericano de Población (eds.). Conservación del
Bosque en Costa Rica San José: Academia Nacional de Ciencias, 1998. p. 28-49. ISBN: 9968-9845-1-5.
Este estudio sobre la Península de Osa y algunas áreas críticas, pone énfasis en el uso de la tierra, y en
algunas tendencias que se empiezan a manifestar con respecto a la capacidad de uso de esas tierras. La
fragmentación de los bosques y la eliminación del bosque es uno de los aspectos más preocupantes. Los
mapas aquí presentados dan una visión integrada de lo que está ocurriendo. Lo que pasa en la Península
de Osa es un caso de lo que ocurre con los bosques lluviosos tropicales en otras partes del mundo.
Publicación no.: 048 Fragmentos de bosque y corredores biológicos / Fournier-Origgi, Luis Alberto.
(Universidad de Costa Rica. Escuela de Biología, San José, CR). Simposio Conservación del Bosque en
Costa Rica. Memorias, Heredia CR30-31 Oct. 1997.
En: Conservación del Bosque en Costa Rica. San José: Academia Nacional de Ciencias, 1998, p. 117-130.
ISBN: 9968-9845-1-5.
El propósito de este trabajo es el de analizar la importancia y las limitaciones ecológicas de los
fragmentos de bosque, como partes de un sistema de áreas naturales, que en su mayoría están unidos
por corredores biológicos o por la acción de agentes polinizadores y de dispersión.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-1987. 333.7516 C755c.
Publicación no.: 049 Reproductive dominance of pasture trees in a fragmented tropical forest mosaic
[Dominancia reproductiva de árboles de potreros en un mosaico tropical de bosque fragmentado] /
Aldrich, Preston Rice; Hamrick, James L. (University of Georgia. Department of Botany, Athens, GA
30602, US <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]>).
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En: Science (ISSN 0036-8075), v. 281, p. 103-105. 1998.
Tropical forest fragmentation threatens biodiversity, yet basic information on population responses for
mejor groups such as plants is lacking. Hypervariable genetic markers were used to reconstruct a
population-level pedigree in fragmented tropical forest for the tree Symphonia globlulifera. Though
seedlings occurred only in remnant forest, the pedigree showed that most seedlings had been produced
by sequentially fewer adults in pasture, creating a genetic botteneck. The pedigree also implicated shifts
in the foraging of animals that disperse pollen and seed in a secondary constriction of the bottleneck.
These results suggest that tropical conservation strategies should anticipate complex, cryptic responses
to fragmentation.
Publicación no.: 050 Deciphering landscape mosaics of neotropical trees: GIS and systematic sampling
provide new views of tropical rainforest diversity [Descifrando los mosaicos del paisaje de árboles
neotropicales: Los sistemas de información geográfica y el muestreo sistemático proporcionan nuevos
puntos de vista de la diversidad de la selva tropical] / Clark, Deborah A. (Organization for Tropical
Studies. La Selva Biological Station, Apdo 676, San Pedro de Montes de Oca 2050, CR <E-mail:
En: Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden (ISSN 0026-6493), v. 85, no. 1, p. 18-33. 1998.
How are tree species within tropical rainforests distributed at the landscape scale? One research site,
the La Selva Biological Station in Costa Rica, offers exceptional tools for addressing this question: a
documented flora, soil and topographic maps, a reserve-wide grid, and a Geographical Information
System (GIS). My colleagues and I have combined these tools with highly replicated systematic sampling
over 600 ha of old growth to investigate patterns of forest composition within this lowland tropical wet
forest. This approach has revealed features of within-forest heterogeneity in density of the guild of
subcanopy and canopy palms between flat terrain and increasingly steep topography; evidence of
human harvesting of one palm species from old-growth forest; and evidence suggesting indigenous
human activity deep within the reserve (the co-occurrence of a previously unrecognized zone of aluvial
soil, buried charcoal, and an avocado tree). These studies have also added 15 tree species to the known
flora of this intensively researched forest. Although La Selva's support for such landscape-scale studies is
exceptional, even in remote tropical forests it is now possible to systematically sample and georeference information on site variation and species distributions using newly available Global Positioning
Systems. Findings can then be cross-referenced with current and future site data, using a GIS. Although
such efforts, especially the development of a GIS, require considerable investments of time and
expertise, the payoff can be a more robust understanding of the distribution of tree diversity and
species abundances over tropical rainforest landscapes.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S3609. NBINA-1897. LC.
Publicación no.: 051 Conservation biology of the genus Alouatta [Biología de la conservación del género
Alouatta] / Crockett, C.M. (University of Washington. Regional Primate Research Center, Box 357330,
Seattle, WA 98195, US <E-mail: [email protected]>).
En: International Journal of Primatology (ISSN 0164-0291), v. 19, no. 3, p. 549-578. 1998.
As assessed by the IUCN Mace-Lande system, seven (35%) of the 20 Alouatta species and subspecies
with adequate data are classified as "threatened," i.e., critically endangered, endangered, or vulnerable
(Rylands et al., 1995). This percentage is much lower than the 75 to 100% threatened taxa for, the other
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large-bodied genera: Ateles, Lagothrix, and Brachyteles. Only 5 of the 16 Neotropical genera have lower
percentages of threatened taxa than that of Alouatta: Cebuella, Pithecia, Saguinus, Saimiri, and Cebus.
The threatened howler taxa occupy small distributions in areas of forest fragmentation. In general,
populations are most affected by major habitat disturbance, such as total deforestation and flooding
from dam construction, and by human hunters. Facilitated by their ability to exploit folivorous diets in
small home ranges, howlers can tolerate considerable habitat fragmentation but not the increased
exposure to hunting that may accompany it. Howlers seem particularly vulnerable to yellow fever and
bot fly parasitism. Although the former threat may decrease by increasing fragmentation of the habitat,
other sorts of parasitism may increase in disturbed habitats. The low genetic variability of the Central
American howlers suggests a resistance to inbreeding depression potentially experienced during
population bottlenecks. Greater between-population variability may still exist. Although howlers are not
readily bred in captivity, they respond well to translocation. Translocation has been successfully
achieved for greater than or equal to 4 howler species and is a viable option for introducing new genetic
variability into population fragments and repopulating areas from which howlers are extinct. Their
pattern of bisexual dispersal facilitates colonization of regenerating habitats, and in suitable, protected
habitats they have shown the capacity for strong population recovery.
Publicación no.: 052 Elaboración de una propuesta de corredores biológicos mediante el uso de un
sistema de información geográfica / Murillo-Rodríguez, Luis Fernando. (<E-mail: [email protected]> ).
Tercer Congreso Forestal Nacional: Unidos por el Desarrollo del Recurso Forestal: Ante el Próximo
Milenio: resúmenes de ponencias, San José, CR, 27-29 Ago. 1997. San José: Impresos Belén, p. 291-294.
ISBN: 9977-50-026-6.
Localización: Biblioteca Conmemorativa Orton: 634.9097286063 C749 1997.
Publicación no.: 053 Diagnóstico de prefactibilidad corredor biológico Talamanca-Caribe, Talamanca,
Costa Rica; documento técnico / Bustillo, R; Alfaro-Fernández, Juan Diego; Tenorio-Alfaro, L.A; AguilarAlfaro, G; García, G; Salas, C; Venegas, B. (<E-mail: [email protected]> ). The Nature Conservancy: San
José, 1992. 114 p.
El diagnóstico de prefactibilidad del corredor biológico Talamanca-Caribe establece como propósito
realizar estudios biofísicos y socioeconómicos para sugerir un plan de manejo integral del corredor
propuesto, que sirva de conexión entre el Parque Internacional La Amistad en Costa Rica y las áreas
protegidas críticas del Caribe tanto en Costa Rica como en Panamá. Asimismo, de consolidar los
esfuerzos desplegados por grupos privados y/o comunitarios, e indígenas para recuperar o destinar
terrenos para efectos de conservación y desarrollo sostenible. El presente documento plantea un
estudio técnico en aspectos tales como: tenencia de la tierra, geografía, biología, geomorfología y
aspectos socioculturales. Pretende iniciar una discusión amplia y participativa de todos los sectores en la
zona.
Localización: Biblioteca Conmemorativa Orton: 333.95097286 D536.
Publicación no.: 054 Biodiversity protection and investment needs for the Minimun Conservation
System in Costa Rica, San José, 1992. [Protección de la biodiversidad y necesidades de inversión para el
Sistema de Conservación mínima en Costa Rica, San José, 1992] 114 p.
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Se presenta un estudio que tuvo por objetivo determinar si el Sistema de Parques Nacionales y Áreas
Protegidas contiene ecosistemas viables y representativos y si estos se encuentran protegidos de forma
adecuada. El documento describe la metodología de estudio, evaluación de la biodiversidad existente en
Costa Rica con referencia a los principales ecosistemas. Se enfocan aspectos institucionales y se
conceptualiza el Sistema de Conservación Mínima (MICOSYS) y se definen los perfiles de dicho sistema,
donde se destacan la zona de amortiguamiento, los corredores biológicos y un sistema de conservación
mínima para Costa Rica. Se analiza el valor económico de los recursos bajo conservación y alternativas
de financiamiento. En la segunda parte del trabajo se presentan anexos sobre programas de evaluación
de áreas protegidas, mapas de parques nacionales de Costa Rica y el Servicio de Parques Nacionales.
Localización: Biblioteca Conmemorativa Orton: 333.95097286 B615.
Publicación no.: 055 The Mesoamerican Biological Corridor: legal framework for an integrated system
of protected areas [El Corredor Biológico Mesoamericano: sistema legal para un sistema integrado de
áreas protegidas] / Ankersen, Thomas T; Hamann, R.G; Bissonette, J.A (ed.); Krausman, P.R (ed.).
(University of Florida. College of Law, Center for Governmental Responsibility, 230 Bruton Geer,
Gainesville, FL 32605-7629, US <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]>).
International Wildlife Management Congress, San José CR19-25 Set 1993.
En: Integrating people and wildlife for a sustainable future Bethesda, MD: Wildlife Society, 1995. p. 332335. ISBN: 0-933564-12-0.
Attention has focused on the prospect of establishing a regional institutional framework to protect and
restore a contiguous remnant of the "Mesoamerican Biological Corridor", as an integrated regional
system of protected areas. No model of multilateral cooperation in natural resource management on
the scale required to achieve the creation of a multinational biological corridor presently exists.
Although several options for a legal framework for an integrated protected area system exist, the
adoption of an integrated protected areas protocol to the existing regional biodiversity convention
appears best suited to the objective of establishing an effective Mesoamerican biological corridor.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: 333.9515 I61.
Publicación no.: 056 Metodología para la interpretación de Caño Chiquero y del Sendero Natural "La
Ceiba" (perteneciente al Corredor Biológico del Parque Nacional Tortuguero de Costa Rica) para uso
ecoturístico / Fariñas-Velázquez, L.E. Mercedes de Guácimo: Escuela de Agricultura de la Región Tropical
Húmeda, 1995. 62 p. Tesis, Licenciatura en Ingeniería Agronómica, Escuela de Agricultura de la Región
Tropical Húmeda, Mercedes de Guácimo (Costa Rica).
El Parque Nacional Tortuguero se encuentra en una región que geográficamente se podría considerar
como tierras bajas del Caribe de Costa Rica. El objetivo de este proyecto es la interpretación turística de
un Caño y un Sendero Natural que pertenecen al "Corredor Biológico" de este importante Parque
Nacional. El corredor está bajo la responsabilidad de la Fundación Neotrópica actualmente, pero
prontamente pasará a manos del Estado, para que éste continúe garantizando la conservación de la
biodiversidad de estas áreas y agregue a las mismas una importancia económica a través del
ecoturismo. El corredor biológico permite conectar las 9000 ha que conforman el Refugio de Vida
Silvestre Barra del Colorado, con las 18700 ha del Parque Nacional Tortuguero, mediante una franja de
35 km de largo y 10 km de ancho. El corredor pretende contribuir a la protección del bosque tropical
húmedo de la región norte del Caribe del país. Se cuenta así, con 7000 ha que hacen realidad este
puente biológico, que protege cerca de una tercera parte de las especies declaradas en vías de
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extinción, en Costa Rica. Las ganancias generadas por las áreas protegidas como atracción turística en
América Latina y el Caribe son consideradas esenciales para el bienestar económico de muchos países.
Aunque las ganancias que deja el turismo no son la única solución para los males económicos de las
áreas protegidas, el turismo nunca desaparecerá y continuará aportando una importante fuente de
ingresos debido al número creciente de turistas que busca relajamiento, aventuras y realización
espiritual en las áreas silvestres, en contacto directo con la naturaleza. Si se desarrolla con cierta
sensibilidad ecológica y cultural, el turismo puede contribuir a las economías, tanto de las áreas
protegidas, como de las comunidades vecinas. La interpretación turística ambiental involucra la
traducción del lenguaje técnico de una ciencia natural o área relacionada, a términos de ideas que los
turistas en general, que no son científicos, puedan entender fácilmente. Esto implica utilizar un lenguaje
que sea entretenido e interesante para ellos, al mismo tiempo que estimule a una conciencia
conservacionista. La primera etapa del proyecto, es la que se presenta en este documento. Constituye la
investigación de campo, de identificación de las especies de flora y fauna más comunes e interesantes
de la zona a la cual pertenecen el Caño y el Sendero Natural. Además, de la posterior investigación sobre
la importancia de estas especies en su medio, y un poco de su historia natural. La información que se
logró recolectar en esta etapa será utilizada para elaborar una guía turística sobre el Caño y el Sendero
en estudio. El valor que una guía turística le agrega a un recorrido es amplio y significativo, ya que, una
persona estará más dispuesta a pagar por visitar un Caño que sabe que ha sido correctamente
interpretado, que pagar la misma o similar cantidad de dinero por ir acompañado de un guía de la
comunidad o de afuera, que no le brinda esa seguridad o garantía. Además, la compra misma del guía
representa un aporte que este mismo turista está haciendo para la superación de la comunidad y por la
preservación de los recursos naturales pertenecientes al corredor biológico del Parque Nacional
Tortuguero. Las ganancias generadas de la venta de esta guía serán distribuidas entre la gente de la
comunidad, que se espera que participen activamente dentro de las siguientes etapas del proyecto,
además de que se espera beneficiar a Parques Nacionales (PACTo). En este documento se presenta
detalladamente la metodología diseñada para lograr los objetivos de esta primera etapa del proyecto.
Como resultado de la investigación se identificaron más de 85 especies de flora y fauna, de las cuales en
su mayoría se ha recopilado información bibliográfica y datos interesantes en cuanto a usos potenciales
e historia natural. De modo que, se puede considerar que los resultados finales del trabajo de
investigación de campo y bibliográfico son bastante completos y demuestran la riqueza de la flora y
fauna más común e interesante de Caño Chiquero y del Sendero Natural La Ceiba. Este potencial
aumenta el atractivo turístico de la zona en estudio y garantiza el éxito de la misma en este sentido, en
un futuro cercano.
Localización: Biblioteca Conmemorativa Orton: Thesis F227m.
Publicación no.: 057 Temporal variation in the breeding structure of fragmented Enterolobium
cyclocarpum [Variación temporal en la estructura reproductiva de Enterolobium cyclocarpum en
bosques fragmentados] / Hamrick, James L; Aldrich, Preston Rice. (University of Georgia. Botany
[email protected]>). The Association for Tropical Biology & Annual Meeting of the
American Institute of Biological Sciences. Abstracts, Baltimore, MD, US, August 2-6, 1998. Baltimore,
MD: ATB/AIBS, p. 13.
(Abstract only). Seeds within fruits of many mimosoid legumes are usually the progeny of a single pollen
donor (i.e. full sibs). Multilocus allozyme analyses of such full-sib progeny arrays allow the identification
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of the pollen donor's multilocus genotype. The analysis of several pods per tree provides a means of
estimating the number of pollen donors contributing to the fruit crop of each maternal individual.
Fragment populations of Enterolobium cyclocarpum located in NW Costa Rica were analyzed for 13
polymorphic allozyme loci to determine the number of pollen donors per tree, rates of gene flow into
the fragments, and spatial areas from which pollen was contributed to each fragment. Trees within
fragments separated by a few kilometers had different pools of pollen donors but some pollen donors
were shared. Significant heterogeneity in pollen donor pools was also observed among trees within
fragments and among years. Trees producing substantial seed crops in generally poor fruiting years had
fewer pollen donors than the same trees had in good fruiting years.
Localización: Este es el resumen completo.
Publicación no.: 058 Genetic consequences of fragmentation in a Costa Rican dry forest tree species
[Consecuencias genéticas de la fragmentación de árboles costarricenses del bosque seco] / Apsit, Victoria
Joan; Hamrick, James L; Nason, J.D. (University of Missouri-St. Louis. Department of Biology, 8001
Natural Bridge Rd, St. Louis, MO 63121-4499, US <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail:
[email protected]>). The Association for Tropical Biology & Annual Meeting of the American Institute
of Biological Sciences. Abstracts, Baltimore, MD, US, August 2-6, 1998, p. 15.
(Abstract only). The reproductive dynamics of small, remnant populations left in the aftermath of land
development are likely to differ from those of large, continuous populations. Comparisons of population
parameters such as genetic diversity and structure, as well as pollen flow, between populations of adults
established prior to fragmentation and their post-fragmentation progeny make it possible to examine
the effects of disturbance on the current reproductive dynamics of individuals established when
landscapes were different. We employee allozyme markers to examine these effects over two
reproductive episodes in remnant populations (N = 335) of Enterolobium cyclocarpum, a dominant tree
species commonly found throughout highly disturbed areas of Guanacaste Province, Costa Rica.
Moreover, direct estimates of effective population sizes and rates of pollen immigration allowed
predictions of the effects of genetic drift and inbreeding on the genetic composition of future
generations of these fragment populations. Comparisons of the genetic structure of adult populations
(Gst = 0.058) to pollen gametes in 1994 and 1995 (Gst = 0.053 and 0.115), respectively) suggest an
increased genetic differentiation of pollen gametes compared to adults in 1995. Pollen immigration (m)
remains substantial at distances of 1 km and fairly equivalent gamete production in both years produced
only moderate reductions in Ne relative to census population sizes. Direct estimates of mand Nev
allowed us to predict moderate effects of fenetic drift and inbreeding on the genetic composition of
future population (Nevm = 0.55 - 1.79) and (Fst = 0.114 - 0.311) even in a worst case scenario (N = 3).
The information gained from such analyses will be an important component for the effective future
management and the development of conservation strategies for tropical tree species in fragmented
landscapes.
Publicación no.: 059 Diversidad de aves de sotobosque asociadas a plantaciones de banano en Costa
Rica [Understory forest bird diversity associated to banana plantations in northeastern Costa Rica] /
Rangel-Salazar, José Luis. Heredia: Universidad Nacional, 1995. 76 p. Tesis, Mag. Sc, Universidad
Nacional, Programa Regional en Manejo de Vida Silvestre para Mesoamérica y El Caribe, Heredia (Costa
Rica).
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I conducted a research and conservation project, from January to October 1995, in the banana zone
from northeastern Costa Rica. I evaluated the understory forest bird communities in two forest
remnants enclosed by banana plantations (Gavilan and Nogal) and two sites in or near natural protected
areas (La Selva and Cedral). I also carried out conservation activities and produced educational material
realted to bird conservation. In a sample effort of 5608 net/hours, I made 1343 captures of 91 bird
species belonging to 13 trophic guilds. I found significant differences on species and individual bird
abundance; diversity (H) and evenness; and the species and individual migrants' ratios (P¾0.05). Migrant
bird species represented an important proportion of the total avifauna (24.4%). The four sites not
showed consistent diferences in diversity (N2) and abundance of species and individuals of trophic
guilds as well (P¾0.05). I did not find evidence that selected variables affected the understory forest bird
communities evaluated. Within 100 capture samples, I recorded 68 species and 12 trophic guilds.
Net/hours were different between sites and seasons (P¾0.05). The major levels of species richness,
diversity (N2), and trophic guild diversity were found at Gavilan. The higher ratios of species number
into 100 captures over the total species per site were found at Gavilan and Cedral. Rarity was
represented by 25 species and species with only one individual were higher than close of two individuals
(P¾0.05). I calculated a bird biomass of 557.7 g/km² and the biomass average per site was positive
related to the species average into the 100 capture samples (b=24.83); P=0.0125). Body mass
distributions strongly differed between sites and seasons ((P≤0.05). Six bird morphometric variables
were strongly related to body mass (P≤0.05). No selected habitat variable influenced in the species
richness, diversity or biomass estimated with 100 captures. "Fly, Color and Song from Caribbean" was
the subject that evolved the conservation activities. I carried out two major workshops to celebrate the
International Migratory Bird Day 1995 and the World Bird Watch 1995. One hundred and twenty
children, 15 teacher and 30 workers from the banana farms attended the workshops. I produced two
Children's Coloring Book, one handbook of Environmental Activities or Teachers, one EducationalPhotographic Mural, and one Slide Show called "Diversity and Conservation of the Caribbean Birds".
With the information gathered, I established that understory forest bird communities from patchy
forests surrounded and associated with banana plantations, are still diverse. The forest remnants are
important to the conservation of the regional biodiversity from the Caribbean Slope. The 100 captures
method proves to be a good resource to evaluate the understory bird communities, particularly in the
dry season. The conservation activities in the banana zone are fundamental to promote the
conservation of biodiversity in the region, especially those patchy forests. Conservation activities should
foment that the biodiversity of the zone is a historic asset, and its preservation relies on forest size,
habitat heterogeneity, and changes into the natural communities and populations structure. Finally, I
emphasize that habitat fragmentation is not the sole conservation species question, but also concerns
the natural and social systems.
Publicación no.: 060 Microsatellite analysis of demographic genetic structure in fragmented
populations of the tropical tree Symphonia globulifera [Análisis por microsatélites de la estructura
genética demográfica en poblaciones fragmentadas del árbol tropical Symphonia globulifera] / Aldrich,
Preston Rice; Hamrick, James L; Chavarriaga-Aguirre, Paul; Kochert, Gary. (University of Georgia. Botany
En: Molecular Ecology (ISSN 0962-1083), v. 7, p. 933-944. 1998.
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We developed genetic markers for three microsatellite loci in the tropical tree Symphonia globulifera
and used them to examine the demographic genetic consequences of fragmentation. High levels of
genetic variation were revealed in samples of adults, saplings, and seedlings. The more-variable loci
exhibited less stability in allelic composition across sites and stages. The number of alleles per hectare
(ha) of forest was similar when continuous forest plots were compared to plots from fragmented forest
for all three stages. This pattern also held for the number of unique multilocus adult and sapling
genotypes, but the number of unique seedling genotypes per ha of fragmented forest greatly exceeded
expectations based on continuous forest data, probably due to the concentration of seeds into remnant
forest patches by foraging bats. Significant inbreeding and genetic differentiation were most often
associated with the fragmented forest and the seedlings. Finally, principal component analysis
reaffirmed that a bottleneck, acting in concert with pre-existing genetic structure in the adults, had led
to enhanced and rapid divergence in the seedlings following deforestation, a result that is of central
interest for landscape management.
Publicación no.: 061 Depredación de nidadas artificiales en fragmentos de bosque rodeados por
monocultivos de banano / Araya-Fallas, Maríamalia. San José: Universidad de Costa Rica, 1998. 130 p.
Tesis, Mag. Sc, Universidad de Costa Rica, Sistema de Estudios de Posgrado, Programa Regional de
Posgrado en Biología, San José (Costa Rica).
La fragmentación de hábitat, esto es, la división de un bosque continuo en pequeños fragmentos
separados por tierra destinada a otro uso, crea una serie de cambios que afectan los hábitats naturales.
El fragmento o remanente se ve influenciado por el efecto de borde y efectos de aislamiento, que
repercuten directamente en la estructura y dinámica de la biota existente. La depredación de nidadas de
aves aumenta en los fragmentos porque los animales del sitio se refugian en los parches remanentes y
aumentan sus poblaciones al no existir depredadores grandes, y además, otros depredadores visitarán
estos sitios con más frecuencia y ejercerán una presión más fuerte sobre los individuos reproductores.
Estas presiones de depredación han seleccionado para una variedad en estrategias de anidación. Sin
embargo, la depredación de nidadas es la causa primaria de mortalidad en muchas especies. Este
estudio analiza la depredación de nidadas artificiales en bosque extenso, fragmentos de bosque y
franjas riparias rodeadas de monocultivo de banano, tomando en cuenta variables de distancia al borde,
altura del nido y época de anidación en ocho sitios de la vertiente Atlántica de Costa Rica. Además,
determina los depredadores de nidadas artificiales de aves, su comportamiento de forrajeo y la tasa de
depredación en bosque extenso, fragmentos de bosque y franjas riparias, utilizando las mismas variables
(altura de nido, distancia al borde y tiempo de anidación). Seleccioné tres fragmentos continuos, tres
franjas riparias y dos sitios de bosque continuo en la zona Atlántica de Costa Rica, y a ellos les evalué la
tasa de depredación de huevos artificiales. En cada sitio establecí tres transectos (un transecto en las
franjas riparias): borde, medio e interior, separados cada uno por 50 m. En cada uno coloqué 28 nidos,
para un total de 84 nidos por sitios. Coloqué los nidos alternando arriba y abajo, y derecha e izquierda,
para obtener una densidad de 1.27 nidos/1000 m². La mitad de los nidos tenían dos huevos de codorniz
(HH, para determinar la tasa de depredación) y el resto, uno de codorniz y uno de plasticina (BP, para
determinar los depredadores de las nidadas). Revisé los nidos cada cuatro días por un período de 16
días. Hice tres repeticiones entre abril y setiembre de 1996. La depredación total fue del 70.97%, y
mayor en los nidos con huevos de plasticina que en los de dos huevos de codorniz. La supervivencia
diaria fue mayor en los sitios de bosque extenso; los demás sitios presentaron una supervivencia diaria
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baja. El efecto de la altura fue significativo en los sitios de bosque extenso, donde depredaron más los
nidos cercanos al suelo, y en un fragmento, donde depredaron mayormente los nidos altos. No encontré
mayor depredación en el transecto de borde comparado con los otros; sin embargo, un sitio de bosque
extenso presentó mayor depredación en el transecto de medio y un fragmento en el transecto de
interior. Al comparar solamente el transecto de borde entre todos los sitios, éste presenta un patrón
similar al de supervivencia diaria, siendo mayor en los sitios de bosque extenso y teniendo los demás,
valores muy bajos. El efecto del tiempo no presenta un patrón claro entre períodos. Identifiqué las
impresiones de los dientes de los depredadores dejadas en los huevos de plasticina por medio de una
clave de impresiones realizadas con animales en cautiverio y con cráneos. Encontré tres grupos de
depredadores: aves, reptiles y mamíferos. Este último grupo fue el depredador predominante a lo largo
del experimento. Dentro de los mamíferos, los roedores prefieren el bosque extenso, los fragmentos de
bosque son mayormente depredados por monos, y las franjas riparias por aves y marsupiales. En
general, las aves prefirieron depredar los nidos más alejados del suelo y los marsupiales prefirieron
aquellos cercanos al suelo. Además, no hubo diferencias en la depredación según la distancia al borde.
Los depredadores comieron los nidos compuestos de un huevo de codorniz y uno de plasticina a una
tasa similar a través del tiempo. Observé diferentes comportamientos de manipulación de los huevos de
plasticina y codorniz. Ellos involucran el uso de las manos, colmillos, uñas, etc; y varían entre grupos de
depredadores. Los depredadores, tanto los residentes como los foráneos se ven favorecidos por los
bordes. Las condiciones intrínsecas de los hábitats, y en particular la matriz de banano puede estar
influyendo en estos depredadores, así como en los movimientos y migraciones de las aves. Esto último
tiene relevancia a nivel genético, en los procesos de endogamia y de extinción de especies. Los
fragmentos, así como las franjas riparias, cobran mayor importancia al ser remanentes de la vegetación
y ayudan a mantener la diversidad del sitio y la estabilidad de las poblaciones de aves.
Publicación no.: 062 Depredación de nidadas artificiales de aves en fragmentos de bosque, franjas
riparias y bosque extenso en la zona Atlántica de Costa Rica / Araya-Fallas, Maríamalia.
En: Depredación de nidadas artificiales en fragmentos de bosque rodeados por monocultivos de banano
San José: Universidad de Costa Rica, 1998. p. 7-55. Tesis, Mag. Sc, Universidad de Costa Rica, Sistema de
Estudios de Posgrado, Programa Regional de Posgrado en Biología, San José (Costa Rica).
La actividad humana ha propiciado una serie de cambios que afectan los hábitats naturales. Un ejemplo
de ello es la fragmentación de hábitat, la división de un bosque continuo en pequeños fragmentos
separados por tierra destinada a otro uso. El remanente sufre cambios como el efecto de borde y
efectos de aislamiento, que repercuten directamente en la estructura y dinámica de la biota existente.
La depredación de nidadas de aves aumenta porque los animales del sitio se refugian en los parches
remanentes y aumentan sus poblaciones al no existir depredadores grandes, y además, otros
depredadores visitarán estos sitios con más frecuencia y ejercerán una presión más fuerte sobre los
individuos reproductores. Este estudio analiza la depredación de nidadas artificiales en bosque extensos,
fragmentos de bosque y franjas riparias rodeadas de monocultivo de banano, tomando en cuenta
variables de distancia al borde, altura del nido y época de anidación en ocho sitios de la vertiente
Atlántica de Costa Rica. Seleccioné tres fragmentos continuos, tres franjas riparias y dos sitios de bosque
continuo a los que les evalué la tasa de depredación de huevos artificiales. En cada sitio establecí tres
transectos (un transecto en las franjas riparias): borde, medio e interior, separados cada uno por 50 m.
En cada uno coloqué 28 nidos, para un total de 84 nidos por sitio. Coloqué los nidos alternando arriba y
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abajo, y derecha e izquierda, para obtener una densidad de 0.00127 nidos/m². La mitad de los nidos
tenían dos huevos de codorniz y el resto, uno de codorniz y uno de plasticina. Revisé los nidos cada
cuatro días por un período de 16 días. Hice tres repeticiones entre abril y setiembre de 1996. La
depredación total fue del 70.97%, y mayor en los nidos con huevos de plasticina que en los de dos
huevos de codorniz. La supervivencia diaria fue mayor en los sitios de bosque extenso, los demás sitios
presentaron una supervivencia diaria baja. El efecto de la altura fue significativo en los sitios de bosque
extenso, donde depredaron más los nidos cercanos al suelo, y en un fragmento, donde depredaron
mayormente en los nidos altos. No encontré mayor depredacíón en el transecto de borde comparado
con los otros, sin embargo un sitio de bosque extenso presentó mayor depredación en el transecto de
medio y un fragmento en el transecto de interior. Al comparar solamente la depredación en el transecto
de borde entre todos los sitios, éste presenta un patrón similar al de supervivencia diaria, siendo mayor
en los sitios de bosque extenso y teniendo los demás, valores muy bajos. El efecto del tiempo no
presenta un patrón claro entre períodos. Los depredadores, tanto los residentes como los foráneos se
ven favorecidos por los bordes. Además, las condiciones particulares de los hábitats pueden estar
influyendo en los resultados. Al mismo tiempo, la matriz de banano puede estar influyendo en estos
depredadores, así como en los movimientos y migraciones de las aves. Los fragmentos, así como las
franjas riparias cobran importancia al ser remanentes de la vegetación y que pueden estar ayudando a
mantener la diversidad del nido.
Publicación no.: 063 Mating systems of three tropical dry forest tree species [Sistemas de reproducción
de tres especies de árboles del bosque tropical seco] / James, T; Vege, S; Aldrich, Preston Rice; Hamrick,
James L. (University of Georgia. Department of Botany & Genetics, Athens GA 30602, US <E-mail:
[email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]>).
En: Biotropica (ISSN 0006-3606), v. 30, no. 4, p. 587-594. 1998.
Polymorphic allozyme loci were used to estimate outcrossing rates for three tree species from a
disturbed dry forest in southern Costa Rica. Estimates of the multilocus outcrossing rates of Cedrela
odorata and Jacaranda copaia were 0.969 and 0.982, respectively, and suggest that these species may
be self-incompatible. The subcanopy tree Stemmadenia donnell-smithii also demonstrated little selffertilization based on an estimated outcrossing rate of 0.896. Significant heterogeneity in pollen allele
frequencies among maternal trees was detected for at least two enzyme loci for each species. A test of
correlated mating between progeny of S. donnell-smithii revealed that all seeds within a fruit were
singly sired. In addition, the low estimates of biparental inbreeding and significant differences in pollen
and ovule allele frequencies for this species suggest that gene how into the sampled forest fragment
may occur. The implications of deforestation on the mating systems of these tropical tree taxa are
discussed.
Publicación no.: 064 Reproductive activity of birds in a mangrove in Northwest Costa Rica [Actividad
reproductiva de pájaros en un manglar en el noroeste de Costa Rica] / Barrantes-Montero, Gilbert.
(Universidad de Costa Rica. Escuela de Biología, Museo de Zoología, 2060 San José, CR <E-mail:
En: Revista de Biología Tropical (ISSN 0034-7744), v. 46, no. 4, p. 1163-1166. 1998.
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La riqueza avifaunística en los manglares es relativamente alta contrastando con su pobre diversidad
florística. Durante 18 meses (julio 1986 a diciembre 1987) visité por ocho días cada dos semanas un área
de manglar de 200 hectáreas en Chomes, noroeste de Costa Rica. En estas visitas cuantifiqué la actividad
reproductiva de las especies residentes de este manglar. El 55% de las 69 aves terrestres residentes se
reproducen en el manglar. Probablemente el número de especies, así como el número de individuos que
se reproducen en este ecosistema se ha incrementado con la destrucción de los bosques originales que
cubrían las tierras circundantes. La destrucción de los bosques aledaños así como la del mismo manglar,
incrementa el riesgo de extinción local de aquellas especies que utilizan este ecosistema como su
hábitat primario, incluyendo a Amazilia boucardi, una especie endémica a los manglares de Costa Rica y
cuyo límite norte de distribución es precisamente Chomes.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: R.
Publicación no.: 065 Potencial invasor de Syzigium jambos (Myrtaceae) en fragmentos boscosos: El
caso de Ciudad Colón, Costa Rica [Invasive potential of Syzigium jambos (Myrtaceae) in forest
fragments: the case of Ciudad Colón, Costa Rica] / Di Stéfano-Gandolfi, José Francisco; Fournier-Origgi,
Luis Alberto; Carranza-Velázquez, Julieta; Marín-Méndez, Walter; Mora, A. (Universidad de Costa Rica.
Escuela de Biología, San José, CR <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail:
Syzigium jambos is a multiple use species native to Southeast Asia that has been introduced in many
countries of the world. Similar to some other exotics, it has the potential to become naturalized and
invade natural ecosystems. In Costa Rica, it has been observed in several small preserves. A sample of 48
quadrats of 0.6 m of radius, in one hectare fragment (with a 30 year-old secondary humid Premontane
forest) had a density of 4.9 seedlings and 0.16 saplings per m². Higher densities were observed near the
base of the adult trees (N=3) and on the biggest of the trees investigated. Growth rates of the seedlings
and saplings was very low: less than 10.5 and 0.25 cm/year in height and basal diameter, respectively. In
general, the plants had low levels (30%) of relative damage by herbivores, and fungi (one identified as a
Puccinia psidii Wint.) on their leaves, although a significant increase was detected by the end of the wet
season and beginning of the dry season. Small white epiphyllic liquens were abundant on mature leaves.
Apparently the species is very flexible as little mechanical damage was observed.
Publicación no.: 066 Consideraciones ecológicas sobre la regeneración natural aplicada al manejo
forestal / Guariguata-Urbano, Manuel R. (Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza
(CATIE). Unidad de Manejo de Bosques Naturales, Turrialba, CR <E-mail: [email protected]>).
Turrialba: CATIE, 1998. 27 p. (Serie Técnica. Informe Técnico / CATIE; no. 304). ISBN: 9977-57-316-6.
This paper discusses the main ecological factors that influence tree recruitment in neotropical moistand wet forests within the context of timber management based on selective logging. It is proposed that
setting aside protection areas in managed forests as a way to preserve ecological processes may not be
sufficient to ensure sustainable levels of natural regeneration, and that a thorough understanding and
application of tree seed ecology can help to refine management prescriptions. A review is provided on
critical aspects of tree reproductive biology, seed production and dispersal, spatial and temporal
constraints on seed availability, disperser behavior, and the potential consequences of hunting and
forest fragmentation on tree regeneration. All these issues are discussed in light of their implications for
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biological sustainability in selectively-logged forests. Tree seed production can be influenced by selective
removal of neighbors of the same species due to insufficient pollen transfer, flowering asynchrony, and
sexual system. Aerial seed coverage can be affected by spatio-temporal limitations to seed dispersal,
dispersal mechanism, and size-dependent levels of seed production at the species level. Studies of
vertebrate-disperser behavior and tree seed deposition in logged forests are scarce, and warrant further
attention in order to refine our understanding on the dependency of vertebrate fauna for sustained
timber production. Although much remains to be learned on tree seed ecology in neotropical logged
forests, the baseline information presented here may offer a starting point for developing ecological
criteria for seed tree retention. Furthermore, it may contribute to improving ecologically-based
management prescriptions in order to enhance or at least maintain sufficient levels of natural
regeneration without the need to rely on artificial regeneration methods. Most of the information
presented here is not new and mostly derives from protected sites, but it may have a good potential for
its applicability in managed, neotropical forests.
Publicación no.: 067 Depredación de nidadas de aves en fragmentos de bosque rodeados de un
monocultivo de banano / Mora, G; Araya-Fallas, Maríamalia. (Universidad de Costa Rica. Escuela de
Biología, San José, CR).
En: Memoria. Jornadas de Investigación 1997 San José: Universidad de Costa Rica, Vicerrectoría de
Investigación, 1997. p. 44.
(Abstract only). Uno de los principales efectos de las actividades humanas sobre el ambiente natural es
la división del bosque continuo en pequeños fragmentos separados por tierra destinada a otro uso. El
efecto de borde y efectos de aislamiento resultantes repercuten directamente en la estructura y
dinámica de la biota existente. Por ejemplo, se espera que los animales se refugien en los parches
remanentes y que los depredadores visiten estos sitios con más frecuencia y ejerzan una presión más
fuerte sobre los individuos reproductores. En este estudio evaluamos los efectos de la fragmentación y
el cambio en el uso de la tierra, por monocultivos bananeros, sobre el éxito reproductivo de la
comunidad de aves remanente en parches de bosque de la zona Atlántica de Costa Rica. Seleccionamos
tres fragmentos continuos, tres fragmentos riparios y dos sitios de bosque continuo en los que
evaluamos experimentalmente la tasa de depredación de huevos y la comparamos con la depredación
natural y con la abundancia de depredadores (aves y mamíferos) en los sitios. En cada fragmento
situamos nidos artificiales con huevos de codorniz y huevos de plasticina para estudiar la depredación y
los depredadores. La información obtenida es valiosa para comprender los procesos de fragmentación y
su impacto en las aves y predecir el futuro de las poblaciones de aves reproductoras en estos sitios.
Publicación no.: 068 Protected areas and conservation of biodiversity in the tropics [Áreas protegidas y
conservación de la biodiversidad en los trópicos] / Sánchez-Azofeifa, Gerardo Arturo; Quesada-Mateo,
Carlos A; González-Quesada, P; Dayanandan, S; Bawa, Kamaljit S. (University of Alberta. Department of
Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E3, CA <E-mail: [email protected]>
<E-mail:
[email protected]>
<E-mail:
[email protected]>
<E-mail:
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We compared deforestation rates and the extent of fragmentation inside and outside protected areas in
the Sarapiquí region of Costa Rica. We determined deforestation rates using remotely sensed images
with supervised classification. We georeferenced the processes images and then transformed them to
vector format for final mapping and parameter quantification. The deforestation rate in protected areas
was low and declined sharply from 0.56% annually between 1976 and 1986 to 0.16% from 1991 to 1995.
Outside the protected areas, the rate decreased from 3.6% in 1976-1986 to 2.8% in 1986-1991, but it
increased again to 3.2% in 1991-1995. Fragmentation outside the protected areas increased
considerably: the number of patches increased from 537 in 1976 to 1231 in 1996, while during the same
period the average size of patches decreased from 0.95 to 0.25 km². Forest landscapes in the Sarapiquí
region are likely to lose considerable biodiversity because of the past forest loss and fragmentation even
without further increases in deforestation and fragmentation.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S4709. NBINA-3812. LC.
Publicación no.: 069 Howler subgroups as homeostatic mechanisms in disturbed habitats [Subgrupos
de monos congo como mecanismos homeostáticos en hábitats desequilibrados] / Jones, Clara B.
(Fayetteville State University. Department of Psychology, 1200 Murchison Road, Fayetteville, NC 283014298, US <E-mail: [email protected]>).
En: Neotropical Primates (ISSN 1413-4705), v. 3, no. 1, p. 7-9. 1995.
The size and composisition of groups may have important consequences for the survival and fecundity
of organisms. A subgroup may be defined as a unit (1) of a demographic group whose functions may be
similar to or different from the functions of demographic groups. Subgroup sizes of one demographic
group of mantled howler monkeys (Alouatta palliata Gray) in tropical dry forests were sampled using ad
libitum methods over an 18-month period in 1976 and 1977 at La Pacifica Ecological Centre, Cañas,
Guanacaste, Costa Rica. The resulting distribution was analyzed. Only adults were counted (N = 18).
Figure 1 shows the subgroup sizes and their frequency (mean = 4.46 ± 1.99, N = 120). The coefficient of
dispersion is 0.89, representing a repulsed (or overdispersed) distribution with more observations at the
center of the distribution than at the extremes and with variance smaller than one would expect by
chance alone, suggesting an optimal subgroup size. La Pacifica is a disturbed area, including significant
deforestation, habitat fragmentation, and selective cutting where the howler population may be
maintained by immigration (i.e. metapopulation effects). Howlers have thrived at this site where no
other monkey species reside. Mantled howlers are listed as "endangered" in the United States
Endangered Species Act, primarily due to habitat destruction in areas outside of Costa Rica. La Pacifica
may be viewed as a conservation experiment where mantled howlers show no apparent signs of local
extinction. Local extinctions of fragmented populations are common, and it will be important to conduct
continuing studies of the La Pacifica metapopulation to document changes as disturbance continues,
especially the flexibility of howler behavior, social organization, and population dynamics. This note
proposes that patterns of subgrouping in mantled howlers indicate homeostasis in response to
environmental heterogeneity which may maximize the opportunities for success of these monkeys in
disturbed and managed areas. Animals with similar characteristics (e.g., Ateles and Cebus) may also
employ subgrouping as a flexible homeostatic response.
Publicación no.: 070 Tropical forest disturbance, disappearance, and species loss [Perturbación de los
bosques tropicales, la desaparición y la pérdida de especies] / Whitmore, T.C; Laurance, William F (ed.);
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Bierregaard, R.O., Jr (ed.). (Cambridge University. Department of Geography, Downing Place, Cambridge
CB2 3EN, GB).
En: Tropical forest remnants: ecology, management, and conservation of fragmented communities.
Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1997. p. 3-12. ISBN: 0-226-46898-4.
In recent decades there have been several attempts to assess tropical deforestation. At a global scale, a
thorough assessment is a gigantic task that requires huge resources. It is necessary to have robust, clear
definitions of what is meant by deforestation and of the different kinds of forest, as well as the capacity
to glean for one moment in time the extent of forest cover throughout the Tropics. The Food and
Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), with its network of national contacts, has made
two assessments. The first of these was for 1980 and the second for 1990. The second assessment is
used here as the best overview we have of the amount of tropical forest recently remaining, and of the
rate of forest loss during the decade from 1981 to 1990. Notes on my interpretation of FAO's data are
given in appendix 1.1.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: 577.34 T856.
Publicación no.: 071 Measuring landscape changes in remnant tropical dry forests [Medición de los
cambios de paisaje en remanentes de bosques secos tropicales] / Kramer, E.A; Laurance, William F (ed.);
Bierregaard, R.O., Jr (ed.). (University of Georgia. Institute of Ecology, Athens, GA 30602, US).
En: Tropical forest remnants: ecology, management, and conservation of fragmented communities.
Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1997. p. 386-399. ISBN: 0-226-46898-4.
Tropical dry forest is the most endangered habitat in Central America, currently reduced to less than 1%
of its original extent. In Costa Rica, the entire area of dry forests was cut over by 1961. These figures
illustrate the urgent need for conservation of remaining dry forest fragments and the importance of
establishing techniques for restoration of this habitat. Unfortunately, much of the literature about
tropical ecosystems and their management pertains to either rainforest or savanna systems; dry forests
have been studied much less frequently. Tropical dry forests occur in frost-free areas where the mean
annual temperature is higher than 17°C and where mean annual rainfall ranges from 250 to 2,000 mm.
An additional feature of tropical dry forest area is that mean annual potential evapotranspiration (PET)
exceeds mean annual precipitation, whereas in wet tropical forest areas the reverse is true. Because of
this difference, the factors controlling secondary succession in dry forests differ from those in wet
forests. Dry forests are strongly water-limited, with harsh environmental conditions occurring over at
least six months of the year, wet forests are mostly nutrient-limited, with species establishment strongly
influenced by competition. These differences affect the rates and mechanisms of secondary forest
establishment. The effect of forest fragmentation on biodiversity is the primary concern of many studies
of forest remnants. Fragmentation commonly results in small forest remnants embedded in a matrix of
agriculture, secondary vegetation, and degraded land. Few studies, however, have examined the
interactions of remnant forest patches with the matrix, or vice versa. This chapter describes the use of
geographic information systems (GIS) and remote sensing to aid in the management of forest recovery.
The general goal of this study is a measure, and to predict, how vegetation responds to changing land
management prictices at the landscape scale. In the tropical dry forest areas within Guanacaste National
Park in northwestern Costa Rica, land use has changed from extensive agriculture to habitat protection
and management for forest recovery. Specific management options range from allowing natural patch
spread and coalescence to intensive forest plantings. The results presented in this chapter focus on the
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development of vegetation databases and measurements of vegetation change over an eight-year
period, from 1979 to 1985.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: 577.34 T856.
Publicación no.: 072 Fragmentation and pollen movement in a Costa Rican dry forest tree species
[Fragmentación y movimiento del polen en árboles costarricenses del bosque seco] / Apsit, Victoria Joan
(University of Missouri-St. Louis. Department of Biology, 8001 Natural Bridge Rd, St. Louis, MO 631214499, US). Athens GA: University of Georgia, 1998. 122 p. Dissertation, Ph.D, University of Gorgia,
Botany Department, Athens, GA (USA).
Loss of natural habitat due to the development of once forested areas has left a mosaic of forest
fragments and isolated trees within a matrix of open pasture and agricultural fields. Such habitat
fragmentation may be detrimental to the genetic diversity, ecology, and community level interactions of
once continuously distributed species. Since fragmentation will affect the distribution of most plant and
animal species, the reproductive dynamics of small remnant populations are likely to differ from those
of large, continuous populations. Comparisons of population parameters such as genetic diversity and
structure, as well as pollen flow, between populations of adult established prior to fragmentation and
their post-fragmentation progeny make it possible to examine the effects of disturbance on the current
reproductive dynamics of individuals established when landscapes were different. This study employed
allozyme genetic markers to examine these effects on remnant populations of Enterolobium
cyclocarpum, a dominant tree species commonly found throughout highly disturbed areas of
Guanacaste Province, Costa Rica. Moreover, direct estimates of effective population sizes and rates of
pollen immigration allowed predictions of the effects of genetic drift and inbreeding on the genetic
composition of future generations of these fragment populations. The information gained from such
analyses will be an important component for the effective future management and the development of
conservation strategies for tropical tree species in fragmented landscapes.
Publicación no.: 073 Efecto de la fragmentación del bosque seco sobre el éxito reproductivo de una
especie de árbol maderable: Samanea saman (Mimosaceae) / Cascante-Marín, Alfredo M. (Museo
Nacional de Costa Rica. Departamento de Historia Natural, Apdo 749-1000, San José, CR <E-mail:
[email protected]>). San José: Universidad de Costa Rica, 1999. 87 p. Tesis, Mag. Sc,
Universidad de Costa Rica, Programa de Estudios de Posgrado en Biología, San José (Costa Rica).
En este documento se presentan los resultados del estudio del efecto de la fragmentación del bosque
seco sobre el éxito reproductivo del árbol Pithecellobium saman (Fabaceae/Mim.) en Costa Rica. Este
trabajo constituye uno de los primeros estudios en evaluar el fenómeno de la fragmentación de bosques
sobre la reproducción de una especie de árbol tropical. El aspecto novedoso del presente estudio
consiste en considerar diferentes aspectos de la reproducción de la especie con el propósito de tener un
panorama más amplio del efecto de la fragmentación sobre la reproducción y viabilidad de la progenie.
En el diseño experimental se incluyeron dos tratamientos principales: árboles creciendo en poblaciones
continuas y árboles aislados o en pequeños remanentes boscosos (1 ha). Los aspectos reproductivos
considerados fueron: 1. Polinización natural (deposición de polen y cantidad de tubos polínicos en el
estilo). 2. Producción de semillas por fruto (total de semillas, semillas abortadas, depredadas y semillas
viables por fruto). 3. Parámetros genéticos (heterocigosidad promedio, tasa de exocruzamiento y
correlación de parentesco de la progenie). 4. Parámetros de vigor de la progenie (germinación y
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sobrevivencia de las plántulas, peso de las semillas, días para la emergencia de la primera hoja, altura de
las plántulas, número de hojas, área foliar, biomasa seca radical y aérea, y número de nódulos en la
raíz). En el estudio de la polinización natural se analizó una muestra de 1.016 estilos (530 de árboles en
bosques continuos y 486 de árboles aislados) no encontrándose diferencias significativas en el grado de
deposición de polen sobre los estigmas de árboles en ambos tratamientos. En los árboles de poblaciones
continuas el número de tubos polínicos en el estilo fue mayor que en árboles aislados, además, el
porcentaje de flores con una mayor cantidad de tubos polínicos en sus estilos que óvulos en el ovario
fue mayor en árboles de poblaciones continuas. Lo anterior sugiere que en árboles de poblaciones
continuas se presenta una mayor competencia de polen, lo que ha sido relacionado con la calidad de la
progenie producida. Por otra parte, la presencia de un menor número de tubos polínicos
desarrollándose en los estilos de árboles aislados puede deberse a problemas de autoincompatibilidad
de la especie debido a una mayor deposición de polen propio dentro del mismo individuo
(geitonogamia) o a la calidad genética de los donadores de polen. En la producción de semillas por fruto
se analizó una muestra de 1.575 frutos (946 de árboles de poblaciones continuas y 629 de árboles
aislados) y se encontró que los árboles en poblaciones continuas producen más semillas por fruto que
los árboles aislados. La reducción de aproximadamente un 6% que sufren los árboles aislados con
respecto a los árboles de poblaciones continuas puede tener importantes implicaciones en la cosecha
total de semillas de un árbol aislado. Además, el número de semillas depredadas por fruto en árboles
aislados fue menor que en poblaciones continuas, probablemente debido a la reducción o eliminación
de las poblaciones de depredadores en los remanentes boscosos. El número de semillas abonadas y
semillas viables por fruto no mostró diferencias significativas entre ambos tratamientos. En el análisis
genético, por medio de la técnica de electroforesis en almidón de extractos de proteínas, se obtuvieron
cuatro sistemas enzimáticos que presentaron buena resolución e interpretabilidad: ICD, EST, PGD y
PGM. Se utilizó una muestra de 212 semillas provenientes de 20 árboles maternos (10 individuos por
tratamiento). Se determinó que tanto los árboles en poblaciones continuas como los árboles aislados
son aparentemente 100% exógamos, no obstante, la variación en los datos por efecto del tamaño de
muestra y el número de loci estudiados no permiten tener un resultado conclusivo al respecto. La
variabilidad genética no difirió entre ambos tratamientos y es similar a la informada para otras especies
arbóreas neotropicales. El coeficiente de correlación de parentesco de la progenie fue mayor en
poblaciones continuas, y a pesar de la variación mostrada, este resultado sugiere que los árboles en esa
condición reciben polen preferentemente de un solo donador o de unos pocos individuos
genéticamente emparentados. En cambio, en los árboles aislados el flujo de polen parece ser más
aleatorio en cuanto a su procedencia. En el estudio de los parámetros de vigor de la progenie se utilizó
una muestra inicial de 1.960 semilas para las pruebas de invernadero, provenientes de 14 árboles de
poblaciones continuas y 10 árboles aislados. Se encontró que la fragmentación afectó la germinación en
árboles aislados, los cuales sufrieron una reducción cercana al 15% con respecto a árboles de
poblaciones continuas. La sobrevivencia no difirió significativamente entre los tratamientos pero se
mantuvo la tendencia original al inicio de la germinación y al cabo de los 45 días del estudio la progenie
inicial de los árboles aislados se había reducido casi en un 50%. La fragmentación afectó, además, el
desarrollo de área foliar y la acumulación de biomasa en la progenie de árboles aislados lo cual puede
afectar el establecimiento y regeneración de la especie en los remanentes boscosos. En conclusión, la
fragmentación del bosque seco en nuestro país ha afectado el éxito reproductivo de los árboles de
Samanea saman que se encuentran aislados o en pequeños reductos boscosos (1 ha), en cuanto a los
parámetros de polinización natural y vigor de la progenie antes mencionados.
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Publicación no.: 074 Corredores Conservacionistas en la Región Centroamericana [Conservation
Corridors in the Central American Region] / Vega, A (ed.). Memorias de una Conferencia Regional
auspiciada por el Proyecto Paseo Pantera, Heredia, CR, 17-20 Set. 1993. Gainesville, FL: Tropical
Research and Development, Inc, 1994. 431 p.
This proceedings volume includes all presentations for which formal papers were submitted by
speakers. The six initial papers define the general context for conservation and sustainable development
efforts in Central America. Next come a group of country-specific reports, whose function during the
conference and as part of this document is to present to the audience the status of protected areas
systems in Central America. Next there are a series of five papers that illustrate the benefits of the use
of corridors, in Central America as well as in other parts of the world. The final five papers discuss
methodological approaches on how to establish corridors. At the end of the document there is a brief
list of conclusions and recommendations provided by conference participants and a list of conference
participants.
Localización: Biblioteca del Programa de Conservación para el Desarrollo del INBio: PCD399.
Publicación no.: 075 Sovereignty and mutualism: the political ecology of the Central American biotic
corridor [Soberanía y mutualismo: la ecología política del Corredor Biótico Centroamericano] / Carr,
Archie III; Vega, A (ed.). (Wildlife Conservation Society, 4424 NW 13th St., Suite A-2. Gainesville, FL
32609 US). Memorias de una Conferencia Regional auspiciada por el Proyecto Paseo Pantera, Heredia,
CR, 17-20 Set. 1993.
En: Corredores Conservacionistas en la Región Centroamericana Gainesville, FL: Tropical Research and
Development, Inc, 1994. p. 11-21.
The number of species harbored in the diverse habitats of Central America is believed to be in the
millions, including lower plants and animals. The responsibility of a society or a state to protect such a
variety of species can most effectively be fulfilled by protected-area designation and management. For
biological reasons, it is generally true that larger parks are better than smaller parks for species
conservation purposes. The opportunity to establish large or extensive protected areas is passing
rapidly. Today the landscape of a typical Central American country contains a number of scattered, small
natural habitats -some protected, some not. Fortunately, this dispersed sample of vulnerable habitat
"islands" is usually bounded along international borders by large tracts of natural areas-tracts that
continue unbroken into neighboring countries. Where expansion of small protected areas is not a
possibility, contemporary theories supporting biological corridors suggest an alternative, hopeful
strategy. National campaigns to link large and small protected areas together with corridors would, with
great certainty, improve the survival prospects of species within countries. If national corridor networks
are a priority within each country of Central America, inevitably these networks would include the very
large blocks of forest along the borders. The neighboring park systems would become united. Owing to
the geography of the landmass-a narrow, elongate isthmus-7 independent national corridor programs
would result, very nearly, in a contiguous Central American biotic corridor. Any campaign to protect the
remaining natural areas of Central America would be in the direct national, economic, and social interest
of the countries involved. Aside from providing for species survival, parks and protected areas,
supported by corridor systems, preserve the basic ecological functions - the natural "infrastructure"necessary for the economic development o every country in the region. Wildland conservation in
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Central America will call for unprecedented "plurinational" cooperation. The Central American
Commission on Environment and Development (CCAD) appears to be the appropriate forum to fos such
cooperation. The Central American Biodiversity Treaty, calling for a Central American Biotic Corridor, is
the existing, remarkable international instrument necessary to bring about the promise of restored land
and new economic progress in the region.
Publicación no.: 076 Parks and biodiversity preserves as islands: lessons from historical biogeography
and limited trend analysis [Parques y reservas de la biodiversidad como islas: lecciones de la
biogeografía histórica y el análisis limitado de tendencias] / Harris, L.D; Cramer, P; Vega, A (ed.).
(University of Florida. Department of Wildlife and Range Science, 118 Newins-Ziegler Hall, Box 110430,
Gainesville, FL 32611-0430, US). Memorias de una Conferencia Regional auspiciada por el Proyecto
Paseo Pantera, Heredia, CR, 17-20 Set. 1993.
Island biogeography principles can be applied to the conservation of fauna and flora in today's
preserves. Parks the world over have become islands in a sea of human civilization. Without connectivity
between these parks, opportunities for colonization and migration are greatly reduced. As a result,
species become isolated and more prone to extinction. Most isolated North American parks have been
losing native species since the day those parks were created. Mount Rainier National Park in Washington
state contains less than 50 percent of its historical mammals, and the Everglades National Park complex
in Florida has lost at least 15 species of wildlife. If the total area of all of Costa Rica's parks and preserves
is not as big as the Everglades Park complex, how can these parks withstand the crush of humans in the
future? Sole adding more parcels of land to parks does not work. We must also protect and promote
ecological functions. This can be facilitated through a system of corridors and landscape linkages. First,
we must connect that park and preserve areas that are obvious. Connecting a series of parks in this
manner across Central America is the vision of Paseo Pantera. The width of these linkages must be
measured in hundreds of meters to tens of kilometers, depending on the function of the corridor.
Underpasses along roadways need to be installed so wildlife are no killed as they attempt to cross roads.
There needs to be the creation of low impact buffer zones outside reserve boundaries. Ultimately,
preserving biodiversity and processes will involve education educating landowners and the general
public so they accept and defend these parks and consider them a necessity to their wellbeing. Through
these and other landscape level efforts, we envision Paseo Pantera becoming a reality.
Publicación no.: 077 Wild biodiversity as a resource for intellectual and economic development:
INBio's pilot project in Costa Rica [La biodiversidad silvestre como un recurso para el desarrollo
intelectual y económico: el proyecto piloto del INBio en Costa Rica] / Gámez-Lobo, Rodrigo; Vega, A (ed.).
(Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad (INBio), Apdo. 22-3100, Santo Domingo de Heredia, CR <E-mail:
[email protected]>). Memorias de una Conferencia Regional auspiciada por el Proyecto Paseo
Pantera, Heredia, CR, 17-20 Set. 1993.
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Costa Rica's Program of biodiversity conservation is founded on the premise that the best way to save
biological diversity is to utilize it in a sustainable and nondestructive way, for intellectual, spiritual, and
economic ends. Our country needs this new model of development that improves the quality of life of
our society while at the same time conserving life in all its forms. Strategically, three successive steps
with a high degree of overlap are required in order to realize the economic and intellectual potential of
biodiversity. The first step is to save representative samples of biodiversity present in the national
territory. In Costa Rica this is being consolidated through the creation of the National System of
Conservation Areas, which is hoped will comprise close to 25 percent of the nation's territory. The
second step is to learn what biodiversity exists in wild areas. The third step is to put this knowledge to
work for Costa Rican society. INBio, the National Institute of Biodiversity, was established with the
specific purpose of helping carry out these last two steps. To accomplish its mission, INBio has
established four different but intimately linked institutional components. The Biodiversity Inventory
Directorate is responsible for learning what species exist and where they are in the conservation areas.
The Information Management Directorate organizes and manages all information generated by the
inventory in a way that can be made available in a suitable format for different types of uses and users.
The Biodiversity Prospecting Directorate develops projects directed at systematic searches for natural
products of economic and industrial use that contribute to demonstrating the economic value of
biodiversity and that generate funding necessary for its conservation and management. The Social
Outreach Directorate is in charge of organizing and managing information so it will be easily accessible
to all users. It facilitates and promotes utilization of information by diverse sectors of society such as the
government, educators, students, foresters, tourists, and agronomists. INBio is thus evolving as an
information management organization that strengthens the role of wildlands biodiversity in Costa Rican
society and national development as required by the Convention on Biological Diversity.
Publicación no.: 078 Áreas protegidas y el desarrollo de corredores en el contexto de la capacidad de
uso de la tierra / Tosi-Olin, Joseph A., Jr; Vega, A (ed.). (Centro Científico Tropical, Apdo. 8-3870, San
José, CR <E-mail: [email protected]>). Memorias de una Conferencia Regional auspiciada por el Proyecto
Paseo Pantera, Heredia, CR, 17-20 Set. 1993.
Corridors between protected areas are similar in concept to buffer zones that border such areas. In the
American tropics, most protected areas occupy lands unsuited to private economic exploitation, and
lands lying between them which would serve as corridors for the movement of wildlife usually include a
mosaic of localized sites ecologically unsuited to such use and usually under some sort of forest cover. If
these sites alone could be maintained in an essentially wild, or unused state, then the corridor would
probably function effectively as a series of small and large islands which would provide for safe
movement. Delineation of these sites prior to programming their protection can best be achieved by
mapping land use capability in the proposed corridor area. This paper covers the principles and practical
application of a new method of ecological land use capability based upon the Life Zone System of World
Ecological Classification (Holdridge).
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Publicación no.: 079 El desarrollo sostenible como factor de mejoramiento económico / Pérez, C.I;
Vega, A (ed.). (INCAE. Programa de Recursos Naturales, Apdo. 960-4050, Alajuela, CR). Memorias de una
Conferencia Regional auspiciada por el Proyecto Paseo Pantera, Heredia, CR, 17-20 Set. 1993.
En: Corredores Conservacionistas en la Región Centroamericana Gainesville FL: Tropical Research and
Principal global problems that must be faced are analyzed, and the challenge of reconciling society's
social and economic development needs and aspirations is reviewed. Examples of global environmental
deterioration and their major causes are presented. These include uncontrolled global population
growth, deforestation, soil erosion, inequalities in land distribution, the dismal living conditions of a
majority of the world's population, global warming and the consequences of climate change, the loss of
the ozone layer, and the exponential growth in generation of waste products. To reverse these
tendencies, proposed solutions to environmental problems must not prevent economic growth, but
rather must involve an improved development model that finds solutions to poverty and generates
growth. This model must regard improved human welfare, adoption of appropriate technologies, proper
valuation of resources with prices based on their scarcity, and the rational utilization of natural
resources based on experience, popular wisdom, and local tradition. Sustainable development must
involve augmented production levels and economic diversification to satisfy increasing demand, while
maintaining the integrity of productive ecosystems. Environmental accounting requires inclusion of
social welfare concerns in economic thinking to promote long-term development through an approach
to economics that reduces the emphasis on immediate gain in favor of sustainable improvements in
welfare. Some priority actions that would permit sustainable development in a country or region are:
providing guaranteed access and fair participation in resource management to communities and
individuals; improving the interchange of information, practical know-how, and technology; promoting
wider societal participation in conservation and development matters; improving stewardship of the
environment at a community level; and establishing more efficient local administrative agencies.
Different mechanisms for funding sustainable development are outlined. The annual cost of all
measures that need to be taken to ensure sustainable development in Latin America and the Caribbean
is estimated at million, a figure that is broken down into a number of specific components. A final
conclusion is that policies oriented toward improving economic efficiency and environmental planning
are complementary, and good environmental policy is also good economic policy.
Publicación no.: 080 Informe de país: Costa Rica / García-Víquez, Randall; Matamoros-Delgado, Alonso;
Vega, A (ed.). (Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad, P.O. Box 22-3100, Santo Domingo de Heredia, CR <Email: [email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]>). Memorias de una Conferencia Regional
auspiciada por el Proyecto Paseo Pantera, Heredia, CR, 17-20 Set. 1993.
The Costa Rican system of protected areas consists of 74 units that cover approximately 21 percent of
the country and are administered by the Ministry of Natural Resources, Energy and Mines. Studies to
date indicate that the geographic distribution of protected areas is roughly that needed to guarantee
the conservation of major ecosystems and species of special concern, such as endemics. However, only
national parks and biological reserves, which cover 12 percent of the country and are managed by the
National Park Service, are capable of maintaining their present levels of biodiversity over the long term.
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In these areas most lands are state owned and there is adequate institutional presence to control
ongoing activities. The other protected areas, although legally established, have a much weaker level of
institutional presence and most properties are privately owned, which further weakens biological
conservation efforts. The Costa Rican protected areas system contains 19 of the 20 ecological life zones
and 46 of the 53 major vegetation types defined for the country. Information regarding marine
ecosystems is lacking, due to limited research, but there are still more than 300,000 ha. of marine area
included in the reserve system. Due to accelerated deforestation since 1960, the system of protected
areas has played a key role in conserving representative samples of the country's ecosystems. This has
kept the list of endangered species small, and as the biological inventory produced by the National
Institute of Biodiversity progresses, it is getting smaller. As one example, as of June 1993, populations of
209 of the 215 species of particular interest (rare, threatened, or endangered) reported for the country
is known to be represented in the protected area system. There are relatively precise reports available
on the status of Costa Rica's biodiversity, such as the National Biodiversity Study. Projects are also
underway to further increase understanding and information on the country's biota, such as the
national biodiversity inventory and a complete biotic inventory of one protected area. Neither type of
study currently exists for any tropical country. Available studies and information confirmed the need to
consolidate the national network of protected wildlands through a national system of conservation
areas, a new concept in reserve administration. In this new system the responsibility for managing
conservation areas has been decentralized and given to area administrators, and greater involvement by
adjacent communities is encouraged. As a result of this process, studies have been carried out at a
national level, and more specifically for each of the conservation areas, to determine the need for
creating biological corridors to ensure the greatest possible long-term biodiversity conservation.
Currently many actions recommended in these studies are being implemented, such as the connection
between Rincón de la Vieja National Park and the Guanacaste National Park inside the Guanacaste
Conservation Area. It is clear that the establishment of biological corridors is just one of many actions
required to consolidate the national system of conservation areas. These include strengthening the legal
and financial frameworks for the system and increasing available human resources. The hope is to
convert the protected areas system into a strong, proactive element in support of national economic
development, since the only way to save biodiversity will be by putting it to work for society through the
provision of economic, social, and spiritual benefits.
Publicación no.: 081 Recomendaciones para la consolidación territorial y conectividad de las áreas
protegidas de Costa Rica / Barborak, James R; Carr, Archie III; Harris, L.D; Vega, A (ed.). (Wildlife
Conservation Society, 4424 NW 13th St., Suite A-2, Gainesville, FL 32609, US). Memorias de una
Conferencia Regional auspiciada por el Proyecto Paseo Pantera, Heredia, CR, 17-20 Set. 1993.
Results of a report to the Costa Rican government on improving connectivity and ecological coverage of
Costa Rican conservation areas are presented. The study goal is to reduce negative effects of habitat
fragmentation and ecological isolation on the biodiversity of the country's park system. It was sponsored
by the Paseo Pantera Project of the Wildlife Conservation Society and the Caribbean Conservation
Corporation with funding from the U.S. Agency for International Development, the World Wildlife Fund,
and the Costa Rican National Parks Foundation. It forms part of efforts to link and improve management
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of the chain of Mesoamerican protected areas. The study recommends modest expansion of Costa
Rica's national park system and growing private reserve network. Enlargement of parks in the Osa,
Talamanca, Central Cordillera, Arenal, and Tortuguero Conservation Areas is proposed. This would link
small nearby parks, include underrepresented ecological life zones, and expand the total size of each
conservation area core. This would improve chances for long term survival of species requiring large
blocks of pristine habitat, and preserve altitudinal corridors to protect species that undertake vertical
migrations. Most expansions would also increase protection of important watersheds and ecotourism
destinations, and would protect biodiversity in case of altitudinal shifts in life zones due to global
warming. Innovative financial mechanisms for funding land acquisition and managing the expanded Park
system are also presented. They include carbon offsets and the internalization of the costs of producing
water for domestic use, irrigation, and hydropower generation, since most recommended Park
expansions are within catchments for water development projects. The report also recommends
mechanisms for augmenting the role of private lands in protecting biodiversity. These mechanisms
include expanding fiscal incentives and technical assistance to landowners and tribes who maintain
natural forests outside parks for sustainable harvest of forest products, and creating similar incentives
for private, nonextractive reserves, as well as for landowners who restore forest cover on the 20 percent
of Costa Rica in degraded pastures. It is also recommended that there be stricter enforcement of
regulations regarding the maintenance of forests that are along the streams and rivers. Critical areas for
promoting such measures are described, particularly in the partially deforested gaps between the major
conservation areas and in life zones and altitudinal belts that are underrepresented in the national park
system.
Publicación no.: 082 Altitudinal migrations and habitat linkages in montane environments of Costa
Rica: A call for the design of altitudinal corridors [Migraciones altitudinales y los vínculos de hábitat en
ambientes montanos de Costa Rica: Un llamado para el diseño de corredores altitudinales] / Powell,
George V.N; Bjork, Robin D; Vega, A (ed.). (World Wildlife Fund, 1250 24th Street nw, Washington, D.C.
20037, US <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]>). Memorias de una Conferencia
Regional auspiciada por el Proyecto Paseo Pantera, Heredia, CR, 17-20 Set. 1993.
Human population growth in the Neotropics threatens to precipitate the greatest loss of biodiversity in
the planet's history unless sufficient, properly designed, protected natural areas are established. Here
we assess the design of protected natural areas (national parks, biological reserves, and private
reserves) in montane regions of Costa Rica with respect to their capacity to protect Montane birds that
are altitudinal migrants. Toward this end, we monitored seasonal movements of Resplendent Quetzals
(Pharomachrus mocinno) and found they followed a complicated local migration that biologically linked
a diverse array of Montane habitats or life zones. Using the quetzal as an indicator, we assessed the
adequacy of protection provided for altitudinal migrants by the four complexes of protected natural
areas in the Guanacaste, Tilarán, Central, and Talamanca mountain ranges of Costa Rica. Our results
demonstrate that the reserve complexes are uneven in their protection of montane life zones used by
altitudinal migrants and that none of them adequately protects the complete array of habitats required
by these species. For example, while 1,578 square kilometers of the Lower Montane Rain Forest Life
Zone (46 percent of this habitat in Costa Rica), which is the quetzals' primary breeding habitat, are
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protected, protection of habitats used by the species during the remainder of the year is variable. The
Atlantic slope habitat they use, Premontane Rain Forest Life Zone, is also relatively well protected (1,038
square kilometers or 46 percent in Costa Rica) but habitats used on the Pacific slope are severely
inadequate with only 41 hectares of the Lower Montane Wet and 51 hectares of the Premontane Wet
Forest Life Zones (4 percent and I percent, respectively, in Costa Rica) protected. Based on these results
it is apparent that additional habitat must be conserved or the quetzal and other species with seasonal
altitudinal migrations will face severe population declines or local extinctions. To correct these
deficiencies, we propose that altitudinal corridor zones be established in conjunction with each reserve
complex. Within these corridor zones, top priority should be placed on purchasing the small amounts of
these habitats that still remain in larger blocks. Where large blocks do not exist, a network of
interconnecting forest corridors should be established in the agricultural landscapes through an array of
activities combining limited land purchases with cooperative agreements, conservation easements, and
leases with the landowners. We propose reforestation with native species in the proposed corridors to
close breaks and to develop small-scale sustainable sources of forest products that can satisfy domestic
needs of landowners.
Publicación no.: 083 The AMISCONDE Initiative: restoration, conservation, and development in the La
Amistad buffer zone [La iniciativa AMISCONDE: restauración, conservacion y desarrollo en la zona de
amortiguamiento La Amistad] / Lacher, T.E., Jr; Calvo-Alvarado, Julio César; Vega, A (ed.). (Clemson
University. Archbold Tropical Research Center, Clemson, SC 29634-1019, US <E-mail:
[email protected]>). Memorias de una Conferencia Regional auspiciada por el Proyecto Paseo Pantera,
Heredia, CR, 17-20 Set. 1993.
The AMISCONDE Initiative is a five-year pilot project in sustainable development located in the buffer
zone of the La Amistad Biosphere Reserve, which spans the border between Costa Rica and Panama. The
central theme of the project is that local communities must benefit economically from projects of
conservation and environmental restoration if they are to support these efforts politically and if the
efforts are to succeed over the long term. The site selection process required the evaluation of site
suitability by a team of Costa Rican experts. Sites were evaluated based upon a suite of biophysical,
socioeconomic, cultural, and institutional characteristics. Five potential sites were selected for Costa
Rica. Based upon an evaluation of site characteristics by the assessment team, the San Jerónimo-Zapotal
site was selected. This site is a 6,000 ha watershed located in the buffer zone of the La Amistad
Biosphere Reserve near the southern border of Parque Nacional Chimpó. There are 170 families located
in the area. There are several research and development objectives in the initiative: (1) cattle removal
and stock/pasture improvement; (2) forest restoration and reforestation with native species; (3)
introduction of suitable crops with market potential; (4) lending, subsidies, and other incentives to
facilitate community involvement; (5) community infrastructure and organizational development; (6)
scholarships for education and training opportunities; and (7) scientific research on forest
restoration/regeneration, faunal recovery, and agricultural production. We will summarize the site
selection process and progress to date on the implementation of the initiative in San Jerónimo-Zapotal.
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Publicación no.: 084 Mapping of biological corridor potential in Central America / Carr, M.H; Lambert,
L.D; Zwick, P.D; Vega, A (ed.). (University of Florida. Department of Landscape Architecture, 224
Architecture Building, Gainesville, FL 32611, US). Memorias de una Conferencia Regional auspiciada por
el Proyecto Paseo Pantera, Heredia, CR, 17-20 Set. 1993.
The University of Florida received a $15,000 grant from the Paseo Pantera Consortium, a partnership
between the Caribbean Conservation Corporation and the New York Zoological Society/Wildlife
Conservation Society. With funds from the Regional Office of Central American Programs, U.S. Agency
for International Development, the University was asked to develop a pilot geographic information
system (GIS) project to explore the potential for development of a biological corridor or network of
corridors stretching between Colombia and Mexico. Biological corridors have been recommended by
many researchers as a way to overcome the negative effects associated with landscape patches (Forman
1986, Harris 1991, Soulé 1991). The negative effects of patches were identified in the seminal work on
island biogeography by MacArthur and Wilson (1967). Corridor connections between protected areas
are seen as a way to preserve important recolonization opportunities and expand the range available to
flora and fauna. As a result, they are a tool for preservation of biological diversity from the micro,
genetic level to the macro, landscape level. The study included an investigation into the availability of
regional information and possible analysis methodologies. Team members were from the Department of
Landscape Architecture and Urban and Regional Planning in the College of Architecture and the
Department of Civil Engineering in the College of Engineering. The project team established that there
are numerous existing GIS projects and programs in Central America but that most of them to date are
focused on national or local endeavors. Therefore a significant challenge to the project was securing
regional data or national data with classifications comparable across national boundaries and
throughout the regions. Using available regional data, a two-phase analysis was conducted to determine
corridor potential and feasibility. The results are very preliminary and subject to change with the
addition of new criteria, but the general trend indicate the areas with the highest potential for a
continuous corridor are on the Caribbean side of the Central American isthmus.
Publicación no.: 085 The Mesoamerican Biological Corridor: The legal framework for an integrated
regional system of protected areas [El Corredor Biológico Mesoamericano: El marco legal para un
sistema integrado regional de áreas protegidas] / Ankersen, Thomas T; Hamann, R.G; Vega, A (ed.).
Gainesville, FL 32605-7629, US <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]>).
Memorias de una Conferencia Regional auspiciada por el Proyecto Paseo Pantera, Heredia, CR, 17-20
Set. 1993.
Recent attention has focused on the prospect of establishing a regional institutional framework within
which to protect and restore a contiguous remnant of the "Mesoamerican biological corridor" as an
integrated regional system of protected areas. No model presently exists of multilateral cooperation in
natural resource management on the scale required to achieve the creation of a multinational biological
corridor. Although several options for a legal framework for an integrated protected area system exist,
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the adoption of an integrated protected areas protocol to the existing regional biodiversity convention
appears best suited to the objective of establishing an effective Mesoamerican biological corridor.
Publicación no.: 086 Refugio Nacional de Vida Silvestre Pejeperro, Carate, Puntarenas: Plan de manejo
/ Madrigal-Castro, E. (Acuacultura Tropical, S.A., Apartado Postal 291-1300, San José, CR), 1996. 23 p.
El señor Trinidad Bellanero Sánchez, muy preocupado por la deforestación y la extracción irracional de
los recursos naturales de la Península de Osa, decició someter al Régimen de Refugio de Vida Silvestre
sus propiedades ubicadas en Carate del Distrito de Puerto Jiménez de Golfito, que miden un poco más
de 250 ha. Uno de los requisitos indispensables para la declaratoria oficial de Area Protegida, es la
presentación, aprobación e implementación de un Plan de Manejo, que permita, tanto a los propietarios
como a los administradores, conocer las actividades, cronogramas, proyectos y programas a ejecutar en
dicha área por un período determinado. En este documento se resumen las recomendaciones para la
administración en el cercano, mediano y largo plazo, bajo los principios de la conservación y
sostenibilidad. La propuesta de protección de esta área silvestre, permite consolidar la protección
integral de los recursos naturales de la zona, ya que es un reducto de bosque primario y secundario en
recuperación, convirtiéndose en un corredor biológico importante entre el Refugio Nacional de Vida
Silvestre Copano, El Humedal Pejeperrito, la Reserva Forestal Golfo Dulce y el Parque Nacional
Corcovado.
Publicación no.: 087 Incrementando la compatibilidad entre la agricultura y la biodiversidad,
recomendaciones políticas: El informe final para el CAPAS componente 2.3 / Wille, Carlos; RoldánChacón, Carmen Alexa; Gaitán-González, L.B. (Rainforest Alliance, Apdo. 138-2150, Moravia, CR <E-mail:
[email protected]>). Guatemala: PROARCA / CAPAS, 1998. 125 p.
Las economías centroamericanas dependen de la agricultura y muchos de sus habitantes son finqueros.
La agricultura - finqueros y ganaderos en conjunto - es simplemente la domesticación y manipulación de
la biodiversidad; dependen de ella, en su forma silvestre, para híbridos improvisados y para servicios
como la polinización, enriquecimiento de suelos y control de pestes. Así mismo, la agricultura es la
principal amenaza de la biodiversidad. Las fincas reemplazan un rico mosaico natural de especies con
muy pocas de ellas bajo control, convirtiendo los bosques en campos y las sabanas en desiertos.
Adicionalmente, las fincas contaminan los ríos y las aguas costeras, contaminan el ambiente con
agroquímicos, invitan a las personas a colonizar las áreas naturales, causando así la erosión de suelos, el
drenaje de cuencas, el trato de la vida silvestre como pestes, consume la mayoría de agua fresca
disponible, bloquea los ríos con represas y reduce la biodiversidad en muchas otras formas. El principal
objetivo de este proyecto, de PROARCA/CAPAS, fue identificar las políticas agrícolas que tienen
impactos, tanto negativos como positivos, en la biodiversidad; para formular unas cuantas y concretas
recomendaciones a aquellos que desarrollan e implementan las políticas. Buscamos aquellas
recomendaciones que pueden reforzarse basándose en la experiencia en la región. Hablamos con la
máxima cantidad posible de personas de distintos sectores, incluyendo conservacionistas, científicos,
agentes representantes gubernamentales, líderes comunitarios y por supuesto con los mismos
finqueros. En años recientes hemos empezado a utilizar el término biodiversidad para recordarnos a
nosotros mismos que hay más en juego en las tierras silvestres que jaguares, tucanes y mariposas.
Dependemos de toda la compleja red de vida, de los ecosistemas y de todas sus especies, de las
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interacciones entre los seres vivientes, de los ciclos de vida y de la cambiante historia de evolución
escrita en los genes. Los finqueros entienden el valor de los bienes genéticos porque conocen de
semillas e híbridos. Los banqueros, los políticos y los agentes gubernamentales que guían, controlan y
financian la agricultura, necesitan constantemente mayor información acerca de los efectos de sus
políticas en la biodiversidad. Existe una comprensión creciente de que la agricultura no puede separarse
de la naturaleza y que, de hecho, las fincas más exitosas y sostenibles son aquellas que involucran a la
naturaleza como su aliada. Es posible obtener siembras en sistemas con bajo impacto y altamente
productivas. Nuevas herramientas como la biotecnología y las técnicas tradicionales como
agroforestería y otras policultivos pueden combinarse para crear una "revolución verde" moderna que
puede alimentar a una creciente población humana sin destruir la base de la vida. La política agrícola
está, a menudo, basada en ideas fuera de contexto, modelos fallidos e información falsa. Está
generalmente diseñada para servir intereses especiales y frecuentemente corre en contra tanto a
necesidades del finquero como a los objetivos del conservacionista. La distorsión de políticas que
agravan la destrucción de la biodiversidad también tienden a ser económicamente ineficientes,
entonces las políticas enmarcadas pueden mejorar la estabilidad de los finqueros y al mismo tiempo
reduce los impactos en la biodiversidad. En nuestra investigación encontramos que las amenazas
agrícolas hacia la biodiversidad pueden agruparse en tres categorías 1. Pérdida de hábitat. 2. Políticas
agrarias contraproducentes y autodestructivas. 3. La información sobre prácticas agrícolas sostenibles
no llega a los agricultores que más lo necesitan, ni en el campo ni a los encargados de formular las
políticas agropecuarias. Los gobiernos, las ONGs y las instituciones de investigación han propuesto
muchas políticas para hacer que la agricultura sea ecológicamente menos dañina y más productiva. En
respuesta a las tres categorías anteriormente mencionadas, la mayoría de las políticas recomendadas
pueden agruparse bajo los siguientes títulos: 1. Promover el uso apropiado de tierras. 2. Desarrollar e
implementar políticas de mercado que estimulen una agricultura sostenible, fundamentada en la
integración de la realidad social, ecológica y económica. 3. Facilitar el flujo de información agroecológica
y mejorar los sistemas de comunicación. Seleccionamos 20 recomendaciones que la mayoría de
expertos creen las más importantes. La mayor parte de las sugerencias pueden realizarse si los
gobiernos tienen la determinación de hacer de la agricultura una actividad más eficiente y sostenible. En
muchos casos, las ONGs son los actores principales, no los gobiernos. En éstos los gobiernos deberían de
buscar maneras de mantener y apoyar a las ONGs. En todos los casos los mismos finqueros deben
involucrarse en el diseño, examinación e implementación de los políticas de turno. Mientras
terminábamos esta investigación, Centroamérica y México estaban sufriendo uno de los peores
desastres ecológicos en la historia: los agricultores y ganaderos, usando prácticas tradicionales, pero mal
guiadas, quemaron millones de hectáreas durante una sequía cíclica agravada por el fenómeno de El
Niño. Inmensas áreas de hábitat precioso y tierras silvestres se perdieron. Después de este trágico
recordatorio, nadie puede dudar de la importancia ni de la urgencia de la implementación de mejores
prácticas y de la necesaria obtención de información para los finqueros. Durante este trabajo hemos
encontrado muchos ejemplos de excelentes prácticas agrícolas y proyectos prometedores en
Centroamérica. Si éstos estuviesen apoyados por políticas igualmente progresivas, esta región podría
llegar a ser un modelo global de una nueva revolución verde, probando así que la conservación de la
biodiversidad y la producción agrícola comparten los mismos retos y el mismo futuro.
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Publicación no.: 088 Estimating pollen flow and effective population sizes of fragmented Enterolobium
cyclocarpum populations in Costa Rica [Estimando el flujo de polen y tamaños efectivos de población en
poblaciones fragmentadas de Enterolobium cyclocarpum en Costa Rica] / Apsit, Victoria Joan; Hamrick,
James L; Nason, J.D. (University of Missouri-St. Louis. Department of Biology, 8001 Natural Bridge Rd, St.
Louis, MO 63121-4499, US <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]>).
International Botanical Congress. XVI, St Louis, MO, US, 1-7 August 1999, p. 234 St Louis, MO:
International Botanical Congress, 1999.
(Abstract only). Pollen immigration and equivalent relative gamete production may retard loss of
heterozygosity and offset negative effects of genetic drift on the future genetic composition of small,
extinction-prone populations. Through allozyme analyses, we examined levels of genetic diversity,
mating system, pollen immigration (m), and effective population sizes (Ne) in six small (N=3-35),
spatially isolated populations of E. cyclocarpum in Guanacaste, NW Costa Rica. Moderate levels of
genetic diversity and high outcrossing rate estimates suggest inbreeding is not a problem. Pollen
immigration is substantial and the fairly equivalent gamete production produced only moderate
reduction in Ne relative to census population sizes. Direct estimates of m and Ne allowed us to predict
moderate effects of genetic drift on the probability of fixation in future populations.
Publicación no.: 089 La importancia de los fragmentos forestales en el mantenimiento de la diversidad
ornitológica / Young, Bruce E. (NatureServe, 1101 Wilson Blvd, 15th Floor, Arlington, VA, 22209, US <Email: [email protected]>). Arlington, VA: The Nature Conservancy, 1999. 13 p.
Estudios previos efectuados por José Luis Rangel (Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica) han demostrado
que los fragmentos forestales remanentes en áreas agrícolas bananeras albergan altos niveles de
diversidad ornitológica Sin embargo, los experimentos con nidos artificiales realizados por Mariamalia
Araya (Universidad de Costa Rica) sugieren que la depredación de nidos puede ser más intensa en
fragmentos forestales que en los bosques intactos. Si las aves habitan los fragmentos pero no pueden
reproducirse con éxito suficiente para reemplazar sus poblaciones, estos fragmentos sirven sólo como
receptores poblacionales y no juegan un papel vital en el mantenimiento de la diversidad. En 1997
comenzamos a abordar esta cuestión comparando qué tan exitosa era la anidación de aves entre (a) dos
fragmentos forestales rodeados de plantaciones de banano y (b) un bosque intacto (Estación Biológica
La Selva) en Costa Rica. Encontramos que, en general, el éxito de anidación en todos los sitios
estudiados fue bajo debido principalmente a la depredación y que no existía diferencia entre La Selva y
los fragmentos forestales: en términos del éxito en la anidación de aves, dichos fragmentos no
resultaron ser peor que una área bien protegido como es La Selva. Para extender la generalidad del
estudio, repetimos nuestras observaciones en 1998 agregando otros dos fragmentos forestales y un sitio
de estudio adicional dentro de un bosque intacto. La meta de este estudio fue determinar el éxito de
anidación de aves en (a) fragmentos forestales rodeados de plantaciones de banano y (b) bosque
lluvioso maduro en estado intacto. A continuación nos preguntamos si el éxito de anidación en tales
circunstancias tiende a ser suficiente para la sustentabilidad de estas poblaciones.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: DOC 4885. LS.
Publicación no.: 090 Biodiversidad tropical / Monge-Nájera, Julián; Gómez-Figueroa, Patricia; RivasRossi, Marta Eugenia. (Universidad de Costa Rica. Revista de Biología Tropical, San José, CR <E-mail:
[email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]>). San
José: EUNED, 1998. 332 p. ISBN: 9968-31-013-1.
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En esta obra los autores plantean, de una manera clara y en términos sencillos, la complejidad de la
diversidad desde sus bases genéticas en la estructura celular de los organismos, hasta las múltiples
relaciones bióticas que se dan en el ecosistema tropical. Se analizan también las causas que condicionan
la gran diversidad del trópico húmedo, en particular la de Costa Rica, una de las más altas en el mundo;
a la vez que se hace hincapié en el hecho de que los ecosistemas tropicales son relativamente frágiles y
de que es necesario actuar con cautela y conocimiento cuando se hace uso de ellos. El libro muestra,
además, que el tema de la diversidad no es estrictamente académico, sino que está estrechamente
ligado al desarrollo integral del hombre y que, en la medida en que este conocimiento se acreciente, se
estará en mejor capacidad de utilizar racionalmente el ambiente, pues de esto depende el futuro de la
humanidad.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: 574.5 M743b.
Publicación no.: 091 A comparative analysis of tropical forest fragmentation patterns using aerial
photograph interpretation and satellite image processing techniques [Un análisis comparativo de los
patrones de fragmentación de los bosques tropicales mediante la interpretación de fotografía aérea y las
técnicas de procesamiento de imágenes de satélite] / Wilson, C.L. Ithaca, N.Y: Cornell University, 1998.
Thesis, M.Sc, Cornell University, Faculty of the Graduate School, Ithaca, N.Y. (USA).
The purpose of this study was to determine the degree to which high-resolution satellite imagery can be
used for the discrimination of fine-scale tropical forest fragmentation patterns in southern Costa Rica.
Aerial photographs were used as the standard for comparison. Research methods included field surveys,
satellite image processing, aerial photograph interpretation, and landscape pattern analysis. Much of
the data were managed, analyzed, and displayed within a geographic information system (GIS). A
supervised forest/non-forest classification was performed on a Landsat Thematic Mapper image (30meter spatial resolution) using training data based on extensive field surveys and air photo analysis.
Three study sites were selected from the air photos (1:60,000 scale) for comparison purposes, and
forest/non-forest maps were created using aerial photograph interpretation and GIS techniques. The
minimum mapping unit for both the satellite image processing and the air photo interpretation was one
hectare. The three study areas were extracted from the classified satellite image, vectorized, and
exported as Arc/Info coverages to the GIS database. Within the geographic information system, the air
photo and satellite forest patches were analyzed and compared using a pattern analysis program. The
variables used for this comparison included total forest area, total number of forest patches, forest
patch area, forest patch perimeter, and forest patch shape. The general results of the comparison
between the satellite image and aerial photo forest patch patterns are summarized as follows: (1) Total
forest area in each of the study sites was substantially underestimated using satellite imagery. (2) The
total number of forest patches was underestimated using satellite imagery in all three study sites, with
substantial differences in two of the three sites. (3) For the forest patches detected by both techniques,
there were significant differences in area estimates in all three sites, and significant differences in
perimeter and shape estimates in two of the three sites. On average, when there was a significant
difference between the air photo and satellite image estimates, the satellite image analysis
underestimated patch area, perimeter, and the complexity of patch shape. (4) Of the patches detected
by both techniques that had similar areas, satellite image analysis overestimated patch perimeter, and
satellite shape estimates were more complex than the air photo estimates. (5) There were substantially
more satellite image omission than commission errors. (6) The average area and shape of patches
associated with satellite omission and commission errors was 3.1 hectares and 1.6, respectively. (7) The
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satellite image omission and commission errors appear to be due to classification errors related to the
spatial resolution of the imagery, as well as spectral confusion between land-cover classes. The
substantial differences between aerial photo and satellite image techniques for the estimation of forest
fragmentation patterns indicated by this study have implications for deforestation and forest
fragmentation estimates at local, regional, and global scales that are based on satellite imagery.
Deforestation estimates derived from satellite imagery which underestimate forest area and omit forest
patches that are actually present in the landscape will influence forest patch management plans and the
areas chosen for concentrated forest conservation efforts.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: Tesis 322. LC.
Publicación no.: 092 Riparian land use and riparian land use change in a rural community in Costa Rica
[Uso de la tierra ribereña y el cambio de uso del suelo ribereño en una comunidad rural de Costa Rica] /
O'Connor, K.A. Ithaca, N.Y: Cornell University, 1998. 132 p. Thesis, M.Sc, Cornell University, Faculty of
the Graduate School, Ithaca, N.Y. (USA).
As large scale land use conversions continue to consume and fragment unbroken tracts of primary
tropical forests, the preservation of forest patches is becoming increasingly critical to the maintenance
of many of the ecological benefits once provided by the continuous forest. Riparian forests, because
they are the most common type of forest fragment in the subhumid tropics and provide unique benefits
due to their location at the land-water interface, will assume a critical role in regional. conservation
strategies in the future. The integration of riparian forests into effective conservation strategies will
require an understanding of how households use the riparian zone and what motivates their land use
choices, particularly their decisions to conserve streamside forests. I investigated riparian land use and
riparian land use change in a rural farming community in Costa Rica, a nation in which riparian forest
conservation is legally mandated. The average parcel size in the community was approximately 5
hectares. My research focused on the following areas of inquiry: (1) determining how households used
the riparian zone; (2) identifying the major motivations behind household land use decisions; (3)
determining how riparian land use had changed over time; (4) identifying the motivations behind any
changes in riparian land use; (5) understanding households' concerns about the riparian issues; and (6)
recommending strategies for improving riparian protection in Costa Rica. To address these
multidisciplinary questions, my research combined qualitative and quantitative data collected through
open-ended interviews with farmers, analysis of aerial photographs and direct observations made
during field visits. Results demonstrated that although riparian forest conservation failed to meet the
legal requirements, all interviewees believed that maintaining streamside forest was beneficial, and
most maintained riparian forest on their properties. Forest was the most common riparian land use,
followed by tacotal (young second growth, often used as fallow for beans). Factors positively associated
with riparian forest conservation included: household wealth (which appeared to be related to
participation in off-farm employment); absence of cattle on the farm; and the number of motivations
that influenced household conservation decisions. Although the riparian, protection law was minimally
enforced and legal knowledge appeared unrelated to riparian forest conservation, the law was used
occasionally to support community norms by farmers who invoked the threat of legal action to deter
neighbors from clearing forest illegally. My findings suggest that riparian protection would be improved
by creating economic opportunities for small farmers through the enhancement of off-farm
employment opportunities and the expansion of intensive export crops in non- riparian portions of the
farms. An effective riparian protection strategy also would need to address problems associated with
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cattle grazing. My findings indicate that riparian conservation strategies should focus on motivating
conservation behaviors rather than merely educating people about legal requirements or the benefits of
forest maintenance. Participatory methods that established linkages between farmers, government
officials, researchers and nongovernmental organizations could be used to devise site specific strategies
to overcome barriers to conservation. To achieve a higher level of protection at the national level,
remote sensing could be used to identify and prioritize areas for management intervention. Finally,
simplification of the riparian protection law could improve both compliance and enforcement.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: Tesis 321. LC.
Publicación no.: 093 Determinants of diversity in a naturally fragmented landscape: humid montane
forest avifaunas of Mesoamerica [Factores determinantes de la diversidad en un paisaje naturalmente
fragmentado: avifaunas de bosques montanos húmedos de Mesoamérica] / Watson, D.M; Peterson, A.
Townsend. (Charles Sturt University, Johnstone Center, Bathurst, NSW 2795, AU <E-mail:
En: Ecography (ISSN 0906-7590), v. 22, no. 5, p. 582-589. 1999.
We used a published data set summarizing avifaunas of 31 montane patches of humid forest in
Mesoamerica to analyze avian distributions with respect to site characteristics. This forest type was
originally widespread in the lowlands, and became restricted to mountains during Pleistocene climatic
changes. Hierarchical partitioning, a recently developed regression procedure, was used to examine
independent factor effects. Total species richness, richness of Mesoamerican endemic species, richness
of narrowly endemic species, and richness of habitat specialists were considered separately, each
analyzed at three spatial scales. For total richness and Mesoamerican endemics, regional-level variables,
notably latitude, were most influential. Narrow endemics exhibited more complex patterns, driven by
foci both in western Mexico and in Costa Rica and western Panama. Historical factors are suggested to
have contributed to this latitudinal pattern, such that the isthmuses of Tehuantepec and Panama acted
as barriers to range expansion and peninsular effects catalyzed speciation, elevating numbers of
endemic species. In contrast to many anthropogenic fragmentation studies, area and other local-scale
patch attributes had little influence on avifaunas. This discrepancy may be related to fundamental
differences in spatial and temporal scaling, with patterns uncovered herein more indicative of long-term
community processes.
Publicación no.: 094 Zur erfassung von Flachenfragmentierung und struktureller Diversitat [Measuring
fragmentation and structural diversity] / Traub, B; Kleinn, Christoph. (Schnee und Landschaft (WSL).
Eidgenossische Forschungsanstalt fur Wald Zurcherstrasse 111, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, CH <E-mail:
En: Forstwissenschaftliches Centralblatt (ISSN 0015-8003), v. 118, no. 1, p. 39-50. 1999.
Structural diversity is an important landscape characteristic, which is also difficult to measure. It cannot
be measured directly but is described by indices, based upon measurable attributes such as number,
size, shape and edge-length of individual areas and distance between areas. Using a sample map (a
forest cover map of an area in northern Costa Rica, dated 1992) the study analyses four principal
properties of indices: their ability to differentiate between obviously different structures, mutual
statistical independence, scale invariance and the possibility to estimate them from samples. The indices
LPI, LSI and MSI proved to be suitable for an analysis of spatial structure. The fractal indices MPFD and
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DLFD showed less ability to differentiate between different structures. Unbiased sample-based
estimates (using square windows of the entire map) were found to be feasible only for indices which are
composed of components which can be estimated without bias themselves (absolute area, length of
edge). The fractal area/perimeter dimension also provided good estimates in the sampling study.
Publicación no.: 095 Uso de la tierra y fragmentación de bosques. Algunas áreas críticas en el Área de
Conservación Osa, Costa Rica / Maldonado-Ulloa, Tirso. (Fundación Neotrópica. Centro de Estudios
Ambientales y Políticas, Apdo. 236-10002, San José, CR <E-mail: [email protected]>). San José:
Fundación Neotrópica, 1997. 71 p.
Este estudio sobre la Península de Osa y algunas áreas críticas, pone énfasis en el uso de la tierra, y en
algunas tendencias que se empiezan a manifestar con respecto a la capacidad de uso de esas tierras. La
fragmentación de los bosques y la eliminación del bosque es uno de los aspectos más preocupantes. Los
mapas aquí presentados dan una visión integrada de lo que está ocurriendo. Lo que pasa en la Península
de Osa es un caso de lo que ocurre con los bosques lluviosos tropicales en otras partes del mundo.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: AD 402 CRO. LC. LS.
Publicación no.: 096 The landscape ecology of secondary tropical forest in montane Costa Rica
[Ecología del paisaje del bosque tropical secundario montano en Costa Rica] / Helmer, Eileen H. (USDA
Forest Service. International Institute of Tropical Forestry, P.O. Box 25000, Río Piedras, PR 00928-5000,
PR <E-mail: ehelmer/[email protected]>). Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University, 1999. 106 p. Dissertation,
Ph.D, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97330 (USA).
Previous difficulties mapping tropical forest successional stage with satellite imagery may be one of the
reasons why little is known about, what socioeconomic and biophysical factors control tropical
secondary forest pattern over landscapes. Additional remote sensing challenges occur in regions with
steep topography, because the spectral responses of land covers vary with sun illumination angle and
type of ecological zone. Using reference data from field observations and aerial photos, I used multidate, Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) imagery to develop a classification scheme that identified
secondary forests, agricultural lands and old-growth forests using the TM Tasseled Cap indices. The
montane tropical study area was located in the Talamanca Mountain Range in southern Costa Rica. The
Kappa accuracy for this classification was 83%. I also examined temporal patterns of spectral responses
for various land covers and whether using digital data from multiple decades improved classification
accuracy. Secondly, I characterized landscape pattern of the three main land-use/land-cover (LULC)
classes of agriculture, secondary forest and old-growth forest. I also developed statistical models to
identify landscape level controls on secondary forest spatial patterns. A matrix of agriculture dominated
the landscape at lower elevations, while old growth dominated higher elevations. Logistic models of the
relationships between LULC and biophysical and socioeconomic explanatory variables included
landscape variables developed from the LULC map. Model results revealed that the probability of
secondary forest occurrence, relative to agriculture, increased at higher elevation, on steeper slopes,
further from roads, where population density was lower, and in forest reserve as opposed to
unprotected lands. The directions of these relationships were the same as those that predicted oldgrowth forest relative to agriculture. All else equal, the theory of rent or utility maximization seemed to
regulate secondary forest occurrence. Secondary forest occurred most abundantly at the edges between
old-growth forest and agriculture that was intensive in its spatial continuity. Although secondary forest
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was strongly associated with a certain amount of nearby agriculture, it was more strongly associated
with old-growth forest, providing evidence that tropical secondary forest is dependent on the landscape
structure of remnant forest.
Publicación no.: 097 Forest fragmentation may threaten genetic diversity [La fragmentación del bosque
puede amenazar la diversidad genética] / Anonymous.
En: BioScience (ISSN 0006-3568), v. 48, no. 9, p. 784. 1998.
Discusses scientific information regarding fragmentation. Suggestion that forest fragmentation may
threaten genetic diversity and reduce the stability of animal populations; One possible effect of
fragmentation; Mention of the study in the July 3, 1998, 'Science' by Preston Aldrich and James Hamrick;
Study by Theirry Boulinier in the June 23, 1998, 'Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the
United States of America.' Describes two effects of fragmentation on the population structure of a
canopy tree whose red, bisexual flowers are pollinated by hummingbirds and whose seeds are dispersed
by bats. The forest fragmentation may threaten biological diversity in the region.
Publicación no.: 098 Efecto de la fragmentación del bosque sobre el éxito reproductivo de Samanea
saman (Mimosaceae), una especie arborescente del bosque seco de Costa Rica / Cascante-Marín,
Alfredo M; Quesada-Avendaño, Mauricio; Lobo-Segura, Jorge A; Fuchs-Castillo, Eric J. (Museo Nacional
de Costa Rica. Departamento de Historia Natural, Apdo 749-1000, San José, CR <E-mail:
[email protected]>
<E-mail:
[email protected]>
<E-mail:
Investigación, 1999. p. 47-48.
(Abstract only). La fragmentación de los bosques naturales es un fenómeno de gran magnitud y
representa uno de los obstáculos mayores en la conservación a largo plazo de las poblaciones de
plantas. La fragmentación puede afectar el éxito reproductivo y la viabilidad futura de las poblaciones de
plantas, en particular de la flora arborescente. El propósito de este trabajo es evaluar el efecto de la
fragmentación del bosque sobre el éxito reproductivo de un árbol tropical, Pithecellobium saman. En el
diseño experimental se contemplaron dos tratamientos: I-Arboles en poblaciones continuas (hábitat no
fragmentado) y 2- Arboles aislados o en pequeños remanentes de bosque (1 ha) (hábitat fragmentado).
Los aspectos reproductivos considerados fueron: A- Polinización natural, B- Producción de semillas por
fruto, C- Parámetros genéticos, utilizando la técnica de electroforesis enzimática, y D- Parámetros de
vigor de la progenie. De acuerdo con nuestros resultados, la fragmentación parece no haber afectado la
deposición natural de polen en la condición de árboles aislados. No obstante, en árboles de poblaciones
continuas se desarrollan un mayor número de tubos polínicos en los estilos y la probabilidad de que se
presente competencia de polen es mayor. En poblaciones continuas se desarrollan más semillas por
fruto, pero estas sufren mayor depredación que en árboles aislados, La progenie proveniente de árboles
aislados tiene una probabilidad menor de germinar, además, desarrollan menor área foliar y acumulan
menor cantidad de biomasa que la progenie de poblaciones continuas. Estos resultados tienen
importantes implicaciones en cuanto al manejo de pequeñas reservas y a la explotación de los bosques
tropicales en general.
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Publicación no.: 099 Efecto del aislamiento espacial y fenológico sobre el éxito reproductivo y la
estructura genética del pochote: Pachira quinata [Bombacopsis quinata] (Bombacaceae) / FuchsCastillo, Eric J; Lobo-Segura, Jorge A; Quesada-Avendaño, Mauricio. (Universidad de Costa Rica. Centro
de Investigación en Biología Celular y Molecular (CIBCM) y Escuela de Biología, San José, CR <E-mail:
[email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]>).
(Abstract only). La fragmentación del bosque natural es un fenómeno generalizado en los países
tropicales. Una parte considerable de las poblaciones remanentes de árboles tropicales se encuentran
ahora, en fragmentos de bosque o aislados en potreros o cultivos agrícolas. Este fenómeno afecta la
reproducción y la estructura genética de los árboles al modificar las condiciones demográficas y
ecológicas del hábitat original. Sin embargo, el aislamiento reproductivo de un individuo depende tanto
del tamaño de población como de la sincronía de su floración. Por esta razón, se propone estudiar el
efecto del aislamiento espacial y fenológico en el éxito reproductivo y la estructura genética de una
especie maderable del bosque seco: Pachira quinata [Bombacopsis quinata] (Pochote). Con este fin, se
analizó la fenología y el éxito reproductivo de árboles en poblaciones continuas y árboles aislados, en el
Area de Conservación Guanacaste. Se determinó la producción de flores y frutos por individuo durante
la época reproductiva, para un total de 90 árboles. Se recolectaron frutos diferenciando entre aquellos
que fueron iniciados durante el principio, época intermedia o final de la floración, con el fin de analizar
el efecto de la sincronía de floración sobre la diversidad genética del polen recibido a través del análisis
de isoenzimas. Resultados preliminares muestran que la proporción fruto por flor y la producción de
semillas no se vieron afectados por el grado de aislamiento de los árboles. Sin embargo, las flores que
son polinizadas, probablemente por murciélagos, durante el pico de floración producen frutos con más
semillas viables.
Publicación no.: 100 Vulnerabilidad de la biodiversidad en Costa Rica en función de la fragmentación
del bosque y grado de representatividad y conservación por zona de vida / Quesada-Mateo, Carlos A;
González-Quesada, P. (Universidad de Costa Rica. Centro de Investigaciones en Desarrollo Sostenible
(CIEDES), San José, CR <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]>).
Investigación, 1999. p. 123-124.
(Abstract only). El CIEDES y el Centro Científico Tropical finalizaron, en abril de 1988 un estudio
financiado por FONAFIFO para evaluar el cambio en la cobertura forestal de Costa Rica entre 1986/87 y
1996/97. El estudio se efectuó con utilización de imágenes de satélite LandSat T.M. y el uso de Sistemas
de Información Geográfica. Mediante la adquisición de tres nuevas imágenes de satélite, el CIEDES logró
actualizar la información de la cobertura forestal y reducir el porcentaje de nubosidad, con el fin de
ampliar un proyecto de elaboración de mapas temáticos de cobertura forestal por Zona de Vida, según
el sistema de clasificación del Dr. L. Holdridge. Los resultados del estudio cuantifican: el cambio de la
cobertura forestal, su nivel de conservación y el grado de fragmentación forestal, expresado éste,
mediante una distribución de frecuencias, que consideran el tamaño de las islas o parches de bosque
existentes. Este estudio permite valorar el grado de representatividad, protección y vulnerabilidad de
cada zona de vida, en momentos en que el debate nacional e internacional enfatiza la importancia y
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urgencia de la conservación de la diversidad biológica. Además, la información obtenida pretende dar a
conocer la necesidad de replantear algunos mitos y de redefinir algunas políticas de conservación y
desarrollo, a fin de mejorar la representatividad de los ecosistemas, disminuir su vulnerabilidad y evitar
la pérdida de opciones para al establecimiento de futuros corredores biológicos y turísticos.
Publicación no.: 101 Cambios de cobertura forestal y fragmentación de bosques en relación con las
principales cuencas hidrográficas de Costa Rica / Porras-Velázquez, J.P; Quesada-Mateo, Carlos A;
González-Quesada, P. (Universidad de Costa Rica. Centro de Investigaciones en Desarrollo Sostenible
(CIEDES), San José, CR <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]>).
(Abstract only). El CIEDES y el Centro Científico Tropical completaron, en Abril de 1998, un estudio
financiado por FONAFIFO para evaluar el cambio en la cobertura forestal de Costa Rica durante el
período comprendido entre 1986/87 y 1996/97, se utiliza imágenes de satélite LandSat T.M. y Sistemas
de Información Geográfica. Recientemente, el CIEDES adquirió tres nuevas imágenes de satélite para
actualizar la información de la cobertura forestal y reducir el porcentaje de nubosidad. Reconociendo la
relevancia del recurso hídrico en el país y su creciente deterioro, decidió valorar la situación forestal en
16 de las principales cuencas de Costa Rica. Los resultados de esta investigación cuantifican, para las
cuencas seleccionadas: el cambio de la cobertura forestal entre 1986/87 y 1996/97, el estado de
conservación de los bosques por categoría de área protegida y el grado de fragmentación forestal,
expresado mediante una distribución de frecuencias en función del tamaño de las islas de bosque
existentes. Este estudio es fundamental para valorar el grado de protección o vulnerabilidad de ciertas
cuencas estratégicas de Costa Rica, en momentos en que la comunidad científica internacional ha
alertado sobre la crisis del agua en el siglo XXI. Adicionalmente, la información obtenida será de gran
utilidad para orientar y replantear las políticas y la toma de decisiones en materia de conservación y
desarrollo, a partir de un enfoque integral de sostenibilidad, que incluya el ordenamiento territorial y el
manejo apropiado de los recursos hídricos del país.
Publicación no.: 102/ Meeting of Costa Ricans National System of Conservation Areas (SINAC) and the
United States National Park Service (USNPS) at the National Biodiversity Institute (INBio) on the
Occasion of President Clinton's Visit to Costa Rica. Lovejoy, Thomas E; Mora-Madrigal, M.E; RodríguezSolís, Carlos Mario; Varley, J.D; Boza-Loría, Mario Andrés; Castro-Salazar, René; Arnberger, R; Machlis, G;
Gámez-Lobo, Rodrigo; Mata-Montero, Erick; Francis, P.A; Romero, L.M; Bermúdez-Acuña, Fernando;
Sancho-Madriz, E; Ballentine, K. (Counselor to the Secretary on Biodiversity and Environmental Affairs,
Castle Bldg. 320, Washington, D.C, US <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]>
<E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]>
<E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]>).
Proceedings Document, May 9-10, 1997. Santo Domingo de Heredia: INBio, 1997, 67 p.
Within the framework of President Clinton's visit to Costa Rica this past May, an activity was organized
to provide an opportunity for USNPS and SINAC to identify actions and reestablish a model for
cooperation, in the search for a more constructive dialogue and a more active exchange of ideas, with a
special focus on shared educational and scientific issues and interests. This joint meeting, for leading
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representatives from the U.S. National Park Service and Costa Rica´s National System of Conservation
Areas, was held on May 9-10, 1997 at the National Biodiversity Institute (INBio) headquarters in Santo
Domingo de Heredia, Costa Rica. This compendium presents an overview of the meetings activities,
including basic information concerning the participants and program, as well as full transcriptions of
each presentation given over the two-day event. TABLE OF CONTENTS: Opening Words by Luis Rojas.
Technical introduction to the Meeting of Costa Rica's National System of Conservation Areas (SINAC) and
the United States National Park Service (USNPS) by Thomas Lovejoy. Institutional Development of Costa
Rica´s National System of Conservation Areas by María Elena Mora. Legal Aspects of Costa Rica's
National System of Conservation Areas by Carlos Manuel Rodríguez. 125 Years of Natural Resources
Preservation and Management: The Challenge of Yellowstone by John D. Varley. Biological Corridors in
Mesoamerica by Mario A. Boza Loría. Valuation of Biodiversity and Environmental Services and Products
by René Castro Salazar. Valuing the Priceless: Parks, Communities and Economics by Robert Arnberger.
Cooperative Ecosystem Studies Units by Gary Machlis. Costa Rica's National Biodiversity Conservation
Strategy: Save, know, use by Rodrigo Gámez Lobo. Conceptual Framework for Biodiversity Information
Management: BIMS and GIS by Erick Mata. Introduction to INBio's Inventory Process and Collections by
Carlos Mario Rodríguez. Biological Inventory in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park by Philip A.
Francis. The Guanacaste Conservation Area's Biological Education Program in the Field by Luz María
Romero. Central Volcanic Mountain Range Conservation Area Teacher Training by Fernando Bermúdez.
INBio's Biodiversity Education Program by Elvira Sancho. United States Parks as Classrooms by Karen
Ballentine. Improving Visitor Experiences in National Parks: Applied Technical Assistance from the Social
Sciences by Gary Machlis.
Publicación no.: 103 Population genetic structure of understory birds in a fragmented tropical
rainforest [Estructura genética poblacional de aves del sotobosque en un bosque lluvioso tropical
fragmentado] / Brown, L.M. (Denver Museum of Nature and Science. Department of Zoology, 2001
Colorado Boulevard, Denver, CO 80205, US <E-mail: [email protected]>). Ithaca, N.Y:
Cornell University, 2000. 105 p. Dissertation, Ph.D, Cornell University, Faculty of the Graduate School,
Ithaca, N.Y. (USA).
There is increasing evidence that tropical avian taxa are older and more geographically subdivided than
most temperate avian species. I review what is known from published studies and present a
comparative analysis of mtDNA differentiation in tropical and temperate birds. For temperate North
American birds, about 40% of the species examined show geographic variation in mtDNA and most is
associated with a biogeographic barrier rather than isolation-by-distance. In contrast, among
populations of tropical species400 km apart the mean divergence (Dxy) was more than twice that of
temperate birds. No correlation was found between divergence and log geographic distance for
temperate birds whereas there was a significant positive correlation for tropicalspecies. These results
are consistent with the hypothesis that the increased differentiation in tropical birds is a consequence of
their sedentrary, ecologically specialized life history. The current worldwide concern about tropical
deforestation raises the issue of sustainability of avian populations in isolated forest fragments. I
address this issue by: 1) using mtDNA sequence variation to infer aspects of the population structure of
four species of understory birds from four sites in souther Costa Rican rainforest, and 2) determining
whether forest fragmentation that has occurred in the last 50 years has had an effect on the amount of
within-population variation for the species in question. High levels of between-population
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differentiation (Dxy) were found over a relatively small geographic scale (130 km) for Henicorhina
leucosticta, Gymnopithys leucaspis, and Eucometis penicillata, suggesting that these species are highly
sedentary and exhibit strong female philopatry. No mtDNA variation was found in Dysithamnus
mentalis. In all three of the polymorphic species there was a trend of decreasing mtDNA nucleotide
diversity (A) in populations isolated by forest fragmentation as compared to populations in conguous,
primary forest. No significant correlation was found between the number of individuals sampled from a
population and nucleotide diversity ()A) values for that population indicating that he levels of nucleotide
diversity were independent of sample size. These results indicate that sedentary species in isolated
forest fragments are susceptible to a loss of genetic variability over a relatively short period of time.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: Tesis 338. NBINA-8073.
Publicación no.: 104 Temporal variation in gene flow rates into fragmented tropical tree populations
[Variación temporal las tasas de flujo genético dentro de poblaciones fragmentadas de árboles
tropicales] / Hamrick, James L. (University of Georgia. Departments of Botany and Genetics, Athens, GA
30602, US <E-mail: [email protected]>). International Botanical Congress. XVI, St
Louis, MO, US, 1-7 August 1999. St. Louis, MO: International Botanical Congress, 1999. (Abstract only).
Allozyme loci were used to describe the breeding structure of fragmented populations of Enterolobium
cyclocarpum (Fabaceae: Mimosoideae), a dominant tree of the seasonally dry tropical forests of Costa
Rica. Several reproductive events were analyzed. Due to the presence of full-sibs within individual fruits,
the exact multilocus genotype of each pollen parent could be inferred. Comparisons of pollen donor
pools made among trees within sites and, among years indicated that most trees received pollen from
large numbers of pollen parents. Trees within clusters tended to have fewer pollen donors while
isolated trees experienced more pollen donors. The similarity of pollen donor pools ranged widely
among trees within individual sites and among years for individual trees. Rates of gene flow averaged
approximately 60%.
Publicación no.: 105 Diversity, composition, and structure of tropical dry forests in Central America
[Diversidad, composición y estructura de los bosques secos tropicales en Centroamérica] / Gillespie, T.W;
Grijalva, A; Farris, C.N. (University of South Florida. Department of Geography, 140 Seventh Avenue
South, St Petersburg, FL 33701, US <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail:
En: Plant Ecology (ISSN 1385-0237), v. 147, no. 1, p. 37-47. 2000.
Tropical dry forests have been reduced to less than 0.1% of their original expanse on the Pacific side of
Central America and are considered by some to be the most endangered ecosystem in the lowland
tropics. Plots 1000 m² were established in seven tropical dry forests in Costa Rica and Nicaragua in order
to compare levels of species richness to other Neotropical dry forest sites and to identify environmental
variables associated with species richness and abundance. A total of 204 species and 1484 individuals
greater than or equal to 2.5 cm were encountered. Santa Rosa National Park was the richest site with
the highest family (33), genera (69), and species (75) diversity of all sites. Species richness and forest
structure were significantly different between sites. Fabaceae was the dominant tree and shrub family
at most sites, but no species was repeatably dominant based on number of stems in all fragments of
tropical dry forest. Central American dry forests had similar species richness when compared to other
Neotropical forests. There was no correlation between forest cover within reserves, or precipitation and
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plant species richness. There was a significant correlation between anthropogenic disturbance (intensity
and frequency of fire, wood collection, grazing) and total species richness, tree and shrub species
richness, and liana abundance. These results suggest controlling levels on anthropogenic disturbance
within reserves should be a high priority for resource managers in Central America. Further research in
forest fragments which examine individual and a combination of disturbance agents would help clarify
the importance of anthropogenic disturbance on species richness and abundance.
Publicación no.: 106 The landscape ecology of tropical secondary forest in montane Costa Rica [La
ecología del paisaje del bosque secundario tropical montano en Costa Rica] / Helmer, Eileen H. (USDA
Forest Service. International Institute of Tropical Forestry, P.O. Box 25000, Río Piedras, PR 00928-5000,
PR <E-mail: ehelmer/[email protected]>).
En: Ecosystems (ISSN 1432-9840), v. 3, no. 1, p. 98-114. 2000.
Multinomial logistic models of land use/land cover in montane Costa Rica and landscape pattern analysis
showed that relative to agriculture, secondary forest occurred closer to old-growth forest, further from
roads, in forest reserves, and at higher elevations. Collinearity between explanatory variables yielded
simple multivariate models; proportion of surrounding old growth predicted secondary forest most
accurately. An old-growth matrix [mean patch size (MPS) 24.5 ha], located mainly within protected
areas, dominated elevations greater than 2500 m. A matrix of agriculture (MPS 23.5 ha), with smaller
patches (approximately 9 ha) of secondary forest and old growth, dominated elevations from 1500 to
2500 m. Combining secondary forest with old growth decreased forest parch number and increased
MPS from 7.3 to 37.1 ha. I concluded that: (a) secondary forest pattern is nonrandom, so ancillary data
will aid its mapping with satellite imagery. The variables elevation, agriculture distance, road distance,
and population density distinguished secondary forest from old growth with 74% accuracy; (b)
socioeconomic and biological forces probably interact to create these secondary forest patterns; and (c)
the strong association between secondary forest and old growth supports the concept that tropical
forest recovery depends on the landscape structure of remnant forest.
Publicación no.: 107 Countryside biogeography of moths in a fragmented landscape: biodiversity in
native and agricultural habitats [Biogeografía de paisaje de polillas en un paisaje fragmentado:
biodiversidad en hábitats nativos y agrícolas] / Ricketts, T.H; Daily, Gretchen C; Ehrlich, Paul R; Fay, J.P.
(World Wildlife Fund, Conservation Science Program, 1250 24th St NW, Washington, DC 20037, US <Email: [email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]>).
Studies of fragmented landscapes, especially in the tropics, have focused traditionally on the native
fragments themselves, ignoring species distributions in surrounding agricultural or other humandominated areas. We sampled moth species richness within a 227-ha forest fragment and in four
surrounding agricultural habitats (coffee, shade coffee, pasture, and mixed farms) in southern Costa
Rica. We found no significant difference in moth species richness or abundance among agricultural
habitats; however, agricultural sites near ( 1 km) the forest fragment had significantly higher richness
and abundance than sites far ( 3.5 km) from the fragment. In addition, species composition differed
significantly between distance classes (but not among agricultural habitats), with near sites more similar
to forest than far sites. These results suggest that (1) different agricultural production regimes in this
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region may offer similar habitat elements and thus may not differ substantially in their capacities to
support native moth populations and (2) that the majority of moths may utilize both native and
agricultural habitats and move frequently between them, forming "halos" of relatively high species
richness and abundance around forest fragments. Correlations between species richness and the
amount of nearby forest cover, measured over circles of various radii around the sites, suggest that
halos extend approximately 1.0-1.4 km from the forest edge. The extent of these halos likely differs
among taxa and may influence their abilities to survive in fragmented landscapes.
Publicación no.: 108 The effects of forest fragmentation on the rates of pollen deposition and seed
production in natural populations of timber trees of the tropical dry forest [Efectos de la
fragmentación del bosque en la tasa de deposición del polen y en la producción de semilla en
poblaciones naturales de árboles maderables del bosque seco tropical] / Rocha-Núñez, Oscar J; QuesadaAvendaño, Mauricio. (Universidad de Costa Rica. Escuela de Biología, San Pedro de Montes de Oca, CR
<E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]>). Annual Meeting of the
Ecological Society of America jointly with The Nature Conservancy. "Changing ecosystems: natural and
human influences". Abstracts, Albuquerque, NM, US, 10-14 August, 1997.
En: Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America (ISSN 0012-9623), Suppl. v. 78, no. 4, p. 32. 1997.
(Abstract only). Forest fragmentation due to deforestation is one of the major threats of extinction of
natural tree populations in the tropics. Several studies have indicated that forest fragmentation may
influence the effective population size and viability of natural populations. However, little is known
about the impact of fragmentation on the reproductive success of tropical trees. In a series of studies
we have evaluated the effects of forest fragmentation on pollen deposition after natural pollination,
seed production, seed abortion and seed predation in tropical dry forest trees in Costa Rica. Our results
indicate the following: 1) In both fragmented and continuous forests, the flowers that develop into fruits
contain more pollen grains on their stigmas than flowers that did not develop fruit; 2) flowers that
produced fruit received more pollen in continuous forest than in fragmented forests; 3) trees in
continuous forests produced more seeds per fruit but seeds were more likely to be attacked by bruchid
beetles than in fragmented forests; 4) trees in continuous forests aborted fewer seeds per fruit than
trees in fragmented forests. Our findings show that the viability of tropical trees is affected by forest
fragmentation and that basic information concerning tree reproductive biology is needed before any
forest-management strategies are implemented.
Publicación no.: 109 The impacts of forest fragmentation on the reproductive biology of tropical dry
forest trees: lessons extremely isolated individuals [Los impactos de la fragmentación del bosque sobre
la biología reproductiva de las especies forestales del bosque tropicales seco: lecciones de individuos
extremadamente aislados] / Rocha-Núñez, Oscar J; Aguilar, G. (Universidad de Costa Rica. Escuela de
Biología, San Pedro de Montes de Oca, CR <E-mail: [email protected]>). XVI International
Botanical Congress. Abstracts, St. Louis, MO, US, August 1-7, 1999, p. 544.
(Abstract only).We studied the effects of forest fragmentation on the reproductive biology of the
Guanacaste tree [Enterolobium cyclocarpum] in the dry forests of Costa Rica. We compared the rates of
pollen deposition onto the stigma, fruit set seed production per fruit, out-crossing rates and progeny
vigor among trees from continuous forest with trees left in pastures. Isolated trees were less likely to
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produce fruits and produced less seeds per fruit than trees from continuous forest. We did not find
significant difference in out-crossing rates, but progeny from isolated trees tend to have lower values for
the correlation of paternity. The progeny of isolated trees are less vigorous than progeny of trees in
continuous forest. The role of selective abortion of fruits and seeds on the regulation of progeny vigor is
discussed.
Publicación no.: 110 Bosque y población en la Península de Osa [Forest and population at Península de
Osa, Costa Rica] / Rosero-Bixby, Luis; Maldonado-Ulloa, Tirso; Bonilla-Carrión, Róger. (Universidad de
Costa Rica. Escuela de Estadística, Programa Centroamericano de Población, San José, CR <E-mail:
[email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]>). Seminario Internacional "La población del
istmo al fin del milenio". Memoria, Jacó CROct. 20-22, 1999. , 1999. 22 p.
Esta ponencia enfoca un tema central para la conservación del ambiente: el grado en que el rápido
crecimiento de la población amenaza la conservación del bosque en la Península de Osa uno de los
últimos bosques lluviosos tropicales de la vertiente Pacífica de América Central. La ponencia relaciona
en un sistema de información geográfica (SIG) datos geocodificados de censos de población con
información de uso de la tierra proveniente de imágenes de satélite y fotografías aéreas. Se analizan tres
procesos: forestación reforestación y fragmentación en el período 1980-1995, y se identifican relaciones
con los potenciales de población derivados del censo de 1984 en las que se controlan efectos de
terceras variables como caminos, lluvias, distancia al borde de bosque, grado de protección, y otros.
Entre 1980 y 1995 se taló el 16% del bosque de la península, y se fraccionó un 3% adicional. Al mismo
tiempo tuvo lugar un proceso de reforestación, que incluye plantaciones de melina, en el 32% del área
en pastos o cultivos. Se identificaron fuertes y significativas asociaciones entre potencial de población en
1984 y los procesos de deforestación, reforestación y fragmentación. Por ejemplo, la probabilidad de
deforestación es nula en áreas despobladas, aumenta a 31% en áreas con entre 25 y 49 hogares
viviendas potenciales y a 52% en áreas con más de 50 agricultores. Análogamente, la probabilidad de
reforestación disminuye de 100% a 23% y a 25% en las tres categorías anteriores. La probabilidad de
fragmentación por su parte es nula en áreas sin presión demográfica pero alcanza el 21% donde hay un
potencial de más de 50 viviendas. Este tipo de asociaciones persisten en el análisis de regresión
múltiple: la elasticidad del número de viviendas en los chances de deforestación es de 0,63, (por cada
1% de aumento en el número de viviendas el chance de deforestación se incrementa en 0,63%), así
como de -0,37% en los chances de reforestación y de 1% en los de fragmentación. La ponencia
finalmente hace una valoración del riesgo de deforestación en 1995-2010, con base en datos
poblacionales más recientes e identifica las zonas geográficas de la Península con riesgo alto y medio de
perder el bosque debido a la presión poblacional. Estas áreas incluyen la gran mayoría de los bosques
que no son parte del Parque Nacional Corcovado y representan casi la mitad del bosque actual de la
península (14% riesgo alto y 33% riesgo intermedio). Destacan por su magnitud y alto riesgo de
desaparecer los bosques, de la cuenca del río Rincón al Norte de la península.
Publicación no.: 111 Le concept de corridor vert et le développement durable au Costa Rica [The
concept of green corridor and sustainable development in Costa Rica] / Beauvais, J.F; Matagne, P. (71,
Grand'Rue, 16110 La Rochefoucauld, FR).
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En: Annales de Géographie (ISSN 0003-4010), no. 605, p. 5-20. 1999.
Costa Rica has numerous protected reserves, as many islands of wildlife; however biodiversity can't be
maintained in these isolated areas. The concept of green corridor comes from the necessity to create a
communication between two protected areas. A group of two reserves, as a whole entity linked by a
corridor surrounded with a buffer zone, is the basic unit. From this unit, one or several corridors can be
linked to other units to make a network. The purpose is to restore the ecosystems in their genuine
working order while allowing for the development of human activities. The testing project takes place in
Monteverde, north west of Costa Rica. The original name of this area comes from a Quaker community
that settled there in the fifties. At the moment, a network of institutions and associations is launching
different schemes for sustainable development. These programmes involve local people in the fields of
architecture, education, agriculture, administration of protected areas, ecotourism.
Publicación no.: 112 Land use and cover change in Costa Rica: A geographic perspective [Uso de la
tierra y cambio en la cubierta vegetal en Costa Rica: Una perspectiva geográfica] / Sánchez-Azofeifa,
Gerardo Arturo. (University of Alberta. Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Edmonton,
Alberta T6G 2E3, CA <E-mail: [email protected]>).
En: Quantifying sustainable development: the future of tropical economies. Hall, C.A.S; León-Pérez, C;
Leclerc, G. (eds.) San Diego, CA: Academic Press, 2000. p. 473-501. ISBN: 0-12-318860-1.
The objective of this chapter is to review the past studies of LUCC in Costa Rica and compare them with
estimates based on interpretation of Landsat thematic mapper (TM) satellite images. I will examine
overall trends of deforestation as well as trends in important components of land use. Developing
countries are beginning to invest in systematic studies of land use and land cover change (LUCC) in order
to guide development, assess environmental damage, and examine compliance or noncompliance with
international treaties. Costa Rica has one of the most comprehensive resource inventory programs for
doing so, and the success and failures of Costa Rica can be used to generate better surveys elsewhere.
Tropical deforestation has been reported as Costa Rica's most important LUCC issue (TSC, 1982; Sader
and Joyce, 1988). Land use/cover trends in Costa Rica reflect the expansion of the agricultural and urban
frontiers in a country associated with a high rate (2.5% per year) of population growth. The FAC) (1990)
reported that the deforestation rate of Costa Rica was 2.9% per year in the late 1980s, the fifth highest
in the world. H. Leonard (1987) estimated that Costa Rica's deforestation rate was even higher, 3.9% per
year for much of the period 1950- 1984. Sader and Joyce (1988) found that deforestation between 1940
and 1983 resulted in the loss of 50% of the 1940 level of primary forest cover, defined as relatively
undisturbed forest with an upper canopy covering more than 80% of the surface area. Some authors
suggest that the loss of forests will have a damaging impact on Costa Rica's economy because landscape
modifications result in the loss of biodiversity and scenic values, increase erosion and reservoir siltation,
and result in loss of agricultural topsoil (Quesada-Mateo, 1990; Solorzano et al., 1991). Quesada-Mateo,
in a comprehensive review of the environmental state of Costa Rica, concluded that deforestation is one
of the most important causes of environmental degradation in Costa Rica. He identified the primary
causes of deforestation as: (1) expansion of the agricultural frontier into critical and fragile forested
areas, and (2) urban expansion. The Tropical Science Center (TSC) reported that 17% of the country was
experiencing erosional processes caused by humans, that 24% of the country's surface was eroded due
to LUCC processes, and that Costa Rica was losing an estimated 680 million tons of soil per year (TSC,
1982). They concluded that this erosion, which continues to occur in both the Pacific and the Atlantic
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watersheds, is jeopardizing Costa Rica's future agricultural productivity and its water resources
infrastructure, and restricting future options for development, Therefore understanding the driving
forces of LUCC and their impacts on natural and managed systems is critical for development,
sustainable or not, in Costa Rica. Costa Rica has taken important steps toward protecting representative
areas of valuable natural and scenic habitats. Currently, 29% of Costa Rica's territory is under some
degree of protection (Sánchez-Azofeifa et al., 1998). Costa Rica's protected areas encompass more than
70 sites, including national parks, biological reserves, wildlife refuges, protected zones, and forest
reserves (Umatia and Brandon, 1992). There is serious concern, however, about how land is managed
outside national parks. Ramírez and Maldonado (1988) concluded that although a good national park
system is in place, LUCC trends outside of the protected areas are unsustainable. Their 1988 report
concluded that the continued expansion of the agricultural and cattle frontier, illegal deforestation, and
squatter settlements are having serious detrimental impacts on the country's natural resource base. In
addition, Sánchez-Azofeifa et al. (1998) suggested that although the relative value of natural reserves
tended to curb deforestation, that deforestation rates were still high in the buffer zones around the
parks and in areas without protection (see also Chapter 19).
Localización: Biblioteca OET: 338.92797286 Q1.
Publicación no.: 113 Elaboración de un mapa histórico del cambio de uso del suelo en la Estación
Biológica La Selva, Puerto Viejo de Sarapiquí, Heredia / Corella-Rodríguez, Osvaldo. Cartago: Instituto
Tecnológico de Costa Rica, 2001. 52 p. Informe de Práctica de Especialidad, Bachiller en Ingeniería
Forestal, Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica, Escuela de Ingeniería Forestal, Cartago (Costa Rica).
Se creó un mapa de uso de la tierra en la Estación Biológica La Selva, mediante el uso de las principales
herramientas tecnológicas que presenta el Laboratorio de Sistemas de Información Geográfica, así como
la identificación y verificación en el campo. Con esto se pretende poder responder la pregunta de ¿cuál
ha sido el cambio de uso de la tierra en la Estación Biológica La Selva?, ¿cuáles han sido las principales
razones de este cambio? y determinar cómo ha influido esto en su uso actual y cómo el establecimiento
de la Estación ha disminuido la fragmentación del bosque. Se prepararon 5 mapas de uso del suelo de la
Estación, desde 1971 hasta el 2000; este último mapa presenta una recopilación de toda la información
presente en mapas anteriores, se pudo demostrar que mediante la utilización de un análisis de textura
de la imagen de satélite IKONOS y utilizando la metodología detallada, no se pudo diferenciar entre
bosques primarios y secundarios, por lo cual se recomienda realizar más investigaciones de nuevas
variables en este campo, para poder utilizar la información contenida en esta imagen. Además se
encontró que la clasificación entre bosque primario y secundario, utilizando las bandas multiespectrales
es de un 75,84% de precisión general y utilizando una banda extra de textura con una ventana de
análisis de 31 x 31 pixeles de precisión, fue de 75,93%. Se demostró que el aporte de la banda de textura
no fue significativo.
Publicación no.: 114 Application of extinction and conservation theories for forest birds in Nicaragua
[Aplicación de teorías de extinción y conservación de aves de bosque de Nicaragua] / Gillespie, T.W.
(University of South Florida. Department of Geography, 140 Seventh Avenue South, St Petersburg, FL
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An increasing number of empirical studies have been done on the effects of tropical forest
fragmentation on avian communities, but few researchers have applied these theories to assess the
vulnerability of birds in poorly researched countries such as Nicaragua. I used a logistic regression to
determine which natural-history characteristics were most important in predicting a list of threatened
birds known to occur in Nicaragua. The best model included five macroecological variables (body weight,
habitat specificity, trophic group, forest preference, and biogeography within Nicaragua). I used this
model to generate predicted probabilities of extinction for all forest birds in Nicaragua. The predicted
probability of extinction from the best model ranked 63% of the extinction-prone birds from La Selva
Biological Station, Costa Rica, and 59% of the extinction-prone birds from Barro Colorado Island,
Panama, in the first quartile of all forest birds recorded in Nicaragua. This method provides a first-order
approximation of which species deserve global and national priorities for conservation. The central and
Atlantic regions of Nicaragua deserve high priority for conservation at a global scale, whereas the
Atlantic region deserves the highest priority for conservation at a national scale. The Nicaraguan
Ministry of Natural Resources and the Environment has done an adequate job of identifying areas for
conservation based on the proportion of decreed nature reserves in each biogeographic region and the
distribution of forest birds with a high predicted probability of extinction. Forest birds in central
Nicaragua, however, may currently be the most vulnerable to local extinction because of low forest
cover within decreed reserves.
Publicación no.: 115 Species richness and pollen loads of hummingbirds using forest fragments in
southern Costa Rica [Riqueza en especies y cargas de polen de colibríes que utilizan fragmentos de
bosques en el sur de Costa Rica] / Borgella, Rene, Jr; Snow, Allison A; Gavin, Thomas A. (Ithaca College.
Department of Biology, CNS 213, Ithaca, NY 14853, US <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail:
In many areas of the humid tropics, relatively small patches of forest are the habitat most commonly
available for forest-dwelling organisms. To assess resident hummingbird use of forest fragments near
the Las Cruces Biological Station in southwestern Costa Rica, we mist-netted birds in five fragments (0.320 ha; ca 1300 m elev.) and the station's 226-ha forest preserve (ca 900-1280 m elev.). From January
1994 through mid-March 1999, we recorded 1069 captures of 21 hummingbird species during 49,900
net hours. Species richness, diversity indices, and capture rates increased asymptotically with patch size,
as expected. We captured 16 hummingbird species in both tile largest Fragment (20 ha) and in the
nearby forest preserve. Non forest hummingbirds did not occur more frequently in the fragments than
in the preserve, and all fragments supported a mixture of forest-interior and canopy-dwelling
hummingbird species, along with a diverse group of hummingbird-pollinated planes. Phaethornis guy
was common at all sites and visited > 13 plant species in the fragments during the 1998 dry season
(based on analyses of pollen collected from the birds' heads). In contrast, Eutoxeres aquila was found at
only the largest three sites (10, 20, and 226 ha) and carried pollen from only one plant species during
the 1998 dry season. Lampornis castaneoventris, a high-elevation hummingbird species, was far more
common in the fragments than in the preserve, while three species typically found at lower elevations
were rare in the fragments and common in the preserve. These distribution patterns could be influenced
by local climatic differences because the fragments are higher and receive more cloud mist and annual
precipitation than the preserve. Our data show that pollen loads on hummingbird species vary, and this
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has implications for gene flow among hummingbird-pollinated plants. Although our results are
consistent with previous reports that hummingbird species may be less affected by deforestation than
insectivorous avian species such as army ant followers, it is important to note that from the perspective
of the generics and demographics of hummingbird-pollinated plants, the important issue is whether
appropriate pollinator species are able to move plant propagules among subpopulations of plants in
fragmented landscapes. We conclude that the biodiversity of tropical forest fragments as small as 10 to
20 ha is high enough to warrant long-term preservation of these areas, especially if they are located
near larger tracts of forest.
Publicación no.: 116 Caracterización florística y faunística de los remanentes del bosque tropical seco
de la Hacienda La Pacífica, Cañas, Guanacaste, Costa Rica [Floristic and faunistic characterization of
tropical dry forest remnants in Hacienda La Pacífica, Cañas, Guanacaste, Costa Rica] / RodríguezBarrantes, Ruth. (Organización para Estudios Tropicales, Apdo. 676-2050, San Pedro de Montes de Oca,
CR). Heredia, 1999. 74 p. Tesis, Licenciatura en Biología Tropical, Universidad Nacional, Escuela de
Ciencias Biológicas, Heredia (Costa Rica).
El presente estudio se llevó a cabo en las áreas boscosas y agrícolas de la Hacienda La Pacífica, Cañas,
Guanacaste; desde mayo de 1995 hasta mayo de 1996, para caracterizar el bosque tropical seco de la
Hacienda por medio de inventarios de la flora y la fauna del área. Para realizar los inventarios se hicieron
varios recorridos a través de los senderos establecidos y de manera complementaria se hicieron algunos
viajes en lancha por el Río Corobicí. En los senderos se establecieron sitios permanentes, que fueron
visitados una vez por semana para hacer los inventarios y para hacer observaciones sobre la fenología
del bosque. La riqueza florística se identificó in situ y en otros casos se realizó la colecta del material
para su posterior identificación en el Museo Nacional. Para la riqueza faunística se consideró las
especies observadas, escuchadas o ambas y cuando correspondió, se hizo registro de rastros como
huellas y restos óseos, madrigueras y sitios de descanso; además se tomó en cuenta los reportes de
animales atropellados en la carretera y animales en cautiverio. Se identificaron 268 especies de plantas,
pertenecientes a 75 familias, donde 31 especies son exóticas, correspondiendo en su mayoría a especies
introducidas con fines ornamentales y 3 especies de importancia forestal, debio a su rápido crecimiento.
Además, se encontraron 5 de las especies maderables consideradas en peligro de extinción. Para la
fauna se reportó un total de 58 especies de mamíferos, de los cuales 29 especies correspondió a
murciélagos. De esta rica mastofauna, 5 de las especies identificadas se consideran amenazadas o con
poblaciones reducidas y 7 especies reportadas en peligro de extinción. La avifauna identificada
correspondió a un total de 168 especies, dentro de las que se determinó que la mayoría son especies
residentes permanente (129 especies) y 39 especies son migratorias latitudinales y altitudinales. Dentro
de la avifauna identificada se encontraron 2 especies consideradas en peligro de extinción y 9 especies
declaradas amenazadas o con poblaciones reducidas. Para la herpetofauna se identificaron 23 especies,
de las cuales 7 correspondieron a anfibios y 16 reptiles. Del total de la herpetofauna 5 especies se
encuentran en peligro de extinción. Para el grupo de artrópodos se identificaron 8 órdenes con 35
familias.
Publicación no.: 117 Colonization of agricultural windbreaks by forest trees: Effects of connectivity
and remnant trees [Colonización de rompvientos agrícolas por árboles forestales: Efectos de la
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conectividad y árboles remanentes] / Harvey, Celia A. (Conservation International, 2011 Crystal Dr, Suite
500, Arlington, VA 22202, US <E-mail: [email protected]>).
En: Ecological Applications (ISSN 1051-0761), v. 10, no. 6, p. 1762-1773. 2000.
Planted agricultural windbreaks may provide habitat for forest tree species and facilitate forest
regeneration within the agricultural landscape, if the windbreaks are colonized by forest trees. In order
to examine the potential for windbreaks to foster forest regeneration, I surveyed the understories of 51
windbreaks in Monteverde, Costa Rica, for forest tree seedlings. The windbreaks had been planted 5-6
yr earlier. Ninety-one forest tree species (including both primary and secondary forest species) were
found in the windbreaks; however, many of the species occurred in low densities. The mean density of
forest tree seedlings in the windbreaks was 2.14 seedlings/m². Landscape factors appeared to have
important effects on tree recruitment patterns. Windbreaks that were connected to forest had
significantly higher densities of forest tree seedlings and greater numbers of forest tree species in their
understories than windbreaks that were not connected to forest. In particular, connected windbreaks
had higher densities and more species of bird-dispersed trees than non-connected windbreaks. These
differences probably reflect the greater activity of frugivorous birds within connected windbreaks and
the resulting higher input of forest tree seeds. Windbreaks with remnant forest trees had significantly
higher densities of forest tree seedlings of other species and more forest tree species than windbreaks
lacking remnant trees. By serving as habitats for forest tree species, windbreaks may contribute to the
maintenance of forest trees within agricultural landscapes and serve as tools for forest restoration in the
tropics.
Publicación no.: 118 Efecto de borde sobre la diversidad vegetal del Parque Nacional Palo Verde, Costa
Rica [Edge effect of the plant diversity in Palo Verde National Park, Costa Rica] / Thiele-Mora, G.M.
Turrialba: CATIE, 2000. 100 p. Tesis, Mag. Sc., Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza,
Programa de Educación para el Desarrollo y la Conservación, Turrialba (Costa Rica).
El Parque Nacional Palo Verde preserva una muestra importante de bosque tropical seco fragmentado,
donde las especies de árboles presentes se encuentran dispersas o formando bloques aleatorios, y las
especies raras se encuentran más agrupadas que las demás (Hubbell 1979), lo cual indica la fragilidad de
este bosque. El problema consiste en que las áreas protegidas están aisladas entre sí, rodeadas en su
mayoría por propiedades privadas que tienen diferentes usos de la tierra (McCoy et al. 1995), los cuales
afectan en diferentes modos la calidad del ambiente y con ello a los organismos que se desean preservar
dentro de las áreas protegidas. La fragmentación del hábitat produce el llamado efecto de borde, con lo
cual las poblaciones de animales y plantas no solamente se ven reducidas y subdivididas, sino expuestas
en forma creciente a los cambios ecológicos inducidos por los bordes (Wilcove et al. 1986, Kadmon y
Pulliam. 1993). Es razonable esperar que los gradientes microclimáticos de los bordes de bosque afecten
un amplio rango de especies forestales y lleven a un correspondiente gradiente de abundancia de
determinadas especies (Matlack 1994). En Palo Verde se encontró que para el bosque adyacente a los
pastizales dedicados al engorde de ganado (cuyo borde estaba orientado al norte), la distancia a la que
se dio la inflexión de la curva fue de 45 m, a partir de este punto no se estableció la estabilidad esperada
pero se dieron variaciones y un comportamiento opuesto. En ese mismo Parque Nacional en otro
bosque que estaba adyacente a los sembradíos de arroz (con el borde orientado hacia el este) la
distancia fue de 35 m. Las diferencias se deben a vanos factores, la orientación de los bordes, el uso de
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la tierra, el efecto del viento (Stoutjesdijk y Barkman 1992, Matlack 1993, Murcia 1995, Bennett 1999) y
su efecto sobre el microclima (Geiger 1973, Rosenberg et al. 1983, Chen et al. 1992, Stoutjesdijik y
Barkman 1992, Lowman y Nadkarni 1995, Murcia 1995, Laurance 1997) y la estructura y composición de
cada bosque. Las variables vegetales afectadas por el efecto de borde, fueron diferentes en cada bosque
muestreado, para el adyacente a los pastizales, se determinaron cambios en la cantidad de individuos,
en el diámetro a la altura del pecho (dap) promedio y sobre la diversidad vegetal de especies con un dap
2,5 cm. Para el bosque adyacente al cultivo del arroz solamente se dieron cambios en la cantidad de
individuos, además fue en el este bosque que se observó la presencia de claros en el sector afectado por
el borde. Para proteger la diversidad de las áreas protegidas debe establecerse una adecuada
zonificación, donde se desarrollen procesos científicos para determinar el tamaño de la zona de
amortiguamiento, cuyo fin es proteger a las especies dentro del área protegida, de la competencia y
efecto de los cambios en los usos de la tierra provocados por el hombre. Lo que debe hacerse es
implementar un plan de acción donde las propiedades vecinas a las áreas protegidas, dediquen una
porción de su tierra, la que está limitando con el área protegida, a programas de reforestación o que
dejen que opere la sucesión secundaria, para crear una zona de amortiguamiento, que pertenecerá al
propietario de la tierra y que deberá tener igual ancho que la distancia a la cual llega el efecto de borde.
Con el fin de impedir que el efecto de borde tenga efectos sobre la diversidad vegetal de área protegida.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: Tesis 375. NBINA-4023. Biblioteca Conmemorativa Orton: Thesis T431.
Publicación no.: 119 Remoción y germinación de semillas de Dipteryx panamensis y Carapa guianensis
en bosques fragmentados de Sarapiquí, Costa Rica [Removal and germination of Dipteryx panamensis
and Carapa guianensis in fragmented forests of Sarapiquí, Costa Rica] / Arias-Le Claire, Harold. (CATIE.
Area de Manejo y Conservación de Bosques y Biodiversidad, 7170 Turrialba, CR <E-mail:
En: Revista Forestal Centroamericana (ISSN 1021-0164), no. 34, p. 42-46. 2001.
Seed removal and germination of Dipteryx panamensis and Carapa guianensis were evaluated in three
forest fragments under forest management and at La Selva Biological Station. Seed removal was
evaluated in two treatments were used caged and un-caged. We found high seed removal percentages
of D. panamensis in the four sites as well as in both treatments. However seed predation was lower in La
Selva caged treatment than in the three fragmented forests, probably due to high abundances of small
rodents in these sites. For C. guianensis seed removal was high in all sites only in un-caged approach,
may be some evidences of agoutis (Dasyprocta punctata, middle size rodent) action. Germination was
evaluated under two treatments: unburied and artificially buried seeds (treatment that simulates scatter
hoarding action of agoutis). Dipteryx germination showed no variation between treatments, since
Carapa buried seeds germination was higher than unburied. In brief, the results suggest that a successful
regeneration starting from seeds in D. panamensis, not only depends on scatter hoarding rodents,
probably relies also in other agents in fragmented areas. The results for C. guianensis suggest that
agoutis have an extremely important role in the regeneration process of this tree. Protect or increase
connectivity in fragmented landscapes seems necessary to conserve populations of middle-size
mammals, additionally contributing to timber sustainability of large-seed species like C. guianensis and
D. panamensis.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: R. NBINA-9214.
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Publicación no.: 120 Producción de frutos de Virola koschnyi Warb. y Simarouba amara Aubl., en un
paisaje fragmentado de la zona Norte de Costa Rica [Fruit production of two dioecious tree species,
Virola koschnyi and Simarouba amara, in a landscape fragments north of Costa Rica] / Rodríguez-Pineda,
J.M. (CATIE. Area de Manejo y Conservación de Bosques y Biodiversidad, 7170 Turrialba, CR <E-mail:
The production of fruits of two dioecious species, Virola koschnyi and Simarouba amara was evaluated
in tropical rain forests fragments in northeastern Costa Rica. To determine fruit production traps were
used placed under the crown of female tree. It was predicted that differences would exist in the
production of fruits from both species when comparing trees in fragments with continuous forest.
However, no evidence was found that the production of fruits diminished in fragments forests,
comparatively with continuous forest for both species.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: R. Biblioteca OET: NBINA-14952.
Publicación no.: 121 Propuesta metodológica para el diseño y validación de corredores biológicos en
Costa Rica [Proposal of a method to design and validate biological corridors in Costa Rica] / Jiménez, G.
(Pontificia Universidad Javeriana. Unidad de Ecología y Sistemática, Bogotá, D.C., CO <E-mail:
Biological corridors, inside the Osa Peninsula of Costa Rica are essential for the movement of wildcats
and their prey. Currently populations of species mentioned here, are threatened by forest
fragmentation, loss of habitat and constant conflict with humans. The methodology considered three
main elements: 1) Evaluation of habitat use by wildlife; 2) Use of a Geographical Information System
(GIS) to define corridor boundaries (pathways between habitat quality ranks); 3) Management
regulations using the corridor as part of the landscape. Maps show that available habitat areas of
"excellent" and "good" habitat quality features were reduced for the species Panthera onca and Puma
concolor, and their conflict areas were more extensive; these factor likely pushed the wildcats to move
in to heavily altered environments. In order to consider the feasibility of these designs, zones inside
GDFR should have a mosaic of habitats available with a minimum width of 1 kilometer for wildlife. These
zones should not simply be belts or continuous forest, but should be done as an excluding (protection)
management practice in those areas identified as corridor pathways.
Publicación no.: 122 Regeneración temprana de Dipteryx panamensis y Carapa guianensis en tres
bosques fragmentados de la Zona Norte de Costa Rica [Early regeneration of Dipteryx panamensis and
Carapa guianensis in three fragmented forests of the Northern zone of Costa Rica] / Jones-Román, G.
(CATIE. Area de Manejo y Conservación de Bosques y Biodiversidad, 7170 Turrialba, CR <E-mail:
In four forests of Sarapiquí, in the northern zone of Costa Rica, mammals' impact on seedlings survival of
Dipteryx panamensis and Carapa guianensis was evaluated under two exclusion treatments. Starke,
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Rojomaca and Paniagua are forest fragments selectively logged and prone to hunting. On the contrary,
the Biological Station La Selva is the last connected and protected forest from hunting in the zone.
Results indicate that La Selva, besides its complex mammal community did not show higher seedling
mortality than the forest patches. Most likely, carnivore species control herbivorous populations, or
there may be a higher availability of food resources, releasing pressure on seedlings. Seeds bound to
seedlings of both species were more attractive to mammals, but this preference did not produce a high
seedling mortality, especially in the case of C. guianensis. High seedling mortality, presumably caused by
mammals, suggests that herbivorous can exert a strong pressure on timber species. In short seedling
survival of large-seed species is undergoing some changes in fragmented forests, and the effect of
mammals should not be underestimated. In conclusion, it seems reasonable to include some
considerations about plant-herbivore interaction in management and conservation strategies for the
studied species. Additionally, connectivity among forest patches could be a key action in order to
maintain populations of herbivorous predators.
Publicación no.: 123 La cuenca del Río Tempisque: perspectivas para un manejo integrado
[Perspectives for the integrated management of the Tempisque river basin, Costa Rica] / JiménezRamón, Jorge A (ed.); González-Jiménez, Eugenio (ed.). (Organización para Estudios Tropicales, Apdo.
676-2050, San Pedro de Montes de Oca, CR <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]>).
San José: Organización para Estudios Tropicales, 2001. 135 p. ISBN: 9968-9717-4-X.
Introducción: La cuenca del Tempisque es uno de los paisajes más hermosos de nuestro país. La
diversidad de ambientes es impresionante, desde los bosques nubosos en las cumbres de los volcanes
hasta los pantanos y manglares en las partes bajas de la cuenca. Esta región posee también una
importancia especial por la relevancia de las actividades que ahí se generan. El turismo, el cultivo de
peces y las plantaciones de caña y arroz brindan prosperidad y empleos a la región. Además, la herencia
cultural de la región es una de las más ricas del país. La amplia mezcla cultural desarrollada a partir del
siglo XVI, ha generado una fuerte identidad propia y un variado folklore popular. Durante las últimas
décadas, la proliferación de megaproyectos turísticos y de infraestructura productiva han producido
impactos importantes en los sistemas naturales de la región y al mismo tiempo han recibido impactos de
procesos naturales que, como las inundaciones y la sequía, limitan el desarrolo productivo tradicional.
Las obras de infraestructura para controlar las inundaciones de la zona y la desmedida extracción de
aguas superficiales y subterráneas para riego amenazan la integridad ecológica de la región. El manejo
del agua en esta cuenca es por lo tanto uno de los aspectos de mayor relevancia. Del adecuado manejo
de este recurso depende la producción y el desarrollo de la región. La búsqueda de un equilibrio
apropiado entre los requisitos de los sistemas productivos (en riego y protección de inundaciones) y las
necesidades hídricas de los sistemas ecológicos de la región (en inundaciones periódicas y flujos
permanentes) es uno de los retos más difíciles que enfrenta esta región. El camino a seguir parece ser la
integración de ambos sectores en un manejo integral de la cuenca. La oportunidad de hacer de esta
cuenca un ejemplo integrado depende de los pasos que se tomen en los próximos años. Esta publicación
resume las discusiones y presentaciones realizadas durante dos talleres organizados en la Estación
Biológica de Palo Verde durante el año 2000. Muchas de las discusiones se centraron alrededor del tema
agua, eje central de cualquier plan de manejo de esta cuenca. El impacto del megaproyecto de riego del
SENARA, el impacto potencial de represas y diques, la desmedida extracción de agua, la descoordinación
institucional y la escasa participación comunal se discuten en los siguientes capítulos. Esperamos que
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estas discusiones contribuyan a iniciar un proceso político-social que culmine en la implementación de
un manejo integrado de esta importante cuenca. El país no puede darse el lujo de postergar un proceso
tan importante como éste.
Publicación no.: 124 Preservando la integridad ecológica de la cuenca del Río Tempisque / Baish, S;
Jiménez-Ramón, Jorge A (ed.); González-Jiménez, Eugenio (ed.). (The H. John Heinz III Center for Science,
Economics and the Environment, 1001 Pennsylvania Ave., NW, Suite 735S, Washington, DC 20004, US
<E-mail: [email protected]>).
En: La cuenca del Río Tempisque: perspectivas para un manejo integrado (Perspectives for the
integrated management of the Tempisque river basin, Costa Rica) San José: Organización para Estudios
Tropicales, 2001. p. 102-105. ISBN: 9968-9717-4-X.
Alrededor del mundo, la demanda por recursos hídricos está aumentando, lo cual ejerce tremendas
presiones sobre los ecosistemas acuáticos. El actual debate sobre la cuenca del Río Tempisque no está
ajeno a estos temas. Aunque el Río y su cuenca son recursos valiosos que deben ser administrados para
maximizar la calidad de vida de los habitantes de la zona, el enfoque tradicional ingenieril para controlar
el agua (ej. represas y otras estructuras) no es siempre la mejor solución a largo plazo. Los ríos con libre
circulación proveen una amplia gama de funciones ecológicas que son críticas para las especies nativas,
las comunidades locales y la economía regional. Hoy en día existe un creciente reconocimiento de que
se debe alcanzar un balance ecológicamente saludable entre cultura y naturaleza, para que la sociedad
sea sustentable. La cuenca del Río Tempisque, el sistema hidrológico más extenso de Costa Rica, provee
actualmente una variedad de bienes y servicios ecológicos "gratuitos" a la región Guanacasteca. Para las
cerca de 170 000 personas que viven en esta cuenca, ésta proporciona agua para consumo humano,
irrigación, generación eléctrica, pesca, actividades agroindustriales y actividades recreativas. El valor
monetario de estos bienes y servicios, aunque difíciles de cuantificar, es indudablemente grande. La
importancia de este tipo de recursos es desafortunadamente a menudo ignorada hasta que estos son
degradados y la calidad de vida y la economía en las áreas circundantes son reducidas substancialmente.
Específicamente, el Río Tempisque y sus humedales: Proveen hábitat y corredores para la vida silvestre,
incluyendo las pesquerías comerciales y deportiva. Transporta y recicla nutrimentos y sedimentos que
mantienen humedales y zonas estuarinas; purifica y provee agua; recarga las aguas subterráneas;
provee de suelo aluvial a las planicies; atenúa la inundación y minimiza los daños por inundación
absorbiendo la energía en sus meandros, pantanos y planicies de inundación y acumulando agua y
sedimentos por un período de tiempo; aumenta y mantiene los flujos de agua; provee de recreación a
las comunidades locales; provee oportunidades para ecoturismo.
Publicación no.: 125 Edge effects on lizards and frogs in tropical forest fragments [Efectos de borde
sobre lagartijas y ranas en fragmentos de bosque tropical] / Schlaepfer, M.A; Gavin, Thomas A. (Cornell
University. Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Mudd Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853-2702, US <E-mail:
We investigated whether forest-pasture edges affect the distribution of an assemblage of small
vertebrate ectotherms in a consistent and predictable manner. We describe the abundance and
distribution of two species of anoline lizards (Norops) and five species of leaf-litter frogs
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(Eleutherodactylus) along the edges and in the interiors of nine forest fragments near Las Cruces. Costa
Rica. Over 4 months, we surveyed 44 pairs of plots by visual encounter. In each pair of plots, one was
immediately adjacent to the pasture and the second was within the forest "interior." Both plots of a pair
were searched simultaneously. This block design controlled for the effects of weather, topography, and
searcher ability. The distribution of all species was highly variable with respect to edges. Only two
species of frogs, Eleutherodactylus podiciferus and E. cruentus, were significantly more abundant in
interior plots than in edge plots, although not consistently so. Both species of Norops lizards were more
abundant along forest edges during the dry season. Both Norops species and several Eleutherodactylus
species, however, appeared to become more abundant in the forest interior after the onset of the wet
season, suggesting a seasonal edge effect. In Norops polylepis, the most abundant anole, rates of
ectoparasitism were lower along edges than in forest interiors. The magnitude of the edge effect on any
one species was not influenced by the size of fragments or by the distance of the interior plot from the
nearest edge. We believe that edge effects should not be defined by the distance to which they are
detected. Rather, they should be viewed as highly dynamic in space and time; taxa appear to respond to
different components of edge effects according to their particular biological requirements.
Publicación no.: 126 Hydrologic connectivity and the management of biological reserves: A global
perspective [Conectividad hidrológica y el manejo de las reservas biológicas: una visión global] / Pringle,
Catherine M. (University of Georgia. Institute of Ecology, 711 Biological Sciences Bldg, Athens, GA
30602-2602, US <E-mail: [email protected]>).
Increasingly, biological reserves throughout the world are threatened by cumulative alterations in
hydrologic connectivity within the greater landscape. Hydrologic connectivity is used here in an
ecological sense to refer to water-mediated transfer of matter, energy, and/or organisms within or
between elements of the hydrologic cycle. Obvious human influences that alter this property include
dams, associated flow regulation, groundwater extraction, and water diversion, all of which can result in
a cascade of events in both aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. Even disturbances well outside the
boundaries of reserves can have profound effects on the biological integrity of these "protected" areas.
Factors such as nutrient and toxic pollution and the spread of normative species are perpetuated by
hydrologic connectivity, and their effects can be exacerbated by changes in this property. Hydrological
alterations are now affecting reserves through increasingly broad feedback loops, ranging from
overdrawn aquifers to atmospheric deposition and global climate change. Such alterations are often
beyond the direct control of managers because they lie outside reserve boundaries, and data on
hydrologic connection between reserves and surrounding landscapes are scant. The subject of water has
also been typically excluded from the literature pertaining to both theoretical and practical aspects of
reserve size, isolation, and design. This results, in part, from early management strategies developed
when the landscape matrix outside of reserves was not excessively fragmented, and when awareness of
hydrologic connectivity was in its infancy. The location of a given reserve within a watershed, relative to
regional aquifers and wind and precipitation patterns, can play a key role in its response to human
disturbance transmitted through the hydrologic cycle. To illustrate this point, I discuss reserves of
varying sizes from diverse regions throughout the world. Reserves located in middle and lower
watersheds often suffer direct hydrologic alterations that cause severe habitat modification and
exacerbate the effects of pollution. In contrast, reserves in upper watersheds may have intact physical
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habitat and contain important source populations of some native biota, yet hydrologic disturbances in
lower watersheds may cause extirpation of migratory species, cascading trophic effects, and genetic
isolation. Worldwide, 7% of land area is either strictly or partially protected, and many reserves are in
danger of becoming population ''sinks'' for wildlife if we do not develop a more predictive
understanding of how they are affected by hydrologic alterations that originate outside of their
boundaries.
Publicación no.: 127 Fragmentation in Central American dry forests: genetic impacts on Swietenia
humilis (Meliaceae) [Fragmentación en los bosques secos centroamericanos: impactos genéticos en
Swietenia humilis (Meliaceae)] / White, G.M; Boshier, David H. (Scottish Crop Research Institute.
Department of Cell & Molecular Genetics, Dundee DD2 5DA, Scotland, GB <E-mail: [email protected]>).
En: Genetics, Demography and Viability of Fragmented Populations. Young, A.G; Clarke, G.M. (eds.).
New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000. p. 293-311. (Conservation Biology Series; v. 4). ISBN: 0521-79421-8.
Publicación no.: 128 Reproductive ecology of tropical forest trees in logged and fragmented habitats in
Thailand and Costa Rica [Ecología reproductiva de árboles del bosque tropical en hábitats talados y
fragmentados en Tailandia y Costa Rica] / Ghazoul, Jaboury; McLeish, M. (University of London. Imperial
College of Science Technology & Medicine, TH Huxley School Environmental Earth Sciences &
Engineering, Silwood Pk, Ascot SL5 7PY, Berks, GB <E-mail: [email protected]>).
En: Plant Ecology (ISSN 1385-0237), v. 153, no. 1/2, p. 335-345. 2001.
Invertebrates mediate several important ecological processes, including pollination and seed predation,
and events that affect invertebrate diversity or behaviour can potentially disrupt forest regeneration
processes. This study investigates the impact of logging in Thailand and forest fragmentation in Costa
Rica on the pollination and seed production of two self-incompatible forest trees. Logging in a dry
deciduous dipterocarp forest in Thailand resulted in reduced densities of the common dipterocarp tree
Shorea siamensis and variably isolated individual trees. The number of flower visits to S. siamensis by
pollinating Trigona bees was not affected by logging disturbance. However, pollinators did spend longer
periods of time foraging in the canopies of isolated trees which were more prevalent in logged areas
where tree density had been reduced. Consequently, at the logged site few cross-pollinations were
effected and fruit set of S. siamensis was considerably lower than at nearby unlogged sites where
distances between flowering conspecifics were smaller. Reduced fruit set has long-term implications for
the recovery of S. siamensis populations in disturbed areas, and local population genetic structure is
likely to be affected as reduced outcrossing rates among trees in disturbed regions results in relatively
inbred seed. In Costa Rica forest fragmentation has restricted the once widespread tree Anacardium
excelsum to forest patches located in an agriculturally-dominated landscape. As with S. siamensis, the
abundance of pollinators, also Trigona bees, in the canopies of A. excelsum was largely unaffected by
fragment size. Nevertheless, pollination success and seed production was positively correlated with
fragment size. We propose that small bees rarely move between forest fragments and gene exchange
through pollination occurs predominantly among trees within fragments and, together with likely low
genetic variability in small fragments, that this contributes to the observed reduced fertilisation and
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seed set of A. excelsum. Thus increased tree isolation tree through selective logging or habitat
fragmentation by forest clearance can result in reduced seed set due to changes in the foraging patterns
of poorly mobile pollinators. Even if population sizes of the pollinators are maintained following
environmental perturbation, this study shows that disturbance may disrupt pollination processes
through changes in pollinator foraging behaviour. More attention needs to be focussed on changes in
the behaviour of species involved in key ecological interactions following disturbance events in tropical
forests.
Publicación no.: 129 Population declines and priorities for amphibian conservation in Latin America
[Disminuciones de la población y prioridades para la conservación de anfibios en Latinoamérica] / Young,
Bruce E; Lips, Karen R; Reaser, J.K; Ibáñez-D., Roberto; Salas, A.W; Cedeño, J.R; Coloma, L.A; Ron,
Santiago R; La Marca, E; Meyer, J.R; Muñoz, A; Bolaños-Vives, Federico; Chaves-Cordero, Gerardo A;
Romo, D. (NatureServe, 1101 Wilson Blvd, 15th Floor, Arlington, VA, 22209, US <E-mail:
Although dramatic amphibian population declines have been reported worldwide, our understanding of
the extent of the declines in Latin America, where amphibian diversity is high, is limited to a few welldocumented studies. To better understand the geographic extent of declines, their possible causes, and
the measures needed to improve Latin American scientists' ability to research the phenomenon and
make effective management recommendations, we convened three regional workshops with 88 Latin
American herpetologists and conservationists. Population declines are widespread in Latin America. At
least 13 countries have experienced declines, and in 40 cases species are now thought to be extinct or
extirpated in a country where they once occurred. Declines or extinctions have affected 30 genera and
nine families of amphibians, Most declines have occurred in remote highlands, above 500 m in elevation
in Central America and above 1000 m in the Andes. Most documented declines occurred in the 1980s.
Of the possible causes studied to date, climate change appears to be important at one site and chytrid
fungal disease has been identified at sites in three countries. Although many monitoring studies are
currently underway in a variety of habitats, most studies are recent and of short duration. In a signed
resolution, workshop participants called for greater collaboration and communication among scientists
working in Latin America to understand the geographic extent of population declines and the
distribution of possible causal factors. In situ conservation is important to protect habitats, but captiverearing programs for species subject to imminent extinction are also needed. Better understanding of
the taxonomy and natural history of amphibians and more funding for research and monitoring are
critical to developing a scientific basis for management action to arrest and reverse population declines.
Publicación no.: 130 Deforestation in Costa Rica: A quantitative analysis using remote sensing imagery
[Deforestación en Costa Rica: Un análisis cuantitativo utilizando imágenes de satélite] / SánchezAzofeifa, Gerardo Arturo; Harriss, R.C; Skole, D.L. (University of Alberta. Department of Earth and
Atmospheric Sciences, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E3, CA <E-mail: [email protected]>).
Accurate estimates of forest cover and forest fragmentation are critical for developing countries such as
Costa Rica, which holds four to five percent of the world's plant and bird species. We estimated forest
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cover for Costa Rica using Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper satellite scenes acquired between 1986 and 1991.
In 1991, 29 percent (ca 14,000 km²) of the land cover of Costa Rica was closed forest cover; of that
forested area, ca 30 percent is protected by national conservation policies. Forest loss in a study area
representing ca 50 percent of Costa Mca's territory during a five-year period (1986-1991) was 2250 km²,
and the estimated deforestation rate was ca 450 km²/yr, or ca 4.2 percent/yr, of remaining forest cover.
Forests are almost completely eliminated from the Tropical Moist Forest and Premontane Moist Forest
life zones, and the level of fragmentation of remaining forests may be more advanced than previously
thought.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: B. NBINA-1075.
Publicación no.: 131 El proyecto binacional AMISCONDE. Manejo y conservación de zonas de
amortiguamiento en la Reserva de la Biósfera La Amistad, Costa Rica - Panamá / Ramírez-Umaña, M.
(AMISCONDE, Apdo. Postal 8-3870, 1000 San José, CR <Fax: (506)253-2649>). Primer Congreso
Latinoamericano de Parques Nacionales y Otras Áreas Protegidas. Ponencias, Santa Marta CO21-28 de
mayo de 1997. , 1997. p. 161.
AMISCONDE es un proyecto de desarrollo sostenible y conservación de la biodiversidad, desarrollado en
2 cuencas hidrográficas de la zona de amortiguamiento de la vertiente pacífica de la Reserva de la
Biósfera La Amistad en Costa Rica y Panamá. Hay un sitio de proyecto en cada país. Es ejecutado por dos
agencias ambientales privadas (El Centro Científico Tropical en Costa Rica y la Fundación para el
Desarrollo Sostenible en Panamá), en asociación con Conservación Internacional, la Universidad de
Texas A&M y corporaciones extranjeras (McDonalds, Coca Cola, Sony, etc). El área total del proyecto es
de 15,000 ha en ambos países, abarcando aproximadamente 12 comunidades rurales agrícolas. Se inició
en 1992 y finalizará a principios de 1998. Su foco de acción comprende la agricultura y agroforestería
sostenible, el desarrollo económico rural, educación ambiental, fortalecimiento de las comunidades
locales por medio de la auto-gestión, la conservación de las áreas núcleo de la Reserva de la Biósfera
(Parques Nacionales Chirripó en Costa Rica, Parque Nacional Volcán Barú y Parque Internacional La
Amistad en Panamá), la reforestación para la protección de cuencas y plantaciones comerciales. Se han
reforestado varios cientos de hectáreas comercialmente, se han protegido miles de hectáreas que se
hayan en etapa de regeneración natural, cientos de hectáreas se hayan bajo modalidades de
conservación de suelos, sistemas agroforestales, se logró controlar los incendios forestales a través de la
acción comunal de grupos y brigadas comunitarias, se integraron curricula educativos ambientales a
toda la población estudiantil, se estructuraron pequeñas empresas ambientales, como grupos de
agricultores que comercializan directamente sus productos, grupos de jóvenes capacitados en la
producción de árboles forestales y grupos de mujeres en la producción de árboles frutales que no sólo
suministran las necesidades para las labores del proyecto, sino que suplen necesidades regionales de
arbolitos. Igualmente, se trabaja con agencias de gobierno en ambos países como los Ministerios de
Agricultura, de Ambiente, de Educación para lograr, a través de la coordinación, maximizar las acciones
comunes de estas agencias y el proyecto. Se ha dado finalmente una profunda apropiación comunitaria
del proyecto, en que los grupos organizados han tomado gradualmente la responsabilidad en el manejo
de componentes del proyecto (ejemplo: educación ambiental, control de fuegos, sistema de créditos,
mercadeo de productos). Actualmente se está enfatizando en el papel de los grupos organizados
comunales para la continuación de las actividades y la capacitación en el manejo de recursos, una vez
que el proyecto finalice en 1998.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: MAST-31.
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Publicación no.: 132 Adaptación y validación de metodologías de planificación / Villa-Romero, J.L.
(Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza. Programa Manejo Integrado de Recursos
Naturales, Turrialba, CR <Fax: (506)5561533>). Primer Congreso Latinoamericano de Parques Nacionales
y Otras Areas Protegidas. Ponencias, Santa Marta CO21-28 de mayo de 1997. , 1997. p. 215.
Para la adaptación y validación de las metodologías de planificación de áreas protegidas, en el CATIE se
han tomado en cuenta los siguientes principios: 1. La conservación es una actividad de desarrollo. 2. Los
vecinos y todos los usuarios son importantes. 3. La agenda de desarrollo debe ampliarse. 4. Las
interacciones del sistema demandan que la planificación sea integrada. Estos principios nos han llevado
a probar métodos de planificación que consideran a las áreas protegidas como unidades de régimen
especial que sustentan el desarrollo, donde se procura la activa participación de los vecinos, usuarios y
sectores interesados en cualquier aspecto del manejo; y donde se contemplan aspectos físicos, sociales
y culturales de las poblaciones en general. Todo esto es un marco donde prima la flexibilidad y la
capacidad de adaptación a las circunstancias locales. El análisis situacional permite objetivamente ubicar
a las áreas protegidas en su entorno físico, político, social y cultural (situación inicial), para proyectarlas
como unidades que sustentan el desarrollo regional. Con este enfoque se pretende: 1. Abordar el nivel
conceptual, donde la situación conflictiva propia de la relación sociedad-naturaleza determina la
situación-objetivo de los planes. 2. Abordar el nivel de planificación integral, para enfrentar los
problemas que surgen de la falta de integración de la variable ambiental en los planes de desarrollo. 3.
Abordar el nivel de diseño del plan, por su relación con los problemas que surgen de la aplicación de
conceptos, principios y formas de planificación. En este proceso se han desarrollado, validado y aplicado
enfoques metodológicos para: 1. La determinación de áreas (o situaciones) críticas para el manejo. 2. El
ordenamiento y manejo de actividades productivas en áreas protegidas. 3. El diseño, establecimiento y
manejo de zonas de amortiguamiento y corredores biológicos.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: MAST-31.
Publicación no.: 133 Temas prioritarios para estudios ecológicos / INBIO / SINAC / Banco Mundial, San
José, CR. San José: Programa Conjunto INBio-SINAC Proyecto "Desarrollo de Recursos de
Biodiversidad", 2000. (GEF/BM/TF; no. 028324).
Desde junio de 1998, el Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad (INBio) en conjunto con el Sistema Nacional
de Áreas de Conservación (SINAC) ejecutan el proyecto "Desarrollo de Recursos de Biodiversidad"
financiado por el Fondo Global para el Ambiente (GEF) a través del Banco Internacional para la
Reconstrucción y el Desarrollo (BM). Este proyecto tiene como objetivo demostrar que al adquirir más
conocimiento e información acerca de especies particulares, se aumenta el valor de las mismas, así
como las posibilidades de mercadeo de los servicios de la biodiversidad. Dentro del componente "Usos
Sostenibles de la Biodiversidad", el proyecto contempla el apoyo para la realización de una serie de
estudios ecológicos en cada una de las Áreas de Conservación involucradas (Tempisque, Arenal-Tilarán,
Amistad Caribe, Amistad Pacífico y Osa). El enfoque de los estudios es sobre especies seleccionadas para
obtener un mayor conocimiento sobre la ecología de especies de particular importancia o interés para el
desarrollo de bases científicas para su conservación y manejo de sistemas bióticos. A través de los
estudios ecológicos se busca obtener un mayor conocimiento sobre historia natural de especies
consideradas como amenazadas o en peligro de extinción y de otras raras o de particular importancia;
información ecológica de especies para la toma de decisiones respecto al manejo de áreas protegidas;
apoyo al diseño de proyectos de conservación y uso sostenible de la biodiversidad mediante la
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incorporación de mejor y mayor información ecológica de las especies y sistemas bióticos; y contribuir
en el desarrollo de indicadores biológicos para la determinación de los impactos de uso de recursos
naturales y desarrollo de proyectos. Durante 1998 y 1999 se han puesto en ejecución más de 16
estudios ecológicos en las cinco Áreas de Conservación. En una revisión realizada al proyecto, en
noviembre de 1999, se concluyó que se requería tener una mejor claridad sobre las necesidades de
información ecológica más urgentes por parte de las Áreas de Conservación, que permitiera que los
estudios impactaran más y mejor, en la toma de decisiones sobre el manejo de los recursos de
biodiversidad. Con base en lo anterior, se acordó que durante el primer trimestre del año 2000, se
organizaría un encuentro en cada Área de Conservación, con la finalidad de elaborar una lista de temas
prioritarios para realizar estudios ecológicos. Dicho encuentro tendría participación de funcionarios de
las Áreas de Conservación, INBio e investigadores invitados. Este documento presenta un resumen de
los principales resultados alcanzados en los cinco encuentros realizados. Objetivos de los Encuentros: 1)
Elaborar un portafolio (lista de temas prioritarios con términos de referencia) sobre prioridades para
desarrollar estudios ecológicos en respuesta a necesidades específicas del Área de Conservación. 2)
Desarrollar una estrategia para acercar e integrar instituciones de investigación, investigadores,
estudiantes nacionales e internacionales para que desarrollen los estudios identificados. En este
documento se presentan los temas prioritarios para la realización de estudios ecológicos identificados
en cada Área de Conservación. Incluye información básica como problemas a resolver, resultados
esperados y recomendaciones de instancias e investigadores que pueden realizar el estudio.
Publicación no.: 134 Variation in the breeding behavior of the dry forest tree Enterolobium
cyclocarpum (Guanacaste) in Costa Rica [Variación en el comportamiento reproductivo del árbol del
bosque seco Enterolobium cyclocarpum (Guanacaste) en Costa Rica] / Rocha-Núñez, Oscar J; Aguilar, G.
(Universidad de Costa Rica. Escuela de Biología, San Pedro de Montes de Oca, CR <E-mail:
En: American Journal of Botany (ISSN 0002-9122), v. 88, no. 9, p. 1600-1606. 2001.
We studied the breeding systems of four populations of Enterolobium cyclocarpum (guanacaste, earpod
tree) in Costa Rica. Multilocus stimates of the outcrossing rate indicate that E. cyclocarpum is a
predominant outcrossing species (t(m) ranged between 0.881 and 0.901) and biparental inbreeding is
low (range between 0.058 and 0.079). Overall, our analyses showed significant differences in the gene
frequencies between pollen and ovules and significant differences in pollen gene frequencies between
the four populations. We also found significant differences in the pollen gene frequencies calculated for
single trees in the same population. Outcrossing rates and pollen gene frequencies varied in two
consecutive years in two populations of E. cyclocarpum. The correlated mating model revealed that
there are differences in the correlation of paternity between populations and years. These findings
indicate that there is variation in the average number of trees that father the seed crop of each tree
and/or that some fathers are overrepresented in the seed crop of each tree. The implication of these
findings for the development of strategies for conservation and management of this species are
discussed.
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Publicación no.: 135 Reproductive biology of the dry forest tree Enterolobium cyclocarpum
(Guanacaste) in Costa Rica: A comparison between trees left in pastures and trees in continuous forest
[Biología reproductiva del árbol del bosque seco Enterolobium cyclocarpum (Guanacaste) en Costa Rica:
Una comparación entre árboles en potreros y árboles en bosques continuos] / Rocha-Núñez, Oscar J;
Aguilar, G. (Universidad de Costa Rica. Escuela de Biología, San Pedro de Montes de Oca, CR <E-mail:
En: American Journal of Botany (ISSN 0002-9122), v. 88, no. 9, p. 1607-1614. 2001.
We compared the rate of pollen deposition, the likelihood of fruit production, the number of seeds per
fruit, the outcrossing rate, and the progeny vigor of the tropical dry forest tree Enterolobium
cyclocarpum for individuals in pastures vs. individuals in continuous forest. We found that flowers from
trees growing in continuous forests were more likely to have pollen deposited on their stigmas than
flowers from trees in pastures (52.1 vs. 32.3%, respectively). We also found that trees from continuous
forests were almost six times more likely to set fruits and produce more seeds per fruit than trees in
pastures. Morever, progeny from trees in continuous forests were, on average, more vigorous than the
progeny from trees in pastures, as indicated by 12 of 16 indicators of plant vigor. However, there was no
significant difference in the multilocus estimate of the outcrossing rate between the two groups of trees
(tm = 1.00 and 0.99 for trees from continuous forest and trees from pastures, respectively). But there
are differences in the correlation of paternity between the progeny of the two groups, where the
progeny from trees in pastures showed a lower correlation of paternity than progeny of trees from
continuous forests (r(p) = 0.104 and r(p) = 0.189, respectively). We argue that the mechanisms that
regulate progeny vigor are disrupted in trees from pastures. We discuss the implications of these
findings for the conservation of E. cyclocarpum.
Publicación no.: 136 Land-cover change detection for the tropics using remote sensing and geographic
information systems [Detección de la cobertura vegetal para los trópicos utilizando sensores remotos y
sistemas de información geográfica] / Read, J.M. (Syracuse University. Department of Geography,
Syracuse, NY 13244, US <E-mail: [email protected]>). Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University
and A&M College, 1999. 191 p. ISBN: 0-599-54876-2. Dissertation, Ph.D., The Louisiana State University
and A&M College, Graduate School, Baton Rouge, LA (USA).
Changing land-cover in the tropics is a central issue in global change research. This dissertation used
Landsat-TM data to examine processes of land- use and land-cover changes for a lowland tropical site in
Sarapiquí, Costa Rica. Performances of selected image-processing methods to detect and identify landcover changes were evaluated. A land-cover time-series from 1960 to 1996 for the site was generated
using maps derived from aerial photographs and Landsat-TM classifications. Changes in land-cover from
1986 to 1996 were evaluated using standard landscape indices, and interpreted in terms of their
historical context. Dominant changes in the site during this decade included the breakup of extensive
cattle ranches for large-scale plantation enterprises and small-scale farming. Colonization processes,
improvements in access, and changes in export markets were identified as the major driving forces of
change. Evaluation of change-detection methods revealed that post classification comparison
performed significantly better than image differencing algorithms tested. Selection of a suitable changedetection method can be aided through examination of the individual bond statistics for the specific
area and problem in question. The univariate bond differencing technique has potential for
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identification of 'hot spots' of change using Landsat-TM data. Spatial pattern-recognition techniques to
characterize complexity of Landsat-TM data were evaluated. Fractal dimension calculated using the
triangular prism surface area method, and Moran's I index of spatial autocorrelation, clearly
distinguished different land-cover types. Shannon's diversity index and the contagion metric were not
found to be useful in characterizing the images. The use of fractal dimension, in conjunction with
standard non-spatial descriptive band statistics, are seen as having great potential in characterizing
unclassified remotely sensed data based on differences in land-cover types. These statistics could be
further developed for rapid environmental monitoring.
Publicación no.: 137 Disappearance of insectivorous birds from tropical forest fragments [Desaparición
de aves insectívoras de fragmentos de bosques tropicales] / Sekercioglu, Cagan H; Ehrlich, Paul R; Daily,
Gretchen C; Aygen, Deniz; Goehring, David M; Sandí, Randi F. (Stanford University. Department of
Biological Sciences, Center for Conservation Biology, Stanford CA 94305-5020, US <E-mail:
v. 99, no. 1, p. 263-267. 2002.
Determining the impact of forest disturbance and fragmentation on tropical biotas is a central goal of
conservation biology. Among tropical forest birds, understory insectivores are particularly sensitive to
habitat disturbance and fragmentation, despite their relatively small sizes and freedom from hunting
pressure. Why these birds are especially vulnerable to fragmentation is not known. Our data indicate
that the best determinant of the persistence of understory insectivorous birds in small fragments is the
ability to disperse through deforested countryside habitats. This finding contradicts our initial
hypothesis that the decline of insectivorous birds in forest fragments is caused by impoverished
invertebrate prey base in fragments. Although we observed significantly fewer insectivorous birds in
smaller fragments, extensive sampling of invertebrate communities (106,082 individuals) and avian diets
(of 735 birds) revealed no important differences between large and small fragments. Neither habitat
specificity nor drier fragment microclimates seemed critical. Bird species that were less affected by
forest fragmentation were, in general, those that used the deforested countryside more, and we suggest
that the key to their conservation will be found there.
Publicación no.: 138 Documenting land cover history of a humid tropical environment in northeastern
Costa Rica using time-series remotely sensed data [Documentando la historia de la cubierta vegetal de
un ambiente húmedo tropical en el noreste de Costa Rica utilizando series temporales de datos de
teleobservación] / Read, J.M; Denslow, Julie Sloan; Guzmán, S.M. (Syracuse University. Department of
Geography, Syracuse, NY 13244, US <E-mail: [email protected]>).
En: GIS and remote sensing applications in biogeography and ecology. Millington, A.C; Walsh, S.J;
Osborne, P.E. (eds.) Boston, MS: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2001. p. 69-89. ISBN: 0-7923-7454-1.
A time-series of aerial photography and Landsat TM data were compiled for an area of the Caribbean
lowlands of northeastern Costa Rica from 1960-1996. Geo-referenced, ground-based information was
collected in 1996 and 1997. Changes in land cover were mapped and landscape fragmentation was
examined using landscape pattern metrics. By 1996 the area was characterized by a complex mosaic of
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forests. pastures, and crop lands of different ages and disturbance histories. The most important forces
driving land use changes were colonization, infrastructure development, and changes in export markets,
but the spatial patterns of land use change were determined by the physical landscape. In terms of longterm forest health and conservation, there are three considerations: (1) whilst forests remain an
important component of the unprotected landscape in the region, and deforestation rates have
declined, the forests are highly fragmented and the area exposed to edge effects is high: (2) the
secondary forests in the area are young and transient in nature; and (3) never cleared forests are in
good condition, but they are susceptible to disturbance in the future.
Publicación no.: 139 Breeding population size of a fragmented population of a Costa Rican dry forest
tree species [Tamaño de la población reproductiva de una población fragmentada de árboles forestales
de un bosque seco costarricense] / Apsit, Victoria Joan; Hamrick, James L; Nason, J.D. (University of
Missouri-St. Louis. Department of Biology, 8001 Natural Bridge Rd, St. Louis, MO 63121-4499, US <Email: [email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]>).
En: Journal of Heredity (ISSN 0022-1503), v. 92, no. 5, p. 415-420. 2001.
Pollen immigration can offset the effects of genetic drift and inbreeding in small populations. To
understand the genetic consequences of forest fragmentation, estimates of pollen flow into remnant
fragments are essential. Such estimates are straightforward for plants with singly sired, multiseeded
fruits, since the pollen donor genotype for each fruit can be unambiguously reconstructed through fullsib genealogical analyses. Allozyme analyses were used to estimate pollen donor numbers from the
progeny of fruits of the tropical dry forest tree Enterolobium cyclocarpum in a small (9.8 ha) fragmented
population (N = 11) over three reproductive seasons (1994, 1995, and 1996). These analyses indicate
that each tree receives pollen from many pollen donors. When data are pooled for the site, estimated
maximum pollen donor pool sizes in all years exceed the number of individuals (56) in the 227 ha study
area. Although unidentified pollen donors may be located as close as 250 m to the study trees, the
number of unidentified pollen donors indicates that individuals in this forest fragment are part of a large
network of reproductively active individuals.
Publicación no.: 140 Agroforestería y sistemas de producción animal en América Central / Camero-Rey,
L.A; Camargo-García, J.C; Ibrahim, Muhammad A; Schlönvoigt, Andrea M. (CATIE. Area de Sistemas
Agroforestales y Manejo de Cuencas Hidrográficas, Apdo. Postal 7170, Turrialba, CR <E-mail:
[email protected]>). Seminario Intensificación de la Ganadería en Centroamérica:
Beneficios Económicos y Ambientales, Turrialba CR24-26 May. 1999.
En: Intensificación de la ganadería en Centroamérica: beneficios económicos y ambientales. PomaredaBenel, C; Steinfeld, H. (eds.) Turrialba: CATIE / FAO / SIDE, 2000. p. 177-198. (No abstract).
Localización: Biblioteca OET: 333.7414 I61.
Publicación no.: 141 Ecology and conservation of white-lipped peccaries and jaguars in Corcovado
National Park, Costa Rica [Ecología y conservación de los chanchos cariblancos y jaguares en el Parque
Nacional Corcovado, Costa Rica] / Carrillo-Jiménez, Eduardo. (Universidad Nacional. Programa Regional
en Manejo de Vida Silvestre, Apdo. 1350-3000, Heredia, CR <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail:
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[email protected]>). Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts, 2000. 228 p. ISBN: 0-599-64590-3.
Dissertation, Ph.D., University of Massachusetts, Graduate School, Amherst, MA (USA).
The movements, activity patterns, habitat use, and range size of 36 (25F:11M) radio-marked whitelipped peccaries (Tayassu pecari), all members of a single herd, were monitored in relation to seasonal
fruit availability in part of Corcovado National Park (CNP) during 1996-1998. Fruit availability varied
seasonally and by forest type: peccaries more frequently used Primary forest during February-May
(medium fruit abundance), Secondary and Coastal forest during June-September (high fruit) and Yolillal
(swamp forest) during October-January (low fruit). Annually the peccaries ranged over about 40 km²,
but use of the area shifted seasonally and was significantly less when fruit was most abundant. Peccary
movements are likely reduced and thus density likely increases in areas where the interspersion of
seasonally important habitats is high. The spatial and temporal movements of jaguars (Panthera onca )
were monitored in relation to the distribution of nesting marine turtles and white-lipped peccaries in
part of CNP during 1996- 1998. One radio-marked adult female jaguar was monitored for 3 years to
assess home range location and size, activity patterns, and food habits. Jaguar tracks also were recorded
on 5-km beach surveys for nesting turtles, on 20-km forest trail transects, and when following 36 radiomarked adult peccaries that lived as part of a single herd. Jaguars regularly ate turtles and peccaries, but
spent more time on the beach during last quarter and new moon (LQ/NM) phases when turtles were
more abundant. Jaguar home range size did not vary by season or year, but was more restricted during
LQ/NM phases, as well. Jaguars were more nocturnal during LQ/NM phases (turtles nested only at
night), and more diurnal otherwise (peccaries were diurnal). An "El Niño" weather event was reflected in
lower abundance of nesting turtles at all phases of the moon, and increased activity of jaguars in the
forest. Jaguar hunting behavior in CNP is strongly related to the abundance of nesting marine turtles and
thus moon phase. Reproduction-related observations made on the radio-marked adult female jaguar
included when she traveled with an adult male, her approximate denning dates, cub productivity
(1/litter), and the length of time between pregnancies (22 months).
Publicación no.: 142 Distribution and dispersal of species in natural and human-dominated landscapes
(Lepidoptera) [Distribución y diseminación de especies en paisajes naturales y dominados por el hombre
(Lepidoptera)] / Ricketts, T.H. (World Wildlife Fund, Conservation Science Program, 1250 24th St NW,
Washington, DC 20037, US <E-mail: [email protected]>). Stanford, CA: Stanford University,
2000. 108 p. ISBN: 0-599-93176-0. Dissertation, Ph.D., Stanford University, Graduate School, Stanford CA
(USA).
The four chapters that compose my dissertation address two ecological issues of importance to
biodiversity conservation. The first issue (Chapters 1 and 2) concerns the ecological effects of
anthropogenic habitat fragmentation with a specific focus on the "matrix" (i.e., the human-dominated
areas surrounding native fragments). In the first chapter, I sampled moth species richness in the
agricultural matrix surrounding forest fragments in southern Costa Rica. I found that agricultural type
did not affect moth species richness or composition; however, sites near (about 1 km) a large forest
fragment were significantly higher in species richness and more similar to forest sites in species
composition than sites far (3.5 km) from the fragment. In the second chapter, I tested whether two
distinct matrix types (i.e., conifer forest and willow thicket) differed in their resistances to butterfly
movement between patches of meadow habitat in the Rocky Mountains. For the majority of butterflies,
conifer was 3-12 times more resistant than willow. These two studies suggest that the surrounding
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matrix may support substantial native diversity and may influence the "effective isolation" of habitat
remnants in fragmented landscapes. The second issue (Chapters 3 and 4) concerns the utility of
indicator taxa as surrogate measures of overall diversity. Well-known indicator taxa often are proposed
as efficient ways of identifying conservation priorities, but the correlation between putative indicators
and other taxa has been largely untested. In the third chapter, I tested nine taxa as indicators of overall
species richness across North America. I found that the three most practical choices for indicator taxa
(mammals, birds, and butterflies) are not the most informative indicators of overall species richness,
when employed either individually or in combination. In the fourth chapter, I examined whether
butterflies were a useful indicator of diversity in a closely-related but relatively poorly-known group, the
moths, at a local landscape scale. I found no correlation in diversity between the two taxa. The findings
of these two studies suggest that well-known taxa are often not informative surrogate measures of
diversity in other groups and that phylogenetic and ecological relatedness are not reliable criteria for
selecting appropriate indicator taxa.
Publicación no.: 143 Effects of dry tropical forest fragmentation on the reproductive success and
genetic structure of the tree Samanea saman [Efectos de la fragmentación del bosque seco tropical
sobre el éxito reproductivo y estructura genética del árbol Samanea saman] / Cascante-Marín, Alfredo
M; Quesada-Avendaño, Mauricio; Lobo-Segura, Jorge A; Fuchs-Castillo, Eric J. (Museo Nacional de Costa
Rica. Departamento de Historia Natural, Apdo 749-1000, San José, CR <E-mail:
[email protected]>
<E-mail:
[email protected]>
<E-mail:
Tropical trees are particularly vulnerable to forest fragmentation it because of their low densities, selfincompatibilty system, and high rates of outbreeding. Forest fragmentation is likely to decrease gene
flow, increase endogamy, and eventually produce a high differentiation among remnant populations.
Our objectives were to evaluate the effect of forest fragmentation on the reproductive success, progeny
vigor, and genetic variation of the tropical dry-forest tree Samanea saman. We conducted our study in
the dry forest of Costa Rica and compared two tree conditions to evaluate forest fragmentation: (1)
isolated, individual trees more than 500 m from the nearest conspecific and surrounded by agricultural
fields, pastures, or small remnant forest patches and (2) trees in continuous populations of 10 or more
individuals per hectare and surrounded by undisturbed forest, We compared the probability of natural
pollination, seed production, genetic variation, and progeny vigor of trees in isolation and in continuous
populations. The probability of flowers receiving more than 23 pollen tubes at the base of styles (the
flowers more likely to produce a mature fruit) was significantly greater for trees in continuous
populations (2.1%) than for trees in isolation (0.4%). However, flowers from the two tree conditions
received similar pollen loads on their stigmas. Fruits of trees from continuous populations produced
similar numbers of seeds as isolated trees did and had a similar probability of seed predation by brucbid
beetles were significantly greater in continuous seed abortion. The probability populations (30%) than in
isolated trees (20%). The number of undamaged seeds (potentially viable) was similar for both tree
conditions. A genetic analysis of progeny showed that levels of genetic diversity in trees in isolation and
in continuous populations were comparable. The effective self-fertilization rate and inbreeding
coefficient of the progeny were slightly higher for isolated trees than for trees in continuous
populations. In addition, there was more genetic similarity in the progeny of isolated trees, within and
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between fruits. Seeds produced by different fruits within a tree were more likely to be related in an
isolated tree than in a tree from continuous populations. Seeds produced by trees from continuous
populations were more likely to germinate and to produce greater leaf area and biomass as seedlings
than progeny from isolated trees. We concluded that the fragmentation of tropical dry forests affects
the genetic variation and vigor of S. saman progeny. Isolated trees showed high reproductive capacity,
however, in spite of their habitat condition.
Publicación no.: 144 Regeneración temprana de dos especies arbóreas de semilla grande en bosques
fragmentados de la Zona Norte de Costa Rica [Early regeneration of two large-seed arboreal species in
fragmented forests of the Northern zone of Costa Rica] / Jones-Román, G. (CATIE. Area de Manejo y
Conservación de Bosques y Biodiversidad, 7170 Turrialba, CR <E-mail: [email protected]>).
Turrialba: CATIE, 2000. 50 p. Tesis, Mag. Sc., Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza,
Turrialba (Costa Rica).
This research evaluated the impact of mammals and the seedling performance of large-seed species
Dipteryx panamensis and Carapa nicaraguensis in four forests of Sarapiquí, Costa Rica's North Zone.
Starke (344 ha), Rojomaca (117 ha) and Paniagua (142 ha) are forest fragments selectively logged and
prone to hunting. In opposite, the Biological Station La Selva (1536 ha) in join with the Braulio Carrillo
National Park is the last connected and protected forest of hunting in the zone. Was evaluated seedling
survivorship with and without seeds of both species in two mammal's exclusion treatments. Height,
specific leaf area and seedling success (survival seedlings times survival groups height) was evaluated
only for D. panamensis. Also, for both species was evaluated per capita recruitment (number of
seedlings and saplings per reproductive tree) and was considerate as an indicator of natural
regeneration level for each site. Additionally, diurnal walks in all sites were carried out to estimate
mammal communities composition and possible defaunation. Results indicate that La Selva, besides its
complex mammal community did not showed higher seedling mortality than forest patches. Probably,
carnivore species controls herbivorous populations, or maybe there is a higher availability of food
resources and this may release pressure over seedlings. Seedling mortality observed in forest patches
suggests that some small and middle-size mammals are using this kind of forest as part of their habitat.
Seeds bound to seedlings of both species were a potentially attractive for mammals, even when this
preference doesn’t produce high seedling mortality especially in the case of C. guianensis. High seedling
mortality presumably caused by mammals and signs of a low species. In the other hand, seedlings
growing and the level of natural regeneration in D. panamensis suggests a more successful regeneration
process in forest patches probably due to higher incidence of light than in connected forest. In short
seedling survivor of large-seed species is undergoing some changes in fragmented forests, probably
because these sites are part the habitat for small and mid-sizes herbivorous. Although forests patches
seem to have better abiotic conditions for the natural regeneration of the studied species but the effect
of mammals could not be underestimated. Some suggestions can be derived from results of this
research. It seems reasonable to include some considerations about plant-herbivorous interaction in
management and conservation strategies for the studied species. Additionally, connectivity among
forest patches could be a key action in order to maintain populations of herbivorous predators.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-7292. Biblioteca Carlos Monge A.: 581.31 J77r.
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Publicación no.: 145 Temporal change and patch dynamics of Costa Rican tropical dry forest remnants
in an agricultural landscape assessed using remotely sensed thermal data [Cambio temporal y
dinámica de la parcela de remanentes de bosques secos costarricenses en un paisaje agrícola evaluado
remotamente mediante datos térmicamente sensibles] / Kramer, E.A. (University of Georgia. Institute of
Ecology, Athens, GA 30602, US). Athens, GA: The University of Georgia, 1996. 133 p. Dissertation, Ph.D.,
The University of Georgia, Graduate School, Athens, Georgia (USA).
Vegetation scientist estimates that there was once 650,000 km² of tropical dry forests along the Pacific
Coast of Central America and Mexico. Today less than two percent of that area remains as intact tropical
dry forests. In Costa Rica, an effort to restore tropical dry forests is being undertaken. In 1989 the
Guanacaste Conservation Area (GCA) was established in Northwestern Costa Rica. The GCA consists of
approximately 700 km² of land that was once predominantly tropical dry forest. The current area is
composed of small remnants of forest ranging in size from a few trees to a few hundred hectares,
embedded in pastures. This dissertation presents two studies. The first study characterizes the
vegetation and measures change that has occurred within GCA from 1979 to 1985. The study's focus is
on the patterning of vegetation and how the patterning is affecting change in vegetation cover over
time. The second study focuses on how the patterning of the landscape influences landscape surface
temperatures. These studies use geographical information systems (GIS) and thermal remote sensing as
tools to study changes and patterns in the landscape. The first study found that natural regeneration of
woody vegetation can occur in areas where seed sources are available, when fire is suppressed from the
season. In addition, surface temperature pattern analysis confirms that different landscape vegetation
configurations dissipate incoming solar energy with different efficiencies. Forest vegetation may play a
role in modifying surface temperatures and thus, effect rates of additional forest re-establishment.
Publicación no.: 146 Green Phoenix: restoring the tropical forests of Guanacaste, Costa Rica [Phoenix
verde: la restauración de los bosques tropicales de Guanacaste, Costa Rica] / Allen, William. New York:
Oxford University Press, 2001. 310 p. ISBN: 0-19-5108-93-0.
In these days of increasing pressure on researchers to justify what they do in practical terms, most
ecologists and field biologists would cite the importance of their work for conservation. However, too
few such scientists recognize that biology is just one small piece of the conservation puzzle, which is
made up mostly of political, social, and economic elements. "Green Phoenix", a narrative account of the
evolution of Costa Rica's small, under-resourced Santa Rosa National Park into the impressively
expanded and managed Guanacaste Conservation Area, brings this reality home. Science writer William
Allen spotlights a key example of where researchers have become involved in these other aspects of
conservation with great effectiveness. The book is a difficult one to describe or place in one’s mental
library catalog. It certainly does not fit in a science section, nor even in popular science. Although it
could be shelved under conservation or environmental activism, parts of it might qualify as biography,
some is about politics and economics, and other parts fall under natural history. This classification
difficulty, which stems from both the complex nature of the subject and the rather discursive way in
which the book is written and organized, makes it difficult to define the author's target audience. As a
scientist and field biologist, I found much of the science and natural history rather irritating in their
wide-eyed superficiality. Nonetheless, I found the lessons about the principal needs and activities for
establishing a functioning practical conservation and restoration program very useful; for many of us, in
the conservation sector. These lessons have already been learned, at least in theory, but the specific
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examples are valuable, as is the concise synthesis of the lessons in the much better structured epilogue.
Allen provides readers a regional background covering basic research and the environmental pressures
that together demonstrated the need to expand the original reserve and to restore forest cover. The
issues and challenges covered include: the necessity of controlling fires, while still somehow limiting the
standing biomass of exotic grass; problems caused by the limitation of dispersal of tree seeds through
lack of appropriate fauna; and principles of landscape ecology and the need to connect habitat
fragments. The author also discusses some of the solutions scientists and volunteers employed in the
field. For me, the real value of the book kicks in where science and its application ends and Allen
addresses the vital roles of politics, sociology, economics, and (incidentally) personalities in achieving
conservation goals. The influences of politics from local (harnessing the influence of powerful
landowners and vested interests) to national and international (U.S. involvement and interests in
Nicaragua)--emerge clearly, if in rather fragmented form. The author emphasizes both the importance
of education in generating local support for the conservation area and, interestingly, the importance of
basic research in adding to the perceived value of the site. His detailed accounts of the acquisition of
additional blocks of land for the park and of the fund-raising and politics involved illustrate very
effectively the magnitude of effort and the kinds of focus required for such work. Guanacaste's most
interesting economic lesson is the importance of generating an endowment to provide both
sustainability and room for making short-term errors in the management of a conservation project. The
influence of personalities and the importance of leadership are highlighted through the book's focus on
the key role Dan Janzen played in the development of the Guanacaste Conservation Area. While noting
that Janzen doesn't want to be lionized, the author proceeds to do just that. In doing so, he appears to
place less weight on the roles of other individual’s and. especially, on the course of events from a Costa
Rican perspective. I can't help wondering what Janzen himself thinks of the book. In his conclusion, Allen
recognizes that some of the lessons from the Guanacaste project depend on its unique local situation,
but he ventures little comment on their applicability in other contexts. This is one of several respects in
which I found myself frustrated and wanting to know more. Another is the extent of information Allen
provides about the restoration program and its impact. Maps and illustrations of the progress of the
reforestation would have helped a great deal in this respect and would have been a very useful addition
to the book's photographs of personalities and landscapes. Despite these frustrations, I found Green
Phoenix informative and inspiring. It offers a fresh perspective on scientists' involvement in practical
conservation.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: 333.75153097286 A467g.
Publicación no.: 147 The role of bats in regeneration of fragmented tropical dry forest in Guanacaste,
Costa Rica [El papel de los murciélagos en la regeneración de bosques secos tropicales fragmentados en
Guanacaste, Costa Rica] / Monahan, B. (Macalester College, 1600 Grand Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55105,
US).
En: Minnesota Academy of Science Journal (ISSN 0026-539X), v. 63, no. 3, p. 16. 1999.
(Abstract only). Tropical forest regeneration depends on the ability of secondary forest species to
establish previously disturbed areas. Many species depend on dispersal vectors such as bats to disperse
their seeds effectively. The role of bats in forest regeneration is especially important in the tropical dry
forest of Guanacaste, Costa Rica, where forest fragmentation rates are high due to farming. This study
was performed to determine whether bats disperse seeds beyond forest edges, and whether distance
traveled affected seed germinability. Bats were mist-netted at measured distances from patches of
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secondary forest during the dry season in Guanacaste in 1998. Seeds were collected from feces and a
sample was planted in petri dishes. One hundred twenty-six bats were captured, representing 12
species. Ninety-nine percent of the bats caught were capable of seed dispersal, based on their known
diet. Seventy-eight percent were found at the forest edge, with other bats captured up to 150 m from
the forest edge. Of seeds obtained from feces, 3.58% germinated, and germination rate was not
affected by dispersal distance. It is suggested that forest regeneration is taking place at a gradual rate
during the dry season, and may increase at other times of the year. Bats were more likely to be found in
open areas when lone trees were present, suggesting additionally that the presence of lone trees in
cleared regions may increase bat activity in these areas, thereby enhancing overall forest regeneration
rates. In Guanacaste bats' regular seed dispersal at least 150 m from the forest edge makes them
important contributors to the regeneration of this region's fragmented forest.
Publicación no.: 148 La dinámica del bosque y la diversidad arbórea [Forest dynamics and tree
diversity] / Asquith, N.M; Guariguata-Urbano, Manuel R (ed.); Kattan, G.H (ed.). (Duke University.
Department of Zoology, Box 90325, Durham, NC 27708-0630, US <E-mail: [email protected]>).
En: Ecología y conservación de bosques neotropicales Cartago: Libro Universitario Regional (EULAC-GTZ),
2002. p. 377-406. ISBN: 9968-801-11-9.
Este capítulo consta de cuatro secciones: (1) se comentan, en primer lugar, los principales patrones de
diversidad del bosque neotropical; (2) se describe el proceso de sucesión vegetal como impulsor de la
diversidad vegetal; (3) se examina la forma en que la diversidad de árboles logra mantenerse gracias a la
interacción entre las diferentes especies del bosque, y (4) se explora la forma en que la diversidad
arbórea puede perderse debido a la fragmentación.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: 574.52642 E19ec.
Publicación no.: 149 La estructura genética de las poblaciones de árboles [Genetic structure of
population trees] / Nason, J.D; Rocha-Núñez, Oscar J; Guariguata-Urbano, Manuel R (ed.); Kattan, G.H
(ed.). (Iowa State University. Department of Botany, Ames, IA 50011, US <E-mail: [email protected]>
En: Ecología y conservación de bosques neotropicales Cartago: Libro Universitario Regional (EULAC-GTZ),
2002. p. 299-327. ISBN: 9968-801-11-9.
En este capítulo se examina no solo la estructura genética de las poblaciones de árboles del bosque
neotropical sino también los procesos ecológicos y evolutivos que se hacen patentes al estudiar la
variabilidad espacial que presenta esa información genética. Antes que nada, se pasa revista a los
primeros intentos que se hicieron por explicar la estructura de los árboles del bosque tropical; se
describen, luego, los patrones de dispersión de polen que suelen presentar los árboles del dosel del
bosque y se ofrece un resumen de varios estudios recientes que han utilizado marcadores genéticos y
técnicas estadísticas para cuantificar el flujo de genes polínicos. De manera general se comparan los
aportes de polen y de semillas a la estructura genética de los árboles y en su dinámica poblacional.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: 574.52642 E19ec.
Publicación no.: 150 Bird of bright desire [Ave de deseo reluciente] / Bergman, C.
En: Wildlife Conservation (ISSN 1048-4949), v. 102, no. 5, p. 42-49. 1999.
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Life history information is presented on the resplendent quetzal. The author also discusses habitat
alterations that are affecting this species' habitat and its survival in Costa Rica.
Publicación no.: 151 Bosque y población en la Península de Osa, Costa Rica [Forest and population at
Península de Osa, Costa Rica] / Rosero-Bixby, Luis; Maldonado-Ulloa, Tirso; Bonilla-Carrión, Róger.
(Universidad de Costa Rica. Escuela de Estadística, Programa Centroamericano de Población, San José,
CR <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]>).
The research is focused on the relationship between population growth and conservation of the forest
on the Osa Peninsula. Data of the geo-referenced censuses and information on land-use, derived from
satellite images and aerial photography, were integrated into a GIS. We undertook an historical
inventory of the changes in the population and the forest coverage, and the key events in the land
tenure and economy of the region. Deforestation, reforestation, and fragmentation of the forest during
the period 1980 - 1995 were analyzed. Relationships with the population potential, derived from the
1984 Costa Rican censuses, were identified, and the effects of third variables were controlled such as
distances to the roads, rain, distances to the forest frontier, level of protection, etc. Both strong and
significant associations between 1984 population potential and the three processes were detected. The
probability of deforestation is null in unpopulated areas, 35% in areas with 25 - 30 potential farmers and
to 65% in areas with 50 farmers and over. The probability of reforestation decreases from 100% to 28%
and to 18% in these three categories. This kind of relationship persists in the multivariable analysis. An
increase of 0.63% in the number of household, results in an increment of 1% in the risk of deforestation
(elasticity). The elasticity in the chances of reforestation is -0.37 and 1% in fragmentation of the forest.
An evaluation in the risk of deforestation for the period 1995 - 2005 was done. The most recent
population data were used and it identifies several geographic areas with high deforestation risk.
Publicación no.: 152 Population dynamics of a neotropical lizard (Norops polylepis) in its native forest
and in adjacent pastures [Dinámica poblacional de una lagartija neotropical (Norops polylepis) en su
bosque nativo y en potreros adyacentes] / Schlaepfer, M.A. (Cornell University. Department of
Neurobiology and Behavior, Mudd Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853-2702, US <E-mail: [email protected]>).
Ithaca, NY: Cornell University, 2002. 201 p. ISBN: 0-493-83037-5. Dissertation, Ph.D., Cornell University,
Faculty of the Graduate School, Ithaca, NY (USA).
As humans extend their influence to an increasingly large portion of the globe, it is of theoretical and
practical interest to understand the consequences of our activities on wildlife populations. I studied the
population dynamics of Norops polylepis (Polycrotidae), a lizard from Costa Rica, in its native forest and
in adjacent cattle pastures. Norops polylepis eggs, obtained from females held in captivity, were more
likely to hatch in pastures than in their native forest because eggs developed faster and were exposed to
a lower predation rate in pastures (chapter 1). I estimated juvenile and adult persistence, a proxy for
survival, along the pasture-forest gradient using mark-recapture sampling. Persistence was higher in
forests than in pastures in two study sites, but indistinguishable in a their site. Population growth
projections based on estimates of survival and reproduction for each life-stage suggest that, overall,
forest populations were self-replacing, whereas pasture populations were in decline (chapter 2). Once
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basic demographic variables are estimated, one can ask why individuals respond to altered
environments the way they do. Organisms often rely on environmental cues to make behavioral and lifehistory decisions. However, in environments that have been suddenly altered by humans, formerly
reliable cues might no longer be associated with adaptive outcomes. In such cases, organisms can
become 'trapped'by their evolutionary responses to the cues and experience reduced survival or
reproduction (chapter 3). I also present demographic and ecological variables for N. polylepis collected
along an elevational gradient from sea-level to 1300 m. Sexual size dimorphism, population density, and
individual growth rates all decreased with elevation. My findings corroborate general theoretical
predictions that population densities and sexual size dimorphism should be reduced in marginal habitats
at the periphery of species's ranges (chapter 4). As a side-project, I researched the number of
amphibians and reptiles traded across U.S. borders for the pet and food trade (chapter 5). Massive
numbers of individuals are being taken from the wild. Species-specific records of all shipments and a
better understanding of each species 'harvestability' are necessary to ensure that the commercial
harvest is not contributing to the declines currently observed in many of the world's amphibians and
reptiles.
Publicación no.: 153 Avian communities in forest fragments and reforestation areas associated with
banana plantations in Costa Rica [Comunidades de aves en fragmentos de bosques y áreas de
reforestación asociadas con bananales en Costa Rica] / Matlock, Robert B., Jr; Rogers, D; Edwards, P.J;
Martin, S.G. (Tulane University. Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, 6823 St Charles Ave,
Dinwiddie Hall 310, New Orleans, LA 70118, US <E-mail: [email protected]>).
En: Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment (ISSN 0167-8809), v. 91, p. 199-215. 2002.
To evaluate the conservation value of forest habitats associated with banana (Musa sp.) plantations, an
inventory of bird species was conducted in 10 forest fragments and reforestation areas surrounding
seven plantations in the Costa Rican Atlantic lowlands. Birds were censused by point counts at 42 points
in conserved forest remnants and 30 points in reforestation areas. To gather information about
reproductive patterns, a supplementary mist-net study was conducted at 29 of these sites. Overall, 194
species (11,361 individuals) were recorded in the point counts and 73 species (1035 individuals) in the
mist-net study for a combined total of 206 species, including 46 migrants and 87 resident species
classified as moderately to highly susceptible to habitat disturbance. Immature birds were observed in
67% of the species captured in the mist-net survey and represented 35% of the total individual netted.
The results suggest that small-scale forest patches associated with banana plantations may provide
viable habitat for the conservation of migrants and bird species moderately susceptible to habitat
alteration.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S8479. NBINA-622. LS. LC.
Publicación no.: 154 Tree seed fate in a logged and fragmented forest landscape, northeastern Costa
Rica [Destino de semillas de árboles en bosques bajo manejo y fragmentados, noreste Costa Rica] /
Guariguata-Urbano, Manuel R; Arias-Le Claire, Harold; Jones, G. (Centro Agronómico Tropical de
Investigación y Enseñanza. Unidad Manejo Bosques Naturales, Apdo. 7170, Turrialba, CR <E-mail:
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We compared the seed fate of two animal-dispersed, large-seeded timber species (Dipteryx panamensis
[Fabaceae] and Carapa guianensis [Meliaceae]) in logged and fragmented forests with that for
continuous forest in northeastern Costa Rica. For both species, we quantified rates of seed removal (an
index of vertebrate predation) and the fate of dispersed seeds (those carried away from their original
location that either germinated or were not subsequently removed within three months). We predicted
that (1) fewer seeds would be dispersed by vertebrates in fragmented forest than in continuous forest
due to low population abundances after hunting and/or loss of suitable habitat, and (2) seed predation
rates would be higher in forest fragments than in continuous forest due to high abundance of smallbodied seed consumers. We compared three forest fragments currently managed for timber (140-350
ha) and a large reserve of continuous forest (La Selva, 1500 ha and connected to a national park). An
exclusion experiment was performed (seeds placed in the open vs. seeds within semipermeable wire
cages; 5 cm mesh size) to evaluate the relative roles of large and small animals on seed removal. Seed
germination capacity did not differ among all four sites for both species. Removal of Dipteryx seeds was
higher in forest fragments (50% removal within 10 days and related to the activity of small rodents)
compared to La Selva (50% removal after 50 days). Also, more Dipteryx seeds were dispersed at La Selva
than in fragmented forests. Contrary to our predictions, removal of Carapa seeds was equally high
among all four sites, and there was a trend for more seeds of Carapa to be dispersed in fragments than
in La Selva. Our results suggest that fragmentation effects on tree seed fate may be specific to species in
question and contingent on the animal biota involved, and that management strategies for timber
production based on regeneration from seed May differ between forest patches and extensive forest.
Publicación no.: 155 Para no tropezar dos veces con la misma piedra: experiencias de conservación y
desarrollo sostenible comunitario en Tortuguero / Oduber-Rivera, José; Araneda, X. (Fundación
Neotrópica, Apdo. Postal 236-1002, San José, CR <E-mail: [email protected]>). San José: Fundación
Neotrópica, 2002. 60 p.
Presentamos al público el aprendizaje que vivió la Fundación Neotrópica de 1989 al 2000 en las llanuras
de Tortuguero. Fueron dos enriquecedoras experiencias que se dieron casi simultáneamente: por una
parte, la consolidación de un corredor biológico para dedicarlo a la protección de flora y fauna y, por
otra, los procesos que ocurrieron en su zona de amortiguamiento con varias comunidades, cuyo objetivo
era mejorar las condiciones económicas de sus pobladores mediante actividades lucrativas amigables
con el ambiente. Nuevamente, esta organización pone de relieve la práctica del desarrollo sostenible
con acciones concretas en el área rural. Fueron dos iniciativas que, ubicadas en el mismo contexto
geográfico, ambiental y social, tuvieron sus propios procesos metodológicos. Esto sucedió así debido a la
índole de los objetivos específicos que las vieron nacer. El indicador o el norte que se tuvo al llevar
adelante la adquisición de tierras para el establecimiento del Corredor Biológico fue que, al finalizar el
trabajo, Costa Rica pudiera contar con un área de conectividad ubicada en el noreste del país, la cual
facilitara la migración de flora y fauna rompiendo barreras, incluso de carácter geopolítico, para lograr
una mejor protección de las especies en el este de Costa Rica y Nicaragua. Como se detalla en las
páginas de esta compilación de hechos y lecciones, los diversos procesos fueron largos, onerosos, no
exentos de serias dificultades, pero el objetivo se cumplió y hoy, orqullosamente el país cuenta con
6.980 hectáreas adicionales al Parque Nacional Tortuguero. Aún más, existen evidencias de
recuperación vegetal y animal, lo cual debe validarse adecuadamente en un estudio posterior. Para
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sistematizar este proceso de consolidación del Parque, utilizamos la narración con el propósito de
describir las lecciones que fuimos aprendiendo paso a paso.
Publicación no.: 156 Integrity and isolation of Costa Rica's national parks and biological reserves:
examining the dynamics of land-cover change [Integridad y aislamiento de los parques nacionales y
reservas biológicas de Costa Rica: examinando la dinámica del cambio en el uso de la tierra] / SánchezAzofeifa, Gerardo Arturo; Daily, Gretchen C; Pfaff, Alexander S.P; Busch, C.B. (University of Alberta.
Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E3, CA <E-mail:
En: Biological Conservation (ISSN 0006-3207), v. 109, p. 123-135. 2003.
The transformation and degradation of tropical forest is thought to be the primary driving force in the
loss of biodiversity worldwide. Developing countries are trying to counter act this massive loss of
biodiversity by implementing national parks and biological reserves. Costa Rica is no exception to this
rule. National development strategies in Costa Rica, since the early 1970s, have involved the creation of
several National Parks and Biological Reserves. This had led to monitoring the integrity of and
interactions between these protected areas. Key questions include: "Are these areas' boundaries
respected?"; "Do they create a functioning network?” and "Are they effective conservation tools?". This
paper quantifies deforestation and secondary growth trends within and around protected areas
between 1960 and 1997. We find that inside of national parks and biological reserves, deforestation
rates were negligible. For areas outside of National Parks and Biological Reserves we report that for 1km buffer zones around such protected areas, there is a net forest again for the 1987/1997 time period.
Thus, it appears that to this point the boundaries of protected areas are respected. However, in the 10km buffer zones we find significant forest loss for all study periods. This suggests that increasing
isolation of protected areas may prevent them from functioning as an effective network.
Publicación no.: 157 Principios, criterios e indicadores para la evaluación de corredores biológicos y su
aplicación: caso Costa Rica [Principles, criteria and indicators for biological corridor evaluation and their
implementation in Costa Rica] / de Campos, D.P; Finegan, Bryan. (Centro Agronómico Tropical de
Investigación y Enseñanza. Area de Manejo de Bosques Tropicales y Conservación de la Biodiversidad,
Turrialba7170, CR <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]>).
Biological corridors have recently awakened interest in various regions and countries. However, criteria
for biological corridors are not yet well defined and the emphasis has not always been on their true
purpose of conserving biodiversity. The objective of the present study was to develop a preliminary
standard to evaluate existing and potential biological corridor areas, through the definition of a set of
principles, criteria and indicators (P,C&I) integrating biological, socioeconomic and management
dimensions. A systematic approach was used, which included the collection of information to formulate
the initial standard, its evaluation via a workshop with a group of experts and field study of two
biological corridors in Costa Rica. The results indicated that different levels of specific application of the
proposed P,C&I exist, as a function of the particular context of each site, of its purpose and of its
management state. In both cases, the management dimension performed the best in the field studies,
with a high percentage of parameters accepted without modification, while in the biological dimension,
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a high percentage of indicators had to be modified or rejected. Among the parameters that all the three
dimensions conformed to, a few existed that were qualified as very relevant and universal. Based on
this, it is hoped that all initiatives to establish biological corridors comply with these parameters.
However, it is recommended that this standard, as well as the ranking system for each indicator, be
developed further and tested in other ecological, social and institutional contexts, to facilitate the
separation of generic or universal parameters from site-specific ones.
Publicación no.: 158 Efectos de borde en la vegetación de remanentes de bosque muy húmedo
tropical en el norte de Costa Rica, y sus implicaciones para el manejo de la conservación [Edge effects
on remnant vegetation of very humid tropical forest in Northern Costa Rica, and their implications for
conservation and management] / Forero-Molina, A; Finegan, Bryan; Kanninen, Markku; DelgadoRodríguez, Luis Diego. (Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza. Area de Manejo de
Bosques Tropicales y Conservación de la Biodiversidad, Turrialba 7170, CR <E-mail:
The present study aimed at detecting edge effects on the composition, structure and diversity of five
very humid tropical forest remnants with and without disturbance due to timber harvesting, located in a
pastureland matrix. Edges were formed more than 20 years ago. The work was carried out in the canton
of Sarapiquí, Heredia Province, Costa Rica, in a zone of low to moderate fertility soils. Thirty-six
permanent samples plots (PSPs) of 0.2 ha were established, with 9 PSPs per fragment, distributed in
transects of three plots, located in the forest edge, at 150 m from the edge, and at 300 m from the edge.
All stems 10 cm were measured, including lianas. Statistical analysis revealed higher abundance of
heliophytic species in the edge plots, both individually and as a guild, in diameter classes indicating their
origin after edge formation. There were no trends in richness, diversity and disturbance indicators (dead
trees, crown occupation by lianas, crown form) with respect to distance from the edge, except for
clandestinely logged trees, which were significantly more common in the edge plots. The results indicate
that these forest remnants retain most of the compositional and diversity characteristics during the first
three decades after formation of the forest-pastureland edges, and that there is an effective
recuperation of forest in edge habitats after their formation. However, silvicultural strategies suitable
for forest edges should be considered, in order to control natural disturbance resulting from mortality of
long-lived heliophytes, which otherwise may lead to deterioration of fragments through expansion of
edge conditions.
Publicación no.: 159 Water resources and regional land cover change in Costa Rica: Impacts and
economics [Recursos hídricos y cambio regional en la cobertura del suelo en Costa Rica: Impactos y
economía] / Sánchez-Azofeifa, Gerardo Arturo; Harriss, R.C; Storrier, A.L; De Camino-Beck, Tomás.
(University of Alberta. Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E3, CA
En: International Journal of Water Resources Development (ISSN 0790-0627), v. 18, no. 3, p. 409-424.
2002.
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This paper evaluates the relationships between sediment production, economic losses and land cover
change in Costa Rica. Results suggest that the relationship between sediment production and the
deterioration of land resources in Costa Rica is less understood than expected, and that new sediment
monitoring systems must be implemented in order to be able to detect the overall impact of tropical
deforestation and habitat fragmentation on sediment production. The results also indicate that the
correlation between economic losses due to flooding and landscape fragmentation can be counteracted
by promoting 'payment for environmental services' initiatives; a new concept that takes into
consideration the role that tropical ecosystems play in protecting the environment.
Publicación no.: 160 Dynamics of tropical deforestation around national parks: Remote sensing of
forest change on the Osa Peninsula of Costa Rica [Dinámica de la deforestación tropical alrededor de los
parques nacionales: Imágenes de satélite de cambio en el bosque en la Península de Osa de Costa Rica] /
Sánchez-Azofeifa, Gerardo Arturo; Rivard, Benoit; Calvo-Alvarado, Julio César; Moorthy, I. (University of
Alberta. Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Building 1-26, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E3, CA
<E-mail:
[email protected]>
<E-mail:
[email protected]>
<E-mail:
En: Mountain Research and Development (ISSN 0276-4741), v. 22, no. 4, p. 352-358. 2002.
National parks and biological reserves play an important role in counteracting the effects of tropical
deforestation in mountainous environments, a leading cause of biodiversity loss worldwide;
unfortunately, information is sparse on the nature, dynamics, and spatial dimension of land use and land
cover change processes that contribute to park vulnerability. This article assesses the current state of
landscape fragmentation and structure on the Osa Peninsula, Costa Rica, using Landsat Multispectral
Scanner and Thematic Mapper satellite scenes between 19 79 and 1997. The Osa Peninsula hosts the
Corcovado National Park, which contains the only protected region of Tropical Wet forest on the Pacific
slopes of Mesoamerica, including a significant number of species that are endemic, threatened, or new
to science. The level of isolation of the Corcovado National Park is based on the degree of ecosystem
degradation produced by frontal deforestation processes. Our results indicate that the proportion of the
Osa Peninsula covered by forest declined from 97% in 1979 to 91% in 1987 and to 89% by 1997. Total
forest area declined from 977 km2 in 1979 to 896 km2 by 1997. These results pose significant questions
regarding the effectiveness of current conservation efforts in this mountain biodiversity-rich area of
Mesoamerica.
Publicación no.: 161 Forest fragmentation hits insectivorous birds hard [La fragmentación del bosque
golpea fuerte a las aves insectívoras] / Sekercioglu, Cagan H. (Stanford University. Department of
Biological Sciences, Center for Conservation Biology, Stanford CA 94305-5020, US <E-mail:
En: Directions in Science (ISSN 1538-0033), v. 1, p. 62-64. 2002.
Habitats around the world, especially in the tropics, are being fragmented at a rapid rate, causing a t
tremendous loss of biodiversity [1]. For example, 12% of the approximately 10,000 bird species are
threatened with extinction in the next 10 to 100 years, and another 8% are near-threatened [2]. This
loss of species is likely to result in the collapse of significant ecosystem processes and free ecosystem
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services to people [3], such as pest control by insectivorous birds. Tropical forest insectivorous birds,
such as antbirds, woodcreepers, and wrens, present a good example of an important, species-rich group
of small, noncharismatic organisms who do not get much public attention, but whose demise may have
significant negative ecological and financial consequences. They are among the species most likely to go
extinct as a result of forest fragmentation [4] and their loss may result in insect pest outbreaks in
tropical forests and surrounding agricultural areas. Finding out the causes of the disappearance of
understory insectivores may help explain the disappearance of the other small, short-lived, and
specialized bird species that comprise the majority (65%) of threatened bird species in the world [5]. In a
recent study of the factors behind the disappearance of insectivorous birds in Costa Rican forest
fragments reported in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences [6], we provide evidence
that inter-fragment dispersal, rather than food limitation, may be the most critical factor for the
persistence of understory insectivorous birds in forest fragments. As in previous studies [4,7], small
forest fragments had significantly lower insectivore species diversity and abundance than more
extensive forest. However, our initial hypothesis - that the decline of insectivorous birds in forest
fragments is caused by an impoverished invertebrate prey base - was not supported by invertebrate
counts and examination of bird diet samples. Instead, the inability of understory insectivores to use the
non-forest matrix surrounding the fragments seemed to be the main reason for their decline. Few
studies have examined tropical bird communities along with their food resources [8,9] and studies on
the effects of forest fragmentation on understory insectivorous birds through changes in prey
availability have been few and limited to the temperate zone[ 10,11]. Ours is the first study to
investigate the effects of forest fragmentation on a bird community, along with bird diet and prey
availability. In the two temperate forest studies [10,11], increased invertebrate abundance in larger
forest fragments was positively correlated with the reproductive performance of the two understory
insectivorous bird species studied. Karr and Brawn [8], on the other hand, could not find a clear
relationship between the abundance of understory arthropods and understory insectivorous birds in
Panama. They concluded that the habitat associations of these birds were not solely food-resource
mediated, and that a combination of factors, such as microclimate, predation, and food availability,
determine the habitat associations of bird species and guilds. Our results are consistent with the findings
of Karr and Brawn [8]. Invertebrate prey abundance, biomass, and composition, both in habitats
(106,082 invertebrates sampled) and in bird diet (735 diet samples obtained non-lethally with the use of
antimony potassium tartarate) were not significantly different between small forest fragments and the
more extensive Las Cruces forest. However, the sampling of over 2,300 birds with mist nets revealed
that the abundance and species richness of understory insectivorous birds were significantly lower in
small fragments. Abundance and species richness of birds in other guilds, such as granivores,
nectarivores, and omnivores, did not differ or were greater in small fragments. The limited dispersal
capabilities of understory insectivores [4,12] may be the most important reason behind their sensitivity
to fragmentation. Insectivorous birds were significantly underrepresented in the non-forest matrix
surrounding our forest fragments. The opposite was true for other guilds, such as granivores,
nectarivores, and omnivores. Therefore, we concluded that weak dispersal across non-forest habitats,
not limited prey availability, is the main reason behind the disappearance of many insectivorous species
from forest fragments around Las Cruces. Tropical understory insectivorous birds and many other
species that are not good at dispersing through non-forest habitats are more likely to go extinct in forest
fragments as a result of increased nest predation and demographic stochasticity [13]. Even though
tropical forest fragments may have high overall bird diversity, as observed in many studies including
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ours, some groups will be far more susceptible to extinction than others. Consequently, we need to
investigate the effects of fragmentation on a group-by-group basis and not just rely on overall
biodiversity. Facilitating animal dispersal across agricultural tropical countryside by planting vegetation
corridors between forest fragments and by improving agricultural practices (such as emphasizing shade
coffee over sun coffee) will promote the conservation of biodiversity in this extensive but oftenneglected habitat. The preservation of the biodiversity of ecologically significant groups, such as
insectivorous birds, will ensure the continuity of their contribution to ecosystem processes and services,
such as control of insect pests. Insect outbreaks in forests and surrounding agricultural areas are likely if
no insectivorous birds remain in forest fragments. This will have significant negative ecological and
financial consequences for local people, not to mention the intrinsic, priceless value of the biodiversity
that is being lost.
Publicación no.: 162 Distribution of ground-dwelling arthropods in tropical countryside habitats
[Distribución de artrópodos que viven en el suelo en hábitats del paisaje tropical] / Goehring, David M;
Daily, Gretchen C; Sekercioglu, Cagan H. (Stanford University. Department of Biological Sciences, Center
for Conservation Biology, Stanford CA 94305-5020, US <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail:
[email protected]><E-mail: [email protected]>).
En: Journal of Insect Conservation (ISSN 1366-638X), v. 6, p. 83-91. 2002.
The future of biodiversity depends to a great extent on the conservation value of human-dominated and
seminatural habitats. In a mixed agricultural landscape in southern Costa Rica, we compared the
richness and composition of terrestrial arthropod communities occurring in three habitat types along a
gradient of increasing disturbance: in a large (227 ha) forest fragment, small (3.8-5.3 ha) forest
fragments, and sun coffee (1-3 ha) plantations. Pitfall trap sampling revealed decreasing morphospecies
richness with increasing disturbance. Moreover, the number of species unique to a habitat type was
lower in the smaller forest fragments and the coffee sites. We found significant changes in community
composition associated with habitat at the levels of order (all arthropods). family (beetles). and
morphospecies (carabids, scarabs, and ants). We identified no significant correlation of richness among
the taxonomic orders, meaning these taxa are unable to serve as biodiversity indicators (for each other
or for all arthropods) in the study region. Arthropod diversity presently found in countryside habitats is
certainly lower, and perhaps less sustainable, than that of the extensive forested habitats fragmented
40 years ago. It nonetheless remains substantial, suggesting a conservation opportunity in humandominated landscapes of the tropics.
Publicación no.: 163 Distance, dynamics, and diversity in tropical rainforests: an experimental
approach using foliicolous lichens on artificial leaves. I. Growth performance and succession
[Distancia, dinámica y diversidad en bosques lluviosos tropicales: un enfoque experimental utilizando
líquenes foliícolas en hojas artificiales. I. Comportamiento del crecimiento y sucesión] / Lücking, Robert;
Bernecker-Lücking, Andrea. (Universität Bayreuth. Lehrstuhl für Pflanzensystematic, D 95447 Bayreuth,
DE <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected] ulm.de> <E-mail:
En: Ecotropica (ISSN 0949-3026), v. 8, no. 1, p. 1-13. 2002.
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An experimental approach using artificial leaves of Ocotea atirrensis was designed to test the effect of
niche fragmentation (distance) and intermediate disturbances (dynamics) on diversity patterns of
foliicolous lichens. The long term experiment in Costa Rica was first surveyed after 36 months, with the
observations being presented here. Foliicolous lichens grew well on the artificial leaves, and community
parameters such as species richness, diversity, specific abundance, and successional patterns closely
resembled those on natural leaves. As diaspore traps, the artificial leaves had a homogenizing effect,
leading to a very uniform but rich foliicolous lichen flora, with a total of 109 species detected on 99
analysed leaves and an average of 29 species per leaf on those leaves exposed for the entire period of
36 months. Almost all taxa that grew on natural leaves in the same environment were present on the
artificial leaves, with the notable exception of those species of Strigula growing subcuticularly, which
artificial substrata seem to exclude. At the selected scale, niche fragmentation, i.e., increased spatial
distance between individual leaves, tended to increase diversity within the experimental set ups (groups
of five leaves each), probably due to enhanced stochastic effects by diaspore dispersal via small scale
rain splash. However, intermediate disturbances, simulated by individual leaf replacement within an
experimental set up, caused a decrease in diversity. This is explained by the fact that after 36 months,
succession is still approaching a high diversity phase, and any replacement of individual leaves in this
stage with new, uncolonized leaves will naturally decrease diversity.
Publicación no.: 164 Strategy for monitoring the management of protected areas in Central America
[Estrategia para monitorear el manejo de áreas protegidas en Centroamérica] / Courrau, J.A. (The
Nature Conservancy's PROARCA/CAPAS Project, P.O. Box 230-1225, San José, CR). First Workshop for the
Monitoring of Protected Areas in Central America, Tegucigalpa HNMay 12-13, 1997. , 1999. 68 p.
Introduction: This strategy was developed during a workshop organized and carried out in Tegucigalpa,
Honduras, by PROARCA/CAPAS (Programa Ambiental Regional para Centroamérica / Central American
Protected Area System), in coordination with the Executive Secretariat of the Central American Council
of Protected Areas and Forests (CCAB-AP). The principal objective of the workshop was to develop the
components of a monitoring strategy for Central American protected areas. This tool should fulfill some
basic requirements that were agreed upon at the beginning of the event. These requirements included:
simplicity, low cost, short time necessary for generating data and that excellent management of
protected areas would be promoted. Due to the lack of a tool of this kind, once it was validated in the
field, it should be adopted at the regional level as a monitoring strategy for Central American protected
areas. The workshop consisted of participatory sessions where different components were developed
for the monitoring strategy of Central American protected areas. Moreover, special attention and detail
was given to the component of criteria and indicators. The strategy generated as a product of the
workshop contains the following components: the desired scenario for the protected area, areas of
analysis, factors that characterize each area, the criteria for each factor, and the indicators for each
criteria. Conceptually the strategy is based on the method developed by The Nature Conservancy (TNC)
known as "Scorecards: Consolidation Criteria". This method has been applied in protected areas of Latin
America included within the Endangered Parks Program of TNC for two consecutive years and has
proved to be very simple in its application, yet valuable for the information generated and the
comparability of that information across time, which is a very important factor for monitoring. On the
other hand, the strategy has benefited from the conceptual contribution and experience of the Central
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American professionals participating in the workshop. The monitoring strategy has been validated in
different pilot protected areas in Central America. In Costa Rica it was initially applied to the Volcán Poás
National Park, the Volcán Irazú National Park, the Braulio Carrillo National Park, the Guayabo National
Monument, and the Grecia Forest Reserve. In Guatemala it was applied in the Cerro San Gil. In Honduras
it was applied once in the Río Plátano Biosphere Reserve. In Panama it has been applied in various
protected areas. In El Salvador it was applied in the Montecristo National Park. In Belize it was applied in
the protected areas managed by the Belize Audubon Society such as Crooked Tree and the Cockscomb
Wildlife Sanctuaries. Moreover, the strategy has been adopted at a national level in Costa Rica for all its
protected areas. Panama will also be adopting this strategy at a national level. Many people, especially
officials from the protected areas of different Central American countries, have reviewed, analyzed and
improved the present strategy during the different measurement sessions that have been carried out.
PROARCA/CAPAS offers an effusive thanks to all of those persons that have dedicated time and interest
for the improvement of the management of Central American protected areas.
Publicación no.: 165 Countryside biogeography of tropical butterflies [Biogeografía de paisaje de
mariposas tropicales] / Horner-Devine, M.C; Daily, Gretchen C; Ehrlich, Paul R; Boggs, Carol L. (Stanford
University. Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Conservation Biology, 371 Serra Mall, Stanford,
CA 94305-5020, US <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail:
En: Conservation Biology (ISSN 0888-8892), v. 17, no 1, p. 168-177. 2003.
Although most conservation efforts focus on preserving biodiversity in relatively pristine ecosystems, we
investigated possible conservation opportunities in human-dominated landscapes. We evaluated
butterfly diversity in a tropical countryside that was converted about four decades ago from continuous
forest to a mosaic of coffee farms, pasture, and forest fragments. We compared the butterfly fauna in
coffee plantations with that in a forest remnant, the Las Cruces Reserve (227 ha). We used coffee
plantation sites located "near" (2.5 km) and 'far" (6 km) from the large forest remnant to test the effects
of distance from the remnant on butterfly diversity. We also tested the effects of immediately adjacent
habitat by selecting coffee plantation sites that were either contiguous with "small" (2.5-9.5 ha) forest
fragments (coffee/forest) or lacking adjacent forest (coffee). Both coffee/forest and coffee habitats near
the Las Cruces Reserve differed from those far from the reserve in species composition but not in
species richness. Overall, coffee/forest habitats had significantly higher mean species richness and
higher mean abundance of species than coffee and reserve sites. Further, butterflies with narrow
geographic ranges were less likely to be found in coffee plantations than were those with larger
geographic ranges. Area of forest cover within a radius of 50 to 100 m of the sampling site was
significantly correlated with species richness of frugivorous butterflies during the dry season but was not
correlated with richness of frugivorous butterflies in the wet season or of non-frugivorous butterflies in
either season. Nonetheless, species richness of frugivorous and non-frugivorous butterflies was
positively correlated overall; thus, frugivorous butterflies may be good indicators of the status of the
entire butterfly community in a region. Our work suggests that small, isolated forest fragments may help
retain butterfly diversity in the tropical countryside and increase the conservation value of agricultural
landscapes. Relatively large tracts of forest remain important, however, because they maintain rare and
endemic species.
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Publicación no.: 166 Effects of forest fragmentation and flowering phenology on the reproductive
success and mating patterns of the tropical dry forest tree Pachira quinata [Bombacopsis quinata]
[Efectos de la fragmentación de bosques y la fenología de floración sobre el éxito reproductivo y los
patrones de apareamiento de Pachira quinata, un árbol de bosque tropical seco [Bombacopsis quinata]]
/ Fuchs-Castillo, Eric J; Lobo-Segura, Jorge A; Quesada-Avendaño, Mauricio. (Universidad de Costa Rica.
Escuela de Biología, San José, CR <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]>
En: Conservation Biology (ISSN 0888-8892), v. 17, no 1, p. 149-157. 2003.
The results of several studies suggest that forest fragmentation affects the mating patterns and
reproductive success of tropical tree species by reducing pollinator activity, pollen deposition, and
outcrossing levels. The flowering synchrony of trees has also been proposed as an additional factor in
controlling fruit set and regulating levels of outcrossing, particularly in disturbed habitats. We examined
the effects of forest fragmentation and flowering phenology on the reproductive success and genetic
structure of the progeny produced by the tropical tree Pachira quinata. We conducted our study in the
dry forest of Costa Rica and compared trees in two density and environmental conditions: (1) isolated
trees separated by 500 m from other adult conspecifics and located in disturbed sites and (2) trees from
continuous populations of groups of 20 or more reproductive individuals per hectare surrounded by
undisturbed mature forest. Our study was conducted in the Guanacaste Conservation Area, Costa Rica,
and surrounding areas. To evaluate flowering phenology, trees were classified as having synchronous or
asynchronous flowering. The phenological stage of individuals was classified according to the proximity
of the peak flowering date of each tree with respect to the mean peak flowering of the rest of the
population. Six percent of the flowers produced a fruit in trees from continuous populations, whereas in
isolated trees only 3% of the flowers did so. Fruit set was not affected by the flowering phenology of
trees but was influenced mainly by factors associated with forest fragmentation. Seed production per
fruit was not affected by forest fragmentation or flowering phenology. Overall, total fruit production per
tree was not affected by forest fragmentation, because isolated trees tended to produce more flowers
than trees from continuous populations. Genetic analysis revealed that the progeny of trees from
continuous populations experienced lower levels of relatedness, a tendency for higher levels of
outcrossing, and/ or more sires than isolated trees. Our results suggest that forest fragmentation can
have an effect on the mating patterns of P. quinata, reducing the number of outcross sires represented
in the progeny of isolated trees.
Publicación no.: 167 Spatial methods for characterising land cover and detecting land-cover changes
for the tropics [Métodos espaciales para caracterizar la cobertura vegetal y detectar los cambios en la
misma para los trópicos] / Read, J.M; Lam, N.S.N. (Syracuse University. Maxwell School, Department of
Geography, 144 Eggers Hall, Syracuse, NY 13210, US <E-mail: [email protected]>).
En: International Journal of Remote Sensing (ISSN 0143-1161), v. 23, no. 12, p. 2457-2474. 2002.
Characterizing land cover and detecting land cover changes using spatial methods is an area of research
that has been attracting increasing attention recently. We compare performances of selected pattern
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recognition methods for characterizing different land covers using unclassified Landsat Thematic
Mapper (TM) data for a lowland site in northeastern Costa Rica. Two spatial statistics (fractal dimension,
using the isarithm and triangular prism surface area (TPSA) methods, and Moran's I index of spatial
autocorrelation) and selected landscape indices (Shannon's diversity index, contagion, and fractal
dimension from perimeter/area) were investigated. Mean values of each metric for each cover type
were calculated for subset areas representing forest, agriculture, pasture, and scrub, for all seven
Landsat-TM bands and the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). Fractal dimension (DTPSA)
and Moran's I were found to be useful for characterizing spatial complexity of Landsat-TM data, whereas
the standard landscape indices were not. Values of DTPSA decreased along a gradient of increasing
human disturbance: old-growth forest-scrub-pasture-agriculture. These results can be further applied
locally using moving windows for change detection in global environmental change studies. Moreover,
in this information era characterized by increasingly abundant imagery, these spatial statistics could
serve as metadata for content-based data mining of imagery.
Publicación no.: 168 Countryside biogeography of tropical herbaceous plants [Biogeografía de plantas
herbáceas tropicales de la campiña] / Mayfield, Margaret M; Daily, Gretchen C; Ehrlich, Paul R.
(University of California at Santa Barbara. Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Sciences, Santa
Barbara, CA 93106-9610, US <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail:
[email protected]>). Annual Meeting of the Ecological Society of America. 87th, and Annual
International Conference of the Society for Ecological Restoration. 14Th, abstracts, Tucson, AR USAugust
04-09, 2002.
En: Ecological Society of America Annual Meeting Abstracts, v. 87, p. 206. 2002.
(Abstract only). Increasing amounts of information indicate that a substantial proportion of forestaffiliated animals occur commonly outside extensive tropical forest, in agricultural landscapes. Little is
known about the persistence of forest plants in these heterogeneous, countryside habitats. Herbaceous
plants directly contribute to native biodiversity and are crucial to the permeability and quality of
countryside habitats for native animal life. We surveyed herbaceous plant diversity in 8 common
countryside habitat types in southern Costa Rica: pasture, near and far from extensive forest,
hedgerows near and far from forest, stream edges within and far from forest, and tree-fall gaps within
and at the edge of forest. 850 species from 80 angiosperm families were found in our study. Forest sites
had significantly higher species richness and significantly lower average species abundance than pasture
or hedgerow sites. Preliminary results indicate that up to 80 % of the plant families and 60 % of species
in this study are found in both forest and pasture habitats. The majority of these cosmopolitan species
occur in forest tree-fall gaps, pasture-stream edges and near forest edges. Patterns are very taxonspecific, with the Asteraceae and Melastomataceae representing the most cosmopolitan families. Only
about 15 % of families are restricted to forested sites. These results are promising for conservation
prospects, but should be interpreted with caution. Ongoing intensification of land use threatens to
diminish the conservation value of human dominated tropical countryside.
Publicación no.: 169 Species diversity and community composition of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in
tropical forest fragments and adjacent pastures [Diversidad de especies y composición de la comunidad
de hongos micorrízicos en fragmentos de bosque tropical y potreros adyacentes] / Aldrich-Wolfe, Laura.
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(Kansas State University. Division of Biology, Ackert Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506, US <E-mail:
[email protected]>). Annual Meeting of the Ecological Society of America. 87th, and Annual International
Conference of the Society for Ecological Restoration. 14Th, abstracts, Tucson, AR USAugust 04-09, 2002.
En: Ecological Society of America Annual Meeting Abstracts, v. 87, p. 61. 2002. (Abstract only).
Conversion of forest to pasture has been hypothesized to lead to declines in species richness and
abundance of mycorrhizal fungi species. Evidence for such declines is currently ambiguous. In this study,
I compared species diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi for three pairs of forest fragment and
adjacent pasture sites in a coffee farming community in Coto Brus, southern Costa Rica. I determined
species diversity of AM fungi by both direct assessment of field-collected soil samples and estimates
from -trap cultures in the greenhouse. Results suggest conversion of forest to pasture produces shifts in
abundances of many AM fungi species rather than general declines. Species richness of AM fungi was
similar in pasture and forest sites, despite the depauperate nature of the pasture plant community
relative to that of forest. While some AM fungi species were common in both forest and pasture sites,
others were abundant in one vegetation type and rare or absent in the other. These results suggest
pasture plants support a AM fungi community that may be at least as species-rich as that of forested
sites, but that differs in its composition. Inoculations of seedlings of a tropical forest tree with the
divergent communities indicate that forest AM fungi provide a growth benefit to seedlings, while
pasture AM fungi do not. Consequences of this shift in AM fungi species composition for forest
regeneration need to be examined.
Publicación no.: 170 Justificación biológica para el establecimiento del Parque Nacional Maquenque,
Costa Rica: Corredor Biológico San Juan-La Selva / Monge-Arias, Guisselle; Chassot, Olivier; LópezVargas, R; Chaves-Kiel, Henry. (Centro Científico Tropical. Proyecto de Investigación y Conservación de la
Lapa Verde (Ara ambiguus), Corredor Biológico San Juan-La Selva, Apdo. 8-3870, 1000 San José, CR <Email: [email protected]>). San Pedro de Montes de Oca: Centro Científico Tropical, 2002. 40 p.
La Zona Norte de Costa Rica alberga el último hábitat de conexión viable relativamente poco
desarrollado que permite mantener la continuidad del Corredor Biológico Mesoamericano entre
Nicaragua y Costa Rica. Sin embargo, el pequeño tamaño y el incremento de la degradación y
aislamiento del bosque dentro de esta región, amenaza seriamente esa conectividad ecológica, así como
también la viabilidad de una biodiversidad regional única: el conjunto de un bosque biológicamente rico,
dominado por el almendro (Dipteryx panamensis), el cual no está representado en ningún Parque
Nacional o área protegida de Costa Rica. La región entre la Cordillera Volcánica Central, y el Río San Juan
alberga varias especies en peligro de extinción, incluyendo la lapa verde, el gaspar y el manatí. Las metas
de protección del Corredor Biológico San Juan-La Selva se basan en gran parte en los resultados de la
investigación biológica sobre el uso del hábitat por la lapa verde, una especie que habita los bosques de
almendro de América Central. Además de usar extensos rangos hogareños, la lapa verde se dispersa
desde las bajuras hacia bosques más elevados conectados con su hábitat reproductivo. Estableciendo un
área núcleo de bosque natural protegido que mantiene la conectividad con los ecosistemas que lo
rodean como se requiere para sostener una población viable de lapas, también se protegerá la
biodiversidad del área. La iniciativa del Corredor San Juan-La Selva pretende consolidar el hábitat en un
Parque Nacional mientras quese promueve el desarrollo sostenible de las comunidades aledañas a
través de la certificación forestal, el apoyo en conservación y la aplicación de incentivos financieros para
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los servicios ambientales n tierras privadas. Tales incentivos influencian fuertemente las tendencias de
uso de tierra en esta región y deberán ser expandidos para promover un verdadero uso sostenible de los
recursos del bosque. Los propietarios de tierras están dispuestos a modificar el uso de la tierra cuando
hay incentivos financieros; sin embargo, para ser más efectivos biológicamente, los programas
existentes de incentivos deben ser expandidos y clarificados para habilitar la participación de los
propietarios de tierras. Se establecerá un programa de educación ambiental complementario, enfocado
hacia la enseñanza tanto de conceptos básicos de biología como de políticas de conservación; esto con
el propósito de combinar el aprendizaje dentro y alrededor del propuesto Parque Nacional Maquenque.
El tamaño y la localización del propuesto Parque Nacional Maquenque y del Corredor biológico que lo
rodea, están basados en la información científica que identifica el hábitat de mayor valor para la
biodiversidad, con particular énfasis en el hábitat de anidación de la lapa verde y en los humedales
necesarios para el manatí. El Corredor conectará hábitats claves y corredores de vida silvestre
documentados para prevenir el aislamiento de especies y ecosistemas nativos de esos hábitats. La
creación del nuevo Parque Nacional en la zona norte de Costa Rica diversificará la economía local,
creando oportunidades en un área económicamente en depresión, que actualmente depende de
actividades forestales y agrícolas potencialmente limitadas. Los ríos escénicos de esta área, los ricos
recursos biológicos, y la hospitalidad de pequeños pueblos, son las atracciones que contribuirán a un
ecoturismo de pequeña escala. El proceso de evaluación del éxito ecológico de la iniciativa se llevará a
cabo por medio de un monitoreo biológico, usando especies focales como indicadores del estado del
ecosistema del Parque Nacional y del Corredor. El componente del monitoreo biológico evaluará y
comunicará cuán bien está sirviendo el Corredor a las necesidades ecológicas del área. Como la
población de Costa Rica reconoce cada vez más que las especies como la lapa verde y el manatí son
símbolos de su herencia natural, el apoyo nacional al Corredor Biológico Mesoamericano incrementará
al estar este protegiendo poblaciones viables de estas especies. La implementación del Corredor
Biológico San Juan-La Selva a través de la compra de tierra selectiva y de un esfuerzo para registrar
propietarios en el programa de pago por servicios ambientales tendrá mayores compensaciones en
términos de conservación biológica como de valor del compromiso del pueblo de Costa Rica para
conservar su excepcional y rica herencia natural.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: AD 474. NBINA-2948.
Publicación no.: 171 Avian frugivores and seed input in regenerating forests on cattle pastures in
southern Costa Rica [Aves frugívoras y diseminación de semillas en la regeneración de bosques en
potreros en el sur de Costa Rica] / Werner, Frederick Reuben. (Cornell University. Department of Natural
Resources, Ithaca, NY 14851, US <E-mail: [email protected]>). International Symposium-Workshop on
Frugivores and Seed Dispersal: Biodiversity and Conservation Perspectives. III, São Pedro, São Paulo, BR,
August 6-11, 2000, p. 280.
Regeneration of young secondary growth on pastures or other degraded areas in the Neotropics has
been shown to increase the local diversity and abundance of birds. The seed dispersal activity of these
birds can in turn accelerate forest succession, thus creating a positive feedback loop between natural
forest regeneration and the avian frugivore community. I sampled birds and their seed load in six fixedage forest regeneration plots in southern Costa Rica. The plots consist of large cattle exclosures
containing six-year-old secondary growth on pastures adjacent to mature forest fragments. Mist-net
data is supplemented with direct observations using a modified area search methodology. I collected
seeds from fecal samples of netted birds to determine the quantity and species composition of seed
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input provided by the assemblage of avian frugivores. Data from the forest regeneration plots are
compared with data collected simultaneously in adjacent pastures to determine the degree to which
avian activity and seed input changes with secondary forest succession.
Publicación no.: 172 Monitoring protected area management in Central America: a regional approach
[Monitorización del manejo de áreas protegidas en Centroamérica: un enfoque regional] / Courrau, J.A.
(The Nature Conservancy's PROARCA/CAPAS Project, P.O. Box 230-1225, San José, CR).
En: Parks (ISSN 0960-233X), v. 9, no. 2, p. 56-60. 1999.
This paper outlines the system of monitoring protected area management developed by The Nature
Conservancy as part of the PROARCA/CAPAS project. Indicators organized in five different areas (social,
administrative, natural resources management, political-legal and economic-financial) form the central
component of the system. The system is currently being implemented in all the protected areas of
Panama and Costa Rica and also in pilot sites in Nicaragua, El Salvador, Guatemala and Belize. The
system is expected to be adopted by more protected areas in the near future.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: P. NBINA-8198.
Publicación no.: 173 Estudio de la migración del quetzal, Pharomachrus mocinno / Powell, George V.N;
Bjork, Robin D; Avila-Hernández, M.L. (World Wildlife Fund, 1250 24th Street nw, Washington, D.C.
20037, US <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]>). Congreso de Ornitología Tropical.
IV, Quito, EC, 3-9 Nov., 1991. Quito: Corporación Ornitológica del Ecuador / Pontificia Universidad
Católica del Ecuador, p. irr.
(Abstract only). El quetzal Pharomachrus mocinno, es un trogónido que habita en los bosques de niebla
del sureste de México y Centroamérica, y que migra altitudinalmente fuera de las zonas de anidación.
Los objetivos de este estudio son: Determinar los movimientos migratorios y hábitats críticos del quetzal
en la Reserva Biológica Bosque Nuboso Monteverde, Costa Rica, C. A. y en la Reserva de la Biosfera El
Triunfo, Chiapas, México. Así como determinar parámetros reales en la delimitación y zonificación de
áreas boscosas en ambas reservas, usando a la especie y su ecología como indicador biológico. La
investigación está siendo realizada desde 1989 en Costa Rica y 1991 en México, aplicando la técnica de
radiotelemetría y métodos de observación conductuales, realizando a la vez observaciones sobre la
fenología de los árboles de los cuales se alimenta el quetzal. Hasta la fecha se han capturado y colocado
radios a 28 quetzales en Costa Rica y 4 en México, observándose en C. Rica que los quetzales migran 2
veces al año, la primera en Agosto, moviéndose hacia la vertiente del Pacífico a 100 m. de altitud de
diferencia, y la segunda en Noviembre, hacia la vertiente del Atlántico, a 500 m. de altitud de diferencia,
volando en ambos casos hacia zonas fuera de las áreas protegidas. En México se ha observado que los
quetzales se desplazan hacia la vertiente del Pacífico, con una diferencia de 800 m de altitud, y hacia la
vertiente del Atlántico, con una diferencia de 700 m de altitud. migrando a zonas fuera de la zona núcleo
de la Reserva.
Publicación no.: 174 Estado de fragmentación del hábitat para el desplazamiento del mono congo
(Alouatta palliata) y sus efectos sobre la variabilidad genética en tropas de esta especie en el Área de
Conservación Tempisque, Costa Rica / Quan-Rodas, Claudia Lorena. (Universidad Nacional. Instituto
Internacional en Manejo y Conservación de Vida Silvestre, Apdo. 1350-3000, Heredia, CR <E-mail:
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[email protected]>). Heredia: Universidad Nacional, 2002. 80 p. Tesis, Mag. Sc. en Conservación
y Manejo de Vida Silvestre, Universidad Nacional, Sistema de Estudios de Posgrado, Programa Regional
en Manejo de Vida Silvestre para Mesoamérica y el Caribe, Heredia (Costa Rica).
Habitat fragmentation is currently one of the major threats to wildlife populations. This process can
reduce the genetic flow in isolated populations, increase endogamy levels and therefore a progressive
loss of adaptive value. The objectives of this thesis are to describe the habitat fragmentation in the
Tempisque Conservation Area (TCA) and to measure the effects of this process on the genetic variability
of howler monkey (Alouatta palliata) troops that live in this region. GIS methodology was used for the
landscape description. Two microsatellite loci were evaluated for 22 individuals in five locations of a
continuous and relatively large habitat, as well as for 14 individuals in 5 locations of forest fragments
outside protected areas. The habitat in the TCA is severely fragmented and consists mainly of gentle
slope areas that are well suited for the development of productive activities. The main remaining forests
are found in zones with steep slopes and in most cases coincide with protected areas or proposed
corridors and Special Protection Zones. In fragmented zones, the howler monkey troops have less
genetic flow and diversity compared to troops in large forest areas like Palo Verde National Park. The
results show that natural and anthropic barriers exist for the dispersion of the howlers. Gallery forests
act as natural corridors through the landscape, therefore its protection and enrichment is very
important for primates in this habitat. The fragmentation processes and the loss of genetic diversity
could put at risk the survival of howlers in TCA in the medium or long term. However, the howlers' great
adaptability and ability to recover after declines can help to maintain its populations if adequate
management activities are implemented. In this study some recommendations are offered in this
regard.
Publicación no.: 175 Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación: Parques nacionales y otras áreas
silvestres protegidas de Costa Rica / Mena-Araya, Yadira; Artavia-Zamora, G. (Ministerio de Ambiente y
Energía. Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación; Equipo de Áreas Silvestres Protegidas, San José,
CR). San José: MINAE, 1998. 67 p.
La labor realizada en el país durante las últimas décadas en el campo de la conservación, es producto de
los esfuerzos compartidos por el Estado y la comunidad nacional, lo cual ha otorgado al país un
reconocimiento y una responsabilidad que exige afrontar con novedosos y eficientes planteamientos,
los retos del desarrollo sostenible para el próximo siglo. Con el establecimiento del Sistema Nacional de
Áreas de Conservación se propone resguardar los ecosistemas más sobresalientes, integrando los
gobiernos locales, empresa privada, organizaciones e individuos en las iniciativas de conservación de los
recursos naturales del país. En este documento se presentan los aspectos más relevantes sobre la
gestión del Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación, con la intención de satisfacer la demanda de
información requerida por la población estudiantil y otros interesados en el tema. Se describe el marco
conceptual y estructura de la nueva organización, y se resume la situación actual de las áreas silvestres
protegidas del país. El Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación (SINAC) surge como parte de un
proceso de modernización del esquema de gestión administrativo y de manejo de los recursos naturales
del país que se viene desarrollando desde el decenio de los setentas. La puesta en operación de este
enfoque ha implicado fuertes cambios conceptuales y administrativos, así como la formulación de los
cambios jurídicos necesarios para consolidar el SINAC. Este nuevo modelo de gestión está orientado a
satisfacer los requerimientos de una nueva administración de las áreas silvestres protegidas y a
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satisfacer las necesidades socioeconómicas de las comunidades aledañas a éstas, mediante su
integración al desarrollo regional. Las Áreas de Conservación sirven de enlace entre las organizaciones
locales y nacionales, en procura de un aprovechamiento racional de los recursos naturales disponibles y
la búsqueda de soluciones conjuntas a la problemática ambiental de la región. El fundamento de la
gestión del SINAC consiste en integrar, por una parte, las áreas silvestres protegidas a la sociedad por
medio de la producción de bienes y servicios, así como desarrollar los medios para que la sociedad
participe en la administración de las mismas. Por otra parte, fomenta el manejo de los recursos
naturales por parte del sector privado, organizaciones e individuos mediante el apoyo a iniciativas de
producción sostenibles que aseguren la conservación de los sistemas esenciales para la vida.
Publicación no.: 176 Perspectives for the integrated management of the Tempisque river basin, Costa
Rica [La cuenca del Río Tempisque: perspectivas para un manejo integrado] / Jiménez-Ramón, Jorge A
(ed.); González-Jiménez, Eugenio (ed.); Mateo-Vega, Javier (ed.). (Organización para Estudios Tropicales,
Apdo. 676-2050, San Pedro de Montes de Oca, CR <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail:
[email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]>). San José: Organización para Estudios Tropicales, 2001.
24 p. ISBN: 9968-9717-5-8.
Introduction: The Tempisque River Basin is one of the most beautiful landscapes of Costa Rica. It
contains an impressive diversity of environments that range from cloud forests in the summits of
volcanoes to swamps and marshes in the lower sections of the basin. This region is particularly
important due to the economic activities that are carried out within its boundaries. Tourism,
aquaculture and sugar cane and rice plantations have brought prosperity and employment to the area.
In addition, the cultural heritage of the basin is one of the richest in the country. The marked cultural
mix that originated in the XVI century has generated a strong identity among the people and resulted in
the emergence of a very interesting and colorful popular folklore. During the last decades, the
proliferation of tourism megaprojects and agricultural infrastructure have caused considerable impacts
on the region's natural systems, which already suffer from regular impacts caused by natural processes,
including floods and droughts. The development of infrastructure projects to control floods, as well as
the unrestrained extraction of superficial and groundwaters for irrigation threaten the ecological
integrity of the region. As a result, the appropriate management of the basin's waters is one of the most
pressing issues that this area currently faces, particularly considering that the productive capacity and
development of the region depend on this critical resource. The search for equilibrium between the
requirements of productive systems (i.e. in irrigation and flood protection) and the hydrologic needs of
ecological systems in the region (i.e. occasional floods and permanent flows), is one of the greatest
challenges faced in the basin. However, the most certain course of action seems to be the integration of
both necessities through the integrated management of the area. The opportunity to make this basin a
model of this approach will depend upon steps taken in the next few years. This publication summarizes
the discussions and presentations of two workshops held in the Palo Verde Biological Station in 2000.
Many of the discussions centered on water issues considered the unifying theme for the establishment
of a management process for the basin. However, the subsequent chapters also discuss the impacts of
the irrigation megaproject managed by SENARA, potential impacts of proposed dams and dikes,
uncontrolled extraction of water resources, lack of institutional coordination and limited public
participation in the basin. We hope that these discussions will help to initiate a political-social
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movement that should result in the implementation of an integrated management process in this
important basin. The country cannot afford the luxury of delaying such a critical course of action.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: 333.917 P467. NBINA-1185.
Publicación no.: 177 Forest cover assessment, fragmentation analysis and secondary forest detection
for the Chorotega Region, Costa Rica [Evaluación de la cobertura forestal, análisis de la fragmentación y
detección de bosques secundarios para la Región Chorotega, Costa Rica] / Arroyo-Mora, J. Pablo. (The
University of Connecticut, 75 N. Eagleville Road, Unit 3043, Storrs, CT 06269-3043, US <E-mail:
[email protected]>). Edmonton: University of Alberta, 2002. 111 p. ISBN: 0-612-69680-4. Thesis,
M.Sc., University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta (Canada).
A forest cover assessment for the Chorotega region, Costa Rica (2000) was carried out at the regional
and at the life zone levels using remote sensing and geographical information systems techniques. At
the regional level, forest represents 45.1% of the study area (mainly secondary growth). At the life zone
level, the tropical moist forest is the life zone with the largest forest area (58%). A forest fragmentation
analysis was performed to determine the composition and configuration of forest patches. This analysis
showed that fragmentation at the regional and life zone levels is the product of forest restoration rather
than forest division. Finally, a novel methodology integrating ecology and remote sensing was used to
map secondary growth within the Santa Rosa National Park, Costa Rica. By accurately mapping four
successional stages within the Santa Rosa National Park this analysis showed the advantage of
integrating both high and medium resolution satellite imagery.
Publicación no.: 178 Restoring tropical diversity: beating the time tax on species loss [Restaurando la
diversidad tropical: derrotando al "impuesto del tiempo" en pérdida de especies] / Martínez-Garza, C;
Howe, Henry F. (University of Illinois. Department of Biological Sciences, M-C 066,845 W Taylor St,
Chicago, IL 60607, US <E-mail: [email protected]).
1. Fragmentation of tropical forest is accelerating at the same time that already cleared land reverts to
secondary growth. Fragments inexorably lose deep-forest species to local extinction while embedded in
low-diversity stands of early successional pioneer trees. 2. Pasture matrices undergoing passive
secondary succession become a 'pioneer desert' from the vantage of remnant immigration, imposing a
'time tax' of loss of deep-forest plants from forest fragments. However, if seeds of deep-forest trees find
pastures, or seedlings are planted there, many will prosper. 3. Bypassing early domination of pioneer
trees in regenerating matrices, or enriching matrices with animal-dispersed forest trees, may stem the
loss of species from forest fragments and accelerate succession far from the edges of old forest. 4.
Synthesis and applications. Planting disperser-limited trees that establish in open ground may bypass
30-70 years of species attrition in isolated remnants by attracting animals that encourage normal
processes of seed dispersal into and out of the fragments. Development of criteria for selection of
persistent, reasonably rapidly growing, animal-dispersed species that are mixed with planted or
naturally arriving pioneers will be an important component of enrichment planting.
Publicación no.: 179 Seed predation in Neotropical pre-montane pastures: site, distance, and species
effects [Depredación de semillas en potreros neotropicales premontanos: Efectos de los sitios, distancias
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y especies] / Jones, F. Andrews; Peterson, Chris J; Haines, B.L. (University of Georgia. Department of
Botany, Athens, GA 30602, US <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail:
We studied patterns of removal and predation on seeds of ten plant species over two years in four
abandoned pastures adjacent to forest fragments in Costa Rica. We hypothesized that: (1) removal
within pastures would be greater nearest forest fragments and decline at farther distances; (2) removal
rates would be greater on smaller-seeded species; and (3) removal rates would differ among pastures.
We placed seeds of two species in three pastures in 1997 and eight species in two pastures during 1998.
In each pasture, removal was monitored at three distances from the forest edge. Rates of seed removal
in 1997 and 1998 were significantly greater 1-5 m from the forest than at 20 m distances, but removal
rates at the 40 m distance did not differ from the1-5 m distance. Rates of removal for both species were
low in 1997, although removal was significantly greater for the smaller-seeded species Sorocea
trophoides than for the large seeds of Nectandra sp. Removal rates differed significantly among pastures
for both species in 1997 and among pastures for five small-seeded species in 1998. No removal of three
large-seeded species was detected in 1998. Interspecific differences in seed removal rates were
consistent with the hypothesis that larger seeds are removed less in pastures than smaller seeds. While
some seed removal patterns appear predictable, species-specific variation in removal within and among
sites was substantial. Predator population densities and other among-pasture differences may also
influence patterns of spatial variation in seed predation.
Publicación no.: 180 The effects of forest fragment size and isolation on monkey density in a Costa
Rican tropical dry forest [Efectos del tamaño de la fragmentación del bosque y aislamiento en la
densidad de monos en un bosque seco tropical] / DeGama-Blanchet, Holly Noelle; Fedigan, Linda M.
(University of Calgary. Department of Anthropology, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, CA <E-mail:
[email protected]>). Annual Meeting of the American Society of Primatologists. 26th., University of
Calgary, Alberta, CA, July 29-August 2, 2003.
En: American Journal of Primatology (ISSN 0275-2565), v. 60, Suppl. 1, p. 57-58. 2003.
(Abstract only) This study examined the effects of forest fragment size and isolation on the density and
presence of white-faced capuchins (Cebus capucinus), mantled howling monkeys (Alouatta palliata) and
black-handed spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi), in tropical dry forest fragments. Line transects were
walked between January and June 2003 in three sectors of the megapark Área de Conservación
Guanacaste, Costa Rica. In accordance with previous studies on primates and with predictions made in
Island Biogeography Theory, I hypothesized that there would be larger primate populations and that
each primate species would be more likely to be found in larger fragments of forest. Secondly, I
predicted that these primate populations would be less likely to be found and their populations would
be smaller in more isolated patches. Lastly, this study explored how forest fragment age affected
primate density and how the primate population dynamics in the Park have changed since the las
transect surveys were conducted. The information gained from my study contributes to the small body
of knowledge on how primates survive in habitat fragments.
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Publicación no.: 181 Genetic variation of mantled howler monkeys (Alouatta palliata) from Costa Rica
[Variación genética de los monos congo (Alouatta palliata) de Costa Rica] / Zaldívar-Ruiz, María Eugenia;
Glander, Kenneth E; Rocha-Núñez, Oscar J; Aguilar, G; Vargas-Barrantes, Elida María; Gutiérrez-Espeleta,
Gustavo A; Sánchez-Porras, Ronald E. (Universidad de Costa Rica. Escuela de Biología, San José, CR <Email: [email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]> <Email: [email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]>).
We examined genetic diversity of howler monkeys (Alouatta palliata) from Costa Rica. Blood samples of
howler monkeys were collected at various locations in Costa Rica, and electrophoresis of total plasma
proteins yielded no variation. We also conducted starch gel electrophoresis of red cell isozymes and did
not find variation for any of the 4 loci analyzed (i.e., ACP, ADA, CA2, EST, GPI, IDH, LDH-1, LDH-2, MDH,
PGD, PGM-1, PGM-2, SOD, and TPI). These findings were compared with the levels of genetic variation
for A. seniculus and A. belzebul from one Brazilian population. Four of the 14 isozymes (ADA, GPI, PGD,
and SOD) showed more than one allele for these species. Both A. seniculus and A. belzebul from Brazil
showed similar levels of genetic variation. The potential causes of the low genetic variation in A. palliata
from Costa Rica are discussed.
Publicación no.: 182 La cuenca del río Savegre, un corredor biológico / Sánchez-Pérez, Julio E. (Museo
Nacional de Costa Rica. Departamento de Historia Natural, Apdo. 749-1000, San José, CR <E-mail:
En: Zeledonia (Costa Rica) (ISSN 1659-0732), v. 7, no. 1, p. 3, 40. 2003.
Al observar una fotografía de la cobertura boscosa, tomada desde un satélite, nos da tristeza de lo que
hemos hecho en pocos años con la naturaleza de nuestro país. Fácilmente notaremos en la vertiente
Pacífica una franja boscosa que se extiende desde las partes altas de Talamanca hasta el nivel del mar.
La cuenca del río Savegre se convierte así, en la única cuenca con una cobertura boscosa continua en
Costa Rica. Desde el páramo Bella Vista o Cerro de la Muerte (3491 msnm) hasta el nivel del mar, esta
cuenca de 590 km² constituye un clarísimo ejemplo de la rica biodiversidad neotropical. Estudios
realizados recientemente por el Museo Nacional lo demuestran, más de 2000 especies de plantas y 478
especies de aves. ¿Por qué esta diversidad biológica? El amplio gradiente altitudinal, regímenes de
temperatura y humedad diferentes y lo abrupto del terreno producen una gama de microclimas y
ambientes donde se desarrollan bosques de una gran complejidad florística y estructural que brindan
una variedad de recursos, que permiten una fina división de nichos, donde las especializaciones
ecológicas y de comportamiento hacen posible la coexistencia de una gran diversidad de especies de
aves. La cuenca del río Savegre está ubicada entre las dos áreas de mayor endemismo de aves del país:
las tierras altas de Talamanca y el bosque tropical del Pacífico Sur, lo cual le confiere a ésta un rango de
conservación, de importancia mundial. En todo el ámbito altitudinal encontramos especies endémicas,
además más de 30 especies realizan migraciones altitudinales estacionalmente, fenómenos que obligan
a la conservación de este corredor. Su relieve abrupto, más del 60% en la mayoría de su geografía es lo
que ha salvado a estos bosques y su fauna asociada de la piratería de los madereros. Paradójicamente
este relieve y su alta precipitación y consecuentemente su caudal de aguas es lo que ha hecho que esta
cuenca esté bajo la codiciosa mirada del ICE. Si en sólo 1,15% del territorio nacional existen 480 especies
de aves (más del 50% de especies de la avifauna) y 60 especies endémicas, es tarea de la AOCR propiciar
la conservación de esta cuenca.
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Localización: Biblioteca OET: Z.
Publicación no.: 183 New data on the distribution and abundance of Saimiri oerstedii citrinellus
[Nuevos datos sobre la distribución y abundancia de Saimiri oerstedii citrinellus] / Sierra, Claudine;
Jiménez-Pérez, Ignacio; Altrichter-Cateula, Mariana; Fernández-Morillo, Maria Teresa; Gómez-Bernal,
German Luis; González-Villalobos, Jorge A; Hernández-Soliz, César Augusto; Herrera-Rosales, Heydi
Maria; Jiménez, B; López-Arévalo, Hugo Fernando; Millán-Araujo, José Oswaldo; Mora-Cerdas, Geisel;
Tabilo-Valdivieso, Elier Lorenzo. (Apartado 73-3017, San Isidro de Heredia, CR <E-mail:
[email protected]> <E-mail).
En: Primate Conservation (ISSN 0898-6207), v. 19, p. 5-9. 2003. (No abstract).
Publicación no.: 184 Restoration of genetic diversity in the dry forest tree Swietenia macrophylla
(Meliaceae) after pasture abandonment in Costa Rica [Restauración de la diversidad genética en el
árbol del bosque seco Swietenia macrophylla (Meliaceae) luego del abandono de potreros en Costa Rica]
/ Céspedes-Castro, Maguil; Gutiérrez-Soto, Marco Vinicio; Holbrook, Noel Michele; Rocha-Núñez, Oscar
J. (Universidad de Costa Rica. Escuela de Biología, San Pedro de Montes de Oca, CR <E-mail:
En: Molecular Ecology (ISSN 0962-1083), v. 12, no. 12, p. 3201-3212. 2003.
We studied the levels of genetic diversity of Swietenia macrophylla (big leaf mahogany) in five
successional plots in the Santa Rosa National Park, Guanacaste, Costa Rica. We selected sites with
different lengths of time since the last major disturbance (typically fire): 6, 9, 15 and 20 years. In
addition, we also included a patch of mature forest that had experienced selective logging and other
human activity in the past 100 years. Genetic diversity was assessed using five polymorphic DNA
microsatellite loci. We found a total of 21 alleles in the five loci examined, in which the number of alleles
present varied among the five sites studied. Allelic diversity varied between sites ranging from 20 to 14
alleles, and our data revealed that earlier successional sites have more alleles than older sites. There
was significant heterogeneity in allele frequencies between sites; however, genetic differentiation
between populations was low (F-ST = 0.063) indicating that most of the variation was found within sites
and extensive gene flow between sites. In addition, our analysis also showed that genetic diversity of
adult trees does not solely determine the diversity of seedlings and saplings found around them, also
supporting the existence of extensive gene flow. The impact of these findings for the design of
conservation strategies for tropical dry forests trees is discussed.
Publicación no.: 185 Successful lizard eggs in a human-disturbed habitat [Éxito de los huevos de
lagartija en hábitats perturbados por el hombre] / Schlaepfer, M.A. (Cornell University. Department of
En: Oecologia (ISSN 0029-8549), v. 137, no. 2, p. 304-311. 2003.
As humans extend their influence to an increasingly large portion of the globe, it becomes of both
theoretical and practical interest to understand the consequences of our activities on wildlife
populations. Norops polylepis is a small anoline lizard native to rainforest of southern Costa Rica. It is
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also found and known to lay eggs in cattle pastures immediately adjacent to forest. I predicted that N.
polylepis eggs would fare poorly in pastures because of the important abiotic and biotic differences with
their native forest habitat. I obtained eggs from captive females and estimated an egg's probability of
hatching, daily survival rate, and incubation time at various distances along a forest-to-pasture gradient.
Contrary to expectation, egg survival rates were higher in pastures than in forest areas. Furthermore,
egg incubation times were significantly shorter in pastures than in their native forest. As a result, eggs
were at least as likely to hatch in pastures as in forested areas. Thus, pastures may represent a benign or
even beneficial habitat for the eggs of some reptile species. High survival of eggs will facilitate range
expansion into human-altered habitats such as pastures, but does not guarantee it. Indeed, pastures
could represent an ecological trap and a population sink if adults are drawn there (e.g., in search of
favorable ovipositioning sites) yet suffer higher mortality than in forests.
Publicación no.: 186 Ecological forecasts [Predicciones ecológicas] / Daily, Gretchen C. (Stanford
University. Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Conservation Biology, Stanford, CA 943055020, US <E-mail: [email protected]>).
En: Nature (ISSN 0028-0836), v. 411, p. 245. 2001. (No abstract).
Publicación no.: 187 Participación de nueve comunidades campesinas estratégicas en la gestión,
apropiación y reconstrucción del Corredor Biológico San Juan-La Selva / Chassot, Olivier (ed.); MongeArias, Guisselle (ed.); Chassot, D, (il.). (Centro Científico Tropical. Proyecto de Investigación y
Conservación de la Lapa Verde (Ara ambiguus), Corredor Biológico San Juan-La Selva, Apdo. 8-3870,
1000 San José, CR <E-mail: [email protected]>). San José: Librería e Imprenta Hnos. Segura S.A., 2003. 70 p.
La presente publicación resulta de una propuesta desarrollada por el Comité Ejecutivo del Corredor
Biológico San Juan-La Selva con financiamiento del Fondo Canje de Deuda Costa Rica-Canadá.
"Participacion de nueve comunidades campesinas estratégicas en la gestión, apropiación y
reconstrucción del Corredor Biológico San Juan-La Selva" es una propuesta que se implementó en las
comunidades de Boca San Carlos, Santa Rita, Boca Tapada, Quebrada Grande, Pangola, Golfito,
California Tico, Chilamate y Cristo Rey con el fin de contribuir al conocimiento y capacidad local en el
manejo sostenible de los recursos naturales y la protección de su ambiente. Si bien los objetivos fueron
ambiciosos .para una primera campaña con las comunidades del Corredor Biológico San Juan-La Selva,
las comunidades respondieron al llamado. Para favorecer la conservación efectiva de la biodiversidad en
el Corredor, es sumamente necesario desarrollar la capacitación y participación activa de las
comunidades, fortaleciendo la capacidad de las instancias locales, que además, deberían de integrar los
distintos sectores de la sociedad en la toma de decisiones sobre los rumbos a dar al Corredor Biológico
San Juan-La Selva. Mediante las visitas a las comunidades, la distribución de material divulgativo y
educacional del Corredor Biológico, se logró en parte que las comunidades se apropiaran de la iniciativa
y participaran en el desarrollo y la toma de decisiones correspondientes a dicha iniciativa. Durante las
visitas a las nueve comunidades, se realizaron una serie de entrevistas que constituyen la sustancia del
presente documento, como un esfuerzo de rescatar la cultura y la historia de cada comunidad visitada
con el afán de poder valorizar su propia experiencia en torno al Corredor Biológico y el uso de los
recursos naturales, además de poder compartir la experiencia con otras comunidades en los corredores
del país. El Comité Ejecutivo del Corredor Biológico San Juan-La Selva agradece a los pobladores de las
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nueve comunidades visitadas y espera tener la oportunidad de fortalecer la experiencia y de repetirla en
otras comunidades estratégicas usuarias de los recursos naturales del Corredor.
Publicación no.: 188 Breeding structure of neotropical dry-forest tree species in fragmented
landscapes [Estructura reproductiva de especies de árboles del bosque seco neotropical en paisajes
fragmentados] / Hamrick, James L; Apsit, Victoria Joan. (University of Georgia. Botany Department,
Athens, GA 30602, US <E-mail: [email protected]>).
En: Biodiversity conservation in Costa Rica: learning the lessons in a seasonal dry forest. Frankie, G.W;
Mata-Jiménez, A; Vinson, S.B., (eds.) Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2004. p. 31-37. ISBN: 0520-24103-7. (No abstract).
Localización: Biblioteca OET: 333.9516097286 b615.
Publicación no.: 189 Impact of global changes on the reproductive biology of trees in tropical dry
forests [Impacto de los cambios globales en la biología reproductiva de árboles en los bosques secos
tropicales] / Bawa, Kamaljit S. (University of Massachusetts. Department of Biology, 100 Morrissey Blvd,
Boston, MA 02125-3393, US <E-mail: [email protected]>).
En: Biodiversity conservation in Costa Rica: learning the lessons in a seasonal dry forest. Frankie, G.W;
Mata-Jiménez, A; Vinson, S.B., (eds.) Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2004. p. 38-47. ISBN: 0520-24103-7. (No abstract).
Localización: Biblioteca OET: 333.9516097286 b615.
Publicación no.: 190 Habitat linkages and the conservation of tropical biodiversity as indicated by
seasonal migrations of three-wattled Bellbirds [Conexiones de hábitat y la conservación de la
biodiversidad tropical indicada por migraciones estacionales de los pájaros campana (Procnias
tricarunculata)] / Powell, George V.N; Bjork, Robin D. (World Wildlife Fund, 1250 24th Street NW,
Washington, D.C. 20037, US <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]>).
Using radiotelemetry, we discovered that the Three-wattled Bellbird (Procnias tricarunculata), one of
Central America's largest frugivorous birds, has the most complex migratory pattern yet recorded for a
tropical species. The annual migration cycle included 2- to 5-month stopovers in four distinct life zones:
two middle-elevation and two lowland sites separated by as much as 200 km. We captured and radiotagged bellbirds during 4 years between July and September in middle-elevation forest fragmentsof the
Pacific slope, 6 km from Monteverde in the Tilarán mountain range of north-central Costa Rica. These
habitats, which exist almost exclusively as small, isolated fragments on private farms, are poorly
represented (2%) in Costa Rica's system of protected areas. During September and October, the
bellbirds migrated from this site to the northeast into the lowland Atlantic forest of southeastern
Nicaragua and northeastern Costa Rica. In Costa Rica these habitats have been heavily fragmented. In
Nicaragua they remain intact but are highly threatened. In November and December, the bellbirds
migrated from these Atlantic forests to heavily modified, little-protected forests along the Pacific coast
of southwestern Costa Rica, where they remained until March. Here, most individuals utilized forest
remnants and second growth on private property. In March the Bellbirds moved from the coastal areas
to middle-elevation (1000-1800 m) moist forest on the Atlantic slope of the Tilarán mountains sites,
where they bred. In June and July, they left the breeding area and moved back across the continental
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divide of the Tilarán Mountains to return to the middle-elevation Pacific slopes where they had been
captured. Our findings demonstrate the complicated ecological integration of geographically dispersed
tropical ecosystems and the need for comprehensive conservation strategies that include
representation of the full array of regional habitats and a greater emphasis on maintaining connectivity.
The bellbird's migratory pattern reveals serious inadequacies in protected-area networks of Costa Rica, a
country that is considered to have one of the best systems of national parks and reserves in the
Neotropics.
Publicación no.: 191 Focus on deforestation: zooming in on hot spots in highly fragmented ecosystems
in Costa Rica [Centrarse en la deforestación: un acercamiento sobre los puntos calientes en ecosistemas
altamente fragmentados en Costa Rica] / van Laake, Patrick E; Sánchez-Azofeifa, Gerardo Arturo. (NL7500 AA Enschede, NL <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]>).
En: Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment (ISSN 0167-8809), v. 102, no. 1, p. 3-15. 2004.
Most estimates of deforestation are derived for areas that are not intrinsically related to the causes of
deforestation, making it hard to link such estimates with strategies for improved land management. In
this paper a method is presented to identify local areas of high rates of deforestation within larger
areas, using remote sensing and geographic information systems (GIS). These deforestation hot spots
are identified using a local analysis approach, considering for every location only land coverchanges
taking place in the immediate vicinity, and they thus reflect local deforestation. This method has
potential application in improved land policy development, land management and it could supplement
land use change modelling at the landscape level. Specifically, the method could be used to undertake a
risk assessment of the effectiveness of ecological corridors. The method was applied to the province of
Limón in Costa Rica, where commercial agriculture has caused large scale deforestation. The
deforestation hot spots in the period 1986-1997 that were identified with this method represent a large
proportion of the total deforestation having taken place in the province, and for each of the hot spots
specific drivers of deforestation could be identified.
Publicación no.: 192 Diversidad alfa, beta y gamma: una comparación entre mariposas y escarabajos /
Cepeda-González, María Fernanda.
En: Fragmentación: su impacto en la diversidad de escarabajos (Coleoptera) y mariposas (Lepidoptera),
Cañas, Costa Rica Heredia: Universidad Nacional, 2003. 41 p. Tesis, Mag. Sc. en Conservación y Manejo
de Vida Silvestre, Universidad Nacional, Programa Regional en Manejo de Vida Silvestre para
Mesoamérica y El Caribe, Heredia (Costa Rica).
Se seleccionaron 15 parcelas, cinco por cobertura vegetal: bosque secundario, charral y potrero de alta
densidad de vegetación. Se muestrearon dos grupos de insectos: mariposas diurnas y escarabajos
estercoleros. Para las primeras se utilizaron redes de mano en transectos, para los segundos se usaron
trampas "pit-fall" con cebo de estiércol fresco de cerdo (32 trampas por parcela). Se calculó la diversidad
alfa, beta y gamma de ambos grupos. Se compararon las parcelas usando la diversidad alfa (GI=14,29;
F=1.32; P=0.2992) sin encontrar diferencias. Usando esta misma diversidad se compararon las
coberturas vegetales con las mariposas (GI=2, 14; F=0.08; P=0.9217) y los escarabajos (GI=2, 14; F=0.67;
P=0.5307); así mismo se compararon ambos grupos (GI=5, 29; F=0.29; P=0.9116). En ningún caso se
encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas ni biológicas. Para el nivel (3 se compararon las
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coberturas vegetales dentro de cada grupo (escarabajos: GI=2, P=0.9999; mariposas GI=2, P=0.9999), y
entre los grupos (P=0.09958). A nivel beta, se obtuvieron los valores de diversidad para escarabajos
y=31.84 y las mariposas de y=43.78. Sin embargo sólo se hace en forma descriptiva. Dado que no se
detectaron diferencias significativas entre la diversidad de las parcelas, los insectos considerados
parecen no ser buenos indicadores para evaluar el impacto de la fragmentación, posiblemente debido a
que las poblaciones ya son estables, y que las extinciones locales sucedieron con anterioridad a este
estudio. Por lo que se recomienda estudiar localizar inventarios previos a la perturbación a la que son
sometidos los parches boscosos restantes hasta hoy.
Localización: Biblioteca del BIODOC: Tesis 2240.
Publicación no.: 193 Relaciones entre diversidad de insectos con variables espaciales locales y
regionales / Cepeda-González, María Fernanda.
En: Fragmentación: su impacto en la diversidad de escarabajos (Coleoptera) y mariposas (Lepidoptera),
Cañas, Costa Rica Heredia: Universidad Nacional, 2003. 41 p. Tesis, Mag. Sc. en Conservación y Manejo
de Vida Silvestre, Universidad Nacional, Programa Regional en Manejo de Vida Silvestre para
Mesoamérica y El Caribe, Heredia (Costa Rica).
Se seleccionaron 15 parcelas, cinco por cobertura vegetal: bosque secundario, charral y potrero de alta
densidad de vegetación. Se muestrearon dos grupos de insectos: mariposas diurnas y escarabajos
estercoleros. Para las primeras se utilizaron redesde mano en transectos, para los segundos se usaron
trampas "Pit-fall" con cebo de estiércol fresco de cerdo (32 trampas por parcela). Se realizó un censo
total dentro de cada parcela de los árboles mayores a 1.5 m de altura. Se calculó la diversidad alfa, beta
y gamma, para realizar un análisis de componentes principales a nivel alfa y beta usando variables
espaciales para cada nivel. A nivel alfa no se encontraron relaciones fuertes con alguna de la variables
(diversidad de vegetación, área, perímetro, índice de Patton, dimensión fractal), explicando las dos
componentes formadas la variación en un 84%. A nivel alfa tampoco se encontraron relaciones
marcadas entre las variables (media de la relación perímetro-área, tamaño medio de parche, diversidad
de vegetación, densidad de borde y media del índice fractal) y la diversidad, explicando en el 100% la
variación con las dos componentes formadas. Así mismo, a nivel y se describieron algunas características
generales del paisaje. Es probable que la falta de relaciones marcadas con alguna de las variables se
deba a que la diversidad se relacione con otras no usadas, o a que la diversidad se relaciona ligeramente
con éstas y otras no presentes en este estudio, y no sea una fuerte relación con alguna en particular. Se
recomienda buscar otras variables que permitan conocer si existe algún factor que determine o influye
fuertemente sobre la diversidad de insectos.
Publicación no.: 194 Influencia de las variables espaciales y del hábitat sobre una comunidad de
murciélagos (Chiroptera) en remanentes boscosos en Cañas, Costa Rica / Montero-Muñoz, Jorge L.
Heredia: Universidad Nacional, 2003. 86 p. Tesis, Mag. Sc. en Conservación y Manejo de Vida Silvestre,
Universidad Nacional, Programa Regional en Manejo de Vida Silvestre para Mesoamérica y El Caribe,
Heredia (Costa Rica).
Se presenta evidencia de que el área y la forma de los fragmentos no influye sobre la riqueza de
especies de murciélagos en fragmentos boscosos remanentes en un agropaisaje del bosque seco de
Cañas, Guanacaste, Costa Rica. Se evaluó la relación especies y área para remanentes de fragmentos
boscosos mediante el uso de cuatro modelos de regresión (lineal, logarítmica, potencial y exponencial).
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La influencia de la forma se evaluó mediante la correlación de la riqueza de especies con tres índices de
forma euclidiana y la dimensión fractal de cada fragmento discreto, también se calculó la dimensión
fractal para el conjunto de fragmentos. Ninguna pendiente de los cuatro modelos de regresión fue
estadísticamente significativa, lo cual sugiere que no existe una relación entre la riqueza de especies de
murciélagos y el área de los fragmentos. No se encontró correlación significativa entre los índices de
forma de los fragmentos discretos y la riqueza de especies. Como posibles explicaciones, se propone que
las poblaciones de murciélagos en el paisaje funcionen de acuerdo con la teoría metapoblacional, donde
el tamaño de las poblaciones no está limitado por el tamaño del parche. De igual manera se evaluó la
influencia de las variables de diversidad alfa de la vegetación, porcentaje de cobertura de dosel y
dimensión fractal, sobre la diversidad taxonómica de murciélagos en un agropaisaje. Se trabajó en cinco
hábitats, bosque de ripario, bosque secundario, charral, potrero de alta cobertura de árboles, potrero de
baja cobertura de árboles. En cada sitio de muestreo se ubicó una parcela de 1 ha donde se colocó ocho
redes de niebla de tamaño estándar 12m X 2,5m. Los hábitats presentaron diferencias en el promedio
de diversidad alfa (F=3, 67, gl=4, 35, p=0.0135). La diversidad beta entre fragmentos presentó
diferencias en el promedio del reemplazo de especies entre hábitat (F=19,26, gl=4, 35, p=0.001). A nivel
de cada hábitat, las variables de diversidad alfa de murciélagos, diversidad alfa de vegetación,
porcentaje de cobertura de dosel y dimensión fractal logran explicar el 94% de la composición
taxonómica de especies dentro de los hábitats. Dando calificaciones altas para las correlaciones de estas
variables para el bosque ripario, bosques secundario y charral. Las variables de beta diversidad de
murciélagos, diversidad alfa de vegetación, porcentaje de cobertura de dosel y dimensión fractal logran
explicar el 91%, para el reemplazo de especies entre hábitat. Los valores altos de diversidad beta,
indican una mayor dispersión espacial de las especies y un uso generalizado del paisaje.
Publicación no.: 195 Cobertura arbórea y diversidad de aves en un paisaje fragmentado en Cañas,
Costa Rica [Tree cover and bird diversity in a fragmented landscape in Cañas, Costa Rica] / CárdenasCarmona, G. Turrialba: Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza, 2002. 100 p. Tesis,
Mag. Sc., CATIE, Escuela de Posgrado, Turrialba (Costa Rica).
This research main objective was to determine the influence of tree coverage over the abundance,
diversity and distribution of birds in different habitats in the area of Cañas, Costa Rica. The composition,
structure and tree diversity was characterized and evaluated in habitats with different tree coverage
(dry forest fragments, riparian forests, scrubs, live fences, pastureland of high coverage and pastureland
of low coverage) in a highly fragmented landscape. The abundance of birds that use the different types
of habitats was compared, the existing relationship between the characteristics of the plant community
(abundance, diversity, density) the spatial characteristics (area, perimeter, area-perimeter index, and
percentage of tree coverage) and the bird diversity of the different habitat in this landscape was also
evaluated. The habitats varied in their richness, abundance, diversity, structure and tree composition. In
general the diversity of the tree species found in the forestry habitats, was significantly greater than the
one found in the habitats denominated open. The fragments of dry and riparian forests showed more
trees species and more individuals on average per parcel and greater tree diversity than scrub, pasture
lands of high and low coverage. The live fences showed fewer species. Based on its tree composition
three groups stood out in the main habitats, the dry forest fragments, riparian forests, scrubs, the live
fences and the pasturelands of high and low coverage. In the open habitats (pasturelands of high and
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low coverage) was found a higher average of diameter to the height of chest in comparison to the
registered in the dry forest fragments and scrubs. This due to the fact that the individuals found in the
habitat of pasturelands of high and low coverage were possibly remnant adult trees from the original
forests in that area, or they were established individuals in these systems without competition for light
or nutrients with neighboring trees. Significant differences were also found for the median height of the
trees in different habitats. In the riparian forests a greater average of height in the species was
registered, being the median of the height different from the median calculated for the scrubs and
pasturelands of low coverage. The richness, abundance and composition of the avifauna varied in the
different habitats. The average of bird species registered in the pasturelands of high coverage was
greater to the registered in the fragmented dry forests, scrubs, pasturelands of low coverage and live
fences, but equal to the one registered in the riparian forests. In the habitats of fragmented dry forests,
riparian forest, and scrubs the diversity of bird species registered was greater than in the pasturelands
of high and low coverage and live fences. Based on its bird composition two big differentiated groups
appeared affluent as they were it, the dry forest fragments, riparian forests and scrubs in a group and
another grouping the pasturelands of high and low coverage and the live fences. Significant differences
in the evenness index (E) average between the bird species registered in the different habitats were not
found. The pastureland habitats of high coverage and the riparian forests were more diverse as far as
the bird species, compared to the fragmented dry forest and the pasturelands of low coverage according
to the Shannon index. The forestry habitats showed a more complex bird composition (with species and
individuals particular of fragmented forests)to the registered in the open habitats, which showed a less
complex bird composition (common species and abundant, particulars of agricultural systems). The
insectivorous birds were the best-represented feeding guild among the species and individuals
registered in each one of the habitats. The fragmented dry forests, the riparian forests and the scrubs
housed mainly nectarivorous, piscivorous, and frugivorous guilds, while the habitats of pasturelands of
high and low coverage systems housed the carnivorous, seedeaters and omnivorous guilds. Significant
differences between the number of bird species and individuals that belonged to the pastureland areas
as well as to the forestry areas were found between the different compared habitats. Fragmented dry
forests, riparian forests and scrubs registered more particular species of forestry areas, while the open
habitats (pasturelands of high and low coverage) observed more particular species of pastureland areas.
A positive regression was found when comparing the richness of the vegetation registered in the
different habitats and the number of species and individual birds belonging to the forest, indicating that
the higher the richness of the species the greater the number of birds belonging to the particular
forestry areas. Also a negative regression was found when comparing the richness of the vegetation
registered in the different habitats and the number of species and individual birds belonging to these
open habitats, indicating that the higher the richness of the tree species in the habitats, is lower the
number of particular birds of pastureland areas. The fragments of forestry habitats in the Cañas area
were important areas in the in the fragmented landscape because they preserve in great measure
communities belonging to forests which are not kept in pastureland areas or in systems of agricultural
production. But on the other hand the pastures of high tree coverage showed that they could hold
significant abundance and richness of bird species belonging to pastureland areas or adapted to this
environment in a highly fragmented landscape, more than in the pasturelands of low tree coverage.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-1926. Biblioteca Conmemorativa Orton: Thesis C266c. Biblioteca
del BIODOC: Tesis 2191.
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Publicación no.: 196 Effects of forest fragmentation on pollinator activity and cosequences for plant
reproductive success and mating patterns in bat-pollinated bombacaceous trees [Efectos de la
fragmentación de bosques sobre la actividad de los polinizadores y consecuencias en el éxito
reproductivo y los patrones de apareamiento en árboles de bombacáceas] / Quesada-Avendaño,
Mauricio; Stoner, Kathryn E; Lobo-Segura, Jorge A; Herrerías-Diego, Yvonne; Palacios-Guevara, Carolina;
Munguía-Rosas, Miguel Angel; Salazar, Karla A.O; Rosas-Guerrero, Víctor. (Universidad Nacional
Autónoma de México. Centro de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas, Apartado Postal 27-3 (Xangari),
Morelia,
Michoacán
58089,
MX
<E-mail:
[email protected]>
<E-mail:
Forest fragmentation and the resulting spatial isolation of tree species can modify the activity of
pollinators and may have important implications for the reproductive success and mating systems of the
plants they pollinate. The objectives of this study were to (1) evaluate the effect of forest fragmentation
on pollinator activity in bat-pollinated bombacaceous trees and (2) determine the effects of forest
fragmentation on reproductive success and mating systems of bombacaceous trees. We studied these
parameters in three bombacaceous tree species in tropical seasonal forest of Charnela, Jalisco, Mexico,
and Osa and Guanacaste, Costa Rica. For Ceiba aesculifolia, more visits were observed in fragments by
both Glossophaga soricina and Leptonycteris curasoae. For Ceiba grandiflora, Musonycteris harrisoni
visited flowers exclusively in forest and G. soricina visited more flowers in forest than in fragments; no
difference was shown by L. curasoae. For Ceiba pentandra in Chamela, no differences were found in
visitation by G. soricina between forest and fragments; L. curasoae visited significantly more flowers in
forest. Ceiba pentandra received more visits by Phyllostomus discolor than G. soricina in Guanacaste,
whereas no bat visitors were observed in Osa. Total mean flower production was greater in fragments
than forest for C. aesculifolia, whereas no difference was observed for C. grandiflora. Fruit set was
greater in forest than in fragments for C. grandiflora, whereas no difference was observed for C.
aesculifolia. Outcrossing rates were high for C aesculifolia and C. grandiflora in Chamela, and for C.
pentandra in Guanacaste, independent of tree habitat, while C. pentandra in Osa showed a mixedmating system. The effects of forest fragmentation on bat pollinators, plant reproductive success, and
mating patterns varied depending upon the bombacaceous species. This variability was associated with
the effects that forest fragmentation may have on differences in flowering patterns, bat foraging
behavior, and plant self-incompatibility systems.
Publicación no.: 197 The effect of forest fragmentation on genetic diversity, mating systems and
effective population sizes of forest trees in Guanacaste, Costa Rica [Efecto de la fragmentación del
bosque en la diversidad genética, sistemas reproductivos y tamaños efectivos de población de árboles
forestales en Guanacaste, Costa Rica] / Cornelius, J.P. (ICRAF. World Agroforestry Centre, CIP, Apartado
1558, Lima 12, PE <E-mail: [email protected]>). Edmonton, AB: University of Alberta, 2003. 272 pp.
ISBN: 0-612-82090-4. Dissertation, Ph.D., University of Alberta, Edmonton (Canada).
This thesis addresses the genetic impact of forest fragmentation on remnant tree populations in
Guanacaste, Costa Rica. Chapter One justifies the research in terms of the importance of genetic
diversity and possible fragmentation effects. Chapter Two reviews the latter. Chapter Three traces the
deforestation history of the study zone and discusses its genetic implications, particularly those of
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increased forest linearity. Chapters Five and Seven report studies of two native species (Chapters Four
andSix describe inheritance, neutrality, linkage of the allozytne markers used). Anacardium excelsum
gene diversity (He) was similar to other tropical woody species. There was no apparent relationship
between gene diversity and population size. There was moderate to large subpopulation differentiation
overall, but less genetic differentiation within population groups, and there was an apparent
relationship between genetic and geographical distances. Fst-based migration estimates were around 1
individual generation−1 overall, but 2–4 generation −1 within groups. Current gene
flow to one isolated population (m) was 0.18. Outcrossing estimates (tm) varied between fragments
(mixed mating system), and were significantly positively related to neighbourhood density. Sheltered
fragments on watercourses tended to higher flowering and flowering equitability. Growth rate in
common garden experiments varied significantly between fragments; it was not significantly related to
tm, but tended to be lower in highly disturbed populations. Plumeria rubra (He) was similar to A.
excelsum. Subpopulation differentiation was low to moderate. Fst-based migration estimates were
2–7 migrants generation−1, whilst m to one population was 0.13. Estimated population
tm were not significantly different from 100%. Capsule production was positively related to
neighborhood density. Results suggest differing susceptibilities to fragmentation. Disturbance may
reduce A. excelsum effective population size dueto inbreeding and high fertility variance. Despite
smaller population sizes, anemochory, and aggregated populations, P. rubra retains high variation and
little subpopulation differentiation, probably due to its highly mobile pollinator, whilst selfincompatibility precludes outcrossing effects. However, low genetic variation in one population, and
density-related limitation of fruiting, suggest the species’ resilience has limits. In Chapter Eight, general
implications are discussed, with reference to species and forests of the zone, and to genetic and
reproductive processes. The mitigation of fragmentation by improved husbandry of pastureland and
riparian trees is considered.
Localización: Biblioteca Conmemorativa Orton: Thesis C814.
Publicación no.: 198 Causes and consequences of bird extinctions [Causas y consecuencias de las
extinciones de aves] / Sekercioglu, Cagan H. (Stanford University. Department of Biological Sciences,
Center for Conservation Biology, Stanford, CA 94305-5020, US <E-mail: [email protected]>). Stanford,
CA: Stanford University, 2003. 130 pp. Dissertation, Ph.D., Stanford University, Stanford CA (USA).
Human domination of the planet is driving species extinct. Each species has not only intrinsic value, but
ecological functions of organisms are also essential for the integrity of ecosystems that allow people to
benefit from key ecosystem services. In order to retain global biodiversity, we must study the factors
behind species' declines, understand their consequences, improve biodiversity capacity of humandominated landscapes, and persuade human communities to preserve their natural heritage. I address
these issues by modeling bird extinctions in the 21st century, investigating effects of habitat degradation
on tropical forest birds, and reviewing birdwatching tourism. Analyzing a database of all bird species, I
found that certain groups, such as frugivores, piscivores and scavengers, are more extinction-prone than
average, and oceanic islands and forested landscapes have more threatened species than average.
These patterns are likely to deteriorate in the 21st century, signaling the potential loss of crucial
ecosystem services such as pest control, pollination, and seed dispersal. In Uganda, I found that past
forestry practices had long-term negative impacts on forest birds, whereas low intensity forestry was
compatible with the preservation of local biodiversity. In Costa Rica, I showed that understory
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insectivorous birds disappeared from forest fragments not due to lack of food, but because of limited
mobility. Three forest bird species that persisted in agricultural countryside did so eitherby being preadapted to disturbed habitats (Catharus aurantiirostris ) or by being mobile and making efficient use of
11% of the landscape still covered by trees (Tangara icterocephala and Turdus assimilis). Radio telemetry
underlined the importance of remnant trees, riparian strips, and small forest patches for native forest
species. Analysis of birdwatching tourism revealed that, just as human-dominated landscapes are often
excluded from conservation initiatives, most local people in less-developed areas are also excluded from
income generated by birdwatching that is overwhelmingly conducted by wealthy citizens of developed
countries. If the combination of large scale habitat clearance, exclusion of human-dominated landscapes
from conservation policies, and alienation of local communities from ecotourism initiatives continues,
consequent disappearance of species is likely to cause collapses in ecosystems and their services that
are crucial for humanity.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-1767. Tesis 437.
Publicación no.: 199 A framework for assessing the relative vulnerability of species to land-use change
[Un sistema para estimar la vulnerabilidad de especies susceptibles al cambio en el uso de la tierra] / de
Freitas-Pereira, Henrique Miguel Leite; Daily, Gretchen C; Roughgarden, J. (Instituto Superior Técnico.
Departamento de Engenharia Civil e Arquitectura, Av Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, PT <E-mail: <E-mail:
Conversion of native habitat to human-dominated uses is the main driver of global biodiversity loss, yet
which species will be most impacted, and why, remain poorly known. There is thus an urgent need to
develop frameworks for understanding, and predicting, the effect of habitat alteration on biodiversity.
We develop an approach with three components: a demographic model, a regional database of lifehistory traits, and a sensitivity analysis of the model predictions. We use a spatially explicit model that
predicts the fate of individual species in a human-dominated landscape. The model takes as parameters
habitat affinity, population growth rate, annual dispersal, and dispersal behavior at the habitat edges.
The model predicts the minimum area of native habitat that allows for persistence of a species. We
apply the model to a regional community of species, the avifauna of Costa Rica. We gather life-history
data (body mass, clutch size, breeding season length, number of broods per year, age at first breeding,
life span, and dispersal distance) for Costa Rican birds. When data are not available for Costa Rican
species, inferences are made from North American and European birds. We use these data to estimate
the model parameters for each species. Minimum patch sizes predicted by the model are used to specify
the relative degree of threat faced by each species. We perform a sensitivity analysis of patch size and
relative vulnerability predictions to model assumptions and gaps in the data. Our predictions of relative
vulnerability are robust to changes in model assumptions and agree with an independently derived
empirical assessment. Our framework thus appears to be useful for understanding, and influencing, the
fates of neotropical birds and possibly other taxa worldwide.
Publicación no.: 200 Where have all the rainforest flycatchers gone--and why? [¿Adónde se han ido
todos los mosqueritos y por qué?] / Sekercioglu, Cagan H. (Stanford University. Department of Biological
Sciences, Center for Conservation Biology, Stanford CA 94305-5020, US <E-mail: [email protected]>).
En: American Scientist (ISSN 0003-0996), v. 90, no. 4, p. 391. 2002.
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The research of Cagan H. Sekercioglu into the effects of forest management on an insectivorous bird
community along with its diet and prey in Costa Rican rain forest is profiled. Sekercioglu is a doctoral
candidate in ecology and evolution at the Stanford University Center for Conservation Biology and a
Sigma Xi Grant-In-Aid recipient. The research suggests that insectivorous birds have difficulty recolonizing rain forest fragments where they have gone extinct. These results suggest that it is important
to establish vegetative corridors between forest fragments and improve the hospitality of the open
agricultural countryside to these birds. This field research led to a publication in PNAS earlier this year.
Publicación no.: 201 Injury and disease of the mantled howler monkey in fragmented habitats
[Lesiones y enfermedades de los monos congos en hábitats fragmentados] / Jones, Clara B. (Fayetteville
State University. Department of Psychology, 1200 Murchison Road, Fayetteville, NC 28301-4298, US <Email: [email protected]>).
En: Neotropical Primates (ISSN 1413-4705), v. 2, no. 4, p. 4-5. 1994. (No abstract).
Publicación no.: 202 Tropical dry secondary forest detection: an ecological approach [Detección de
bosque tropical seco secundario: un enfoque ecológico] / Arroyo-Mora, J. Pablo; Sánchez-Azofeifa,
Gerardo Arturo; Rivard, Benoit; Calvo-Alvarado, Julio César. (The University of Connecticut, 75 N.
Eagleville Road, Unit 3043, Storrs, CT 06269-3043, US <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail:
[email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]>)).
Tropical Forests: Past, Present, Future. The Association for Tropical Biology Annual Meeting.
Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, PA, July 29-Aug. 3, 2002. Panamá City: The
Association for Tropical Biology, p. 4.
(Abstract only). The detection of secondary forest in a tropical dry forest (Td-f) ecosystem was tested in
a 49 km² area within the Santa Rosa National Park, Costa Rica combining the use of high and medium
resolution imagery (IKONOS and Landsat ETM+, respectively). A theoretical scheme was develop for four
successional stages (pastures, early, intermediate and late or mature) base on ecological characteristics
such as canopy density, vertical structure of the stand and flushing dynamics at the time of imagery
acquisition. The ecological interpretation of each successional stage based on the theoretical schemes,
allowed for a better interpretation of the information in the IKONOS image (4 meters resolution and 4
spectral bands). The analysis of these successional stages in the IKONOS image was used as ground
trothing information to identify the same successional stage in the Landsat image (28.5 m resolution and
7 spectral bands) through a supervised classification. We obtain an overall accuracy for the classification
of the successional stages using Landsat of 95%. The intermediate successional stage occupied the
highest proportion of the study area (0.4), the late or mature forests (0.27), early successional stage and
pastures (0.19 and 0.12, respectively). Topographic and soils conditions that affect the forest structure
in Santa Rosa and thus the interpretation of successional stages using remote sensing data were not
considered in this study.
Publicación no.: 203 Dynamics of forest cover change and its implications to conservation in Costa Rica
[Dinámica del cambio de cobertura del bosque y sus implicaciones para la conservación en Costa Rica] /
Calvo-Alvarado, Julio César; Sánchez-Azofeifa, Gerardo Arturo; Arroyo-Mora, J. Pablo. (Instituto
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Tecnológico de Costa Rica. Escuela de Ingeniería Forestal, Cartago, CR <E-mail: [email protected]> <Email: [email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]>). Tropical Forests: Past, Present,
Future. The Association for Tropical Biology Annual Meeting. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute,
Panama City, PA, July 29-Aug. 3, 2002. Panamá City: The Association for Tropical Biology, p. 15.
(Abstract only). Standard procedures established by the NASA Landsat Pathfinder project were used in
the automated classification of satellite images for the three selected years 1986, 1997 and 2000. Forest
cover assessment for the Chorotega region (Guanacaste Peninsula) required the development of a
special protocol due to the condition of deciduous forest foliage during the dry season. Analysis of
satellite-image for 1996 indicates that Costa Rica had 40% of total forest cover. Due to cloud cover and
shadows on the images 8.7% of the national territory could not be clearly interpreted. Approximately
164,000 ha of forest cover were lost during the ten-year period from 1986 to 1997, not including
deforestation in the Chorotega region. However, 130,000 ha of forest were recovered for the same
period through plantations and secondary-growth forest. Improved interpretation of the 2000 images
for the Chorotega region and the reduction of cloud cover and shadows to 3.9%, resulted in 45% of
forest coverfor Costa Rica. During this period we detected 9,100 ha of forest lost. This implies that
deforestation rate for Costa Rica was reduced from 16,400 ha/year for the period 1986/1997 to 3,300
ha/year for the period 1997/2000. Our findings contradict Costa Rican popular opinion about high
deforestation rates and small % of forest cover for Costa Rica. Nevertheless, we recognized that our
study is not able to provide information about how much pristine forest still remains in Costa Rica, but
we consider this data key for the planning, execution and monitoring of forest and conservation policies
and projects.
Publicación no.: 204 Restoration of genetic diversity in the dry forest tree Swietenia macrophylla
(Meliaceae) after pasture abandonment in Costa Rica [Restauración de la diversidad genética en el
árbol del bosque seco Swietenia macrophylla (Meliaceae) luego del abandono de potreros en Costa Rica]
/ Céspedes-Castro, Maguil; Rocha-Núñez, Oscar J. (Universidad de Costa Rica. Escuela de Biología, San
Pedro de Montes de Oca, CR <E-mail: [email protected]>). Tropical Forests: Past, Present,
(Abstract only). We use micro satellite DNA markers to study the levels of genetic diversity of the
endangered timber species Swietenia macrophylla (big leaf mahogany) in the Northwestern province of
Guanacaste, Costa Rica. This species was reduced to a few isolated patches of trees surrounded by
extensive areas of pastures; however, after the abandonment, these pastures are being colonized by
mahogany. Here, we describe genetic diversity in five successional plots in the Santa Rosa National Park
that differ in the time since the last disturbance (fire) (6, 9, 15, 20 years). In addition, we also include a
patch of mature forest that experienced selective logging and other human caused disturbances in the
past 100 years. The sites have been named Jenny I, Jenny II, Las Mesas, Principe, and Mature Forest
respectively. We found a total of twenty-one alleles in the five loci examined, where the number of
alleles present varied among the five sites studied. Allelic diversity varied between sites ranging from 20
to 14 alleles, and our data revealed that earlier successional sites have more alleles than older sites.
Genetic differentiation between populations was low (Fst=0.0631), and genetic distance between
populations is not correlated with geographical distance. The impact of these findings for the design of
conservation strategies for tropical dry forests trees are discussed.
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Publicación no.: 205 Forest fragmentation and the biological sustainability of tropical timber
management [La fragmentación del bosque y la sostenibilidad biológica del manejo de maderas
tropicales] / Guariguata-Urbano, Manuel R. (Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza.
Unidad Manejo de Bosques Naturales, Apdo. 7170, Turrialba, CR <E-mail: [email protected]>).
Tropical Forests: Past, Present, Future. The Association for Tropical Biology Annual Meeting.
Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, PA, July 29-Aug. 3, 2002. Panamá City: The
Association for Tropical Biology, p. 42-43.
(Abstract only). Fragmentation effects may have both direct and indirect consequences for the
ecological sustainability of tropical timber management, thus potentially limiting the applicability of
management standards developed for continuous forest. By using Central America as a neotropical
scenario where the degree of forest fragmentation is high, I speculate on the main biological factors that
may affect timber production in forest patches, and argue that these novel forests should be
approached with management guidelines that harmonize with their inherent condition. I discuss issues
of tree pollination and seed production, and early recruitment from seed. I hypothesize that forest
fragments destined to timber production may not be under immediate danger of reduced tree
reproductive output, and that in turn, constraints to early recruitment may be intense after seeds reach
the forest floor (in particular for those species whose seeds are both consumed and dispersed by
vertebrates). Fire intrusion into fragmented forests may also reduce standing timber volume, so
measures to counteract fire invasions are warranted. Forest patches might show diminished financial
returns per unit area if harvesting quotas developed for extensive areas are appliedas a blanket
prescription. Accordingly, managers and researchers involved in developing standards for assessing and
monitoring the sustainability of management practices should be aware that fragments may not behave
like continuous forest. Targeted ecological research may be needed in order to refine management
guidelines in these novel habitats.
Publicación no.: 206 Temporal variation in the pollen pools of three neotropical dry-forest tree species
[Variación temporal en los acervos de polen de tres especies de árboles del bosque seco neotropical] /
Hamrick, James L. (University of Georgia. Botany Department, Athens, GA 30602, US <E-mail:
[email protected]>). Tropical Forests: Past, Present, Future. The Association for
Tropical Biology Annual Meeting. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, PA, July 29-Aug.
3, 2002. Panamá City: The Association for Tropical Biology, p. 45.
(Abstract only). Generally, information on temporal variation in plant mating systems is lacking. In
particular, little is known of the variation in the pool of pollen donors among reproductive events or its
causes. The general availability of genetic markers to analyze plant breeding patterns now makes it
possible to document temporal changes in the pollen donor pool in a variety of ways. Perhaps, the most
straight forward approach and also possibly the most informative is to document changes in the genetic
composition of the pollen pool among individual plants and among reproductive events. Multi-year
genetic analyses of the effective pollen pools of three tree species (Enterolobium cyclocarpum, insectpollinated; Hymenaea courbaril, bat-pollinated; Spondias purpurea, small insect-pollinated) belonging to
the seasonal dry forest communities of Guanacaste Province, Costa Rica will be presented. The results
indicate that significant annual variation in the genetic composition of the pollen pools occur for each
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species although the magnitude of the temporal variation varies among individual trees. Generally,
isolated trees located in disturbed habitats demonstrate more year-to-year variation than trees located
in less disturbed habitats. Also, trees grouped into clusters have less temporal variation in their pollen
pools, often due to intracluster matings. These results are discussed in the context of the effects of
tropical forest disturbance and fragmentation on the breeding patterns of tropical tree species.
Publicación no.: 207 Compositional and structural variation of understories within and among four
neotropical forests and the relationship with woody plant regeneration [Variación estructural y en
composición de los sotobosques dentro y entre cuatro bosques neotropicales y la relación con la
regeneración de plantas leñosas] / Harms, Kyle E. (Louisiana State University. Department of Biological
Sciences, Baton Rouge, LA 7083-1715, US <E-mail: [email protected]>). Tropical Forests: Past, Present,
(Abstract only). The composition of the understory, defined as vegetation below 65 cm height, varied
dramatically both within and among sites visited by the OTS four-forests course, i.e., La Selva (Costa
Rica), BCI (Panama), Manu (Peru), and Km 41 near Manaus (Brazil). Palm cover was statistically
significantly lowest at BCI and was statistically significantly highest at La Selva. Fern cover increased
significantly among sites in the following order: Km 41 BCI La Selva Manu. Non-fern, herbaceous cover
was statistically significantly lowest at Km 41 and was statistically significantly highest at La Selva.
Woody dicots ?10 - ?50 cm tall were five times more abundant at BCI. Manu, and Km 41 than at La
Selva. The high density and cover of ferns, and especially of understory palms and large-leaved
monocots at La Selva may be the key determinant of the low densities of regenerating woody dicot
seedlings and small saplings found there relative to the other three sites. The all-site relationships
between the density of regenerating woody dicots and cover by palms, ferns, or non-fern herbaceous
plants, as well as many of the between-habitat comparisons within sites, were consistent with the
hypothesis that understory plants negatively influence the regeneration of woody dicots whose adults
attain heights beyond the understory.
Publicación no.: 208 Regeneration of tropical dry forest communities in a fragmented landscape
[Regeneración de comunidades del bosque seco tropical en un paisaje fragmentado] / Rocha-Núñez,
Oscar J; Gutiérrez-Soto, Marco Vinicio; Holbrook, Noel Michele. (Universidad de Costa Rica. Escuela de
Biología, San Pedro de Montes de Oca, CR <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail:
[email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]>). Tropical Forests: Past, Present, Future.
The Association for Tropical Biology Annual Meeting. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama
City, PA, July 29-Aug. 3, 2002. Panamá City: The Association for Tropical Biology, p. 97-98.
(Abstract only). Most studies addressing the consequences of the change in use of land are concerned
with the negative effects of human activities, such as deforestation, urban development, and other
forms of habitat degradation, on the environment. Here, we study the changes in species composition
and vegetation structure in highly degraded pastures after their abandonment. In order to do that, we
established permanent plots along a successional gradient in the seasonally dry forest of Santa Rosa
National Park, Guanacaste, Costa Rica. In 1998, we selected eight sites on basis of the time since their
last disturbance (age). The ages of the sites were 3.5, 7.5, 12, 18, 40 and 60 years. In addition, we
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included two sites, one that is burned every year by the park rangers and one considered a mature
forest. Within each of these sites, we established thirty 4x4 m quadrants distributed along 5 transects.
Next to each quadrant we placed one 50x50 cm trap to sample seed rein in the site. We found major
differences in species composition among the woody species recorded in the successional gradient.
However, species richness was similar in all sites. In contrast, species composition in the seed rain (over
200 sp. recorded), and their patterns of spatial and temporal distribution were similar in all sites. When
we examined the distribution of individuals according to height categories, we found that between 40
and 60 years were needed to have a size distribution similar to that found in the mature forests. The
consequences of these findings for the regeneration of seasonally dry forest in a fragmented landscape
are discussed.
Publicación no.: 209 Dynamics of forest cover in Costa Rica using Landsat images 1986/87, 1996/1997
and 1997/2000 [Dinámica de cobertura forestal en Costa Rica utilizando imágenes del satélite Landsat
de 1986/87, 1996/1997 y 1997/2000] / Sánchez-Azofeifa, Gerardo Arturo; Calvo-Alvarado, Julio César;
Arroyo-Mora, J. Pablo. (University of Alberta. Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences,
Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E3, CA <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]> <Email: [email protected]>). Tropical Forests: Past, Present, Future. The Association for Tropical
Biology Annual Meeting. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, PA, July 29-Aug. 3, 2002.
Panamá City: The Association for Tropical Biology, p. 103.
(Abstract only). Standard procedures established by the NASA Landsat Pathfinder project were used in
the automated classification of satellite images for the three selected years 1986, 1997 and 2000. Forest
cover assessment for the Chorotega region required the development of a special protocol due to the
condition of deciduous forest foliage during the dry season. Analysis of the satellite-image for 1996
indicates that Costa Rica had 40% of total forest cover. Due to cloud cover and shadows on the images
8.7% of the national territory could not be clearly interpreted. Approximately 164,000 ha of forest cover
were lost during the ten year period from 1986 to 1997, not including deforestation in the Chorotega
region. However, 130,000 ha of forest were recovered for the same period through plantations and
secondary-growth forest. Improved interpretation of the 2000 images for the Chorotega region and the
reduction of cloud cover and shadows to 3.9%, resulted in 45% of forest cover for Costa Rica. During this
period we detected 9,100 ha of forest lost. This implies that deforestation rate for Costa Rica was
reduced from 16,400 ha/year for the period 1986/1997 to 3,300 ha/year for the period 1997/2000. Our
findings contradict Costa Rican popular opinion about high deforestation rates and small % of forest
cover for Costa Rica. Nevertheless, we recognized that our study is not able to provide information
about how much pristine forest still remains in Costa Rica, but we consider this data key for the
planning, execution and monitoring of forest and conservation policies and projects.
Publicación no.: 210 Breeding patterns of an epiphytic orchid [Patrones reproductivos de una orquídea
epífita] / Trapnell, Dorset W; Hamrick, James L. (University of Georgia. Department of Plant Biology,
Athens,
GA
30602,
US
<E-mail:
[email protected]>
<E-mail:
[email protected]>). Tropical Forests: Past, Present, Future. The Association for
Tropical Biology Annual Meeting. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, PA, July 29-Aug.
3, 2002. Panamá City: The Association for Tropical Biology, p. 117.
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(Abstract only). Levels and patterns of gene movement are of central importance to a species' ability to
maintain genetic diversity within its populations and therefore its evolutionary trajectory. Genetic
diversity is crucial for the long-term survival of species, particularly in fragmented landscapes. The
epiphytic orchid, Laelia rubescens, occurs in seasonally dry lowland habitats of Central America. The
study site in the Tempisque River watershed, Guanacaste, Costa Rica is characterized by open cattle
pastures with one or more centrally located shade trees. On these trees L. rubescens reaches its
greatest abundance (up to 350 clusters). The bisexual, hummingbird pollinated flowers have sticky
pollen grains aggregated together to form pollinia packets. As a result, each capsule contains seeds
pollinated by a single pollen donor and represent full-sib progeny arrays. From these progeny arrays the
multi-locus allozyme genotypes of each pollen donor can be inferred. By identifying pollen donors for a
large number of fruits, breeding patterns within populations were described and direct measures of
contemporary levels of pollen flow were estimated. We also determined minimum distances of pollen
immigration from outside of study populations. Results indicate significant levels of geitonogamy as well
as gene flow events from outside the populations. By understanding how pollen dispersal impacts the
distribution of genetic diversity in this epiphytic orchid, insights are gained into how landscape level
habitat modifications influence the maintenance of genetic diversity in this patchily distributed orchid.
Publicación no.: 211 Reproductive success, gene flow and inbreeding in fragmented populations of
two understory tree species in Costa Rica [Éxito reproductivo, deriva genética y endogamia en
poblaciones fragmentadas de dos especies de árboles del sotobosque en Costa Rica] / Woodward,
Catherine L. (University of Wisconsin. Department of Botany, Madison, WI 53706, US <E-mail:
[email protected]>). Tropical Forests: Past, Present, Future. The Association for Tropical Biology
Annual Meeting. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, PA, July 29-Aug. 3, 2002. Panamá
City: The Association for Tropical Biology, p. 127-128.
(Abstract only). Tree species restricted to small populations in isolated forest fragments may face
increased extinction risk due to reproductive failure precipitated by a disruption of pollinator and seed
disperser services, genetic drift and inbreeding depression. This study examines the reproductive and
genetic consequences of forest fragmentation on two species of understory tree in Costa Rica. Fruit set,
gene flow by pollen, intergenerational genetic variability and inbreeding depression are being compared
between continuous forest and small, isolated forest fragments ranging from 1 to 8 hectares in size. The
ongoing study makes use of Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) to quantify pollenmediated gene flow among fragmented populations and to determine the proportion of progeny sired
by pollen donors external to the fragment. Genetic erosion of fragment populations through time is
investigated by comparing the genetic variability between adult, seedling and seed generations and by
assessing inbreeding depression in fragment versus forest progeny arrays. The research will reveal
whether reproductive connectivity: is maintained, if detectable intergenerational loss of genetic
diversity is occurring, and if such losses have negative impacts on fitness for these species in fragmented
landscapes. Gene flow into forest fragments can offset the genetic consequences of inbreeding and drift
in small fragment populations, and is likely to be related to fragment size, distance between fragments,
and extent of nearby forest.
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Publicación no.: 212 Partitioning nuclear and chloroplast variation at multiple spatial scales in the
neotropical epiphytic orchid, Laelia rubescens / Trapnell, Dorset W; Hamrick, James L. (University of
Georgia. Department of Plant Biology, Athens, GA 30602, US <E-mail: [email protected]> <Email: [email protected]>).
Insights into processes that lead to the distribution of genetic variation within plant species require
recognition of the importance of both pollen and seed movement. Here we investigate the contributions
of pollen and seed movement to overall gene flow in the Central American epiphytic orchid, Laelia
rubescens. Genetic diversity and structure were examined at multiple spatial scales in the tropical dry
forest of Costa Rica using nuclear (allozymes) and chloroplast restriction fragment length polymorphism
(RFLP) markers, which were found to be diverse (allozymes, P = 73.3%; H-E = 0.174; cpDNA, H-E = 0.741).
Nuclear genetic structure (F-STn) was low at every spatial scale (0.005-0.091). Chloroplast markers
displayed more structure (0.073-0.254) butrelatively similar patterns. Neither genome displayed
significant isolation-by-distance. Pollen and seed dispersal rates did not differ significantly from one
another (m(p)/m(s) = 1.40) at the broadest geographical scale, among sites throughout Costa Rica.
However, relative contributions of pollen and seeds to gene flow were scale-dependent, with different
mechanisms determining the dominant mode of gene flow at different spatial scales. Much seed
dispersal is highly localized within the maternal population, while some seeds enter the air column and
are dispersed over considerable distances. At the intermediate scale (10s to 100s of metres) pollinators
are responsible for substantial pollen flow. This species appears capable of distributing its genes across
the anthropogenically altered landscape that now characterizes its Costa Rican dry forest habitat.
Publicación no.: 213 Defining common ground for the Mesoamerican Biological Corridor [En busca de
un enfoque común para el Corredor Biológico Mesoamericano] / Miller, Kenton R; Chang, Elsa; Johnson,
Nels. (World Resources Institute, 1709 New York Ave. NW, Washington, DC 20006, US). Washington,
D.C.: World Resources Institute, 2001. 45 pp. ISBN: 1-56973-473-9.
The Mesoamerican Biological Corridor is a regional initiative launched in Central America and southern
Mexico that aims to conserve biological diversity while fostering sustainable development. Its particular
significance lies in the scope and complexity of its goals and the wide range of institutions and social
actors it involves. These characteristics give the MBC great promise; however, they also present major
challenges that will have to be addressed if the initiative is to have a positive impact on the region. Most
centrally, the initiative's success requires the development of a shared vision of its goals and functions-a
vision that recognizes the divergent needs at stake and identifies the common interest all regional actors
share in achieving ecological and socioeconomic sustainability. The ability to build trust and confidence
among various stakeholders of the MBC will, in the end, determine its fate. This paper aims to
contribute to the building of such a vision, not by prescribing solutions, but by raising issues and
suggesting processes within which these issues can be addressed. The need for a comprehensive
response to Mesoamerica's environmental problems is pressing. The region possesses one of the world's
richest concen-trations of biological resources, but the viability of these resources is threatened by
economic underdevelopment, social inequality, and population pressure. A vicious cycle of
environmental degradation and socio-economic stagnation exists. In the last decade, however, these
issues have received increased attention from regional decision-makers, a trend culminating in the
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launching of the MBC. This initiative has become the focus of significant inflows of donor assistance, and
inspired numerous field projects in the region. Nevertheless, stakeholders and policy-makers remain
divided and uncertain about the MBC's goals and benefits, and wary of its likely impact on their
interests. The rationale that lies behind the MBC arose from conservation biologists' growing awareness
of the need to maintain links between biological habitat areas to ensure species survival. This
recognition has stimulated the development of a holistic approach to the relationship between wild and
human-impacted land. Such an approach aims to maximize the conservation function of protected
wildlands by promoting forms of land-us in the wider landscape that offer both conservation benefits
and sustainable livelihoods. Guided by this rationale, the MBC's planners have endorsed four land use
zones: Core Zones, Buffer Zones, Corridor Zones, and Multiple-Use Zones. This paper discusses the
characteristics of each zone-type as well as the criteria that should be used for assigning land to each.
Core Zones are locations designated as protected areas designed to provide secure habitats for wild
fauna and flora. Buffer Zones surround protected areas and function to filter out negative impacts
moving into and out from these areas. Corridor Zones link core areas with one another, and either
remains under wild cover, or are managed to ensure that human land-uses are compatible with the
maintenance of a high degree of biological connectivity. Finally, Multiple-Use Zones are areas devoted
primarily to human use, but managed to facilitate the creation of broader landscapes that are hospitable
to wild species. As part of an integrated system for regional land-use, each type of zone provides both
ecological-and socioeconomic benefits. Planning and implementing the MBC effectively will require that
several strategic challenges be addressed. Eight are considered here: 1. Reconciling Stakeholder
Interests: The MBC aims to improve biological conservation in the Mesoamerican region, while
delivering benefits to a wide range of rural and urban social groups. Itwill, therefore, require consensus
among public agencies at regional, national, and local levels; the private sector; conservationists; civil
society organizations; and rural and indigenous populations. The benefits that each of these major
stakeholder groups is likely to seek from the initiative are identified, and strategies for building
cooperative relationships among these groups are outlined. 2. Fostering Democratic Governance and
Enabling Civil Society Participation: The MBC is being imple-mented in a regional political context
marked by efforts to consolidate democracy, decentralize public decision-making, and increase
opportunities for participation by civil society groups. Its planners must take these processes into
account; in doing so they also have the opportunity to position the MBC as a key mechanism for
deepening democratization within Mesoamerica. 3. Catalyzing Information for Participatory DecisionMaking: The MBC's success will depend on the collection and dissemination of accurate, relevant, and
appropriate information to the broad array of decision-makers and stakeholders involved. At present,
there are severe limitations in the types of information available and the mechanisms for its
distribution. These shortcomings must be addressed, at both technical and political levels, if meaningful
stakeholder participation is to be achieved. 4. Clarifying the Function of MBC Land-Use Categories: The
use of an integrated scheme for the functional zoning of land use lies at the heart of the MBC's
proposed strategy. To be effective, therefore, these categories must be well understood and effectively
applied. The contribution of each zone should be well defined, taking into account its function within the
overall scheme for land use. 5. Addressing Property Rights and Land-Tenure Issues: The MBC raises
questions regarding land rights that have long plagued Mesoamerican society. Long-term approaches to
land use can only thrive if secure title is recognized an issue of particular importance to the region's
indigenous peoples. Nevertheless, security of land-tenure is no ecological panacea. The problem of
unsustainable exploitation strategies must be addressed by also strengthening the broader economic
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incentives for sustainable land use. 6. Capturing Benefits from Ecosystem Goods and Services:
Mesoamerica's ecosystems produce a range of vital goods and services to human populations. At
present, however, these benefits are undervalued from an economic standpoint, and often are neither
shared with rural populations, nor reinvested in ecosystem maintenance. Potential strategies to address
these problems, such as carbon sequestration credits, ecotourism, and sustainable agriculture, are
discussed. 7. Harmonizing Institutional and Legal Frameworks and Promoting Intersectorial Cooperation:
Implementing the MBC requires actions coordinated across policy sectors and at a variety of geographic
levels. Current legal and institutional frameworks are isolated and often provide conflicting approaches
to identical issues.
Publicación no.: 214(Corredor Biológico San Juan-La Selva, Apdo. 8-3870, 1000 San José, CR <E-mail:
[email protected]>). Taller de Conformación y Coalición de la Comisión Local del Corredor Biológico San
Juan-La Selva, Reserva Biológica La Tirimbina, La Virgen de Sarapiquí CR23 de nov., 2001. , 2001. 47 pp.
Introducción: El Corredor Biológico Mesoamericano (CBM) representa un esfuerzo de las 7 naciones de
América Central, con el apoyo financiero de organizaciones internacionales tales como el GEF, el Banco
Mundial, y la GTZ con el fin de desarrollar unavisión unitaria para conservar la excepcional biodiversidad
de la región. El Corredor Biológico San Juan - La Selva cuenta con un Comité Ejecutivo que representa
una alianza de varias organizaciones de la sociedad civil con el fin de levantar los fondos necesarios para
el establecimiento de un nuevo Parque Nacional en el Área de Conservación Arenal Huetar Norte y la
implementación de la iniciativa local del Corredor Biológico Mesoamericano para proteger el hábitat del
remanente de la población de lapa verde. Nuestra propuesta de Corredor Biológico San Juan - La Selva
radica en el centro de un extenso conjunto de actividades que dependen de datos ecológicos basados en
la ciencia para asegurar que los objetivos espaciales adecuados estén establecidos y para monitorear sus
éxitos logrando los objetivos de la conservación una vez implementados. En este sentido, los esfuerzos
combinados de estas actividades sirven de prueba para esta ambiciosa iniciativa multi-gubernamental.
El ecosistema de bosque lluvioso de las bajuras de San Carlos y Sarapiquí se destaca por su alta densidad
de almendro de montaña (Dipteryx panamensis) y provee el hábitat a la lapa verde y otras especies en
peligro de extinción. La lapa verde depende de los inmensos árboles de almendro como sustrato para
anidar y como fuente principal de alimentación. En Costa Rica, el bosque de almendro y en consecuencia
la lapa verde, se encuentran restringidos a la parte noreste del país, entre el Río San Juan y la Estación
Biológica La Selva. El Taller de conformación y coalición de la Comisión Local del Corredor Biológico San
Juan-La Selva", tiene como objetivo conformar el grupo de trabajo que implementará el Corredor
Biológico San Juan-La Selva. La dinámica de la actividad contempla un espacio para que los participantes
de unas 25 a 30 instituciones compartan sus experiencias y expresen sus ideas acerca de sus funciones
dentro de la Comisión Local del Corredor Biológico San Juan-La Selva para así poder conformar una
coalición que pueda gestionar las actividades a llevar a cabo dentro del marco del Corredor.
Publicación no.: 215 Establecimiento de un programa para la consolidación del Corredor Biológico
Mesoamericano, CBM, 1999. 94 pp.
El proyecto mejorará la conservación de la biodiversidad en Centro América y el Sur de México al
establecer un Programa que apoye la Consolidación del Corredor Biológico Mesoamericano. El CBM es
una prioridad de la Alianza Centroamericana para el Desarrollo Sostenible y consistirá de una red de
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áreas protegidas y sus zonas de amortiguamiento unidas por los corredores ecológicos con una variedad
de usos y grados de protección. Este proyecto en seis años habrá creado, iniciado e integrado los
componentes básicos del "Programa" al proveer la asistencia técnica que permitirá a los gobiernos y
sociedades de los países mesoamericanos establecer conjuntamente el CBM como un sistema que
integra, conserva y utiliza la biodiversidad en el marco de las prioridades del desarrollo económico,
sostenible y social. Al término de los seis años de vida del proyecto, el Programa habrá fortalecido las
capacidades institucionales, considerando la opinión de los grupos de interés y evaluado las estructuras
claves que brinden elementos, procesos y productos requeridos para asegurar la planeación y
administración de la consolidación del Corredor Biológico Mesoamericano con una visión de largo plazo.
Publicación no.: 216 Dynamics in landscape structure and composition for the Chorotega region, Costa
Rica from 1960 to 2000 [Dinámica en la estructura y composición del paisaje en la región Chorotega,
Costa Rica de 1960 al 2000] / Arroyo-Mora, J. Pablo; Sánchez-Azofeifa, Gerardo Arturo; Rivard, Benoit;
Calvo-Alvarado, Julio César; Janzen, Daniel H. (The University of Connecticut, 75 N. Eagleville Road, Unit
3043,
Storrs,
CT
06269-3043,
US
<E-mail:
[email protected]>
<E-mail:
En: Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment (ISSN 0167-8809), v. 106, no. 1, p. 27-39. 2005.
Studies of forest fragmentation in the tropics have systematically paid more attention to understanding
processes contributing to the formation of landscapes that are the product of deforestation, while little
or no attention has been paid to forested landscapes that are the product of secondary growth
processes. In this paper, using information of forest cover from 1960 to 2000 derived from aerial
photography and remote sensing data, we examine the dynamics associated with deforestation and
secondary growth processes at the Chorotega region, Costa Rica. Our analysis is conducted using a
comprehensive land capability map developed for the country. Our results indicate the occurrence of
two well-defined land cover change processes over time. Extensive/intensive cattle ranching practices
that contribute to significant forest degradation and forest cover loss characterize the first of these
processes, occurring between 1960 and 1980. The second period (1980-2000) is characterized by a
dynamic process of secondary forest growth resulting from a combination of internal and international
market forces and conservation initiatives. Conclusions from this paper indicate that more attention
needs to be paid to tropical secondary landscapes that are recuperating from years of constant
degradation. This natural recovery process could be beneficial for biodiversity recovery, biological
corridors and environmental services.
Publicación no.: 217 How do howler monkeys cope with habitat fragmentation? [¿Cómo enfrentan los
monos congos la fragmentación del hábitat?] / Bicca-Marques, J.C. (Pontificia Universidad Católica de
Río Grande do Sul. Facultad de Biociencias, Av Ipiranga 6681 Pd 12, Porto Alegre, RS 90619-900, BR <Email: [email protected]>).
En: Primates in fragments: ecology and conservation. Marsh, L.K. (ed.) New York: Kluwer
Academic/Plenum Publ., 2003. p. 283-303. ISBN: 0306476967. (No abstract).
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Publicación no.: 218 Socioecología de Alouatta palliata en hábitats fragmentados: Implicaciones para
su conservación [Socioecology of Alouatta palliata in fragmented habitat: Implications for conservation]
/ Vea, J.J; Cristobal-Azkarate, J. (University of Barcelona. Ctr Esp Rec Primates (CERP) & Department of
Psiquiatry & Psicobiology Clin, Vall Hebron 171, 08035 Barcelona, ES <E-mail: [email protected]>).
En: Primates: evolución, cultura y diversidad: homenaje a Jordi Sabater PI. Martínez-Contreras, J; Vea,
J.J. (eds.) Mexico: Centro de Estudios Filosóficos, Políticos y Sociales, Vicente Lombardo Toledano, 2002.
p. 175-195. ISBN: 9685721009. (No abstract).
Publicación no.: 219 Patterns of diversity and community composition [Patrones de diversidad y
composición de la comunidad] / Horner-Devine, M.C. (Stanford University. Department of Biological
Sciences, Center for Conservation Biology, 371 Serra Mall, Stanford, CA 94305-5020, US <E-mail:
[email protected]>). Stanford, CA: Stanford University, 2004. 130 pp. Dissertation, Ph.D.,
Stanford University, Stanford, CA (USA).
Humans have long been fascinated with the extraordinary diversity of life on Earth. Not only is the sheer
diversity of living creatures intriguing, but there are also striking patterns in their distribution over space
and time. Most of what we know about the origin, maintenance and distribution of biodiversity stems
from research on plants and animals, especially in temperate ecosystems. It is as important but
increasingly difficult to examine the patterns in richness and community composition of diverse
communities such as those found in the tropics or the hyperdiverse communities of micro-organisms.
Bacteria may be one of the most abundant and species-rich groups of organisms, and they mediate
many critical ecosystem processes; despite their incredible abundance and ecological importance, past
practical and theoretical constraints have limited our ability to document patterns of bacterial diversity
and to understand the processes that determine these patterns. However, recent advances in molecular
techniques that allow more thorough detection of bacteria in nature have made it possible to examine
such patterns and processes. I extend the approaches and questions of traditional ecology to
outstanding questions in microbial ecology. First, I review recent studies of the distribution of free-living
bacterial diversity and compare our current understanding to what is known about patterns in plant and
animal diversity. Second, I present the first evidence that bacteria can exhibit taxa-area relationships.
Third, I showed, for the first time, that, even within the same system, different bacterial taxonomic
groups could exhibit different responses to changes in productivity and thus make an important step
toward understanding processes responsible for the maintenance of bacterial biodiversity. Finally, I
examined patterns of richness and community structure for butterflies in an agricultural landscape in
Costa Rica; while not as species rich as microbial communities, these butterfly communities present
similar challenges in terms of sampling and uncertainties about dispersal abilities and resource use. I
found that the large forest reserve was important for rare and endemic species and those sites near
even small forest remnants were more diverse than those far from small patches.
Publicación no.: 220 Mating patterns and gene flow in the neotropical epiphytic orchid, Laelia
rubescens [Patrones reproductivos y flujo génico en la orquídea epífita neotropical, Laelia rubescens] /
Trapnell, Dorset W; Hamrick, James L. (University of Georgia. Department of Plant Biology, Athens, GA
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Understanding mating patterns and gene movement in plant populations occupying highly disturbed
landscapes is essential for insights into their long-term survival. We used allozyme genetic markers to
examine mating patterns and to directly measure pollen flow in the Central American epiphytic orchid,
Laelia rubescens. Study populations were located in disturbed, seasonally dry tropical forest in Costa
Rica. Every flowering individual within 15 populations and 12-18 seedlings from each maternal individual
were genotyped over two reproductive seasons. Strict correlated mating by orchids produces full-sib
progeny arrays from which the multilocus diploid genotype of the pollen parent can be inferred. These
paternity analyses produced detailed quantitative estimates of pollen movement within and among
populations of this species. Although our data illustrate that mating patterns vary spatially and
temporally among trees, among pastures, and between years, overall patterns were surprisingly
consistent. Thirty-four per cent of the capsules produced in both years resulted from gene flow events.
Where pollen parents were identified, pollen moved mean distances of 279 m and 519 m in 1999 and
2000 respectively and a maximum documented distance of 1034 m. A substantially larger floral display
in 2000 corresponded to a marked increase in pollen dispersal distances. Smaller populations, which
more closely resembled those in undisturbed forest, had higher rates of gene flow than the large
populations that characterize disturbed sites. We predict the occurrence of greater gene flow between
low-density populations occupying undisturbed habitats.
Publicación no.: 221 Enlazando el paisaje: el papel de los corredores y la conectividad en la
conservación de la vida silvestre [Linkages in the landscape: the role of corridors and connectivity in
wildlife conservation] / Bennett, Andrew F. (Darkin University. Faculty of Ecology and Environment Rusden Campus, Clayton, Victoria 3168, AU). Gland: IUCN, 1998. 254 pp. ISBN: 2-8317-02216.
(No abstract).
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-1922. 333.7214 B471e.
Publicación no.: 222 Cobertura arbórea y cercas vivas en un paisaje fragmentado, Río Frío, Costa Rica
[Tree cover and live fences in a fragmented landscape in Rio Frio, Costa Rica] / Chacón-León, Mario.
(Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza (CATIE). Departamento de Agricultura y
Agroforestería, Apdo. 7170, Turrialba, CR <E-mail: [email protected]>). Turrialba: CATIE, 2003. 111
pp. Thesis, Mag. Sc., Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza, Programa de Educación
para el Desarrollo y la Conservación, Turrialba (Costa Rica).
Forest fragmentation leads to the reduction and deterioration of habitats, and changes the structure
and composition of the landscape The study, conducted in the Atlantic region of Costa Rica (Río Frío),
characterized the diversity and the spatial structure and composition of habitats in a fragmented
landscape, and explored the contribution of livfences on the structure and physical connectivity of this
landscape. The different habitat types were identified through aerial photos, GIS tools and field
verification, and were characterized and analyzed on the basis of structure, composition and spatial
patterns within the 4,883 ha study area To characterize the composition, structure, richness and
diversity of trees in the different habitat types, 32 randomly selected plots of 100 m x 20 m (0.2 ha)
were installed in dense intervened forest habitat, riparian forest habitat, pastures with high tree cover
density and pastures with low tree cover density (8 plots per habitat). To understand the contribution of
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livefences on the structure and connectivity of the landscape, all fences (both live and "dead") in a 500
ha sample (segmented in 5 blocks of 1 km x 1 km) were measured and characterized. On the basis of the
information collected, GIS tools were used to conduct landscape simulations. The results obtained
indicated that the landscape was dominated by areas of pasture harboring few fragments of dense
intervened forest habitat that tended to be small, irregular and at an average spacing of 315 m A total of
1,157 trees with a DBH larger than 10 cm were registered in the 32 surveyed plots, representing 145
species in 46 families. The principal species were Pentaclethra macroloba, Stryphnodendron
microstachyum and Goethalsia meiantha. The dense intervened forest habitats and the riparian forest
habitats were found to be similar in richness, composition and tree diversity, but differed from pastures
in these aspects. The floristic composition indicated that the trees in pastures with high tree cover
density probably stemmed from forest remnants, whilst in pastures with low tree cover density, the
trees were either regenerating or deliberately planted. Within the 500 ha plot, it was found that 45 5%
of fences were livefences and 55 5% were of the "dead"type (using wooden fence posts). The total
length of livefences in the surveyed area was 25 3 km, consisting principally of Erythrina costaricensis,
Erythrina poeppigiana and Gliricidia sepium. The landscape simulations demonstrated that livefences
had the potential to transform extensive areas of pasture into smaller plots (from an average of 31.8 ha
to 2.1 ha), as well as creating a complex network connecting forest habitats. By increasing the extent of
the livefences through the replacement of all traditional fences, the average distances between forest
habitats could be significantly reduced from 527 m to 71 m, which in turn could reduce the time and
effort required by fauna to travel from one tree shelter to another. This study strengthened the
importance of different habitats for the conservation of tree species on a landscape-level, and analyzed
how livefences in tropical areas may favor the physical connectivity of forests on a broader spatial scale.
Publicación no.: 223 Population structure and mitochondrial DNA variation in sedentary Neotropical
birds isolated by forest fragmentation [Estructura poblacional y variación del ADN mitocondrial en aves
neotropicales sedentarias aisladas por la fragmentación del bosque] / Brown, L.M; Ramey, R.R., II;
Tamburini, B; Gavin, Thomas A. (Denver Museum of Nature and Science. Department of Zoology, 2001
Colorado Boulevard, Denver, CO 80205, US <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail:
En: Conservation Genetics (ISSN 0962-1083), v. 5, p. 743-757. 2004.
The current worldwide concern about tropical deforestation raises questions about the sustainability of
avian population, in isolated forest fragments. One of the most important issues concerns the sizes of
forest fragments necessary to maintain populations and the genetic variation within them. We address
this by: (1) using mtDNA sequence variation to infer aspects of the population structure of four species
of understory birds frons four sites in southern Costa Rican rainforest: and (2) determining whether
forest fragmentation that has occurred in the last 50 years has had an effect on the amount of withinpopulation variation for the species in question. High levels of between-population differentiation (Dxy)
were found over a relatively small geographic scale ( 130 km) for white-breasted wood-wren
(Henicorhina leucosticta), bicolored antbird lGloniopithys leucaspis), and gray-headed tanager
(Eucometis penicillata), suggesting that these species are highly sedentary and exhibit strong female
philopatry. No mtDNA variation was found in Plain Antevireo (Dysithamnus mentalis). In all three of the
polymorphic species there was a significant decrease in mtDNA nucleotide diversity in populations
isolated by forest fragmentation as compared to populations in contiguous primary forest. Even in
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relatively large (250-1000 ha) forest reserves, sedentary avian species have lost roughly half (range: 4385%) of the nucleotide diversity in mtDNA over a relatively short period of time. Our results indicate that
sedentary avian species in forest fragments isolated by clearing have undergone severe reductions in
effective population size due to population bottlenecks perpetuated by prolonged isolation and
potential edge effects.
Publicación no.: 224 Countryside biogeography of neotropical herbaceous and shrubby plants
[Biogeografía de paisaje de plantas herbáceas y arbustivas neotropicales] / Mayfield, Margaret M; Daily,
Gretchen C. (University of California at Santa Barbara. Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine
Sciences, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-9610, US <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail:
As human impacts on the environment intensify, the future of plant and animal biodiversity will depend
increasingly on the floras surviving in human-dominated "countryside" habitats. To begin to characterize
these floras for the Neotropics, we investigated the richness and composition of herbaceous and
shrubby plant communities in six forested and deforested habitats, in three replicated study areas (7.5km in diameter), of southern Costa Rica. We chose habitat types that are common throughout the
tropics, to begin building a general understanding of both the habitats of origin and the diversity of
countryside floras. Focal forest habitats were understory, 1- to 2-year-old tree-fall gaps, and riverbanks,
all in primary forest. Focal deforested habitats were ungrazed road verges, grazed pasture, and
riverbanks in grazed pasture. Non-riverbank habitats were sampled both near and far from. forest edge.
In total, we sampled 772 species from 79 families, similar to 40% of the non-tree plant diversity of the
region. Only 6% of identified species are known to be exotic. In each study area, understory and pasture
plots were consistently species poor, while tree-fall gaps and road verges near forest were consistently
the most species-rich habitats. In each study area, we found the same proportion of species restricted to
forested habitats (similar to 45%) and deforested habitats (similar to 37%), and the same proportion of
"countryside-habitat generalists" ( similar to 18%) occurring in both forested and deforested habitats.
However, different forested habitats supported different proportions of country side-habitat generalists
in each study area, although understory plots consistently 'supported the fewest generalists. Among
forested habitats, riverbanks were the most similar floristically to deforested habitats. Pasture
riverbanks and road verges near forest supported plant communities most similar to those in forested
habitats. The uniqueness and richness of each habitat suggests that countrysides with diverse land uses
can support many native herbaceous and shrubby plant species. As it becomes increasingly difficult to
protect large tracts of undisturbed tropical forest, we suggest that conservation goals expand to
encompass maintenance of heterogeneity in countryside landscapes.
Publicación no.: 225 Can the parrot trade help save the rain forest [¿Puede el comercio de loros ayudar
a salvar al bosque lluvioso?] / Duffy, D.C. (University of Alaska. Department of Biology, Alaska Nature
Heritage Program, Anchorage, AK 99501, US).
En: AFA Watchbird (ISSN 0199-543X), v. Aug.-Sept., p. 13-15. 1990. (No abstract).
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Publicación no.: 226 Ayuda de memoria del taller de consolidación del corredor biológico binacional El
Castillo-San Juan-La Selva / Chassot, Olivier; Monge-Arias, Guisselle. (Centro Científico Tropical.
Proyecto de Investigación y Conservación de la Lapa Verde (Ara ambiguus), Corredor Biológico San JuanLa Selva, Apdo. 8-3870, 1000 San José, CR <E-mail: [email protected]>). Taller de consolidación del corredor
biológico binacional El Castillo-San Juan-La Selva, Montecristo River Lodge, Sábalos, Municipio de El
Castillo NI28-29 Nov., 2002. Sábalos: Fundación del Río / Centro Científico Tropical / Corredor Biológico
San Juan-La Selva / Corredor Biológico Mesoamericano, 2002. 24 pp.
Se habló de la necesidad de unir los esfuerzos del Corredor Biológico San Juan-La Selva y del Corredor
Biológico del Sureste de Nicaragua. Con el fin de lograr este propósito, se decidió organizar el "Taller de
Consolidación del Corredor Biológico Binacional El Castillo-San Juan-La Selva, Nicaragua-Costa Rica".
Objetivo: Definir líneas de acción conjunta para la integración de los corredores biológicos de Costa Rica
y Nicaragua. 1. Compartir los avances de las fichas técnicas de ambos corredores. 2. Establecer un plan
de acción binacional en el marco del Corredor Biológico Mesoamericano. 3. Integrar los proyectos
binacionales en ejecución a las iniciativas del corredor binacional (Pro Cuenca San Juan, UICN,
Confederación de Gobiernos Transfronterizos, Conservación Internacional, The Nature Conservancy,
etc.).
Publicación no.: 227 Efecto de hábitat sobre la comunidad de mariposas diurnas en un paisaje
fragmentado del Norte de Costa Rica [Effect of habitat on the community of diurnal butterflies in a
fragmented landscape in Northern of Costa Rica] / Tobar-López, Diego E. Turrialba: CATIE, 2004. 74 pp.
Tesis, Mag. Sc. en Manejo y Conservación de Bosques Tropicales y Biodiversidad, CATIE, Turrialba (Costa
Rica).
Diversity, richness, abundance and composition of the community of diurnal butterflies were studied in
a fragmented landscape in northern of Costa Rica. A total of 3946 diurnal butterflies were observed,
belonging to 103 species in four contrasting habitat: forest fragments, riparian forest, pasturelands and
live fences. When comparing the richness of butterflies between fragmented landscape observed in the
present work and the same indicator for continuous forest found by Aguilar (1999), though the sampling
efforts were different, similarity was found. In conclusion, in this agricultural landscape, fragmented
forest and riparian forest are key habitat to maintain and to conserve most of the diversity of butterflies.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-2389. Biblioteca Conmemorativa Orton: Thesis T628.
Publicación no.: 228 Genetic diversity and population structure of trees in fragmented dry zones
forests of Central America [Diversidad genética y estructura de la población de árboles en zonas de
bosques secos fragmentados de Centroamérica] / Boshier, David H; Billingham, M.R. (University of
Oxford. Oxford Forestry Institute. Department of Plant Sciences. South Parks Road, Oxford 0X1 3RB, GB
<E-mail: [email protected]>). Oxford: University of Oxford / Oxford Forest
Institute, 2000. 30 pp.
Project Purpose: Sources of biodiversity depletion identified & strategies to minimise impact developed
& promoted. Mesoamerican dry forests are amongst the world's most threatened habitats: a mosaic of
habitats, which under human influence have become highly fragmented and localised. The same forests
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are the source of many tree genera that are used, or show potential for use, worldwide. Conservation
here must be proactive, but may take different forms; e.g. ecological restoration, or active in situ/circa
situm conservation of specific, economically important, tree species through local use. The project
aimed to provide data for genetic managemnt by; assessing effects of fragmentation on intra-specific
genetic diversity, mating system & gene flow, b) relating habitat, population size & proximity of
alternative populations/habitats to intra-specific diversity, c) devising strategies for conservation of
mesoamerican dry forest tree species. Research Activities: the project studied intra-specific and interprovenance crossing in "undisturbed" and framented forest for four species (Bombacopsis quinata,
Cedrela salvadorensis, Leucaena salvadorensis, Swietenia humilis).
Publicación no.: 229 The importance of nearby forest to known and potential pollinators of oil palm
(Elaeis guineënsis Jacq; Areceaceae) in southern Costa Rica [Importancia del bosque cercano para los
polinizadores conocidos y potenciales de la palma aceitera (Elaeis guineënsis Jacq; Areceaceae) en el sur
de Costa Rica] / Mayfield, Margaret M. (University of California at Santa Barbara. Department of
Ecology, Evolution and Marine Sciences, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-9610, US <E-mail:
En: Journal of Economic Botany (ISSN 0013-0001), v. 59, no. 2, p. 190-196. 2005. (No abstract).
Publicación no.: 230 Conservación del jaguar en Centroamérica [Jaguar conservation in Central
America] / Vaughan-Dickhaut, Christopher. (University of Wisconsin-Madison. Department of Wildlife
Ecology, Madison, WI 53706, US <E-mail: [email protected]>).
En: El jaguar en el nuevo milenio. Medellín, R.A; Equihua, C; Chetkiewicz, C.L.B; Crawshaw, P.G., Jr;
Rabinowitz, A; Redford, K.H; Robinson, J.G; Sanderson, E.W; Taber, A.B. (comps.) México, D.F.: Fondo de
Cultura Económica / UNAM /Wildlife Conservation Society, 2002. p. 355-366. (Ediciones Científicas
Universitarias; Serie Texto Científico Universitario). ISBN: 968-16-6617-8.
Jaguar conservation in Central America faces great difficulties because of the short-term political,
economic and social crises. The natural resource base is rapidly deteriorating and governments have
been unable to reverse this trend. Following a general diagnostic of its present status, we concluded
that key components of a regional jaguar conservation strategy for the isthmus should include: a]
detailed jaguar status surveys in relatively unknown areas, b] protection of large wildland areas with
jaguar populations, c] connection of major wildland areas via biological corridors, d] resolution of jaguarhuman conflicts in agroecosystems, and carrying out jaguar research. Thus far, legalization of eight large
wildland areas with between 50-730 adult jaguars each has been an important step, although resource
deterioration within them must be monitored for long-term jaguar conservation. The Paseo Panthera
corridor project uniting wildlands on the Caribbean coast between Mexico and Panama has received
governmental, scientific and financial support and must be implemented. Jaguar-human conflict
(livestock predation, illegal hunting of jaguars and their prey) resolution has not been sufficiently
addressed. Scientific research on the jaguar in the region (and elsewhere) has provided important
information for management. Abandoned agricultural ands are being converted to secondary forested
areas, thereby benefiting jaguars and their prey. Promoting the jaguar as a "flagship" species for
conservation efforts in large Central American wildlands will also protect their biodiversity.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: 599.755 J24. S10401.
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Publicación no.: 231 Estructura y composición de un paisaje boscoso fragmentado: herramienta para
el diseño de estrategias de conservación de la biodiversidad [Structure and composition of a
fragmented forest landscape: a tool for designing biodiversity conservation strategies] / RamosBendaña, Zayra S. Turrialba: CATIE, 2004. 114 pp. Tesis, Mag. Sc, Centro Agronómico Tropical de
Investigación y Enseñanza, Turrialba (Costa Rica).
Management of large territories with the goal of biodiversity conservation requires knowledge about
the natural communities as well as the use of technical tools and methodologies, such as Geographic
Information Systems (GIS), which allow for an analysis at the landscape or regional scale. This study was
conducted in the San Juan - La Selva Biological Corridor in Costa Rica in order to find a tool that
contributes to landscape management as a basis for conservation of neotropical forests and their
biodiversity. Using rigorous field sampling, three primary forest types were identified in the lowlands: 1)
Pentaclethra macroloba - palms; 2) Qualea paraensis - Vochysia ferruginea - Couma macrocarpa; 3) P.
macroloba - Carapa guianensis. These were characterized and compared with each other by their
composition, structure, diversity and species richness. A methodological procedure was developed with
the use of GIS in order to select priority areas for conservation and forest cover restoration to increase
connectivity within the landscape. This process consisted of three analyses which allowed us: 1) to
evaluate the forest cover situation according to the landscape pattern; 2) to examine the representation
of the natural forest types in the current and proposed protected areas (Gap analysis); and 3) to create
an ecological network scenario for potential connectivity based on the search for the shortest
connection routes between natural forest nuclei, which were selected under conservative and
precautionary conservation criteria. The southern corridor sector was characterized as a fragmented
landscape with a mixed matrix formed by forests and agricultural uses, principally, cattle pastures. In
this sector, both forests dominated by P. macroloba (Fabaceae) can be found. On the other hand, the
northern sector is a landscape dominated by natural forests where important continuous forest areas
exist. In the northern sector all the three forest types identified in this study can be found, but Q.
paraensis - V. ferruginea - C. macrocarpa, is the most characteristic of this sector. The latter forest type
had the greatest representation within the actual protected areas. However, because the management
categories do not offer absolute protection, this forestis not exempt from habitat degradation processes
caused by extractive uses. In the case of the two Pentaclethra forest types, they were poorly
represented in the protected area. For the P. macroloba - Carapa guianensis forest, besides being the
least common, it was also located in the most fragmented areas which implies greater vulnerability to
the loss of this community type within the corridor. In the gap analysis which included the area
proposed for the creation of the Maquenque National Park, the three forest types increased their areas
significantly under any protection category, and the majority of the protected areas are under the
national park category. With the potential connectivity analysis, two potential connectivity trajectories
were defined and critical areas for maintaining the structural connectivity in the corridor landscape were
identified; these were: a) between the Sarapiquí River and La Selva, b) the Sardinal River for the forest
remnants from northwest-southeast, c) between the Toro River and the Cuarto River, d) to the
northeast of the Toro River, e) to the northeast of the Sarapiquí River, f) to the southwest of the San
Carlos River, and g) the San Carlos River delta. It is important that this potential connectivity network
proposal be validated in the field both technically and socially. It is also necessary to create and evaluate
alternative scenarios with the participation of the key participants within the corridor and to use more
information for identifying the importantecological areas.
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Publicación no.: 232 Abundance and species richness of trees, birds, bats, butterflies and dung beetles
in silvopastoral systems in the agricultural landscapes of Cañas, Costa Rica and Rivas, Nicaragua
[Abundancia y riqueza en especies de árboles, aves, murciélagos, mariposas y abejones estercolieros en
sistemas silvopastoriles en los paisajes agrícolas de Cañas, Costa Rica y Rivas, Nicaragua] / Harvey, Celia
A; Sáenz-Méndez, Joel Cris; Montero, J; Medina, Arnulfo; Sánchez-Merlo, Dalia; Vílchez-Mendoza, Sergio
J; Hernández, Blas; Maes, Jean Michel; Sinclair, Fergus L. (Conservation International, 2011 Crystal Dr,
Suite 500, Arlington, VA 22202, US <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail:
[email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]>). Semana
Científica. VI. Memorias, Turrialba CR11-12 Mar., 2004. Turrialba: CATIE, 2004. p. 82-84. (Serie Técnica.
Reuniones Técnicas; no. 9).
Examinamos la abundancia, riqueza y diversidad de aves, murciélagos, escarabajos y mariposas en
diferentes tipos de cobertura arbórea (bosques, bosques riparios, charrales, cercas vivas y potreros con
cobertura arbórea) en dos zonas ganaderas (Rivas, Nicaragua y Cañas, Costa Rica). Con base en esa
información, discutimos la importancia de la cobertura arbórea en fincas ganaderas para la conservación
de la biodiversidad y recomendamos cómo mantener la biodiversidad en esas zonas.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-2381. Biblioteca Conmemorativa Orton: CATIE ST RT9.
Publicación no.: 233 Influence of live fences on the structure and conectivity of a fragmented
landscape, Río Frío, Costa Rica [Influencia de las cercas vivas en la estructura y la conectividad de un
paisaje fragmentado, Río Frío, Costa Rica] / Chacón-León, Mario; Harvey, Celia A. (Centro Agronómico
Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza (CATIE). Departamento de Agricultura y Agroforestería, Apdo.
7170, Turrialba, CR <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]>). Semana
Se realizó un estudio para determinar los aportes que dan las cercas vivas a la estructura y conectividad
física en un paisaje tropical fragmentado. Para esto se midieron y caracterizaron 377 cercas en 500 ha
(segmentadas en 5 bloques de 1x1 km). Las cercas estuvieron conformadas por árboles de las especies
Erythrina costaricensis, Erythrina poeppigiana y Gliricidia sepium. Mediante la simulación de escenarios
del paisaje y herramientas SIG, se determinó que las cercas pueden transformar extensas aéreas de
potrero a unidades de potrero más pequeñas. También que las cercas vivas pueden interconectar
fragmentos de bosques densos y bosques riparios, además de reducir la distancia promedio entre las
copas de los árboles de cercas vivas y los bosques densos y bosques riparios. Los resultados indican que
la estructura y el arreglo espacial de las cercas vivas son de suma importancia para la conservación de la
biodiversidad en espacios abiertos ya que pueden afectar el grado de conectividad física a escala de
paisaje.
Publicación no.: 234 Diversidad y riqueza de aves en diferentes hábitats en un paisaje fragmentado en
Cañas, Costa Rica / Cárdenas-Carmona, G; Harvey, Celia A; Ibrahim, Muhammad A; Finegan, Bryan.
(Conservation International, 2011 Crystal Dr, Suite 500, Arlington, VA 22202, US <E-mail:
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[email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]>). Semana
Richness, abundance and bird diversity were characterized in habitats with different tree cover (dry
forest fragments, riparian forests, scrubs, live fences, low and high coverage pasturelands) in a
fragmented landscape in Cañas, Costa Rica. Pastureswith high tree cover and riparian forests presented
higher richness of bird species than the dry forest fragments and pastures with low tree cover. Forest
habitats presented a different bird composition than that registered in the open habitats, with more
species of particular forest birds. Open habitats and pastures presented a simpler bird composition
(common and abundant species) characteristic of agricultural systems.
Publicación no.: 235 Climate change and biodiversity: synercistic impacts [Cambio climático y
biodiversidad: impactos sinergísticos] / Hannah, L; Lovejoy, Thomas E, (eds.).
En: Advances in Applied Biodiversity Science; no. 4 Washington, DC: Conservation International, 2003.
123 pp. ISBN: 1-881173-74-7.
The chapters of this volume that follow focus on the synergistic and cascading impacts of climate change
on biodiversity that occur when multiple factors interact. Researchers are working to understand these
compound impacts using numeric computer models, field experimentation, and conceptual models
framed by experts in multi-disciplinary assessment. The two chapters of this introductory section
explore models and experimental methods that have been applied in research on the impacts of climate
change on biotic interactions. Chapter 1 describes synergies and the models that may be used to
simulate them. Because the models needed to directly simulate synergies are very complex, however,
relatively few synergies have been successfully simulated. Instead, many synergies have been examined
in conceptual models, through experimental manipulation, or by combining single-factor models.
Chapter 2 explores these more fundamental approaches, which have been used to build understanding
of synergies piece by piece. Chapters 1 and 2 lay the groundwork for Chapters 3-12, which draw on the
methods described here and add others, such as conceptual models of fire or physiological effects of
CO2, to paint a provocative, if partial, portrait of the synergistic effects of climate change on
biodiversity.
Publicación no.: 236 Estado de conservación de la lora nuca amarilla (Amazona auropalliata) en la
Zona Protectora Tivives, Puntarenas, Costa Rica / Arcos-Torres, A. (Centro de Investigación en
Educación Ambiental Inty Llacta EC <E-mail: [email protected]>).
En: Zeledonia (Costa Rica) (ISSN 1659-0732), v. 9, no. 1, p. 35-37. 2005.
La Lora Nuca Amarilla (Amazona auropalliata) es considerada una especie amenazada en todo su rango
de distribución, que va desde el sureste de México hasta el noreste de Costa Rica, razón por la cual en el
2002 esta especie fue movida del Apéndice IIde la Convención para el Comercio Internacional de
Especies Amenazadas de Flora y Fauna al Apéndice I (CITES 2002). En Costa Rica la especie habita desde
el Pacífico Norte, llegando hasta las cercanías del Río Tárcoles, donde prefiere los bosques caducifolios y
perennifolios de galería, sabanas con árboles y zonas agrícolas aledañas (Stiles & Skutch 1995). Debido a
su gran capacidad de imitar sonidos humanos esta especie es muy cotizada en los mercados ilegales de
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fauna silvestre, tanto a nivel nacionalcomo internacional, por lo que es considerada una de las especies
de psitácidos más amenazadas del país. En la Zona Protectora Tivives, ubicada en el Pacífico Central de
Costa Rica, se llevó a cabo una investigación para obtener información sobre la dinámica poblacional de
la especie, estudiar la problemática del saqueo de nidos en la zona, realizar una caracterización de los
mismos y determinar la vulnerabilidad que presentan los nidos al saqueo, para diseñar las bases de una
estrategia de conservaciónque permita mantener las poblaciones de la especie en el área de estudio.
Como parte de la metodología aplicada durante el estudio, se realizó una entrevista al 30% de los
habitantes de los poblados aledaños a la Zona Protectora. Según la información obtenida, cada pichón
de lora tiene un precio comercial promedio de 27000 colones. Otro dato interesante obtenido mediante
las entrevistas es que más del 45% de los hombres entrevistados afirmaron haber saqueado nidos
recientemente. La edad promedio de los hombres que se dedican a extraer pichones es de 19 años.
Paralelamente a la entrevista se llevó a cabo la búsqueda intensiva de nidos, lo cual fue realizado por
medio de observación del comportamiento de las parejas, información brindada por las personaslocales
(la mayoría saqueadores) y rastros de saqueos dejados en los árboles, vegetación cercana y suelo. De los
20 nidos encontrados, 16 (80%) no fueron exitosos en esta temporada; de este porcentaje, un 50%
fueron saqueados, un 15% mostraron señales desaqueo aunque no fue posible determinar si estas
pertenecían al año de investigación o a temporadas pasadas; y el 15% de nidos restantes fueron
depredados. Estos datos son comparables a los de un estudio realizado por Wright et al. (2001) desde
1993 hasta 1997 en Costa Rica, en el que encontró que aproximadamente el 45% de los nidos fracasan y
que el 90% de esto se debe al saqueo. Por otra parte, según CITES en Guatemala, entre el 70% y el 100%
de los nidos no protegidos son saqueados. En Costa Rica, hasta la tercera parte de los nidos son
saqueados, aún dentro de reservas naturales. En las islas costeñas de Honduras el 100% de los nidos son
saqueados. El alto porcentaje de nidos saqueados en la temporada de anidación del 2004, sin tomar en
cuenta los nidos indeterminados, explica que la principal causa de mortalidad es el saqueo. Esta
actividad es la causa más difundida y significativa de mortalidad de los loros neotropicales. Según Wright
et al. (2001), la pérdida de pichones debido al saqueo de nidos es mayor que la muerte por causas
naturales. El saqueo de nidos en el área continúa gracias a que esta actividad genera ingresos
relativamente altos para los saqueadores por lo que se ven extremadamente atraídos por la
comercialización de pichones (sobre todo los jóvenes). Por otra parte, existe la falta de un ente
regulador organizado, responsable y eficiente ya que las infracciones en el área se cometen a plena luz
del día y en zonas aledañas a la casa destinada a la protección (MINAE). Los jóvenes de la región sienten
que tienen las puertas abiertas para saquear nidos y comercializar pichones sin ningún inconveniente.
Con los datos obtenidos mediante esta investigación se propusieron las bases para crear una estrategia
de conservación que ayude a incrementar y mantener estable el tamaño de la población de A.
auropalliata en el área. Se sugirieron una serie de actividades relacionadas con educación ambiental,
vigilancia y monitoreo de los nidos activos para evitar el saqueo e investigación y manejo del hábitat ya
que la sobrevivencia de la especie a largo plazo depende no solo de lograr el control sobre el saqueo de
nidos sino también de la conservación del hábitat, tanto en los lugares donde la especie forrajea, como
en los sitios de anidación. Lamentablemente, la mayoría de individuos forrajean en tierras privadas
donde los árboles son reemplazados por pastizales, construcciones y plantas introducidas, o peor aún,
incendiadas.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: Z.
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Publicación no.: 237 Species and functional diversity of native and human-dominated plant
communities [Diversidad funcional y de especies de comunidades de plantas nativas y dominadas por el
hombre] / Mayfield, Margaret M; Boni, M.E; Daily, Gretchen C; Ackerly, David D. (University of California
at Santa Barbara. Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Sciences, Santa Barbara, CA 931069610, US <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]>).
En: Ecology (ISSN 0012-9658), v. 86, no. 9, p. 2365-2372. 2005.
Despite growing attention to how human activities alter plant communities, little is known about the
ecosystem consequences of these changes. We explore the relationship between species and functional
diversity of herbaceous and shrubby plant communities in forested and deforested habitats in three
Neotropical landscapes. We focus on six traits: pollination mechanism, dispersal mechanism, growth
form, fruit type, fruit size, and seed size. We ask: (1) What is the relationship between species richness
and functional diversity (trait state richness)? (2) Do species/functional diversity relationships differ
between forested and deforested habitats? and (3) Are observed species/functional diversity patterns
more consistent with ecological filtering or differentiation-based assembly processes? We show that
species richness is often a weak surrogate for functional diversity, depending on the trait.
Species/functional diversity relationships differ significantly between forested and deforested habitats,
but the nature of-differences is trait dependent. Dispersal mechanism and fruit type number increased
more rapidly in deforested than forested habitats, but the opposite was true for most other traits. Using
a null model, we found evidence of ecological filtering for most traits in both habitats. Results
demonstrate that deforested habitats do not necessarily contain lower functional diversity than forest
but that the ecological assembly processes influencing community function in deforested
communitiesdiffer dramatically from forest.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-2785. S10934. LC.
Publicación no.: 238 Forest fragmentation and biodiversity conservation: case studies of Costa Rica
and Vancouver Island [Fragmentación del bosque y conservación de la biodiversidad: estudios de caso
de Costa Rica y la Isla Vancouver] / Roman, G; Emerson, L; Fairweather, K. , 2001. 134 pp.
The conservation of biodiversity is an important responsibility for humanity for economic, aesthetic,
ecological, and ethical reasons. Human-caused habitat fragmentation is a major threat to the
conservation of biodiversity. We assessed the impacts of forest fragmentation on biodiversity in two
widely differing regions: Costa Rica and Vancouver Island. First, we quantified landscape fragmentation
patterns in both regions. Subsequently, it was shown how current landscape patterns, such as the
representativeness of ecosystem types, sizes of habitat patches, and degree of landscape connectivity,
are impacting biodiversity in the two regions. Many of these impacts were species-specific, and were
obtained directly from the literature, while others could only be inferred by established generalized
rules. One important conclusion is that the impacts of fragmentation on biodiversity may have very
extensive effects under rapid climate change scenarios. The future outlook for biodiversity conservation
in both regions was also assessed. This was done by first documenting initiatives towards a system of
land use compatible with conservation, and subsequently pointing out areas where improvements could
be directed. We conclude that both regions studied still have a long way to go before incentives and
mechanisms are in place that encourages land use patterns compatible with biodiversity conservation
objectives. Creating the transition towards such a system must be a high priority for everyone, and will
requiremany changes in styles of resource management, in the attitudes, lifestyles, and consumption
patterns of individuals, and in the ways in which businesses go about their operations. The Importance
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of This Study: The conservation of the Earth's biodiversity is thought by many to be one of the most
important and pressing issues of our time. Ordinary citizens, prominent scientists, resource managers,
university professors, environmentalists, schoolchildren, and government bureaucrats from all parts of
the world are just some of the important groups of people that have acknowledged the importance of
saving the earth's biotic wealth. In Canada, a public opinion poll prepared by the Angus Reid Group
showed that 94% of Canadians would support Federal Endangered Species Legislation, and that the
majority of rural Canadians would be willing to use at least a portion of their privately owned land for
endangered species conservation (Canadian Endangered Species Coalition, 2001). Globally, the
recognition of the importance of biodiversity conservation is reflected by the ratification of the
Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), first presented at the1992 Rio de Janeiro Earth Summit, by 168
countries (Conference of the Parties of the Convention on Biological Diversity, 2001). In many regions,
the increasing public awareness on the importance of conserving biodiversity is being expressed in many
ways. We can note this just from the increased usage of the term 'biodiversity' (despite the fact that it is
not commonly fully understood), and also by the increasing referral to biodiversity in the rhetoric of
government policies and mandates (see: BC CORE, 1995a; Budowski, 1992). However, although many
conservation-oriented activities and programs have been plannedthe widespread recognition of the
importance of biological conservation does not necessarily mean that specific actions have been taken
to address the root causes of threats to biodiversity. Actual changes in land use and related policies,
which satisfybiodiversity conservation objectives, are considered by many to be scarce (UNEP, 2000).
The reasons for this are complicated, and have a lot to do with the extreme difficulties involved in
satisfying multiple objectives in planning. Defining a trajectoryof development that satisfies all
environmental, economic, and social objectives may at best be excruciatingly difficult, and at worst may
be outright impossible. Therefore, tradeoffs between objectives may often be forced into being during
planning activities. Governments, corporations, small businesses, non-government organizations, and
public citizens will make these tradeoffs, either consciously or unconsciously, in their daily operations.
We need more integration of environmental thinking into decision-making about agriculture, forestry,
trade, investment, infrastructure, development and finance (UNEP, 2000). However, the seemingly
inconsequential consumption and lifestyle choices of individuals also make a huge difference, as these
have a huge cumulative impact on many aspects of society, on the economy, and on the environment.
Therefore, decision-making has a dire need for being as fully informed as possible. However, relevant
information must be presented in such a manner so as to not become too complicated or to paralyze or
blind the decision-maker. Whether decisions are made by a government-run round-table deciding on
regional land use planning, corporations deciding where to buy its raw goods, or individuals deciding
where to shop for furniture, more informed decision-making at all levels will bring us closer to the
realization of satisfying as many developmental objectives that we strive for as possible; if people
understand clearly what the consequences of certain actions are, they willlikely make decisions that are
more consistent with the achievement of the multiple values that they respect. Aims and Goals of This
Project: The overarching goal of this paper is to assess the impacts of forest fragmentation on
biodiversity. The aims implicit within this goal are: 1. To inform the reader on the level of importance of
specific threats to biodiversity. 2. To quantitatively assess the current state of the landscape, with
respect to forest fragmentation, in two study regions. 3. To show how the quantified patterns of forest
fragmentation across the landscapes affect biodiversity in the two study regions. 4. To discuss the
underlying causes of forest fragmentation in the two regions. 5. To compare and contrast the
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differences in relative threats to the components of biodiversity affected for the two study regions. 6. To
show the differences in conservation strategies in "developed" vs. "less developed" regions.
Publicación no.: 239 Avian community dynamics in a fragmented tropical landscape [Dinámica de la
comunidad de aves en un paisaje tropical fragmentado] / Borgella, Rene, Jr; Gavin, Thomas A. (Ithaca
College. Department of Biology, CNS 213, Ithaca, NY 14853, US <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail:
As humans alter habitats worldwide, developing reliable methods of assessing biodiversity and
community attributes of interest (e.g., species richness, turnover, and extinction rates) is important.
Frequently, estimates of community-level attributes are biased because the estimators make
assumptions of the data that are violated; many published studies assume equal detectability across
species, sites, or time. The accuracy of estimators of species richness and community-level vital rates
(e.g., extinction and colonization) can be increased by using probabilistic estimation methods, which do
not assume that all species are detected, or that the data assume a particular statistical distribution.
Using these estimation methods, we examined avian community dynamics in a fragmented tropical
landscape using data from five years of a mark-release-recapture study. For the resident understory
avifauna in each of five small (-0.3-20 ha), isolated forest fragments in southern Costa Rica, we
estimated species richness, rate of change in species richness, extinction and turnover rates of species,
and the number of colonizing species over temporal scales of one month, one year, and two years. We
expected that community dynamics would be higher in smaller fragments than in larger fragments,
reflecting greater temporal variability of avian communities in relatively small habitat patches.
Additionally, a selective logging operation was conducted at one of our sites during the midpoint of this
study, which gave usthe opportunity to examine how community-level vital rates may reflect the effects
of that perturbation. Our results demonstrate that avian communities in the larger fragments were
more stable than those in the smaller fragments, and that the selectivelylogged fragment was the most
unstable of all. We found that extinction rates were more similar across our sites than were colonization
rates, and that the higher instability of the small fragments was due primarily to higher levels of
colonization. Although our sample size (n = 5) precludes strong inference, our findings are consistent
with the prediction of higher local dynamics within small fragments and after logging. Taken together,
these findings suggest that smaller fragments are more dynamic overtime, and that ecological processes
and multitrophic relationships at these dynamic sites may be in a constant state of flux.
Publicación no.: 240 Efectos de la fragmentación del hábitat sobre la ecología reproductiva de
Quararibea ochrocalyx (K. Schum) Vischer en el bosque húmedo de Costa Rica [Effects of habitat
fragmentation on the reproductive ecology of Quararibea ochrocalyx (K. Schum) Vischer in the tropical
humid forest of Costa Rica] / Flores-Llampa, B. Turrialba: CATIE, 2005. 58 pp. Thesis, Mag. Sc., Centro
Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza (CATIE), Programa para el Desarrollo y la
Conservación, Turrialba (Costa Rica).
The present study evaluated the effects of fragmentation on plant density, fruit production, predation of
seeds and herbivory in fragmented forests and in continuous forest in northern Costa Rica. The decrease
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of juvenile plants shown in the forest fragments could be the result of the changes in the microhabitat
and the interaction with their dispersers. Therefore, increased of knowledge of regeneration, the plant
species interaction with its predators and dispersers and the causes of failure in these ecological
processes may be one of the most important steps toward the achievement of sustainability of forest
fragments in northern Costa Rica.
Publicación no.: 241 Taller Internacional de Expertos sobre Manejo y Conservación de Ara macao en
Costa Rica: Resumen de resultados y recomendaciones. Villa Lapas, Costa Rica, Abril de 1995, 9 pp.
La lapa roja (Ara macao) es una especie situada en el Apéndice I de CITES y considerada en peligro de
extinción en Costa Rica. Los factores determinantes de esta situación son la deforestación, el robo de
nidos para el trasiego ilegal de pichones y la falta de protección efectiva de sus hábitats claves. En el
Pacífico Central de Costa Rica se establecieron dos proyectos de investigación y manejo de una de las
poblaciones más importantes. La Universidad Nacional desarrolla un proyecto de investigación basado
en el monitoreo poblacional y la Fundación Pro Iguana Verde (con el apoyo del WWF de Austria y del
gobierno de Costa Rica) un proyecto de manejo y conservación integrando a las comunidades locales. La
meta de ambos esfuerzos es procurar la viabilidad a largo plazo de la población de lapas en la región y
con ello contribuir a su mantenimiento en Costa Rica. La población de lapas rojas en Costa Rica se
encuentra geográficamente distribuida principalmente en tres sectores: Península de Osa, Pacífico
Central y Tempisque-Palo Verde. No se conoce la existencia de flujo de individuos entre estos sectores.
Es posible que haya tendencia a que las poblaciones se encuentren fragmentadas, como consecuencia
del aislamiento de las áreas silvestres y la fragmentación del bosque tropical Son numerosos los peligros
reales y potenciales de la fragmentación y aislamiento de las poblaciones silvestres. Efectos de
depresión endogámica, reducción de la capacidad reproductiva, incremento de la mortalidad por
efectos demográficos y genéticos, son algunas de estas consecuencias negativas. La solución de este
problema es complejo, pero apunta a evitar el aislamiento poblacional, restablecer el flujo genético
entre las poblaciones separadas e incrementar la población efectiva dentro de cada fragmento.
Asimismo, es necesario aplicar una serie de medidas complementarias, tales como protección y
recuperación de hábitats, reducción del saqueo de nidos, incremento de recursos claves, entre otros. En
el caso particular del Pacífico Central de Costa Rica, es necesario reducir los efectos negativos del
saqueo de pichones, proteger los sitios claves de nidificación y de corredores así como iniciar un
programa orientado a reabastecer la población antes de su reducción crítica, como una forma de
mantener a la población por arriba de su mínimo viable. Debido a que el manejo de poblaciones
reducidas implica el desarrollo y ajuste de metodologías particulares para cada caso, se consideró de
suma importancia discutir las posibles opciones con especialistas en el tema. De este modo, la
Fundación Pro Iguana Verde ejecutó este Taller de Expertos, cuyos resultados y recomendaciones más
significativas damos a conocer en el presente documento. Los participantes representaron los sectores
claves del manejo de psitácidos, tanto en sus aspectos biológicos como veterinarios.
Publicación no.: 242 Phyllostomid bat community structure and abundance in two contrasting tropical
dry forests [Estructura comunitaria y abundancia de murciélagos filostómidos en dos bosques secos
tropicales contrastantes] / Stoner, Kathryn E. (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Centro de
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Investigación en Ecosistemas, Apartado Postal 27-3, Xangari, Morelia 48980, MX <E-mail:
Although tropical wet Forests are generally more diverse than dry forests for man), faunal groups, few
studies have compared bat diversity among dry forests. I compared ground level phyllostomid bat
community structure between two tropical dry forests with different precipitation regimes. Parque
National Palo Verde in northwestern Costa Rica represents one of the wettest tropical dry forests
(rainfall 1.5 m/yr), whereas the Chamela Cuixmala Biosphere Reserve Oil the Pacific coast of central
Mexico represents one of the driest (750 mm/yr). Mist net sampling was conducted at the two Study
sites to compare changes ill ground level phyllostomid bat community structure between regions and
seasons. Palo Verde was more diverse than Chamela and phyllostomid species showed low similarity
between sites (Classic jaccard = 0.263). The distinct phyllostomid communities observed at these two
dry Forest sites demonstrates that variants of tropical dry forest can be sufficiently different in structure
and composition to affect phyllostomid communities. At both dry forest sites, abundance of the two
most common foraging guilds (frugivores and nectarivores) differed between seasons, with greatest
numbers of individuals captured coinciding with highest chiropterophilic resource abundance.
Publicación no.: 243 Landscape connectivity and biological corridors [Conectividad del paisaje y los
corredores biológicos] / Laurence, S.G.W.
En: Agroforestry and biodiversity conservation in tropical landscapes. Schroth, G; da Fonseca, GA.B;
Harvey, C.A; Gascon, C; Vasconcelos, H.L; Izac, A.M.N. (eds.) Washington, D.C.: Island Press, 2004. p. 5063. ISBN: 1-55963-356-5. (No abstract).
Localización: Biblioteca OET: 634.990.913 A281.
Publicación no.: 244 Live fences, isolated trees, and windbreaks: tools for conserving biodiversity in
fragmented tropical landscapes [Cercas vivas, árboles aislados y tapavientos: herramientas para
conservar la biodiversidad en paisajes tropicales fragmentados] / Harvey, Celia A; Tucker, N.I.J; Estrada,
Alejandro. (Conservation International, 2011 Crystal Dr, Suite 500, Arlington, VA 22202, US <E-mail:
Harvey, C.A; Gascon, C; Vasconcelos, H.L; Izac, A.M.N. (eds.) Washington, D.C.: Island Press, 2004. p.
269-289. ISBN: 1-55963-356-5.
This chapter discusses the potential role of three agroforestry elements 'live fences, isolated trees and
windbreaks' in helping retain plant and animal species and maintain the continuity of species
populations and ecological processes in fragmented tropical landscapes. The abundance of these
agroforestry elements are first characterized in tropical regions and how farmers manage them. Data
are presented on the floristic and structural diversity that they represent and the fauna associated with
then, focusing on the potential role of the agroforestry elements as habitats, food resources, stepping
stones and corridors. Finally, the knowledge gaps that must be filled before the potential of these
agroforestry elements for landscape'scale conservation strategies can be fully appreciated are
identified.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: 634.990.913 A281. NBINA-4904.
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Publicación no.: 245 Agroforestry systems: important components in conserving the genetic viability
of native tree species? [Sistemas agroforestales: ¿componentes importantes en la conservación de la
viabilidad genética de especies de árboles tropicales nativos?] / Boshier, David H. (Oxford Forestry
Institute. Department of Plant Sciences, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RB, GB <E-mail:
Harvey, C.A; Gascon, C; Vasconcelos, H.L; Izac, A.M.N. (eds.) Washington, D.C.: Island Press, 2004. p.
290-313. ISBN: 1-55963-356-5. (No abstract).
Localización: Biblioteca OET: 634.990.913 A281.
Publicación no.: 246 Hábitat potencial para la danta centroamericana (Tapirus bairdii) en el Corredor
Biológico San Juan-La Selva, Costa Rica / Chassot, Olivier; Monge-Arias, Guisselle; Jiménez, Vladimir.
(Centro Científico Tropical. Proyecto de Investigación y Conservación de la Lapa Verde (Ara ambiguus),
Corredor Biológico San Juan-La Selva, Apdo. 8-3870, 1000 San José, CR <E-mail: [email protected]>). San
José: Centro Científico Tropical, 2005. 17 pp.
Enlace: http://www.ots.ac.cr/rdmcnfs/datasets/biblioteca/pdfs/nbina-3392.pd
Introducción: La Zona Norte de Costa Rica alberga el último hábitat de conexión viable de tierra que
permite mantener la continuidad del Corredor Biológico Mesoamericano entre Nicaragua y Costa Rica.
Sin embargo, el pequeño tamaño y el incremento de la degradación y aislamiento del bosque dentro de
esta región, amenaza seriamente su conectividad ecológica y la viabilidad de una biodiversidad regional
única: un bosque biológicamente diverso, dominado por el almendro (Dipteryx panamensis), el cual no
se encuentra adecuadamente representado en el sistema de áreas silvestres protegidas de Costa Rica.
Esta región, entre el Río San Juan y la vertiente norte de la Cordillera Volcánica Central, también alberga
varias especies en peligro de extinción, incluyendo la danta centroamericana (Tapirus bairdii), la lapa
verde (Ara ambigua), el jaguar (Panthera onca), el pez gaspar (Atractosteus tropicus) y el manatí
(Trichechus manatus). Actualmente se desarrolla una iniciativa integral para implementar el Corredor
Biológico San Juan-La Selva y el Refugio Nacional de Vida Silvestre Mixto Maquenque, con el fin de
conservar un mosaico de ecosistemas boscosos en peligro y proteger un mayor enlace del Corredor
Biológico Mesoamericano, a nivel nacional, binacional y regional. El Corredor se ubica al norte de las
provincias de Heredia y Alajuela, abarcando parte de los cantones de Sarapiquí y San Carlos. La totalidad
de la superficie del Corredor Biológico San Juan-La Selva pertenece a la Cuenca del Río San Juan. El
Corredor Biológico San Juan-La Selva tiene una extensión de 246.608 ha. Administrativamente abarca
parte de las Áreas de Conservación Cordillera Volcánica Central y Arenal Huetar Norte. Por otra parte, el
Área de Conservación Tortuguero es importante porlas áreas silvestres protegidas que están conectadas
con el Corredor, tales como el Refugio Nacional de Vida Silvestre Barra del Colorado y el Parque
Nacional Tortuguero.
Publicación no.: 247 Avian community response to lowland tropical rainforest isolation: 40 years of
change at La Selva Biological Station, Costa Rica [Respuesta de la comunidad de aves al aislamiento del
bosque lluvioso tropical de la tierra baja: 40 años de cambio en la Estación Biológica La Selva, Costa Rica]
/ Sigel, Bryan J; Sherry, Thomas W; Young, Bruce E. (Tulane University. Department of Ecology and
Evolutionary Biology, 310 Dinwiddie Hall, New Orleans, LA 70118, US <E-mail: [email protected]> <Email: [email protected]>).
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Since 1960, most of the forest surrounding the La Selva Biological Station, an intensively studied tropical
research facility in Costa Rica, has been converted to agricultural uses. We used quantitative censuses
and analysis of previously published categorical abundances to assess changes in the bird community,
and we evaluated potential causes of species-specific changes by assessing their association with
habitat, diet, participation in mixed-species flocks, and nest type. Approximately the same percentage of
species increased as decreased in abundance from 1960 to 1999 (10-20% of all species, depending on
method of assessment). Diet was the single most important trait associated with declining species. At
least 50% of the species that declined have insectivorous diets. Use of forest habitat and participation in
mixed-species flocks were also significant factors associated with declines, but nest type was unrelated
to change in abundance. The species that increased in abundance tended to occur in open habitats and
have omnivorous diets. These results reinforce the importance of several population risk factors
associated with tropical understory insectivory and mixed-species flocking: patchy spatial distribution,
low population density, large home range, and dietary specialization. La Selva's protected area (1611
ha), despite a forested connection on one boundary with a higher elevation national park, is apparently
too small to maintain at least one major guild (understory insectivores). This first quantitative
assessment of bird community change at La Selva highlights the need to intensify study of the
mechanisms and consequences of biological diversity change in tropical forest fragments.
Publicación no.: 248 Seminario "Biodiversidad, capital natural y desarrollo: perspectivas y
herramientas para la sostenibilidad". Memorias / Castaño-Betancur, Leandro (ed.). (Organización para
Estudios Tropicales, P.O. Box 676-2050, San Pedro de Montes de Oca, CR). San José: OET / Programa de
Política y Ciencias Ambientales, 2004. 34 pp.
La Organización para Estudios Tropicales, a través de su programa Política y Ciencias Ambientales,
impartió entre octubre de 2003 y febrero de 2004 tres ediciones de este seminario, con el apoyo
financiero del Departamento de Estado del Gobierno de los Estados Unidos, el Centro Ambiental para
Centroamérica y el Caribe y el auspicio del Instituto Centroamericano y La Cuenca del Caribe de Estudios
Legislativos (ICEL). Dicha actividad, brindó a 45 Legisladores y Asesores Parlamentarios de
Centroaméricay el Caribe, un espacio para conocer con mayor profundidad la situación ambiental de la
región y explorar las dimensiones ambientales, sociales y económicas de la protección de la
biodiversidad y el manejo responsable de los recursos naturales. El intercambio de información entre
instructores, facilitadores y participantes en torno a la realidad ambiental, así como los trabajos en
grupo y las actividades directamente desarrolladas en la naturaleza, fueron un aporte a la construcción
de conocimiento común a partir del cual se aspira generar acciones en conjunto que lleven a la
protección eficiente, al uso racional y al manejo adecuado del capital natural de la región. Las lecciones y
salidas al campo, así como las discusiones y procesos de intercambio de conocimientos, opiniones y
posiciones; estuvieron a cargo de importantes instructores y facilitadores internacionales que poseen
una amplia experiencia de trabajo en la región. A través de esta experiencia de campo se ilustró el
contexto regional para la protección de los recursos naturales y el estado de los mismos, se describieron
los principios ecológicos fundamentales para una buena toma de decisiones y se presentaron algunas
herramientas e instrumentos legales y económicos importantes en los procesos de protección y uso
racional de la biodiversidad. La planificación y desarrollo de este tipo de eventos académicos se logra
partiendo de una sólida base institucional, contando con la cooperación de estamentos regionales y con
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el apoyo financiero deorganismos internacionales, pero sobre todo, teniendo la voluntad y disposición
de las personas que trabajan en las entidades gubernamentales, que están tomando decisiones
relacionadas con el ambiente y que son la razón de ser de nuestro programa. Una muestra de dicho
soporte institucional y algunos comentarios de colaboradores y beneficiarios son presentados en este
documento.
Publicación no.: 249 Factors shaping the range-size frequency distribution of the endemic fish fauna of
the Tropical Eastern Pacific [Factores que conforman la distribución de la frecuencia de rango de
tamaño de la fauna de peces endémica del Pacífico Oriental Tropical] / Mora, C; Robertson, D.R.
(University of Windsor. Department of Bikology, 401 Sunset, Windsor, Ontario N9B 3P4, CA <E-mail:
En: Journal of Biogeography (ISSN 0305-0270), v. 32, p. 277-286. 2005.
Aim: To assess the effect of habitat fragmentation and isolation in determining the range-size frequency
distribution (RFD) of the shorefish fauna endemic to a discrete biogeographical region. Location: The
Tropical Eastern Pacific (TEP). Methods: Habitat isolation represents the separation between oceanic
islands and the continental shore of the TEP and habitat fragmentation the degree of spatial continuity
of habitats (i.e. reefs, soft bottom, nearshore waters) along the continental coast of the TEP. The effects
of habitat isolation and fragmentation were quantified by comparing the RFDs of (1) the species found
on oceanic islands vs. the continental shore, and (2) species on the continental shore that use different
habitat types. Results: The RFD of the entire TEP fauna was bimodal, with peaks at both smalland largerange ends of the spectrum. The small-range peak was due almost entirely to island species and the
large-range peak due mainly to species found in both the continental shore and oceanic islands. RFDs
varied among species using different habitats on the continental shore: reef-fishes had a right-skewed
RFD, soft-bottom species a flat RFD, and coastal-pelagic fishes a left-skewed RFD. Main conclusions:
Variation in dispersal capabilities associated with habitat isolation and fragmentation in the TEP appears
to be the main mechanism contributing to differences among RFD structure, although variation in
tolerances arising from the dynamic regional environment may contribute to some patterns. Because
diversity patterns are strongly affected by RFD structure, it is now evident that the insular and
continental components of a fauna should be treated separately when analysing such patterns.
Furthermore, contrasts in RFD structure among species using different habitats demonstrate that a full
understanding of the causes of diversity patterns requires analyses of complete regional faunas in
relation to regional geography.
Publicación no.: 250 Behavioral plasticity among black-handed spider monkey (Ateles geoffroyi)
communities in a mosaic habitat at El Zota Biological Field Station, Costa Rica [Plasticidad de
comportamiento entre las comunidades de monos colorados (Ateles geoffroyi) en un mosaico de hábitats
en la Estación Biológica El Zota, Costa Rica] / Lindshield, Stacy M. (Iowa State University. Department of
Anthropology, 324 Curtiss Hall, Ames, IA 50011, US <E-mail: [email protected]>).
En: American Journal of Physical Anthropology (ISSN 0002-9483), Suppl. 42, p. 122. 2006. (No abstract).
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Publicación no.: 251 The effects of forest fragment age, isolation, area, habitat type, and water
availability on monkey density in a tropical dry forest [Efectos de la edad de fragmentación del bosque,
aislamiento, área, tipo de hábitat y disponibilidad de agua en la densidad de monos en un bosque seco
tropical] / DeGama-Blanchet, Holly Noelle. (University of Calgary. Department of Anthropology, Calgary,
Alberta T2N 1N4, CA <E-mail: [email protected]>). Calgary, Alberta: Univesity of Calgary, 2005. 113
pp. ISBN: 0-494-03810-1. Thesis, M.A., University of Calgary (Canada).
Área de Conservación Guanacaste (ACG), Costa Rica, four centuries of heterogeneous disturbance,
including logging, burning, hunting, and clearing, have fragmented and degraded the tropical dry forest.
The present study examined the effects of ACG forest fragment age, isolation, area, habitat type, and
dry season water availability on the density of white-faced capuchins (Cebus capucinus), mantled
howling monkeys (Alouatta palliata), and black-handed spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi )using the line
transect method. Significantly higher densities of capuchins and howlers were found in older forest.
Fragment isolation and area were significantly, and positively, related only to capuchin relative density.
Additionally, transects containing evergreen forest had higher densities of all three species, while this
relationship was only significant for capuchins. Lastly, water availability was only significantly, positively,
related to capuchin density. The information gained from my study can be used to create conservation
management plans for these three primates.
Publicación no.: 252 Of forests and farms: Species and functional diversity patterns of herbaceous and
shrubby plant communities in neotropical countryside landscapes (Costa Rica) [De bosques y fincas:
Diversidad de patrones de especies y comunidades funcionales de plantas herbáceas y arbustos en
paisajes de campo neotropicales (Costa Rica)] / Mayfield, Margaret M. (University of California at Santa
Barbara. Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Sciences, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-9610, US <Email: [email protected]>). Stanford, CA: Stanford University, 2005. 156 pp. ISBN: 0-542-08470-8.
Dissertation, Ph.D., Stanford University (USA).
The research I report on in this dissertation was developed in the framework of countryside
biogeography, which focuses on patterns of biodiversity in human-altered (countryside) landscapes. I
examined three aspects of plant community diversity in forested and deforested tropical habitats of
human-dominated landscapes: (1) species diversity, (2) functional trait diversity and (3) community
assembly rules (phylogenetic patterns). All projects were based on plant diversity data collected during
my survey of herbaceous and shrubby plants in 85 sites in three forested and three deforested habitat
types in three areas of southern Costa Rica. In total, I surveyed the richness and abundance of over 750
plant species. For studies of functional diversity, Ialso collected data on six functional traits from 668
species. These traits were pollination mechanism, dispersal mechanism, growth form, fruit type, fruit
size and seed size. I found that only 16-20% of native plant species were present in both forestedand
deforested habitats but total species richness did not differ between forested and deforested habitats
on a per site basis. Community composition differed greatly by habitat type, with riverbanks in forest
most floristically similar to deforested habitats. Functional diversity patterns were largely trait
dependent. There were more dispersal mechanisms represented on average in deforested than forest
habitats but the reverse was true for growth form and seed size. Pasture and understory consistently
had the lowest levels of functional diversity while road verges and tree-fall gaps were consistently
functionally rich. Studies of community assembly revealed that for all six traits, ecological filtering was
the dominant filtering pressure acting on focal plant communities, but the extent of these pressures
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varied between forested and deforested habitats. Phylogenetically, only understory communities were
under-dispersed indicating intense ecological filtering on suites of unstudied traits in these communities.
Few of my studied trait states, however, correlated with patterns of phylogenetic clustering. This thesis
is one of the most in depth examinations of how tropical herbaceous and shrubby plant communities
are altered by human activities and has advanced our understanding of the ecology of complex humanaltered landscapes.
Publicación no.: 253 The influence of microclimate and habitat area on the ecology of the army ant
Eciton burchellii in tropical forest fragments [Influencia del microclima y área de hábitat en la ecología
de las hormigas ronchadoras Eciton burchellii en fragmentos de bosque tropical] / Meisel, Joe E. (1202
Williamson St, Madison, WI 53702, US <E-mail: [email protected]>). Madison, WI: The University of
Wisconsin, 2004. 150 pp. ISBN: 0-496-15672-1. Dissertation, Ph.D., The University of Wisconsin at
Madison (USA).
Army ants are keystone species in tropical forests, where they promote elevated biological diversity. In
northeastern Costa Rica I encountered Eciton burchellii (Westwood) colonies in small forest fragments. I
evaluated the effects of microclimate variation on army ant mobility and survival, compared the
contribution of ants to bird flocks in primary forest and forest fragments, and assessed prey harvest by
colonies foraging in these two habitat types. E. burchellii mobility is constrained by substrate
temperature, and individual ants perish rapidly at temperatures typical of open lands. Thermal variation
in primary forest influences army ant traffic, causing avoidance of gaps and edges where temperature is
high, and the selection of raid routes that minimize route temperature mean and variance. Bird flocks
attending ant raids in forest fragments were composed of equal numbers of individuals, but more
species, than in primary forest. Few obligate ant-followers were observed in fragments, with Northern
Barred-Woodcreepers (Dendrocolaptes sanctithomae) a notable exception. Prey composition and
capture rates for this species were similar in both habitat types. In forest fragments with army ant raids
woodcreeper prey capture rates were three times higher than without raids. Bird flocks with ant swarms
in fragments included many generalist species, but a greater proportion of migratory species than in
primary forest. Primary forest ant raids committed more ant foragers and experienced higher rates
ofprey harvest. Harvest rates in fragments were highly variable, but patches larger than five hectares
produced rates equivalent to primary forest. Leaf litter, number of arthropods, and arthropod biomass
per area were greater in forest fragments than in primary forest; all three variables were negatively
correlated with fragment area. The probability of Eciton spp. occurring in fragments was affected by
fragment size, proximity to large forest, percent adjacent forested land, and presence of corridors
toneighboring patches. Model results suggest Eciton spp. colonies are likely to visit nearly half of all
small forest fragments in the study region. E. burchellii may play an important role in sustaining
biodiversity in fragmented tropical landscapes if land management policies limit minimum patch size
and encourage maintenance of corridors connecting forest fragments.
Publicación no.: 254 Dynamic spatial modelling for natural resources management [Modelaje espacial
dinámico para el manejo de recursos naturales] / Van Laake, Patrick E. (International Institute of
Geoinformation Sciences & Earth Observatory, ITC, P.O.Box 6, NL-7500 AA Enschede, NL <E-mail:
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[email protected]>). Edmonton: University of Alberta, 2004. 112 pp. ISBN: 0-612-96034-X. Dissertation,
Ph.D., University of Alberta (Canada).
Modelling the essential functions of the natural environment is increasingly complex due to our
increasing knowledge which calls for the detailed description of an increasing number of components of
larger systems. Modelling those functions is also increasingly more critical with natural resources being
exhausted or threatened, and the effects of Mankind's influence on the global system are being felt ever
more acutely as being detrimental to our own continued presence and prosperity on Earth. This thesis
deals with two issues related to modelling the dynamics of the natural environment: identifying those
areas most as risk of land cover change, and the accurate estimation of the terrestrial receipt of
photosynthetically active radiation. Most estimates of deforestation are derived for areas that are not
intrinsically related to the causes of deforestation, making it hard to link such estimates with strategies
for improved land management. In this thesis a method is presented to identify local areas of high rates
of deforestation within larger areas. These deforestation hot spots are identified using a local analysis
approach, considering for every location only land cover changes taking place in the immediate vicinity,
and they thus reflect local deforestation. This method has potential application in improved land policy
development, land management and it could supplement land use change modelling at the landscape
level. Photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) is an important parameter in the estimation of
vegetation growth. A method is presented with which instantaneous PAR can be calculated with high
accuracy from MODIS Atmosphere data products. Comparing the calculations to field measurements
made in Costa Rica in 2002, absolute errors in the order of 2-3% are obtained, which should be
sufficiently accurate for application of the method in models of vegetation growth as a source of
incident PAR. When the instantaneous data is integrated over the day a more useful measure of the
daily radiation regime is obtained. Using the MODIS data maps of PAR can then be constructed with
many applications in vegetation studies.
Publicación no.: 255 Cooperación transfronteriza ambiental para la conservación de humedales en
cuencas compartidas: Un análisis desde la frontera Costa Rica - Nicaragua / Jiménez-Hernández, A.
Ciudad Universitaria Rodrigo Facio: Universidad de Costa Rica, 2004. 234 pp. Thesis, Mag. Sc. en
Geografía, Universidad de Costa Rica, Sistema de Estudios de Posgrado, San José (Costa Rica).
Esta investigación busca analizar la cooperación transfronteriza entre Costa Rica y Nicaragua, para la
conservación de los humedales que cruzan el límite político entre ambos países. El análisis espacial
demuestra que más de la tercera parte del límite político entre Costa Rica y Nicaragua, se encuentra
cubierto por humedales de diversos tipos. La mayoría de estos ecosistemas se encuentran protegidos
como Refugios de Vida Silvestre, o alguna otra figura de protección. Incluso los más importantes han
sido declarados sitios Ramsar (humedales de importancia internacional). La situación ambiental de los
humedales transfronterizos, es de un serio deterioro. La dinámica socio-espacial de esta zona fronteriza,
con sus altos índices de pobreza y de debilidad institucional, empeora esta condición. Las raíces de esta
problemática las encontramos en la historia misma de la colonización de la zona fronteriza, producto del
accionar de fuerzas geopolíticas que transformaron el paisaje, abriendo bosques y humedales a la
ganadería, y más recientemente, a una expansión sin precedentes de monocultivos. La población y las
actividades económicas, crecen en la zona fronteriza. Tanto el derecho internacional, como la legislación
Centroamericana y las normativas ambientales desarrolladas en Costa Rica y en Nicaragua, contemplan
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la conservación de humedales transfronterizos. Esta, se encuentra además, totalmente ligada a la
conservación de aguas que fluyen de un país a otro, y ganaría terreno en la discusión política si se
abordara como tal. Costa Rica y Nicaragua tienen gran potencial para crear sitios Ramsar
transfronterizos. La cooperación transfronteriza entre Costa Rica y Nicaragua en conservación de
humedales, fue planteada hace más de 30 años. El Proyecto SI-A-PAZ, fue la iniciativa que, pese a su
frustración política en ambos países, señaló la importancia de proteger conjuntamente ecosistemas que
no reconocen fronteras políticas. Proyectos tales como el Corredor Biológico Mesoamericano y el
Proyecto Pro Cuenca San Juan, han impulsado de manera débil, la cooperación transfronteriza para la
conservación de humedales compartidos. Algunas figuras institucionales han sido creadas, más estos
proyectos no logran definir los mecanismos para articular de manera efectiva a los actores sociales de
las complejas zonas fronterizas. La cooperación transfronteriza informal, surge como una opción para
algunas iniciativas de conservación. Sin embargo, el respaldo de las instituciones gubernamentales, o
bien de una estructura regional que impulse agendas de cooperación transfronteriza en el campo
ambiental, definidas por los actores sociales desde el territorio, facilitaría mucho esta compleja tarea.
Publicación no.: 256 Towards a bioregional approach to tropical forest conservation: Costa Rica's
Greater Osa Bioregion [Hacia un enfoque bioregional para la conservación del bosque tropical: La
Bioregión Mayor de Osa de Costa Rica] / Ankersen, Thomas T; Regan, Kevin E; Mack, Steven A.
Gainesville, FL 32605-7629, US <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]>
En: Futures (Guildford) (ISSN 0016-3287), v. 38, p. 406-431. 2006.
Even by neotropical standards, the Osa Peninsula on the Southwest Pacific coast of Costa Rica contains
extraordinary levels of biodiversity and endemism. Despite a 40-year history of conservation in a
country known for its conservation efforts, the greater Osa Bioregion and its complex of protected areas
face an uncertain future. Habitat fragmentation and genetic isolation threaten the long-term survival of
the Osa's signature species, while Osa policymakers with limited resources struggle to address dilemmas
posed by illegal resource extraction and uncertain and changing land tenure. More recently, the sociopolitical landscape has changed with the emergence of a 'landed conservation gentry,' sharing the Osa's
ecological wealth with the poor frontier campesino. A review of conservation efforts in the Osa through
the political ecology construct of bioregionalism provides an opportunity to further define this construct
in the distinct context of neotropical forest conservation. In this article we review the theoretical
underpinnings of bioregionalism, focusing on its value for neotropical forest conservation, and apply it
to the mosaic of public and private lands that encompass the Greater Osa Bioregion. We characterize
the complex and shifting governance framework for Osa conservation focusing on the current
conservation initiative, the Osa Biological Corridor project. We conclude with the suggestion that
bioregionalism's emphasis on reconciliation of humans and their environment-'reinhabitation'-an
implicit goal of the Osa Biological Corridor project, may offer the best hope for the future.
Publicación no.: 257 Diversidad y riqueza de aves en diferentes hábitats en un paisaje fragmentado en
Cañas, Costa Rica [Diversity and richness of birds in different habitats in a fragmented landscape in
Cañas, Costa Rica] / Cárdenas-Carmona, G; Harvey, Celia A; Ibrahim, Muhammad A; Finegan, Bryan.
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En: Agroforestería en las Américas (ISSN 0304-2529), v. 10, no. 39/40, p. 78-85. 2003.
The abundance, species richness and diversity of birds were characterized in habitats with different
types of tree cover (dry forest fragments, riparian forests, forest fallows, live fences, pasture with high
tree cover and pastures of low tree cover) in a fragmented landscape in Cañas, Costa Rica. Using point
counts, a total of 3037 individuals of birds were registered from 29 families and 80 species. Pastures
with high tree cover and riparian forests presented a higher richness of bird species than dry forest
fragments and pastures with low tree cover. In addition, pastures with high tree cover presented a
higher abundance of birds than that registered in pastures with low tree cover, riparian forests and
forest fallows. There were no differencesin the mean of the evenness index among the different
habitats. Pastures with high tree cover and riparian forests had a higher Shannon diversity index than
dry forest fragments and pastures with low tree cover. Insectivorous birds were the most common
group in the habitats studied. Dry forest fragments, riparian forests and forest fallows contained mainly
nectarivorous, piscivorous, and frugivorous guilds, while pastures with high and low tree cover
contained mainly carnivorous, granivorous and omnivorous species. Forest habitats presented a
different bird composition than that registered in the open habitats, with more species typical of forests,
whereas the open habitats (pastures and live fences) presented a more simple bird composition,
dominated by common species, typical of agricultural systems.
Publicación no.: 258 Establishment, reproduction and genetics of epiphytic bromeliad communities
during premontane forest succession in Costa Rica [Establecimiento, reproducción y genética de las
comunidades de epífitas durante una sucesión de un bosque premontano en Costa Rica] / CascanteMarín, Alfredo M. (Museo Nacional de Costa Rica. Departamento de Historia Natural, Apdo 749-1000,
San José, CR <E-mail: [email protected]>). Amsterdam: Universiteit van Amsterdam, 2006.
192 pp. ISBN: 90-7689461-2. Dissertation, Doctor, Universiteit van Amsterdam, Institute for Biodiversity
and Ecosystem Dynamics, Amsterdam (Netherlands).
Epiphytic plants constitute an important element of tropical forests around the world and reach their
highest diversity in the Neotropics. Some families of vascular epiphytes are restricted to the new tropics,
such as bromeliads (members of the pineapple family) and cacti, while other groups with a worldwide
distribution have experienced a burst of speciation on this continent, such as the orchids. The
permanence of epiphyte populations in tropical forests is threatened by the continuous reduction and
fragmentation of their natural habitat. Uncontrolled harvesting of species for commercial purposes may
cause local extinctions. The recovery of plant communities has been well documented for groundrooted species; however, the processes that regulate the recovery of epiphyte communities during
forest regeneration are still elusive. The main purpose of this dissertation was to investigate the
community composition and population structure of epiphytic bromeliads (subfamily Tillandsiodeae) in
relation to differences in colonization ability, life history strategy and breeding system among local
species. The project took place in a tropical premontane forest in the region of Monteverde, province of
Puntarenas, Costa Rica (latitude: 10° 17' 10" N, longitude: 84° 47' 40" W, 1050 m a.s.l). As a starting
point, the composition of communities in secondary and mature forest was studied. Life-history traits
related to seed dispersal, seed germination, plant growth and reproduction were examined in selected
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species with seemingly different habitat preferences in secondary and mature forest. An analysis of the
breeding system, the genetic variation and its distribution among populations in different successional
habitats was undertaken by using microsatellite primers especially designed for the targeted species.
The results are examined into the context of the current hypotheses about plant community assembly,
which predict that differencesin seed availability and dispersal are most important in determining the
development and structuring of communities during secondary succession. The alternative view
suggests that differences in the ability to exploit the conditions in a particular habitat and competitive
exclusion interactions among species are more important in shaping the community composition. Both
ideas are usually referred to as the `dispersal' and `niche' perspective, respectively. In epiphytic plants,
some correlative studies have suggested that factors affecting dispersal are more important in
determining the identity of the species that constitute the communities in a local scale. The later
assumption implies that most epiphytic species are ecological (near) equivalents, but this remains to be
tested. Following the previous ideas, epiphytic species inhabiting early (i. e. pioneer species) and later
stages of forest succession (i.e. late-successional species) are expected to exhibit differences in their
ecology and breeding system according to the `niche assembly' perspective. It is expected that colonizer
or pioneer species are short-lived, light-demanding, and have a high demographic turnover. They most
likely have a breeding system that promotes the rapid production of many propagules by autonomous
means to colonize new empty sites, which involves self-compatibility and self-pollination mechanisms.
As a consequence of this mating system, the levels of genetic variation will be lower in colonizer species
due to the higher selling rates, and a significant genetic differentiation among populations is likely, due
to limited gene flow through means of pollen vectors. In comparison, late-successional species are
expected to be long-lived, slow-growing, more competitive and shade-tolerant. They putatively have a
breeding system that promotes outcrossing by pollinators and produce fewer, larger seeds. On the other
hand, the `dispersal assembly perspective' model predicts that species occurring in dissimilar
successional forest habitats do not significantly differ in their ecology. That is, they are ecologically
(near) equivalents, and seed dispersal efficiency determines their presence or absence in a particular
habitat. In this regard, the dispersal success of a species is under the control of factors related to the
presence and magnitude of local seed sources, the dispersal mode and the species' fecundity (which
involves several factors, such as the rate of flowering, the pollination mode, breeding system, and flower
and fruit production).
Publicación no.: 259 Dispersal limitation in epiphytic bromeliad communities in a fragmented
landscape [Limitación de la diseminación en comunidades de bromelias epífitas en un paisaje
fragmentado] / Cascante-Marín, Alfredo M; von Mejenfeldt, Noemi; de Leeuw, Hanneke M.H;
Oostermeijer, J. Gerard B; Wolf, Jan H.D; den Nijs, Joannes C.M. (Museo Nacional de Costa Rica.
Departamento de Historia Natural, Apdo 749-1000, San José, CR <E-mail: [email protected]>
En: Establishment, reproduction and genetics of epiphytic bromeliad communities during premontane
forest succession in Costa Rica Amsterdam: Universiteit van Amsterdam, 2006. p. 69-88. ISBN: 907689461-2. Dissertation, Doctor, Universiteit van Amsterdam, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem
Dynamics, Amsterdam (Netherlands).
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The transformation and reduction of tropical forests is likely to affect the patterns of seed dispersal of
wind-dispersed epiphytes and seedling survival in the altered habitats. We tested this hypothesis by
carrying out a comparative study of seed influx, survival and growth of transplanted seedlings of
epiphytic bromeliads among bromeliad-poor forest interiors, forest edges, and isolated pasture trees in
a premontane area in Costa Rica during 2003 and 2004. Inside the forest, the number of seeds collected
on carpet-made traps was significantly lower compared to forest edges and pasture trees. The most
abundant genera collected in each habitat were Guzmania and Tillandsia. The number of seeds per trap
was positively correlated with the number of fruiting plants in its vicinity, which suggests a
predominance of short-range dispersal. Variation in seed rain distribution is likely the effect of local
patterns in abundance and spatial distribution of the species pool. Seedling survival after one
yearshowed no differences among habitats in Catopsis nutans, Guzmania monostachia and Tillandsia
fasciculata; nevertheless, the latter species showed the highest survival rate in each habitat. The
relatively more severe daily fluctuations in air temperature and humidity recorded in forest edges and
pasture trees during the end of the dry season were not clearly associated with an increase in seedling
mortality. After one year, growth rate was higher of seedlings in forest interiors, also providing no
explanation for the low bromeliad densities there. Assuming that germination and establishment rates
are similar between habitat types and that adult mortality is relatively low, we hypothesize that the
distribution of epiphytic bromeliads is recruitment limited due to limited seed dispersal rather than
being determined by specific microclimatic conditions of each habitat.
Publicación no.: 260 Hypocrealean (Hypocreales, Ascomycota) fungal diversity in different stages of
tropical forest succession in Costa Rica [Diversidad de hongos hypocrealeanos (Hypocreales,
Ascomycota) en diferentes estados de sucesión del bosque tropical en Costa Rica] / Chaverri-Echandi,
Priscilla; Vílchez-Alvarado, Braulio. (Howard University. Department of Biology, Washington, DC 20059,
US <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]>).
En: Biotropica (ISSN 0006-3606), v. 38, no.4, p. 531-543. 2006.
The relationship between forest succession and microfungal diversity has been poorly studied. Fungi
provide important ecosystem services that may deteriorate in deforested or highly disturbed forests. To
determine the possible effects of deforestation and forest succession on microfungi, species diversity of
hypocrealean fungi (Ascomycota) was compared in forest stands in Eastern Costa Rica representing
three stages of succession: 1-2, 25-27 yr old, and an old growth forest. Species diversity in a secondgrowth forest fragment surrounded by timber plantations and second-growth forest was also compared
to that of a stand surrounded by old growth forest. The results show that the overall diversity of
hypocrealean fungi was inversely proportional to the age of the forest stand, and each family showed
different successional trends. Clavicipitaceae was more diverse in the old-growth forest and was
positively related to the age of the forest stand. Nectriaceae was highly diverse in the 1- to 2-yr-old
stand and less diverse in the old-growth stand. Saprobic and plant pathogenic fungal species were more
diverse in the 1- to 2-yr-old stand and their diversity was inversely proportional to the age of the forest
stand. The diversity of insect pathogens was positively related to the age of the forest stand. The 20- to
22-yr-old forest fragment had the lowest number of species overall. Based on the data gathered in this
study, hypocrealean fungal species diversity is related to the successional stage and fragmentation of
tropical forest.
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Publicación no.: 261 Thermal ecology of the neotropical army ant Eciton burchellii [Ecología térmica de
la hormiga ronchadora neotropical Eciton burchellii] / Meisel, Joe E. (1202 Williamson St, Madison, WI
53702, US <E-mail: [email protected]>).
I explored the thermal ecology of Eciton burchellii, a New World army ant, in primary forest and forest
fragments in the Atlantic lowlands of Costa Rica in 2002 and 2003. My primary objective was to
determine whether high surface temperatures in pastures surrounding forest fragments posed a
thermal barrier to ant colonies within those fragments; secondarily, I. assessed whether thermal
gradients within continuous moist forest were sufficient to elicit avoidance reactions from foraging
colonies. E. burchellii colonies in forest fragments avoided entering open pasture in full sun (51.3 °C) on
100% of all edge interactions; however, edges were readily crossed where artificial shaded areas had
previously been installed. Ant raids in primary forest avoided artificially established temperatures 43 °C
but tolerated 45.5 °C in the presence of prey baits. Captive ants held at 43 °C survived 18.5 min; at
temperatures of 51.3 °C survival time was only 2.8 min. Ants running on established foraging trails
increased running velocity by 18% when substrate temperature was raised from 28.4 °C to 38.0 °C, and
they abandoned trails at temperatures 43 °C. The standard deviation (s) of temperatures on active raid
trails in continuous forest was 2.13 °C, while nearby systematic sampling revealed a greater background
standard deviation of 4.13 °C. E. burchellii colonies in this region appear to be living surprisingly near
their upper limits of thermal tolerance. The heat of open pastures alone is sufficient to prevent their
exiting forest fragments, or entering similarly hot areas within continuous forest. Shaded vegetative
corridors are sufficient to permit mobility between isolated fragments, and their preservation should be
encouraged. Despite views that tropical lowland moist forests have an essentially homogenous
microclimate, army ants appear to avoid local hot spots on the forest floor, steering daily foraging trails
to follow cooler routes than would be expected by chance. As deforestation remakes tropical landscapes
worldwide, it is important to consider the thermal consequences of these actions and their effect on
keystone organisms such as army ants. Changes in global climate patterns are likely to affect even
evergreen tropical systems whose organisms maybe sensitive to finer microclimatic variation than
previously suspected.
Publicación no.: 262 Biodiversity conservation and sustainable community development in the Los
Cusingos-Las Nubes Biological Corridor in southern Costa Rica [Conservación de la biodiversidad y
desarrollo sostenible comunitarios en el Corredor Biológico Los Cusingos-Las Nubes en el sur de Costa
Rica] / Daugherty, Howard E. (York University. Faculty of Environmental Studies, Toronto, Ontario M3J
1P3, CA <E-mail: [email protected]>). V Taller Internacional Ecología y Desarrollo (ECODES'2002),
Matanzas, CU, 2002. 13 pp.
Introduction: There is increasing evidence that national parks and other protected areas alone are
insufficient for the conservation of the world?s biodiversity, particularly within tropical environments
where most of the biological wealth of the planet is concentrated. Similarly, sustainable community
development in buffer zones around protected areas has proved to be elusive for rural dwellers
adjacent to these areas. Deforestation has not only taken a heavy toll on tropical forests and their
respective biotas, but forest fragmentation into terrestrial islands has also been a powerful force for the
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depletion of biological diversity. Creative alternatives are needed to ensure the longterm survival of
biodiversity and to enhance the achievement of sustainable development at the local community level.
Three such alternatives are the creation of biological corridors, "green consumerism" and financial
support for environmental services. The Los Cusingos?Las Nubes Biological Corridor in southern
CostaRica illustrates each of these three approaches to biodiversity protection and sustainable
community development. This corridor is the focus of a joint research and development project of the
Tropical Science Center of Costa Rica and the Faculty of Environmental Studies of York University in
Toronto. Conservation of regional biodiversity and sustainable development of local agricultural
communities are important objectives of this project.
Publicación no.: 263 Educación ambiental no-formal: Un ejemplo de iscovery.ca en Costa Rica /
Rutherford, B.M; Daugherty, Howard E. (York University. Faculty of Environmental Studies, Toronto,
Ontario M3J 1P3, CA <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]>). V Taller Internacional
Ecología y Desarrollo (ECODES'2002), Matanzas, CU, 2002. 1 p.
(Abstract only). A pesar de que los esfuerzos básicos de investigación raramente buscan comunicar sus
resultados al público en general, la apreciación de éste sobre la naturaleza de las investigaciones y sus
hallazgos son elementos de un público informado. Este poster discute el proceso a través del cual el
Discovery Channel (Canadá) decidió crear y difundir un programa televisivo presentando el trabajo
conjunto llevado a cabo por el Centro Científico Tropical (CCT) y la Facultad de Estudios Ambientales
(FES) de la Universidad de York en Toronto sobre los regímenes del cultivo de café en el sur de Costa
Rica. Esta investigación forma parte importante del Fondo Fisher para la Investigación Neotropical el
cual se enfoca a la protección de la biodiversidad, sistemas agropecuarios sustentables y participación
comunitaria en la cuenca del Río Peñas Blancas localizada entre la Reserva Biológica Las Nubes y el
Santuario de Aves Neotropicales Los Cusingos. Mientras que algunos de los conceptos requieren de una
apreciación general más que un trato detallado, el documental mostrado en el programa iscovery puso a
la disposición de un amplio público los elementos clave del proyecto de investigación. Estos incluyen el
terreno donado por el Dr. Woody Fisher y el acuerdo entre el CCT y FES, así como los principios del rol
de los diferentes regímenes de cultivo de café en la biodiversidad. El trabajo de investigación al
momento de la filmación del documental fue llevado a cabo por las estudiantes de postgradoSandra
Znadja y Anna Baggio, quienes hicieron las investigaciones de sus tesis de maestría en este proyecto.
Algunas porciones del programa serán proyectados como parte de este poster. Como complemento al
programa, Discovery también realizó un documentalsobre el Dr. Alexander Skutch, un reconocido
ornitólogo a nivel mundial quien ha vivido por más de 60 años en el Santuario de Aves Los Cusingos. Este
documental también fue mostrado en iscovery y será mostrado como parte de este poster.
Publicación no.: 264 Asynchronous migration patterns and the coexistence of tropical hummingbirds
[Patrones de migración asíncronos y coexistencia de colibríes tropicales] / Feinsinger, Peter. (University
of Florida. Department of Zoology, Gainesville, FL 32611, US <E-mail: [email protected]>).
En: Migrant birds in the neotropics Washington, D.C: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1980. p. 411-419.
ISBN: 0-87474-661-2.
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The complex vegetation of tropical mountains creates a mosaic of habitat patches among which
numerous short-billed hummingbird species migrate. Calculation of "seasonal overlaps" among
hummingbird populations at two Costa Rican sites, Monteverde (Feinsinger 1976) and the Cerro de la
Muerte (Wolfe, Stiles, and Hainsworth 1976) demonstrates that in each patch the population density of
each hummingbird species fluctuated in a unique temporal pattern. During seasons of flower scarcity,
one or a few species could control all resources. Therefore, the ability of other hummingbirds to locate
alternate resources through migration was crucial to their survival. I conclude that asynchronous
migration patterns are instrumental in permitting the regional coexistence of large numbers of shortbilled hummingbird species. It follows that regions lacking such habitat mosaics must suffer reduced
hummingbird diversity. This factor, among others, may lead to such contrasts in hummingbird diversity
as that between the Andes and the Amazon Basin, between eastern and western North America, or
between the tropical mainland and various islands. Data from studies in progress on Trinidad and
Tobago support this reasoning. Several extensive nonforested habitats exist on Trinidad; seven shortbilled hummingbird species, in particular abundant Amazilia tobaci and Chrysolampys mosquitus, travel
between habitats in different spatiotemporal patterns. In contrast Tobago has but one extensive habitat
type; not only must Chrysolampis and Amazilia coexist nearly year-around, but they also migrate
synchronously to exploit what flower bursts occur in peripheral habitat patches. Individuals of only two
other shorter-billed species, which normally forage high in trees, enter the Tobago study sites. The
relationship between diverse migration strategies and the regional coexistence of hummingbirds follows
predictions of theoretical models for fugitive species. In this sense it parallels the evolution and ecology
of latitudinal migrations by other bird groups.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S10811; 598.298 M636m.
Publicación no.: 265 El Corredor Biológico Talamanca-Caribe, un esfuerzo por el desarrollo sostenible
de Talamanca / Chacón-Chaverri, Didiher; Ochoa, E. (Asociación ANAI, Apdo 170-2070, San José, CR <Email: [email protected]>). San José: PROARCA/COSTAS, 1998. 29 pp.
Para algunos el Corredor Biológico Talamanca/Caribe (CBTC) es un área, para otros una comisión
interinstitucional, para otros una estrategia de conservación y desarrollo que un grupo de entidades
privadas y públicas intentan concretar; pero no existe documento gubernamental alguno de creación del
CBTC ni como área ni como entidad. El CBTC es un esfuerzo constituido por una federación de
organizaciones privadas y entidades del Estado, cuya influencia cubre 31.500 ha terrestres y 4.500 ha
marinas, las cuales incluyen algunas Reservas Indígenas, áreas protegidas y terrenos privados. La misión
del CBTC es impulsar y fortalecer el equilibrio entre los pobladores del área y su medio ambiente a
través de fomentar la capacidad de las organizaciones y comunidades para actividades de producción
sostenible y conservación de la biodiversidad (Bustillo, 1996). Se trata de un corredor sin la visión clásica
de un área protegida. Es un intento de manejo de una zona bajo el liderazgo de Asociaciones de
Desarrollo yONGs, con importante participación de entidades del gobierno central con base en la zona (y
muy poca participación directa aún de los gobiernos municipales). El área de influencia del CBTC va
desde Alta Talamanca, donde se localiza la Reserva Biológica Hitoy-Cerere, hasta el Refugio Nacional de
Vida Silvestre Gandoca/Manzanillo (REGAMA) en la zona costera de Baja Talamanca. Incluye una
pequeña porción de la Reserva Indígena Tayni, la Reserva Biológica Hitoy Cerere, la parte mayor de la
Reserva Indígena Cabécar y de la Reserva Indígena Talamanca/Bribrí, además de la totalidad del área de
la Reserva Indígena Keköldí y el REGAMA. En el área viven, aproximadamente 10.000 personas. El
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cantón Talamanca forma parte de la provincia de Limón. Está ubicado en laparte Sureste de la Región
Huetar Atlántica, entre las coordenadas 9° 00´ a 9° 50´ latitud Norte y 82° 35´a 83° 05´ longitud Oeste.
Limita al Norte con el cantón de Limón y el mar Caribe; al Sur con los cantones de Coto Brus y Buenos
Aires (de la provincia de Puntarenas); al Este con la República de Panamá y al Oeste con el cantón de
Pérez Zeledón, provincia de San José. El cantón fue creado en 1969 con una extensión de 2,809.93 Km2
(5% del territorio nacional) y los distritos de Cahuita, Sixaola y Bratsi. La densidad de población es de 4.0
habitantes por km². Posee una agencia bancaria, tres agencias de extensión agrícola, 27
establecimientos de salud, dos clínicas del Seguro Social, ocho centros preescolares, 42 centros de
educación primaria y un colegio técnico agropecuario. El turismo es la actividad más reciente y empezó
hace unos 15 años. La zona tenía entonces bajos ingresos familiares, dependía de intermediarios para la
comercialización, carecía de vías de acceso, tecnificación y créditos parala producción. Los pobladores
locales afirman que antes de la llegada del turismo los ecosistemas estaban menos alterados, los
mariscos abundaban y solo se los sacaba para la alimentación del día, el bosque tenía toda clase de
árboles y solo se cortaban para hacer casas, nadie comerciaba la madera. Según los lugareños ahora hay
menos bosques, menos recursos marinos y menos lluvia. El principal factor de cambio en la zona es el
desarrollo turístico masivo de la línea costera. Algunos otros cambios en esta última década son: la
construcción de una presa en la cuenca del Sixaola, la caída de los precios y de las cuotas de los
monocultivos más importantes en el cantón. El más temido cambio reciente de tipo administrativo se
refiere a la capacidad de emitirpermisos de aprovechamiento forestal que se le ha otorgado a las
Municipalidades con la nueva Ley Forestal. Desde la publicación de la nueva ley, cientos de ha de
tacotales y bosques en recuperación se han perdido, muchos de estos dentro del área del CBTC. Un
nuevo cambio puede venir con la ya anunciada intención del Estado de explotar los yacimientos de
carbón en el área. La directora de la federación del corredor ve al organismo como una herramienta
colectiva creada por las organizaciones miembros para mejorar las posibilidades de la conservación y del
desarrollo a beneficio de las gentes del cantón.
Publicación no.: 266 Impacto de la cobertura arbórea sobre las comunidades de aves en un
agropaisaje del Pacífico Central de Costa Rica / Enríquez-Lenis, Marta Lucía. (Universidad Nacional.
Instituto Internacional en Conservación y Manejo de Vida Silvestre, Apartado 1350-3000, Heredia, CR
<E-mail: [email protected]>). Heredia: Universidad Nacional, 2005. 89 pp. Thesis, Mag.Sc. en
Conservación y Manejo de Vida Silvestre, Universidad Nacional, Programa Regional en Manejo de Vida
Silvestre para Mesoamérica y El Caribe, Heredia (Costa Rica).
In Latin America, during the last decades, deforestation has been very intense in order to establish
pastures, cash or subsistence crops and infrastructures, and it rapidly led to the fragmentation and
deterioration of natural habitats, to the destruction of many ecosystems, and to a dramatic erosion of
biodiversity. The landscapes resulting from these dramatic changes consist in small forest patches
surrounded by matrices made of pastures and crops which host a significant part of the current
biodiversity. Consequently, it is necessary to assess accurately biodiversity in these agroecosystems and
to propose sustainable management plans which fulfill conservation goals while improving the socioeconomic situation of rural communities. This study aimed at investigating the influence of the tree and
vegetation cover on the local avifauna in livestock farms of the Central Pacific Region of Puntarenas,
Costa Rica. Therefore, a monitoring of birds and vegetation was carried out between July and
December2004 in twelve livestock farms of different sizes and having different percent tree and
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vegetation cover. The structure of the vegetation was shown to influence considerably the composition
of avian trophic guilds. Moreover, significant differences amongst land uses were found in term of bird
abundance for each guild. At landscape scale, it appeared that the diversity of granivorous bird’s species
was influenced by the percent of forest area in the surroundings of the farms under investigation. The
diversity of most of the migratory birds seemed to be influenced by tree height and percent tree cover.
For the overall avifauna, vegetation diversity was the main factor driving bird richness, abundance and
diversity. At farm scale, results showed that the size of the forest patches and the heterogeneity and
diversity of land uses influence drastically bird diversity and richness. Additionally, in term of species
vulnerability, the presence of birds which survival depends on forest fragments appeared to be directly
related to the size of farm forest patches. This study demonstrates the importance of the presence of
forest and high and heterogeneous vegetation cover in agrolandscapes, due to the strong influence of
vegetation structure, diversity and connectivity on bird communities. It is consequently essential to keep
on fostering the implementation of silvopastoral systems, focusing on the conservation of forests which
bring unique resources to birds in these kinds of productive systems.
Publicación no.: 267 Live fences and landscape connectivity in a neotropical agricultural landscape
[Cercas vivas y conectividad del paisaje en un paisaje agrícola neotropical] / León, M.C; Harvey, Celia A.
En: Agroforestry Systems (ISSN 0167-4366), v. 68, no. 1, p. 15-26. 2006.
Live fences are common elements in neotropical agricultural landscapes and could play important roles
in the conservation of biodiversity by enhancing landscape connectivity, however, little is known about
their abundance and spatial arrangement. Theobjectives of this study were to characterize the
abundance and spatial patterns of live fences in a fragmented landscape dominated by pastures in Río
Frío, Costa Rica, to determine their contribution to landscape structure and connectivity and to examine
their role as tools for landscape conservation planning. Live fences accounted for 45.4% of all fences in
the landscape and occurred with a mean density of 50.5 linear meters per hectare. Although live fences
covered only a small total area of the landscape ( 2%), they had an important effect on landscape
structure and connectivity, increasing total tree cover, dividing pastures into smaller areas, creating
rectilinear networks that cross the landscape and providing direct physical connections to forest
patches. Simulations showed that the conversion of all existing wooden fences to live fences would
greatly enhance landscape connectivity by more than doubling the area, density and number of direct
connections to forest habitats, and reducing the average distance between tree canopies. Our study
demonstrates that live fences play key roles in defining the structure and composition of neotropical
agricultural landscapes and merit consideration in both conservation efforts and agricultural policies
designed to enhance landscape connectivity and promote biodiversity conservation. Live fences are
common elements in neotropical agricultural landscapes and could play important roles in the
conservation of biodiversity by enhancing landscape connectivity however, little is known about their
abundance and spatial arrangement. The objectives of this study were to characterize the abundance
and spatial patterns of live fences in a fragmented landscape dominated by pastures in Río Frío, Costa
Rica, to determine their contribution to landscape structure and connectivity and to examine their role
as tools for landscape conservation planning. Live fences accounted for 45.4% of all fences in the
landscape and occurred with a mean density of 50.5 linear meters per hectare. Although live fences
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covered only a small total area of the landscape ( 2%), they had an important effect on landscape
structure and connectivity, increasing total tree cover, dividing pastures into smaller areas, creating
rectilinear networks that cross the landscape and providing direct physical connections to forest
patches. Simulations showed that the conversion of all existing wooden fences to live fences would
greatly enhance landscape connectivity by more than doubling the area, density and number of direct
connections to forest habitats, and reducing the average distance between tree canopies. Our study
demonstrates that live fences play key roles in defining the structure and composition of neotropical
agricultural landscapes and merit consideration in both conservation efforts and agricultural policies
designed to enhance landscape connectivity and promote biodiversity conservation.
Publicación no.: 268 The influence of habitat variables on bird communities in forest remnants in
Costa Rica [Influencia de las variables de hábitats en las comunidades de aves en remanentes de bosque
en Costa Rica] / Matlock, Robert B., Jr; Edwards, P.J. (Tulane University. Department of Ecology &
Evolutionary Biology, 6823 St Charles Ave, Dinwiddie Hall 310, New Orleans, LA 70118, US <E-mail:
En: Biodiversity and Conservation (ISSN 0960-3115), v. 15, no. 9, p. 2987-3016. 2006.
This study examined the effects of forest structure (tree species richness, canopy height, percent canopy
cover, understory density, tree density and DBH) and avian species traits (nest type and indicator list
status) on the diversity, abundance and dissimilarity of bird communities in forest remnants and
reforestation areas adjacent to Costa Rican banana plantations. Bird species richness and abundance
were significantly related to tree species richness, canopy height and canopy cover in multiple linear
regressions, the latter two forest structure variables being the best statistical predictors. Stratification of
analyses by bird species indicator categories improved fits of regressions, because correlations with
environmental variables differed in sign for different guilds of birds, a result likely to hold for other
avifaunas. Analysis of avifauna dissimilarities among sites demonstrated that the species composition of
bird communities was highly correlated with forest structure and tree species composition. Logistic
regressions indicated that birds making protected (cavity, burrow, pendant, sphere and covered) nests
were 2-6 times more likely to be present in the study avifauna than birds making open (cup, saucer,
platform and scrape) nests andindicators of disturbed habitats were 11 times more likely to be present
than indicators of primary forest. The forest structure data used were simple and inexpensive to collect,
and data on avian traits were drawn from the literature. Thus, these methods could easily be replicated
at other locations and would be valuable management aids and biodiversity assessment tools for
conservation planning.
Publicación no.: 269 Valor de algunas prácticas agrícolas para la conservación de poblaciones de
primates en paisajes fragmentados en Mesoamérica [Conservation value of some agricultural practices
for primate populations in fragmented landscapes in Mesoamerica] / Estrada, Alejandro; Harvey, Celia A;
Sáenz-Méndez, Joel Cris; Muñoz-Guerrero, Diego A; Naranjo, E; Rosales-Meda, Marta Marleny. (Instituto
de Biología (UNAM). Estación de Biología Los Tuxtlas, Laboratorio de Primatología, Apartado Postal 94,
San
Andrés
Tuxtla,
Veracruz,
MX
<E-mail:
[email protected]>
<E-mail:
En: Universidad y Ciencia (ISSN 0186-2979), Número Especial, no. 2, p. 85-94. 2005.
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It is generally accepted that agricultural activities are the main threat to primate diversity in the world.
The point in this paper is that some agricultural practices in the fragmented landscapes of the
Neotropics favour the persistence of primate populations, and merit study and evaluation. The presence
of activities of primate populations of five primate species (Alouatta palliata, A. pigra, Ateles geoffroyi,
Saimiri oerstedii, Cebus capucinus) were found in 15 types of agrosystems. Some populations of these
primates were found to reside permanently or temprarily in 50% of the agrosystems. Others use the
agrosystems as temporary foraging or stop-over areas during movements through the landscapes. In
most cases, crop damage by primates is non existent. The presence and activities of the primates in the
agrosystems may favour primary productivity, the persistence of tree species that provide shade to
crops, and the provision of nutrients to the soil of the agrosystems.
Publicación no.: 270 Variation in seedling density and seed predation indicators for the emergent tree
Dipteryx panamensis in continuous and fragmented rain forest [Variación en los indicadores de la
densidad de plántulas y depredación de la semilla en el árbol emergente Dipteryx panamensis en bosque
lluvioso continuo y fragmentado] / Hanson, Thor R; Brunsfeld, Steven J; Finegan, Bryan. (University of
Idaho. Department of Forest Resources, P.O.Box 441133, Moscow, ID 83844-1133, US <E-mail:
Seedling density and the condition of stony endocarps of the tree Dipteryx panamensis were assessed in
protected continuous forest and two forest fragments exposed to hunting and selective logging.
Seedling density was higher in forest fragments thanin continuous forest, while more whole endocarps
and fewer chewed and half endocarps were found in fragments, indicating lower seed predation at
fragment sites. These findings appear to contradict two earlier D. panamensis studies and we discuss
methodological differences that could account for our disparate results. Hunting and fragmentation
effects on mammal populations are suggested as a cause for the altered recruitment pattern in
fragments.
Publicación no.: 271 Sistemas de apareamiento de Bombacopsis quinata en bosque, huerto semillero
y cerca viva / Sandiford, M; Billingham, M.R; Boshier, David H. (EC/UNDP SGP PTF. SEARCA, Regional
Programme Coordinator, College Laguna 4031, PH <E-mail: [email protected]>).
En: Bombacopsis quinata: un árbol maderable para reforestar. Cordero-Salvado, J; Boshier, D.H (eds.)
Oxford: Oxford Forestry Institute, 2003. p. 39-47. (Tropical Forestry Papers; no. 39). ISBN: 0-85074-1513.
Estudios usando isoenzimas mostraron altos niveles de alocruzamiento en B. quinata, tanto en
poblaciones modificadas con manejo por el ser humano (bosque fragmentado, cercas vivas, huertos
semilleros) como er el bosque natural. A pesar de las creencias, no se encontró evidencia de
autofecundación en las cercas vivas. La falta de evidencia para autogamia en todas las poblaciones
corresponde a la existencia de un fuerte sistema de autoincompatibilidad en B. quinata (sección 3.4). En
las cercas vivas, aunque no se observé autogamia, como resultado de su establecimiento mediante
propagación vegetativa se dió una reducción y sesgo en la base genética, con una sobre representación
de ciertos clones. En el huerto semillero, por el contrario, la recolección de árboles madre ampliamente
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espaciados en una zona resultó en una base genética amplia, como era de esperarse. A pesar de que B.
quinata se ha mostrado casi completamente autoincompatible, el rigor de los mecanismos de
autoincompatibilidad varía. Se observó que la polinización con una mezcla de polen propio y no
emparentado no dio evidencia de autocruzamiento + sección 3.4), sugiriendo un alocruzamiento
preferencial. Sin embargo, se desconoce si el bajo nivel observado de autocruzamiento aumentaría bajo
la ausencia completa de polen no emparentado, como por ejemplo en el caso de árboles aislados,
aunque sería muy difícil determinar la distancia requerida para un completo `aislamiento'. Los
murciélagos polinizadores tienen un rango amplio de vuelo locual, en combinación con el sistema de
autoincompatibilidad, hace que incluso los árboles en potreros muestren altos niveles de
alocruzamiento. Solo en grupos de árboles emparentados y aislados se observó una reducción en la tasa
de alocruza y en la basegenética de la semilla producida.
Publicación no.: 272 Costa Rica: una experiencia innovadora de manejo ambiental / Brenes-Gámez,
O.E. (Centro Científico Tropical, P.O. Box 8-3870, 1000 San José, CR <E-mail: [email protected]>).
En: Feria de Soluciones Ambientales: Experiencia de Costa Rica San José: Programa de las Naciones
Unidas para el Desarrollo (PNUD), 2003. 57 pp.
Costa Rica por su ubicación geográfica en el istmo centroamericano, con montañas que cubren más de
la mitad de su área terrestre, contiene un conjunto de hábitat que permite albergar una enorme
biodiversidad. Se estima que un cuatro por ciento de las especies terrestres del planeta se encuentran
en Costa Rica, a pesar de que solo cuenta con el 0,01% de la extensión global, lo cual constituye una
herencia y un recurso natural de grandes magnitudes. Gracias a diferentes esfuerzos, como el
establecimiento de áreas protegidas, cambios en la legislación forestal y de uso de la tierra y el pago de
incentivos forestales y servicios ambientales, conjugado con cambios en los mercados internacionales
para productos tradicionales como la carne bovina, Costa Rica ha disminuido la tasa de deforestación
pro gresivamente desde mediados de la década de 1980, pasando de una cifra alarmante de 60.000 ha
por año en los años 1960-70, a un promedio de 5.000 ha en los últimos cinco años. Como resultado de
estos esfuerzos, la cobertura forestal aumentó del 32% del territorio nacional en 1990 a 46,3% en el
2000. La conservación de la biodiversidad no debe ser una responsabilidad únicamente del Gobierno,
hay que cultivar y fortalecer el apoyo de la sociedad en todas sus dimensiones, además de los incentivos
para la protección de bosques en manos privadas. Costa Rica ha desarrollado en los últimos años nuevas
opciones de gestión para el manejo de áreas privadas y mixtas, tales como el co-manejo o la concesión
total o de servicios no esenciales de un área. Lograr un desarrollo sostenible en armonía con la
naturaleza ha sido uno de los principales desafíos de Costa Rica, y entre los retos para llevarlo a cabo
están: mejorar la gestión de las áreas silvestres protegidas, atender los recursos hídricos y el aire,
mediante una política integral, y lograr implementar un plan de desarrollo urbano que atienda los
problemas relacionados con desechos sólidos y líquidos, vulnerabilidad de los acuíferos y riesgos de
deslizamientos e inundaciones en el Área Metropolitana.
Publicación no.: 273 Influence of forest fragmentation on community structure of frogs and lizards in
northeastern Costa Rica [Influencia de la fragmentación del bosque sobre la estructura comunitaria de
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ranas y lagartijas en el noreste de Costa Rica] / Bell, K.E; Donnelly, Maureen A. (Hudsonia Ltd, P.O. Box
66, Red Hook, NY 12571, US <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]>).
To better understand responses of reptiles and amphibians to forest fragmentation in the lowland
Neotropics, we examined community and population structure of frogs and lizards in the fragmented
landscape surrounding La Selva Biological Station in the Sarapiquí region of northeastern Costa Rica. We
used diurnal quadrats and nocturnal transects to sample frogs and lizards in nine forest fragments (1-7
ha each) and La Selva (1100 ha). Species richness in all fragments combined was 85% of that found in La
Selva with comparable sampling effort. Richness varied from 10 to 24 species among forest fragments,
compared with 36 species at La Selva. Lizard density was higher and frog density was lower in forest
fragments than in La Selva. Community composition varied among sites and by fragment size class, and
species occurrence was nested with respect to fragment area. Isolation and habitat variables did not
significantly affect species richness, composition, or nestedness. We classified 34% of species as
fragmentation sensitive because they were absent or occurred at low densities in fragments.
Nevertheless, the relatively high diversity observed in the entire set of fragments indicates that
preserving a network of small forest patches may be of considerable conservation value to the
amphibians and reptiles of this region.
Publicación no.: 274 Reproductive success, genetic diversity, and gene flow in fragmented populations
of two understory tree species in Costa Rica [Exito reproductivo, diversidad genética y deriva genética
en poblaciones fragmentadas de dos especies de árboles del sotobosque en Costa Rica] / Woodward,
Catherine L. (University of Wisconsin. Department of Botany, Madison, WI 53706, US <E-mail:
[email protected]>). Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin, 2005. 185 pp. Dissertation, Ph.D.
(Botany), University of Wisconsin, Madison,WI (USA).
Habitat loss and fragmentation is causing widespread declines in biodiversity, by negatively affecting
survival, reproduction and dispersal in many species. I investigated the reproductive and genetic
consequences of forest fragmentation on two species of understory trees, Symphonia globulifera and
Matisia ochrocalyx, in lowland rainforest of northeastern Costa Rica. I estimated fruit set, seedling
density, genetic variation, and gene flow for several populations by combining field studies with
analyses of genetic markers (AFLP). I examined genetic change by fingerprinting individuals in three
cohorts: adults, seedlings and seeds, reflecting, in that order, successively more recent population
genetic processes. Populations of trees in small forest fragments did not suffer a consistent reduction in
fruit set, although individual flowers of M. ochrocalyx were less likely to set fruit in forest fragments
than in intact forest. Densities of small seedlings were elevated in forest fragments, but only near parent
trees, suggesting that fragments lack mammalian dispersers. In contrast, large seedlings were scarcer in
fragments than in continuous forest, indicating reduced survival. Fragmentation only reduced genetic
variation in seedlings, with no effect on adults and a slightly positive effect on seeds. Symphonia
globulifera exhibited increasing differentiation between fragment and intact forest populations through
time. Substantial pollen flow into fragmented populations, estimated directly by paternity analysis of
seeds, suggests that the mobilities of hummingbirds and bats that pollinate S. globulifera and M.
ochrocalyx, respectively, are not diminished by fragmentation, at least up to the maximum distance of
360 m separating study populations from other forest-like vegetation. Unexpectedly, pollen flow
originating from outside of study populations of S. globulifera was positively correlated with distance to
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continuous forest. This trend was absent in M. ochrocalyx, where external pollen flow decreased as
population density increased. These patterns of pollen movement are consistent with each species'
population structure and pollination ecology. My results confirm that pollen flow can be maintained in
fragmented landscapes, but that fragmentation has negative impacts on the seedling stage through
reduced dispersal, lower survival and intense selection.
Publicación no.: 275 Diseño de una red ecológica de conservación entre la Reserva de la Biosfera La
Amistad y las áreas protegidas del Área de Conservación Osa, Costa Rica [Design of an ecological
network of conservation between La Amistad Biosphere Reserve and the protected areas of the Area of
Conservation Osa, Costa Rica] / Céspedes-Agüero, Margarita Victoria. Turrialba: CATIE, 2006. 164 pp.
Tesis, Mag. Sc. en Manejo y Conservación de Bosques Tropicales y Biodiversidad, Centro Agronómico
Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza (CATIE), Turrialba (Costa Rica).
Methodologies for the design of biological corridors and connectivity networks in fragmented
landscapes have evolved with the development of technological tools like Geographic Information
System (GIS) and remote sensing, as well as understanding of the factors that influence connectivity
spatially and temporally at the landscape and regional scales. In this study a proposal for an ecological
conservation network was developed for the area between La Amistad Biosphere Reserve and the Osa
Conservation Area (ACOSA), Costa Rica, with an approach seeking greater stability over time of
structural connectivity. The investigation started with the selection of a network that connected the
sites of interest, encompassing an area of 444,437 ha. In the designof the initial connectivity paths the
least cost-path methodology was applied to connect core habitat prioritized through spatial multicriteria
analysis. The criteria for selection of core habitat emphasised habitat quality and threats from human
activity. In order to select connectivity pathways with the lowest probability of land use change, criteria
were identified through the historical analysis of changes in the structure of the landscape and the
transitions between land uses over a 16-year period.The temporal sequence of land-uses classified using
Landsat covered the years 1987, 1997 and 2003. Transitions were estimated by Markov matrices using
the 1987-1997, 1997-2003 and 1987-2003 time periods. The selected connectivity network was
delimited and divided in analysis units according to watersheds, enabling the identification of alternate
routes. The best route was the one that have the least probability of change from ‘forest’ to ‘pastures
and crops’. The final result was an ecological conservation network that potentially connects La Amistad
Biosphere Reserve and the protected areas of ACOSA, representing 14.7% of the original study area. This
network connects six protected areas and was composed of 34,479 ha of forest in patches bigger than
1000 ha, and 30,986 ha of landscape made up of a mosaic of seven other land uses. A critical sector for
the consolidation of the network was located on the River Coto Brus, due to its small natural cover and
its high instability over time. This proposal based on biophysical criteria represents a coarse filter
approach that contributes to planning on a regional scale for the altitudinal biological corridor between
the Talamanca Mountains and the Osa Peninsula. The next step in the planning of the corridor must
consider social, economic and management aspects that were not contemplated in this analysis. Also,
more studies are needed to identify the groups of species that would be moving in the proposed
corridor. Finally, it is important to note that corridor design is an iterative process that will be improved
with the generation of new information.
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Publicación no.: 276 Distribution of ground-dwelling beetles in fragmented tropical habitats
[Distribución de abejones que viven en el suelo en hábitats tropicales fragmentados] / Gormley, Lorraine
Helen L; Furley, P; Watt, Allan D. (University of Wales. School of the Environment and Natural Resources,
Bangor, LL57 2UW, GB <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]>).
En: Journal of Insect Conservation (ISSN 1366-638X), v. 11, no. 2, p. 131-139. 2007.
The conservation of biodiversity is increasingly dependent on human-altered habitats. In a fragmented
forest landscape in northern Costa Rica within the Mesoamerican Biological Corridor, an area of great
conservation importance, we compared the diversity and composition of ground-dwelling beetle
communities in five habitat types along a gradient of increasing disturbance: primary forest, logged
forest, secondary forest, plantation (Gmelina arborea) and pasture. Using pitfall trapping we captured a
total of 1,877 beetles (Coleoptera), comprising 422 morphospecies in 26 families. The plantation sites
had the lowest number of species followed by secondary forest and pasture. Multivariate analysis
separated the beetle fauna according to land use, and suggested that only the logged forest maintains a
similar species assemblage to primary forest. However, each habitat harboured a number of unique
species indicating the conservation value of the mosaic of habitats found in fragmented landscapes. Our
results suggest that to maintain forest beetle species diversity it is essential that areas of natural forest
are conserved. However, other land uses also provide beetle habitats and in fragmented areas active
management to maintain a mosaic of land uses will contribute to the conservation of beetle diversity.
Publicación no.: 277 Corredor Biológico San Juan-La Selva: trayectoria local, nacional, binacional,
regional e internacional / Monge-Arias, Guisselle; Chassot, Olivier. (Centro Científico Tropical. Proyecto
de Investigación y Conservación de la Lapa Verde (Ara ambiguus), Corredor Biológico San Juan-La Selva,
Apdo. 8-3870, 1000 San José, CR <E-mail: [email protected]>). San José: Centro Científico Tropical, 2004. 7
p.
El Corredor Biológico Mesoamericano es una iniciativa regional que busca mantener la conectividad
ecológica entre América del Norte y América del Sur, con el fin de preservar rutas de migración y la
transmisión del flujo genético a través del istmo centroamericano. La Zona Norte de Costa Rica contiene
el último hábitat de conexión viable de tierra con poco desarrollo que permitiría mantener la
continuidad del Corredor Biológico Mesoamericano entre Nicaragua y Costa Rica. Sin embargo, los
procesos defragmentación de los ecosistemas dentro de esta zona, amenazan seriamente esa
conectividad ecológica, así como también la viabilidad de una biodiversidad regional única: un bosque
biológicamente rico, dominado por el almendro de montaña (Dipteryx panamensis) el cual no se
encuentra actualmente representado en ninguna Área Silvestre Protegida de Costa Rica. El Corredor
Biológico San Juan-La Selva conecta la Reserva Biológica Indio-Maíz en Nicaragua, con el Área de
Conservación Cordillera Volcánica Central, incluyendo la Estación Biológica La Selva, en Costa Rica.
Mantener la conectividad biológica entre estos fragmentos y la Reserva Indio-Maíz, es esencial para la
viabilidad a largo plazo de las especies residentes y migratorias como las aves y las mariposas que
migran temporalmente entre elevaciones bajas y altas. Así, mantener la unión de este hábitat es
particularmente importante, no solamente porque es un punto crítico para el Corredor Biológico
Mesoamericano, sino también porque este es el único sitio en Centroamérica en donde una gran área
protegida de bosques de tierras bajas del Atlántico (Reserva Indio-Maíz, Nicaragua) tiene el potencial de
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mantener su conexión ecológica con hábitats de medianas y altas elevaciones (Parque Nacional Braulio
Carrillo, Costa Rica).
Publicación no.: 278 Integrated research on the causes and effects of forest loss and fragmentation in
the San Juan - La Selva Mesoamerican Biological Corridor [Investigación integrada sobre las causas y
efectos de la pérdida de bosque y fragmentación en el Corredor Biológico Mesoamericano San Juan - La
Selva] / Morse, Wayde; Roberts, Dina L; Schedlbauer, Jessica L; Sesnie, Steven E; Finegan, Bryan; Garton,
Edward O; Gessler, Paul E; Harvey, Celia A; Hollenhorst, Steven J; Kavanagh, Kathleen L; Stoian, Dietmar.
[email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]>). Biodiversity
Conservation and Sustainable Production in Tropical and Temperate Fragmented Landscapes.
Proceedings of the Second Annual Meeting of the University of Idaho and the Tropical Agricultural
Research and Higher Education Center (CATIE) IGERT, Moscow, ID USMay 2004. , 2004. p. 14-16.
Costa Rica has developed one of the most comprehensive protected areas systems in Central America,
yet deforestation rates in Costa Rica ranked among the highest in the world between 1950 and 1990.
Land colonization and incentives to clear forest forcattle grazing were the primary drivers of
deforestation and have led to increasingly fragmented landscapes. However, the complex of agricultural
areas and forest remnants that comprise the majority of modern Costa Rican landscapes do provide vital
environmental services and habitat for a variety of organisms. Costa Rica has begun to combat forest
loss and fragmentation on private land by developing policies, organizational infrastructure, and
conservation incentive programs over the past 20 years. The most recent of these are the 1996 Forestry
Law that prohibits the conversion of forest to other land uses and the 1998 Biodiversity Law, designed to
protect biological resources. An innovative market-based strategy has been developed to pay farmers
for retaining natural forest remnants and to help finance reforestation. Programs and financial
mechanisms such as Payments for Environmental Services (PSA) target key watersheds and biological
corridors to connect national parks and other protected areas. The objectives of these programs are to
assure watershed protection, carbon sequestration, biodiversity conservation, and aesthetic values by
planting and retaining forests. The Sarapiquí study region in Costa Rica represents an ideal case study to
examinethe causes and effects of forest fragmentation in the unique context of PSA. This area is home
to several conservation and sustainable development projects which help to administer PSA contracts
and the region is also a target area for conservation within the Atlantic Mesoamerican Biological
Corridor (MBC). Costa Rica?s exemplary programs to conserve forest among private landowners are
widely heralded as a conservation success story. However, few studies have investigated contemporary
social and environmental changes on private land in light of these programs. Our research seeks to
integrate the social and biological sciences to answer questions about dynamic landscape conditions in
relation to human use, programs promoting forest cover, and ecological functions. Land change
detection will be linked with manager and landowner surveys to identify important mechanisms for
private forest conservation. Forest successional changes and carbon cycling will be studied as a means of
assessing the role of secondary forest in recovering ecosystem processes. Avian populations will also be
studied to examine the influence of elevational, successional, and fragmentation gradients on
population density. Each research component addresses a particular aspect of PSA program objectives.
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Publicación no.: 279 Conservation genetics and reproductive ecology of a keystone rainforest tree
(Dipteryx panamensis) in forested and fragmented landscapes [Genética de conservación y ecología
reproductiva de un árbol clave del bosque lluvioso (Dipteryx panamensis) en paisajes boscosos y
fragmentados] / Hanson, Thor R; Brunsfeld, Steven J; Finegan, Bryan. (University of Idaho. Department
of Forest Resources, P.O.Box 441133, Moscow, ID 83844-1133, US <E-mail: [email protected]> <Email: [email protected]>). Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Production in Tropical and
Temperate Fragmented Landscapes. Proceedings of the Second Annual Meeting of the University of
Idaho and the Tropical Agricultural Research and Higher Education Center (CATIE) IGERT, Moscow, ID,
US, May 2004, p. 32-35.
Habitat loss is widely recognized as the greatest threat to global biodiversity (Meyers et al 2000;
Novacek and Cleland 2001). In tropical forests, home to more than half of the world’s species (Wilson
1988), recent estimates put the rate of forest clearing as high as 14.7 million hectares per year (as cited
in Laurance 1999). While commercial agriculture and other large-scale projects can lead to complete
habitat conversion over wide areas, forest clearing often occurs more sporadically, leaving behind a
mosaic of pastures, small farms and forest patches (Meyers 1984). Maintaining biodiversity within these
fragmented landscapes presents a major challenge for policy makers, natural resource managers and
landowners. Studies of species-level fragmentation effects have often focused on taxa with well-defined
and easily monitored populations, including birds and mammals. Recent innovations in molecular
genetic techniques have led to new insights in the study of pollen and seed dispersal, allowing a deeper
understanding of reproductive ecology in plant populations (e.g. Wang and Smith 2002). These
techniques can be applied to help define effective population size, genetic diversity and patterns of gene
flow for plant populations in forested and fragmented habitats (e.g. Aspit et al. 2001). Keystone plant
resources have been defined as those species exerting a strong influence on other groups of organisms
at various trophic levels, particularly through copious fruit production (Nason et al 1998). Their
extirpation causes changes in habitat structure and community composition, with the potential for a
cascade of local extinctions (Nason et al 1998, Lennartson 2002). Keystone plants in tropical forests are
often large, fruiting trees vulnerable to increased windthrow and other effects associated with habitat
fragmentation (Nason et al 1998, Peres 2000). Many also have commercial or cultural value, exposing
them to logging pressure and other human disturbances. Preserving viable populations of
keystoneplants is a fundamental aspect of biodiversity conservation in fragmented landscapes. Decision
makers cannot include keystone species in long-term conservation planning without an understanding
of fundamental population parameters including reproductive ecology, gene flow and responses to
habitat fragmentation. Dipteryx panamensis is a large canopy emergent tree occurring in lowland wet
tropical forests of the Caribbean slope, from Colombia to Costa Rica (Flores 1992) or perhaps as far
north as Mexico; once a characteristic and widespread species at low elevations, D. panamensis has
suffered from habitat loss through conversion to commercial banana and pineapple production,
selective logging, and clearing for pasture and small-scale farming. It is currently listed as an Appendix III
species by CITES, creating permitting regulations for international trade (UNEP-WCMC 2004). In Costa
Rica, where the bulk of this study will take place, remaining populations are concentrated in the
northeastern corner of the country from the Rio San Juan south to Braulio Carrillo National Park. Though
little forest remains undisturbed in this region, many D. panamensis individuals were left standing in
fragments or pastures due to the extremely dense nature of its wood. Improved saws and milling
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technology were introduced in the 1990s and remnant trees began rapidly disappearing from the
landscape. Recognizing the biological importance of the species, the Costa Rican government placed a
temporary moratorium on harvest in 2003, pending an environmental review. A member of the pea
family (Fabaceae; Papillionoideae), D. panamensis bears compact, single-seeded pods during the dry
season when few other trees are in fruit. Sixteen species of mammals (Bonaccorso et al. 1980) and
approximately 100 species of birds (Flores 1992) have been observed feeding regularly on its fruits and
seeds. Confirmed pollinators include nineteen different bees (Perry and Starrett 1980, Thiele 2002),
while the seeds are dispersed by large bats, primates and the scatterhoarding habits of several small
mammals (Forget 1993, Flores 1992). Among the associated fauna, the endangered great green macaw
(Ara ambigua) has been the subject of considerable conservation attention (Arias and Chassot 2003,
Friends of the Great Green Macaw 2002). Once ranging from Ecuador to Honduras, the great green
macaw has suffered from widespread habitat destruction and capture for the pet trade, and is now
considered globally vulnerable to extinction (IUCN 2003). In Costa Rica, fewer than thirty breeding pairs
remain (GGMRCP 2003) and the species is recognized as endangered. The macaw relies on D.
panamensis fruits for up to 80% of its diet during the dry season and nests almost exclusively in cavities
within mature D. panamensis (GGMRCP 2003). Similar relationships exist in the Amazon between the
congeneric D. odorata and the scarlet macaw (Ara macao) and red and green macaw (Ara chloroptera)
(Brightsmith 2004). Conservation efforts in Costa Rica have focused on an area in the northeast known
as the San Juan-La Selva Biological Corridor. The proposed Maquenque National Park would protect core
habitat along the border with Nicaragua, while environmental service payments, reforestation and other
conservation activities would help maintain habitat connectivity south to the La Selva Biological Reserve
and Braulio Carrillo National Park. Maintaining viable populations of D. panamensis is recognized as a
fundamental and critical aspect of this effort. As a prominent member of the Mesoamerican flora, D.
panamensis has been a focal species for studies ranging from seedling survival (De Steven and Putz
1984, Clark and Clark 1987, De Steven 1988) to long-term demographic trends (Clark and Clark 1999,
2001). Significant questions remain, however, about effective population size, genetic diversity, gene
flow via pollen and seed dispersal, and the effects of habitat fragmentation.
Publicación no.: 280 Influences of landscape fragmentation on stream fish assemblages in the
Talamanca region, Costa Rica [Influencia de la fragmentación del paisaje en el congregamiento de peces
de riachuelo en la región de Talamanca, Costa Rica] / Lorion, Christopher M; Braatne, J. Biodiversity
Conservation and Sustainable Production in Tropical and Temperate Fragmented Landscapes.
Proceedings of the Second Annual Meeting of the University of Idaho and the Tropical Agricultural
Research and Higher Education Center (CATIE) IGERT, Moscow, ID, US, May 2004, p. 39-40.
Aquatic ecosystems are closely linked to their surrounding watersheds through fluxes of water,
nutrients, and sediment (Likens et al. 1970, Hynes 1975, Vannote et al. 1980). As a result, deforestation,
agricultural intensification, and other changes in land use can have a profound effect on stream habitats
and aquatic biodiversity (Allan and Flecker 1993). Recent studies have suggested that deforestation can
negatively affect aquatic biodiversity in tropical streams both through alteration of physical stream
habitats (Iwata et al. 2003), and through changes in the basal food resources that support stream food
webs (Benstead et al. 2003). However, very little research attention has been directed toward these
issues in Costa Rica, despite extensive deforestation in many parts of the country (Sader and Joyce
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1988). The objective of this study is to evaluate how the conversion of forests to agriculture has affected
stream fish assemblages in the Talamanca region of southeastern Costa Rica. In additionwe will examine
factors, including physical stream habitats and food resources available to fish that may explain
differences in fish abundance and species composition between forested and agricultural stream
reaches. This work will focus on lowland streams in a fragmented landscape near the Caribbean coast,
but will also include streams and small rivers in the Bribri-Cabécar Indigenous Reserve. Fish have been
chosen as the focal group for a variety of reasons, including their importance in structuringaquatic
communities in lowland Costa Rican streams (Pringle and Hamazaki 1998) and their significance as a
food source for humans. Comparisons between forested and agricultural stream reaches will be based
on fish surveys using backpack electroshocking equipment. Approximately eight stream reaches of each
type will be sampled. Physical stream habitat variables, including stream width and depth, substrate
characteristics, and canopy cover will be measured in all of these stream reaches. Quantitative sampling
of terrestrial and aquatic insects, coarse particulate organic matter, and epilithic algae will also be
conducted. These procedures will be repeated three times for each site, permitting inter-annual and
inter-seasonal comparisons. Comparisons of potential food resources between forested and agricultural
stream reaches will also be complemented with a stable isotope study that investigates the importance
of terrestrial and aquatic carbon sources in fish diets. Research in the Bribri-Cabécar Indigenous Reserve
will focus on stream reaches downstream from pesticide application points, as well as forested
watersheds on the periphery of the Talamanca Valley. Fish surveys in these locations will be conducted
with using several different gear types, including seines and backpack electroshocking equipment. These
surveys will provide information on fish species composition and abundance in heavily impacted
streams, as well as in forested drainages that have not been directly affected by agriculture. The
research efforts described here will contribute to a growing body of knowledge concerning the effects of
tropical deforestation on stream ecosystems, and could have important implications for biodiversity
conservation and fisheries management in Costa Rica. This information will also contribute to
interdisciplinary research on pesticide fate and transport in the Sixaola River basin, as well as
conservation planning for the region based on both terrestrial and aquatic criteria. The results of this
work will be provided to local and regional stakeholders so that impacts of landscape fragmentation and
pesticide use on aquatic ecosystems can be addressed in regional conservation and development
planning.
Publicación no.: 281 Understanding the effects of forest loss and fragmentation on birds: an
integrated approach [Comprendiendo los efectos en las aves de la pérdida del bosque y la
fragmentación: un enfoque integrado] / Roberts, Dina L; Garton, Edward O; Harvey, Celia A.
[email protected]>). Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Production in Tropical and
US, May 2004, p. 56-57.
Objectives: The objectives of this study were to assess the impact of fragmentation on overwinter
survival and movement patterns and to compare home range estimates of Wood Thrush in continuous
forest within La Selva Biological Reserve, with those in isolated forest remnants. Methods: During the
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first season (December 2003 to April 2004), we collected information on 20 individual Wood Thrush
movements, survival, and territoriality at La Selva Biological Station and within 5 forest fragments, using
radio telemetry techniques. Individual Wood Thrush were located by walking trails within La Selva and in
forest fragments while using recorded call notes. Upon locating a bird, targeted mist-netting was used to
capture each bird. A USFWS aluminum band (size 1A) was attached and morphological data was
collected. Also, a blood sample was collected from each bird for PCR analysis to sex birds. A backpack
harness was attached to each bird using the thigh loop method (Rappole and Tipton 1991), weighing 1.8
g each (Holohil, Inc.). Radiotelemetry techniques have been established for H. mustelina and there is no
evidence that attaching a small transmitter affects survival or behavior of this species (Lang et al. 2002).
Individual birds with transmitters were located on foot with a waterproof receiver (Habit Research, Inc)
and a Yagi 3-element antenna. Triangulation method was used to obtain at least one position/day or
every other day throughout the winter season. Home range size was determined using the fixed kernel
method with an 80% probability. Program MARK will be used to estimate survival probabilities. Results:
The average home range for La Selva birds was 1.09 ha, with a range of 0.32-2.6 ha. Birds captured in
fragments also established territories andmaintained an average home range of 1.23 ha, ranging from
0.35-2.8 ha. Our results also indicated that certain individual Wood Thrush territories in fragments
comprised largely edge habitat or often overlapped extensively with other individuals. First year results
suggest that Wood Thrush are adapting to forest fragmentation and forest edges containing important
fruit resources. Several observations of individual birds in fragments, in conjunction with telemetry data,
confirmed that fragment birds readily used fragment edges for mid-winter foraging, resting, and
premigratory fattening. Future research: As the last Wood Thrush with a transmitter left Costa Rica the
last week of April, we just completed the field work for phase one. We will need more time to complete
the survival analysis using MARK. Specific survival estimates will be determined; data will be analyzed
and will be presented this summer at the American Ornithologists’ Union in 57 Quebec, Canada. Also,
analysis to sex individuals using PCR techniques in conjunction with Mike Webster’s lab at WSU will be
completed during summer 2004.
Publicación no.: 282 The effects of forest fragmentation on forest structure, water-use efficiency, and
soil respired CO2 in the Atlantic lowlands of Costa Rica [Los efectos de la fragmentación del bosque en
la estructura del mismo, eficiencia en el uso del agua y CO2 respirado en las tierras bajas del Atlántico
de Costa Rica] / Schedlbauer, Jessica L; Kavanagh, Kathleen L; Finegan, Bryan. (Centro Agronómico
Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza. Programa Manejo Integrado de Recursos Naturales, Turrialba, CR
<E-mail: [email protected]>). Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Production in Tropical and
US, May 2004, p. 60-61.
Introduction: Anthropogenic disturbance in the form of land conversion from forest to agricultural use
has resulted in extensive forest fragmentation in the tropics. One consequence of fragmentation is that
conditions within forest fragments contraststrongly with the environment of the surrounding matrix,
thus leading to the development of edge effects. This research will evaluate edge-induced changes in
forest structural patterns and assess changes in physiological processes to clarify and model the
response of tropical forests to fragmentation. The primary hypothesis for this research is that forests in
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the Sarapiquí region of Costa Rica are not structurally altered by fragmentation, but that the net carbon
gain of trees (as assessed through measurements of water-use efficiency) is reduced with increased
proximity to the forest edge. An additional consequence of forest fragmentation is the eventual
recovery of forest in areas that have been released from intensive human use. It is necessary to evaluate
the trajectory of secondary forest development to understand the capacity of a region for forest
recovery. Therefore, this research will also address the recovery of soil carbon cycling in secondary
forests. As C3-dominated secondary forest develops on land previously dominated by C4 pasture
grasses, it is expected that a shift in the isotopic signature of soil organic matter and soil respired CO 2
will be detected. The speed of this shift across secondary forests of increasing age can be used to
evaluate the rate of and overall potential for forest recovery on the landscape. The Sarapiquí region of
Costa Rica provides an excellent opportunity to study the effects of forest fragmentation because of the
region’s history of deforestation and its social and political context. Particularly, the development of a
program that provides for environmental service payments has created the potential to increase forest
and biodiversity protection while at the same time meeting the needs of local landowners.This region is
also an integral part of the Mesoamerican Biological Corridor, which increases the priority of forest
conservation in the area. Research focused on changes in forest pattern and process in response to
fragmentation can increase our knowledge of the conservation value of different forest types.
Publicación no.: 283 Habitat-based conservation planning in Costa Rica: predicting the effects of
fragmentation on the long-term persistence of area-sensitive species [Planificación de la conservación
con base al hábitat en Costa Rica: prediciendo los efectos de la fragmentación en la persistencia a largo
plazo de especies sensibles al área] / Schipper, Gerrit Jan III; Scott, J.M; Carrillo-Jiménez, Eduardo. (<Email: [email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]> ). Biodiversity Conservation and
Sustainable Production in Tropical and Temperate Fragmented Landscapes. Proceedings of the Second
Annual Meeting of the University of Idaho and the Tropical Agricultural Research and Higher Education
Center (CATIE) IGERT, Moscow, ID USMay 2004. , 2004. p. 62-64.
Within the disciplinary framework of the NSF-IGERT program at the University of Idaho, we will examine
the effectiveness of the current reserve system and biological corridor in the Talamancas Region of
Costa Rica, in protecting long-term viable populations of area sensitive and threatened mammals. One
primary goal will be to examine the relative porosity of land-use types for the dispersal of
metapopulations between protected areas and remaining habitat, thus identifying potential source and
sink populations. We will determine which land-use types outside of reserves are suitable for the
dispersal of species with either large area requirements or narrow habitat constraints. By designing and
validating a suitability index of remaining habitat for individual species across a landscape, we will
attempt to improve both the science and the policy of habitat-based conservation planning in Costa
Rica. At the broadest scale, accurate vertebrate distribution models in the Neotropics and elsewhere are
useful in determining potential species occurrences (Ron 2000, Boitani et al. 1999). This information is
important for evaluating if a reserve system captures the assumed richness and diversity of particular
taxa. The identification of gaps in protection andin habitat representation have been developed over
multiple scales and resolutions (Rodríguez 2004, Scott et al. 1993, Soulé and Terborgh 1999). Methods
for spatial planning of habitat conservation have also been well developed in recent years; yet putting
the science into practice remains a challenge (Groves et al. 2002, Abbitt et al. 2000, Scott et al. 2000,
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Noss et al. 1997, Noss and Cooperrider 1994). While quantifying species diversity and richness at a
broad scale can be effective for national or bioregional reserve design, monitoring and evaluation of
individuals and metapopulations must be considered at the landscape scale. In other words, there is a
spatial hierarchy at which measures of success can be quantified. Modeling species occurrence and the
distribution of remaining habitat are the first steps in understanding spatial constraints of a given
country or landscape. The next step is to test and validate these models in the field. Because sampling
all species is impossible in the scope ofthis project, selected species will be used to test some of the
basic assumptions. In choosing an indicator species or group of species, it is important to examine the
ecological role of the species and specific spatial and habitat constraints. In the scope of this study,
mammals represent an indicative group at the scale of reserve effectiveness. Mammals with broad
habitat and large-area requirements such as jaguar (Panthera onca) and tapir (Tapirus bairdii) will likely
not persist over the long term if populations are confined to existing reserves, unless land-use types
outside reserves are permeable or connected through habitat corridors. On the other hand, mammals
with narrow habitat constraints (such as arboreal specialists) or narrow distributions (regional endemics)
are more likely to be confined to forest fragments and populations are at the mercy of the land-use
history within their range of occurrence. Current protected area systems in Costa Rica are largely
discontinuous and areas between reserves have been almost entirely converted to agriculture and
urban development. There are currently over 30 conservation corridor projects proposed in Costa Rica
(Boza, M, pers. comm.), yet no formal vision detailing how to prioritize implementation and
management exists. If viable populations of species are to be maintained, then better understanding of
both the porosity and barriers to dispersal of these species within the predominantly human dominated
landscape is necessary. This project seeks to work with the local government organizations and
international NGO's from the inception, both to streamline with current projects which are being
developed as well influence the policy making and legislation surrounding the design and management
of conservation areas. In summary, we seek to develop and refine habitat suitability models for a suite
of mammals, validate the models with field techniques (camera trapping and line transects) to confirm
presence, and integrate these results to develop decisionsupport tools for local communities and
organizations. This information will be integrated with data from other Talamanca Team members into a
spatial decision-support system, such as MARXAN, to aid local planners and stakeholders in improving
conservation measures both inside and outside of protected areas.
Publicación no.: 284 A geospatial data integration framework for mapping and monitoring tropical
landscape diversity in Costa Rica's San Juan - La Selva Mesoamerican Biological Corridor (SJLS-MBC)
[Sistema de integración de datos geoespaciales para el mapeo y monitoreo de la diversidad de paisaje
tropical en el Corredor Biológico Mesoamericano San Juan - La Selva (SJLS-MBC) de Costa Rica] / Sesnie,
Steven E; Gessler, Paul E; Finegan, Bryan. (Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza.
Programa Manejo Integrado de Recursos Naturales, Turrialba, CR <E-mail: [email protected]> <Email: [email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]>). Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable
Production in Tropical and Temperate Fragmented Landscapes. Proceedings of the Second Annual
Meeting of the University of Idaho and the Tropical Agricultural Research and Higher Education Center
(CATIE) IGERT, Moscow, ID, US, May 2004, p. 65-67.
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Identifying the spatial and temporal distribution of tropical forest habitats and agroecosystems is
essential for investigating fragmentation effects on biodiversity. Conservation policies, landscape
planning, and ecosystem management also rely on verified land cover information for decision making.
However, diverse tropical habitats are frequently lumped into "Forest" and "Non-Forest" categories, life
zones or other broadly defined classes. Such classifications have led to confusion over the conservation
status of remaining tropical forests and other habitats (Kleinn et al. 2002). Ecologists have avoided
floristically based land cover classifications given the mega diversity of humid tropical forests and highly
dispersed tree species over complex ecological and successional gradients (Condit 1996). Yet, tropical
forest composition is frequently sampled at relatively small spatial scales over fewer than 100 ha that
can limit detecting vegetation patterns better recognized over many thousands of hectares (Tuomisto
1998, Potts et al. 2002). Our investigation uses a gradient analysis approach to characterize region scale
tropical forest types and verify a data integration framework for mapping and monitoring tropical
landscape diversity. A 2,500 km² portion of Costa Rica's Atlantic Mesoamerican Biological Corridor was
selected to test a prototype framework where long-term research and published studies provide
background information. Extensive vegetation surveys will be linked to biophysical features contained
within a geographic information system and spectral regions contained within images acquired by
satellite and airborne sensors for comprehensive land cover mapping. We hypothesize that regional
scale floristic patterns can be detected throughreplicated vegetation sampling along a-priori selected
ecological gradients. A preliminary cluster analysis and Non-Metric Multidimensional Scaling ordination
of data from 138 quarter ha vegetation plots (trees, palms and arboreal ferns) reveal that 7 to 9 forest
types can be identified within our study area. Multi-Response Permutation Procedure and Indicator
Species Analysis (McCune and Grace 2002) will be used to test for non-random differences in vegetation
composition among forest types and characterize them according to indicator species. Classification and
regression tree and cross validation techniques (Breiman 2001) will be used to develop the classification
framework based on key environmental variables. The framework will be verified using ground
reference data collected in the field for accuracy assessment of classified multispectral images
(Congalton and Green 1999). This research is expected to result in an enhanced, repeatable, and verified
classification protocol for observing ecosystem changes in response to long term conservation policy
and program changes.
Publicación no.: 285 Evaluación del hábitat para la danta centroamericana (Tapirus bairdii) en la Zona
Norte de Costa Rica [Evaluation of the habitat of the Central American tapir (Tapirus bairdii) in the
northern zone of Costa Rica] / Chassot, Olivier; Monge-Arias, Guisselle; Jiménez, Vladimir. (Centro
Científico Tropical. Proyecto de Investigación y Conservación de la Lapa Verde (Ara ambiguus), Corredor
Biológico San Juan-La Selva, Apdo. 8-3870, 1000 San José, CR <E-mail: [email protected]>).
En: Tapir Conservation (ISSN 1813-2286), v. 15, no. 2, p. 17-23. 2006.
Baird's Tapir (Tapirus bairdii) survives in the San Juan-La Selva Biological Corridor, a mosaic of
fragmented forest habitats that maintain the ecological connectivity between the lowland rain forest
ecosystem of Southeastern Nicaragua and Northern Costa Rica with Costa Rican montane forests. This
corridor totals more than one million hectares of protected areas in different degrees of conservation.
Evidence of tapir presence in the corridor has been observed during the last eight years, but the status
of this species in the area remains largely unknown, leading us to conduct a habitat viability assessment
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based on our knowledge of the area and on information about Baird's Tapir in similar ecosystems. We
used GIS data, measuring seven ecological parameters that allowed us to characterize the availability of
habitat for Baird's Tapir in the San Juan-La Selva Biological Corridor. We estimated the number of tapirs
to range from 69 to 208 individuals. Our methods exemplify an inexpensive means to assess Tapir's
habitat viability where there is substantial and reliable georeferenced data about the ecosystems
present in the study area.
Publicación no.: 286 Primates in agroecosystems: conservation value of some agricultural practices in
Mesoamerican landscapes [Primates en agroecosistemas: valor en conservación de algunas prácticas
agrícolas en paisajes mesoamericanos] / Estrada, Alejandro; Sáenz-Méndez, Joel Cris; Harvey, Celia A;
Naranjo, E; Muñoz-Guerrero, Diego A; Rosales-Meda, Marta Marleny. (Instituto de Biología (UNAM).
Estación de Biología Los Tuxtlas, Laboratorio de Primatología, Apartado Postal 94, San Andrés Tuxtla,
Veracruz, MX <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail:
En: New Perspectives in the Study of Mesoamerican Primates: Distribution, Ecology, Behavior, and
Conservation. Estrada, Alejandro; Garber, Paul A; Pavelka, Mary S. M; Luecke, LeAndra (eds.) New York:
Springer, 2006. p. 437-470. ISBN: 038725854X.
While there is a general perception that agricultural activities are the principal threat to primate
biodiversity in the tropics, empirical evidence was presented in this paper to investigate the value of
certain types of agroecosystems for sustaining primate populations in fragmented landscapes in
Mesoamerica. Presence of primates was investigated in Los Tuxtlas, Mexico, in Lachuá, Guatemala, and
in three landscapes in Costa Rica. We also compared the similarity in population parameters (density,
group size, and immature to adult female ratios) of five primate species (A. palliata, A. pigra, A.
geoffroyi, S. oerstedii, and C. capucinus) living in agroecosystems with those of the same species living in
extensive and/or in fragmented forests. Primates were found in 15 agroecosystems. Some species were
found residing in shaded agroecosystems (e.g., cacao, coffee), but not in unshaded plantations (e.g.,
citrus, allspice), which were used as foraging or stop-over habitats. For howler and spider monkeys in
Mexico, mean values of primate demographic parameters in agroecosystems more closely resembled
those in extensive than in fragmented forests. Those for squirrel and capuchin monkeys fell within the
range of populations in forest fragments. Farmers reported crop damage by primates in banana, mango,
citrus, and allspice plantations, but responses toward the monkeys' activities ranged from tolerance to
expulsion. No damage was reported by howler and spider monkeys to the shaded cacao, coffee, and
cardamom plants or in forestry plantations. Some primate species can persist in cacao plantation by
exploiting the leaves and fruits of tree species providing shade for the cultivated plants, while others can
do so by visiting various agroecosystems on a regular basis. Our study suggests that certain types of
agroecosystems, specifically those grown under the shade of forest or of planted trees, favors the
persistence of primate populations in fragmented landscapes. At these habitats, the presence and
feeding activities of primates may benefit the plantations by accelerating primary productivity, by
dispersing the seeds of their fruit sources, and by adding important amounts of nutrients, via their
defecation, to the soil of the plantation.
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Publicación no.: 287 Taxonomy and distributions of Mesoamerican primates [Taxonomía y
distribuciones de primates mesoamericanos] / Rylands, A.B; Groves, C.P; Mittermeier, R.A; Cortés-Ortiz,
L; Hines, J.J.H. (Conservation International. Center of Applied Biodiversity Sciences, 1919 M St NW, Ste
600, Washington DC 20036, US <E-mail: [email protected]).
En: New Perspectives in the Study of Mesoamerican Primates: Distribution, Ecology, Behavior, and
Conservation. Estrada, Alejandro; Garber, Paul A; Pavelka, Mary S. M; Luecke, LeAndra (eds.) New York:
Springer, 2006. p. 29-79. ISBN: 038725854X.
In this chapter, we review the taxonomy and distributions of the 21 primate taxa occurring in Central
America and southern Mexico, from about 24°N in Tamaulipas, Mexico, extending south along the coast
of the Gulf of Mexico, through Central America to the border of Colombia and Panama. In our appraisal,
we follow the PSC, as outlined by Groves (2001). Panama (with eight species) has the richest primate
community; Costa Rica has four species (five if night monkeys, Aotus are included). Capuchin monkeys,
C. capucinus, extend north as far as Nicaragua and Honduras, and only spider monkeys (A. geoffroyi) and
howling monkeys (A. palliata and A. pigra) occur in Belize, Guatemala, and Mexico. Only spider monkeys
have been recorded from El Salvador. Geoffroy's tamarin, S. geoffroyi, and the night monkey, Aotus,
both regionally restricted to Panama, are considered distinct and monotypic. There are two broadly
accepted subspecies of squirrel monkey, S. oerstedii, occurring in a small area of the Pacific lowlands of
Panama and Costa Rica. The white-throated capuchin, C. capucinus, extending from Panama to northern
Honduras, may comprise three subspecies, although their validity is doubtful. There are two distinct
howling monkey species, the mantled howler (A. palliata) and the black howler (A. pigra). The howling
monkeys of Coiba Island and the Azuero Peninsula have some distinct morphological features that argue
for their classification as a third species, A. coibensis, but a recent molecular genetics' study failed to
distinguish them from A. palliata. We list three subspecies of A. palliata but they are of doubtful validity.
The spider monkeys, A. geoffroyi, are highly variable. Seven subspecies are listed, and there is the
possibility of an eighth undescribed subspecies in northern Honduras. The variability is still poorly
understood, however, and the possibility remains that a number of taxa are not valid. The Colombian
black spider monkey, A. fusciceps rufiventris, extends a short way into Panama. A notable finding while
researching this review was the lack of modern published revisions of the taxonomy and distributions of
the region's primates; the major references are still those of Kellogg and Goldman (1944), Hershkovitz
(1949), and Hall (1981, based on Hall and Kelson, 1959). The spider monkeys, howler monkeys, and
capuchin monkeys are in urgent need of major taxonomic revision, while it is probable that the
establishment of the precise historic distributions of all of the Mesoamerican primates is now an
impossible task due to introductions, hunting, and forest loss and fragmentation. The widespread loss of
population diversity makes taxonomic and biogeographic research on the Mesoamerican primates an
increasingly difficult task. All are now restricted to few, diminishing, and isolated forest fragments, and
there is an urgent need for regionwide and detailed surveys to identify and map them, to determine the
status of the populations remaining.
Publicación no.: 288 La cuenca del río Savegre como modelo de gestión integral [The Savegre river
basin as a model of integral management] / Romero-Ramírez, Sergio.
En: Quercus (Revista de Observación, Estudio y Defensa de la Naturaleza) (ISSN 0212-0054), v. 235, p.
52-58. 2005. (No abstract).
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Publicación no.: 289 Mono tití en peligro de extinción / Wong-Reyes, Grace. (Universidad Nacional.
Programa Regional de Maestría en Manejo de Vida Silvestre, Apdo. 1350, Heredia, CR).
En: Ambientico (ISSN 1409-214X), no. 107, 3 p. 2002.
(No abstract).
Publicación no.: 290 Edge effects on lizards (Norops) and frogs (Eleutherodactylus) in neotropical
forest fragments [Efectos de borde en las lagartijas (Norops) y en las ranas (Eleutherodactylus) en
fragmentos de un bosque neotropical] / Schlaepfer, M.A. (Cornell University. Department of
Ithaca, NY: Cornell University, 1998. 41 p. Thesis, M.Sc., Cornell University, Faculty of the Graduate
School, Ithaca, NY (US).
We describe the abundance and distribution of two species of anoline lizards (genus Norops) and five
species of leaf litter frogs (genus Eleutherodactylus) along the edges and in the interiors of nine forest
fragments near Las Cruces, Costa Rica; using a paired-plot design that controlled for the effects of
weather, topography, and searcher-. ability, we found that edge effects varied seasonally and, possibly,
daily. Norops lizards were more abundant along forest edges during the dry season, but became more
abundant in the forest interiors during the wet season. This seasonal use of edges by Norops challenges
the notion that all species are either generalists, or associated only with edge or interior habitat. We
also found that in Norops polylepis, the most abundant anole, rates of ectoparasitism were lower along
edges than in forest interiors. We speculate that the lizards moved towards forest edges during the dry
season for increased foraging opportunities and decreased rates of parasitism, and then returned to the
forest interior during the rainy season to establish territories and reproduce. The distribution of leaf
litter frogs with respect to edges did not change across seasons. Nocturnal leaf litter frogs were equally
abundant near forest edges and in forest interiors. The single diurnal eleutherodactylid species,
however, was consistently more abundant in the forest interior, which supports the idea that abiotic
edge effects are more pronounced during the day, thereby excluding small diurnal amphibians from
edge habitat. Edge effects should not be defined by the distance to which they are detected. Rather,
edge effects should be viewed as dynamic, varying in both space and time, with taxa responding to
different components of edge effects according to their biological requriements.
Publicación no.: 291 Effects of habitat fragmentation on the reproductive ecology and conservation
genetics of the almendro (Dipteryx panamensis), a keystone rainforest tree [Efectos de la
fragmentación del hábitat en la ecología reproductiva y conservación genética del almendro (Dipteryx
panamensis), un árbol clave del bosque lluvioso] / Hanson, Thor R. (University of Idaho. Department of
Forest Resources, P.O.Box 441133, Moscow, ID 83844-1133, US <E-mail: [email protected]>).
Moscow, Idaho: CATIE / University of Idaho, 2006. 113 p. Dissertation, Ph.D. with a Major in Natural
Resources, College of Graduate Studies CATIE / University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho (USA).
Deforestation in the tropics creates a mosaic of forest patches embedded in a human-dominated matrix.
Maintaining biodiversity in these fragmented landscapes relies on their ability to sustain ecological
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processes. This study examined the effects of habitat fragmentation on the reproductive ecology and
genetic diversity of Dypterix panamensis, a canopy emergent tree considered a keystone species in the
Atlantic lowland forests of Central America. Populations of D. panamensis were mapped, sampled
andgenotyped for nine microsatellite loci in a protected forest, two forest patches and adjacent
pastures, and two isolated pasture sites in northern Costa Rica. Additionally, seed dispersal, seed
predation and seedling density were assessed along transects placed systematically at the protected
forest and fragment sites.
Publicación no.: 292 Forest ecosystem responses to edge effects and secondary forest development in
northeastern Costa Rica: Implications for conservation [Respuestas del ecosistema de bosque a los
efectos de borde y al desarrollo de bosque secundario en el noreste de Costa Rica: Consecuencias para la
conservación] / Schedlbauer, Jessica L. (University of Idaho. Department of Forest Resources, Moscow,
ID 83844-1133, US <E-mail: [email protected]>). Moscow, ID: University of Idaho, 2007. 94 p.
Dissertation, Ph.D., University of Idaho, Moscow (USA).
The landscape of northeastern Costa Rica is characterized by fragmented forests interspersed with
pasture and agricultural land. Knowledge of ecosystem responses to forest edge effects and the
recruitment of new secondary forests is critical to regional conservation planning directed at increasing
forest cover. Forest structure was examined at 20+ year old forest-pasture edges to assess edge effects.
Stem density was significantly higher at forest edges than interiors due to an increase in small diameter
trees close to edges. These data show that forest edges seal with dense vegetation in the 20+ years
following edge creation, suggesting that edges are robust and likely to promote high-value
environmental services in these forests. Measures of water-use efficiency (WUE) and stable carbon
isotopes (delta13C) were used to evaluate changes in forest function at edges. No changes in foliar
delta13C and thus WUE were detected in Pentaclethra macroloba, consistent with the theory that these
forests develop resilient edges. A significant depletion in the delta13C of soil respired CO2 was found at
forest edges, and may be linked to changes in species composition. Forest recruitment and carbon
dynamics were examined in a chronosequence of secondary forests. Though aboveground carbon
storage increased with site age, soil carbon storage did not vary. delta13C data showed that soil carbon
turned over within 10 years of pasture abandonment. Rapid recovery of aboveground carbon storage
and soil carbon cycling highlights theconservation value of these secondary forests. To evaluate Costa
Rica's 1996 Forestry Law initiating environmental service payments (pago por servicios ambientales,
PSA) and prohibiting deforestation, landowner data were used to compare forest change before and
after 1996. A decline in natural forest loss was observed after 1996. This indicated that PSA helped to
retain forest, a finding corroborated by landowner data. Increased forest connectivity over time was
related to recruitment of tree plantations and secondary forests. Secondary forest carbon storage
approached primary forest levels after 25-30 years, but few landowners retained natural regeneration.
As a result, secondary forests will persist as minor landscape components without incentives. This case
study provides evidence that PSA can be effective in retaining natural forest.
Publicación no.: 293 The density and distribution of Ateles geoffroyi in a mosaic landscape at El Zota
Biological Field Station, Costa Rica [Densidad y distribución de Ateles geoffroyi en un mosaico de paisaje
en la Estación Biológica de Campo El Zota, Costa Rica] / Lindshield, Stacy M. (Iowa State University.
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Department of Anthropology, 324 Curtiss Hall, Ames, IA 50011, US <E-mail: [email protected]>). Ames:
Iowa State University, 2006. 142 p. ISBN: 978-0-542-99896-6. Thesis, M.A. in Anthropology, Iowa State
University, Department of Anthropology, Ames, IA (USA).
The genus Ateles is thought to prefer primary forest, as spider monkeys are ripe fruit specialists and
generally occupy the upper canopy of tropical forests. However, this generalization could be weakened
by new research examining Ateles' use of disturbed and undisturbed habitat. This study measures spider
monkey habitat use with density estimates following line transect methodology and encounter
frequencies between undisturbed and disturbed habitat in wet and swamp forests. Results indicate no
significant difference in habitat use. Preliminary measures of habitat quality show greater overall fruit
abundance in primary forest, yet similar Ateles densities suggest factors influencing habitat use in
mosaic-land is more complex than previous research indicates. A better understanding of spider
monkeys in areas of forest disturbance is necessary in order to evaluate their habitat requirements in an
increasingly anthropogenic landscape.
Publicación no.: 294 Rain forest structure at forest-pasture edges in Northeastern Costa Rica
[Estructura del bosque lluvioso en los bordes del bosque colindante con potreros en el Noreste de Costa
Rica] / Schedlbauer, Jessica L; Finegan, Bryan; Kavanagh, Kathleen L. (University of Idaho. Department of
Forest Resources, Moscow, ID 83844-1133, US <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail:
Land-use change in the Sarapiquí region of Costa Rica has resulted in a fragmented forest landscape with
abrupt edges between forest and pasture. Forest responses to edge effects vary widely and can
significantly affect ecosystem integrity. Our objective was to examine forest structure at 20+ yr old
forest-pasture edges in Sarapiquí. Three transects with 0.095-ha plots at seven distances from forest
edges were established in each of six forest patches. Stem density, basal area, and aboveground
biomass in trees and palms ≥ 10-cm diameter at breast height were measured in all plots. In addition,
hemispherical photographs were taken to determine leaf area index, understory light availability, and
percent canopy openness. Linear mixed-effects models showed significantly higher tree stem density at
forest edges, relative to interiors, a pattern reflected by increased stem density, basal area, and
aboveground biomass in small diameter trees (≤ 20 cm) growing near edges. No differences in total tree
basal area, aboveground biomass, or hemispherical photograph-derived parameters were detected
across the forest edge to interior gradient. The recruitment of small diameter trees following edge
creation has contributed to the development of dense vegetation at the forest edge and has aided in the
maintenance of similar tree basal area and aboveground biomass between edge and interior
environments. These data reflect on the robustness of forest edges in Sarapiquí, a characteristic that will
likely minimize future detrimental edge effects and promote a number of high-value environmental
services in these forests.
Publicación no.: 295 Conservation ecology of amphibians and reptiles in Sarapiquí, Costa Rica: Forest
fragmentation and long-term population change [Ecología de la conservación de anfibios y reptiles en
Sarapiquí, Costa Rica: Fragmentación del bosque y estudios a largo plazo de cambios en la población] /
Bell, K.E. (Hudsonia Ltd, P.O. Box 66, Red Hook, NY 12571, US <E-mail: [email protected]>). Miami, FL:
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Florida International University, 2005. 75 p. Thesis, M.Sc. in Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, Florida
International University, Miami, Florida (USA).
In order to explore the conservation ecology of frogs and lizards in the Sarapiquí region of Costa Rica, I
compared populations and communities among forest fragments and La Selva Biological Station, as well
as across 35 years of sampling at La Selva. Species richness in nine fragments combined was 85% of that
found in La Selva, and community composition varied among sites and by fragment size class. Although
communities in fragments differed fundamentally from those in intact forest, the high diversity
observed across all fragments indicates that preserving a network of small forest patches may be of
great conservation value to the herpetofauna of this region. According to data from past studies at La
Selva, most common species of leaf-litter frogs and lizards demonstrated significant decreases in density
over the 35-year period. My findings may represent either natural population fluctuations or sweeping
faunal declines at this site.
Publicación no.: 296 Programa de monitoreo ecológico terrestre de las áreas protegidas y corredores
biológicos de Costa Rica (PROMEC-CR). Etapa I (2007-2011): Manual de objetivos, indicadores y
protocolos / Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación (SINAC) del Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía
(MINAE) San José: Asociación Conservación de la Naturaleza, 2007. 28 p. ISBN: 978-9968-9660-5-5.
Las metas nacionales de conservación: marco del PROM EC-CR: El PROMEC-CR es una de las
herramientas que contribuirán al logro de las metas nacionales de conservación, definidas por el
proyecto GRUAS 11 (2006) en los siguientes términos: El área mínima a conservar, dentro de cada una
de las unidades fitogeográficas (UF) definidas para el país, será de 10, 000 ha en términos absolutos,
pero si en términos relativos esto corresponde a menos del 10% de la UF respectiva, entonces debe
aumentarse el área de manera que alcance al menos el 10%. Sí, por el contrarío, las 10,000 ha
representan más del 10% pero no sobrepasan el 30% de la UF se mantienen las mismas 10, 000 ha.
Finalmente, si las 10,000 ha representan más del 30% de la UF, debe disminuirse el área absoluta a
conservar, asegurando que la nieta de conservación se mantenga en al menos un 30% de la UF
correspondiente.
Publicación no.: 297 Programa de monitoreo ecológico terrestre de las áreas protegidas y corredores
biológicos de Costa Rica (PROMEC-CR). Etapa I (2007-2011): Resumen ejecutivo / Sistema Nacional de
Áreas de Conservación (SINAC) del Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía (MINAE) San José: Asociación
Conservación de la Naturaleza, 2007. 24 p. ISBN: 978-9968-9660-6-1.
Introducción: La propuesta de Programa de Monitoreo Ecológico Terrestre de las Áreas Protegidas y
Corredores Biológicos de Costa Rica (PROMEC-CR) es una iniciativa del SINAC/ MINAE y The Nature
Conservancy-Costa Rica (TNC-CR) a través del programa "Acuerdos Nacionales de Apoyo a la
Implementación" de la mencionada ONG, a la cual se sumó el Centro Agronómico Tropical de
Investigación y Enseñanza (CATIE). La implementación de este programa de monitoreo es uno de los
esfuerzos necesarios para que el país avance hacia el cumplimiento de las metas 2010 del Convenio
sobre la Diversidad Biológica (CDB). La elaboración de la propuesta fue coordinada por la Comisión para
el Desarrollo de la Estrategia Nacional para el Monitoreo de la Biodiversidad, con Énfasis en las Areas
Silvestres Protegidas y los Corredores Biológicos (en adelante, la Comisión). Esta comisión está
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conformada por TNC-CR, la Gerencia de Áreas Silvestres Protegidas y el Programa Nacional de
Corredores Biológicos del SINAC, el Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad (INBio), la Universidad Nacional
(UNA), la Universidad de Costa Rica (UCR) y el CATIE. La elaboración de la propuesta fue liderada por
personal del CATIE e involucró revisiones de literatura técnica, entrevistas con expertos y un taller de
consulta para definir el marco conceptual del programa. A partir de este marco conceptual se definió
una propuesta metodológica abarcando los elementos del PROMEC-CR hasta el nivel de indicadores, la
cual fue socializada con grupos de interesados en un segundo taller. Con los insumos generados por este
segundo taller, se finalizaron las metas, objetivos, indicadores y protocolos metodológicos del PROMECCR y se elaboró el plan de implementación del Programa. La propuesta del PROMEC-CR se ha plasmado
en cuatro documentos: el Manual de Objetivos, Indicadores y Protocolos (SINAC 2007a), el Documento
Técnico de Referencia (Finegan, Céspedes Agüero y Sesnie en prensa), el Plan de Implementación (SINAC
2007b) y el presente Resumen Ejecutivo. De aquíen adelante, al referirse a los mencionados
documentos, en el presente resumen se les llamará simplemente el Manual, el Documento Técnico y el
Plan, respectivamente. El objetivo del presente Resumen Objetivo es proveer una síntesis global concisa
del PROMEC-CR, el análisis científico-técnico y el proceso de diseño que fundamentan la propuesta, y el
plan de implementación para la primera etapa que abarca los años 2007-2011. Está organizado en tres
secciones después de esta introducción: Los fundamentos técnico-científicos de la propuesta (tomado
del Documento Técnico), Los indicadores del Programa y la justificación de su selección (tomado del
Documento Técnico y el Manual), El plan de implementación 2007-2011. Los documentos completos
citados incluyen más de 180 referencias bibliográficas consultadas durante el diseño del Programa que
aquí se resume.
Publicación no.: 298 A geospatial data integration framework for mapping and monitoring tropical
landscape diversity in Costa Rica's San Juan - La Selva Biological Corridor [Sistema de integración de
datos geoespaciales para el mapeo y monitoreo de la diversidad de paisaje tropical en el Corredor
Biológico Mesoamericano San Juan - La Selva (SJLS-MBC) de Costa Rica] / Sesnie, Steven E. (Northern
Arizona University. Environmental Sciences & Education Department, POB 5694, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, US
<E-mail: [email protected]>). Moscow, ID: University of Idaho, 2006. 175 p. Dissertation, Ph.D.,
University of Idaho and Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza (CATIE).
Landcover change has substantially reduced the amount of tropical rain forest since the 1950s. Little is
known about the extent of remaining forest types. A multivariate analysis of 144 forest plots across
Costa Rica's San Juan - La Selva Biological Corridor resulted in eight floristically defined old-growth forest
categories. Spectral separability was tested between categories using Landsat TM bands and vegetation
indices for old-growth types, palm swamps, tree plantations and regrowth. Image filtering and NDVI
increased spectral separability among categories by 30%. Separability tests resulted in seven welldiscriminated forest categories. Factors driving forest beta-diversity are not well quantified for wet
tropical environments. We examined the relationship between rain forest composition and
environmental variation for a 3000 km² area in northeastern Costa Rica. Mid- to upper-canopy tree
species abundance and soil characteristics were measured from 127, 0.25-ha plots across Caribbean
lowlands and foothills. Partial Mantel tests produced significant correlations between floristic distance
and soil, terrain, and climate variables controlling the effects of geographical distance. Niche-factors
showed a significant trend with forest compositionmore than dispersal limitation or disturbance related
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factors. Variables such as terrain features, climatic variation and Landsat TM bands associated with
forest composition were assessed with two decision tree models. Thirty-two landcover types were
compared for a 15-year time interval. Ten were floristic alliances from a cluster analysis of forest plots
and wetland categories. A subset of 12 spectral and spatial predictor variables produced accuracies of
93%±7% and 83%±15% for QUEST and CRUISE classifiers, respectively. The QUEST classifier was accurate
for habitat mapping and change detection important to biodiversity monitoring objectives. A 1996
Forestry Law initiated environmental service payments and prohibited forest conversion. Landcover
changes were compared before and after 1996 and linked to landowner surveys. Carbon services from
secondary forests were examined above- and belowground. Natural forest loss declined from -1.43 to 0.20% yr-1. Secondary forest carbon storage approached primary forest levels after 25-30 years, though
few landowners retained tree regeneration. The Costa Rican experience provides evidence that
payments were effective in retaining natural forest and recruiting tree cover mainly via tree plantations.
Publicación no.: 299 Conventional and genetic measures of seed dispersal for Dipteryx panamensis
(Fabaceae) in continuous and fragmented Costa Rican rain forest [Medidas convencionales y genéticas
de dispersión de semillas por Dipteryx panamensis (Fabaceae) en un bosque lluvioso costarricense
contínuo y fragmentado] / Hanson, Thor R; Brunsfeld, Steven J; Finegan, Bryan; Waits, Lisette P.
(University of Idaho. Department of Forest Resources, P.O.Box 441133, Moscow, ID 83844-1133, US <Email: [email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]>).
En: Journal of Tropical Ecology (ISSN 0266-4674), v. 23, p. 635-642. 2007.
The effects of habitat fragmentation on seed dispersal can strongly influence the evolutionary potential
of tropical forest plant communities. Few studies have combined traditional methods andmolecular
tools for the analysis of dispersal in fragmented landscapes. Here seed dispersal distances were
documented for the tree Dipteryx panamensis in continuous forest and two forest fragments in Costa
Rica, Central America. Distance matrices were calculated between adult trees (n=283) and the locations
of seeds (n=3016) encountered along 100×4-m transects (n=77). There was no significant difference in
the density of seeds dispersed 25m from the nearest adult (n=253) among sites. There was a strong
correlation between the locations of dispersed seeds and the locations of overstorey palms favoured as
bat feeding roosts in continuous forest and both fragments. Exact dispersal distances were determined
for a subset of seeds (n=14) from which maternal endocarp DNA could be extracted and matched to
maternal trees using microsatellite analysis. Dispersal within fragments and from pasture trees into
adjacent fragments was documented, at a maximum distance of 853 m. Results show no evidence of a
fragmentation effect on D. panamensis seed dispersal in this landscape and strongly suggest batmediated dispersal at all sites.
Publicación no.: 300 The susceptibility of tropical forest bird communities to habitat fragmentation [La
susceptibilidad de las comunidades de aves de bosques tropicales a la fragmentación del hábitat] / Sigel,
Bryan J. (Tulane University. Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, 310 Dinwiddie Hall,
Orleans, LA 70118, US <E-mail: [email protected]>), 192p. New Orleans, LA: Tulane University, 2007.
Dissertation, Ph.D., Tulane University, School of Science and Engineering, Department of Ecology &
Evolutionary Biology (USA).
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Habitat fragmentation impacts on bird communities are relatively well studied in the temperate zone,
where brood parasites and non-forest predators are the main causes of declining avian biodiversity.
However, life history traits of tropical species suggest different and more diverse effects of habitat
fragmentation on tropical bird communities. This dissertation used historical data and quantitative
comparisons of fragmented and control sites to infer causes and patterns of tropical avian community
response to fragmentation in Central America. Particular ecological guilds, namely forest understory
insectivores, mixed-species flock participants, and birds that nest on or near the ground declined or
disappeared from La Selva Biological Station, Costa Rica since the 1950s as the site became increasingly
isolated from other forest. Spot-maps of twenty-two insectivorous bird species at Costa Rica in the
1970s indicate that insectivore populations were probably never large enough to be viable, emphasizing
the need for larger reserves given the low density of many tropical forest species. Comparisons of four
forest sites (24.6-1200 ha) to an non-fragmented control site in southeastern Nicaragua show significant
reduction in biodiversity, corresponding decline in total bird abundance, and changes in community
composition, even in the larger sites. Lack of change in the Nicaraguan control site suggests landscape
changes rather than climate change is the most parsimonious explanation for community changes in the
fragments. Finally, comparison of community changes in two large isolated forest reserves, La Selva and
Barro Colorado Island, Panama, demonstrate similar patterns of losses of insectivores and low nesting
species. However, landscape level and climatic differences between the two sites also affect the ability
of some species to persist in remaining forest. Overall, this dissertation suggests that deterministic
factors, especially ecological characteristics, put particular species at risk to landscape changes. No
single mechanism appears to explain all the patterns, but small population size, poor dispersal ability,
and increase in nest depredation are implicated by this study. Further investigation is needed to assess
the relative importance of these and other mechanisms. Moreover, trophic cascades involving other
taxa are predicted as a result of the lack of ecological replacement of disappearing specialized forest
insectivores.
Publicación no.: 301 Effects of tropical forest fragmentation on ecology and conservation of migrant
and resident birds in lowland Costa Rica [Efectos de la fragmentación del bosque tropical sobre la
ecología y conservación de aves migrantes y residentes en las tierras bajas de Costa Rica] / Roberts, Dina
L. Moscow, ID: University of Idaho / CATIE, 2007. 113 p. Dissertation, Ph.D. in Natural Resources,
University of Idaho and Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza (CATIE).
Decades of forest loss throughout Central America have dramatically changed the amount and
configuration of winter habitat available for Neotropical-Nearctic migrant songbirds and breeding
habitat for resident birds. The overall objective of my research was to understand the value of forest
fragments to a diverse group of rainforest birds that depend on lowland tropical rainforest for their
survival at one part or all of their annual cycle. Using both intensive research methods on a migrant
songbird and extensive survey methods for eight species of resident forest birds, results show that in
general, remaining forest fragments of the Sarapiquí region provide important habitat for all species
studied, to varying degrees. For the wintering Wood Thrush Hylocichla mustelina, I surveyed forest
fragments of different sizes, and assessed the proportion of the population wintering outside of
protected forest reserves. Fragmentation effects on wintering Wood Thrush were further studied by
comparing over-winter survival, territorial fidelity, home range sizes, population structure and indices of
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body condition and fitness, for birds in forest fragments versus intact forest. Wood Thrushes were
detected in all surveyed forest fragments ≥ 1 ha, and it was estimated that 80% of the population winter
in forest fragments outside of protected reserves. Forest fragmentation affected sex ratios, with female
Wood Thrush constituting 60% of birds sampled in small fragments (< 20 ha), 25% in large (> 200 ha),
and 35% in continuous forests. Widespread presence even in fragments as small as 1 ha, along with
evidence of female-biased sex ratios in small fragments, may imply that available habitat for wintering
Wood Thrushes is saturated. For eight species of residentbirds, we quantified changes in species
abundance and patch occupancy in forest fragments that exist across a continuum of fragmentation,
isolation and remaining forest cover. We detected all eight species within at least a subset of the
fragments. The most abundant species, an understory wren, Henicorhina leucosticta, was observed in all
30 fragments. Two other common species, Mionectes oleaginous and Myrmeciza exsul were also found
in a majority of surveyed fragments, a rather unexpected result. Abundances of two species, Pipra
mentalis, a manakin, and Thamnophilis atrinucha, an ant shrike, declined or the species disappeared
entirely in fragments with decreasing patch size, isolation from a source, and low surrounding forest
cover values. R. sulfuratus abundance was not significantly associated with any of the predictor
variables. However, 4 of 6, or 67 % of the fragments lacking this species were 25 ha. For R. swansonii,
the largest toucan in the study region, highest abundances were associated with fragments embedded
within areas of higher percent forest cover. Despite our predictions that species within the same
foraging guild, or those with other shared life history strategies, would respond similarly to
fragmentation, we found that species responded individualistically.
Publicación no.: 302 Avifauna en sistemas agroforestales cafetaleros: relaciones entre el contexto
paisajístico, la complejidad estructural y comunidades de aves dentro del Corredor Biológico
Turrialba-Jiménez, Costa Rica [Tropical bird assemblages in coffee agroforestry systems: exploring the
relationships between landscape context, structural complexity and bird communities in the TurrialbaJiménez Biological Corridor, Costa Rica] / Florian-Rivero, Elena M. (CATIE, Apartado 7170, Turrialba, CR
<E-mail: [email protected]>). Turrialba: CATIE, 2005. 146 p. Tesis, Mag. Sc. en Agroforestería Tropical,
Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza (CATIE), Turrialba, Costa Rica.
Coffee agroforestry systems are reknown for their high species richness and complex vegetation
structure and stand out as a promising tool for conserving biodiversity within agricultural landscapes.
Shaded coffee plantations can attract a variety of birds, and have the potential to serve as refuges for
birds, however this conservation potential is likely to depend on the structure of the coffee plantation as
well as the surrounding landscape composition. The objective of this study was to explore the
relationships between the structural complexity and the landscape context (surrounding forest cover) of
coffee plantations and bird assemblages present in these systems within the Turrialba - Jiménez
Biological Corridor. To examine the effects of structural complexity and landscape context on bird
communities, a total of 20 Erythrina poeppigina and 20 Erythrina poeppigiana - Cordia alliodora coffee
plantations and five forests were selected and georeferenced. For each coffee plantation, two 50 m x 50
m plots and twenty five 10 m x 10 m quadrats were used to characterize the structure and floristic
composition. The percent of surrounding forest cover was calculated at a distance radius of 500, 1000
and 1500 m from each coffee plantation. Point counts were used to characterize birds in coffee
plantations and forest sites. A total of 101 species of birds were observed in coffee plantations; the
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majority being generalist species. A total of 1,064 individuals (85 species) of birds were observed in
Erythrina poeppigiana - Cordia alliodora coffee plantations and 623 individuals (56 species) of birds
observed in Erythrina poeppigina coffee plantations indicating that structurally more complex coffee
plantations contained more individuals and species of birds. The majority of birds were insectivores and
omnivores. Epiphyte cover, canopy height and the number of Cordia alliodora trees had a positive effect
on the abundante, species richness, and diversity of birds within coffee plantations. The presence of
surrounding forest cover had a negative effect in the overall abundance, species richness, and diversity
of birds but a positive effect on forest specialists. This study showed that structurally more complex
coffee plantations such as Erythrina poeppigiana - Cordia alliodora coffee plantations were able to
harbor a greater abundance and number of species of birds than Erythrina poeppigiana coffee
plantations. This study also provided evidence that the presence of forest cover around coffee
plantations favored the presence of forest dependent bird species. Therefore, conservation efforts
should promote the diversification of coffee plantations and the protection of forests around these
plantations in order to increase or restore structural and functional connectivity within the landscape.
Publicación no.: 303 Caracterización de cobertura vegetal y propuesta de una red de conectividad
ecológica en el Corredor Biológico Volcánica Central - Talamanca, Costa Rica [Characterization of
vegetation cover and proposed ecological connectivity network in the Volcánica Central - Talamanca
Biological Corridor, Costa Rica] / Murrieta-Arévalo, E. Turrialba: CATIE, 2006. 141 p. Tesis, Mag. Sc. en
Manejo y Conservación de Bosques Tropicales y Biodiversidad, Centro Agronómico Tropical de
Investigación y Enseñanza CATIE), Turrialba, Costa Rica.
Landscape ecology studies have been possible due to the development of technologic tools such as
statistical methods, geographic information systems (GIS) and remote sensors which facilitate the
identification of vegetation types and are important toplan forest management and conservation. In this
research, a study on the identification and characterization of natural forest types was carried out for a
proposal of an ecological structure connectivity network in the Volcánica Central - Talamanca Biological
Corridor (VCTBC). Sampling emphasized secondary vegetation because it is the most predominant
vegetation in the corridor, and it included primary forest plots as a reference. For selecting the field
sites, stratified sampling was conducted which took into account biophysical variables; such as slope,
soil, and life zones. Using a GIS, a map was elaborated with six strata where sampling units (plots) were
installed. Sampling was conducted taking into account temporary plots of two different sizes, 50m x
50m (0.25 ha) and 20m x 50 m (0.10 ha), with dbh ranges of 20 cm and 10 cm, respectively. However,
the final vegetation cover classification is based on the 0.25 ha plot size with a dbh 20 cm for trees, dbh
10 cm for palms and ferns and a circumference of 10 cm for lianas. The plots sampled were grouped into
five forest types through a multi-varied analysis. These forests were named according to their indicator
species: 1) Clarisia biflora, Ocotea nicaraguensis, and Rollinia pittieri forest, 2) Vismia macrophylla,
Vochysia allenii and Miconia punctata forest, 3) Hampea appendiculata, Cecropia obtusifolia and
Conostegia rufescens forest, 4) Croton draco, Citharexylum caudatum and Cecropia peltata forest; and
5) Croton schiedeanus, Alfaroa costaricensis, and Abarema idiopoda forest. These forests were
characterized and compared according to variables such as composition, structure, richness, and floristic
diversity.
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Publicación no.: 304 Prioridades sociales y arreglos institucionales para la gestión local del Corredor
Biológico Volcánica Central-Talamanca, Costa Rica [Social priorities and institutional arrangements for
local management of the Volcánica Central-Talamanca Biological Corridor] / Ramírez-Chávez, J.R.
Turrialba: CATIE, 2006. 112 p. Tesis, Mag. Sc. en Manejo y Conservación de Bosques Tropicales y
Biodiversidad, Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza (CATIE), Turrialba, Costa Rica.
Biological corridors have been accepted during recent years as a conservation strategy. The majority of
the research has focused on generating information about biophysical and ecological aspects related to
the establishment and management of biological corridors. Knowledge on local management as well as
socioeconomic, institutional and political aspects is still scarce; this situation could have lead, in some
cases, to late involvement of the local population in the development of biological corridors. In this
research, a study is conducted on social priorities and institutional arrangements for local management
of the Volcánica Central-Talamanca Biological Corridor (VCTBC). The objective of this research was to
identify the conditions and processes necessary for effective and participative management of the
VCTBC. Thus, the research was divided into three stages: 1) social and institutional characterization of
the VCTBC; 2) systematization of advanced processes of local management of three biological corridors
in Costa Rica (Chorotega, San Juan-La Selva and Talamanca-Caribe Bilogical Corridors); and, 3)
Identification of strategies for successful management of the VCTBC which incorporates existing social
and institutional conditions and lessonslearned from other advanced processes of biological corridors.
Results demonstrate that the VCTBC has a wide presence of organizations and institutions, which
represents a great opportunity to facilitate successful management. According to the conflict map on
land use, even when 65.5% of the territory that comprises the VCTBC is under the correct use category,
31.3% is in the overuse category; the greatest percent of overuse corresponds to pastures, which are
located principally in the northern part of the corridor. It was observed that the population is interested
in developing conservation programs for natural resources and environmentally friendly activities; such
programs are already established. Furthermore, there are some processes underway whichcan be
strengthened with the objective to advance the consolidation process of the corridor, such as: the work
that ASOPROA is carrying out in agro-tourism development "The Cheese Route", Las ASADAS which is
carrying out restoration and conservation activities and sustainable water management, the Local
Network for Cachi Risk Reduction with forest cover recovery, environmental associations, and
COVIRENAS among others; and the existence of a coordinating and management platform called the
"CBVCT Management Committee" which will permit the consolidation of this initiative. With respect to
the lessons learned from local management of the three systematized biological corridors, the following
aspects were observed: consolidation and strengthening of the three management commissions; risk
vulnerability reduction; access to financial compensation mechanisms for a greater number of
beneficiaries; numerous actors involved in corridor management; and an increase in better techniques
and adequate environmentally friendly agricultural practices which allowed for landscape restoration
processes to a large or small degree in each of the three systematized corridors. An exchange of
experiences between community leaders in the VCTBC area,in the Chorotega BiologicalCorridor (ChBC)
and socialization with VCTBC participant leaders, made it possible to identify lessons learned. This
initiative could guide and stimulate the VCTBC management process, obtain a commitment from the
VCTBC actors to participate in this initiative, and propose management decentralization by forming five
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local commissions which would involve a greater number of actors to jointly promote the process from
the bases.
Publicación no.: 305 Caracterización poblacional de cinco especies arbóreas ecológicamente
importantes en el Corredor Biológico Turrialba-Jiménez, Costa Rica [Populational characterization of
five arboreal species ecologically important in the Biological Corridor Turrialba-Jiménez, Costa Rica] /
Guerrero-Aguirre, G.F. Turrialba: CATIE, 2005. 99 p. Tesis, Mag. Sc. en Manejo y Conservación de
Bosques Tropicales, Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza (CATIE), Turrialba (Costa
Rica).
The following study presents the populational characterization of five arboreal species: Alfaroa
manningii, Brosimum alicastrum, Oreomunnea pterocarpa, Talauma gloriensis and Vochysia allenii
ecologically important in the Biological Corridor Turrialba Jiménez (CBTJ). The general objective was to
examine the populational state of the species and determine the relationship of selected environmental
variables in the local and landscape scale distribution of the species. For the local scale analysis, eight
study sites were selected within forested areas of approximately 20 ha each inside the CBTJ. Inside each
study site 3 transects of 500m x 20m were established, within which a sample was made of all
individual's of species ≥ 5 cm DBH. For each individual we collected the following measurements:
elevation (masl), topographical position (if they were in hillside, ridge or valley), pH of the soil and
location of coordinated geographical with GPS. In each transects we carried out measurements of points
of absence of species. These points were places where any individual of the studied species was not
found, and in each point we registration the same information as in the case of individuals' of the
studied species registration (mentioned above). These points of absence were evaluated for the
statistical analysis of the field data through logistical regression. To landscape scale secondary
information was used on the presence of species, and the following environmental variables were
evaluated: soil type, life zone, elevation, precipitation and temperature, the distribution relationship
was carried out through logistical regression. The obtained results point out that at the landscape scales
the evaluated environmental variables were not significant for the species, except for the fact that
elevation was significant for A. manningii. For this species, as the elevation diminishes its population's
abundance is shown to increase. At the local scale there was significance only the variables of
elevationand pH of the soil for the species V. allenii and B. alicastrum, while the elevation only is
significant for O. pterocarpa. The species V. allenii and O. pterocarpa have greater abundance when the
elevation increases from 770 to 1094 masl, and when the pH of the soil decreases from 6 to 4 the
species V. allenii responded more significantly to these variables while for O. pterocarpa it turn out to be
not significant. B. alicastrum increases its abundance when the elevation diminishes from 632 to 536
masland when the pH of the soil increases its value from 5 to 6. The species V. allenii and B. alicastrum
displayed high abundance, having densities of 6.7 and 1.8 individuals/ha respectively. The species O.
pterocarpa, A. manningii and T. gloriensis were with low abundances (0.9. 0.1 and 0.08 individuals/ha
respectively) being considered a rare or threatened species. The results obtained in the study
demonstrate that it is necessary to carry out actions for the conservation of these species inside the
Biological Corridor Turrialba-Jiménez.
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Publicación no.: 306 Efecto de la estructura, composición y conectividad de las cercas vivas en la
comunidad de aves en Río Frío, Costa Rica [Effects of live fence composition, structure and connectivity
on bird communities in Río Frío, Costa Rica] / Santivañez-Galarza, J.L. Turrialba: CATIE, 2005. 133 p. Tesis,
Mag. Sc. en Manejo de Bosques Tropicales y Biodiversidad, Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación
y Enseñanza (CATIE), Turrialba (Costa Rica).
The objective of this study was to characterize the bird community visiting live fences, and to determine
the effects of live fence composition, structure and connectivity on the bird community present. From
February to August, 2004, the tree and bird communities present in 62 live fences were characterized in
Río Frío, Costa Rica. Bird communities were evaluated in two species of live fence (Gliricidia sepium and
Erythrina costaricensis) and five degrees of connectivity (connected to forests, connected to riparian
forests, with double connections, interconnected to other live fences or without connections). In each
live fence, the structural and floristic composition was evaluated through vegetation inventories, while
bird abundance, species richness and diversity were evaluated using fixed point counts. A total of 6,324
trees of 49 species (dap 1.3m) were recorded in the live fences. The live fences were dominated by two
main species, Gliricidia sepium and Erythrina costaricensis, that together represented 95% of all trees.
However, live fences also contained some species that were relicts of the original forest and others that
were products of natural regeneration (e.g. Ficus goldmanii, Cordia alliodora, Miconia argentea,
Pentaclethra macroloba and Ficus cotinifolia). Live fences of madero negro (Gliricidia sepium) had a
greater tree density (p=0.0371) and diversity (p=0.0005) than live fences of poró (Erythrina
costaricensis), but a lower evenness (p=0.0069). Tree diameters were greater in poró live fences than in
madero negro líve fences (P=0.0202). Live fence length, height, and crown radii were similar across
madero negro and poró live fences. In the 62 live fences and 193 point counts, a total of 3497 birds of
123 species were registered. Fifty-three percent of the observed birds were represented by 10 species
of 6 families Sporophila americana and Oryzoborus funereus (Emberizidae), Tangara larvata, Thraupis
episcopus and Ramphocelus passerinii (Thraupidae), Todirostrum cinereum and Pitangus sulphuratus
(Tyrannidae), Troglodytes aedon (Troglodytidae), Turdus grayi (Turdidae) and Amazilia tzacatl
(Trochilidae). Most of the birds in the live fences were frugivorous or insectivorous and were typical of
secondary vegetation. The type of live fence influences the bird communities present within live fences.
A total of 2350 birds of 99 species were observed in madero negro fences, while 1147 birds of 94 species
were observed in poró live fences. In general, there was a greater number of birds visiting live fences of
madero negro and a greater evenness within poró live fences. In contrast, there were no clear effects of
live fence connectivity on bird abundant, richness or diversity. There were also effects of co-variables,
such as tree density, tree species richness, tree diversity, tree height, and canopy size on bird
abundance, richness, and diversity within live fences. Birds used the live fences in a variety of ways.
Fifty-three percent of the birds (and 98 species) were observed using live fences as sites for protection,
and perching. An additional 21% of the birds (of 85 species) were observed searching for food (fruits,
flowers, pollen, nectar and insects) within the live fences, while 36 species were observed in courtship
displays or territorial flights. Another 17 bird species were observed building nests in the live fences and
using them as permanent habitats. It is concluded that the composition and structure of live fences are
the most important variables for maintaining and conserving birds within fragmented landscapes, with
greater bird diversity in live fences with high trees, large crowns, and greater tree density and species
richness.
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Publicación no.: 307 Innovations in private land conservation: An integrated evaluation of payment
for environmental services in the Path of the Tapir Biological Corridor in Costa Rica [Innovaciones en la
conservación de la tierra privada: Una evaluación integrada de pago por servicios ambientales en la ruta
del Corredor Biológico del Tapir] / Newcomer, D.W. (Yale University. School of Forestry and
Environmental Studies, 210 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT 06511, US <E-mail: [email protected]>).
New Haven, CT: Yale University, 2007. 413 p. ISBN: 9780549068662. Dissertation, Ph.D., Yale University,
New Haven, Connecticut (USA).
Establishment of biological corridors between protected areas throughout Mesoamerica has been
endorsed as a high priority by the region's political leaders. Costa Rica has led the way in developing
incentive programs that encourage private landownersto participate in this effort. This research applied
an integrated approach to evaluating the Payment for Environmental Services Program (PSA) as an
innovative mechanism for implementing the Path of the Tapir Biological Corridor (PTBC) in southwestern
Costa Rica. Contextual analysis guided by a fusion of social science theories evaluated: (1) trends and
conditions that characterized the region over time; (2) the program's cultural acceptability, profitability,
and ecological contribution; (3) factors that influenced the adoption and diffusion of PSA in this region
during 1998-2002; and (4) the effectiveness of the management decision making process. Participants
tended to have larger properties, were generally more educated, and tended not to live on-farm.
Institutional program policies established certain barriers to participation which limited the ability of
some landowners to participate, regardless of their interest. Extension agents promoting PSA in the
region played a primary role in determining which landowners were enrolled in PSA- with limited
financial resources and the ultimate goal of protecting the greatest contiguous area of forestlands,
foresters promoting PSA focused efforts on the largest properties within the established priority zones.
PSA made positive ecological contributions toward implementation of the PTBC- threat of deforestation
and forest fragmentation was mitigated on 4,133 ha across this region. On the other hand, the breadth
of PSA's economic contribution to the region was less pronounced. By 2002, payments to participants in
the region totaled nearly US$175.000 per year; however, PSA was not distributed widely- only 50
landowners were inscribed during this period. Nevertheless, forest conservation and the concept of
ecosystem services are culturally-acceptable, even in this remote and traditionally agricultural region.
Addressing decision process breakdowns, including: (a) lack of contract flexibility for small landowners,
(b) lack of field monitoring, and (c) lack of theoretical guidance for agroforestry payments would
enhance the success of PSA as a mechanism for private land conservation and corridor implementation.
Publicación no.: 308 Riqueza, abundancia y diversidad de aves y su relación con la cobertura arbórea
en un agropaisaje dominado por la ganadería en el trópico subhúmedo de Costa Rica [Richness,
abundance and diversity of birds and their relationship with tree cover in an agricultural landscape
dominated by cattle in the sub-humid tropics of Costa Rica] / Enríquez-Lenis, Marta Lucía; SáenzMéndez, Joel Cris; Ibrahim, Muhammad A. (Universidad Nacional. Instituto Internacional de
Conservación y Manejo de Vida Silvestre, Heredia, CR <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail:
En: Agroforestería en las Américas (ISSN 1022-7482), no. 45, p. 49-57. 2007.
In Central America, the establishment of pastures has become one of the main reasons driving
deforestation, originating fragmented landscapes with forest patches, pastures, and crops. Landscape
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transformation has modified bird populations and their composition. Therefore, it is important to
establish the tree cover range at both farm and agricultural landscapes level that will contribute to bird
conservation. The community of birds and vegetation of 12 livestock farms in Esparza, Costa Rica, were
characterized in order to evaluate the relationship between abundance, richness and diversity of birds
and plant cover in this landscape. Land uses were identified in each farm and a counting point was
established at the center of each system to count the birds, and vegetation was sampled in these same
plots. Tree canopy cover and vegetation volume were also estimated. A total of 1901 birds from 113
species belonging to 31 families and 9 genera were recorded. The gamma diversity predicted by Clench's
model was of 126 species with a sampling effort of 90%. The most abundant resident species were
Crotophaga sulcirostris (Smooth-billed Ani) and Melanerpes hoffmannii (Hoffmann's woodpecker), and
the most abundant migratory species were Dendroica petechia (Yellow warbler) and Icterus galbula
(Northern oriole). Plant diversity (Shannon index) explained bird richness (R2=0.66; p0.05), abundance
(R2.
Publicación no.: 309 Effect of forest fragmentation on fruit and seed predation of the tropical dry
forest tree Ceiba aesculifolia [Efecto de la fragmentación del bosque en depredación de frutos y semillas
del árbol del bosque tropical seco Ceiba aesculifolia] / Herrerías-Diego, Yvonne; Quesada-Avendaño,
Mauricio; Stoner, Kathryn E; Lobo-Segura, Jorge A; Hernández-Flores, Y; Montoya, G.S. (Universidad
Nacional Autónoma de México. Centro de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas, Apartado Postal 27-3
(Xangari), Morelia, Michoacán 58089, MX <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail:
En: Biological Conservation (ISSN 0006-3207), v. 141, no. 1, p. 241-248. 2008.
Forests fragmentation reduces the density of natural plant populations forming patches of the
remaining individuals. One of the biotic interactions that can be affected by forest fragmentation and is
poorly studied is seed predation. We determined the effects of forest fragmentation on seed and fruit
predation in Ceiba aesculifolia by comparing trees in continuous forest with trees in fragmented forest.
We compared the following variables: (a) frequency of fruit predation by Collie's squirrel (Sciurus
colliaei) in each habitat; (b) frequency of the cotton-staining bug seed predator (Dysdercus, Orden
Hemiptera) in each habitat; (c) the effect of seed predation on germination frequency and time; and (d)
the effect of different life stages of Dysdercus on seed viability. In continuous habitat, 100% of the trees
presented fruits with squirrel predation while only 34% of trees in fragmented habitats presented fruit
predation. In continuous forest 27% of the trees contained fruits with the seed predator Dysdercus,
while only 2% of the trees in fragmented forest presented Dysdercus. The initial weight of damaged
seeds was greater than seeds that were not damaged indicating that seed predators select heavier
seeds to feed upon. Frequency of seed germination was affected by different life stages; pre-adults
decreased germination significantly more than nymphs and adults. Seed predation significantly
increased the time it took for germination to occur. Our study shows that forest fragmentation
significantly affects predation patterns of squirrels and cotton-staining bugs. Reduction of natural seed
predators in forest fragments may have long-term consequences on forest structure and diversity.
Publicación no.: 310 Evaluación de enfoques para la definición de especies arbóreas indicadoras para
el monitoreo de la biodiversidad en un paisaje fragmentado del Corredor Biológico Mesoamericano /
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Gallego-Castillo, B; Finegan, Bryan. (Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza. Programa
Manejo Integrado de Recursos Naturales, Turrialba, CR <E-mail: [email protected]>).
En: Recursos Naturales y Ambiente (ISSN 1659-1216), no. 41, p. 49-61. 2004.
The present study aims to test the application of Lambeck's focal species approach to tree types in a
fragmented landscape of the Mesoamerican Biological Corridor. In recent years, monitoring proposals
using indicator species have been strongly criticized because the indicator function is largely
hypothetical. Our proposal shares this characteristic. The cost monitoring species is significant,
considering the normal context of reduced resource availability for conservation purposes. Therefore we
strongly recommend that the need for monitoring be carefully analyzed in relation to other conservation
action that could be more effective and decisive. Monitoring could be justified in the case of currently
used timber yielding species that are identified as vulnerable. Costs should be accordingly assumed by
those benefiting from their use. A follow-up of the current study will help verify the hypothesis of
whether focal species are representative indicators of a large group of other species.
Publicación no.: 311 Integrating agricultural landscapes with biodiversity conservation in the
Mesoamerican hotspot [La integración de los paisajes agrícolas con la conservación de la biodiversidad
en la zona interactiva de Mesoamérica] / Harvey, Celia A; Komar, Oliver; Chazdon, Robin L; Ferguson,
Bruce G; Finegan, Bryan; Griffith, Daniel M; Martínez-Ramos, Miguel; Morales, Helda; Nigh, Ronald;
Soto-Pinto, Lorena; van Breugel, Michiel; Wishnie, M. (Conservation International, 2011 Crystal Dr, Suite
500, Arlington, VA 22202, US <E-mail: [email protected]>).
En: Conservation Biology (ISSN 1523-1739), v. 22, no. 1, p. 8-15. 2008. (No abstract).
Publicación no.: 312 Biodiversidad en paisajes agrícolas: la necesidad de nuevos enfoques para su
conservación [Biodiversity in agricultural landscapes: the need for new focuses for its conservation] /
Sáenz-Méndez, Joel Cris. (Universidad Nacional. Instituto Internacional de Conservación y Manejo de
Vida Silvestre, Apdo. 1350-3000, Heredia, CR <E-mail: [email protected]>). Encuentro Anual de
Reforestadores con Especies Nativas. VI, Ancón, Panamá, PA, Nov. 18, 2006. Panama: ELTI / PRORENA,
p. 33-39.
The majority of landscapes in Central America is fragmented and degraded from deforestation, overexploitation, and land-use changes; close to 40-60% of these lands are used for cattle and agriculture.
These landscapes maintain forest fragments, live fences, and isolated trees in pastures, which could help
to preserve biodiversity locally and regionally. In situ conservation, where habitats and species are
managed passively through national park systems, has been the traditional conservation paradigm.
Biodiversity management strategies, however, will need to take into consideration the remaining 95% of
tropical forests worldwide do not lie within protected areas. The Integrated Silvopastoral Approaches to
Ecosystem Management (GEF Project) has spent the past 5 years assessing the status of biodiversity in
agricultural systems in Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Colombia in order to develop more sustainable
mechanisms for payment for environmental services. To determine the status of biodiversity in
agricultural landscapes of tropical Central and South America, the bird, butterfly, ant, land mollusk, and
tree communities were described quantitatively in 7 to 16 land-use types in cattle ranches in Colombia,
Nicaragua, and Costa Rica. In all three countries, pastures with high tree densities had similar levels of
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species richness as areas with high tree cover such as secondary and riparian forests. In terms of species
composition, Nicaragua and Colombia had different patterns of where species occurred by land use as
compared to Costa Rica. In Nicaragua and Colombia, many species occurred across many land use types,
but certain species were forest restricted. Conversely, practically all species in Costa Rica occurred
across all land use types, perhaps due to the higher degree of connectivity within the agricultural matrix.
Bird and animal diversity in all countries was positively correlated with habitat characteristics related to
tree cover, such as structural heterogeneity of tree cover in farms and forested area with farms. Also,
different taxonomic groups have stronger associations with certain habitat characteristics. Bird diversity
in all three countries increased with canopy cover, vegetation richness, and the height of canopy. In
Costa Rica, greater vegetation richness and tree richness were associated with greater butterfly
diversity. Land mollusk diversity in Nicaragua increased with vegetation richness, canopy cover, and
height of canopy, as did ant richness in Colombia with canopy height, tree density, and vegetation. In all
three countries, productive land uses have relatively high biodiversity. Silvopastoral systems with tree
cover, such as pastures with high tree density and multi-layered live fences, have higher biodiversity
than pastures without or with little tree cover and similar levels of biodiversity as secondary and riparian
forests in these landscapes. Tree cover and tree species richness explained a large percentage of the
variability of biodiversity. The heterogeneity of the neighboring ecosystem also influences species
richness. Payment for environmental services (PES) is a possible mechanism that could be used to
promote increasing tree cover and biodiversity in agricultural landscapes. In Costa Rica, monetary
incentives were provided to a group of farms and none to another in order to see whether financial
incentives would increase the conservation value of these farms. In farms receiving PES, the live fence
rate, percentage of pastures with high tree densities, areas of silvopastoral systems, and percentage of
forest areas were greater than that of farms that did not receive PES. Overall, PES resulted in a 1 - 2%
increase in forested areas of the farms. Farmers maintained their production objectives while also
benefitting from environmental services. PES has demonstrated its ability to increase the conservation
value of agricultural landscapes, but needs to correct certain imbalances. A high percentage of land-use
changes occurred in improved pastures, systems that can degrade with time and require high
maintenances costs relative to the PESs generated. The incremental payment mechanism, i.e. payment
for a farm’s increased conservation value, might not provide adequate financial incentives for farms
with high biodiversity baselines to participate in landscape-level conservation programs. Producers with
high baselines that had invested in conservation practices did not think that the scheme should be
incremental. Producers with high baselines received less money for their conservation activities than
producers with lower baselines because their improvement was relatively smaller in terms of
biodiversity value. Furthermore, there is a notable disincentive for small farmers to participate in PES
programs; they receive less money because they have less land to conserve than larger farmers. The
effectiveness of incentive mechanisms such as PES is measured by their ability to provide a sufficiently
large financial benefit to precipitate a change in behavior, such as land-use change. In the case of cattle
ranching in Costa Rica, large subsidies would have to be paid to ranchers for them to a) increase tree
cover to a level that is meaningful in terms of biodiversity and b) accept the economic impact of
producing less meat. PES represents a way to promote the adoption of silvopastoral systems that
potentially increase landscape connectivity and biodiversity in agricultural landscapes. As currently
formulated, PES rewards farmers with financial incentives for generating the greatest amount of
environmental services, such as carbon storage, biodiversity, and watershed protection. At a landscape
level, PES might prove effective in optimizing agricultural production, environmental services, and
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providing social benefits. Other incentive mechanisms, principally land taxes, flat taxes, and tax
reductions for agricultural materials, could also complement PES. At present, policy mechanisms for
sustainable financing of PES are at different stages of development in Costa Rica, Colombia, and
Nicaragua. In Costa Rica, there is collaboration with government agencies MINAE (Ministerio de
Ambiente y Energía) and FONAFIFO (Fondo Nacional de Financiamiento Forestal) to design and
implement PES in agroforestry and silvopastoral systems. In Colombia, a program is being developed for
sustainable cattle production that incorporates silvopastoral systems, while in Nicaragua a pilot program
for PES has been established. Negotiations are in process in the World Bank, Global Environmental
Facility (GEF), and other multi-lateral institutions to provide incentives for the adoption of silvopastoral
systems and good practices. The success of biodiversity conservation programs in agricultural
landscapes depends on their ability to meet bothproduction and conservation objectives.
Publicación no.: 313 Riqueza, abundancia y diversidad de murciélagos en diferentes hábitats y su
relación con la forma y el tamaño de los fragmentos en una zona de bosque seco tropical de Costa
Rica / Montero-Muñoz, Jorge L; Sáenz-Méndez, Joel Cris. (Universidad Nacional. Instituto Internacional
en Conservación y Manejo de Vida Silvestre, Apdo. 1350-3000, Heredia, CR <E-mail: [email protected]>).
En: Evaluación y conservación de biodiversidad en paisajes fragmentados de Mesoamérica. Harvey, C.A;
Sáenz-Méndez, J.C. (eds.) Santo Domingo de Heredia: Editorial INBio, 2007. p. 393-419. ISBN: 978-9968927-29-1.
The species richness, abundance, and diversity (alfa, beta and gamma) of bats were determined in
different habitat fragments in a tropical dry forest in Cañas, Costa Rica. The habitats studied included
riparian forests, secondary forests, forest fallows, pastures with high tree cover and pastures with low
tree cover. The relationship between alpha diversity and fragment (habitat) area was evaluated using
four regression models (linear, logarithmic, potential and exponential). The associations between alpha
diversity and patch shape were evaluated using three Euclidean indices and one fractal index. Principal
component analysis was used to relate the percent of canopy cover, the fractal dimension and tree
diversity to the alpha and beta diversity of bats across habitat types. Alpha and beta bat diversity varied
across habitat types. Alpha bat diversity, alpha vegetation diversity, the percent canopy cover and the
fractal dimension explained 94% of the taxonomic composition of bat species across habitats, while beta
bat diversity, alpha vegetation diversity, the percent canopy cover and the fractal dimension explained
91% of this variation. The correlations between these variables (bat species richness, bat abundance,
and the indices of Patton, compaction, fractal dimension, shape and perimeter) were significant (p 0.05)
for riparian forests, secondary forests, and areas of young secondary growth (charrals). The high values
of beta diversity indicate a wide and generalized distribution of bat species across the landscape. None
of the four regression models were statistically significant. Similarly, there were no significant
correlations between the indices of fragment shape and bat species richness, abundance or diversity. As
a possible explanation of these patterns, we suggest that the bat populations (which are principally in
the family Phyllostomidae), have a high capacity for movement and show trophic plasticity which
enables them to use and exploit all types of habitats within the agricultural landscapes, without any
apparent barriers.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: 333.9516 E92. NBINA-8061.
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Publicación no.: 314 Conservación de la biodiversidad en agropaisajes de Mesoamérica: ¿Qué hemos
aprendido y qué nos falta conocer? / Harvey, Celia A; Sáenz-Méndez, Joel Cris; Montero-Muñoz, Jorge
L. (Conservation International, 2011 Crystal Dr, Suite 500, Arlington, VA 22202, US <E-mail:
Sáenz-Méndez, J.C. (eds.). Santo Domingo de Heredia: Editorial INBio, 2007. p. 579-599. ISBN: 978-9968927-29-1.
Introducción: La biodiversidad de Mesoamérica está amenazada por altos niveles de deforestación que
han causado la pérdida de hábitats naturales y han convertido extensas zonas de bosques en áreas
agrícolas y fragmentadas. En las últimas décadas la región ha sufrido cambios drásticos en la estructura y
la composición de sus paisajes, debido a la pérdida y la fragmentación de sus bosques y a la
intensificación de los sistemas agrícolas existentes. A pesar del alto impacto negativo de estas prácticas,
estos cambios en el uso del suelo todavía ocurren a una escala alarmante (Harvey et al. 2005b). Si bien
la naturaleza y la severidad de estos cambios varían a través de los distintos paisajes que se encuentran
dentro del territorio mesoamericano, es claro que la región entera está experimentando una
transformación dramática, de una región boscosa con una biodiversidad rica en una región dominada
por la agricultura y las actividades humanas, en la cual muchas comunidades de plantas y animales están
amenazadas. Al mismo tiempo, también es claro que, si queremos conservar la gran riqueza biológica de
la región, debemos entender cómo estos cambios en el paisaje han afectado esta biodiversidad, para así
identificar estrategias apropiadas que mitiguen o contrarresten los impactos negativos. Además, será
clave pensar de forma creativa acerca de cómo conservar la biodiversidad dentro de los agropaisajes
manejados por el ser humano, buscar nuevos enfoques que reconcilien las necesidades de la producción
agrícola con las metas de conservación y utilizar nuevos métodos y herramientas para conservar la
biodiversidad, tanto a escala de paisaje como regional. En este último capítulo intentamos sintetizar
nuestro conocimiento actual acerca de los efectos de la deforestación y la fragmentación de los bosques
sobre la conservación de la biodiversidad en Mesoamérica. La síntesis no pretende ser exhaustiva; más
bien resaltamos algunos mensajes clave que emergen de los capítulos anteriores, exploramos sus
implicaciones para las políticas regionales agrícolas y de conservación e identificamos las áreas
prioritarias para la investigación futura. Donde sea apropiado los lectores serán dirigidos a los capítulos
individuales para mayor información. Este capítulo está organizado en cuatro secciones: 1) Resultados
clave de las investigaciones sobre los efectos de la conversión de los bosques a la agricultura y de la
fragmentación sobre la biodiversidad (Cuadro 1); 2- Implicaciones políticas para la conservación de la
biodiversidad dentro de paisajes fragmentados y agrícolas (Cuadro 2); 3- Identificación de prioridades de
investigación acerca de los vínculos entre la fragmentación de los bosques, los cambios en el uso de la
tierra y la conservación de la biodiversidad; y 4- Contribución de los agropaisajes a la conservación de la
biodiversidad en Mesoamérica.
Publicación no.: 315 Effects of habitat characteristics on the behavioral ecology and habitat use
patterns of mantled howler monkeys, Alouatta palliata [Efectos de las características del habitat en la
ecología de comportamiento y patrones de uso del hábitat de los monos congo, Alouatta palliata] / Jost,
C.A. (Purdue University. Department of Sociology and Anthropology, West Lafayette, IN 47907-1145,
US).
En: American Journal of Physical Anthropology (ISSN 0002-9483), Suppl. 46, p. 127. 2008.
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(Abstract only). The conversion of primary forests into human dominated landscapes throughout the
Neotropics has resulted in a reduction of suitable habitat for arboreal primates. Given their flexible
foraging strategy, the mantled howler monkey (Alouatta palliata) provides an interesting focal species
for examining adaptive flexibility in a dynamic environment. Previous research on the effects of habitat
fragmentation on howler monkeys has focused on the particular characteristics of fragments necessary
to maintain the presence of howler groups. More recently, studies have examined the specific impacts
of habitat alterations on the behavioral ecology of groups of howlers within forest fragments.
Fragmentation and habitat degradation have been found to result in changes in range size, population
density and overall habitat quality. This brief study uses ecological and behavioral data to explore how
habitat availability with a single forest fragment affects the habitat usage and activity patterns of three
groups of mantled howler monkeys at La Suerte Biological Field Station, Costa Rica. Findings indicate
that the differences observed in the behavior and habitat use patterns of study groups were attributable
to size of home range, availability of habitat types within each group's home range, and high population
density. The results of this study demonstrate that site-specific studies examining the behavioral
responses of howler species to fragmentation should enable researchers to better predict their longterm viability in mature and degraded forests of Central America.
Publicación no.: 316 Weak genetic structuring indicates ongoing gene flow across White-ruffed
Manakin (Corapipo altera) populations in a highly fragmented Costa Rica landscape [Débil
estructuración genética indica el flujo de genes a través de poblaciones del saltarín gorgiblanco
(Corapipo altera) en un paisaje altamente fragmentado de Costa Rica] / Barnett, Jacob R; Ruiz-Gutiérrez,
Viviana; Coulon, Aurélie; Lovette, Irby J. (Cornell University. Laboratory of Ornithology, Fuller
Evolutionary Biology Program, 159 Sapsucker Woods Road, Ithaca, NY 14850, US <E-mail:
En: Conservation Genetics (ISSN 1566-0621), v. 9, no. 6, p. 1403-1412. 2008.
We explored the effects of recent forest fragmentation on fine-scale patterns of population structuring
and genetic diversity in populations of White-ruffed Manakins (Corapipo altera) inhabiting premontane
forest fragments of varying size in southwestern Costa Rica. Habitat fragmentation is a major
conservation concern for avian populations worldwide, but studies of the genetic effects of
fragmentation on Neotropical birds are limited. We sampled 159 manakins from nine forest fragments
of varying size within an 18 km radius, and genotyped these birds at 13 microsatellite loci. Bayesian
clustering methods revealed that birds from all fragments comprised a single genetic population, and an
MCMC approach showed that the fragments were likely to be at migration-drift equilibrium. F-statistics
showed only modest levels of differentiation between forest fragments. We calculated allelic diversity
indices for each fragment but found no correlation between genetic diversity and fragment size. These
results suggest that manakins may retain substantial connectivity via inter-fragment dispersal despite
habitat fragmentation.
Publicación no.: 317 The effects of forest fragmentation on bee communities in tropical countryside
[Efectos de la fragmentación del bosque en las comunidades de abejas en un paisaje rural tropical] /
Brosi, Berry J; Daily, Gretchen C; Shih, Tiffany M; Oviedo-Brenes, Federico; Durán, Guillermo. (Stanford
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University. Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Conservation Biology, Stanford, CA 943055020, US <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]>).
1. Despite ongoing concerns and controversy over a putative 'global pollination crisis' there is little
information on the response of bees, the most important group of pollinators, to land-use change. In
particular, there are no published studies ofthe effects of tropical forest fragmentation on entire bee
communities. 2. We examined bee community responses to forest fragment size, shape, isolation and
landscape context (forest variables) by sampling foraging bees at ground level using aerial netting
within, and in pastures adjacent to, 22 forest fragments ranging in area from c. 0.25 ha to 230 ha, in
southern Costa Rica. We sampled each site 13 times in total, in both wet and dry seasons. 3. Although
there were no effects of forest variables on bee diversity and abundance, we did find strong changes in
bee community composition. In particular, tree-nesting meliponines (social stingless bees) were
associated with larger fragments, smaller edge:area ratios and greater proportions of forest surrounding
sample points, while introduced Apis showed opposite patterns. 4. Community composition was also
strikingly different between forests and pastures, despite their spatial proximity. In forests, even in the
smallest patches, meliponines comprised a much larger proportion of the apifauna, and orchid bees
(euglossines) were common. In pastures, Apis was much more abundant and no euglossine bees were
found. 5. These results agree broadly with other studies that have found contrasting responses to
habitat fragmentation from different bee groups. Conserving meliponine bees, important for pollination
of coffee and other crops, and euglossine bees, critical in long-distance pollen transport, will require
forest. 6. Synthesis and applications. In the first study of the effects of tropical forest fragmentation on
entire understorey bee assemblages, we found bee community resilience to land-use change, as
deforested sites and small forest fragments can have a diverse component of bees. While bees as a
whole show some degree of resilience to land-use change, there are taxon-specific responses and, in our
study area, there is clear value to conserving native forest, particularly for the ecologically and
economically important meliponine and euglossine bees.
Publicación no.: 318 Evaluación de la biodiversidad de mariposas diurnas presentes en sistemas
agroforestales modernos con café en el Corredor Biológico Volcánica Central-Talamanca, Costa Rica
[Evaluation of the butterflies biodiversity in modern coffee agroforestry systems in the Volcánica CentralTalamanca Biological Corridor, Costa Rica] / Pérez-García, Oscar. Turrialba: CATIE, 2008. 68 p. Thesis,
Mag. Sc. en Agroforestería Tropical, Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza (CATIE),
Turrialba (Costa Rica).
The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the biological diversity of butterflies in different
structural coffee agroforestry systems in a fragmented landscape of the Volcánica Central-Talamanca
Biological Corridor, Costa Rica. We also evaluated the influence of surrounding forest fragments on the
species richness and abundance of butterflies in the coffee plantations. A significant correlation
between surrounding forest cover (radius of 25 to 150 m)and fruit feeding butterflies of coffee
plantations has been found but there was no correlation with regard to nectar feeding butterflies or
habitat preferences of butterflies. It can be concluded that an increment in structural complexity of
coffee agroforestry systems (CPL) is favoring more diversity of butterflies than systems with less
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complexity (CPM and CP). In addition, forest fragments surrounding the coffee plantations have an
influence on the presence of butterflies which are typical for forest habitats like fruit feeding butterflies.
Publicación no.: 319 Herramientas para el diseño, gestión y monitoreo de corredores biológicos en
Costa Rica / Canet-Desanti, Lindsay. Turrialba: CATIE, 2007. 217 p. Thesis, Mag. Sc. en Manejo y
Conservación de Bosques Tropicales y Biodiversidad, Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y
Enseñanza (CATIE), Turrialba (Costa Rica).
The present investigation proposed to create tools that contribute to orientating and to standardizing
the processes of BC management and in this way to fulfill the conservation aims for which they were
proposed. These tools were created from theoretical foundations and the practical experience of
participatory management of eleven successful BC in the country. The processes were reconstructed
using the methodology of systematizing experience and analyzed by means of the framework of
community capitals. As a result, three types of tools were elaborated: methodological guidelines for the
design and establishment of BC, the necessary contents of scientific baseline documents and finally, a
standard for monitoring BC in different phases of management. All these products were developed
under the principles of the ecosystem approach and they are articulated in such a way that the agents of
the BC are allowed to follow a coherent process of development and integration.
Publicación no.: 320 Habitat fragmentation lowers survival of a tropical forest bird [La fragmentación
del hábitat reduce la supervivencia de un ave del bosque tropical] / Ruiz-Gutiérrez, Viviana; Gavin,
Thomas A; Dhondt, André A. (Cornell University. Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology, Bird Population
Studies, 159 Sapsucker Woods Road, Ithaca, N.Y. 14850, US <E-mail: vr45@cornell>).
Population ecology research has long been focused on linking environmental features with the viability
of populations. The majority of this work has largely been carried out in temperate systems and, until
recently, has examined the effects of habitat fragmentation on survival. In contrast, we looked at the
effect of forest fragmentation on apparent survival of individuals of the White-ruffed Manakin (Corapipo
altera) in southern Costa Rica. Survival and recapture rates were estimated using mark-recapture
analyses, based on capture histories from 1993 to 2006. We sampled four forest patches ranging in size
from 0.9 to 25 ha, and four sites in the larger 227-ha Las Cruces Biological Station Forest Reserve
(LCBSFR). We found a significant difference in annual adult apparent survival rates for individuals
marked and recaptured in forest fragments vs. individuals marked and recaptured in the larger LCBSFR.
Contrary to our expectation, survival and recapture probabilities did not differ between male and female
manakins. Also, there was no support for the existence of annual variation in survival within each study
site. Our results suggest that forest fragmentation is likely having an effect on population dynamics for
the White-ruffed Manakin in this landscape. Therefore, populations that appear to be persisting in
fragmented landscapes might still be at risk of local extinction, and conservation action for tropical birds
should be aimed at identifying and reducing sources of adult mortality. Future studies in fragmentation
effects on reproductive success and survival, across broad geographical scales, will be needed before it
is possible to achieve a clear understanding of the effects of habitat fragmentation on populations for
both tropical and temperate regions.
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Publicación no.: 321 Nesting success of Costa Rican lowland rain forest birds in response to edge and
isolation effects [Exito de anidamiento de aves del bosque lluvioso costarricense de las tierras bajas en
respuesta a los efectos de borde y el aislamiento] / Young, Bruce E; Sherry, Thomas W; Sigel, Bryan J;
Woltmann, Stefan. (NatureServe, 1101 Wilson Boulevard, 15th Floor, Arlington, Virginia 22209, US <Email: [email protected]>).
Although open-cup nesting birds generally face increased risk of nest depredation from forest edge
predators and brood parasites in fragmented temperate landscapes, little information exists to assess
such risks in tropical birds. We compared nestingsuccess of real birds? nests in large and small forest
fragments to a control site in Caribbean lowland wet forest of Costa Rica. Pooling across species, nesting
success was significantly greater in unfragmented forest than in either small, isolated fragments or the
La Selva Biological Reserve, which is at the tip of a forest "peninsula" embedded in a largely deforested
landscape. Nesting success in isolated fragments did not vary according to distance from edge,
suggesting that predators in fragments act throughout these forest patches. The case for increased nest
predation as a plausible mechanism to explain the documented decline of forest interior bird
populations in this fragmented tropical landscape is enhanced by a simple demographic model that
suggests nesting success is likely too low to maintain populations at La Selva and in the fragments. The
fact that the large ( 1000 ha) La Selva forest reserve is experiencing nest predation rates similar to those
in much smaller fragments is cause for concern. Our results make a strong case for additional studies to
document the identities of nest predators in both fragmented and unfragmented forests in such tropical
forest landscapes.
Publicación no.: 322 Efecto de la complejidad estructural y el contexto paisajístico en la avifauna de
sistemas agroforestales cafetaleros [The effect of structural complexity and landscape context in the
avifauna of coffee agroforestry systems] / Florian-Rivero, Elena M; Harvey, Celia A; Finegan, Bryan;
Benjamin, Tamara Jo; Soto-Muñoz, Gabriela. (CATIE, Apartado 7170, Turrialba, CR <E-mail:
En: Ornitología Neotropical (ISSN 1075-4377), v. 19, Suppl. S, p. 541-548. 2008.
Numerous studies have shown the importance of coffee agroforestry systems for avifauna biodiversity.
However, there is still little known on how the structural complexity of coffee agroforestry systems and
landscape context affect composition in these systems. This study explored the relationships between
structural complexity, landscape context (surrounding forest cover), and bird communities present in
these systems within the Volcánica Central - Talamanca Biological Corridor (CBVCT), Costa Rica. We
examined the structural, floristic and management characteristics of 20 shade coffee farms with
Erythrina poeppigiana (CE) and 20 shade coffee farms with E. poeppigiana and Cordia alliodora (CEC).
The percentage of forest cover around each farm was calculated at distance radius of 500 m, 1000 m
and 1500 m in order to examine the effect of landscape context. Birds were sampled in the 40 coffee
farms and five forests by using point counts. A total of 1687 individuals (101 species) were observed in
coffee farms, the majority of which were generalist species. A total of 1064 individuals (85 species) were
registered in CEC farms and 623 individuals (56 species) were registered in CE farms, indicating greater
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species richness, abundance and bird diversity in coffee farms with greater structural complexity
explained by the presence of a timber tree species such as C alliodora, epiphytes and a higher canopy.
The surrounding forest cover had a negative effect in the overall, abundance, species richness, and
diversity of generalist birds, but had a positive effect on forest specialists, indicating that coffee
agroforestry systems with greater structural complexity and high surrounding forest cover can harbor
some bird species with a high conservation value. Increasing the structural complexity of coffee
agroforestry systems and forest cover around coffee plantations can aid bird conservation efforts in
anthropogenic landscapes.
Publicación no.: 323 Foraging ecology of parrots in a modified landscape: Seasonal trends and
introduced species [Ecología de forrajeo de cotorras en un paisaje modificado: Tendencias estacionales y
especies introducidas] / Matuzak, Greg D; Bezy, M. Bernadette; Brightsmith, Donald J. (10090 Skyline Dr,
Grass Valley, CA 95945, US <E-mail: [email protected]>).
En: The Wilson Journal of Ornithology (ISSN 1559-4491), v. 120, no. 2, p. 353-365. 2008.
We studied the diet and foraging ecology of a community of six psittacines in western Costa Rica. All had
a varied diet with clear seasonal changes in preferred food items, mostly due to changes in plant
phenology. There was a significant relationship between parrot mass and food types: larger-bodied
parrots consumed more seeds and smaller-bodied parakeets consumed more fruit pulp. Leaves, bark,
and lichen were also consumed by most psittacines. Most parrots consumed more plant species in the
dry season when food availability was at its peak. Levins' niche breath showed varying levels of diet
specialization among species and, for some species, variation among seasons. There was less similarity
in seasonal psittacine diets when compared to overall diets. Scarlet Macaws (Ara macao) under study
were captive raised and released which may have contributed to their narrow diet breadth as they may
have lacked the knowledge or experience to exploit additional food sources. Non-native and cultivated
species comprised 76% of the diet of Scarlet Macaws, and averaged 28% for all other species. This
suggests that foraging parrots may have increased conflicts with humans as landscapes become
increasingly modified. Forest restoration strategies should augment the abundance of food species
consumed when overall food supply is at its annual low.
Publicación no.: 324 Effects of artificial roosts for frugivorous bats on seed dispersal in a neotropical
forest pasture mosaic [Efectos de refugios artificiales para murciélagos frugívoros sobre la diseminación
de semillas en un mosaico bosque-pastos neotropical] / Kelm, Detlev H; Wiesner, Kerstin R; von
Helversen, Otto. (Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research. Evolutionary Ecology Research Group,
PF 601103, 10252 Berlin, DE <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]>).
In the Neotropics ongoing deforestation is producing open and heavily fragmented landscapes
dominated by agriculture, mostly plantations and cattle pastures. After some time agriculture often
becomes uneconomical and land is abandoned. Subsequent habitat regeneration may be slow because
seed inputs are restricted by a lack of incentives - such as suitable roost sites - for seed dispersers to
enter deforested areas. Increasing environmental awareness has fostered growing efforts to promote
reforestation. Practical and cost-efficient methods for kick-starting forest regeneration are, however,
lacking. We investigated whether artificial bat roosts for frugivorous bat species can attract these key
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seed dispersers to deforested areas, thereby increasing seed rain. We installed artificial bat roosts in a
forest-pasture mosaic in the Costa Rican Atlantic lowlands and monitored bat colonization and seed
dispersal. Colonization occurred within a few weeks of installation, and 10 species of bats occupied the
artificial roosts. Five species of frugivorous or nectarivorous bats colonized artificial roosts permanently
in both primary habitat and in deforested areas, in numbers similar to those found in natural roosts.
Seed input around artificial roosts increased significantly. Sixty-nine different seed types, mostly of
early-successional plant species, were transported by bats to artificial roosts in disturbed habitats. The
installation of artificial bat roosts thus successfully attracted frugivorous bats and increased seed inputs
into degraded sites. This method is likely to speed up early-vegetation succession, which in turn will
attract additional seed dispersers, such as birds, and provide a microhabitat for seeds of midland latesuccessional plants. As well as supporting natural forest regeneration and bat conservation, this costefficient method can also increase environmental awareness among landowners.
Publicación no.: 325 The impact of land-use change on larval insect communities: Testing the role of
habitat elements in conservation [El impacto del cambio de uso del suelo en las comunidades de larvas
de insectos: Prueba de la función de los elementos del hábitat en la conservación] / Ngai, Jacqueline T;
Kirby, Kathryn R; Gilbert, Benjamin; Starzomski, Brian M; Pelletier, Aimee J.D; Conner, J. C. Ross.
(University of British Columbia. Department of Zoology, Biodiversity Research Center, 6270 Univ Blvd,
Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, CA <E-mail: [email protected]>).
En: Ecoscience (ISSN 1195-6860), v. 15, no. 2, p. 160-168. 2008.
Conservationists have proposed that maintaining key elements of the original land-cover type in
modified landscapes may mitigate the detrimental effects of land-cover change on residual species. We
tested this hypothesis for aquatic insect communities in tank-forming bromeliads in forested and nonforested habitats in Costa Rica. Bromeliad tanks hold much of the standing water in this region and
therefore provide an important resource for insects with aquatic larval stages. We quantified the
relative importance of land-use type and the bromeliad-specific "local" environment on the insect
community, and also the effect of land-use type on this local environment. Insect species responded to
both land-use type and the local environment, with these variables explaining a total of 36% of species
densities. The local environment independently explained 19% of insect densities, while land-use type
explained 17%, mainly through its modification of the local environment. Local environmental
conditions were strongly correlated to land-use type (r² = 0.64), with non-forest habitat having a higher
average temperature, a greater variation in temperature, and a lower density of bromeliads. Our results
indicate that the land-use type in which bromeliads occur influences the relative densities of insects by
altering the local environment of bromeliads. Therefore, maintaining bromeliads under land-use
conversion will not necessarily maintain the bromeliad insect community of the original forested
habitat.
Publicación no.: 326 En busca de un enfoque común para el Corredor Biológico Mesoamericano
[Defining common ground for the Mesoamerican Biological Corridor] / Miller, Kenton R; Chang, Elsa;
Johnson, Nels. (World Resources Institute, 1709 New York Ave. NW, Washington, DC 20006, US).
Washington, D.C.: World Resources Institute, 2001. 49 p. ISBN: 1-56973-486-0.
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El Corredor Biológico Mesoamericano es una iniciativa lanzada en América Central y el sur de México,
cuyo objetivo es conservar la diversidad biológica de la región, al tiempo que fomenta el desarrollo
sostenible. Se trata de un esfuerzo particularmente significativo por el alcance y la complejidad de sus
metas, y por el rango de instituciones y actores sociales que involucra. Estas características entrañan la
gran promesa del CBM, pero al mismo tiempo presentan enormes desafíos que deberán ser abordados
si se quiere que la iniciativa tenga un impacto positivo en la región. Específicamente, el éxito de este
esfuerzo exige que se desarrolle una visión común de sus metas y funciones, es decir, una visión que
reconozca las necesidades divergentes que están en juego e identifique los intereses comunes de todos
los actores en torno al logro de la sostenibilidad ecológica y socioeconómica. En últimas, la capacidad de
despertar confianza entre los varios grupos con intereses en el CBM determinará su destino. Se espera
que este documento contribuya a desarrollar esta visión común, pero no mediante la prescripción de
soluciones sino proponiendo temas y sugiriendo procesos dentro de los cuales se puedan abordar tales
temas. Existe la necesidad urgente de dar una respuesta global a los problemas ambientales de
Mesoamérica. La región figura entre las más ricas del mundo en materia de recursos biológicos, pero la
viabilidad de estos recursos se encuentra amenazada por la falta de desarrollo económico, la ausencia
de equidad y las presiones demográficas. Se ha generado un círculo vicioso de degradación ambiental y
estancamiento económico. Sin embargo, durante la última década estos temas han sido objeto de
atención por parte de los responsables por la toma de decisiones a nivel regional, una tendencia que
culminó precisamente con el lanzamiento del CBM. Esta iniciativa se ha convertido en el foco de flujos
significativos de ayuda financiera proveniente de las agencias donantes y ha inspirado muchos proyectos
en el terreno. Con todo, los grupos de interés y los responsables por la formulación de políticas
permanecen divididos, dudosos con respecto a las metas y beneficios del CBM, y preocupados por los
impactos que éste pueda tener en sus propios intereses. La lógica que subyace al CBM surgió de la
conciencia cada vez mayor de los biólogos conservacionistas de la región sobre la necesidad de
mantener la conectividad entre las áreas de hábitat biológico con el fin de asegurar la sobrevivencia de
las especies. Tal reconocimiento ha estimulado el desarrollo de un enfoque holístico aplicable a la
relación entre los terrenos silvestres y aquéllos impactados por la acción humana. Este enfoque apunta
a maximizar las funciones de conservación que cumplen las áreas silvestres mediante la promoción de
formas de uso de la tierra en un paisaje ampliado que ofrezcan tanto la posibilidad de lograr beneficios
de conservación como formas sostenibles de ganarse la vida. Guiados por esta lógica, los planificadores
del CBM han apoyado la utilización de cuatro zonas diferenciadas de ordenamiento territorial: zonas
núcleo, zonas de amortiguamiento, zonas de corredor y zonas de usos múltiple. En este documento se
discuten las características de cada tipo de zona, así como los criterios que se deben utilizar para
acotarlas según el terreno. Las zonas núcleo son aquellos lugares designados como áreas protegidas, es
decir, hábitats seguros para la fauna y flora silvestres. Las zonas de amortiguamiento rodean a las áreas
protegidas y operan como filtro frente a los impactos negativos que lleguen y salgan de aquéllas. Las
zonas de corredor conectan a las zonas núcleo unas con otras, sea conservando su cubierta silvestre
original o bajo un manejo orientado a asegurar que las actividades humanas que allí se llevan a cabo son
compatibles con un alto grado de conectividad biológica. Finalmente están las zonas de usos múltiples
que, aunque se dedican principalmente a las actividades humanas, son manejadas con el fin de facilitar
la creación de paisajes más amplios que acojan a las especies silvestres. Como parte de un sistema
integrado de ordenamiento territorial regional, cada tipo de zona proporciona beneficios tanto
ecológicos como socioeconómicos. La planificación y puesta en práctica del CBM requerirá enfrentar
una serie de desafíos estratégicos.
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Publicación no.: 327 Opportunities for conserving biodiversity within agricultural landscapes in Central
America: lessons from the FRAGMENT project [Oportunidades para conservar la biodiversidad entre
paisajes agrícolas en Centroamérica: lecciones del proyecto FRAGMENTO] / Harvey, Celia A; Sinclair,
Fergus L; Sáenz-Méndez, Joel Cris; Ibrahim, Muhammad A; Villanueva-Najarro, Cristóbal; Gómez, René;
López, Marlon; Montero, Jorge; Medina, Arnulfo; Sánchez-Merlo, Dalia; Vílchez-Mendoza, Sergio J;
Hernández, Blas. (Conservation International, 2011 Crystal Dr, Suite 500, Arlington, VA 22202, US <Email: [email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]> <Email: [email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail:
[email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]>). Integrated
Management of Environmental Services in Human Dominated Tropical Landscapes, Turrialba (CATIE),
CR, November 2005, p. 21-26.
Introduction: In Central America, where large areas of land have been deforested and converted to
cattle production, most landscapes now consist of mosaics of small forest patches interspersed within a
matrix of pastures and crop fields (Harvey et al. 2005). Although agricultural landscapes are often seen
as biological wastelands, they usually retain a conspicuous and abundant tree cover in the form of small
forest patches, riparian areas, live fences and dispersed trees in fields (Harvey et al. 2004). This tree
cover may play important roles in maintaining both local and regional biodiversity by serving as
important habitat and resources for both plant and animal species, and by maintaining a certain degree
of landscape connectivity. At the same time, this on-farm tree cover plays important roles in farm
productivity, providing products and services to farmers. In order to manage tree cover in agricultural
landscapes for both conservation and production, it is important to understand the existing patterns of
on-farm tree cover within agricultural landscapes, their roles in maintaining farm productivity, and their
importance for biodiversity conservation. It is also is critical to understand how farmers make decisions
about on-farm tree cover, as these decisions determine the structure and composition of tree cover in
agricultural landscapes, which in turn, influence their value for the conservation of biodiversity. In this
talk, I present an overview of the main results of research project ‘Assessing the impacts of trees on
farm productivity and biodiversity conservation in fragmented landscapes’ (FRAGMENT project), in
which we characterized on-farm tree cover, documented its value for farm production, explored farmer
local knowledge and decision-making about tree cover, and assessed the role of on-farm tree cover for
biodiversity conservation in 4 contrasting landscapes in Costa Rica and Nicaragua. On the basis of this
information, I highlight the importance of on-farm tree cover, both for farm production and biodiversity
conservation, and identify key opportunities for conserving biodiversity within agricultural landscapes in
the region.
Publicación no.: 328 The effects of forest fragment age, isolation, size, habitat type, and water
availability on monkey density in a tropical dry forest [Efectos de la edad de fragmentación del bosque,
aislamiento, tamaño, tipo de hábitat y disponibilidad de agua en la densidad de monos en un bosque
seco tropical] / DeGama-Blanchet, Holly Noelle; Fedigan, Linda M. (University of Calgary. Department of
Anthropology, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, CA <E-mail: [email protected]>).
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En: New perspectives in the study of Mesoamerican primates: distribution, ecology, behavior, and
conservation. Estrada, Alejandro; Garber, Paul A; Pavelka, Mary S. M; Luecke, LeAndra (eds.) New York:
Springer, 2005. p. 165-188. ISBN: 038725854X.
In summary, forest fragment age is an important explanatory variable for capuchin and howler density
(higher densities were found in older areas of forest), whereas it makes no contribution to explaining
the density of spider monkeys. The presence of evergreen forests in ACG is also important for explaining
the absolute density of all three species, as there were higher densities in fragments containing
evergreen forest. Transects where water was available in the dry season had higher capuchin densities;
water availability appears to be more important for this species than for the spider monkeys and
howlers. Forest fragment isolation and size made little contribution to explaining the density of any
primate in ACG, probably due to the large size of forest fragments surveyed. Based on these findings, we
conclude that older fragments of forest with dry season standing water, and a substantial amount of
evergreen forest should be preferentially protected to enhance the conservation of white-faced
capuchins, black-handed spider monkeys, and mantled howlers in Costa Rica.
Publicación no.: 329 Corredores biológicos de Costa Rica / Rojas, Luis A (comp.); Chavarría-Espinoza,
María Isabel (comp.). San José: MINAE / SINAC / Corredor Biológico Mesoamericano, 2005. 215 pp.
El tema de corredores biológicos en Costa Rica y en Mesoamérica plantea grandes retos e interrogantes
en torno a la conservación de la biodiversidad. Ha pasado de ser un tema solamente de la acción
gubernamental a la participación activa de diversos actores de la sociedad costarricense, al generar una
amplia discusión sobre el papel de las áreas silvestres protegidas (ASP) y de las fincas privadas en la
conservación de los ecosistemas, y al plantear la necesidad del encuentro, la comunicación y por ende la
coordinación, hacia la toma de decisiones en un marco de manejo compartido de los recursos de la
biodiversidad. Es donde instituciones gubernamentales, propietarios privados, organizaciones
comunales, organizaciones internacionales, universidades y municipios, empiezan a participar en este
proceso, convirtiéndose en un tema de convergencia entre los intereses privados con los intereses
públicos en torno al establecimiento de conectividades entre ASP. Si bien el inicio del Proyecto
Consolidación del Corredor Biológico Mesoamericano, a partir de 1999, ha facilitado estos procesos
nacionales, binacionales y regionales hacia el establecimiento de corredores biológicos, no podemos
dejar de mencionar que en Costa Rica el proceso se inició durante la década de los ochenta con el
establecimiento de al menos cuatro corredores biológicos de protección absoluta, como son: la
conectividad entre la Estación Biológica La Selva, en Sarapiquí, con el Parque Nacional Braulio Carrillo; la
conectividad entre las ASP del Area de Conservación Guanacaste, el corredor biológico Tortuguero, y la
conectividad entre el Parque Nacional Tapantí-Macizo de la Muerte, el Parque Nacional Chirripó y el
Parque Internacional La Amistad, con las reservas indígenas del Caribe y con la Reserva Biológica HitoyCerere. El presente documento pretende compartir una serie de descripciones y reflexiones sobre el
tema de los corredores biológicos, que incluyen la experiencia del proceso impulsado por el Proyecto
para la Consolidación del Corredor Biológico Mesoamericano y su papel como puente para la
conservación de la vida y como reto para el desarrollo; dos artículos sobre el papel de los corredores
biológicos, un artículo sobre el Corredor Biológico San Juan-La Selva -uno de los más desarrollados del
país-, y una síntesis de las 35 fichas técnicas de las iniciativas de corredores biológicos identificadas en
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Costa Rica, con información que corresponde con el grado de avance que ha alcanzado cada uno de
ellos.
Publicación no.: 330 Contribuciones de las cercas vivas a la estructura y la conectividad de un paisaje
fragmentado en Río Frío, Costa Rica / Chacón-León, Mario; Harvey, Celia A. (Centro Agronómico
Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza (CATIE). Departamento de Agricultura y Agroforestería, Apdo.
7170, Turrialba, CR <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]>).
Forest fragmentation leads to the reduction and deterioration habitats, the interruption of landscape
connectivity, and the creation of islands of forest vegetation in areas dominated by agriculture and
cattle production. Many of these agricultural landscapes contain live fences. In order to understand the
contribution of live fences to the structure and connectivity of agricultural landscapes, 377 fences in 500
ha (located in five blocks of 1 km x I km) were measured and characterized in the agricultural landscape
of Rio Frío, in the Atlantic region of Costa Rica. Forty-five percent of the existing fences consisted of live
fences and 55.5% were dead fences (consisting of wooden fence posts). The mean length of live fences
was 147.8 m (+7.9) and the main species present in the live fences were Erythrina costaricensis and
Gliricidia sepium. More than 50% of the live fences were situated in pastures and/or adjacent to roads
or home gardens. The contribution of live fences to landscape structure and connectivity was
investigated using ArcView tools and landscape simulations. The simulated landscapes consisted of a
landscape in which all live fences were eliminated, and another simulated landscape in which all
wooden fences were replaced with live fences. Live fences had an important impact on the composition
and structure of agricultural landscapes, transforming extensive areas of pastures into smaller units,
increasing the total area beneath tree cover, increasing the connectivity of forest patches and riparian
forests, and creating a network of live fences across the landscape. In addition, the presence of live
fences reduced the mean distances between tree canopies of live fences and forest patches, thereby
increasing the structural connectivity of the landscape. Although additional studies are necessary to
determine if the presence of live fences also increases the functional connectivity of agricultural
landscapes, we suggest that live fences offer an interesting opportunity to increase habitat availability
and maintain some degree of landscape connectivity in agricultural landscapes.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: 333.9516 E92.
Publicación no.: 331 Efectos de la fragmentación del hábitat sobre la variabilidad genética en tropas
de mono aullador (Alouatta palliata) del Área de Conservación Tempisque, Costa Rica / Quan-Rodas,
Claudia Lorena. (Universidad Nacional. Instituto Internacional en Manejo y Conservación de Vida
Silvestre, Apdo. 1350-3000, Heredia, CR <E-mail: [email protected]>).
This chapter describes the habitat fragmentation in the Tempisque Conservation Area (TCA) of Costa
Rica and evaluates the effects of fragmentation on the genetic variability of howler monkey troops that
live in this region. With the help of geographic information systems, seven landscape variables and index
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of habitat compatibility for howler monkey movement were estimated and used to determine the
connectivity of different areas in the TCA. The minimum cost routes that connect the main remaining
forests were identified and these were compared to the current location of land under environmental
services payment schemes, protected areas and proposed corridors, as well as special protection zones.
The habitat in the TCA is severely fragmented, particularly in the lowlands that are well suited for
agriculture. Pastures cover 41.8% of the area and forests cover 36.4%. The main areas considered to be
of high mobility for howler monkeys are found in protected areas or zones with steep slopes greater
than 15%. To examine the effects of habitat fragmentation on howler monkey genetic variability, two
microsatellite loci were evaluated for 22 individuals from five locations in Palo Verde National Park (a
continuous and relatively large habitat) as well as for 14 individuals in 5 forest fragments outside
protected areas. In fragmented zones, the howler monkey troops had a lower number of genotypes and
fewer alleles than monkeys in Palo Verde. Genetic flow and diversity were lower among monkeys in
fragments (0.387 and 0.233) compared to troops in large forest areas like Palo Verde National Park
(1.595 y 0.513). The results suggest that there are both natural and anthropogenic barriers to the
dispersal of the howler monkeys. Riparian forests act as natural corridors across the landscape and their
protection and enrichment is therefore very important for primates in this region. The fragmentation
and the loss of genetic diversity could threaten the survival of howler’s monkeys in the TCA in the
medium or long-term. However, the howler monkey's great adaptability could help to maintain its
populations if adequate management activities are implemented.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: 333.9516 E92.
Publicación no.: 332 Diversity, natural history and conservation of amphibians and reptiles from the
San Vito region, southwestern Costa Rica [Diversidad, historia natural y conservación de anfibios y
reptiles de la región de San Vito, suroeste de Costa Rica] / Santos-Barrera, Georgina; Pacheco, Jesús;
Mendoza-Quijano, Fernando; Bolaños-Vives, Federico; Cháves-Cordero, Gerardo A; Daily, Gretchen C;
Ehrlich, Paul R; Ceballos, Gerardo. (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Facultad de Ciencias,
Museo
de
Zoología,
A.P.
70-399,
C.P.
04510,
México
D.
F,
MX
<E-mail:
[email protected]><E-mail:
[email protected]>
<E-mail:
[email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]> < E-mail: [email protected]>).
We present an inventory of the amphibians and reptiles of the San Vito de Coto Brus region, including
the Las Cruces Biological Station, in southern Costa Rica, which is the result of a survey of the
herpetofauna occurring in mountain forest fragments, pastures, coffee plantations, and other disturbed
areas. We found 67 species, included 26 species of amphibians and of 41of reptiles. We describe the
distribution patterns of the community on the basis of the life zones, elevation, fragmentation, and
degree of anthropogenic impact. We also provide some nouvelle data on the systematics of some select
taxa, their geographical ranges, microhabitats, activity, and other relevant ecological and natural history
features. Finally, we comment on the present conservation status of the herpetofauna in the region.
Previous literature and collection records indicate a higher number of species occurring in this area,
which suggests that some declines have occurred, especially of amphibians, in last decades.
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Publicación no.: 333 Planted trees as corridors for primates at El Zota Biological Field Station, Costa
Rica [Árboles sembrados como corredores para primates en la Estación Biológica de Campo El Zota,
Costa Rica] / Luckett, Jerimiah; Danforth, Elizabeth; Linsenbardt, Kim; Pruetz, Jill D. (Franklin College.
Department of Biology, Franklin, IN 46131, US).
En: Neotropical Primates (ISSN 1413-4705), v. 12, no. 3, p. 143-146. 2004.
Introduction: We conducted a study at the privately owned El Zota Biological Field Station in Costa Rica
to assess the effects of forest management techniques on primate ecology and behavior. While many
conservation-oriented studies note the need for 'corridors' to promote dispersal between isolated
habitat fragments, few studies provide quantitative information on their use by primates. From July to
August 2002, we studied the three primate species that occur at the El Zota Biological Field Station in
Costa Rica - Cebus capucinus, Ateles geoffroyi, Alouatta palliata - to compare their use of planted versus
naturally forested areas. We collected approximately 25 hours of data to quantify the general activities
exhibited by primates in these types of habitat.
Publicación no.: 334 Caracterización de la vegetación en la cuenca hidrográfica del río Savegre, Costa
Rica / Acevedo-Mairena, Heiner (ed.); Estrada-Chavarría, Armando (ed.); Jiménez-Madrigal, Quírico
(ed.); Murillo-Rodríguez, Fabiana (ed.). (Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad, Apdo. Postal 22-3100, Santo
Domingo de Heredia, CR <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]>). Santo
Domingo de Heredia: INBio / Museo Nacional de Costa Rica, 2001. 116 p.
En este documento se presentan los resultados de caracterización de la vegetación de la cuenca
hidrográfica del río Savegre, realizado por el Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad (INBio) y el Museo
Nacional de Costa Rica, durante el período de setiembre del 2000 a julio del 2001. El estudio brinda
información sobre las características biofísicas de los diferentes ecosistemas presentes en la cuenca y
sobre la riqueza florística de cada uno de ellos y de la cuenca en general. Además, se presenta
información sobre la fragmentación de la cobertura boscosa y se identifican los principales ecosistemas
de interés para la conservación de la cuenca. La información presentada en este documento constituye
un aporte básico y actualizado para la elaboración de un plan de ordenamiento territorial de la cuenca;
el cual procura racionalizar la utilización de los recursos y asegurar la protección de la biodiversidad.
Este estudio se enmarca dentro del componente de biodiversidad del Proyecto de Desarrollo Sostenible
de la Cuenca Hidrográfica del Río Savegre, el cual forma parte del Programa regional Araucaria, que
tiene como fin la conservación de la diversidad biológica y el desarrollo sostenible en Iberoamérica. Este
programa es auspiciado por la Agencia Española de Cooperación Internacional, la cual, en conjunto con
el Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía, como institución rectora y responsable de la conservación y uso
sostenible de los recursos naturales en el país, son los ejecutores responsables de este Proyecto.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-9689. Biblioteca OET: Tesis 505.
Publicación no.: 335 Bats of the La Gamba region, Esquinas rainforest, Costa Rica: species diversity,
guild structure and niche segregation [Murciélagos de la región de la Gamba, bosque lluvioso Esquinas,
Costa Rica: diversidad de especies, estructura gremial y segregación de nichos] / Landmann, Armin;
Walder, Christoph; Vorauer, Anton; Boh, Sonja; Winbeer, Moritz. (University of Innsbruck. Institute of
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Zoology, Technikerstr. 25, A-6020 Innsbruck, AT <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail:
[email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail: mw7gmx.de>).
En: Stapfia (ISSN 0252-192X), v. 80, p. 423-440. 2008.
The Piedras Blancas National Park in south-west Costa Rica harbours some of the most species-rich
habitats in Central America. We give a first overview of its bat fauna and investigate differences of
species diversity and bat community structures between habitats with different levels of disturbance for
a representative sub-area at the eastern edge of the park. With 49 species, the small 6 km² investigation
area around La Gamba exhibits a very high bat diversity including many species considered rare or
uncommon in Costa Rica. A total of 1702 bats were captured in mist nets over 59 nights from January to
March 1997 and 2004. Capture rates were higher at gallery woodlands and at secondary forest margins
than at primary rainforest sites, but the latter showed higher species numbers and a more balanced
dominance structure. Primary habitats also had the highest number of foraging guilds and especially
gleaning insectivores and nectarivores were mostly found in mature forests. Understorey gleaning
frugivores (Carollia spp.) and a few aerial insectivores, on the other hand, made up a high proportion of
total captures in the cultivated landscape. There, gallery woodlands, live fences and shaded plantations
proved to be important flyways and foraging places for a surprisingly diverse bat fauna (30 species
recorded). Differences in average capture heights at ground level mist nets indicate fine-tuned spatial
niche segregation between some aerial insectivores, but only to a low extent for members of
frugivorous guilds.
Publicación no.: 336 Campaña binacional sobre la ecología de Ara ambigua, Nicaragua-Costa Rica /
Chassot, Olivier; Figueroa, Alfredo; Monge-Arias, Guisselle; Ruiz-Meléndez, Antonio; Mariscal-Pueyo,
Teresa; Kjeldsen, Jørgen Peter. (Centro Científico Tropical. Proyecto de Investigación y Conservación de
la Lapa Verde (Ara ambiguus), Corredor Biológico San Juan-La Selva, Apdo. 8-3870, 1000 San José, CR <Email: [email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]>). Actas del I Simposio Mesoamericano de
Psittaciformes, La Ceiba HN 22-23 Nov. 2005.
En: Red Mesoamericana de Conservación de Psittácidos. Chassot, Olivier; Monge, Guisselle; Lezama,
Martín (eds.), 2006. p. 118-123.
Important fragments of primary and intervened forest in the El Castillo-San Juan-La Selva Biological
Corridor (southeastern Nicaragua and northern Costa Rica) are being threatened by timber extraction
and agricultural expansion. Since 2000, bonds between the Fundación del Río (Nicaragua) and the
Tropical Science Center (Costa Rica) have been strengthened, resulting in a binational campaign focused
on promoting the awareness of the ecology of the Great Green Macaw (Ara ambigua) in the lowlands of
the San Juan River. The primary objectives of the campaign have been: to conduct workshops on the
biology, importance, threats and conservation of the Great Green Macaw and its habitat; to strengthen
natural resources management by the environmental authorities of both countries using alliances built
around the establishment of local and international biological corridors; and the organization of joint
symbolic activities. The most outstanding results to date have been the understanding, acceptance and
concern of the major stakeholders regarding the challenges faced by the Great Green Macaw, and the
urgent need of cooperative ventures to protect it from extinction in both countries.
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Publicación no.: 337 Riparian corridors enhance movement of a forest specialist bird in fragmented
tropical forest [Los corredores ribereños mejoran el movimiento de un ave especialista en bosques
tropicales fragmentados] / Gillies, Cameron Scott; Clair, Colleen, Cassady St. (University of Alberta.
Department of Biological Sciences, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, ).
v. 105, no. 50, p. 19774-19779. 2008.
Riparian corridors and fencerows are hypothesized to increase the persistence of forest animals in
fragmented landscapes by facilitating movement among suitable habitat patches. This function may be
critically important for forest birds, which have declined dramatically in fragmented habitats.
Unfortunately, direct evidence of corridor use has been difficult to collect at landscape scales and this
limits support for corridors in conservation planning. Using telemetry and handheld GPS units, we
examined the movement of forest birds by translocating territorial individuals of barred antshrikes
(Thamnophilus doliatus; a forest specialist) and rufous-naped wrens (Campylorhynchus rufinucha; a
forest generalist) 0.7-1.9 km from their territories in the highly fragmented tropical dry forest of Costa
Rica. In each translocation, the directly intervening habitat comprised 1 of 3 treatments: forested
riparian corridor, linear living fencerow, or open pasture. Antshrikes returned faster and with greater
success in riparian corridors relative to pasture treatments. This species also traveled more directly in
riparian corridor treatments, detoured to use forested routes in the other 2 treatments, and did not use
fencerows even when they led directly to their home territories. By contrast, wrens were more likely to
use fencerows when returning, and return time and success were equivalent among the 3 treatments.
Both species crossed fewer gaps in tree cover during riparian corridor treatments than in fencerow or
pasture treatments. We conclude that antshrikes, which may be representative of other forest
specialists, use forested corridors for movement in this landscape and that fencerows are avoided as
movement conduits.
Publicación no.: 338 Seed dispersal by birds in active and abandoned pastures in Costa Rica:
implications for tropical forest regeneration [Diseminación de semillas por las aves en potreros activos y
abandonados en Costa Rica: consecuencias para la regeneración del bosque tropical] / Werner, Frederick
Reuben. (Cornell University. Department of Natural Resources, Ithaca, NY 14851, US <E-mail:
[email protected]>). Ithaca, NY: Cornell University, 2004. 92 p. Thesis, M.Sc., Cornell University,
Graduate School, Ithaca, NY (USA).
In the face of ongoing tropical deforestation, interest is growing in reforestation and forest
regeneration. Birds disperse the seeds of 50-75% of Neotropical forest trees, and the absence of birddispersed. seeds is a key obstacle to restoring tropical forests on cleared lands. I examined seed
dispersal by birds in Costa Rica and found a diverse avifauna carried a diverse load of seeds through
both active pastures and young secondary growth. Using mist nets in forest fragments, active pasture,
and two-year-old secondary growth, I recorded 1752 captures of birds, including 1062 seed dispersers,
or frugivorous birds that deposit whole, viable seeds from at least some of the fruit they eat. I collected
fecal samples from 723 birds, 427 of which contained viable seeds. These samples represent 65 bird
species dispersing 99 plant species. Seeds from more than five plant species were found in the feces of
17 bird species, all but one of which were captured at least once in open pasture. I also observed an
additional 19 species of seed-dispersing birds in the pastures and young secondary growth. The absence
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of seeds in pastures documented by various seed trap studies may be due to the defecation behavior of
small frugivores that may defecate preferentially while perching. My results support earlier suggestions
that the behavior of seed-dispersing birds in the vicinity of abandoned pastures may be a key to
regenerating tropical forests.
Publicación no.: 339 Dispersal limitation in epiphytic bromeliad communities in a Costa Rican
fragmented montane landscape [Limitación de la diseminación en comunidades de bromelias epífitas en
un paisaje costarricense fragmentado] / Cascante-Marín, Alfredo M; von Meijenfeldt, Noemi; de Leeuw,
Hanneke M.H; Wolf, Jan H.D; Oostermeijer, J. Gerard B; den Nijs, Joannes C.M. (Museo Nacional de
Costa Rica. Departamento de Historia Natural, Apdo 749-1000, San José, CR <E-mail:
En: Journal of Tropical Ecology (ISSN 0266-4674), v. 25, no. 1, p. 63-73. 2009.
Transformation of tropical forests is likely to affect seed-dispersal patterns and influence the
composition of epiphytic plant communities in human-altered habitats. We tested this hypothesis by
carrying out a comparative study of seed influx, survival and growth of transplanted seedlings of
epiphytic bromeliads among isolated trees in six pasture areas, six forest edges and six forest sites in a
montane area in Costa Rica. In total, 72 traps trapped 1.285 seeds over a 2-mo period in the dry season
of 2003. For all four investigated bromeliad genera, Catopsis, Guzmania, Tillandsia and Werauhia, the
number of trapped seeds in each habitat followed a pattern similar to the number of fruiting individuals
in the vicinity of the traps. Traps in forest edges (30) were 1.9 times more likely to collect seeds than
traps at forest interiors (30) and pasture trees (12), the latter showing similar probabilities of catching
seeds. After 1 y, survival and growth of 3660 transplanted seedlings from three bromeliad species was
significantly higher in forest interiors, providing no explanation for the lower abundance of fruiting
adults in that habitat. These results suggest that the successful establishment of epiphytic bromeliads in
forest: interiors is mainly dispersal-limited. If corroborated, differences in abundance among species at
each habitat are likely related to differences in growth rates and reproductive success. Further Studies
on the growth and mortality of seedlings up to the flowering stage, however, are needed.
Publicación no.: 340 The effects of forest fragmentation on euglossine bee communities
(Hymenoptera: Apidae: Euglossini) [Los efectos de la fragmentación de los bosques en comunidades de
abejas euglossinas (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Euglossini)] / Brosi, Berry J. (Stanford University. Department
of Biology, 385 Serra Mall, Stanford, CA 94305, US).
En: Biological Conservation (ISSN 0006-3207), v. 142, no. 2, p. 414-423. 2008.
Despite scientific ant, media attention on pollinator declines, there is still only a rudimentary
understanding of the response of bees-the most important group of pollinators worldwide-to ongoing
land use changes. Euglossine bees are an ecologicallyimportant Neotropical clade of forest-dependent
pollinators. Despite the fact that euglossines are well studied relative to other groups of tropical bees,
only three previous studies, all from Brazil, address the response of euglossines to forest fragmentation.
In this study, I tripled the maximum sample size of previous efforts by sampling male euglossines in 22
forest fragments ranging in area from 0.25 ha to 230 ha in southern Costa Rica, using chemically baited
Van Somerer, traps. Abundance of euglossine bees was significantly positively related to forest fragment
size, negatively related to shape (edge:area ratio), and marginally related to fragment isolation.
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Euglossine species richness showed similar, but weaker trends: richness was significantly positively
related to the quantity of forest edge, marginally negatively related to fragment area, and not related to
fragment isolation. The positive relationship between euglossine richness and abundance and forest
fragment edge is consistent with other studies that have found high euglossine density in secondary or
disturbed forest. The data suggest that individual euglossines move between forest fragments, as has
been shown in other systems. Still, forest fragmentation appears to affect euglossine bees more strongly
than other bee groups in the study region. Their large flight range and positive relationship with forest
edges may help to buffer the negative effects of fragmentation, allowing euglossines to utilize even the
very smallest forest fragments in the study area.
Publicación no.: 341 Biología de la conservación de la lapa verde, 15 años de experiencia 1994-2009
[Conservation biology of the Great Green Macaw (1994-2009), 15 years of experience] / Monge-Arias,
Guisselle; Chassot, Olivier. (Centro Científico Tropical. Proyecto de Investigación y Conservación de la
Lapa Verde (Ara ambiguus), Corredor Biológico San Juan-La Selva, Apdo. 8-3870, 1000 San José, CR <Email: [email protected]>). San Pedro de Montes de Oca: Centro Científico Tropical, 2009. 12 p.
La lapa verde (Ara ambigua) tiene una distribución limitada en tierras bajas húmedas del Atlántico de
Centroamérica desde Honduras hasta el norte de Colombia, con una población aislada en el Pacífico en
Esmeraldas y Guayaquil, Ecuador. La población mundial es de aproximadamente 7.000 individuos. En
Costa Rica, su rango de anidamiento se limita actualmente a aproximadamente 600 km² de bosque
tropical muy húmedo del país, en la zona fronteriza con Nicaragua al norte. Esta majestuosa ave en
peligro de extinción depende altamente del almendro de montaña (Dipteryx panamensis) para
alimentarse y para anidar. El Proyecto de Investigación y Conservación de la Lapa Verde fue iniciado por
el Dr. George V. N. Powell y se dedica desde 1994 al estudio de la biología de conservación de la lapa
verde en el norte de Costa Rica y posee la base de datos biológicos más importante sobre esta especie.
El Proyecto se beneficia del respaldo administrativo del Centro Científico Tropical desde 1997. La
preocupación del Dr. Powell era bien acertada cuando la primera fase del estudio determinó que el área
de distribución de la lapa verde en Costa Rica se había reducido en un 90% desde principios del Siglo XX.
Con los estudios preliminares se pudo comprobar que la distribución limitada de la lapa verde, en
combinación con su dependencia a un complejo arreglo de recursos alimenticios implicaba que la
protección de su hábitat y recursos beneficiaría a una multitud de otras especies de los bosques donde
la lapa vive. La capacidad de esta especie de ejercer un ?efecto sombrilla? para la flora y fauna del
hábitat que ocupa, hace que estudiarla sea de importancia crítica para establecer prioridades de
conservación, ya que la zona no contaba con ninguna área protegida importante. La Zona Norte ha
sufrido la tasa de deforestación más alta del país en las décadas de los ochenta y noventa, dejando
menos de un 30% del bosque en pie. Sin embargo, varios estudios científicos resaltan el alto nivel de
biodiversidad de los bosques donde habita la lapa verde, entre los más diversos de Centroamérica. En
los primeros años de estudio, estimamos la población de lapa verde en 35 parejas reproductivas y 210
individuos. Nuestras lapas cuentan con la Reserva Biológica Indio-Maíz en Nicaragua, donde ellas
encuentran un extenso hábitat propicio a su desarrollo. Sin embargo, se hacen cada día más frecuentes
las incursiones de madereros costarricenses al otro lado del Río San Juan, así que esta reserva, una de
las más importantes de Centroamérica tampoco está a salvo de las motosierras. Hoy día, nuestra
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población de lapa verde se encuentra en un estado muy precario y muy frágil, en el cual la menor
modificación de sus condiciones de vida puede llevarla a la extinción.
Publicación no.: 342 Homogeneous genetic structuring and microsatellite allele diversities across
White-ruffed Manakin (Corapipo altera) populations in a highly fragmented Costa Rica landscape
[Estructuración genética homogénea y diversidades de alelos microsatélites a través de poblaciones del
saltarín gorgiblanco (Corapipo altera) en un paisaje altamente fragmentado de Costa Rica] / Barnett,
Jacob R. (Cornell University. Ornithology Laboratory, Fuller Evolutionary Biology Program, Ithaca, NY
14850, US). Ithaca, NY: Cornell University, 2007. 41 p. Thesis, Undergraduate Honors Thesis in Biological
Sciences, Cornell University, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, College of Agriculture and
Life Sciences, Ithaca, NY (USA).
We explored the effects of recent forest fragmentation on fine-scale patterns of population structuring
and genetic diversity in populations of White-ruffed Manakins (Corapipo altera) inhabiting premontane
forest patches of varying size in southwestern Costa Rica. Habitat fragmentation is a major conservation
concern for avian populations worldwide, but studies on the genetic effects of fragmentation on
Neotropical birds are limited. We sampled 159 manakins from nine forest fragments of varying size and
isolation within an 18 km radius, and genotyped these birds at 13 microsatellite loci. Bayesian clustering
methods revealed that birds from all fragments comprised a single genetic population, and F-statistics
showed only modest levels of differentiation between forest patches. We calculated allelic diversity
indices for each fragment but found no correlation between genetic diversity and fragment size. These
results suggest two possibilities: first, these manakins may retain substantial connectivity via interfragment dispersal despite habitat fragmentation, or if dispersal is currently limited, the short period of
a half-century since fragmentation may not have been sufficient to impose genetic structuring or to
erode allelic diversity.
Publicación no.: 343 Corridor use, habitat selection, and route choice by forest birds in the fragmented
tropical dry forests of Costa Rica [Uso de corredor, selección del hábitat y la elección de la ruta por las
aves en los bosques secos tropicales fragmentados de Costa Rica] / Gillies, Cameron Scott. (University of
Alberta. Department of Biological Sciences, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, ). Edmonton, AB: University of
Alberta, 2008. 165 p. ISBN: 9780494454350. Dissertation, Ph.D. in Environmental Biology and Ecology,
University of Alberta, Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research, Edmonton, AB (Canada).
Tropical forests hold the majority of the world's biodiversity, but face tremendous threats from
agricultural expansion. Among these forests, dry forests have already undergone extensive clearing and
only 2% of the original tropical dry forest remains in Mesoamerica. In such fragmented landscapes, the
movement of individuals among subpopulations is fundamental to long term population persistence.
Despite the importance of movement, little is known about how forest-dependent birds move through
fragmented areas and use connecting habitat elements, like corridors. To address this deficiency, I
translocated individuals of two species of forest birds with differing forest dependence in three
treatments in the fragmented tropical dry forests of northwestern Costa Rica: along a riparian corridor,
along a fencerow, or across pasture. I then followed their return trajectories with unprecedented
resolution, recording positions approximately every 15 min for up to four days. Detailed route
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information yielded four main conclusions. First, riparian corridors facilitated the movement of the
forest specialist barred antshrike (Thamnophilus doliatus). In riparian corridor treatments, returns to
their original territories were faster and more likely, they selected forest habitat more strongly, and they
traveled further from the forest edge. Second, fencerows were not sufficient corridors for the specialist,
which generally chose longer routes in forest rather than more direct routes via fencerows. Third,
individuals adjusted their behaviours based on habitat context. In addition to changes by the specialist in
riparian corridor treatments (above), the generalist rufous-naped wren (Campylorhynchus rufinucha)
selected forest more strongly in riparian corridor treatments and selected edge habitat more strongly
with decreases in forest cover. Finally, the specialist chose more forested steps when they were far from
their territories and when in forest habitat. They preferred steps ending in stepping stones (isolated
trees) when available routes had low forest cover, but avoided them when forest cover was higher. I
conclude that forested habitat and corridors benefit the movement of forest specialist birds and the
conservation of these habitats will be important in this landscape and likely others. Furthermore,
stepping stones may be an important element for the movement of birds through the most inhospitable
matrix where forested alternatives do not exist.
Publicación no.: 344 Ficha técnica binacional Corredor Biológico El Castillo-San Juan-La Selva,
Nicaragua-Costa Rica / Chassot, Olivier; Monge-Arias, Guisselle; Ruiz-Meléndez, Antonio; Valerio, Luis.
(Centro Científico Tropical. Proyecto de Investigación y Conservación de la Lapa Verde (Ara ambiguus),
Corredor Biológico San Juan-La Selva, Apdo. 8-3870, 1000 San José, CR <E-mail: [email protected]>).
Managua: Proyecto Corredor Biológico Mesoamericano, 2006. 64 p. (Serie Técnica; no. 17). ISBN: 999240-478-7.
El Corredor Biológico Mesoamericano es un esfuerzo multinacional para mantener la conectividad
ecológica a través del istmo centroamericano. Ocho países se comprometieron, por medio de la
Comisión Centroamericana del Ambiente y Desarrollo (CCAD), a mantener el paisaje de conservación
que garantiza el proceso de evolución y migración que se ha desarrollado desde la formación geológica
del istmo y la unión de los dos continentes. A través de este esfuerzo, estos gobiernos han acordado
facilitar el diseño de corredores biológicos entre sus áreas protegidas, en reconocimiento a la necesidad
de permitir la fluidez genética entre las poblaciones de especies y para prevenir la degradación y posible
extinción por falta de renovación de la variedad genética así como para permitir las migraciones
temporales entre ecosistemas y la expansión natural del rango hogareño de las especies desde el norte
y el sur a lo largo del istmo. Desde mediados de los años ochenta se vienen desarrollando diversas
iniciativas para el manejo integrado de las áreas protegidas del sureste de Nicaragua y la zona norte de
Costa Rica, como por ejemplo la iniciativa mundialmente conocida como Sistema Internacional de Áreas
Protegidas para la Paz (SI-A-PAZ). La presente publicación resulta de la iniciativa impulsada por el
Corredor Biológico Mesoamericano (CBM) Nicaragua-Costa Rica, en una visión de fomento del
conocimiento de nuestros corredores binacionales. Las comisiones que trabajan en el Corredor Biológico
El Castillo-San Juan y el Corredor Biológico San Juan-La Selva se han dado a la tarea de elaborar una ficha
técnica para cada corredor con el propósito de reunir y sintetizar la información disponible y las diversas
experiencias, para ponerlas a disposición de los profesionales, estudiantes y público en general. A partir
del año 2003, surge en el seno de la Comisión Binacional del Corredor Biológico El Castillo-San Juan-La
Selva, la idea de elaborar una Ficha Técnica Binacional para el Corredor Biológico El Castillo-San Juan-La
Selva, unificando la información de las dos fichas técnicas existentes, la del Corredor Biológico El
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Castillo-San Juan y la del Corredor Biológico San Juan-La Selva. Esta primera identificación en el año
2003 y los esfuerzos por alcanzar la cooperación y colaboración entre las oficinas CBM Nicaragua y Costa
Rica, en particular la adopción en el seno de la iniciativa binacional del CBM de una propuesta de
Corredor Biológico Binacional entre Nicaragua y Costa Rica, genera la identificación del propuesto
Corredor Biológico El Castillo-San Juan-La Selva, rico en biodiversidad y donde la lapa verde (Ara
ambigua), especie emblemática de estos territorios, habita y se reproduce. El objetivo sigue siendo
asegurar la conectividad de las áreas silvestres protegidas existentes.
Publicación no.: 345 Elevation and forest clearing effects on foraging differ between surface- and
subterranean- foraging army ants (Formicidae: Ecitoninae) [Los efectos de la elevación y la tala de los
bosques difieren en en el forrajeo de superficie y subterráneo en las hormigas ronchadoras (Formicidae:
Ecitoninae)] / Kumar, Anjali; O'Donnell, Sean. (University of Washington. Department of Psychology,
Animal Behavior Program, Seattle, WA 98195, US <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail:
En: The Journal of Animal Ecology (ISSN 0021-8790), v. 78, no. 1, p. 91-97. 2009.
1. Forest fragmentation often results in a matrix of open areas mixed with patches of forest. Both biotic
and abiotic factors can affect consumer species' ability to utilize the altered habitat, especially for
species that range over large areas searching for prey. 2. Army ants (Formicidae: Ecitoninae) are highly
mobile top predators in terrestrial Neotropical ecosystems. Army ant foraging behaviour is influenced by
forest clearing at lowland sites, and clearing can reduce army ant population persistence. 3. Because
high temperatures are implicated in hindering above-ground army ant foraging, we predicted that forest
clearing effects on army ant foraging would be reduced at higher (cooler) elevations in montane forest.
We also predicted that subterranean foraging, employed by some army ant species, would buffer them
from the negative effects of forest clearing. 4. We quantified the foraging rates of above-ground and
underground foraging army ants at eight sites along an elevational gradient from 1090 to 1540 m.a.s.l.
We asked whether these two foraging strategies cause a difference in the ability of army ants to forage
in open matrix areas relative to elevationally matched forested habitats, and whether elevation predicts
open area vs. forest foraging rate differences. 5. As predicted, army ants that forage above-ground had
lower foraging rates in open areas, but the open area vs. forest difference declined with elevation. In
contrast, underground foragers were not affected by habitat type, and underground foraging rates
increased with elevation. Ground surface temperatures were higher in open areas than forested areas.
Temperatures declined with elevation, and temperature differences between open and forested areas
decreased with elevation. 6. We conclude that army ants that forage above-ground may be restricted to
forested areas due to a thermal tolerance threshold, but that they are released from this limitation at
higher elevations. We further suggest that underground foraging permits some army ants to persist
within modified landscapes. Our findings have implications for the effects of habitat modification and
climate change on these top predators.
Publicación no.: 346 Phylogeography of the livebearer Xenophallus umbratilis (Teleostei: Poeciliidae):
Glacial cycles and sea level change predict diversification of a freshwater tropical fish [Filogeografía de
Xenophallus umbratilis (Teleostei: Poeciliidae): los ciclos glaciales y el cambio en el nivel del mar predice
una diversificación de los peces tropicales de agua dulce] / Jones, Carissa P. (Brigham Young University.
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Department of Biology, Evolutionary Ecology Laboratories, Provo, UT 84602, US). Provo, UT: Brigham
Young University, 2007. Thesis, M.Sc., Brigham Young University, Department of Biology, Provo, Utah
(USA).
The biogeography of Central America is considered a classical case study in understanding the impact of
vicariant events on patterns of biotic dispersal. While many biogeographers have focused on community
composition and geographic limits of species at broad scales across Central America, much less work has
focused on post-colonization diversification patterns at finer scales. The livebearing freshwater fish
Xenophallus umbratilis presents an ideal system for determining the impact of recent earth history
events on biodiversity in northern Costa Rica. Here, we test the hypothesis that marine inundation of
the San Carlos and Northern Limón basins during the Miocene has caused genetic fragmentation among
X. umbratilis populations, despite contemporary freshwater connections across this region. To test this
idea, we collected mitochondrial (cytb) and nuclear (Xmrk-2) DNA sequence data from up to 162
individuals taken from 27 localities across northern Costa Rica. We employed a variety of analytical
approaches, including: maximum parsimony (MP) and maximum likelihood (ML), analysis of molecular
variance (AMOVA), nested clade phylogeographic analysis (NCPA), and demographic analysis of
population size through time. We found four major clades within X.umbratilis, each geographically
isolated with no shared haplotypes across drainages. Oddly, clades that occupy adjacent drainages are
not always sister taxa in the phylogeny, suggesting that colonization in this species is more complex than
a simple model of isolation by distance. All our results are consistent with the hypothesis that changes in
sea level associated with glacial eustatic cycles have had an important effect in shaping diversification
patterns in this species.
Publicación no.: 347 Phylogeography of the livebearer Xenophallus umbratilis (Teleostei: Poeciliidae):
glacial cycles and sea level change predict diversification of a freshwater tropical fish [Filogeografía de
Xenophallus umbratilis (Teleostei: Poeciliidae): los ciclos glaciales y el cambio en el nivel del mar predice
una diversificación de los peces tropicales de agua dulce] / Jones, Carissa P; Johnson, Jerald B. (Brigham
Young University. Department of Biology, Evolutionary Ecology Laboratories, Provo, UT 84602, US <Email: [email protected]>).
The biogeography of Central America is viewed as a classic case study in understanding the impact of
vicariant events on patterns of biotic dispersal. While many biogeographers have focused on community
composition and geographical limits of species at broad scales across Central America, much less work
has focused on post-colonization diversification patterns at finer scales. The livebearing freshwater fish
Xenophallus umbratilis presents an ideal system for determining the impact of recent Earth history
events on biodiversity in northern Costa Rica. Here, we test the hypotheses that marine inundation of
the San Carlos and northern Limón basins during the Pliocene and Pleistocene has caused genetic
fragmentation among X. umbratilis populations, despite contemporary freshwater connections. To test
this idea, we collected mitochondrial (cytochrome b) sequence data in 162 individuals taken from 27
localities across northern Costa Rica. We employed a variety of analytical approaches, including:
maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood, analysis of molecular variance, and demographic analysis
of population size through time. We found four major clades within X. umbratilis, each geographically
isolated with no shared haplotypes across drainages. Oddlyclades that occupy adjacent drainages are
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not always sister taxa in the phylogeny, suggesting that colonization in this species is more complex than
a simple model of isolation by distance. All our results are consistent with the hypothesis that changes in
sea level associated with glacial eustatic cycles have had an important effect in shaping diversification
patterns in this species.
Publicación no.: 348 Cambio climático y biodiversidad / Gitay, Habiba (ed.); Suárez, Avelino (ed.);
Watson, Robert T (ed.); Dokken, David Jon (ed.). [Geneva]: IPPC, 2002. 85 p. (Documento Técnico del
IPCC; no. V). ISBN: 92-9169-104-7.
En el ámbito mundial, las actividades humanas han causado y van a seguir causando una pérdida en la
biodiversidad debido, entre otras cosas, a cambios en el uso y la cubierta de los suelos; la contaminación
y degradación de los suelos y de las aguas (incluyendo la desertificación), y la contaminación del aire; el
desvío de las aguas hacia ecosistemas intensamente gestionados y sistemas urbanos; la fragmentación
del hábitat; la explotación selectiva de especies; la introducción de especies no autóctonas, y el
agotamiento del ozono estratosférico. La tasa actual de la pérdida de biodiversidad es mayor que la de
la extinción natural. Una pregunta esencial en este Documento es ¿cuánto puede el cambio climático (ya
sea de forma natural o inducido por el hombre) aumentar o impedir estas pérdidas de la biodiversidad?
Los cambios en el clima ejercen una presión adicional y ya han comenzado a afectar a la biodiversidad.
Las concentraciones atmosféricas de gases de efecto invernadero han aumentado desde tiempos
preindustriales debido a actividades humanas, sobre todo la utilización de combustibles fósiles y los
cambios en el uso y en la cubierta de los suelos. Estos factores, junto a las fuerzas naturales, han
contribuido a los cambios en el clima de la Tierra a lo largo de todo el siglo XX: ha subido la temperatura
de la superficie terrestre y marina, han cambiado los patrones espaciales y temporales de las
precipitaciones; se ha elevado el nivel del mar, y ha aumentado la frecuencia e intensidad de los
fenómenos asociados con El Niño. Dichos cambios, sobre todo la subida de las temperaturas en algunas
zonas, han afectado a la estación de la reproducción de animales y plantas y/o la de la migración de los
animales, a la extensión de la estación de crecimiento, a la distribución de las especies y el tamaño de
sus poblaciones, y a la frecuencia de las plagas y brotes de enfermedades. Algunos ecosistemas costeros
o aquellos en altitud y latitud altas también se han visto afectados por los cambios en el clima regional
Se espera que el cambio climático afecte a todos aspectos de la biodiversidad. Sin embargo, dichos
cambios tienen que tener en cuenta los impactos de otras actividades humanas pasadas, presentes y
futuras, incluyendo el aumento en las concentraciones atmosféricas de dióxido de carbono (CO2). Para
la amplia gama de escenarios de emisión del Grupo Intergubernamental de Expertos sobre el Cambio
Climático (IPCC), se estima que la temperatura media de la superficie terrestre ascienda entre un 1,4y un
5,8°C para finales del siglo XXI, que las zonas terrestres experimenten un calentamiento más alto que los
océanos, y que las latitudes altas se calienten más que los trópicos. Se estima que la elevación del nivel
del mar asociada con dicho cambios esté comprendido entre 0,09 a 0,88 m. En general, se espera un
aumento en las precipitaciones en latitudes altas y en zonas ecuatoriales, y que disminuyan en zonas
subtropicales aunque aumenten las fuertes precipitaciones. Se espera que el cambio climático afecte
directamente a organismos individuales, a poblaciones, a la distribución de especies, y al
funcionamiento de los ecosistemas (por ejemplo debido a un aumento de las temperaturas y cambios
en las precipitaciones y, en el caso de ecosistemas marinos y costeros, se esperan cambios en el nivel del
mar y fuertes tormentas repentinas) e indirectamente (por ejemplo mediante el impacto de los cambios
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climáticos en la intensidad y la frecuencia de fenómenos tales como los fuegos arrasadores). La pérdida,
modificación y fragmentación del hábitat, y la introducción y extensión de especies no autóctonas van a
afectar los impactos producidos por el cambio climático. Una proyección realista del estado futuro de
los ecosistemas terrestres debe tener en cuenta también las pautas de uso de los suelos y del agua, las
que van a afectar en gran medida a la capacidad de los organismos para responder a los cambios
climáticos mediante la migración. El efecto general del cambio climático estimado provocado por el
hombre muestra que los hábitats de muchas especies se desplazará hacia los polos o hacia altitudes
mayores respecto a sus emplazamientos actuales. Las distintas especies se van a ver afectadas de forma
diferente por el cambio climático; van a migrar a diferente velocidad a través de paisajes naturales
fragmentados, y muchos ecosistemas actualmente dominados por especies de larga vida (tales como
árboles longevos) van a tardar mucho antes de que manifiesten los efectos de estos cambios. Por lo
tanto, es probable que se modifique la composición de la mayoría de los ecosistemas actuales, ya que es
improbable que las especies que componen dichos ecosistemas cambien de emplazamiento todas a la
vez. Se espera que los cambios más rápidos sucedan cuando sean acelerados por cambios en patrones
de alteraciones no climáticas tanto naturales como antropogénicas.
Publicación no.: 349 Farmers, tree cover and biodiversity conservation in agricultural landscapes of
Central America [Finqueros, cobertura de árboles y conservación de la biodiversidad en paisajes
agrícolas de Centroamérica] / Harvey, Celia A; Sáenz-Méndez, Joel Cris; Villanueva-Najarro, Cristóbal;
Gómez, René; López, Marlon; Ibrahim, Muhammad A; Sinclair, Fergus L. (Conservation International,
2011 Crystal Dr, Suite 500, Arlington, VA 22202, US <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail:
[email protected]>). The Association for Tropical Biology & Conservation Annual Meeting, Morelia, MX,
July 15-19, 2007. p. 54.
(Abstract only). By actively managing the forest and tree resources that occur on their land, farmers can
have an important impact on the ability of agricultural landscapes to conserve biodiversity. Farmer
decisions determine the availability and distribution of forest patches, riparian forests and fallow areas;
the densities, composition and spatial arrangements of dispersed trees and live fences on farms; and the
ways in which forests and other tree resources are managed (such as the use of fire and the harvesting
of firewood or timber). Collectively these decisions shape the structure and composition of agricultural
landscapes, with potentially profound impacts on the resident biodiversity. For example, when farmers
select which naturally regenerating trees to maintain in their pastures, they generally reduce the overall
tree diversity and tree density, and skew the species composition towards species that provide products
to farmers (typically timber or fodder species), thereby affecting both the quantity and type of habitat
and resources available to wildlife. Similarly, the planting of extensive networks of live fences can greatly
enhance the structural connectivity of landscapes, facilitating the movement of some (but not all)
animal species. Using interdisciplinary studies on the relationships between farmer decisions, land
management and biodiversity from 4 cattle landscapes in Costa Rica and Nicaragua, we characterize the
abundance and distribution of tree cover within agricultural landscapes, highlight the ways in which
farmer decisions shape the forest and tree cover present in agricultural landscapes, and explore the
impacts of these changes for the plant and animal diversity present. Our results highlight the urgent
need to actively integrate farm management into landscape - level conservation planning and to create
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new alliances with farmers that permit the long-term management of agricultural landscapes for both
conservation and production goals.
Publicación no.: 350 The effects of tropical forest fragmentation on euglossine bees in southern Costa
Rica [Los efectos de la fragmentación del bosque tropical en abejas Euglossini en el sur de Costa Rica] /
Brosi, Berry J. (Stanford University. Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Conservation Biology,
Stanford, CA 94305-5020, US <E-mail: [email protected]>). The Association for Tropical Biology &
Conservation Annual Meeting, Morelia, MX, July 15-19, 2007, p. 149.
(Abstract only). Given the importance of bees the most important taxon of pollinators to both the
persistence of native plant communities and the success of the human agricultural enterprise, it is
imperative that we better understand their responses to ongoing global changes, especially in light of
the lack of scientific consensus on putative pollinator declines. The euglossine, or orchid, bees
(Hymenoptera: Apidae: Euglossini) are a tropical pollinator group of particular ecological salience,
especially for long-distance transport of pollen between widely spaced individuals of low-density
tropical plants. Despite being well studied relative to other groups of tropical bees, there are only three
studies of the response of orchid bees to forest fragmentation; all were in Brazil and considered seven
or fewer forest patches. To expand inference from these studies, I sampled male orchid bees with
chemical baits over three months in 23 forest fragments in southern Costa Rica (Las Cruces Biological
Station), ranging in area from 0.25 ha to 230 ha. Forest fragment area, isolation, landscape context, and
elevation all affected euglossine bee communities, though not in a uniform or consistent manner.
Orchid bees are more abundant in larger and less isolated forests, and in sites with greater proportions
of nearby surrounding forest cover. Estimated species richness of euglossine bees is greater in forest
fragments more than one hectare in area. Community similarity of orchid bees was related only to site
elevation, when colinearity between site proximity and elevation was considered. The extensive
dispersal abilities of euglossine bees likely help to buffer the effects of forest fragmentation on their
species diversity, and allow them to utilize even the very smallest forest fragments in the study area.
Publicación no.: 351 Identificación de vacíos en la representatividad de ecosistemas terrestres en el
Sistema Nacional de Áreas Protegidas de Costa Rica [Gap identification in terrestrial ecosystem
representation within the Costa Rican National System of Protected Areas] / Arias-Castillo, Elvis; ChacónChavarría, Oscar; Induni-Alfaro, Gustavo; Herrera-Fernández, Bernal; Acevedo-Mairena, Heiner;
Corrales, Lenín; Barborak, James R; Coto, Mario; Cubero, José; Paaby-Hansen, Pia. (MINAET. Sistema
Nacional de Áreas de Conservación, San José, CR <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail:
Costa Rica's first national-level gap analysis was undertaken in 1996, in order to determine needs for the
adequate conservation of biodiversity nationwide. Since then, additional information has been
generated, including a more detailed national classification system for ecosystems, which has facilitated
a revision and updating of national biodiversity conservation priorities. This article offers the results of
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this new analysis of in-situ biodiversity conservation priorities for Costa Rica. Through a short-, medium-,
and long-run planning process representative and viable biodiversity samples are going to be kept and
protected.
Publicación no.: 352 Las redes de conectividad como base para la planificación de la conservación de
la biodiversidad: propuesta para Costa Rica [Connectivity networks as a basis for biodiversity
conservation planning: a proposal for Costa Rica] / Arias-Castillo, Elvis; Chacón-Chavarría, Oscar;
Herrera-Fernández, Bernal; Induni-Alfaro, Gustavo; Acevedo-Mairena, Heiner; Coto, Mario; Barborak,
James R. (MINAET. Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación, San José, CR <E-mail:
[email protected]>
<E-mail:
[email protected]>
<E-mail:
[email protected]>
<E-mail:
Fragmentation can result in habitat loss, reduction in size and increasing isolation of remaining habitat
patches, with consequent loss of species at local and regional scales, as well as changes in faunal
assemblages and ecological processes. Fragmentation can also impede the ability of species to shift to
more appropriate habitats in response to climate change. For more than 30 years, Costa Rica has strived
to conserve its biodiversity through the design and implementation of proposals to maximize ecological
connectivity among protected areas. In response to continuing loss and fragmentation of habitat over
the past several decades, and utilizing new information and biological knowledge, this paper presents an
updated proposal for improved structural connectivity for the National System of Protected Areas of
Costa Rica.
Publicación no.: 353 Diseño de una red ecológica de conservación entre la Reserva de Biosfera La
Amistad y las áreas protegidas del Área de Conservación Osa, Costa Rica [Design of an ecological
conservation network between La Amistad Biosphere Reserve and the protected areas in Osa
Conservation Area, Costa Rica] / Céspedes-Agüero, Margarita Victoria; Finegan, Bryan; HerreraFernández, Bernal; Delgado-Rodríguez, Luis Diego; Velásquez-Mazariegos, Sergio; Campos-Arce, José
Joaquín. (CATIE. Manejo y Conservación de Bosques Tropicales y Biodiversidad, Turrialba, CR <E-mail:
A methodology for the design of ecological conservation networks was developed and applied in an area
located between La Amistad Biosphere Reserve and Osa Peninsula in Costa Rica. The least cost-path
approach was used to connect core habitat areas selected as high priority using a spatial multi-criteria
analysis, in a 444.437 ha area. Criteria for the selection of the most stable structural connectivity
networks were identified by means of an analysis of historical changes in landscape structure and land
use transitions, using Landsat TM images covering a 16 year period (1987, 1997 and 2003). The final
network connects six protected areas, and is made up of forest fragments covering 34.479 ha, plus a
mosaic of seven other land uses covering 30.986 ha.
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Publicación no.: 354 El monitoreo de la efectividad del manejo de corredores biológicos: una
herramienta basada en la experiencia de los comités de gestión en Costa Rica [Monitoring
management effectiveness for biological corridors: a tool based on the experience of management
committees in Costa Rica] / Canet-Desanti, Lindsay; Finegan, Bryan; Bouroncle-Seoane, Claudia;
Gutiérrez, Isabel; Herrera-Fernández, Bernal. (CATIE, Turrialba, CR <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail:
Biological corridors are conservation strategies that aim to re-establish connectivity over fragmented
landscapes. Their objective is to conserve biodiversity and maintain ecosystem functions that provide
ecosystem services to people. BC management processes in Costa Rica have already generated valuable
lessons regarding the ecological, social, political and economic implications of BC implementation.
Systematizations of eleven successful BC were carried out and analyzed using the community capitals
framework. As a result, a standard that allows managers and researchers to determine the advance in
the effectiveness of BC management was designed.
Publicación no.: 355 El monitoreo ecológico como herramienta de manejo para la conservación: bases
conceptuales y estructura del Programa de Monitoreo Ecológico Terrestre en Áreas Protegidas y
Corredores Biológicos de Costa Rica [Ecological monitoring as a conservation management tool: the
conceptual basis and structure of the Ecological Monitoring Programme for Costa Rica’s Protected Areas
and Biological Corridors (PROMEC-CR)] / Finegan, Bryan; Céspedes-Agüero, Margarita Victoria; Sesnie,
Steven E; Herrera-Fernández, Bernal; Induni-Alfaro, Gustavo; Sáenz-Méndez, Joel Cris; Ugalde-Gómez,
Jesús; Wong-Reyes, Grace. (Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza. Programa
Manejo Integrado de Recursos Naturales, Turrialba, CR <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail:
National-scale monitoring of protected areas and biological corridors is necessary for the effective
management of complex, ever-changing and poorly known ecological systems. Also is now a condition
for meeting the obligations of the Convention on Biological Diversity. The PROMEC-CR is being
implemented by the National System of Conservation Areas of the Ministry of Environment, Energy and
Telecommunication. In its first phase, the Program will evaluate the conservation status of biodiversity
at the national scale through three indicators focusing on, respectively, cover and fragmentation of
natural ecosystems and their rates of change, and the effectiveness of protected areas management. At
the same time, six additional indicators will be developed and tested, these providing a more integral
evaluation of biodiversity covering key aspects of biological corridors, fauna groups and forest dynamics.
The grave threat raised by climate change will be monitored directly by one indicator and as an explicit
component of the monitoring of all the others.
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Publicación no.: 356 Consequences of environmental service payments for forest retention and
recruitment in a Costa Rican biological corridor [Consecuencias de los pagos por servicios ambientales
para la conservación forestal y el establecimiento de un corredor biológico en Costa Rica] / Morse,
Wayde Cameron; Schedlbauer, Jessica L; Sesnie, Steven E; Finegan, Bryan; Harvey, Celia A; Hollenhorst,
Steven J; Kavanagh, Kathleen L; Stoian, Dietmar; Wulfhorst, J.D. (Auburn University. School of Forestry
and Wildlife Sciences, 3301 Forestry and Wildlife Building, Auburn, AL 36849, US <E-mail:
En: Ecology and Society (ISSN 1708-3087), v. 14, no. 1, AR 23 [online]. 2009.
Compensation to landowners for forest-derived environmental services has gained international
recognition as a mechanism to combat forest loss and fragmentation. This approach is widely promoted,
although there is little evidence demonstrating that environmental service payments encourage forest
stewardship and conservation. Costa Rica provides a unique case study in which a 1996 Forestry Law
initiated environmental service payments and prohibited forest conversion to other land uses. We
examined these novel policies to determine their influence on landowner decisions that affect forest
change, carbon services, and connectivity in a 2425 km² biological corridor. We used Landsat images to
compare land-cover changes before and after 1996, and linked these data to landowner surveys
investigating land-use decisions. Carbon stocks and storage in secondary forests were also examined.
Forest change observations were corroborated by landowner survey data, indicating that the 1996
Forestry Law and environmental service payments contributed positively to forest retention and
recruitment. Socioeconomic conditions also favored forest protection. Rates of natural forest loss
declined from -1.43% to -0.10%/yr after 1996. Forest cover and connectivity were maintained through
tree plantations and secondary forest recruitment, although forest heterogeneity increased as these
forest types sometimes replaced natural forest. Carbon storage in secondary forest approached levels in
primary forest after 25-30 yr of succession, although few landowners retained natural regeneration.
Secondary forests will persist as minor landscape components without legal or financial incentives. The
Costa Rican experience provides evidence that environmental service payments can be effective in
retaining natural forest and recruiting tree cover within biological corridors.
Publicación no.: 357 Evaluación del hábitat potencial para la danta centroamericana (Tapirus bairdii)
en el corredor biológico San Juan-La Selva, Costa Rica / Chassot, Olivier; Monge-Arias, Guisselle;
Jiménez, Vladimir. (Centro Científico Tropical. Proyecto de Investigación y Conservación de la Lapa Verde
(Ara ambiguus), Corredor Biológico San Juan-La Selva, Apdo. 8-3870, 1000 San José, CR <E-mail:
En: Revista Geográfica de América Central (ISSN 1011-484X), no. 42, p. 97-112. 2009.
Baird's Tapir (Tapirus bairdii) is the largest terrestrial mammal in the Neotropics. It is an important seed
disperser that contributes to the enrichment of species in the forests where it lives. Several ecological
studies on this species have generated knowledge about this discreet species; nevertheless, its
distribution and the size of its populations outside protected wildlife areas sensibly remain unknown.
The purpose of this investigation consisted in proposing a simple methodology of geospace analysis that
allowed realizing a fast evaluation of the potential habitat for Baird's Tapir. Seven variables of the
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ecology of Baird's Tapir were selected, which were evaluated in the San Juan-La Selva Biological
Corridor, using a geographical information system (GIS) program. We estimated the tapir population to
range from 69 to 208 individuals. This is an inexpensive way to assess Tapir's habitat viability when there
is a strong knowledge about the dynamic processes from the ecosystems present in the study area.
Publicación no.: 358 Niche partitioning at multiple scales facilitates coexistence among mosquito
larvae [La partición del nicho en múltiples escalas facilita la coexistencia entre las larvas de mosquitos] /
Gilbert, Benjamin; Srivastava, Dianne S; Kirby, Kathryn R. (University of British Columbia. Department of
Botany, 6270 University Blvd, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, CA <E-mail: [email protected]>).
En: Oikos (ISSN 0030-1299), v. 117, p. 944-950. 2008.
A theoretical dichotomy in community ecology distinguishes between mechanisms that stabilize species
coexistence and those that cause neutral drift. Stable coexistence is predicted to occur in communities
where competing species have niche-partitioning mechanisms that reduce interspecific competition.
Neutral communities are predicted to be structured by stochastic processes that are not influenced by
species identity, but that may be influenced by priority effects and dispersal limitation. Recent
developments have suggested that neutral interactions may be more common at local scales, while
niche structuring may be more common at larger scales. We tested for mechanisms that could promote
either stable coexistence or neutral drift in a bromeliad-dwelling mosquito community by evaluating A)
if a hypothesized within bromeliad niche partitioning mechanism occurs in the community, B) if this
mechanism correlates with local species co-occurrence patterns, and C) if patterns of coexistence at the
larger (meta-community) scale were consistent with those at the local scale. We found that mosquitoes
in this community do partition space within containers, and that species with the strongest potential for
competition co-occurred least. Species with overlapping spatial niches minimized co-occurrence by
specializing in bromeliads of differing sizes, effectively changing the scale at which they coexist. In
contrast, we found no evidence to support neutral dynamics in mosquito communities at either scale. In
this community, a niche-based mechanism that is predicted to stabilize species coexistence explains cooccurrence patterns within and among bromeliads.
Publicación no.: 359 Mammals of Cabo Blanco: History, diversity, and conservation after 45 years of
regrowth of a Costa Rican dry forest [Mamíferos de Cabo Blanco: Historia, diversidad, y conservación
después de 45 años de regeneración de un bosque seco de costarricense] / Timm, Robert M; Lieberman,
Diana; Lieberman, Milton; McClearn, Deedra. (University of Kansas. Museum of Natural History,
Lawrence, KS 66045, US <E-mail: [email protected]> <E-mail: [email protected]>).
En: Forest Ecology and Management (ISSN 0378-1127), v. 258, no. 6, p. 997-1013. 2009.
Reserva Natural Absoluta Cabo Blanco, a strongly seasonal deciduous forest located at the southernmost tip of northwestern Costa Rica's Nicoya Peninsula, was established in 1963 and is the country's
oldest nationally protected reserve. The peninsula has been occupied for millennia and is a heavily
impacted landscape, and, unfortunately, its biotic diversity is among the most poorly studied in Central
America. As part of multiyear studies of the flora and fauna of the region, we assess the changes in
vegetation and the terrestrial mammal community from earlier times to the present day. Through
historical records, interviews with long-term residents of the area, and our studies over the past decade,
we document changes in forest cover, settlement, and land use, and assess the changes in species
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diversity and in mammal species' abundance. We then discuss the ecology of the mammal species on
the peninsula, emphasizing the role that humans have played in influencing population levels. After 45
years of protection, the forest structure of the 3100 ha reserve differs markedly from that observed in
the early 20th Century and it is quite heterogeneous. Species diversity of both the native vegetation and
the mammals is substantial in the regenerating forest. The known mammal fauna included at least 37
species of non-flying mammals and 39 species of bats. Six species (Geoffroy's Spider Monkey, Giant
Anteater, White-lipped Peccary, Central American Red Brocket Deer, Baird's Tapir, and Jaguar) have
been extirpated from the reserve. Poaching of game species continues and will be difficult to eliminate
completely. Nevertheless, with regenerating habitats, coupled with protection of wildlife,
reestablishment of the reserve's native species has been dramatic both in terms of species diversity and
abundance. The reserve is not in a defaunated condition. Many mammalian frugivores, seed dispersers,
and/or seed predators are common and most top mammalian predators are present. We present
several testable hypotheses regarding the significance of this mammalian community in the context of
other Neotropical forest mammal and plant communities. Rapid expansion of tourism in this region has
the potential to affect the reserve adversely. In recent years, the reserve has served as an important site
for teaching tropical biology courses. Small reserves, such as Cabo Blanco, even if not connected to
larger protected areas through corridors, provide critical habitat for native flora and fauna, a source of
genetic stock, and valuable regional teaching and research sites.
Publicación no.: 360 Detecting changes in habitat-scale bee foraging in a tropical fragmented
landscape using stable isotopes [Detección de cambios en el hábitat a escala de forrajeo de las abejas
en un paisaje tropical fragmentado, utilizando isótopos estables] / Brosi, Berry J; Daily, Gretchen C;
Chamberlain, C. Page; Mills, Matthew. (Stanford University. Department of Biology, 385 Serra Mall,
Stanford, CA 94305, US <E-mail: [email protected]>).
En: Forest Ecology and Management (ISSN 0378-1127), v. 258, no. 9, p. 1846-1855. 2009.
As the body of research on the ecosystem service of pollination grows, our ability to tackle a range of
agricultural, conservation, and land management issues is limited by our understanding of pollinator
foraging patterns and requirements. In particular, better knowledge of which habitats bees utilize for
foraging over their lifetime would inform a range of applied and theoretical questions Traditional
methods of studying foraging are either impractical for insects (e.g. radio tracking) or else are limited
spatially or temporally (e g. observations by researchers). Here we describe a method for using stable
isotopes of carbon and nitrogen from bee tissues to gain an integrated signal of which habitats a bee has
foraged in over its lifetime, using three species of social stingless bee (Apidae: Meliponini) in a
fragmented tropical forest landscape in southern Costa Rica as a test case. There were strongly
significant differences in the carbon and nitrogen isotope signals of bees collected in the landscape
extremes: the largest forests and largest open pastures in the region. We could not estimate
proportions of dietary carbon and nitrogen derived from different habitats, however, due to the high
sample variance. Still, isotope ratios reflect a signature of the habitat that a bee has foraged in, and we
found significant relationships between foraging patterns and season, landscape context (proportion of
forest surrounding sample sites) and local biotic context (bee and plant diversity and abundance).
Landscape context was the most consistent factor among the analyses, in line with the idea that
meliponines do not preferentially forage in deforested habitats. Bee and plant diversity and abundance
showed various significant relationships with the isotopic values of the different species, but the
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patterns were inconsistent. These results are potentially consistent with habitat switching from pasture
to forest in areas of greater competition, but the extreme spatiotemporal variability in resource density
likely blurs these patterns.
Publicación no.: 361 The impact of tropical forest disturbance and conversion of insect diversity in
Costa Rica, Central America [El impacto de la perturbación de los bosques tropicales y la conversión de
la diversidad de insectos en Costa Rica, América Central] / Gormley, Lorraine Helen Lillian. (University of
Wales. School of the Environment and Natural Resources, Bangor, LL57 2UW, GB <E-mail:
[email protected]>). Edinburgh: The University of Edinburgh, 2001. Dissertation, Ph.D., The
University of Edinburgh (United Kingdom).
The effects of anthropogenic forest disturbance on leaf litter invertebrates are investigated in a
fragmented landscape in northern Costa Rica, Central America. Altogether, 16845 ants (Hymenoptera:
Formicidae) and 1877 beetles (Coleoptera) were sampled from 500 pitfall traps. Samples were collected
over a gradient of human disturbance with two field sites being located in each of the following land
uses: primary forest (as a control), logged primary forest, secondary forest, Gmelina arborea plantation
and cattle pasture. There were marked gradients in microclimate and vegetation structure over the
gradient. Ants were collected from five subfamilies and beetles from 26 families. Both ant and beetle
species composition and abundance changed with land use. Ants were significantly more abundant in
pasture than in all other land uses, whereas beetle abundance was greatest in logged primary forest and
primary forest and lower in all other land uses. Ant and beetle species richness was also significantly
different between land uses, with the two invertebrate groups demonstrating similar patterns of change
over the gradient. Examination of b - diversity revealed lower similarity between control sites and sites
of greater disturbance. Patterns of species composition were analysed for the ant and beetle
assemblages, and cluster analyses using Morisita's Index showed clear groupings by land use and degree
of human intervention. TWINSPAN analyses revealed the varying species responses to forest
disturbance. Many species of ants and beetles were found to be specific to particular land uses or
groups of land uses. These 'indicator species' may be useful in future assessments of forest disturbance.
Disturbance effects on species composition were mediated by six important environmental and physical
variables: tree species diversity, litter biomass, soil temperature, soil pH, soil organic matter, altitude
and slope. Multivariate analyses revealed the importance of soil organic matter levels, tree species
diversity and litter biomass in defining the primary and logged forest ant and beetle assemblages, while
changes in soil temperature and soil pH were shown to be important factors in defining the plantation
and pasture assemblages.
Publicación no.: 362 Diversidad genética del árbol de caoba (Swietenia macrophylla) (Meliaceae) en
cinco sitios sucesionales del Parque Nacional Santa Rosa / Céspedes-Castro, Maguil. San José:
Universidad de Costa Rica, 2001. 50 p. Tesis, Mag. Sc. en Biología, Universidad de Costa Rica, Sistema de
Estudios de Posgrado en Biología, San José (Costa Rica).
Se presentan los resultados del estudio de la variabilidad genética en Swietenia macrophylla (Meliaceae)
en un gradiente sucesional. Se genera información que pueda ser utilizada en el desarrollo de
estrategias de conservación y manejo del género Swietenia ssp., tanto a nivel local como regional.
Localización: Biblioteca Luis D. Tinoco: Tesis 21169.
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Bibliog

Fragmentación del hábitat y corredores biológicos: una bibliografía

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