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1 2 . 5
8 5 MA
MANUAL FOR THE CONSTRUCTION
OF
HANDDUG DRINKING WATER WELLS
IN
SARVODAYA VILLAGES IN SRI LANKA
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SARVODAYA RURAL TECHNICAL SERVICE
MANUAL FOR THE CONSTRUCTION
VILLAGES IN SRI LANKA
(SRTS)
OF HANDDUG
DRINKING
WATER
WELLS
IN
SARVODAYA
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1.
INTRODUCTION
1.1.
Preface
In the context of Sarvodaya.'s efforts to build a new person, a new
village and a new society, Sarvodaya is concerned to assist the people
in
satisfying
the ten basic human needs, i.e. environment, water,
clothing,
food,
housing,
health,
communication,
fuel,
education,
spiritual and cultural needs.
The Sarvodaya Rural
simple solutions to
Technical Service (SRTS) has been asked to find
the problem of adequate and safe drinking water.
The actual situation of the drinking water supply in Sri Lanka is as
follows: Only about 20JC of the total population have access to safe
drinking water. In the rural areas, the large majority of the people
obtain their daily requirements of water from shallow wells or surface
sources, which are not sanitarily protected, hence the quality of the
water is highly questionable. Often there is in addition the problem
of these sources drying up during the dry season, especially in the
dry zone of the country. As a consequence of this poor situation, it
is not surprising that 40% of the hospital beds are occupied by patients
suffering
from
water
related
bowel
diseases. Outbreaks of cholera
epidemics etc. are common, not to mention even the large number of
people
weakened
by
intestinal
parasites
like
amoeba, worms, etc.,
without being aware of it.
The main
are:
problems
on
the way
to a lasting improvement of this situation
to create an awareness among the villagers of the relation
good health and safe and adequate drinking water.
to motivate, educate, organize
take water supply projects
and
to finance the cost and to implement
to maintain the new
train
the
people
to
between
under-
the project
installation
This manual deals with the technical aspects of constructing handdug
£omm^jn£_ty_we_l^s_ with the assistance of Sarvodaya and its Rural Technical
Service. It is not a textbook which covers all the relevant aspects
in depth, but a working manual which sets out some basic principles
and design standards applicable to all Sarvodaya drinking water well
projects.
It is Sarvodaya's policy to promote the sealing of the dug wells and
the installation of a handpump for maximum protection of the precious
groundwater. Handpump installation and maintenance will bp rlpalt
with
in a separate manual, in more detail.
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1.2.
Decision Making Flow Chart for the Construction
Sarvcdaya Villages with SRTS-Assistance
of a Community Well in
FLOW OF INFORMATION
IN
Villagers-*—General Sarvodaya
Activities
COOPERATION
WITH
Gramodaya Worker
Health worker
others
Committee/Shramadana Society
Request to District Coordinator
Site visit by SRTS worker
(Preliminary survey)
Gramodaya worker
villagers
1
«
project not feasible
project technically feasible
and fitting into construction
programme in district
District Coordinator
SRTS worker
Committee
selection of project
for construction programme
District Coordinate
Committee
letter to committee
I -
RTS-engineer
Donor agency
Financing of project
Family gatherings,
education, motivation,
organization, preliminary
Shramadana work
appointment of caretaker
-—i
Well site selection
Shramadana;
Digging of well
in dry season
Committe
SRTS worker
Preparation of
cement rings by
SRTS
Lining of well with shaft
backfill
Wellhead construction
No handpump to
be installed
District Coordinator !
Gramodaya Worker
Villagers
.Committee
SRTS
Handpump to be
installed
Villagers
Committee
SRTS
Manufacture handpump,
train caretaker
Sarvodaya Workshops
Install handpump
I
Handing over of project
to the villagers
SRTS worker
ca_retaker
District Coordinator
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1.3. Duties and Responsibilities of Parties
of Community liiells in Sarvodaya Villages
involved
in
the
construction
Sarvodaya District Centre / Gramodaya Centre;
Selection of village
Motivation and education work (health, etc.)
Organizing the village and organizing shramadana
with shramadana society and SRTS supervisor).
work
(together
Raising of funds for the project
Promoting installation of handpumps
Sarvodaya Rural Technical Service
Responsible for all ^chnical aspects like
preliminary survey (together with the
the villagers)
Gramodaya
worker
and
supplied
by
construction work (supervision, skilled labour)
supply
of building materials
villagers (e.g. cement)
which
are
not
supply and installation of handpumps
Training of villagers and caretakers for the maintenance phase
Assisting the district
financial aid.
coordinators
and
the
villages in finding
Village
Establishment of Sarvodaya Shramadana Society
Establishment of committee (water committee, development committee)
Selection of well site in collaboration with SRTS worker
Settlement of legal requirements (land, access rights)
Participation in leadership, health, and general training courses
Contribute local building
financial aid.
materials (sand, metal) and try to find
Select caretaker
Do all unskilled labour like
digging and backfilling of wellshaft
assistance for heavy work (placing of rings, etc.)
supply all locally
sand, stones
available
building
materials
like metal,
transports to construction site
Make an informed decision about
If a handpump is to be installed
the installation
of a handpump.
set up maintenance fund
set caretaker for training
Take over the full responsibility
of the finished project.
for
operation
and maintenance
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The Aquifer
Soil formations 'which contain and transport groundwater are called
aquifers. The objective of constructing a well is to penetrate the
soil into the aquifer.
anc
The aquifer functions as a ££n.d]Ji.t^ a s a ^9.L—2^.'
' a s a f-iitHZ ^ o r
the groundwater. These functions depend on the size and the arrangement
of the soil particles.
The bjater_Table
The upper surface of the water, in the aquifer is called the water table .
This is the unpumped water level found in a well. The water table is
usually sloping in the direction of the groundwater flow.
Groundwater Discharge
Under the force of gravity, groundwater finds its way gradually downward, until it .either emerges from the ground as a spring, or returns
below ground into rivers, lakes and the sea. Discharges may appear
in the form of diffuse seepage over a wide area (swamp), or in the
form of a concentrated outflow in a small area (spring).
Quantity of Groundwater
The quantity
on
of groundwater which can be extracted
from a well depends
the properties of the intake area
rainfall
groundwater recharge from nearby rivers or lakes
soil properties (porosity, permeability, etc.)
In general, a well will always yield enough water for drinking purposes,
as long as the well penetrates sufficiently below the dry season water
table.
Quality of Groundwater
Groundwater is usually filtering through very small openings in the
soil, which removes most' of the particles which might otherwise be
suspended in the water. Therefore, groundwater is generally clear,
colorless, with little suspended matter. It does seldom requiretreatment
before use, except when it is extracted close to sources of pollution
such
as latrines. Very often, however, groundwater can be quite
corrosive to metals and even concrete.
Pollution Travel in Soil and Groundwater
Downward travel of bacterial pollution (e.g. from latrines) has seldom
been found to be more than about 2 metres (7 feet). If pollution
reaches the water table, it will generally not travel farther than
approximately 30 m (100 f e e O
in horizontal distance. Wells should
therefore always be located at least 30 m fr.om the nearest source of
pollution (latrine, washplace, e t c . ) .
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Chemical
pollution
(e.g. from insecticides)
three times as far a bacterial pollution.
travels
approximately
Groundwater Exploration
Water can be found almost anywhere under the earth's surface. We do
not have any sophisticated equipment at our disposal to predict the
occurance of groundwater, its yield, etc. However, simple observations
can already provide a lot of basic information:
Observing existing wells will tell about water quality, properties
of soil (rock ) , water table variations, etc.
Surface indications of groundwater;
streams, springs, swamps, ponds
vegetation (green spots in dry season)
animals (white ants)
Ground water is likely to occur under valleys rather than under
hills. Sand and gravel deposits along river banks usually are
very productive aquifers.
In coastal areas, we very often find brackish groundwater, which
may be indicated by vegetation (e.g. salt water grass).
WELL SITE SELECTION
Well sites are selected by the village population or its representatives
(shramadana society) and the SRTS-representative in the district. The
following points are to be considered when selecting a site for a well:
Groundwater available
No hard rock above water table
Above flood level, with good drainage conditions
General access
writing)
rights
during
construction
and
use
secured
(in
Distance to sources of pollution:
at least 30 (thirty) metres or 100 feet from th nearest latrine,
washplace or cattle watering hole, if possible uphill from
source of pollution
Not in a paddy field (pesticides, fertilizer)
Number of houses served:
at least 8 - 1 0
families per well
not more than 50 families per well
Distance to houses to be served:
None of the families served
250 m to the nearest well.
should
have
to
walk
more
than
Number of wells per village:
at least 2, but generally about
4 to 5 y/eljs should be constructed, depending on the population.
A proper well site selection
well project}
is one of the keypoints for a successful
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t\.
WELL^CONSTRUCTION
4. €» g^zQSS)
Drinking
water
wells constructed
with SRTS-assistance are designded
according to the drawings in the
appendix. The design of the well
is quite simple, and the construction does not require highly trained
technicians.
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The following drawings illustrate
the basic sequence of construction.
4.1.
4.1 6° 33®
Digging of Well
Important;
reach bottom at
end of dry season
the
dig
at least
1 .5m
(5 feet) below the
lowest water level
always
provide
for
rapid . emergency exit
(e.g. robe ladder)
HARD, STABLE SOIL
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Diameter = 1.5 m
or concrete ring
diameter + 40 cm
(whichever
minimum
waterlevel
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LOOS
SOIL
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Rings sink
further
down
Excavation at
bottom
minimum
water level
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r
ISO
1
4.2;
Construction of Wellshaft
1
4. 2. g» sag $ j 23S®
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drawing No. 2
- always
use
try pod
to
lower
the
rings
(if
rings
not
cast
directly
into
well)
site
at
make
rings
whenever
or
nearby
involve
possible
(to
the
community
and
to avoid long transport)
in hard soil, wellshaft
can be cast directly
in well
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^
LOOSE
HARD
standard
Filterring
(see
drawing No. 2)
§CJjd O O
OiSCic^ J^S®:
Backfill with stones %" - B"
(fiterpacking)
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Concrete seal, min. 5cm thick
around wellshaft
2. c e d e sos) b/--f-6*<;3te!3o®esf ScJSa
4.
Minimum
5.
Normal
6.
Backfill with compacted soil
(backfill
in
stages
along
with building up of wellshaft)
7.
SOIL
©^ 0 »
SOIL
waterlevel
water
level
Seal the E^fJiSii
mortar 1:3
Second
ring
connecting
to apron
in
well
in
well
joints with
from
top with
reinforcement
Top
ring
with
socket
nice fit to cover)
(for
10.
Bottom
ring
with
cutting
edge
in
loose
soil
(fill
clay in concrete mold)
11
Filter
metal
g" to 2" in
sandy soil to prevent excessive sanding of well
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4.3.
Construction of Wellhead
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(For well head, see standard drawing
No.
3) •
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1.
Plant grass
around well
2.
Place hardcore
(rubble stones)
3.
Drainage
should
off the wellhead
4.4.
Installation
and
live
fence
around
apron
go
of
2. §]5325> Ol3>t6 ?&QZ>d <3<^(39 ® 3 3 ? » .
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min, 5m
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4 . 4. egfeesa^cca caSzSS®;
Important;
For
coverslab
see
i n s t a l l a t i o n manual
paration)
For
handpump
see
handpump
manual
handpump
(in p re-
installation
installation
Make
well
cover only when
handpump-is ready for installation (you need the pumpframe
to make the cover)
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handpump
installation
only
if
explicitly
requested
by
the
users
(after
health
education classes)
J^M^
ii
mi-*
ic atec
wellcover with .manhole
and pumpframe
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6.5.
Desinfection_of_U)ell
Desinfection with clorine solution
is an absolute requirement after
construction and after installation
cf a handpump. The procedure is
decribed in form B in the appendix.
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(Standard ."5 can be reached directly or in stages from standard 1)
Ge ner_£l_D e scr ^p ti on
The groundwater is tapped by digging
only
(e.g. unlined wellshaft in
hard soil; water hole with access
path in sand).
Health Aspects
Construction standard (1) is characterized as follows:
Lining of wellshaft, raised headwall, watersealed drainage apron,
drainage
to
sufficient
distance
from well.
In construction standard (2) the
well
is partly covered. Through
a small opening water is drawn
with a winch. The remaining opening
is covered when the well is not
used. Bucket and rope are fixed.
The construction standard (3) is
similar to (2), but the well is
completely sealed, and for waterlifting a handpump is installed.
This handpump is preferably made
of
locally
available
materials
to make village level maintenance
possible.
By fixing a single bucket in the
well
preventing
ground
contact
of
bucket
and
rope,
pollution
hazard F) can be effectively reduced.
Studies have shown that this standard can be as effective in preventing
health hazards as standard
(3), especially if during prolonged
breakdowns of a handpump traditional
unprotected water sources are used.
A good handpump, correctly installed,
liiii prevent all hazards _A_^ _t£
Fj_. Suction pumps should be avoided
because they require priming with
clean ( I ) water from time to time
(and clean water, might just not
be available).
The totally unprotected water source
may be easily polluted by
A)
rain and drainage water washing
in pollutants from the surroundings; the wind blowing in dirt.
B)
Collaps of shaft, small animals
in well (frogs, etc.)
C)
Feet of users
D)
Straying animals
E)
Accidents
F)
Using, individual buckets (buckets
and rops may be infected by
hand and ground contact).
G)
Vandalism
H)
Close proximity to soak pits,
latrines, cattle watering holes,
etc.
Construction standard (1) already
eliminates a number of pollution
hazards, namely
A),B),C),D), and
reduces E ) . This type of well is
still easily polluted by mechanisms
F) and G ) .
Experience shows that this construction standard effectively maintains
a relatively high standard of health
only with small user groups (e.g.
single families).
H) can only be eliminated
with
proper
well
site
selection
Pump break downs carry a double
risk for water infection: Directly
when the repairs are done improperly without the necessary cleanlyness;
indirectly,
if
during
prolonged
breakdowns
traditional
unprotected water sources are used.
(for all well types)
Maintenance
Depending on the situation, a continous but easily understandandable
maintenance is necessary (additional
digging in times of drought, reexcavation after collaps, removing
of rubbish, etc.)
The necessary maintenance for construction standard (1) is minimal
(cleaning of drainage apron, possibl
-y yearly cleaning of well).
In
addition
to
the
maintenance
work necessary for standard (1),
standard
(2)
wells
necessitate
£o_mmuna_l maintenance of water lifting equipment (bearings of winch,
rope, bucket). This communal.maintenance requires a certain degree
of community organisation and common
sense
of
responsibility,
which
might require intensive andthorough
educational and motivational work.
In
addition
to
the
maintenance
work
necessary
for
standard (ijl
handpumps must be well maintained
and always kept in working order.
Even if the pump is designed for
simple
village
level maintenance,
a considerable awareness for the
problems
related
to organization
and financing of the pump maintenance
is
necessary
among
the
users. The required degree of organization
and committment of the
community
to
the
water
supply
installation is appreciably higher
than in standard (2).
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Ccadca.
Sarvodaya
Rural Technical' Services (SRTS)
APPENDIX TO UIELL CONSTRUCTION
MANUAL
Standard Drawings;
No. 1
Sectional
drawing of a finished
well
No. 2
Concrete rings (full ring, filter
including list of materials
No. 3
Wellhead, including list of materials
ring)
Forms;
^orm
A
Preliminary
Survey
for
Villages
proposed
Form
8
Disinfection of Drinking Water Well
for Wellprogrammes
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Sarvodaya
Rural
Technical
WELLPROGRAMME
Service
D R I N K I N G WATER
WELL
Plan No. W - 1
Date: Sep 84
Scale: approx. 1:20
Drawn: US
Amendments:
FULL CONCRETE RING
FILTER RING
WEIGHT
WEIGHT 350 KG
350 KG
MIXTURES: 1:2:3
MIXTURE: 1:2:3 (cement.sand:metal%')
full concr.
1:4 (cement: metal &"- V )
filter concr.
full concrete
filfer
a
concrete
•full concrete
NOTE If norebat rings to form spigot and socket
are available, rings may also be made with
flat top and bottom sides. Flat joints will
require special attention for cleaning and
mortaring during construction of wellshaft.
Spigot
(downside, bottom)
Socket
(upper side,top)
The top ring of the well should have a
socket, however, to fit the cover nicely.
(use a wooden template if you have no rebat ring )
Sarvodaya
Rural
Technical
Service
Wellpropamme •
Prefabricated ConcreteR/nqs
\^j—
Plan NO. fV - 2
Date:
Sco/e-
S*fit. 8<t
/
20
Drown
••
(JS
Amendment:
48 /1 / &S, (l ft
•LIST
OF
MATERIALS
Full concrete rings
1
cement
4/5 bag= 4 pans
sand
80 L
metal, *"
• "
ring
=10 pans
105 L =13 pans
10 rings
8 bags
18m
= 4 kg
.1
ring
10 rings
4/5 bag = 4 pans
8 bags
800 L
22 L
= 3 pans
220 L
1'050 L
45 L
= 6 pans
450 L
11'5 L
=15 pans
1'150 L
. i - i"
reinforcement
rods, 0 6 mm
Filter rings
18m
40 kg
40 kg
= 4 kg
GENERAL POINTS OF IMPORTANCE
cast rings in shady place
mix concrete on a mixing platform, use only little water
place moulds on even and clean surface
oil the mould, specially the faces which come into contact with concrete
(use vegetable oil)
centre inside mould with rebat rings or wooden spacers for equal wallthickness (remove wooden spacers during casting!)
pour concrete some 10cm deep at a time and compact by tamping
rod and pounding the mould with a wooden piece
with re-
wash the outside of the moulds and the bolts immediately after concreting
mark date of casting on top o-f the ring
remove moulds only 24 hours
in place for at least 3 days
after casting, but leave the concrete ring
cover the rings with wet grass, leaves or bags
cure the rings 3 times a day for at least one week
transport the rings not before one week
upright position
of setting, transport always in
give special attention to the offloading (e.g. use
the rings from the trailer)
strong
timber to roll
SPECIAL POINTS FOR FILTERRINGS
filter material has to be sieved (£" to ?"), preferably metal from filterbed
if it contains organic or clay particles : wash them out
when casting filterrings :
first pour full concrete (1:2:3), 10 cm deep and compact
then pour filter concrete (1:4), 40 cm deep (but only 10 cm at
a time, and compact before pouring the next 10 cm)
at last pour full concrete (1:2:3), 10 cm deep and compact
CONCRETE RINGS CAN ALSO BE CAST DIRECTLY IN WELL
precast filter rings outside of well and place with tripod (other
solution: cast a ring which is only 20 - 30 cm high, lower it into the
well, level it carefully so that it can be used as guidance for the rings
cast into the well)
then cast concrete wellshaft directly in well (at a speed
per day; or if you have 2 moulds, you can even do 2 per day)
of one ring
advantages of'in situ' casting:
less transport
no leaky joints, stronger shaft
no special attention to curing required
maximal involvement of villager's' in the wellconstruction
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Form
SRTS drinking water Well Programme
DISINFECTION OF DRINKING WATER WELLS
Preventing contaminated wastes from entering the well water is a more
effective strategy in the long term for rural areas than disinfecting
the water before it is used. (Such preventive measures are: location of
well sites, e.g. off latrines, etc., sealing of well head and shaft to
prevent any surface water etc. from entering, safe extraction = handpump).
Disinfection is however essential after the well has been constructed.
Open, handdug wells are particularly a risk for contamination during
construction by well diggers. Disinfection should not only consist of
disinfecting the well water but also the well-shaft and pump. Below, a
simple and easy way of disinfection of the completed well incl. handpump
is described.
Disinfection of well shaft:
Prepare a solution by dissolving ca. 100 gram (i pound) of tropical
bleaching powder ( 25-35 % ) in one bucket ( 10 It. = 2 gal. ) of
watsr and scrub the entire well shaft and the inside of well head
with this solution.
Disinfection of well water, filter rings and package:
The amount needed to disinfect the well water is 100 gr. of bleaching
, powder per
1 m3 • of water (one ring holds approx. 300 L' of water,
or 3 rings hold approx. • 1 m3 of water). The powder is dissolved in
water like above and then poured into the well. The water in the
well must be well agitated to ensure good mixing (e.g. circulate
the water with engine pump).
The strongly chlorinated water is left in the well for at least 12
hours. During this time the water should not be used. After this
time the water is pumped to waste until the odour of chlorine
disappears.
Disinfection of handpump:
Prepare a solution to disinfect the well water as described above
and pour it into the well. Operate the handpump till the chlorine
odour appears at the spout, then re-circulate the water back into
the well for at least one hour.
After 12 hours
the well water
disappears.
the
is
handpump is brought into operation again, and
pumped to waste until the odour of chlorine
Keep in mind that this one time disinfection will not keep the well water
sterilized or more that a few days. So take all necessary measures to
keep any co-ntamination away from the well by sealing up the well head,
keeping the surrounding clean, keeping the drainage channel clear, keeping
the animals off the apron by a fence, preventing people from washing at
the well site and instructing them to operate the handpump with
cr-c,
attending promptly to any repairs required.
SRTS Drinking Water Well Programme
Form
ea. © i . 2553. »cS. eszftca d c S ° OIQSSOJO^
£ ©otoSca
Preliminary
Survey
for Villages
proposed
for
Wellprogrammes
g . O^QeaCtozn eaqt03©ca:f3zs>e)®®3255©c?§)<33» CS®25B«S>C3
Name o f V i l l a g e :
03©® 255®
District/Area:
SeJzJstejca/goifesca
Gramodaya Centre responsible:
Population:
Infrastructure:
Sarvodaya Activities/Previous
«6©S:J<;ca saO^s? ^ S
25
Shramadana:
* todtn c ^ <9®^255:
Present Water Situation:
»2S>0 g©ca:fd255c30 cozrfzro d g e c i
dfitosSca;
Are t h e r e t r a d i t i o n a l w e l l s ? .
ODOSoSza 6 " z3®S^ 25H<ft "255 ©CO?
Are t h e r e p l a c e s w i t h p o s i t i v e s i g n s f o r g r o u n d w a t e r ?
Cg©Z5> 6Q<S tf2553255,23 ®QS> ©O^S]®2ad2S5 cSOiTSi z9®Sc^
Any reliable spring available?
©203Q@<J255 Cd0235* z9©3^?
Yield : ..
d(3g©3«Sca
Months of dry season :
3cig zsjcta oSzSzo ©oes
Who made the request
Remarks
for the well programme ?
: . . .
Name o f S u r v e y o r
C3§25»2»c33©Gf 255©:
:
Date :
?2550»:
Situation
plan
of the village
(handsketch, not to scale)
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and
the
8 8 3 ® 8 g S « j aidd®zsS
proposed
well
sites
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