Part I - Young Chinese: The students
Transcription
Part I - Young Chinese: The students
Project China 2008 is a non-profit student project that takes place during the course of one year, involving twelve students from the Royal Institute of Technology and Stockholm School of Economics. Since the beginning in 2003, it has now grown to become Sweden’s largest international student project. The aim of the project is to provide meeting opportunities for Chinese and Swedish companies and students. This is done through a series of events in Sweden as well as in China throughout the year. As a vast country with the world’s largest population, it is not possible for us to delve into all aspects of China. This Project Book aims to explore one of the most important aspects to both Swedish students and companies – the young Chinese. In a globalizing world, they will interact with us sooner or later, whether as fellow students and colleagues, or as future employees and competitors on the global job market. Thus, the purpose of this book is to provide an introduction to the Chinese education system and its students today, as well as an insight to the young employees in various Swedish firms in China. We hope it will be of interest not only to our fellow Swedish students and our Partner companies, but to everyone curious about the modern young Chinese today. Enjoy! © Project China 2008 Stockholm, August 2008 Text: Project China 2008 Layout: Vincent Vennberg Cover image: Zhang Kan Photos: Yu Lei, Zhang Kan, Wong, Kang Le, Yuan Fang, Mao Yu from the Communication University of China and Project China 2008 Print: Brommatryck&Brolins AB, Sweden Preface Preface China is a country too vast to comprehend, too diverse to completely grasp, too interesting to let go and today, too important to ignore. It is far beyond our reach to give a full description and analysis of all aspects of this country, and the aim of this book is to simply shed some light on a few of the issues facing China today and in the future. 2008 is both domestically and globally a year of great importance to China. China will not only host the Olympic Games for the first time in history, the country has also faced its biggest earthquake in 30 years. The economy is still growing at remarkable speed, but the country has already overtaken the US as the world’s largest producer of carbon dioxide emissions and sustainable development is a critical problem. In the midst of all these aspects are the young Chinese, those born after the Reform and Open up-policy was established 30 years ago. They are already now changing the cultural, social and economical landscape, and they will shape this country in the years to come. In our opinion, understanding their present situation and future development will contribute to understanding future and present China in a different context. We have strived to make the book an interesting, current introduction to young Chinese people, focusing on their role as students today and as employees, managers and entrepreneurs tomorrow. The book is based partly on recent literature, but mostly on interviews in China and Sweden, in order to provide as complete and multi-faceted a picture as possible. We hope everyone with an interest in China will enjoy reading this book, with special regard to the students at the Royal Institute of Technology and Stockholm School of Economics. We also hope all our partner companies will enjoy the reading, because without you all this would not have been possible. Finally, we would like to thank everyone who has contributed to this book in any way, whether it be with time, knowledge, material or opinions. This book is a collective result with the help from all of you. www.projectchina.se 3 Table of contents Part I - Young Chinese: The students 1.1 Little Emperors 9 10 The Chinese one-child-policy generation is criticized for being spoiled and too dependent on their parents, but the society places enormous pressure on them as well. 1.2 The road to university 14 “China is a crazy country, but craziest of everything in China is without doubt Gaokao; the Chinese entrance examination for higher education!” – Le Kang, student at the Communication University of China 1.3 Education systems in the face of globalization 24 Who will be assigned to design your new mobile phone? A comparative view on the differences between the Chinese and Swedish education systems, as well as its students. 1.4 Meet the young Chinese 44 Young Chinese men and women share their opinions on both personal and social issues. Part II - Young Chinese: The employees 2.1 Introduction and background 57 58 The Chinese universities churn out huge numbers of university graduates, and yet, there is a severe shortage of qualified labor force on the Chinese employment market. 4 Table of contents 64 2.2 Case studies Insights through real-life examples from Swedish companies in China. 64 Stora Enso 65 Sandvik 66 Ericsson 68 IKEA 69 Atlas Copco 70 Vinge 72 2.3 Conclusion 74 References 76 About Project China 2008 82 Kinabloggen Selected blog posts from the China Blog on Svenska Dagbladet’s website. 102 Acknowledgements 5 Introduction Introduction Year 2008 is China’s year. For the first time in history, China will host an Olympics, and the capital has gone through a rapid, transformation in preparation for this event. The country’s economic development is still continuing in a remarkable pace, and China now has the largest number of Internet users in the world, after having surpassed the US. Internationally, it is now an increasingly important actor on the global political and economical arena, with all the rights and responsibilities this entails. But outside of the Olympics, China has also had to deal with many problems. Some of these have come in form of natural disasters, of which there has been no shortage. The snow storm during Chinese New Years, the flooding in southern China and above all, the devastating earthquake in Sichuan, have had enormous consequences that China needs to resolve in several years to come. The country also faces increasing social and economical problems, with the steep price inflation directly affecting millions of people’s daily lives and the social gaps widening day by day. All these aspects of China, and many more, are issues that need to be discussed and dealt with. But at the core of everything, these things need to be done by people. This year is the 30th anniversary of the beginning of Deng Xiaoping’s Reform and Open up-policy. During this relatively short time, China has gone from a tightly controlled planned economy to a flourishing market economy, whose growth rate outpaces most countries. China has developed a relatively well-functioning legal system in these 30 years, and a financial market in the last 10-15 years. China is one of the largest Foreign Direct Investment recipients in the world, and has the largest foreign reserve in the world. Even though large social gaps persist, around 300 million people have been lifted out of poverty, and in large cities like Beijing and Shanghai, many people enjoy a Western living standard or better. But now China is facing both a generational and a demographic shift. The people that have brought about China’s development these past decades will soon leave room for the new generation, the ones born and raised in a burgeoning market economy. Because of the one-child policy, which begun in 1979, the family constellation in China today has changed drastically from one generation to the next. 4-2-1 is an apt description of the situation today, where the first one-child policy generation is starting to build their own family. One child has to support both parents, as well as the two pairs of grandparents, which can lead to over-indulging the single child, as well as placing an enormous amount of pressure on him or her. And these young men and women are not only the future political leaders in this country, they are also the driving force in China’s future economic development. They are China’s future employees, employers, managers, entrepreneurs and global leaders, and to everyone with an interest in China, it is essential to know what influences and drives them. In this 6 Introduction globalized world, there are a variety of factors, such as friends, family, social values, international influences and so on. However, we have chosen to focus on the education system. Education plays a large role in all young people’s lives, but it’s of significant importance in China especially. Because of the life-determining exam results and the amount of time spent on studying, education is one of the most defining parts of the lives of young Chinese. And in a globalizing world, a national education system with over 323 million students1 is something whose influence stretches beyond national borders. Today’s Chinese students will enter the global job market in the future, together with today’s students from Sweden and the rest of the world. From Swedish students’ point of view, these Chinese students are not only our future colleagues but also, directly or indirectly, our future competitors. Thus, the first part of the book discusses the changing demands on modern education today, and explores the faults and merits of the exam-centered, highly competitive Chinese education system. In a comparative perspective, our own Swedish education system is discussed as well, in order to provide a more nuanced view. Bluntly put, how do we compare to our Chinese counterparts? When these young Chinese students enter employment, most of them will enter a rapidly changing, paradoxical Chinese job market. On one hand, the deluge of university graduates has led to an intense competition for qualified jobs, and employment is an increasing concern even amongst students at top school. On the other hand, China is facing severe employment shortages in several industry areas, which in a long-term perspective risks stunting the country’s economic development. This is something all foreign companies in China have to factor in and adapt to, whether recruiting managers, qualified employees or skilled laborers. At the same time, all these young Chinese employees are, in a sense, results of the Chinese education system. Naturally, there are many more aspects of the human resources issue in China, but for Swedish students and companies alike with an interest in China, this is an introduction to the topic. Thus, the second part of the book focuses on case studies of a few Swedish companies in China, in order to provide further insight into the Chinese job market and the young Chinese employees. 7 Part I - Young Chinese: The students 8 Part I - Young Chinese: The students Part I - Young Chinese: The students 1.1 Little Emperors 10 The Chinese one-child-policy generation is criticized for being spoiled and too dependent on their parents, but the society places enormous pressure on them as well. 1.2 The road to university 14 “China is a crazy country, but craziest of everything in China is without doubt Gaokao; the Chinese entrance examination for higher education!” – Le Kang, student at the Communication University of China 1.3 Education systems in the face of globalization 24 Who will be assigned to design your new mobile phone? A comparative view on the differences between the Chinese and Swedish education systems, as well as its students. 1.4 Meet the young Chinese 44 Young Chinese men and women share their opinions on both personal and social issues. 9 Little Emperors 1.1 Little Emperors One world, one dream, one child The one-child policy is a unique but controversial measure, launched by the Chinese government as a part of the Reform and Open upprogram in 1978. Its effects and consequences have been subject to heated debate in both China and abroad. On one hand, it has been praised as one of the factors facilitating the rapid economical development in China. According to government demographic experts, the policy has prevented some 300 million births2 lowering the number of children per woman from 2,75 in 1979 to 1,7 today.3 Even if China still has a large population in both relative and absolute numbers, many of the consequences of severe overpopulation have been reduced or avoided. On the other hand, the one-child policy has been heavily criticized for making Chinese people resort to selective abortion of female fetuses, skewing the ratio of men and women in rural areas especially. In a relatively short time, it has also altered China’s demographic distribution, where a shrinking number of people of working age will support an increasing number of retired and elderly people. It has also caused great individual pain through forced abortions and heavy fines on families giving birth to more than one child. Families with two or more children are still fairly common in the rural areas, but the rigid enforcement of the one-child policy in urban areas has resulted in a whole generation of young Chinese being raised without siblings. Approximately a 100 million Chinese are estimated to have grown up as only children in a standard family constellation of 4-2-1, with four grandparents, two parents and one child. The only child shoulders the hopes and dreams of two generations, and in a time of increasing living standards and a skyrocketing economy, parents and grandparents lavish attention and resources on this one person. Thus, the young Chinese generation, spoiled by overprotecting parents, is often ridiculed as “Little Emperors”, an epithet that refers to their selfcentered attitude and alleged inability to compromise and socially interact. 10 Little Emperors Culture clash The young Chinese generation grew up in a world entirely different to their parent’s generation. They do not know the pre-1978 hardships of political and social turmoil, international isolation and famine. They are shaped in an atmosphere of greater individualism, with international influences and increasing material standards. The new Chinese generation does not belong to the same culture as any generation before it, and this has resulted in some intergenerational friction. Young Chinese are often accused of being spoiled and too dependent on their parents. Stories about parents following their child into the room at job interviews are not rare, and even after employment, the parents often buy an apartment for their child or continue to pay for their living expenses. “Kids these days are self-centered dreamers incapable of handling conflicts”, a middle-aged policeman in Beijing mutters. The little emperors may be fortunate in many aspects, but they have to endure a lot to please their enthusiastic supporters. From a young age, their lives become a struggle to achieve the academic results and acquire the skills needed to boost their chances in the future. Parents carefully design the lives of their only child, and the obsession for investing in children’s capabilities has made education one of the fastest growing markets in urban areas of China. According to research by the China Academy of Social Sciences in 2004, Chinese parents spend up to 50% of their total household income on their child.4 Delegations of Chinese middle-class mothers can be seen at American Ivy League university campuses, showing their children where to study in twenty years. It is not easy being a little emperor. And the criticism against the little emperors may not be entirely fair. “We may be spoiled and we do not like to endure hardships as our parent generation did. But we are more internationally oriented, we are more open to new things and we have dreams and visions.” Wang Fang, a student at Beijing Art Academy says. “Don’t judge us by the standards of yesterday!” 11 Little Emperors Creating a prodigy “When I grow up”, Chen, a seven-year old boy living in Shanghai says, “I want to be a driver.” His father laughs and replies quickly. “If you are going to be a driver, you must be a Formula One driver!” Despite his young age, Chen has already finished the curriculum of the fifth grade in compulsory school. In the private school he attends, he is the youngest child in his grade and yet one of the top students. After the final examinations each year, the children are divided into different classes depending on their test score. As Chen’s next goal in life is to enroll into one of the top private junior high schools in Shanghai, he has to work hard in order to defend his position in the elite class. Every morning, his grandmother picks him up and takes him to school, where he studies Chinese, Mathematics, Classical Chinese and English. School starts 7.45 a.m. and he does not return home until 6.30 p.m. After dinner he starts his tightly scheduled evening session of homework assignments. Chen’s skills are not confined to academic performance. In his spare time, which is essentially limited to weekends, he attends courses in oral English, Olympic Mathematics, badminton and piano. “You need other skills than just performing well on standardized tests”, Chen’s mother says as Chen’s fingers dance across the piano keyboard. He used to take courses in salsa dancing as well, but his ambitions in this field were abandoned when his private Olympic Mathematics teacher asked him the rhetorical question: “Are you going to dance yourself through the entrance examination for junior high school?” The salsa course was replaced by an additional hour of mathematics and a Saturday in Chen’s life is now scheduled as below: 09.30 – 12.00 Olympic Mathematics course 13.00 – 15.00 Essay writing course 15.00 – 16.00 Piano lesson 17.00 – 19.00 Dinner 19.00 – 21.00 Badminton class Asking his parents, the final goal for Chen is to enter a good university in Shanghai to become a valuable resource to the society. “The competition is fierce and you don’t want your child to be left behind from the start. We know he has to endure a lot of pressure but we have no choice”, his mother says. “We want to provide him with the possibilities to choose his own course of life, but in order to do that, you need to be competitive.” Chen is a top achieving young boy, but he is far from exceptional in Shanghai. For a middle class family, spending a 12 Little Emperors significant part of the family income on the child is rather common. “One of our neighbors is a girl, who at the age of five already has cleared the fifth level proficiency test in piano”, Chen’s mother admiringly says. She then tells us about another neighbor’s efforts to optimize her chances of giving birth to a talented baby. “She is in her sixth month of pregnancy, and has quit her job to stay at home and let the fetus listen to recordings of advanced English conversation and classical music, while she eats lots of fish oil to enhance the brain development of her future baby.” Finishing the primary school curriculum several grades in advance is necessary for enrollment into a renowned private primary school. Studying at a good primary school increases chances of enrollment into a good junior high school which in turn is necessary to get accepted into a good high school. A good high school provides optimal environment for passing the university entrance examination and a university degree is the best guarantee for good employment. The race starts from early pregnancy and getting onto the right track from start is essential to surviving the competition. Chen does not seem to be noticeably affected by the pressure and expectations. He laughs, plays and chatters happily, and as soon as he gets some time over – which is not very often – he amuses himself with his portable Playstation, playing didactic games with episodes from the curriculum of Chinese history. When asked about his favorite university – is it Harvard, Oxford or Tsinghua? – Chen seems somewhat upset. “I haven’t even passed the entrance examination to junior high school yet. Do you think I have time to think about university?!” 13 The road to university 1.2 The road to university Make it or break it “We are used to this, we can handle stress. Our entire education is focused on high performance on examinations; this is not the first time.” The high school student looks surprisingly calm, but determined, as she heads for lunch break during the first day of Gaokao - the Chinese Entrance Examination for Higher Education - at the Renmin University Affiliated High School. Hundreds of restless parents are nervously waiting outside the school while their children leave the building in pajama-like school uniforms. The air is thick with expectation and anxiety. Gaokao is one of the most pressure-filled entrance examinations in the world. The performance during these two days of frenetic writing and calculating more or less determines a student’s entire future. In China’s booming economy, the competition for attractive employment is fierce. Since a degree from a prestigious university is still the best job guarantee, Gaokao has become an intense battleground for striving young men and women. Public examinations have a long history in China. The imperial examinations determined admission to the state bureaucracy, and they were used for 1300 years until their abolishment in the beginning of the 20th century.5 Academic performance is, in other words, something deeply ingrained in Chinese society, and these meritocratic values contribute to the massive pressure put on the children facing Gaokao. That the one-child policy has created a family situation, where the hopes and dreams of two generations are placed on one child, is another source of pressure related to the test. Since many parents invest the largest part of their time and income on their only child, Gaokao is a critical event that determines the future of the entire family. Students with outstanding Gaokao results can expect admission to one of China’s top universities; the rest find places in provincial universities or shorter educational programs in colleges. Only about 28 % of the examinees are enrolled into four-year 14 The road to university university educations, while another 28 % enroll into vocational schools or technical educations. In other words, over 40 % of the examinees, or more than 4 million hard-working high school students, are not admitted to any institution for higher education beyond high school. As Gaokao is held only once a year, giving the exam a second try means one more year of stressful preparations. Usually, about one third of the exam takers are Gaokao repeaters.6 For those who cannot afford another year of preparations, Gaokao is definitely a make-it-or-break-it event; failure means failing their parents’ expectations, and facing an uncertain and harsh future as a blue-collar worker. For students from less affluent Chinese families, a university degree is one of their few chances to a better life. “Had I failed Gaokao”, Wei Xiao, a student at the Beijing University of Foreign Languages says, “I would have ended up as a factory worker or a housewife. Preparing for the test, I knew Gaokao was my only chance to a good and interesting life and I also knew my parents’ future would depend on my test score. It made the pressure unbearable. I was depressed and paranoid and I even avoided drinking too much water as I didn’t want to waste any time going to the toilet. Without the mental support from my teachers and parents I don’t know what would have happened. My Gaokao story had a happy ending, but for me, Gaokao is still not a positive memory”. 15 The road to university Birth control pills, diverted flights and endless cramming Preparing for Gaokao requires rigid self-discipline, perseverance and all the support possible from family and teachers. Due to its central role in Chinese society, there is a growing industry emerging around Gaokao, with everything from expensive prep schools with high-qualified teachers to nutritionists designing optimal meals for the best possible performance. According to students in Beijing, it’s not uncommon for examinees to use birth control pills in order to delay the period, during which time academic performance risks being reduced. In some cases, desperate parents are said to have provided their children with ADHD medication or other cognitive enhancers, in order to improve their concentration and focus on studying. During the Gaokao period, there tends to be a show of sympathy and support in the entire society for the examinees. The night before Gaokao a lot of construction work around the country is suspended, in order not to disturb sleeping students. In Anhui province, a group of parents managed to make local politicians divert flights from an airport near the test site, because the noise might disturb the students.7 Other reports include police running red lights in order to send an examinee to the exam site in time, and even authorizing breaking into an optometrist’s office to fit a pair of glasses for an examinee.8 For most high school students about to take the exam, the year before Gaokao is a year of rigorously planned days, usually with 12 to 16 hours of studying each day. Preparing for Gaokao leaves little room for entertainment or hobbies. “I studied until midnight and woke up 6 a.m. every day the year before Gaokao. I promised myself not to sleep more than six hours a day and through diligence, I made it”, says Beth Zhao who took the test in 2005. 16 The road to university A social stabilizer “In teaching, there should be no distinction of classes.” This Confucius quote implies the important role of Gaokao as a social stabilizer. The national entrance exams are, at least theoretically, an equal chance for all students to measure their pre-academic skills against each other. The best-prepared are selected to enter the prestigious universities, an achievement that will increase their chances to reach a privileged position in society. During examination it is your cognitive skills and accumulated knowledge from years of preparations that will determine the outcome; your class or background is irrelevant. This sense of justice is one of the reasons why the Chinese, especially the poor, so broadly embraces Gaokao, since they regard it as the only way out of their situation. The stress and psychological suffering of the young competitors is considered outweighed by the symbolic value of a fair race. “In modern China, Gaokao is the fairest way to measure a student’s talent. It is a safeguard for children from poor families and an opportunity of great symbolic value to them. This in turn stabilizes society by conveying a sense of justice to these people”, Peng Wei, a student at Peking University says. Unfair Gaokao However, admission to renowned universities through Gaokao is not a fair process. The public universities operating directly under the Ministry of Education are the most prestigious. When recruiting students these universities are allowed to reserve up to 30 % of their places to candidates from the region in which the university is located. Consequently, to be accepted to top universities such as Tsinghua, Fudan or Peking University, you need significantly higher Gaokao scores if you come from rural areas or underdeveloped regions, since the key universities often are located in developed urban areas. The fierce competition in some provinces mean only the very best and brightest are accepted to top schools in e.g. Beijing, whereas their local classmates have much lower Gaokao results, and thus sometimes less academic talent. “The regional discrimination is undermining the sense of fairness. I think it is some kind of regional protectionism but I cannot understand what it is good for”, says a student in Beijing who wants to be anonymous, as this issue seems to be very sensitive. Another problem with Gaokao are the limitations on parallel applications. “The scores come back two weeks after the exam, but you still don’t know if it will 17 The road to university be enough for admission to your primary choice. You can apply to one school as your first choice, but if your scores are insufficient you may not be able to apply to your second choice because the application period has expired. Then you have to enroll in your third or fourth choice instead. You have to examine the scores required for enrollment the previous year, and then carefully consider your choice”, Shi Ying, a student at the Beijing Foreign Studies University, explains. “It’s a gamble. It’s like switching lines when queuing, but then your new line turns out to be longer than the last one. You have to calculate the risks.” Rote-learning and regurgitation The inevitable consequence of Gaokao is an exam-oriented education system. Since only the Gaokao score determines university admission, any activity outside the Gaokao curriculum is often considered worthless. A commonly held view is that the test teaches the children merely to rote learn and regurgitate. In addition, Gaokao-preparations keep children away from extracurricular activities and hobbies. “In high school I was obsessed with preparing for Gaokao, I spent all day trying to solve problems faster and more accurately. My parents had to force me to participate in sporting activities at school and I joined them only reluctantly”, Andy Wang, a student at the Beijing Foreign Studies University says. The Gaokao system may be successful at finding children with the best capacity to rote learn and to reproduce information, but it is merciless to those who cannot. Michael Pettis, an American professor of Finance at Peking University denounces the test, as it screens out students with other intellectual abilities than rote learning. Thus, it reduces a 18 The road to university diversity that is so badly needed on the Chinese university campuses. ”Doing any research on your own is a complete waste of time, trying to think differently is a complete waste of time. The only thing that matters is what is on the exam and what is considered right answer on that exam. The rigidity of the Gaokao-centered education kills the creativity of the Chinese students. It is a terrible waste.” Shi Ying agrees, “I think students should thrive in an environment where they can cultivate their own talents and abilities. Unfortunately, preparing for Gaokao leaves no room for that.” The disadvantage of the exam–oriented education system induced by Gaokao is a concern for the Chinese government, and in recent years, alternative ways of admission to top universities have been encouraged. Small numbers of students with outstanding national achievements in science, technology, liberal arts, languages or sports can be hand-picked by the universities without going through the Gaokao process. Test yourself! Gaokao Mathematics The mathematic test of Gaokao consists of two parts; multiple choice questions and questions of the problem solving type. These are the multiple choice questions from the 2007 Gaokao. Depending on the time limit on the problem solving part, the time limit for this part is approximately 30 to 40 minutes. Gaokao Mathematics 2007 1.Determinesin(a)inthefourthquadrantiftan(a)=Ͳ5/12? A. 1 5 B. 1 5 C. 5 13 D. C. 3 2 D.2 a 1 i =realnumber.Determinea. 2. 1 i a A. 1 2 B.1 3.Whatisthecorrelationbetweenthetwovectorsa=(Ͳ5,6)andb=(6,5)? A.Theyareperpendiculartoeachother B.Neitherperpendicularnorparallel C.Parallelandpointinthesamedirection D.Parallelbutpointinoppositedirections 19 4.Determinetheequationforthehyperbolicfunctionwiththefocalpoints(Ͳ4,0)and(4,0)? 5 13 C.Parallelandpointinthesamedirection D.Parallelbutpointinoppositedirections The road to university 4.Determinetheequationforthehyperbolicfunctionwiththefocalpoints(Ͳ4,0)and(4,0)? x2 y2 4 12 A. 1 B. x2 y2 12 4 1 C. x2 y2 10 6 1 D. x2 y2 6 10 1 5.If a, b R ,and ^1, a b, a` A.1 b ½ ®0, , b ¾ then (b a ) ? ¯ a ¿ B.Ͳ1 C.0 D.Ͳ2 x y 1 % 0, 2 withthedistance tothelinexͲy+1=0 x y 1 0 2 ¯ 6.Determinethepoint,locatedwithin ® A.㸦1㸪1㸧 B.㸦Ͳ1㸪1㸧 C.㸦Ͳ1㸪Ͳ1㸧 D.㸦1㸪Ͳ1㸧 7. AA1 2 AB intherectangularparallelpipe ABCD A1 B1C1 D1 . Determinecos(a)ifaistheanglebetween A1B and AD1 ? A. 1 5 B. 2 5 3 5 C.2 2 D.4 C.5 D.6 C. D. 4 5 1 log x andf(2a)–f(a)= ,thendeterminea? 2 1 , f ( x) 8.If a A. 2 B.2 n § © 2 9. ¨ x 1· ¸ Forwhichnistheexpressionaconstant=15? x¹ A.3 B.4 10.Thefunction y 1 tan ( a ) 2 4 x hasitsfocalpointinFanda”quasiͲline”inl.TheanglebetweenthexͲaxisandalinethroughFis 3 . ThepointinwhichthelineintersectswiththefunctioniscalledA,thepointonlinelwiththesamexcoordinateaspointBis calledK.( AK A l , )CalculatetheareaofƸ AKF . A.4 B.3 3 C.4 3 20 D.8 tan 1 ( a ) 3 . ThepointinwhichthelineintersectswiththefunctioniscalledA,thepointonlinelwiththesamexcoordinateaspointBis calledK.( AK The road to university A l , )CalculatetheareaofƸ AKF . A.4 B.3 3 C.4 3 D.8 11. f ( x) cos 2 x 2 cos 2 x .Inwhichintervalhasthefunctionapositiveslope? 2 A.㸦 ʌ ʌ , 㸧 3 3 B.㸦 ʌ S , 㸧 6 2 C.㸦 0, ʌ 㸧 3 D.㸦Ͳ ʌ ʌ , 㸧 6 6 Source:www.hengoian.com Hopefully right-handed - In order to avoid injuries, many high schools suspend sporting activities for Gaokao-students. Nevertheless, accidents happen. 21 The road to university The Essay Question At the end of the Chinese exam is an essay question, which has to be answered in 800 characters or less. In a very limited time, an average of 40 minutes according to a Chinese student, you have to write a text in which you frequently cite old poets, make historical parallels and use beautiful language. The topics are diverse and unspecified, challenging the imagination of the student. Here are some examples from recent years from different provinces: Liaoning 2005: “This year’s flowers are redder than last year’s.” Jiangsu 2005: “In ancient times, an essay was described as having “the head of a phoenix, the body of a hog, and the tail of a leopard”.” Shandong 2005: Win-win wisdom. Students were presented with a fable about a carpenter having his life saved by the stonemason he was competing with.9 Shanghai 2007: “This ditch must be crossed”10 These pictures, dealing with mistakenly amputated body parts are from the essay question of the 1996 Gaokao. The student was asked to choose one of the pictures and start writing. Below is an example of an essay. “Operation of hand with six fingers and Wrong amputation” The two pictures are different but share the same message. They are both caricatures of irresponsible doctors who amputate the wrong parts of their patients. I prefer “operations of hand with six fingers”. Using something small, namely a finger, it presents a number of important issues. It gives you a comfortable feeling because it does not deal with the problem directly. In contrast to “Wrong amputation” which deals with the problem in an uncomfortable and straightforward way, leaving no room for your own interpretation. The writings of Lie Zi from the Chunqiu Dynasty are of tremendous beauty as they handle the art of negotiation with sharp subtleness. The writings’ beauty stem from that subtlety, they’re never loud, nor do they ever shout or scream to get the point across, instead they use quick language to ridicule the opponent by insinuating the message. A lotus flower about to bloom is beautiful because of its subtlety. It’s beautiful because it does not show its full magnificence but hides it within, like a beautiful woman covered by a thin cloth. Subtlety is beautiful. ZhuZiQing’s “Lotus in the moonlight”, proves this. The novel by Lusun proves this and so does the sculpture “thinking man”. Just like the lotus and the Lie Zi writings “operation of a hand with six fingers” is simple and precise. Without any unnecessary information it conveys its message accurately. The incident preceding the amputation is left to the imagination of 22 The road to university the viewer. Conversely, “Wrong amputation”, leaves no such room for such free interpretation and due to this, it has lost its “touch”; it lacks finesse. Watching the picture “operation for hand with six fingers” is like sipping fine tea or sampling a delicate liqueur. The beauty lies in the taste, the memory of the taste and the memory itself. Gaokao: Loved and hated Gaokao embodies China’s pre-academic education system during those two stressful days in June. It embodies the masses of diligent students in a fierce competition, the individual rote-learning and non-interactive teaching, the stress, pressure and expectations but also the care and support from loving parents. Due to its traumatic and demanding character, Gaokao is often criticized for being an obstacle for improvement of the Chinese education system. On the other hand, Gaokao symbolizes fairness and equal chances for everyone. Perhaps, Gaokao could be considered a necessity in modern China, or as Andy Wang, the Beijing Foreign Studies University student puts it: “Despite all its defects, Gaokao is necessary in order to rank the millions of students who want to cross the narrow bridge to higher education. It is the best we can do in the present situation. In China, there are always more people than chances.” 23 Education systems in the face of globalization 1.3 Education systems in the face of globalization Although globalization can be defined in a variety of ways, it is widely agreed that it concerns the increasing flow of products, money, people and information across national borders, and the consequences of this development. In terms of education, globalization is gradually shaping a growing, globally integrated market for knowledge and learning, where competition and adaptation are increasingly important aspects. On an individual level, this is the situation faced by the Chinese and Swedish students entering the global human resources market today. The world is not only getting flatter, but also smaller, and the lives of young people in modern societies will increasingly affect that of their global peers. In order to better understand China and Sweden’s competitive conditions in the global job market, this section discusses the role of each country’s education system and the skills and knowledge needed to succeed in a globalizing world. Education in the globalizing economy In a rapidly changing world, driven by technological innovation and globalization, the requirements on education are changing. New kinds of skills and knowledge are required, and the role of education is being redefined. An expert on the issue of new educational demands is Andreas Schleiser, Head of the Directorate for Education at OECD. OECD outlines the characteristics of four types of jobs, based on required skills: Routine manual, non-routine manual, routine cognitive and non-routine cognitive jobs. According to Schleiser, in the West, the demand for manual skills is declining in a globalized economy, but the sharpest decline is in routine cognitive jobs. The cognitive skills that these jobs require can easily be computerized or outsourced to regions with lower labor costs, e.g. customer support for American companies in India. Conversely, the future belongs to those with interactive and social skills as well as nonroutine cognitive skills, because both are necessary. The latter is required for work in unstructured fields, where new, complex problems without obvious solutions need to be solved. The somewhat abstract issue is nevertheless of importance to students today, since they are to face technology not yet developed and work with problems not yet defined. Adaptation and the ability to process new information is becoming increasingly important in the immense complexity of the globalizing world, or as Schleiser concludes: “Success will go to those individuals and countries which are swift to adapt, slow to complain and open to change”. 24 Education systems in the face of globalization Long-term aspects of education OECD is an organization that strongly emphasizes economical development. Keeping this in mind Per Thullberg, Director of the Swedish National Agency for Education, discusses another essential aspect of education. He underlines the role of education as a tool for the personal development of the individual. “The objectives of education should not be confined to the supplying of the skills being demanded in the society and economy at the time. It should provide the individual with the ability to pose the right questions, commit to society and understand different cultures and contexts. Through education we have to form a conscious society where people think independently, in a responsible long term perspective.” Thullberg certainly has a point. Making yourself and your company successful in financial aspects is one thing, putting your actions into a wider ethical perspective seeing how these impact other people and the environment is another. As business school students, it is sometimes easy to forget the balance between short-term and long-term education impacts and needs. When taking this aspect into consideration, the concept of education expands from a matter of international competition for individual countries to a global matter, crucial to the future of humanity. Knowledge as a commodity, creativity as a scarcity According to OECD, in 2015 the supply of university graduates in China alone will exceed the number of graduates from the European Union and the US together. In recent years there has been a worldwide explosion of institutions for higher education, churning out millions of graduates ready to enter the global employment market. In his book “A Whole New Mind” from 2005, American writer Daniel Pink repeats the arguments posed throughout the 20th century, ascertaining the end of the information age and the advent of the conceptual age, where creativity is becoming increasingly important. Historically, society has developed in a progression from a society of farmers to a society of factory workers to a society of knowledge workers and now, “we are progressing yet again – to a society of creators and empathizers, of pattern-recognizers and meaning-makers”. The main driving forces behind this progression are, according to Pink, the abundance of commodities and services, including automation as well as Asian mass-production of university graduates. 25 Education systems in the face of globalization Can a computer do it faster? Can someone do it cheaper? Is what I am offering in demand in an age of abundance? These are questions both companies and individuals need to consider today. For Western students considering routine cognitive jobs, at least the two first answers are “yes”. In other words, the abilities required for meeting the demands of the conceptual ages are creativity and outside-the-box-thinking rather than the ability to retain knowledge. Fredrik Härén is a Swedish entrepreneur working with stimulating creativity, who has lived in both China and India. He points out the importance of being curious about the world, and optimistic about the future. “I asked a group of Swedish students in Jönköping if they thought Sweden in the future was going to be a better place to live in than today and their answers startled me. 70 % of the students answered negatively to this question. It is this lack of optimism and visions that scares me the most. Not only does this negative attitude impede creativity, we need to have dreams to keep developing our country. Once we lose our ability to dream our society will stagnate and, inevitably, fall behind.” 26 Education systems in the face of globalization Not merely buzzwords To summarize, the skills required in the globalizing economy are the abilities to process and adapt to new information. An education system should provide the tools necessary, but also provide the student with a framework for being a responsible member of the global society. Additionally, creativity, curiosity and optimism are features crucial to retaining and stimulating development, in order to be a successful individual in a globalizing world. Politicians and opinion makers often use these hackneyed buzzwords to embellish their slogans. When turning to literature and the innumerable philosophers who have devoted lifetimes to profoundly study these subjects, a more nuanced and complex picture of intellect, creativity and education emerges. However, this section should be regarded as a humble attempt to summarize a representative spectrum of opinions in the current debate on the role of education in the globalizing world. Who would be assigned to design your new mobile phone? After a remarkable expansion of its higher education system, China has the largest university student population in the world today. Every year, Chinese universities churn out 5 million graduates, further increasing China’s global share of highly educated work force. Concurrently, the Chinese government invests strategically in education, innovative industries and research. According to OECD, the absolute figures of Chinese investments in R&D was ranked number four in the world after the US, EU and Japan. If this investment is related to GDP, China’s figure of 1,3 % is low compared to Sweden’s 4 %, but it is rapidly increasing.12 When we look at China and Chinese students, it tends to be with awed trepidation. The notion of the hard working, disciplined and determined young Chinese going through rigorous academic training from early childhood is daunting. Will we Swedish students be able to compete with them in the global job market? The question was posed to Lars Leijonborg, the Swedish Minister for Higher Education and Research. He does not seem to worry about the Swedish students’ competitive advantage. “China is 10 to 20 years behind us when it comes to creativity. Competition is not about sheer rote-learning, our students are better at critical thinking and dare to do more”, he says, emphasizing the paramount importance of investments in education and research. 27 Education systems in the face of globalization Rote-learning Chinese students firmly inside the box versus creative Swedish students able to take initiatives – Lars Leijonborg’s firm opinion should come as a relief for Swedish students. But not all Swedes are as optimistic as the minister. According to Fredrik Härén, the creativity guru, Swedish students should be more concerned about their future. He sees the danger of a nonchalant, arrogant attitude towards the developing world, and his arguments loom large for Swedish students. Split opinions? Fredrik Härén (to the left) and Lars Leijonborg (to the right) seem to disagree. “There is not a single reason for a large international company to hire a Swedish student, when there are hundreds of thousands of students in China and other developing countries who have read the same books and have the same knowledge as the Swedes. Thanks to their curiosity and their strive for knowledge about the world, they know both their own culture and the Western culture while Swedish students are totally devoid of knowledge about Asian culture. On top of this, they work for 18 SEK per hour. Tell me, who would be assigned to develop your new mobile phone?” This somewhat disturbing question for Swedish students was brought to China for evaluation. “Designing a mobile phone” is an apt metaphor for research, development and value-creating innovations. Fredrik Härén’s question can thus be rephrased: Will the young Chinese be able to transform China into a superpower in terms of education, research and innovation, and how can Swedish students compete with their Chinese counterparts? The education system of a country is one of the most important factors in fostering a new generation of industrial leaders, entrepreneurs and innovators. It has to provide the economy with human resources equipped with the adequate skills, knowledge and mindset for retaining a global competitive advantage. The future of all countries, including China and Sweden, is to a large extent formed in the schools and universities. Thus, analyzing the education systems and the debates on educational reforms in China and Sweden could give us a clue to an answer to Fredrik Härén’s question. 28 Education systems in the face of globalization The shift in Swedish compulsory education In the 1960s, Sweden was one of the leading nations in the field of education. Swedish 15-year olds performed among the best in the world on the OECD tests in mathematics and reading. But since then, Swedish ninth-graders have consistently scored relatively lower compared to other countries, and today, Sweden has completely lost its position as a top-performing educated nation. Professor Inger Enkvist, one of the most prominent voices in the debate on the Swedish education reforms, is deeply disappointed with the Swedish education policy makers. According to her, Swedish education policies have been pervaded with ideology rather than scientific and empirical knowledge. The reforms have been based on an anti-authoritarian conviction and a romanticized perception of children’s innate ability to learn independently. As a result, the authority of teachers has been dismantled, and knowledge and self-discipline have been set aside. Personal development has been prioritized at the cost of knowledge. School has lost its role as an institution that teaches children the rules of society, and “the focus is on the process, not the product”. These are harsh words, but Inger Enkvist is far from alone in pointing out the insufficiencies of Swedish education in these respects. Rote learning and creativity – not a dichotomy The critics of Swedish education system gained support from a recent OECD study, the Program for International Student Assessment (PISA). PISA is an internationally standardized assessment jointly developed by the participating countries and administered to 15-year-olds in the schools of these countries.13 The study from 2006 showed that the widely held notion of rote learning and creativity as incompatible abilities could be a fallacy. The tests were designed to gauge scientific knowledge, as well as problem solving abilities through applying a scientific approach of reasoning. The results showed that the countries scoring highest in scientific knowledge also turned out to be the best at problem solving. The Swedish Minister of Education Jan Björklund expresses his view on rote learning and creativity. ”There is no mutual incompatibility between creativity, critical and independent thinking on one hand and deep knowledge on the other. Critical thinking is not about constantly disagreeing. It is to challenge and question other people’s theories on the basis of your own knowledge.” “We thought we were world leaders in the field of creativity, but the OECD studies showed we Jan Björklund were wrong.” Declining interest for Natural Sciences Another burning Swedish education issue is the declining interest for Natural Sciences amongst young students. Jan Björklund is concerned about Sweden lagging behind China and India, countries with a yearly increase in numbers of 29 Education systems in the face of globalization graduated engineers. ”Sweden is going in the opposite direction. Natural Sciences and Mathematics skills are declining, together with Foreign Languages studies.” Henry Stenson, Head of Group Function Communications at Ericsson agrees, arguing that this problem eventually forces Ericsson to outsource research and development to China: “We want to stay in Sweden and attract different nationalities but there is a severe shortage of engineers. In China, 50 % of the students choose the Natural Sciences Program in High School, whereas in Sweden, the rate is 8 %. We would like to see an increased competition for the engineering courses at university level as well. There are 18 000 engineers working for Ericsson; it is the same number as the number of engineers graduating every year in Beijing only.” Education is a controversial topic, and the definition of a successful outcome is very much a question of ideology. However, countries can no longer afford to be completely independent of global influences today. A comparison with the Chinese education system may not only provide a more multifaceted view on the Swedish education system debate, but also, together with the opinions voiced above, result in a more nuanced Swedish education reform in the future. Chinese education: A fierce competition With its 282 million primary and secondary school students, and nearly 20 million university students enrolled at more than 2200 Institutions for Higher Education, the Chinese student population is the world’s largest.14 Due to its vast size and unevenly distributed resources, the Chinese education system includes the whole spectrum of educational issues, from insufficient access to basic education for the rural children in underdeveloped areas, to huge investments in advanced scientific research at the top-notch universities. But one feature all parts of the diverse Chinese education system have in common is the fierce competition. The huge population, the competition for attractive employment in the booming economy and the larger-than-life importance of a university degree from a highly ranked university force students to live for their studies. “Heilongjiang province has a population of 40 million, and every year around 300 000 of them take the Gaokao exam. How many can go to a prestigious university such as Peking University?”, Huo De Ming, a Professor at the China Center for Economic Research (CCER) at Peking University, asks rhetorically. “30 or 40 a year at the best. You have to work hard; you have to bend your mind. Otherwise, you will not survive in the Chinese education system.” 30 Education systems in the face of globalization Prepare to fight! Otherwise you will not survive in the Chinese education system. 31 Education systems in the face of globalization Educational inequities Over 95 % of the primary, middle and secondary schools in China are public, but it does not mean they are publicly funded. Financing compulsory education has increasingly become parents’ responsibility, and the World Bank reports that 25 – 50 % of the operational expenses are raised at school level. The budgeted funding for education as a percentage of GDP was 3, 2 % in 2001.15 The inadequate public spending on compulsory education results in vast disparities in terms of quality and access to education. Urban schools can charge fees from parents and attract skilled teachers with higher salaries, while rural schools are witnessing a severe lack of resources and teachers. According to a recent survey by one of China’s leading polling groups, urban spending on education exceeds 20 % of a household’s income.16 Money and geographical region decide the chances of accessing high-quality education in China, and this lack of equal opportunities is one of the most essential challenges to the Chinese education system. The Chinese education system: An impediment for innovation? China is the world’s manufacturing workshop today, supplying everything from toys to textiles. To further underpin economic growth in China, the Chinese government has launched educational policies with the aim of fostering entrepreneurship and stimulating the people’s innovation abilities. China aims to outgrow its reputation for copying things, moving towards industrial self-sufficiency and showing that Chinese engineers can compete with their counterparts in the U.S., Japan and Europe in the art of innovation. 32 Education systems in the face of globalization Traditionally, Chinese education has been entirely based on one-way communication. Students read the textbook or note down the teacher’s words. In the Chinese education system, with its conservative social values and strict focus on standardized examinations, activities such as problem solving, critical analysis, independent fact-gathering and experimentation are rare. This style of teaching fails in turn to stimulate the students’ creativity and their ability to take initiatives. The Chinese education system also heavily emphasizes individual learning, which means the students are rarely trained in teamwork. Another concern is that the rapid expansion of the Chinese institutions for higher education has been made at the cost of quality. Thus, there is a frequently expressed concern that the Chinese education system, with its non-interactive teaching and uncertain quality, could halt the economic progress of the country. Copying the Master The Confucian values of filial piety, humaneness and ritual are, despite last century’s dramatic changes, still deeply ingrained into the Chinese society. These values have both positive and negative aspects: education has become the prime mover enhancing the national economic development in East Asian countries, but the two core concepts of the Confucian hierarchical system, authority and obedience, have exerted negative effects on these countries’ higher education, according to Dr. Jeong-Kyu Lee, a Professor whose research topics include globalization and higher education.17 A philosophy of authority and obedience is not particularly conducive to independent, critical thinking in the education system, and the modern Chinese history of social and political turmoil has discouraged freely expressing one’s opinion, further enforcing the Confucian norms of hierarchy. As Johan Björkstén, the Vice Chairman of the Swedish Chamber of Commerce in Beijing explains, “The political turmoil of the Chinese history is closely linked to the Confucian tradition. Expressing your own ideas or opinions during periods such as the Cultural Revolution could be very dangerous. As a consequence of this, Chinese people tend to be reluctant to think in their own ways and express their own opinions.” Despite the Chinese government’s eagerness to stir the innovative thinking of its population, the Chinese universities are still strictly controlled. This is an inherent contradiction in the Chinese education system, since state-controlled academic institutions are one of the factors decreasing the intellectual dynamism the Chinese government is trying to promote. As Johan Lagerkvist, a researcher on China at the Swedish Institute of International Affairs points out, “The individuals who thinks differently, who stands up against social norms and thinks outside the box, it is this type of determined people China needs to further develop the country. Unfortunately, the current authoritarian Chinese education policy spoils the 33 Education systems in the face of globalization innovative atmosphere while simultaneously trying to promote it.” Although learning was an important part of Confucian education philosophy, the main purpose of education was to obtain a privileged position in the bureaucratic system. Chinese education has thus traditionally emphasized memorizing the teacher’s words and replicating that knowledge, and this is still the conventional concept of education in China. The first priority is to avoid mistakes, rather than trying new ideas and failing. One example of this general inability to generate original ideas is the attitude towards plagiarism in Chinese universities. “When going through the papers of the Chinese students, I see a lot of plagiarized material”, Michael Pettis, the Peking University professor says. “Once, a Chinese student handed in a paper in which he had copied three pages of text from a book that I had written! At first, I was astonished, but then I realized that this was something symptomatic for the Chinese view education. The master is considered omniscient and therefore, replicating the master’s knowledge is the best thing you can do.” Having taught at Columbia University in New York in the 1990s, Michael Pettis sees significant differences between American and Chinese education philosophies. “In America, you will not get the highest grade if you agree with your professor; you have to use your own arguments to approach the subject. In China it is the opposite, disagreeing with your professor is a certain way to fail the course.” A test-oriented education system As mentioned, the fierce competition pervades every part of the Chinese education system. Standardized tests are the main yardstick of a student’s academic performance, and to pass the examinations, Chinese students at all education levels devote their adolescence to rigorous rote learning. An education system completely focused on examinations with standardized answers has some major drawbacks. “If the textbook says something is right, students are used to believing it without considering alternative ways of thinking or approaching the problem. Having tests with standardized answers kills the creativity, the independent thinking and the problem solving abilities of the students”, Qun Gu, a senior lawyer at Vinge’s Shanghai office says. “A boy in the class once came to me to discuss a problem in the textbook from his point of view. But I had to tell him not to question what was in the textbook. The textbook is the right answer on the examination and that is actually the only thing that matters. I know what we are doing to the children is terrible, but what else can we do?” a high school teacher in Beijing explains. “It is true that through this system, even the average student acquires a solid foundation of knowledge; an advantage that should not be overlooked. On the other hand, high school students study for 12 to 16 hours a day seven days a week to prepare for the Gaokao exam. There is no time for personal interests or your own research”, she continues, reflecting on public concern over examinations leaving no time for personal development. The examination-oriented education system of China is the ultimate consequence of the underlying factors forming 34 Education systems in the face of globalization the Chinese education system: fierce competition, lack of resources and the tradition of non-interactive teaching and learning. The life-determining consequence of the Gaokao exams forces schools to resort to rigid, inflexible ways of teaching. If one high school moves towards a more open and interactive way of teaching, it will certainly decrease its numbers of top university admissions. This in turn will result in less funding for the school. Abolishing the examinations, on the other hand, would be equal to dismantling the most cost-effective and objective way of ranking the millions of students eager to enter prestigious universities. 600 000 “Engineers” From a Western point of view, the large numbers of Chinese graduates are often a source of fearful fascination. In 2004 the U.S. National Academies released a report, where the annual number of Chinese engineering graduates was estimated to 600 000. In the report - named “Rising Above the Gathering Storm” - the large number of Chinese engineers was put in contrast to the annual output of 70 000 American engineers. These figures caused great concern among American politicians and were widely used to point out insufficiencies in the American education system, as well as being cited as yet another example of China gaining on the U.S. The stunning number of 600 000 engineers was later replaced by the more modest number of 350 000. Researchers at Duke University questioned the definitions of “engineer” and in an exhaustive study in 2005, they reported that many of the “engineers” in the Chinese Statistical Yearbook would have been called “technicians” at the best in the U.S., with the equivalent of a vocational certificate or associate degree. Using the latter number, the quantity of fresh engineers with a Bachelor’s degree per million residents is still larger in the U.S. Thus, extensive definitions and inadequate translations could cause a hyped image of China as the leading producer of highly educated work force; an image often cherished by media with predilections for sensational news. Another aspect that needs to be considered when marveling about the recent years’ deluge of Chinese university graduates is the actual quality of their education. 35 Education systems in the face of globalization Graduation at Tsinghua University in Beijing. 36 Education systems in the face of globalization What about the quality? The expansion of higher education in China has been carried out in a remarkable speed. Between 1998 and 2007 the number of students graduating from Chinese colleges increased from 1,08 million to nearly 5 million18. Despite the five-fold increase in number of enrollments, public spending on higher education has only doubled. As a consequence of the deficient public spending on higher education, lacking resources, large classes and negligible interaction between teachers and students is the reality students at many Chinese universities face. Dachen Cheng, project leader at the pharmaceutical company AstraZeneca in Shanghai, is concerned about the declining quality of the Chinese universities. “Chinese universities fail to provide opportunities for students to gain practical experience from internships and project work. The excessive expansion of the universities has also resulted in fewer resources per student, which has been devastating for the quality of the students. When I studied chemistry at the university I spent my whole last year in the lab, learning basic lab techniques. The chemistry students today merely have a month’s lab experience before graduation. When we hire them, we have to teach them everything from the start, and their lack of practical knowledge and skills is a big problem for pharmaceutical companies trying to establish R&D centers in China.” The Chinese university education’s inclination towards theory is another problem for companies recruiting in China. Andrew Grant at McKinsey analyzes the quality problems of Chinese education. “A lot of learning is very individual in the Chinese system. There’s not a lot of learning in teams, which again is much more akin to real life and what we particularly see in business where you’re solving problems in teams”. Grant says the universities churn out millions of graduates every year, but only a tiny fraction has the skills to work for international companies.19 Michael Pettis adds a critical and controversial observation. “It is easier to teach a foreigner Chinese culture than it is to teach a Chinese university graduate business culture. Both Chinese and foreign companies in China prefer to hire foreigners instead of Chinese graduates for manager positions. Although they cost five times more, they’re also five times more productive, and therefore still considered more costeffective.” 37 Education systems in the face of globalization Wanted: More innovation in the education system Hu Jintao, the Chinese Prime Minister, mentioned the word “innovation” 46 times in his opening speech at the 17th National Congress held in October 2007.20 The drawbacks of rote-learning and test-oriented teaching are serious concerns on a national level in China, and the government is eager to unleash the creativity of its population and improve the quality of the graduates. New educational approaches, placing the student in the center of classroom activities to increase the interaction between teachers and students, have been encouraged in recent years. Quality education is a new buzzword in Chinese education debates now. In 2001, the Chinese Ministry of Education issued the Compendium for Curriculum Reform of Basic Education. A transition towards a more integrative and active way of learning was emphasized, by “shifting from students learning passively to students developing capacities to process information, obtain new knowledge, analyze and solve problems, and communicate as well as cooperate with others.”21 The Beijing Foreign Studies University student Chen Li has observed the efforts to improve the quality of education at her university. “Both the university and the government are trying very hard. We have increasing numbers of group assignments where we practice teamwork, and we are constantly told to “think outside the box”. Funny situations often occur though, since the old teachers are not used to the new style of teaching”, she says laughing. Frederic Cho, Head of Asia at the HQ Bank in Stockholm, observes the concern of the Chinese government. “A central challenge for China is to maintain economic growth of a higher quality with the help of innovations. But the Chinese feel they are not as good in this field as they should be. India has its IT but China still cannot compete with the Western world when it comes to innovations and this is a matter of concern for the Chinese government.” Christer Ljungwall, a Swedish guest researcher at the China Center for Economic Research at Peking University does not wholly agree on this point. He sees the governmental efforts of promoting innovative thinking and capital-intensive industries in China as a matter of political prestige, rather than a necessity for the economy. “The comparative advantage of the Chinese economy – now and in the near future – is labor-intensive production. The central challenge for the Chinese economy is how to create jobs for the huge numbers of workers. China is still a developing country and needs investments in human capital corresponding to its level of development. The question is rather, is there a real need for the millions of engineers produced at the universities all over China? The investments in higher education and high tech industry are to a large extent a matter of political prestige. One symptom of this unbalance is 38 Education systems in the face of globalization the fact that it is very difficult to get an employment corresponding to your level of education in China. Even with a Ph.D. from a top university such as Peking University, you are not guaranteed anything.” Huo De Ming agrees, emphasizing the education system as a result of the level of economical development and not vice versa. “China is not yet at that stage where they have enough resources to afford more creative and innovative education. An examination is the minimal resource spent on education and that is what China can afford in its current stage of development. Creativity is a judging criterion only if the society can afford it.” Is the lid going to blow off? Chinese education is facing numerous challenges and problems. Will the story of China rising end with labor-intensive production or will China be able to realize its ambitions of becoming an innovative superpower, despite the insufficiencies of its education system? Talking to Fredrik Härén the Chinese leaders can be calm and confident. The Chinese education system has its drawbacks, but it will not affect the development of creative thinking in young Chinese minds. Fredrik Härén predicts a burst in Chinese creativity. “My prediction is that China will become the most creative nation ever in history 20 years from now, becoming the most prominent exporter of popular culture, design and trends. Internet and international influences have provided the Chinese youngsters with new opportunities and possibilities to express their creativity. Those younger than 27 years are very creative, given the right environment to flourish in. In addition, international companies in China are investing huge amounts in educating the Chinese employees in creativity. The society is changing, or as a director of an art academy I interviewed expressed, “the lid is going to blow off”.” Fredrik Härén thinks the role of education is being exaggerated. “Most creative people cultivated their creativity outside school. Family and friends are just as important, and those environments have changed most drastically in China.” Another optimist is Frederic Cho. He does not regard the education system or the authoritarian rule of China as major impediments for innovation and creative thinking. “Japan, Korea and Hong Kong are very innovative regions 39 Education systems in the face of globalization with similar education systems. If you look at the new Chinese companies, they also show impressive innovative abilities. It is true that it takes more time to learn thousands of Chinese characters than 28 letters, but the role of education should not be exaggerated. China has a tradition of endurance and innovations, an ability to survive. Throughout history, the Chinese regime has been more or less totalitarian but innovations have occurred anyway.” Michael Pettis agrees with Fredrik Härén in his prediction of China as a future exporter of music, arts and fashion trends. “To be a great musician you don’t have to study music…” he says, before completely rejecting the idea of China as a rising superpower in terms of innovation and science. “…but, in order to be a skilled chemist you need to study chemistry. The education system in China is incapable of producing creative scientists. Without addressing the education system, I don’t think China will even be close to catching up with the U.S. in the fields of research and innovation. Just look at the statistics, although China has the largest population in the world, it is not even top ten when it comes to scientific articles in important international journals. China is being hyped and overvalued in the same way as the Soviet Union was in the 1950s, Germany in the 1960s and Japan in the 1980s.” Converging education systems Comparing the education systems of Sweden and China, it is striking how diametrically opposite they are to each other. The Swedish education is said to lack authority and self-discipline. It is criticized for rejecting memorization as an educational tool, instead excessively focusing on the student’s personal freedom and development. The education system is accused of failing to instill basic social and scientific framework into the students. Listening to the Swedish Minister for Education, Jan Björklund, who is responsible for the pending reforms of Swedish compulsory education, the picture of a transition to a more “Chinese” school system emerges. More discipline, more tests, less independent work. Swedish children are going to be more diligent and the goal is to climb the PISA-ladder. Chinese education, on the other hand, is denounced for being too authoritarian and focused on memorization and examinations in a way that suffocates critical thinking and creativity. The challenges largely center on how to encourage innovative thinking and active learning, thus improving the quality of each year’s millions of university graduates. Despite education’s quintessential role in shaping the minds of young individuals in Sweden and China, as well as elsewhere, the influence of each society’s intrinsic characteristics and values should not be overlooked. Media and teenage culture are significant factors in both countries, but the relative freedom enjoyed by young Swedes may lead to extra-curricular activities and interests being more influential than school education. Conversely, the lives of young Chinese are to a much 40 Education systems in the face of globalization larger extent devoted to educational activities, establishing the paramount role of education. Add thereto the prevalent difference between the Asian holistic worldview and its Western individualistic counterpart, including everything from the concept of “losing face” to the view of kinship as a social support system, and it is clear that the role of education needs to be placed in a larger context. Stereotypes confirmed? Keeping these differences in education systems and social values in mind, we will now return to our initial questions of this section. How can Swedish students compete with their Chinese counterparts, and what are the general differences between Swedish and Chinese students? These questions were posed to the China office of Ericsson – the Sweden-based supplier of telecommunications – and its Executive Vice President and General Manager of 3G Strategies, Erik Feng. Erik Feng has lived and worked in Sweden for several years, and sees the general differences between Swedish and Chinese young employees from a research and development perspective. “There are considerable differences between Chinese and Swedish employees. Due to the rigidity of the Chinese education system, the Chinese students tend to be less skilled than Swedish students when it comes to taking initiatives and acting independently. They are also less flexible and less eager to shoulder responsibility. On the other hand, Chinese employees are better at keeping deadlines and working within the budget compared to the Swedes, and you can be confident that they will deliver what you expect from them.” Christer Ljungwall confirms these stereotypes; the Swedish students should not fear the competition from the East. “I don’t think there is a single student at the Stockholm School of Economics who can compete with a student from Peking University when it comes to mathematics and theoretical knowledge. But allowing for generalization, the average Swedish student tends to be far more competent in terms of problem solving and implementing acquired knowledge.” Zhang Xiao, a Chinese Masters student at the Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm, agrees with Christer Ljungwall when comparing his Chinese and Swedish fellow students. “If I were in the position to choose between a Chinese and a Swedish engineering student for programming tasks, I would definitely choose the Chinese student. They have more technical knowledge and they work harder. But if I were to select a project leader or a marketing director, I would opt for a Swedish student. They are better at interaction and communication.” 41 Education systems in the face of globalization The stereotypical images of the hardworking Chinese student with vast amounts of theoretical knowledge and the independently thinking and interactive Swedish student are frequent recurring characters in discussions about Swedish and Chinese students. On an individual level, there will always be significant exceptions, but by and large, these stereotypes seem to have a certain basis of truth. Who will design the future mobile phones? To draw a conclusion from this comparative analysis of the Chinese and Swedish education systems is by no means an easy feat, and this should be seen as a modest attempt to highlight part of a complex picture. Concerns about competitive advantage and benchmarking are necessary for both companies and individuals in a globalizing world, in order to create apt incentives and strategies for professional as well as personal improvement. Viewing the Chinese education system and its growing numbers of university graduates from this perspective only, may however not be the most constructive approach. The difference between Swedish and Chinese students is not only a result of different education systems, but very much also a result of two cultures and values at both ends of the spectrum. To apply a slightly quotidian phrase: the Swedish and Chinese education systems may be different, but one doesn’t necessarily have to be better than the other. China has changed tremendously the last few decades, and is today in the midst of a rapid development that shows no signs of slowing down. The combination of the largest population in the world, an impressive economic boom and a deeply ingrained culture of meritocracy, hard work and a struggle for excellence, does provide both companies and the Chinese government with great possibilities for investment in education, research and development. But, as Cecilia Lindqvist, a Swedish sinologist with more than 40 years experience of China says, “everything about China is true and false.” The Chinese education system faces massive challenges and hard-solved long-term problems, and could act as both the engine and the stumbling block for China’s future economic development. The Chinese students educated today are the future driving force of the country, but the same education system also casts doubt on the predictions of China becoming a leading power in innovation, research and development in the coming years. Who will design the future mobile phones then? In a world where the human resources market is increasingly integrating and becoming global, comparing qualified individuals on the basis of nationality may be a somewhat old-fashioned approach. Skilled individuals in global, dynamic job markets increasingly compete on an individual, rather than a national level, and this gradual shift will only increase in the future. Although cultural ethnicity still to a large extent shapes us as individuals, the answer might be neither Chinese nor Swedes. Instead, the future global leaders and innovators may simply be international, skilled and creative young individuals, whether they are from China, Sweden or any other country. 42 Meet the young Chinese 1.4 Meet the young Chinese The university students At universities all over China a generation of young Chinese are enjoying their campus lives. The competition in China remains fierce throughout the whole life, but students enrolled at renowned universities can relax for the first time in their lives as one hurdle on the way to an attractive employment has been cleared. -This is probably the time of my life. I have never enjoyed such freedom until I started university and I will probably never do it again as I start working. Pressure is everywhere, a student at Peking University says. Nearly 20 million students are currently enrolled at Chinese universities. What are their dreams and values, and how do they spend these years in life? Meet the Chinese university students. Choosing a profession Materialistic values are prevalent in the Chinese middle class. Salary is considered to be the most important factor when choosing a job even though this group of Chinese has benefited from the economic development and enjoys satisfactory living standards. Considerations when choosing a profession Salary Stability Stimulating work tasks Freedom Altruism, to help other people Social status Social insurances 0 44 5 10 15 20 Meet the young Chinese “It doesn’t matter if the cat is black or white” Yingying Ma, Peking University ”The economy of China is developing rapidly and increasing numbers of people benefit from a rising standard of living. If you see how the rich people are living, you want to be rich too. You want more and more. This is a symptom of the huge disparities within the Chinese society. If you get better paid somewhere else, you’d better change your job, no matter what the job tasks are. Self-fulfillment is the ultimate goal, but the society has to develop step by step. Today, you either work hard and earn lots of money, or you lose in the competition. As Deng Xiaoping said, it doesn’t matter if the cat is black or white as long as it catches mice.” Black or White? Yingying Ma Entrepreneurship The interest for entrepreneurship seems to be strong in China. According to Novus Opinion more than two out of three Chinese answered positively on the question if they wanted to set up a business of their own. The main reason for this enthusiasm for entrepreneurship is to earn larger amounts of money, but there is also a desire for being free from the hierarchy in a company.22 I would like to set up my own business 0% 20% 1. Totally disagree 40% 2 60% 3 4 5 80% 6 7 Totally agree 45 100% Meet the young Chinese An entrepreneur to be? Jiang Hong. Beijing Foreign Studies University “As I am the second child in my family I have caused a lot of trouble to my parents. Due to the one-child policy I went to school using my elder brother’s name and throughout my childhood I have been outside the system in one way or another. I think this background can explain my ambitions of becoming an entrepreneur. I want to be independent, free and I don’t want to work for somebody else. I have set a deadline for my accomplishments; in ten years from now I want to have established my own business and made it successful. My motivation also comes from my feelings of gratitude towards my parents. My parents are not rich and I know their expectations are high. I want to let them spend their remaining years in a peaceful and comfortable environment. To make this possible, I want to earn as much money as I can. Jiang Hong Government censorship on media is a good thing Gender roles 0% 40%of girls equal 60% 100% Despite the one child policy which has made investments in20% the educations to those of 80% boys, the traditional notion of women being responsible for the household and family while men should focus on work is still common.23 1. Totally disagree 2 3 4 5. Totally agree Men should earn money and women should take care of the household Men Women All 0% 20% Disagree 40% Neutral 60% 80% 100% Agree “In Shanghai, boys carry their girlfriends’ handbags” Xiaojie Li, Beijing University of Foreign Languages “Unfair? What do you mean? In modern China, or at least in the urban areas, men and women are considered equal, and work almost the same hours. However, I don’t think you should force a man to take care of the child if he doesn’t want to. 46 Meet the young Chinese If my future husband wants to focus on his career, I would consider staying at home cooking delicious food for him and our child. When having a child, women tend to staying at home with it more than men do but it is also very common that the grand-parents take care of the child as the parents are too busy working. In Shanghai, however, where women are famous - or should I say notorious- for their demanding attitude, it is common that the man has to come home early from his job to do Xiaojie Li cooking for his wife. Shanghai boys even carry their girlfriends’ handbags!“ Humanistic women and materialistic men Motivation for working differs significantly between Chinese middle class men and women. Men tend to put money and social status on the top when ranking what they prioritize the most when working. Women on the other hand, have more humanistic values; they want to help others and often opt for a free profession such as doctor or lawyer when asked which profession they would prefer if they were able to choose. Professions preferred Free professions (lawyer, doctor) Education sector Career at a big company Businessman 0 Men 5 10 15 Women China should move towards democracy 47 20 25 30 Meet the young Chinese An energy saving doctor Kiwi, Peking University “Studying medicine is not very popular in China. The salaries of Chinese doctors are generally lower than those of other professions, and the work is tiresome and demanding. The social status of Chinese doctors is also not like in the West. In some hospitals, doctors and nurses have to wear helmets to protect themselves from angry and violent patients. I knew all of this, but I still chose to become a doctor as I wanted to do something good for people and I have not yet regretted my choice; medicine is very interesting and we learn to help people. As my education is demanding I have to devote a lot of time to studying, but in my free time I am working for Greenpeace where I am responsible for a project which aims to inform school children about the environmental benefits of energy-saving light bulbs. The children will hopefully make their parents choose the right light bulb and in this way, we hope that our message will reach a large group of people. This summer, I will go to the earth-quake affected area in the Sichuan province together with two other students from my university. We will walk in the mountains looking for villages that still haven’t received help from the government. By reporting about the people there, we hope we can make the local government provide reconstruction assistance to them.” Changing attitudes towards foreign countries The Chinese middle class has diverse opinions about foreign countries. In general, a negative attitude towards the neighboring countries, among Attitudes towards foreign countries them Japan and Russia, could be observed while the image of Average Europe and US is more positive. Differences between genera- Japan tions are significant for attitudes Russia towards US and Japan. The interest for US is strongest in the 2 4 Europe generation growing up during the 5. very positive US 1970s and 1980s. The younger generation, which grew up during 1. very negative -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 the 1990s, shows less affinity for 24 US while their approach towards Japan is more positive. Government censorship on media is a good thing 48 Meet the young Chinese Why study abroad? Li Jian Hua, University of Michigan in the United States “As I see it, there are four main reasons for young Chinese people going abroad. Firstly, Chinese people generally consider Western countries, such as the US, as better countries to study, work and live in. I think my education in the US will give me more advanced knowledge than studying in China. Secondly, I want to improve my English and get communication skills to prepare for the globalizing world. Thirdly, many students, including me, have a strong sense of calling when studying abroad. Every day, TV programs and street-side slogans infuse in us a conception that we, as Chinese youth, have the responsibility to contribute to the development of the country. The long-term goal of our socialistic construction is to transform China from a poor agriculture nation into an advanced industrial one. Many Chinese students studying abroad are very patriotic, and our dream is to gain personal success and simultaneously do something for the country. The US has better science and technology, so I could bring them to China when I have mastered them. Chinese people also like to migrate to other countries, preferably to developed countries. It seems that having one or more family member overseas is a supreme pride. I know this is kind of silly, but it could count as one reason.“ Li Jian Hua going for the slam dunk! 49 Meet the young Chinese Attitudes towards foreign countries Average Democracy and government censorship: not a major concern Japan 1. very negative Russia their lives but when it comes to 2issues involving the Chinese people may express various opinions about issues concerning 4 government, neutral answers dominate. The western worldEurope frequently criticizes the Chinese government for censoring media, but when asking the Chinese people, this does not seem to be an issue of major concern. 5. very positive US -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 Government censorship on media is a good thing 0% 20% 40% 1. Totally disagree 60% 2 3 4 80% 100% 5. Totally agree “You are more upset than we are” Zhang Fang, Fudan University ”Sure, there could be some advantages of having independently operating media but Chinese people do not consider the governmental control of the media industry as a major problem. We are used to it and we know that the news about controversial issues in many cases lack objectivity. On the other hand, I think you can say the same thing about many types of Western media. In recent years, however, journalists in China have been able to report more freely than ever before. For example, Chinese media nowadays reports frequently about riots and corruption issues on the countryside. This was not possible ten years ago. In the West it seems as governmentally controlled media is a very sensitive and controversial issue, and you seem to be much more upset about this than the Chinese who actually are the people directly affected by the censorship. I think it is a funny situation. “ Zhang Fang 50 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Meet the young Chinese Men Women China should move towards democracy 0% 20% 40% 1. Totally disagree 60% 2 3 4 80% 100% 5. Totally agree Human rights, America and Chinese politics Ang Li, Williams College in the United States “Speaking of democracy I think China is being incorrectly criticized. The western democracy is too costly. India adopts a western democracy and has serious political turbulence. China cannot follow that. I don’t want to say that China’s democracy is best but I want to say that democracy in the US is a monopoly of the capitalists. All candidates and their parties get money from big corporations and they have to speak on their behalf. Because both parties in the US are capitalistic parties, their policies are very similar and differ only in minor points. Obama supports medical insurance to whoever can pay for it but Clinton supports medical insurance to every citizen. Even pundits are split in opinion as to which plan is better, how could the voters decide? Their election campaigns waste way too much money and the government should instead have improved the lives of the poor with that money. The US system is not more effective in terms of making proper decisions and raising people’s living standards than the Chinese one. Although it appears more democratic, it is a waste. Ang Li “As for human rights, although China does not have complete freedom of speech, it is good for national stability and security. When the US is drumming for their freedom, what they forget is that they don’t provide basic health care and education for the poor. In my perspective, different countries are good in certain aspects of human rights and if very apparent human rights violation is not happening, we shouldn’t meddle in other countries’ domestic policies.” 51 Meet the young Chinese Outside the rose-colored campuses China is a country with huge disparities between the haves and the have-nots. The reality facing the young Chinese outside the campuses is completely different to the lives of the university students. 52 Meet the young Chinese Child left behind: “Feelings are useless” Li Fang, Xuanhan primary school Li Fang is 11 years old, her parents are migrant workers in the Guangdong province and she is currently living with her grand-mother in a small mountain village in eastern Sichuan province. “My parents left the village to work in a factory in the Guangdong province when I was one year old and they have only come home once in the ten years that has passed since then. It was three years ago and they stayed only for two weeks.” “If I miss my parents? No, not at all. Missing my parents would mean a lot of pain to me as I have hardly met them. Pain doesn’t help me in my daily life, pain is not good for my studies and pain is of no use when helping my grand-mother with the household. So I have decided not to miss them. Feelings… especially negative feelings are useless.“ Li Fang with her grandmother. “My parents call me once or twice a year and every time they do that they only ask about my studies: What my scores on the tests are and if I have studied hard. They really want me to go to university but they don’t know the reality. Going to university from a rural school like mine is very difficult as we have no good teachers to support us. I am trying my best but I worry a lot about going all the way to high school and then fail to entering university. Then I will have wasted tuition fees and years of living expenses that my parents have to pay. I am very afraid of this scenario, as I know how hard my parents are working. In one way, it would be easier for me to start working in a factory straight after primary school.” Schampoo-boy Yangbo Huang, Wuzhou Hair salon, Guangzhou city “I dropped out of high school as the circumstances did not allow me to continue my studies. My father is a forester and we had no money, so I went to Guangzhou to look for a job. Two years ago I started to work as a schampoo-boy at this hair salon. I work 12 hours per day, six days a week. My work is ok. As I have been working with this for two years now my initial excitement has been replaced by calmness. I see this job as a way of reaching my dream to become a stylist.” 53 Meet the young Chinese “I don’t see any point in thinking about the future. I just want to make my living for the day. There are so many things that are out of one’s control, thinking about my future would be nothing but tiring. I try to see it as I am working hard today to gain experience and in the future I will hopefully benefit from it. “ “I don’t know about the future of China. I do not think it is my responsibility to think about that. I should focus on doing my job and make sure I am not causing any trouble for my country. The political questions I leave to those with more visions.” Yangbo Huang 54 Part II - Young Chinese: The employees 56 Part II - Young Chinese: The employees Part II - Young Chinese: The employees 2.1 Introduction and background 58 The Chinese universities churn out huge numbers of university graduates, and yet, there is a severe shortage of qualified labor force on the Chinese employment market. 64 2.2 Case studies Insights through real-life examples from Swedish companies in China. 64 65 66 68 69 70 72 Stora Enso Sandvik Ericsson IKEA Atlas Copco Vinge 2.3 Conclusion 57 Introduction and background 2.1 Introduction and background Introduction to young Chinese employees “The Chinese culture used to be much more collectivist and patriarchal, but it’s different now. The young Chinese these days are much more individualistic and focused on money and career.” - Cecilia Lindqvist The young men and women fostered by the Chinese education system today are the future driving force of China’s economical, cultural and political development. They will become not only the decision-makers, but also the future business partners and managers in a globalizing economy. But, perhaps most importantly, they are the future employees in the world’s fastest growing economy, and essential to the country’s development in all areas. Because of China’s breakneck development these last decades, both culture and society are changing rapidly. Thus, for foreign and domestic firms alike, many aspects need to be taken into consideration when managing the Chinese talent pool. Apart from the usual human resources issues of finding, recruiting and retaining qualified staff, firms in China also need to consider things such as the cultural differences between China’s geographical areas, changes in value and priorities, and demographical differences even between those born in the 70s and 80s. This is tricky even for domestic companies, and harder yet for foreign ones. This part of the book focuses on two main aspects of the young Chinese employees – how to attract and retain them, and their characteristics. Since this book is aimed at Swedish students and companies, these aspects will be explored in both theory and practice through case studies of selected Swedish firms. The first part discusses China’s labor market paradox: in the world’s most populated country, with an economy long sustained by cheap labor, a looming labor shortage in several industries risks impeding China’s continued economical growth. As a result, the first part explores two Swedish companies’ successful strategies for attracting and retaining qualified employees, Stora Enso and Sandvik. 58 Introduction and background The second part focuses more broadly on the characteristics of young Chinese employees. Being the largest labor force in a globalizing world, their future conditions and development will inexorably affect ours. With education taking up most of their lives up until employment age, the second part explores how the Chinese education system has affected and shaped them, and in a comparative perspective, the differences between Chinese and Swedish employees. Background Foreign companies have a long history in China, but in modern history, foreign companies gained entry to the Chinese market only a few decades ago. After the economical reform in 1978, the government allowed foreign direct investment (FDI) only in so-called Special Economic Zones (SEZs). During the 1980s, FDI was restricted to export-oriented operations and only in joint ventures with Chinese companies, and it wasn’t until the beginning of the 1990s that wholly foreignowned enterprises were authorized. During the 1990s FDI was encouraged in various forms through tax breaks, improved legal framework and regional policies, which offered both economical support and protection against nationalization. This increased the amount received annually from $39 billion in 1999 to $84 billion in 2007 or around 18 % of the total world FDI, thereby making China the largest FDI recipient in the world.25 In beginning of 2008 several new laws went into effect, such as a labor law, a bankrupcy law and a tax law. A flat tax is now applied on virtually all industries, and there are no longer any tax deductions for foreign establishments. China is still an emerging market, with its risks and benefits, but it is also in many ways shifting away from its role as ”the world’s manufacturing workshop” in the last decades. Sweden and China have a long history of cultural and commercial exchanges. The Swedish East-Indian Company and its trade ship Götheborg operated in the 18th century, Sven Hedin traveled in China at the turn of the century and Bernhard Karlgren conducted his studies of classical Chinese in the early 1900s. After the founding of the People’s Republic of China, Sweden was the first Western country to establish diplomatic relations with the country in 1950. Swedish companies have been present in China since the 1870s, when Ericsson is said to have delivered telephones.25 In 1982, the first Sino-Swedish joint venture contract was signed, establishing the SinoSwedish Pharmaceutical Company. Over 400 Swedish companies have established subsidiaries in China, and every four days a new Swedish company enters the Chinese market. China is Sweden’s largest trading partner in Asia today. 59 Introduction and background “A thousand soldiers but no general” – the Chinese labor market paradox “When I graduated in 2000, I received four job offers. Today, there are four applicants per job. And yet, it’s so hard for us to find qualified employees.” - Cheng Dachen, Project Leader at Astrazeneca Shanghai The employment situation in China today is complex. According to official government statistics, the urban unemployment rate is around 4.2 %27, while independent sources put total unemployment at around 8 – 15 %28. Even considering the low official statistics, “China is still facing a very severe unemployment problem”, Chinese Labor Minister Tian Chengping recently stated. The job shortage is considerable, with 20 million workers entering the labor market each year competing for just 12 million jobs.29 Many of them are young people moving from rural areas to cities looking for odd jobs, and most of the estimated 150 million migrant workers are of age 15 – 34.30 The university system also contributes to the situation, churning out over 5 million graduates each year, of which only around 70 % find employment in the same year.31 The old days, where a university education used to guarantee a good job and a bright future, are long gone, and the competition for jobs is fierce today. New graduates are both settling for salaries and jobs far below their personal target, as well as branching out to previously disregarded industries like funeral parlors.32 According to recent surveys by the Education and Economic Research Institute of Peking University33 and job-hunting firm ChinaHR.com34, the average starting salary for a university graduate is mostly around 1000 – 2000 RMB/month. Even students at top schools like Tsinghua and Peking University are worried about future employment opportunities, and job fairs draw more students than ever. On the other hand, a 2007 survey by the EIU Corporate Network show that amongst 600 chief executives in multinational companies with businesses around Asia, shortage of qualified staff was their primary business concern. According to a 2007 survey by the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, China’s surplus in rural labor under 40 years old seems to be only around 52 million, much smaller than previous estimates of 100 – 150 million. Even though the labor force is projected to increase until 2015, the report warns that China will face a low-cost labor shortage as early as 2009. Meanwhile, manufacturing companies in southern China have already begun noticing signs of labor shortage, with skilled workers frequently changing jobs and demanding higher wages. The annual average wage increases hover around 12 % according to official statistics, whereas other sources point to a more modest 7.5 – 8.5 % actual increase.35 60 Introduction and background The labor shortage is not limited to the manufacturing sector. Despite the deluge of Chinese university graduates in recent years, a McKinsey Global Institute report shows that less than 10 % have the English proficiency and the qualifications needed to work in multinational companies.36 The same report estimates that with the present FDI pace and economic development, China will need around 75 000 managers qualified for work in multinational companies over the next 10 – 15 years, with only around 3000 – 5000 available today. Other areas of profession, such as aviation, legal and medical, face similar problems.37 “It is truly a candidate’s market today”, says Angie Eagan, general manager at headhunting firm Hudson Shanghai.38 The talent shortage means two things: higher staff turnover and higher wages. Angie Eagan tells of an executive who puts a job description at one level, only to hire someone one level down with a salary two levels up. Wages for senior staff in Asia is already higher than in many parts of Europe, and Fiducia, a Hong Kong-based consultancy, estimates an added cost of 15 % for hiring and training of each employee because of the turnover rates. Staff turnover is almost at 50 % in low-tech industries39 and the average period of employment in Shanghai is less than 2 years, with HR managers the hardest to retain.40 The present situation is a challenge for both multinational and domestic companies striving to expand in China. Job applicants exist in abundance, but finding the right people for the job is clearly a much harder task. The Chinese proverb “千军易得、良将难求” – ”finding a thousand soldiers is easy, finding an able general is not” – is an apt description of the situation today. One of the reasons for this paradox is the Chinese education system, with its focus on theoretical knowledge and rote learning rather than creativity and practical skills. Another reason is the Chinese graduates’ poor English skills, which despite increased government efforts still is one of the main reasons foreign companies reject Chinese applicants. A third is China’s current brain drain: around 120 000 Chinese students studied overseas in 2005, and despite the increasing number of returnees in the last few years, 70 % still chose to remain abroad. A recent study by the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences show that 1.06 million Chinese students had gone to study abroad since 1978, but only 275 000 have returned.41 The labor market paradox is likely to become more pronounced in the future. Even with a global economic slowdown, the growing economy and continued influx of FDI into China ensures that China will need more skilled workers than ever. Concurrently, the one-child policy has slowed down the population increase and thus the number of future workers. If this situation continues, it will not only impede China’s economic growth, but also its gradual shift from a manufacturingoriented to a service-oriented economy. The McKinsey report offers several solutions to the looming talent shortage, but they are all long-term efforts. Meanwhile, both foreign and domestic companies operating in China today must form their own strategies for hiring and retaining qualified staff. 61 Case studies 2.2 Case studies In-house training and opportunities abroad at Stora Enso “I feel Stora Enso is a responsible company that sets a good example for local Chinese companies. I really enjoy working here with corporate social responsibility and environmental issues, otherwise I wouldn’t have stayed in such a small county.” Xi Li is in her mid-20s and the Sustainability Assistant Manager at Stora Enso’s office in Beihai, Guangxi. She’s outspoken and straightforward, and has very clear opinions. Xi Li is originally from Nanning, the province capital of Guangxi, and graduated in 2005 with an English degree from Guangxi Teachers’ College. After working for an Asian development bank in Guangzhou for some time, she came back to her home province to search for jobs. She has now worked for Stora Enso in Beihai for nearly three years, and so has her colleague Gavin. In a province and industry that has a 20 % turnover rate, that in itself is remarkable. But Jukka Kantona, Projects and Investment Manager at Stora Enso Shanghai, confirms that Stora Enso Beihai only has a 5 % turnover rate, making Xi Li and Gavin the rule rather than the exception. Stora Enso is an integrated paper, packaging and forest products company that produces newsprint, magazine paper, fine paper, consumer board, industrial packaging and wood products. The company was founded in 1998, when the Swedish forest products and mining company Stora merged with the Finnish forest products company Enso-Gutzeit Oy. Stora Enso’s roots go back to 1288 though, when the first share in Stora Kopparberg was issued. The company has around 38 000 employees in over 40 countries in the world today, and in 2007 its sales totaled €13 billion. Stora Enso’s plantations in Beihai, Guangxi province, were established in 2002. Genetically engineered eucalyptus trees are nurtured and harvested at the nursery for paper manufacture, utilizing industrial high technology in all parts of the process. The company also has an R&D section, where tree cuttings suitable for high quality paper are developed. According to Jukka Kantona, Stora Enso receives all the competence needed through cooperation with key universities. Summer internships, something fairly uncommon in China, gives the university students additional prospects of learning more about the qualities Stora Enso is looking for and the opportunities the company offers. Chinese society, including the job market, places great emphasis on educational background due to the highly competitive education system. Although Stora Enso naturally prefers good educational background as well, it’s also a quite open company according to Xi Li. “If they feel you’re the right person, they will train and educate you.” 64 Case studies Even though Xi Li doesn’t have an educational background in forestry, she’s both received in-house training and attended conferences in other cities, both of which her boss is supportive. Her colleague Gavin agrees that Stora Enso provides good training both in China and abroad. Jukka Kantona agrees that identifying key employees and offering them in-house training is one of Stora Enso’s strategies for retaining young, knowledgeable staff. Even though enrollment to the training programs is highly selective, it still offers the career possibilities highly valued by young Chinese employees. Opportunities abroad is another important consideration, which Stora Enso as an international corporation also can offer. According to the McKinsey report, investing in staff training and development is exactly what foreign companies in China have to do for the foreseeable future. Fiducia, a Hong Kong-based management consultancy, stresses the need for HR managers to shift from purely recruitment orientated activities to something called “retention management”, the introduction of training and coaching programs to a company’s existing human capital base. This is a win-win for employers and employees alike, improving both work performance and personal career development. Or as Jukka Kantona puts it: “Promotional possibilities are very important to Chinese employees. By offering fast rising career opportunities within such a rapidly changing company with locations across the globe, the possibilities of achieving an international career are great.” Fast-rising career opportunities and an attractive company culture at Sandvik “It’s easier to communicate with the managers in Sandvik than in Chinese firms. In Chinese firms, everything is controlled, whereas we get clear goals and objectives here. More things are delegated directly here, because the managers trust you to do the assignment.” Sharon Yin is in her late 20s and employed at Sandvik Tooling’s production unit in Langfang Economical and Technical Development Zone in Hebei province. She and her colleague Sunny Wang both work as accountants and have been with Sandvik for some time. 65 Case studies Sandvik is a high-technology engineering equipment production group, with a world-leading position in the three core areas of high-speed tools for metalworking, rock-excavation machinery and high-alloy materials and process systems. The company employs 47 000 people in 130 countries worldwide, and has an annual sales of approximately SEK 86 billion. Sandvik’s first China office opened in 1985, and the company now employs around 1500 people in China. “I started as a senior accountant, and became chief accountant after only six months. For me, that’s a very big and fast change.” Sharon and Sunny have had different career paths within Sandvik, but both agree that the company offers many career opportunities. This view is consistent in other parts of Sandvik’s operations as well. “Career-wise, I want to take things step by step. I enjoy working with machines, and maybe in a few years’ time, I’ll get the opportunity to work with more advanced technology.” Liu Ping is 20 years old and a trainee at Sandvik’s production unit in Langfang. As a manufacturing worker without a university degree, his career advancement opportunities are more limited than Sharon’s. Despite that, he is optimistic about his future at Sandvik, citing the same reason as Sunny and Sharon: “I may have been able to find jobs with higher salaries, but the career opportunities are very good here at Sandvik.” Tool Production Manager Peder Arvidsson explains Sandvik’s human resources approach. “Showing respect and being engaged in every employee’s career development is instrumental to retaining them. This is essential, since Sandvik’s development is based on the development of its employees, and if neglected, the employees will start looking around for other jobs.” “It takes years to train our production staff, and they’re our most valuable assets by far”, Svante Lindholm, President of Sandvik China concurs. With a turnover rate of around 5 % in China, Sandvik’s is clearly different from other foreign companies in China. The combination of an open, Swedish-style management, clear instructions and goals and competitive benefit packages for all workers has created a retention management strategy that gives Sandvik a competitive advantage in China’s fast-paced employment market today. Innovation through open communication and adaptable Swedish management at Ericsson China “We want Ericsson to be a globally innovative company, where our R&D centers in different countries work together as one unit. The R&D China division doesn’t just work on domestic projects!” Eric Feng, the Executive Vice President and General Manager of 3G Strategies at Ericsson China explains. “Innovation is not just about new ideas, it’s also about the ability to separate the good ideas from the bad. International experience is important in this regard, which is why we have a systematic, globally implemented staff rotation between R&D centers in different countries.” 66 Case studies Ericsson, the telecommunication supplier with origins back to 1876, is headquartered in Stockholm and operates over 1000 networks in more than 175 countries. 40 % of all mobile calls worldwide are fielded through an Ericsson system. With its long history of innovations, the company has today one of the industry’s most comprehensive intellectual property portfolios, containing over 23 000 patents. Ericsson China has 1 500 engineers working in R&D, and the number is expected to grow. One of them is Jiansong Gan, a Ph.D. graduate in wireless communication from Tsinghua University, who’s worked at Ericsson for almost a year. During this time, he spent three months in Ericsson Kista as a part of his in-house training, and he’s going again in September. He appreciates the global teamwork on R&D projects, even if cultural differences sometimes can lead to misunderstandings during the discussions. To promote an open and creative company culture, Ericsson has defined a set of core values and company policies for global use. “Respect, perseverance, professionalism” characterize the Swedish style of flat management and open communication between employees, and was one of the reasons Jiansong chose to work at Ericsson as well. With five patents granted in less than a year, Jiansong feels there are no barriers to pursuing his own ideas, and to him, the encouragement and open discussion illustrates the company’s adherence to its core values. “The Swedes work incredibly hard on being lagom, average!” Eric Feng says, laughing. “We call our colleagues by their first name without title, our offices are all quite similar in size and we encourage the employees to freely communicate their opinions to their managers”, he continues and explains that the Chinese employees quickly get used to and learn to appreciate the Swedish management style. But when it comes to disagreeing with one’s managers, the Chinese employees are still reluctant to adapt. “These things will not change very fast in China. In this case, Ericsson, as a company, must adapt to the local culture of China, within the company as well as towards the customers.” One of the things Ericsson has had to adapt to are the general differences between Chinese and Swedish employees. “Because of the more inflexible Chinese education system, the Chinese employees are less practical and take less initiatives. Rote learning means a lot of knowledge, but no experience in implementing it. This is not a problem relatively speaking, since all companies in China recruit on the same base”, Erik Feng says. “On the other hand, the Chinese engineers meet deadlines and work within the budget, which is quite an advantage,” he adds with a smile. Jiansong Gan thinks that Ericsson in China has succeeded in encouraging innovative thinking among its Chinese employees by realizing its strategies of an open company culture, investments in staff competence and promoting constructive teamwork. “My university education did not assign me any tasks demanding creativity but at Ericsson, there are no barriers for realizing and developing your ideas. You get the support you need. And in an environment like this, creativity comes naturally, no matter your educational background.” 67 Case studies Socially responsible company culture at IKEA “I want to work in a company that emphasizes social responsibility”, Zhang Chen, a Masters student at Tsinghua University says, standing in front of the IKEA exhibition at the Swedish career fair Sweden Day, which was held at his university campus. “In our country’s rapidly developing economy, many Chinese have lost themselves in the materialistic, and in many aspects old-fashioned values, of profit at any price. Therefore, I think it is very important that companies such as IKEA show that social and environmental responsibility is compatible with economical success in China”, he says. The first IKEA store in China was opened in Shanghai in 1998, followed by an outlet in Beijing the next year. The Chinese customers, intrigued by the company’s “ready-to-assemble” concept, have embraced IKEA’s Swedish-style furniture, which is available at prices afforded by the average urban Chinese. In 2010 IKEA plans to have at least ten stores in China. “The Chinese furniture market is only in the beginning of its development”, Ian Duffy, IKEA’s president for the Asia Pacific division, says. One distinguishing character of IKEA’s company culture is the philosophy that taking responsibility for people and environment is a prerequisite for doing good business. Actively working for social and environmental improvements is the holistic approach that IKEA’s codes of conduct originate from. Throughout the IKEA organization these values of sustainability and social responsibility can be recognized; from responsible foresting and decent working conditions at the factories to energy-efficient distribution and retailing. The IKEA group is also working with projects outside its business area through international cooperation with UNICEF, Save the Children and WWF. “My career goal is to contribute to the society and environment through my individual achievements, and IKEA’s values fits me very well”, Jen, a developer at IWAY IKEA China, The IKEA Way on Purchasing Home Furnishing Products, says. In China, where environmental issues are of great concern, IKEA runs a project together with WWF, which aims to develop a certification system that certifies wood as sourced from well-managed sources. Through easily recognized labels consumers and producers will be reassured that they support sustainable forestry through their purchases and investments. IKEA’s values on responsibility seem to attract environmentally and ethically conscious prospective employees. “A larger group of Chinese students consider social responsibility increasingly important. For example, there is an emerging trend among Chinese university students to spend their vacations doing voluntary work in poor rural areas of China”, Xiao Liu, a member of the Youth Volunteer Association at the Renmin University, says. “Many Chinese university students want to work for a fair and environmentally sustainable Chinese society through their professional careers. IKEA will be even more attractive as an employer as the values of the young Chinese turn more humanistic”, Xiao Liu concludes. 68 Case studies Swedish style management and gender equality at Atlas Copco With products and services ranging from compressed air and gas equipment, generators, construction and mining equipment to industrial tools and assembly systems, Atlas Copco is a major provider of industrial productivity solutions in China and globally. The company is growing rapidly in China, now having almost 4,000 employees and sales and service offices in over 110 locations on the Chinese mainland. The Swedish style management of independent and responsible staff and flat management can easily be recognized when talking to the employees of Atlas Copco. “As managers, we seldom give any firm orders.” Audrey Deng, the 32-year old manager of the Asia Pacific Treasury Services department at Atlas Copco (China) Investment Company says. “Instead we give a well-defined goal and some guidelines on how to reach the goal. Then, the employees have to work to solve the problem, by taking their own initiatives.” To create the most favorable circumstances for a successful outcome of the company’s management style, Atlas Copco invests strategically in personal development and education for their employees. Together with her manager, Audrey Deng has outlined a three-year plan for her personal career development, and there are also many courses the employees can attend during working hours, in order to further improve their career preparations. Atlas Copco has the goal to reach 40 hours of education per employee and year. Employees also have the opportunity of working abroad in an Atlas Copco internship program. “The company also pays the costs for taking different certificates in accounting, if this is needed for the job. Such courses are very expensive if you pay for them on your own, so it is very appreciated among the staff in my group”, Audrey Deng says. Another measure by Atlas Copco, in order to increase the diversity within the company and foster a dynamic company culture, is to encourage female employment. In 2007 the percentage of women in managerial positions in Atlas Copco in China was 21.0 %, which is higher than the corresponding percentage for Atlas Copco female managers worldwide.“Due to the conception of gender roles prevalent in the Chinese society, it is not easy for a woman to climb the career ladder 69 Case studies in China.” Audrey Deng says. “But in a Swedish company like Atlas Copco, equality is very much emphasized, which has made a very strong impression on me. The company also offers help if the workload gets too heavy. I think it is one of the biggest advantages of working in this company.” “I think it’s hard for me to have kids and balance work and family life at the moment, because I travel too much. My goal right now is to build an efficient treasurer team to provide the best service possible to Atlas Copco, and in the future, I would like to be a regional treasurer. But one thing about my future that I know for sure, is that I will stay in Atlas Copco”, she concludes. “Brainstorming in Sweden, square problems in China” - Vinge “It’s hard for Chinese lawyers to question authority. I try to show them there’s no prestige – after all, I don’t even speak Chinese!” –Karin Grauers, Chief Representative Vinge Shanghai Jie Lin is one of the young Chinese lawyers at Vinge. It seems she has taken Karin Grauer’s view on prestige to heart: “In a Swedish law firm, there’s no real hierarchy, and you can speak out freely. It doesn’t matter so much that the boss is the boss.” She likes the greater responsibilities, since it gives her the opportunity to work on large M&A transactions and earn the trust of her colleagues and boss. “And afterwards, I got a vacation!” she laughs. Having finished a Masters degree at University of London, Jie Lin agrees there are differences between Chinese and Western students. “Chinese students are a bit shy, whereas Western students are very outspoken. This could be due to the cultural background though, since being modest is a virtue in Chinese tradition.” Vinge is one of the largest Swedish commercial law firms, with branches in London, Brussels, Hong Kong and Shanghai. Vinge’s Shanghai office opened in 1999, and was the first Swedish law firm in mainland China. Today, it’s one of over 100 foreign law firms in Shanghai, and employs around ten lawyers. As a part of China’s growing service sector, human capital is the company’s most important resource, highlighting the cultural and social differences between Chinese and Swedish law firm employees. “As the only foreign lawyer in the office, my role is to meet the Scandinavian clients and relay their problems to our Chinese lawyers”, Karin Grauers explains. “We want them to work as Swedish lawyers, solving clients’ problems instead of acting as judges. But creative problem solving is hard for the Chinese employees – you get a lot of no-answers, but if the question is phrased differently, the answer might be yes. They’re very keen on detailed, exact instructions, and then they follow them to the letter. Since they’ve been taught that making mistakes leads to sanctions, they’re afraid of going beyond the concrete situation, whereas Swedes are more interested in the whole picture.” 70 Case studies Qun Gu is Vinge’s Chinese Chief lawyer, who speaks Swedish after two years’ law studies at Handelshögskolan i Göteborg. She has many years of experience from both state institutes and Scandinavian companies, and joined Vinge Shanghai in 2000. She enjoys the Swedish management style with clear goals and guidelines, which means greater responsibilities and more room for personal and professional development. “Chinese bosses give you detailed instructions, and if you deviate from them he’ll reprimand you. I’d rather be creative and find solutions on my own.” But having been both an assistant judge and a provincial regulator, she understands that not all Chinese employees are used to the Scandinavian style of flat management. “The lack of clear instructions in Scandinavian companies is very confusing to Chinese employees. When I worked at Norske Hydro, I was told to use my own judgment. But you can’t expect Chinese employees with different educational backgrounds to have the same level of judgment, which sometimes frustrated the Scandinavian managers. My younger colleagues here have a hard time adapting, and they’re afraid they’ll be critisized if they take initiatives. In Göteborg, my teachers wouldn’t tell me their opinion, and I had to research the topic independently. In China, all tests have standard answers, and if you deviate from them you won’t get high scores. Students are used to this system, not to creative thinking.” Qun Gu concurs with Karin’s observation on the no-answers, explaining further: “Because the education system emphasizes memorization rather than implementing knowledge, their theoretical skills are are good. However, they lack analytical skills, which means they often say no to assignments instead of trying to solve the problem. Even if it’s frustrating, it’s hard for them to break this pattern, since this is the way they’ve been educated both in school and at home. With the fierce competition in China, parents only worry about good grades, not creative thinking. This is symptomatic of the whole Chinese education system.” 71 Conclusion 2.3 Conclusion Conclusion – a wider spectrum of paradoxes As all aspects of China, the Chinese job market is dynamic and complex. Not only are the job opportunities both lacking and in abundance, the young Chinese employees also display a multitude of sometimes conflicting characteristics. The most defining characteristic is that, despite the fierce competition in school and the intensive years of studying, their theoretical knowledge is of little use without practical experience of implementing it. As one student puts it: “We learn a lot, but we also forget a lot! In the end, we don’t retain much knowledge useful in our professional life. Instead, everything’s new again.” A whole life of not questioning authority, memorizing the standard answers and rote learning has led to a generation of intelligent, ambitious, driven Chinese students, utterly bewildered by the less defined, fluid problems they must solve in their professional career in a globalizing world. On one hand, according to a survey by human capital group Wyatt Watson, 49 % of the Chinese who switch jobs and 29 % of those who stay do it because of the compensation packages. On the other hand, as one Project Manager at a Swedish firm puts it: “they value money, but they don’t save it. Young Chinese employees spend their entire salary every month, and many still depend on their parents’ financial support.” Another paradox is in-house training, something Chinese employees highly value. In-house training has been a successful retention and professional development strategy at several Swedish firms in China, but others have not been so lucky. Managers at some Swedish firms have noted that even given continuous support, English training, and in one case sponsored MBA educations, Chinese employees still don’t feel the sense of loyalty sometimes expected by the company. In one case, a company unit lost almost half of their employees, despite their years of experience in that company, due to a competitor offering 30 – 50 % higher salaries. This has in some instances led to a negative cycle, where employers holding off on in-house training causes the employees to become disloyal and receptive to poaching, either by competitors or by headhunting firms. A third one is English skills – although more than a million Chinese students have studied abroad, and returning home in increasing numbers, their English skills are still inadequate in many cases. One Manager admits that the spoken English is better, but adds that in turn, their professional English is much worse. “Good spoken English is of no use if you can’t read patents!” Another is astonished by the number of interview candidates with abysmal English skills, despite claiming to be fluent in their CVs. “But then again, maybe I’m the naïve one. I’ve been told that almost 70 % of all CVs are false to some degree”, he adds. And lastly, these young Chinese professionals are naturally shaped by social and cultural values, both new and old ones. Despite the Confucian tradition of modesty and hard work, the one-child policy has led to many young Chinese growing 72 Conclusion up with increased materialistic wealth, thus spoiling them. Some find them irresponsible, lazy and unable to compromise, or as one Swedish manager quips: “They’re kind of like little princes and princesses. If the copy machine is broken, none of them want to fix it, because they’re skilled professionals, not laborers. So, being the Chief Manager, I end up doing it.” But what almost everybody agrees on, is that the Chinese students can adapt to a foreign company culture, and at a significant pace. Naturally, there are individual differences, but given the right environment, such as in these Swedish companies, many learn the non-routine cognitive skills needed within 6 months or a year. Considering a lifetime of rote learning, it’s a remarkable feat, lending strength to Fredrik Härén’s conviction that China is on the brink of a creative explosion, due to the fast, dramatic changes in society. Creativity, analytical skills, problem solving and taking initiatives are skills that can be stimulated and developed in the right environment. Or as Erik Feng says, “In absolute terms, Sweden is a more innovative country than China. But this is not something inherent; being a small country, it has been necessary for Swedish companies to expand beyond their home market in order to compete and thrive.” And above all, the young Chinese possess a seldom seen drive, enthusiasm and ambition. They have, in step with China’s economic development, come a long way in thirty years, and their sense of aspiration and determination will continue to drive China forward in the future. With improvements over time, their global influence will only increase, creating further opportunities for interaction in a globalizing world, and a globalizing human resources market. 73 References References 1. http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj/shehui/2006/html/0208.htm 2. Hesketh T et al. The Effect Of China’s One Child Family Policy after 25 years. New England Journal of Medicine. 2005. 3. China, total fertility rate. CIA World Fact Book. 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Gaokao questions 2005, Joel Martinsen, Danwei Chinese Media, advertising and urban life, June 2005. Available at www.danwei.org 10. Gaokao questions 2007, Joel Martinsen, Danwei Chinese Media, advertising and urban life. June 2007. Available at www.danwei.org/scholarship_and_education/ 11. 石希, available in Chinese at http://edu.people.com.cn/GB/8216/28339/86421/5900333.html Translation by Li Shan, Rui Chen and Thomas Armstrong 12. Science, Technology and Industry (STI), OECD, Scoresboard, Paris 2007 13. What PISA is. OECD Program for International Student Assessment. www.pisa.oecd.org 14. http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj/shehui/2006/html/0208.htm 15. Education Notes, EFA and Beyond, Service provision and Quality assurance in China, The World Bank, July 2005 16. Chen Zhou. Education tops family spending, CCTV.com English., October 2 2006. www.cctv.com/program/bizchinaold/20060210/101272.shtml 17. http://globalization.icaap.org/content/v5.1/lee.html 18. Massive expansion of university rolls causes problems for China. People’s Daily Online. 6 June 2006. 19. Scott Jagow. Skilled labor shortage in China. Marketplace. 2 November 2006 http://marketplace.publicradio.org/display/web/2006/11/02/ skilled_labor_shortage_in_china/ 20. Hu Jintao. Speech at the 17th National Congress. China Election and Government Website, October 15 2007 21. http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICDocs/data/ericdocs2sql/content_storage_01/0000019b/80/2b/32/b7.pdf 22. Monitorrapport, Novus Opinion, Mårten Lindskog 23 February 2007. 23. Tre O i Dagens Kina, Mårten Lindskog, Novus Opinion report for TCO (Tjänstemännens centralorganisation) 24. Monitorrapport, Novus Opinion, Mårten Lindskog 23 February 2007. 25. http://www.economist.com/research/articlesbysubject/displaystory.cfm?subjectid=478048&story_id=11565600 26. The Swedish prime minister Fredrik Reinfeldt’s opening address at the Sino-Swedish High Level Forum on CSR in Beijing, 14 April 2008. 27. http://www.tradingeconomics.com/Economics/Unemployment-rate.aspx?symbol=CNY 28 See e.g. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6W46-4F6F6JF-1&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_ acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=a6a1a16c9e1a88d0c970f3084f410056 and http://www.mac.doc.gov/china/ChinaFactSheet.pdf 29. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7286024.stm 30. http://www.china.org.cn/government/central_government/2008-06/17/content_15832009.htm 31. http://articles.latimes.com/2008/feb/18/business/fi-chinajobs18 32. http://english.hanban.edu.cn/english/2006/Oct/183741.htm 33. http://english.people.com.cn/90001/90776/90882/6358385.html 34. http://www.china.org.cn/business/news/2008-06/27/content_15896424.htm 35. http://www.atimes.com/atimes/china_business/ig31cb01.html 36. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m3495/is_12_50/ai_n15976104 37. http://www.economist.com/displaystory.cfm?story_id=9645045 38. http://blog.newchinacareer.com/blog/2008/05/19/26/ 39. http://www.theglobalguru.com/article.php?id=112&offer=GURU001 40. http://www.economist.com/displaystory.cfm?story_id=9645045 41. http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2007/jun/02/internationaleducationnews.highereducation 42. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa5478/is_200703/ai_n21297642?tag=artBody;col1 74 About Project China 2008 About Project China 2008 www.projectchina.se Project China was founded in 2003, and has now grown to become the largest international student project in Sweden. The non-profit project is a cooperation between twelve students from the Royal Institute of Technology and Stockholm School of Economics, and takes place over the course of one year. Project China’s purpose is striving yet simple: to provide meeting opportunities for Swedish and Chinese companies and students, as a means of introducing Swedes to China and vice versa. The project traditionally spends several weeks in China during the summer arranging Sweden Day, an event for Chinese students interested in Sweden, as well as doing research for the Project Book. China Week, an event for Swedish students interested in China, usually concludes the project year in the fall. The outline of the project is thus quite flexible, and each year’s project group has put their own unique touch on the project features. Project China 2008 takes place during what can only be labelled as China’s year. With the Beijing Summer Olympics, the Sichuan earthquake and other China-related events that have attracted global attention this year, China is now fully in the international limelight and likely to stay there. This year’s project has therefore taken this opportunity to include new features, with the aim of reaching out to more Swedish and Chinese students and companies than ever. Below is a short presentation of the events of Project China 2008. Sweden Day Sweden Day is usually one day with Swedish culture activities and a career fair with Swedish companies at a top Chinese university. This year, we decided to arrange two Sweden Days, due to considerable interest from both companies and students, as well as a climate workshop as a partner of the WWF initiative GlobalFOCUS. 76 About Project China 2008 Sweden Day Seminar Series – June 8th, Peking University The seminars aimed to introduce Sweden to Chinese students from a practical viewpoint, with topics such as “Swedish Management”, “Swedish Innovation” and “Why choose a Swedish employer?”. The lecturers included representatives at CEO level from Project China’s partner companies and was held at Peking University, one of China’s top two universities. With over 120 students attending, instead of the estimated 75, it was a great introduction to Sweden and Swedish companies, as well as to Project China. Sweden Day – June 10th, Tsinghua University Sweden Day at Tsinghua University, the other top university in China, was an all-day career fair with our Swedish partner companies, including three lunch lectures, a movie screening and Swedish culture activities. The event was inaugurated by the Swedish ambassador in China and the Vice Dean of Tsinghua University. The Chinese students’ interest in Sweden, the Swedish companies and the numerous giveaways, free lunch and quiz draw prizes led to approximately 1500 students attending the event. Climate workshop with GlobalFOCUS – June 20th, the Forbidden City Thirty selected students from Peking and Tsinghua University, together with Project China and the Swedish winners of GlobalFOCUS’ essay competition, participated in an all-day workshop on climate change, held at a temple in the Forbidden City. Swedish and Chinese students formed teams, discussing and presenting different climate ideas and solutions. The whole day was filmed by CCTV, China’s state television. 77 About Project China 2008 China Week China Week is a week of lectures, events and activities during the last week of September, held both at the Royal Institute of Technology and Stockholm School of Economics. With lunch lectures taking place at both schools simultaneously, promotional events the week before, culture activities in the evening and a career fair followed by a dinner banquet at the end of the week, this year’s China Week will have more activities planned than ever before. Report Book The Report Book is distributed to companies and students at both universities, and last edition was printed in 3000 copies. This year’s theme is “Young China – Present and Future”, and centers around the young Chinese in modern China today. The purpose of this book is to provide Swedish students with further insight into their Chinese counterparts, and to provide both students and companies with a greater awareness of young Chinese in the employment market today. China Blog on Svenska Dagbladet’s website As a part of our effort to reach a greater number of Swedish people interested in China, we have a China blog in cooperation with Svenska Dagbladet, one of the largest newspapers in Sweden. This is an entirely new initiative, and the purpose is to introduce everyday China, in the shadow of the large, global events discussed in media. The blog runs from May to end of October and from China all summer, including during the Olympics. This is a unique opportunity for Swedish people to learn about China from different student perspectives, and an opportunity for us to introduce Project China. Other promotional activities Apart from these events, we have also held a few independent lectures during the year, including one lunch debate about the Olympics and Human Rights. 78 About Project China 2008 Pictures from Project China 2008 79 About Project China 2008 Hannes Dernehl Corporate relations Mikael Andersson Sweden day Maxwell Litton Student- and public relations Mikaela Kollstedt China week Talayeh Behfar Vice project manager Louise Hällje China week 80 About Project China 2008 Jenny Zeng Project manager Vincent Vennberg Visual communication Feifei Tian Peter Ueda Report book and blog Valérie Pedersén Sweden day Makan Amini Student- and public relations 81 Kinabloggen Kinabloggen på svd.se ekonomi. Skenande CSN-lån, vidgade vyer och post-tenta-apati förde honom dock åter till Sverige. Då Peter lider av en smärre skräck för det svenska radhuslivet lockas han av Kinas pulserande dynamik, komplexitet och oförutsägbarhet. Han är speciellt intresserad av utvecklingsfrågor på den kinesiska landsbygden samt Kinas framtid som forskningsnation då han funderar på att doktorera där. På sin fritid uppdaterar han sin japanska blogg, spelar hetsig innebandy och ritar pandor som är hans absoluta favoritdjur. Du är här: SvD.se > Opinion > Blogg Louise Hällje Louise är 21år och kommer från Linköping. Hon studerar ekonomi vid Handelshögskolan i Stockholm. Tidigare har hon läst franska vid Sorbonne i Paris och arbetat i London och New York. Louise är intresserad av konst och design, och älskar att åka snowboard. Hon har tidigare spelat basket. Louise tycker att det ska bli väldigt spännande att tillbringa sommaren i Kina, speciellt ett OS-år som detta. Hon tycker att Kina är intressant för att landet är i kraftig omvälvning med stora möjligheter. Den stora ekonomiska tillväxten och den ökade öppenheten ger ett ökat tryck i utvecklingen mot demokrati. Bland utmaningarna finns klimathot och att hantera en nödvändig utvecklig mot fullständiga mänskliga rättigheter. Vi är Project China 2008! Mikael Andersson Mikael är 22 år gammal, kommer från Stockholm och studerar civilingenjörsprogrammet Industriell Ekonomi vid KTH och Kinesiska på Stockholms Universitet. Innan universitet har Mikael hunnit plugga japanska och rest runt i Asien. Mikael letar alltid efter nästa utmaning! Asien har alltid varit ett stort intresse för honom och började med ett brinnande intresse för Japan och efter en resa till Kina för några år sedan är det Kina som gäller. Det är verkligen en häftig upplevelse att vara i ett land med så många vänliga människor i ett stadium av dynamisk supertillväxt och stor framtidstro. Mikael är den i gruppen som kommer pröva mest galen mat och kämpa för att hamna i konstiga men intressanta situationer. Maxwell Litton Maxwell Litton studerar Design och Produktframtagning på KTH. Han är 21 år gammal och hoppade på pluggvagnen direkt efter gymnasiet, och kände därför efter ett tag att lite variation var nödvändig. Därför sökte han till Project China, vilket funkade perfekt eftersom han är beroende av att resa och uppleva nya kulturer. Som kanske märks på det ovanliga namnet har Max icke-svenska rötter, nämligen amerikanska. Han är född och uppvuxen i Staterna, och får oftast försvara sitt hemland (vilket är svårt oftast) eftersom han är den symboliska “jänkaren”. “So what´s up dudes!” Peter Ueda Peter är 23 år och studerar till läkare vid Karolinska Institutet samt ekonomi vid Handelshögskolan. Innan han började sina studier i Sverige tog han sig via ett strikt korvstoppningsbaserat intagningsprov in på Tokyo Universitetet där han studerade Mikaela Kollstedt Mikaela är 23 år gammal och uppvuxen i Uppsala, men bor nu i Stockholm där hon studerar till civilingenjör i maskinteknik med inriktning mot industriell ekonomi på KTH. Eftersom ett av hennes största intressen är att resa och upptäcka nya kulturer trivs hon med verksamheten i Project China där hon möjligheter till detta ges. Andra stora intressen är musik (schlager och country), träffa nya människor och umgås med vänner och familj. Mikaela har tätat läckor på taket på HMS Visborg under en övning med internationella korvettstyrkan, mitt ute i atlanten under rådande storm. Talayeh Behfar Talayeh (Tallah) är 24 år och ursprungligen från Iran. Hon flyttade till Sverige från Dubai för sex och ett halvt år sedan och pluggar till civilingenjör på KTH. På fritiden tränar hon samt umgås med familj och vänner. Talayeh tycker även om att läsa och måla. Hon har spelat basket nästan hela sitt liv och ett av hennes bästa minnen var när hon vann en internationell turnering. Talayeh sökte till PC då hon ville uppleva landet som alla talar om. 82 Kinabloggen Valérie Pedersén Valérie är 20 år gammal och är till största del uppvuxen i Stockholm. Hon går första året på KTH och läser Design och Produktframtagning. Efter gymnasiet bodde hon ett halvår i Shanghai och studerade kinesiska vid Fudan University. Detta ledde till att hon sökte till Project China när hon började på KTH. landets förändring och utveckling de senaste åren och vill lära sig mer om den kinesiska ekonomin, politiken och det kinesiska folket. Hannes Dernehl Hannes är 35 år gammal, kommer från Stockholm och studerar ekonomi vid Handelshögskolan i Stockholm. Innan han började studera vid Handelshögskolan ägnade han sig bland annat åt eget entreprenörskap under ett antal år. Vid sidan av studierna är Vincent Vennberg Vincent är 21 år gammal och studerar ekonomi Hannes aktiv inom Excitera, den studentdrivna entreprenörskapsföreningen på KTH, där han vid Handelshögskolan i Stockholm. Efter gymnasiet gjorde han sin värnplikt vid Arméns driver projektet Excitera Innovation Challenge. jägarbataljon i Arvidsjaur, som Jägargruppbefäl. Hannes arbetar dessutom åt Stockholm School of Entrepreneurship, åt affärsplanstävlingen Förutom studierna är Vincent även aktiv inom Venture Cup och åt SSE Business Lab, Handelshögskolans affärHandelshögskolan i Stockholms studentkår. sinkubator. Hannes intresserade sig för Project China eftersom Vincent sökte till Project China 2008 framhan vill lära sig mer om landet som inom kort kommer att vara förallt därför att han har ett djupt rotat intresse för Asien och världens största ekonomi. På sin lilla fritid ägnar sig Hannes bl.a. i framtiden gärna skulle vilja få möjligheten att jobba i Asien. åt konst, hitta på nya affärsidéer, uppfinna och att beundra alla Vincent har även vid ett tillfälle sjungit Celine Dions ”My heart sina par snygga skor. will go on” inför ett antal hundra lyriska åhörare. Feifei Tian Feifei är 23 år gammal och kommer från Stockholm. Feifei heter egentligen Yufei Tian, men har kallats för Feifei ända sen hon var liten. Hon har tappat räkningen på hur många gånger hon har fått bokstavera sitt namn, och har hört minst 13 varianter på uttalet. Feifei är född i Harbin, Kina och kom till Sverige när hon var fem år gammal. Efter gymnasiet började hon studera juridik vid Uppsala universitet. Under våren termin 6 utförde hon ett häftigt snowboardhopp med en ännu häftigare landning, vilket ledde till en nackskada och avbrutna studier. Detta hindrade inte henne från att åka till Beijing samma höst och studera kinesiska vid Beijing University i ett år. Hon kom hem i höstas och började studera vid Handelshögskolan i Stockholm, och springer nu mellan de återupptagna juridikstudierna i Uppsala och ekonomistudierna i Stockholm. Det som fascinerar Feifei med Kina är komplexiteten, kontrasterna och den halsbrytande utvecklingstakten. Ingen dag är den andra lik och ingenting är svart eller vitt; allting handlar om perspektiv. Jenny Zeng Jenny Zeng är 20 år gammal och flyttade förra året från Linköping till Stockholm för att börja på Handelshögskolan i Stockholm. Innan studierna spenderade hon ett halvår som au pair i Frankrikes gangsterstad, Marseille. På fritiden tycker Jenny om att spela racketsporter av alla dess slag och har en stor svaghet för att laga god mat, dock är hennes absolut största passion är att resa. Jenny kom som treåring från Guangzhou i södra Kina till Sverige. Hon pratar därför flytande mandarin och kantonesiska. För henne var det ett naturligt val att söka till Project China, eftersom hon brinner för att visa upp det vardagliga Kina för de svenska studenterna. Under denna resa har hon som mål att få lära sig mer om hur den vanliga kinesen lever och tänker. Jenny har tidigare även jobbat som tolk i en polsk cykelfabrik och varit pianoackompanjatör för balettgrupper. Hon har även i egenskap av chaufför kört vilse med pristagaren av Nobels fredpris år 2007. Makan Amini Makan är 20 år gammal, kommer ursprungligen från Göteborg och studerar ekonomi vid Handelshögskolan i Stockholm. Förutom studierna är Makan även aktiv inom ett politiskt ungdomsförbund. Makan sökte till Project China därför att han fascinerad av 83 Kinabloggen Ångest på Silk Market Lugnet före stormen Vi sitter på trottoarkanten på Tsinghua University, framför de vita tälten som håller på att byggas upp inför morgondagens Sweden Day. Kvällsbrisen är fortfarande ljummen, smogen har förvandlats till dis och det är ett lugn i luften. Studenter spelar basket och fotboll runt omkring, och flera par promenerar förbi oss hand i hand. Det glädjer oss att flera av de pekar mot tälten och kommenterar att ”just det, det är ju den där Sweden Day”. Det betyder att de 10 000 flyers vi tolv har delat ut under den senaste veckan har haft en viss effekt ändå, eller att de åtminstone har sett någon av de 200 posters vi har satt upp runt om i skolan. Silk Market är en framstående marknadsplats i Beijing med allehanda märkeskopior; väskor, skjortor, skor, alla prydda med välkända västerländska loggor. Stämningen är hetsig och rå när de övertaliga säljarna på skrikig engelska lockar och drar i de förvirrade turisterna. I denna smältdegel av globalisering möts några av dess aktörer i ett virrvarr av brinnande säljiver och snikenhet. Där finns de kända västerländska märkena vars slogans inpräntats i våra hjärnor så att blotta skymten av dess loggor utlöser ett reflexmässigt begär. Där finns varorna som de underbetalda fabriksarbetarna producerat under sina maratonarbetsdagar och de opportunistiska fabriksägarna som insett vidden av en liten logga i ena hörnet av en tröja. Där finns vi, västerländska turister som plötsligt tycker att en tias prissänkning är värd att köpslå ytterligare en halvtimme för och där finns framför allt säljarna som har som jobb att mjölka oss på så mycket som möjligt av våra överflödiga resekassor. Det är med en något olustig känsla jag lämnar marknaden, en kopia av en välkänd ryggsäck rikare. Svårt att sätta ord på den diffusa ångesten men genom att ge sig in i detta skådespel fyller man väl ut kriterierna för den stereotypiska västerländska turisten: Rik, snål men ändå lättlurad. På Silk market blottas dessutom ens oförnuftiga beteende på ett explicit sätt. För att köpa något man egentligen inte behöver låter man sig luras av de påsydda loggornas fiktiva värde och de sluga kinesiska försäljarnas skickliga förhandlande. Samtidigt maler man sin stolthet och prutar med sällsynt snikenhet om lite småpengar, väl medveten om de tveksamma förhållandena i fabriken som möjliggjort det låga priset. Det är säkerligen detta man gör även hemma i Sverige om än på ett mindre uppenbart sätt. På Silk market blir dock ens tunnelseende konsumtionshets obehagligt tydlig. Peter Ueda 2008-06-05 17:11 Imorgon är dagen vi har förberett oss ett halvår på. Tälten är uppe, 400 luncher från Subway (snäppet lyxigare än den vanliga studentlunchen i Kina) är beställda och alla tillstånd är klara. 700 goodie bags har fyllts med Sweden Day-broschyrer och Sverigebroschyrer från svenska ambassaden. Godis, snacks och dryck är klart. Midsommarstången har införskaffats och monterats på en byggmarknadsplats, och fraktats på cykelkärra med medföljande projektmedlemmar bakpå. Sedan har den klätts med blommor och står sig förhoppningsvis hela dagen imorgon, trots den 30-gradiga värmen. Fem otroligt duktiga och engagerade Tsinghua-elever har hjälpt oss på plats, trots sina egna hektiska scheman, och vi ser jättemycket fram emot deras besök i Sverige i september. Vi är fullständigt utmattade. Vi har sedan en vecka tillbaka arbetat varje vaken minut inför detta, från åtta på morgonen till tre på kvällen. I ett land med så rik matkultur som Kina har vissa inte hunnit äta middag på tre dagar, utan mat är något man slänger i sig on the go. Samtliga har ont i halsen inte bara på grund av luftkvalitén, utan även på grund av alla ”Små grodorna” som sjungits och alla samtal med studenter om Sweden Day. Det har gjorts sista-minutenresor till IKEA för proviantering av fläderbärssaft, Ballerinakex och Daimgodis. Vi ska upp om 4 timmar och ro den här dagen i hamn. Svenska ambassadören Mikael Lindström ska inviga eventet, och 84 Kinabloggen Ericsson, Stora Enso och Sandvik har medarbetare från Sverige på plats, som är otroligt peppade inför mötet med de kinesiska studenterna. Vi lottar ut fyra iPods från Scania, Stora Enso, Sandvik och Atlas Copco, och ett särskilt pris från Ericsson, och vi delar dessutom ut 60 böcker om svensk innovation från svenska ambassaden. Vi kommer bjuda på tre lunchföreläsningar, och dansa runt midsommarstången varje timme hela dagen. Bakom allt detta ligger det övergripande målet med eventet: att de kinesiska studenterna kommer att gå ifrån Sweden Day med ett positivt intryck och ett ökat intresse för Sverige och svenskar. Nu kör vi! Feifei Tian 2008-06-09 20:10 Det är väldigt lätt att beställa flygbiljetter i Kina. Två stora resebyråer på Internet, Ctrip och E-long, har hotell- och flygbokning på internet och telefon, och de lämnar biljetterna i dörren mot kontant betalning. I praktiken kan jag boka flygbiljetter på morgonen, få de levererade till dörren runt lunch, och sedan flyga ut samma kväll. Det är gott om flygbiljetter, och jag har nog aldrig beställt inrikes biljetter mer än en vecka i förväg. Oftast går det även att hitta flygbiljetter till kraftigt rabatterat pris. Sweden Day avklarad Fullsatta föreläsningar, bejublad groddans runt midsommarstången och över 1500 besökare. Vår Sverigemässa på Tsinghua universitetet blev en succé. De kinesiska studenterna visade stort intresse för de blågula utställningarna och företagen och arrangemangen flöt på friktionsfritt. Kroppen är mör och sömnbristen överhängande efter de senaste veckornas intensiva förberedelser. Nu kan vi slappna av och konstatera att det gick vägen. Peter Ueda 2008-06-11 12:36 Hong Kong: en del av Kina, fast ändå inte Som bekant så återlämnades Hong Kong till Kina år 1997, även om det som Special Administrative Region i stort sett förblev en autonomi. Att åka till Hong Kong räknas som att åka utomlands från Kina, och fastlandskineser behöver fortfarande visum för att komma in i Hong Kong. Hong Kong har sin egen valuta, sitt eget mobilnät (så alla våra kinesiska mobiler slutade fungera i gränszonen) och har i likhet med Taiwan behållit traditionell kinesiska som skrivspråk. Staden är dock fortfarande tvåspråkig, med alla gatunamn på både kantonesiska och engelska. Andra arv från den brittiska kolonialtiden är vänstertrafiken och de prydliga, snörräta köerna överallt. De enda klara kopplingarna med fastlands-Kina som jag har märkt av är alla Beijing Olympicssouvenirer, och att alla meddelanden i tunnelbanan läses upp på kantonesiska, engelska och mandarin. Annars är Hong Kong en otroligt multikulturell stad, med folk från hela världen och där ingen höjer på ögonbrynen över att höra tyska, svenska, eller ryska på gatan. Men det är först när vi har försökt beställa flygbiljetter hem till Beijing, som vi blev varse just hur mycket av ett eget land Hong Kong verkligen är. Lika lätt som det går att ordna i Kina, lika svårt är det att ordna från Hong Kong. För det första kan de inte leverera hit, eftersom det skulle innebära en utrikesresa för budet. För det andra är det otroligt krångligt att betala med VISA-kort (eller allt som inte är Union Pay, ett inhemskt kontokortssystem), och skulle omfatta allt från undertecknad fullmakt till scanner och ett par dagars väntetid. För det tredje kan de bara garantera biljettpriset mot betalning, inte reservation, vilket gjorde att vår ursprungliga plan om att hämta upp biljetterna på flygplatsen skulle innebära en risk för höjda biljettpriser (det var 60 % rabatt på reservationspriset, vilket skulle ge oss en nästan tre timmar lång flygresa för 850 kr). För det fjärde tog det nästan två timmar att beställa åtta flygbiljetter till utländska namn och pass (”A for Apple, E for England..” osv för åtta personers namn och efternamn två gånger, för att bekräfta uppgifterna), men det är inte lika relevant i sammanhanget. Vi kände ingen i Shenzhen som kunde ta emot biljetterna och lägga ut nästan 8 000 kr åt oss. Om biljetterna skulle hämtas i Guangzhou skulle de kosta 1550 kr istället. Hämtade vi de på flygplatsen riskerade de att kosta 1900 kr. Det fanns bara ett alternativ: Mikael (som har multiple-entry visum till Kina) skulle få åka över gränsen till Shenzhen för att plocka upp biljetterna, och sedan tillbaks till Hong Kong igen. Problemet? Mikaels kinesiska har förbättringspotential, biljettbudets engelska är obefintlig, och platsen ”Shenzhens tågstation, gränsen mot Hong Kong” är inte den mest exakta beskrivningen någonsin. Jag fick därför förklara på telefon för resebyråns kundservice i Beijing, hur Mikael såg ut (”jättelång och jättestor västerlänning, antagligen den största du någonsin sett”), hur platsen såg ut (”tänk dig att du går mot Hong Kong 85 Kinabloggen från Shenzhen. Stanna när du inte kommer längre utan visum”) och ge de kontaktuppgifter till Mikael (”men han kan ingen kinesiska”). Sagt och gjort. Snälla Mikael gav sig ut på äventyr mot fastlandet 5. Skriv namnet på ett svenskt företag________ (precis under denna fråga fanns logotyperna för våra partnerföretag: Stora Enso, Sandvik, IKEA och Ericsson) Då en Ipod är värd en smärre förmögenhet i Kina samlades hundratals suktande studenter och svarsblanketterna vällde in i en strid ström. Fyra C var förstås de rätta svaren i tävlingen som enbart hade till syfte att locka folk. Meningen var att de lyckliga vinnarna skulle dras från poolen av inkomna svar då vi antog att alla svar skulle vara rätta. Dock var det uppseendeväckande många gånger som vi tvingades dra en ny lapp då den första innehållit felaktiga svar när Ipods och flertalet tröstpriser skulle delas ut. i spöregnet i morse. Han kom tillbaka till Hong Kong för ett tag sedan, välbehållen och med biljetterna i hand. Tydligen hade det varit många kineser vid gränsen, men en av de hade lyst upp som en sol över att se honom. Det var det stackars biljettbudet, som hade blivit överlycklig över att hitta den stora västerlänningen. Så Mikael fick biljetterna, åt lunch i Shenzhen och tog sedan tåget tillbaka till Hong Kong. Feifei Tian 2008-06-17 17:10 Oväntad svår frågesport De frågor som vållade mest problem var nr 2 och 5. De övriga svaren kunde studenterna dra fram ur minnet och fylla i. Men färgen på flaggan var inte lika självklar. En grupp av studenter stod i flera minuter och diskuterade huruvida den svenska flaggan var röd och vit eller gul och blå, de verkade även ha svårt att erinra sig namnet på ett svenskt företag. Detta trots att hela området var rikligt utsmyckat med svenska flaggor, alla svenskar gick runt med svenska fotbollströjor och ett flertal företag med Sverigeanknytning var på plats med stora montrar bara några meter ifrån dem. Nu var det bara en liten klick av de insamlade svaren som inte var korrekta, men det bör ändå tas i beaktande att detta är Kinas absoluta elitstudenter. Kanske är det västerländsk arrogans som gör att jag feltolkar det hela, men en del (observera minoritet) av studenterna verkade ha problem att finna den information som behövdes från den omgivande miljön. Istället för att titta sig omkring efter en av de otaliga svenska flaggorna stod de och grävde i minnet. Skulle utfallet ha varit detsamma i Sverige, om vi frågat om något litet land i fjärran? Eller är detta ett tecken på att det finns fog för en del av fördomarna kring kinesisk utbildning? Inte vet jag. En vecka efter vår Sverigemässa på Tsinghua University i Beijing börjar reflektionerna att ta form. Som ansvarig för den uppmärksammade Ipod-tävlingen var det en del saker som förvånade mig. Tävlingen gick ut på att de kinesiska studenterna skulle besvara fem ytterst enkla frågor: 1. Vad heter Sveriges huvudstad? A. Paris B. Moskva C. Stockholm D. Bagdad 2. Vilka färger har den svenska flaggan? A. Röd och vit B. Vit och blå C. Gul och blå D. Turkos och lila 3. Var ligger Sverige? A. Sydamerika B. Östra Asien C. Norra Europa D. Sydpolen 4. I vilket land delas Nobelpriset ut? A. Frankrike B. Ryssland C. Sverige D. Brasilien Peter Ueda 2008-06-20 14:41 86 Kinabloggen Genom Beijing på fem hjul Sweden Day har som sagt redan varit och lite tid har funnits innan för att skriva om förberedelserna. En av mina största utmaningar inför mässan var att hitta en midsommarstång i Beijing, vilket är lättare sagt än gjort. Efter lite efterforskningar bar det av till en lokal kinesisk bygg-outlet för professionella byggarbetare, som alla tycktes tänka: ”vad sjutton gör hon här?!” när jag spatserade runt i jakt efter brädor. Nästa gång följde Max med i egenskap av midsommarstångsdesigner och vi lyckades specialbeställa trästången med tillhörade fot. Snickaren lovade även fixa transporten för 30 RMB vilket vi gladeligen accepterade. Skåpbilen vi väntade oss visade sig dock vara en skranglig elmotorcykel med ett flak där midsommarstången spändes fast. Max och jag var inte sena att hoppa på; låt äventyret börja! I efterhand var det nog allt annat än klokt att åka i Beijings rusningstrafik på ett motorcykelflak med en förare som aldrig verkat ha hört talas om signalljus. Utan varken säkerhetsbälten eller hjälm klamrade vi oss fast i midsommarstången medan vi bytte från ena filen till den andra. Ingen av de morgontrötta kineserna på cykel verkade tro sina ögon när vi brummade förbi. Trettio minuter sena var vi framme vid Tsinghua University med ett skyhöga adrenalinnivåer, en välförtjänt segerkänsla och en oerhörd tacksamhet över att fortfarande vara i liv. blandning av svenskar och kineser i varje grupp. Workshopen hölls i ett tempel nära Förbjudna Staden, och behandlade ekonomiskt lönsamma innovationer för att lösa klimatfrågan. Det hela filmades även av CCTV, Kinas statliga TV-bolag. Efter ett föredrag av en framgångsrik klimatentreprenör var det dags för hjärnstormande gruppdiskussioner och kulturellt dynamiska sådana, med inslag av både svenskt och kinesiskt diskussionsklimat och arbetsgång. De kinesiska studenterna var pålästa och energiska, och deras brinnande intresse för miljöoch klimatfrågor var påtagligt. På kort tid hade flera intressanta förslag lagts fram, och efter lunch delade alla upp sig i grupper utifrån det förslag de ville jobba med. I slutet på dagen hade alla grupper lagt fram en preliminär business plan, och idéerna omfattade allt från en internetplattform för klimatentreprenörer, till kvalitetsmärkning av klimatvänliga produkter och en NGO med syfte att minska utsläppen från fraktfartyg. Det som slog mig var inte bara engagemanget hos de deltagande, utan även deras varierande och spännande bakgrunder. En kille läste Masters i Environmental Sciences, samtidigt som han extraknäckte som globetrotter med erfarenhet från i princip alla världsdelar, inklusive Antarktis. En annan hade arbetat som jurist i åtta år innan han blev antagen till en prestigefylld Mastersutbildning i International Law, och en tredje hade varit rocksångerska och fått skivkontrakt, innan hon bestämde sig för att arbeta med miljöfrågor. Kina står inför en mängd miljöproblem, som landet måste ta itu med för att utvecklingen skall fortsätta. Även om det inte lades fram några självklara lösningar denna dag, känns det mer som en tidsfråga bland dessa entusiastiska, kunniga och mångfacetterade unga kineser. Feifei Tian 2008-06-26 17:30 Kontroversiell kinesisk genterapi ”McDonald’s – läkare är lätt att vara, det är bara att leverera en meny. Jag däremot, är en cocktail-läkare.” säger Dr. Dinggang Li Jenny Zeng 2008-06-21 17:10 och klickar upp en ny powerpoint-slide med leende patienter. Dr. Li är en cancerläkare på Haidian Hospital i Beijing som har fått stort utrymme i utländsk media för sina tumörbekämpande ”cocktails” av konventionella cancerbehandlingar som strålning och cytostatika i kombination med alternativa behandlingar som Klimatworkshop med WWF ännu inte vunnit gehör i väst. Den ingrediens i Dr. Lis behandlingar som genererat mest uppmärksamhet är Gendicine; världens I fredags var det dags för en workshop anordnat av GlobalFOCUS, första genterapeutiska läkemedel mot cancer som tagits i kliniskt ett projekt om klimatfrågor startat av WWF. Project China hade bruk. blivit inbjudna att samarbeta på workshopen, och deltog tillsamGendicine består av ett virus med en gen som stoppar den mans med trettio utvalda kinesiska studenter från Beijing och skenande celldelningen i en cancertumör. Läkemedlet som Qinghua University. Från GlobalFOCUS sida deltog deras svenska injiceras direkt i tumören utvecklades av ett läkemedelsföretag i uppsatsvinnare på besök i Kina, vilket gjorde att det blev en bra Shenzhen vars grundare var en före detta kollega till Dr. Li. 88 Kinabloggen De kinesiska myndigheterna verkar dock tro starkt på Dr. Lis behandlingar. På löpande band dirigerar de utländska delegationer till Haidian Hospital för att visa upp kinesisk sjukvård i forskningens framkant. Mark Key, genterapiforskare på Stanford som citeras i den vetenskapliga tidskriften Nature menar att de kinesiska resultaten ska tas på allvar och att den intuitiva skepsisen mot kinesisk forskning bör hållas tillbaka. ” Gendicine är en väckarklocka för amerikanska forskare. Läkemedlet är av intresse för genterapiforskningen och så länge data går att reproducera spelar det ingen någon roll varifrån resultaten kommer. ” Peter Ueda 2008-07-03 11:16 Sedan ett dödsfall i en klinisk studie 1999, då en amerikansk pojke avled till följd av en häftig immunoreaktion mot ett injicerat läkemedel samt två fall i Frankrike 2003 där patienterna utvecklade leukemi, har utvecklingen av genterapeutiska behandlingar gått långsamt i väst. Svensk sommarhimmel i Beijing Kina har därför i genterapin sett en öppning till att leda den kliniska utvecklingen inom ett medicinskt område. Gendicine godkändes av de kinesiska myndigheterna 2003 och sedan dess har över 400 patienter från närmare 40 länder sökt vård på Haidian Hospital med förhoppningar om den världsunika behandlingens effekter. Enligt Dr. Li har flera av hans utländska patienter åtnjutit remarkabla resultat. Huruvida Dr. Lis behandlingar är effektivare än de konventionella metoderna återstå att se. Den enda studie som publicerats på engelska saknar tillräckligt statistiskt underlag. Dr. Li är däremot tämligen säker på sin sak. ”Om några år kommer genterapi att vara lika självklart som antibiotika” menar han och visar än en gång upp reportaget i BusinessWeek där han poserar bland provrör och sprutnålar. På väggarna i sjukhusen där han arbetar sitter planscher med bilder på honom tillsammans med utländska delegationer, patienter och reportage i internationella tidskrifter. På ett av denna omtalade doktors filialsjukhus behandlas en dansk patient. Efter att ha hört talas om Haidian Hospital via internet sökte hon sig till den kinesiska kliniken i hopp om att få sin bröstcancer botad. ”Min norska rumsgranne åkte hem för en månad sedan och hon påstår sig vara helt frisk från sin levercancer nu medan en tysk på våningen under avled trots upprepade behandlingar här. Jag vet inte om det fungerar på mig men jag vill verkligen prova allt som går” berättar hon med ängslan i rösten. En åtta veckor lång behandling på Haidian Hospital kostar enligt danskan ca 400 000 SEK inklusive boende. På internet pågår en intensiv diskussion om behandlingen och dess resultat på olika former av cancer och de utländska experterna vädrar både häftig skepsis och uttrycker försiktig optimism. Vädret i Beijing är HELT FANTASTISKT idag. H.e.l.t. f.a.n.t.a.s.t.i.s.k.t. Under hela mitt år i Beijing, har jag aldrig sett en himmel så blå som denna. Och de få dagar himlen var blå förra året, var för att det var att kraftiga höstvindar tillfälligt blåste bort smogen. Nu är det vindstilla. Och solen tar på huden, för första gången i den här staden i sommar. Luften är fortfarande frisk och sikten lika klar som igår. Hoppas det blir fler regnstormar snart! Feifei Tian 2008-07-06 09:03 De små förändringarna Trots alla förändringar som har skett i Beijing på grund av OS, så är mycket ändå sig likt. Knappt tre veckor innan OS-invigningen är smogen så massiv att det sticker i ögonen, och även om OS-arenorna är klara så pågår fortfarande konstruktionsarbete för fullt runt om i staden. Trafiken står fortfarande oftast stilla, 89 Kinabloggen och det går snabbare att gå till jobbet än att ta en taxi. Men det är de små, nästan omärkliga sakerna som visar hur mycket Beijing har ändrats på grund av OS. De gulmarkerade strecken vid busshållsplatser och i tunnelbanan som visar var man ska köa (och kontrollanter som ser till att det efterlevs). Skyltarna på kinesiska toaletter som visar, hm, hur man ska göra är mer och mer försedda med engelsk text. Att bushållsplatser och tunnelbanestop nu ropas ut med oklanderligt engelskt uttal. Och framförallt är det avsaknaden av vissa saker. Imorse hajade jag till när jag hörde någon ropa utanför fönstret, och det tog en sekund innan jag insåg att det var en ambulerande ölförsäljare. Hon cyklar runt i området, samlar in tomma ölflaskor på cykelkärran och tar samtidigt nya beställningar, som levereras någon dag senare. Tidigare var det även vanligt med ambulerande sax- och knivslipare, skrotsamlare, reparatörer av olika slag och matförsäljare. Alla hade sin distinkta slogan, som ofta ropades på en speciell, sjungande kinesiska som jag knappt förstår. De stannade lite i varje område och väntade på att folk skulle komma ner med det de behövde hjälp med. Lite som Hemglassbilen, fast ett större urval av varor och tjänster. Och först idag insåg jag att det var första gången jag hörde det den här sommaren i Beijing. Himmelska Fridens torg, barområdena Sanlitun och Houhai, större turistställen – alla dessa ställen hade tidigare sin beskärda del av försäljare som sålde krimskrams, tiggarbarn som inte drog sig för att ta tag om ditt ben och inte släppa taget, och diverse andra ”entreprenörer” som tjänade sitt levebröd på dumma turister och fulla utlänningar. DVD-försäljare, hallickar, vykortsförsäljare, knarklangare, ”art students”, alltid kom det upp någon och frågade förstulet om man behövde en viss vara eller tjänst på vissa platser. (som kines får man sällan höra något sådant, såvida man inte har sällskap med västerlänningar). Dessa ”oönskade element” är numera borta. skett de senaste åren i Kina har varit otrolig på många sätt, och många har verkligen fått det bättre. Kineser tycker om att kunna köpa sin frukost i supermarkets istället för ute på gatan, och de tycker om att bo i nya, fina lägenhetsområden med eget grönområde och bevakade ingångar. Jag vet att det är dumnostalgiskt av mig att vilja ha kvar det ”vanliga” kinesiska vardagslivet, eftersom det förändras så snabbt det också. Jag hade bara hellre sett en mer naturlig förändring än en regelrätt utrensning innan OS. Feifei Tian 2008-07-17 05:39 The Great Firewall of China Efter drygt en månad i Kina kan man inte undgå att göra vissa observationer angående Internet här. För det första är det oftast långsammare än i Sverige, i alla fall om man vill ladda upp större filer och så. Det mest tillförlitliga nätet finns, förutom i privata hem, uteslutande på caféer. Under de mest hektiska dagarna i projektet var det en smått komisk syn att se upp emot tio personer på Starbucks, där varenda en satt med koncentrerad uppsyn på laptopen framför sig. För det andra lär det knappast komma som en nyhet att Internet censureras i Kina, vilket både utlänningarna och kineserna själva vet om.”Censur” är ett vitt begrepp i detta land, och för mig omfattar Internetcensuren allt från extremt långsam hastighet på vissa sidor till sidor som ibland inte ens är åtkomliga via proxyservrar. Det är ganska tråkigt att promenera i Beijing. Det är varmt, torrt, och dammigt, men framförallt kantas de sterila vägarna bara av stora maffiga byggnader, en efter en i all oändlighet. I både Shanghai och Guangzhou kantas vägarna av små affärer och restauranger, vilket gör promenaden mycket mer varierande och intressant. I Shanghai är det även vanligt med gatuförsäljare, med all världens krimskrams på utspridda dukar på marken, som närsomhelst kan vika ihop sina små stånd och springa iväg om polisen kommer. Beijing hade ont om sådant redan sen tidigare, men med ett undantag i Wudaokou är de nu obefintliga. De små ambulerande matstånden har också försvunnit från gatorna, och likaså alla cykelreparatörer, skomakare, och diverse andra allfixare. Det här är fattiga människor från landsbygden som inte vill mycket mer än att tjäna ett tiotals kronor om dagen genom hederligt arbete, men som inte har tillstånd eller mycket till rättslig ställning i Beijing. De är också ”oönskade element”, men andra sidan av myntet. Alla migrantarbetare, förutom de som fortfarande är anställda på konstruktionsområden, är borta nu. Städer förändras hela tiden, och speciellt i världens snabbast växande ekonomi går det väldigt snabbt. Utvecklingen som har 90 Kinabloggen Och ändå tycker jag att det har blivit mycket bättre. Under mitt år i Beijing var Wikipedia i stort sett nere halva året, trots otaliga proxyservrar. När det väl öppnades upp kunde man inte komma in på kinesiska Wikipedia, bara sporadiskt på engelska och utan problem på svenska. BBC var totalcensurerat hela året, Youtube censurerades från och till och blogspot.com var halvcensurerat – man kunde logga in och blogga, men inte se själva bloggen. Engelskspråkiga nyhetssajter fungerade generellt sett sporadiskt, medan det gick bra med svenska sajter som svd.se och dn.se. (man ska inte underskatta vikten av att kunna ett litet obskyrt språk som bara talas av 9 miljoner människor. Om jag söker på ”Tiananmen Square” på engelska Wikipedia, dör mitt internet. ”Massakern på Himmelska Fridens Torg” visas dock utan problem.) Alla dessa sajter fungerar fortfarande inte felfritt, men mycket bättre. The Great Firewall of China är dock i högsta grad fortfarande aktivt. Jag blir t.ex. inte förvånad över att Google slutar fungera när jag skriver ”Lhasa”, eller att jag bara kan få fram sökresultat på svenska Wikipedia och inte engelska. Taiwan, Falungong, demokrati och mänskliga rättigheter är andra heta potatisar som tillfälligt stänger ner ens Internet. Ibland blir det nästan som en sport, så ofrivilligt fascinerande är det: vart går gränsen? Hur lång tid tar det innan de upptäcker något (i regel några sekunder)? sajter som resolut stängs ner om något konstigt påträffas.) Man blir inte förvånad när vissa nyheter plötsligt försvinner från en dag till en annan. Man vet att vissa sajter är så långsamma just för att de kontrolleras. Man vet att det inte går att läsa nyhetssajter från Taiwan. De som vill komma runt censuren använder sig av proxyservrarna, och det finns till och med mjukvara som fungerar som proxyn, som kan installeras på datorn. Facebook används av en del kineser också, främst sådana som ofta har kontakt med utlänningar. På det hela taget verkar censuren inte störa nämnvärt i det dagliga livet. Unga moderna kineser är väldigt allmänbildade, och vi kan ofta mycket mindre om Kina än vad de kan om Sverige. Det är först när man stöter på unga kineser som har läst hela sin universitetsutbildning utomlands, men aldrig hört talas om Wikipedia eller Amnesty, som man inser att ”the Great Firewall” fortfarande är skrämmande effektiv ibland. Feifei Tian 2008-07-14 18:36 Reflektioner kring stämningen inför OS Stämningen i Beijing just nu är svår att greppa. Det verkar råda febril aktivitet från officiellt håll, men samtidigt känns det som Men sen undrar man hur de tänker när även sajter som Facebook lugnet före stormen. Beijing verkar vara konstant på språng, och Myspace blockas. Att gå in på Facebook är numera en studie samtidigt som den håller andan. Det är kanske inte så konstigt i i övergången från tålamod till frustration, eftersom jag kan sig, eftersom det alltid finns minst två kontrasterande versioner komma in på sidan efter ett tag, men inte skriva något. av Kina, denna gång är off-känslan påtaglig. För kineserna är Internetcensur bara en utveckling av den statliga Å ena sidan har man kollegor som på lunchrasterna debatterar censuren, och något som har funnits i samhället väldigt länge. vilken fuwa, OS-maskot, de gillar bäst och varför. (Ja, Youtube Alla känner till det och tar med det i beräkningen – stundtals är fortfarande halvcensurerat.) Radion är fylld av OS-program, ett irritationsmoment i vardagen, men knappast något att bli det finns tiotals OS-körfiler på ringvägarna, det finns gigantiska upprörd över. Man vet t.ex. att sina.com.cn bara publicerar fuwa-robotar på nya Terminal 3 på flygplatsen, överallt sitter ”rätt” nyheter, medan sajter som Tianya har ett bredare urval av posters med vett- och etikettuppmaningar för ett lyckat OS, information. (förklaringen jag fick var att det är fler nätpoliser OS-volontärer, en särskild OS-tunnelbanelinje, och så vidare. Allt som bevakar den senare sajten, vilket låter fullständigt ologiskt. OS-relaterat du någonsin kan föreställa dig finns, och antagligen Fler nätpoliser innebär dock att den trots sina kontroversiella lite till. Av allt att döma verkar det som om hela Beijing och hela ämnen fortsätter att vara uppe, till skillnad från mer obevakade kinesiska folket knappt kan vänta tills den stora dagen. 91 Kinabloggen Många som jag har pratat med vill bara att OS ska vara över, så att reglerna lättas upp igen och kunderna, och därmed deras inkomst, återvänder. Sen läser man även artiklar som denna och denna, som visar hur Kina i det tysta, trots alla löften, inte verkar ha ändrats nämnvärt. Och trots alla uppoffringar som faktiskt har gjort inför OS, och de förbättringar som har skett, så är det väldigt svårt att känna sig entusiastisk. Feifei Tian 2008-07-23 10:04 Men skrapar man på ytan, är det underligt lugnt. Politikernas strävan att visa upp ett “perfekt OS” har lett till att lokala tillstånd numera måste efterlevas till punkt och pricka, och implementeringen har varit rigorös. Bar-, restaurang- och butiksägare har drabbats särskilt hårt, och flera har fått stänga i nästan två månader på grund av OS. Visst känns Beijing städat, men det är samtidigt mycket, mycket tråkigare. Samtidigt har det gått rykten om att barägare har fått arbiträra förhållningsorder om att inte servera svarta (ett flertal bloggar och nyhetssidor har tagit upp South China Morning Posts originalartikel, bara att googla), så mycket att det har dementerats från officiellt håll både i radio och dagstidningar (har tyvärr inte kunnat hitta en länk på engelska). Bekanta på Silk Market vittnar om att många av deras ryska affärskontakter inte längre får komma in i Beijing, annat än i turistgrupper. Även kinesers rörlighet har begränsats, att ta sig in och ut i Beijing har blivit allt svårare senaste månaden, och många är rädda för att varutransporter och dylikt kommer att att stoppas helt under OS. Och kanske värst av allt, de rigida visumreglerna har lett till att många utlänningar har fått åka hem i förtid, eller inte kunnat komma in i landet alls. Det började i april, då det blev svårare att få business-visum, multiple-entry visum och så vidare, och fortsatte sedan med striktare och striktare regler. Det senaste jag hörde var att utlänningar numera inte tillåts visum om de inte kan uppvisa en OS-biljett, och det är bara single-entry 30-dagarsvisum som tillåts numera. Och effekten har verkligen varit märkbar: på ställen som Silk Market, där det vanligtvis kryllar av utlänningar, är det numera alltid halvtomt. Många restauranger i CBD-området har sett en stadig minskning av kunder, och de husägare som hade hoppats kunna hyra ut bostäder dyrt till utlänningar under OS ser plötsligt en rejält minskad efterfrågan. Och det är alltid de små entreprenörerna och de vanliga kineserna som drabbas, alla de som hade hoppats på och räknat med en tillströmning av penningstinna turister denna sommar, men som nu ser kunderna utebli. Detta, tillsammans med alla de extra hårda regler som måste efterlevas på grund av OS, gör att alla de här människorna är måttligt förtjusta i den kommande folkfesten. Kinesiskt studentprojekt för ”kvarlämnade barn” Nu när våra åtaganden för det svenska studentprojektet är avklarade passar jag på att medverka i ett kinesiskt studentinitiativ med studenter från Communication University of China. I Kina har över 150 miljoner landsbygdsbor migrerat till storstäderna för att söka jobb inom arbetskraftsintensiva industrier. I många fall lämnar de kvar sina barn i byarna och barnen växer därför upp utan sina föräldrar som på grund av de undermåliga arbetsvillkoren i fabrikerna ytterst sällan kan återvända hem. Projektgruppen som består av tio kinesiska studenter (och en svensk) tar sig ner till Sichuan provinsen för att undervisa, underhålla och undersöka situationen för de föräldralösa barnen. Verksamheten presenteras genom en dokumentärfilm, planerade inslag i lokal media samt en omfattande rapport. Som alltid när man medverkar i ett projekt som detta bör man reflektera över sina motiv. Är det för att få uppmärksamhet, göra något spännande (anekdotvärde) eller för att vi verkligen vill hjälpa de utelämnade barnen? Antagligen är det en kombination av alla tre, men gruppens altruistiska patos och rädda-världenambitioner, ganska karakteristiskt för kinesiska studenter, går ej att ta miste på. Peter Ueda 2008-07-21 04:14 92 Kinabloggen 25 timmar i kinesiskt tåg 25 timmar tog den billigaste tågvägen från Beijing till Dazhou City i östra Sichuan. I dessa lov-tider är tågen så överfulla att folk bokstavligen staplas på varandra för att få plats. Utöver biljetter till sittplatser säljs ett stort antal onumrerade biljetter vars innehavare tar plats på de minimala golvytorna i vagngångarna. Stämningen ombord är, trots svetten, värmen och trängseln ändå ganska upplupen. Peter Ueda 2008-07-21 12:38 Lyckligare uppväxt än väntat Vid planeringsstadiet av detta projekt för de kvarlämnade migrantarbetarbarnen på den kinesiska landsbygden förväntade vi oss att möta olyckliga barn, präglade av föräldrarnas frånvaro och armod. Vi som lyckligt lottade universitetsstudenter skulle jobba för att uppmuntra, undervisa och dokumentera. Dock var verkligheten, som vanligt när den jämförs med teorin, mindre svart och vit. Uppväxtmiljön som dessa barn åtnjuter kan deras urbana motsvarigheter bara drömma om. Barnen, åtminstone de yngre, sjuder av energi och skratt när de i stora grupper driver omkring i den vackra naturen; bland risfält, vattenfall och branta berg. Detta att jämföra med de kinesiska stadsbarnens individuella pluggande, strikta schemabeläggning och smogtyngda stadsmiljö. ”De här barnen är lyckligare än jag någonsin var under min uppväxt.” muttrar universitetsstudenten Wong, själv uppvuxen i Beijing. ” Visst är deras tillvaro inte optimal men det är heller inte stadsbarnens. Jag hade behövt en volontärarbetare som underhållit och muntrat upp mig under rasterna mellan pluggpassen.” fortsätter han. Föräldrarnas frånvaro är förvisso ett betydande problem för dessa barn. Man märker hur ivriga de är att få kontakt med oss unga vuxna då vår åldersgrupp utgör ett tomt hål i byns demografi. Enligt enkätsvaren vi samlar in är det framför allt en saknad av någon att diskutera sina problem med som plågar vissa av barnen. ”När jag är rädd eller ledsen har jag ingen att vända mig till ” är en då och då förekommande kommentar. Men far- och morföräldrarna är i de flesta fall närvarande och i de fall föräldrarna skaffat barn tidigt i sina liv är dessa faktiskt inte mycket äldre än stora delar av den svenska föräldrakåren. Många av barnen får därmed den uppmärksamhet och kärlek de behöver från hälso- och åldersmässigt inte alltför besvärade far- och morföräldrar. (Självklart är de individuella fallen mycket varierande) Den materiella nivån i denna by är förvisso inte hög men långt ifrån katastrofal. TV, rinnande vatten och ordentliga hus är standard. Enligt byborna vi talar med är det till följd av att utländska fabrikerna tillåtits etablera sig i Kina och den inkomst som föräldrarna där genererar som detta lyft kunnat åstadkommas. Det ska förvisso has i åtanke att denna by är relativt välmående jämfört med andra kinesiska landsbygdsområden. De som lider mest i dessa migrantarbetarfamiljer är nog inte barnen. Just i denna by verkar de ha de har en relativt lycklig uppväxt, miljömässigt och materiellt, och trots avsaknaden av kontakt med föräldrarna har de stöd från mor och farföräldrar. De största uppoffringarna gör nog föräldrarna själva. De jobbar i kopiösa mängder för att familjen hemma i byn ska leva bättre och för den hägrande drömmen om barnens universitetsstudier. Sinnestämningen hos barnen går dock från mycket gladlynt i låga årskurser mot en accelererande grad av ångest i takt med stigande ålder. Ju närmare den mindre tilltalande verkligheten barnen inser att de kommer, desto mer oro kan vi observera. De vet att det liv som väntar dem som vuxna inte är lika sorglöst som deras tidiga barndom. Men än så länge ljuder skratten genom Sichuans berglandskap. Peter Ueda 2008-07-24 18:00 93 Kinabloggen Tomt ekande universitetshets Vad vill du bli när du blir stor? Är en klassisk fråga att ställa till ett barn. När vi frågar de kvarlämnade barnen på landsbygden är standardsvaret givet. ”Gå på universitet”. Det är alltså inget yrke eller familjebildning som barnen drömmer om utan en ospecificerad tillvaro som universitetsstudent. Antagligen svarar de så för att de vet att det är svaret som alla vill höra. De meritokratiska värderingarna genomsyrar det kinesiska samhället och måttstocken för ens barns framgång är i stor utsträckning rankingen på det universitet som barnet tar sig in på. Att få en plats på ett bra universitet är dock så pass svårt att det inte finns utrymme att fundera över livet efter universitetet. Slutmålet, i både barnens och föräldrarnas ögon, blir därför just universitet och det bästa möjliga universitetet utifrån barnets kapacitet. Även på landsbygden är dessa värderingar de vanligast förekommande. När föräldrarna ringer hem är det framför allt studieresultat de frågar sina barn om och när vi undrar vad som är de arbetande föräldrarnas största oro svarar mor- och farföräldrarna att det är att barnet ska komma in på universitet men att de inte ska ha råd med terminsavgifterna. Barnen vet om detta, men många av dem har på känn att det inte riktigt räcker med hårt jobb från deras sida. ”Våra lärare är inte alls entusiastiska när de undervisar. De bara står och läser innantill hela lektionen. Sen går de och spelar Mahjong.” säger en flicka vi talar med. ”När jag inte förstår någonting i boken, har jag ingen att fråga.” fortsätter hon. Även med den bästa möjliga support från erfarna lärare och omhändertagande föräldrar är konkurrensen om universitetsplatserna knivskarp i Kina. Att från denna skola ta sig till attraktivt universitetet i Beijing eller Shanghai är nästintill omöjligt. Med rigorös självdisciplin och stor talang kan några av barnen dock möjligen nå yrkesutbildningar eller högre utbildningar av lägre prestigegrad lokalt. För övriga är vägen till fabriksgolven utstakad. Ett uttalat mål för vårt projekt är att uppmuntra barnens studier för att få dem att kämpa sig uppför den sociala stegen, men alla håller inte med. ”Föreställ dig hur dessa barn mår när deras föräldrar ringer hem och undrar hur det går med studierna. De vet hur hårt föräldrarna arbetar, och de tror att de inte kommer att kunna uppfylla sina föräldrars drömmar.” säger Wong, en gruppmedlem. ”Självklart är det viktigt för oss att hitta de talanger som kan förverkliga klassresan och uppmuntra dem, men för övriga kanske vi bara spär på ångesten. Det är lätt för oss naiva medelklassbarn att säga att de ska kämpa hårdare men verkligheten är inte så enkel.” Peter Ueda 2008-07-27 19:10 Kinesisk spritkultur ”Jag gör det för lagets skull, döm mig inte” Mr. Sun, har ända sedan resans start uttryckt en stressad oro över den stundande middagen med de lokala politikerna i Xuanhan. Varje möte sedan avresan har haft en punkt på dagordningen som behandlat denna middag och hur vi ska förhålla sig till hans oundvikliga etanolintoxikation samt hans därav följande beteende. Som ledare för vår projektgrupp är det han som får ta alla skålarna med de olika politikerna - viktiga kontakter för genomförandet av vårt projekt - och att tacka nej är förstås inte aktuellt enligt kinesisk spritkultur. Hans öde är därmed beseglat. Mr. Sun ler sammanbitet när vi går in på restaurangen. Till mig ber han om ursäkt i förväg. ”Förlåt att jag kommer att bli odrägligt full, det här är kinesisk spritkultur och nödvändigt för att underhålla kontakterna. Vill du göra affärer i Kina måste du supa med dina affärspartners. Annars går det inte.” Han placerar de yngsta studenterna vid något han kallar ett ”säkerhetsbord” beläget längst ifrån de skålivriga politikerna och lovar att försöka skydda oss alla så gott det går. Sedan sätter skålandet igång. Och han går in med levern som insats. Mr. Sun tömmer glas efter glas med kinesisk starksprit tillsammans med de välmående politikerna och blir följaktligen redlöst full. Han hinner krossa två ölflaskor, ramla över bordet så att porslin krasas och mat spills och spy storslaget över sin stol innan han blir så pass medgörlig att vi enligt i förväg utarbetat flödesschema kan släpa hem honom till hotellet. Vid det laget hade politikerna redan gått hem. Peter Ueda 2008-07-23 23:30 94 Kinabloggen Wong vill rädda världen Det mest bestående intrycket från denna resa är, förutom de kvarlämnade barnens problematiska situation och ett grumligt samvete som konsument, de kinesiska studenternas väl uttalade idealism. De vill förändra och förbättra och är angelägna om att Kina ska utvecklas till ett rättvist och hållbart samhälle. Debatterna duggar tätt om vad som bör göras för barnen ur ett långsiktigt perspektiv. Bättre utbildning? Stöd till jordbrukarna? Möjligheter för barnen att följa med sina föräldrar till städerna? Och framför allt, vilka är de psykologiska konsekvenserna på samhällsnivå av att en hel generation landsbygdsbarn växer upp utan föräldrar? på omvärlden genom satsningar på militär, rymdutflykter och OS men skulle vi lyckas med detta skulle jag bli oerhört mycket stoltare över mitt land” säger han och tillägger. ”Men kanske är jag bara en naiv student i periferin utan koll på makroekonomi…” Möjligen är de kinesiska studenternas idealism en motreaktion som tas ut i förskott mot den materialistiska och individualistiska cynism som väntar dem i arbetslivet. Men Wongs åsikter finns definitivt i deras tankespektrum. Förhoppningsvis kan han och de andra projektmedlemmarna konservera sin ”rädda-världendrive” tills det är dags för dem att ta över rodret och navigera Kina genom nya tider. Peter Ueda 2008-07-29 13:41 Reflektioner och Fuwa-förbannelser Wong, en projektmedlem, resonerar såhär: ”Det är de arbetskraftintensiva industriernas framväxt i Kina som gjort att förhållandena i denna by förbättrats avsevärt. Bönderna har migrerat för att arbeta och ger med inkomsten den i byn kvarvarande familjen ett bättre liv. Det är positivt och fabrikernas roll ska därför även betraktas utifrån detta perspektiv. Å andra sidan är det de undermåliga livsmiljöerna och låga lönerna i fabrikerna som berövar föräldrar och barn en gemensam uppväxt. Arbetarna och barnen betalar genom sitt lidande priset för att konsumenterna i väst och i Kina ska kunna köpa billiga varor. Det är egentligen etiskt förkastligt att vi inte kan hoppa över steget med exploaterade arbetare. Men jag tror knappast att de flesta företagen, utan påtryckningar från konsumenternas sida, självmant kommer att göra något åt situationen och konsumenter tenderar ju inte att reflektera över etik som de inte tycker sig ha direkt koppling till. I slutändan är det bara regeringen som kan göra något åt arbetarnas situation i Kina. Tänk om hela Kina successivt och försiktigt skulle implementera drägliga förutsättningar i alla fabriker som möjliggör att barnen lever tillsammans med sina föräldrar. Visst skulle den ekonomiska utvecklingen gå långsammare, produkterna bli dyrare över hela världen och en del produktion skulle förloras till andra länder. Men ingen kan konkurrera med Kina när det gäller skalproduktion. Det är vi, om något land, som kan sätta en ny internationell standard för en socialt och miljömässigt hållbar samhällsmodell vilket är något västvärlden inte har lyckats med. Vi försöker imponera Jag har hela tiden sett positivt på OS i Beijing. Liksom många andra har jag sett det här som en chans till ökad utveckling och öppenhet, där press och kritik från omvärlden skulle leda till förbättringar. Och även om det argumentet kan tyckas vara väl naivt, så har jag åtminstone sett det som ett event med det kinesiska folkets fulla stöd. Kina är ett jätteland har jag sagt, alla förändringar sker långsamt, men OS kommer att vara ett steg i rätt riktning. Men nu växer känslan av obehag inför OS sig allt starkare. Det hade varit så mycket lättare om jag hade kunnat peka på ett enda, avgörande moment, som har fått mig att ändra inställning. Istället är det otaliga små saker, som tillsammans samlar sig till ett olycksbådande faktum: OS är världens största folkfest, men för Kina är festen det viktiga, inte folket. Att ta upp alla saker är i princip omöjligt, även om många nyhetsartiklar gör ett försök. Men i vilken ände ska man börja? De rigorösa säkerhetsåtgärderna kanske, med allt från spårhundar, luftvärnsmissiler, säkerhetskontroller på tunnelbanor (ska de börja på bussar också efter explosionerna i Yunnan?) till restriktioner på varutransporter in till och ut från Beijing, inklusive privat post (USB-stickor får tydligen inte skickas ut förrän efter OS, fråga Peter). Att ta sig in och ut från Beijing blir allt svårare, och utlänningars visumproblem ska vi bara inte tala om. Långsamt innesluts invånarna i Beijing i en liten bubbla – som om det skulle vara en garanti för ökad säkerhet. Samtidigt kommer till och med kinesiska turistbyrån med statistik om att bara 77 % av alla femstjärniga hotell är bokade, och bara 44 % av alla fyrstjärniga. Anstormningen av turister, vare sig inhemska eller utländska, fortsätter att lysa med sin frånvaro. Samtidigt så rensas Beijing upp med en fanatisk nit och rigiditet som ibland leder till bisarra resultat. Nu pratar vi inte ens om min nostalgi efter det kinesiska vardagslivet, vi pratar om att restauranger inte får servera sallad för att deras serveringstillstånd bara omfattar nudlar. 95 Kinabloggen Även om Kina i allra högsta grad är en polisstat, finns det tillfällen då utökad säkerhet kan vara befogat. USA gjorde det efter 9/11 t.ex. Men säkerhetsåtgärderna i Beijing är så arbiträra, så svårtolkade, så vitt omfattande och så nyckfullt implementerade att de har förvandlats från behövliga till klassisk kinesisk byråkrati: en skiftande labyrint, där information aldrig är tillförlitlig och loopholes hela tiden öppnas och stängs. Istället för att inge en känsla av säkerhet, känner man bara förvirring och oro. Vilka regler gäller, och kommer de att ändras imorgon? Känner jag någon som kan hjälpa mig att få det här fixat? Och stämningen bland kineserna själva har också ändrats. Den genuina stoltheten finns kvar, men inte så mycket glädjen. Sägs det något positivt, så är det med ett sammanbitet leende och uttryck som “härda ut”, “anpassa sig”, “det här är viktigt för Kina” förekommer allt oftare. Och sägs det något negativt, så är det t.ex. i form av 福娃灾难 论, eller ”The Five Fuwa of the Apocalypse”, som har spritts på kinesiska hemsidor och sedan censurerats. (Fuwa kan översättas som lyckodockor) Istället för att representera lycka och välgång, har de blivit föremål för vidskeplighet. Beibei, den blåa fisken, har fått symbolisera alla översvämningar i södra Kina i sommar. Jingjing, pandan, symboliserar jordbävningen i Sichuan, pandaprovinsen. Huanhuan, den olympiska elden, symboliserar alla kontroverser kring OS-facklan. Yingying, den tibetanska antilopen, symboliserar protesterna i Tibet. Svalan Nini har inspirerats av motiven på de drakar som barn ofta leker med, och representerar antingen tågkraschen nära Weifang, känd som ”City of Kites”, eller den skenande prisinflationen. OS börjar om två veckor. Hur kommer stämningen i staden att vara då? ilska över hyckleriet och censuren är förståeligt, men reaktionerna går utanför det. Det känns som om många tar tillfället i akt att befästa sin rädsla och avsky för hela Kina, ofta utan att ha någon större kunskap om landet eller intresse för att reducera denna okunskap. Jag påstår inte heller att jag har någon större kunskap om Kina, men jag har kommit fram till ett fåtal väsentliga slutsatser. En av dessa är att allt jag har hört om Kina är både sant och falskt, rätt och fel, där det alltid finns flera sidor av samma mynt. En annan är att efter ett år i landet, insåg jag verkligen hur obetydliga mina kunskaper om landet var. En tredje är att ingen någonsin kommer att kunna tillräckligt mycket för att ge en helhetsbild av alla aspekter. Visst kan samma slutsatser tillämpas på livet i allmänhet. Men just ifråga om Kina är förmågan att se saker ur flera perspektiv nödvändig för att få en djupare förståelse av landet. Och den rädsla, okunskap och fientlighet som har riktats mot Kina de senaste dagarna gör mig mörkrädd. Man kan inte bara ta till sig den information som passar ens åsikter, utesluta resten och tro att man därmed har ökat sin förståelse för landet. Kina är större än man kan begripa, mer mångfacetterat än man kan greppa, och idag i allra högsta grad för betydelsefull för att ignorera. Min mening med de senaste inläggen var att uttrycka min besvikelse inför den kinesiska regeringens handlande i frågan om Internetcensurering. Det har jag gjort med all önskvärd tydlighet. Men jag vill även uttrycka att en hel del också har förbättrats tack vare OS – trafiken rullar på för första gången på flera år, de nya tunnelbanorna är fantastiska, och Beijingborna kommer att ha stor nytta av både utbyggnaden av flygplatsen och sportanläggningarna efteråt. Och framför allt har den kinesiska regeringen de senaste trettio åren åstadkommit väsentligt fler förbättringar än försämringar för kineserna själva, vilket den här internationella rapporten kanske säger någonting om. Feifei Tian 2008-07-25 11:33 Eftertanke Jag är fortfarande besviken på kinesiska regeringen och IOK:s handlande (även om de delvis verkar ha ändrat sig), men de senaste dagarnas reaktioner på nyheten om Internetcensuren har varit både beklämmande och skrämmande. Besvikelse och 96 Kinabloggen ledare och kritik mot folket. Om västerländsk media kritiserar Kinas regering tar vi kritiken som anklagelser mot folket, kulturen, ja hela Kina, och blir följaktligen upprörda. Vi har ett mer nationellt och kollektivistiskt mind-set. Jag förstår om ni blir förvånade när er regeringskritik svaras med kinesisk folkstorm men det är en kulturell skillnad. 86 % av alla kineser är nöjda med riktningen för landets utveckling och 84 % är nöjda med ekonomin. Båda siffrorna är högst i världen. (och den som tror att över 1,1 miljard kineser är hjärntvättade får gärna försöka argumentera för det.) Väldigt, väldigt få kineser tycker att det var bättre förr. Nej, allt är inte bra i Kina. Men allt är inte dåligt heller. En vecka innan invigningen av OS, är förmågan att se saker ur flera perspektiv ifråga om Kina viktigare än någonsin. Feifei Tian 2008-08-01 20:45 Demo…krati? Detta är en intervju med Wei som studerar juridik i Beijing. Hallå där Wei! Vad vet och tycker du om incidenten på Himmelska fridens torg 1989? - I Kina är regeringen inte öppen om vad som egentligen hände. I våra historieböcker står det att det var ett antal studenter som protesterade på Himmelska fridens torg men inga detaljer är angivna. Men det är så det fungerar i Kina. Alla, åtminstone de runt omkring mig, vet att informationen vi förses med om kontroversiella frågor inte är tillförlitlig. Vi universitetsstudenter införskaffar och delar ofta filmer och rapporter om Kina från utlandet och är därför ganska väl uppdaterade. Vi vet att det var studentprotester som resulterade i att regeringen satte in militär och ett stort antal studenter dödades. Det är ett oacceptabelt beteende av en regering. Studenterna hade fel i sakfrågorna tycker jag, men en regering får aldrig göra på det sättet. Men nu har det gått lång tid sedan dess och jag tycker det är onödigt att spendera energi på att uppröras över det som hände då. Vi har viktigare utmaningar framför oss. Vad tycker du om att media är statligt kontrollerad i Kina? Det är synd. Jag tycker media ska rapportera fritt. I väst verkar det vara en mycket känslig fråga, det där med statlig inblandning i media men för oss är det inget större problem, vi är vana vid att ha det på detta sätt och vi vet om att det är vinklade nyheter som sänds. Det är lite löjligt av regeringen att vara så orolig över kritiska nyheter, de borde ha större självförtroende än så, men jag tror att alla nyheter, även de i väst, är vinklade på ett eller annat sätt. På internet råder ett friare debattklimat och tillgången till information är större där. Vad tycker du om västerländsk medias kritiska attityd gentemot Kina inför OS? Egentligen tror jag inte att den underliggande konflikten är särskilt stor. Tror det handlar mer om misslyckad kommunikation från båda sidor. I väst verkar ni skilja väldigt tydligt på regering och folk. Att kritisera regeringar verkar vara någon sorts kultur hos er. I Kina däremot har vi svårare att skilja på kritik mot våra Kina är en stormakt nu och stormakter väcker känslor. Är det inte dags att vänjas sig vid internationell kritik? I skolan får vi lära oss om Kinas storslagna historia och kulturella arv. Samtidigt ser vi att vi idag ligger efter västvärlden i rikedom, teknik och samhällsutveckling. Detta ger upphov till en motsägelsefull självkänsla hos oss kineser. Å ena sidan har vi ett stort självförtroende för vår stolta kultur och historia. Å andra sidan lider vi av ett mindervärdeskomplex då vi uppenbarligen inte lika bra som väst inom många områden. Detta gör kanske att kineser är känsliga för kritik från väst. Vi känner att vi borde vara bättre än er men vet att vi inte är det och tar därför lätt åt oss och känner oss förolämpade. Vi har inte hittat en stabil självkänsla i internationella sammanhang i vilken vi kan buffra negativa känslor som uppstår till följd av kritik. Men det är som du säger, det är dags att vänja sig. I väst tycker man att det är viktigt med demokratiska val, vad tycker du om dina ledares legitimitet att regera landet? Låt oss säga att vi skulle ha val som de har i USA. Vi skulle t.ex. få välja mellan två kandidater till premiärministerposten. Det kan tyckas mer rättvist, men egentligen, de hypotetiska kandidaterna till posten har ju gått samma väg till sina höga positioner som premiärministern idag har gått. Dessutom tror jag inte kineser bryr sig mycket om sådant. Så länge partiets ungdomsförbund är öppet för alla är det egentliga problemet inte bristen på allmänna val, utan snarare bristen på tolerans mot avvikande åsikter. Det är toleransen som ska förbättras för att skapa en mer dynamisk miljö där den initiativkraft som gynnar landets utveckling kan släppas lös. Valen ser jag mer som ett symboliskt och mycket kostsamt event i ära för er övertygelse, vad heter det nu igen? Demo… demo…demo… krati? Peter Ueda 2008-07-29 19:14 97 Kinabloggen Besviken volontär Vill du inte ha OS överhuvudtaget? När jag ser vilka ofantliga och överflödiga resurser som läggs på OS blir jag lite ledsen. Kina är fortfarande ett fattigt land på landsbygden, tänk hur mycket nytta dessa pengar skulle kunna göra där. Å andra sidan skulle man kunna säga det om alla resurser som inte spenderas optimalt. Lyxvaror, rymdforskning, militär etc. Detta är en intervju med Ling som är universitetsstudent och volontär under OS i Beijing. Hon jobbar med att serva journalisterna på en av de olympiska arenorna. Hej Ling! Hur är stämningen bland er volontärer drygt en vecka innan OS? Stämningsmässigt kan man dela in volontärerna i tre grupper. Först är det de som fortfarande tycker att det är en stor ära att få vara delaktig i arrangerandet av OS i Beijing, de jobbar hårt och följer reglerna till punkt och pricka. Sedan är det de som egentligen inte är så engagerade, som ser volontärarbetet som en bra merit och en möjlighet att lära känna nytt folk. Själva OS är inte längre något som upphetsar dem. Tror du att OS blir lyckat? Ja, organisatoriskt och logistiskt kommer det att bli mycket lyckat. Regeringen har spenderat så mycket tid och pengar på förberedelser och eliminerat allt som kan tänkas störa flödet att något annat vore konstigt. T.ex. har min handledare spenderat ett år i pressrummet där jag arbetar för att förbereda allt i minsta detalj. Vi vet exakt i vilka vinklar stolarna ska stå nu. (skratt) Den tredje gruppen är de som är upprörda och besvikna över alla godtyckliga regler och restriktioner som regeringen infört i samband med OS. De är även missnöjda med att vissa av volontärerna som arbetar för BOB (Beijing Olympic Broadcasting) får en lön på 459 RMB per dag. Detta är en mycket hög lön i Kina och denna orättvisa har väckt irritation inom volontärstyrkan. Vissa har redan hoppat av. Vilken grupp tillhör du? Jag tillhör de som förut var entusiastiska men som nu är uppgivna och besvikna. Alla dessa godtyckliga regler och restriktioner ställer till så mycket problem för befolkningen i Beijing, regeringen har gått för långt. Ytan ska vara så perfekt och det verkar vara det enda som spelar någon roll. Det är ett stort skådespel alltihopa, vi ska försöka förmedla en bild som inte är sann. Det har gått till överdrift. Nu vill jag bara att allt ska ta slut så fort som möjligt. Jag ogillar starkt hela detta OS-spektakel. Peter Ueda 2008-07-31 10:45 08 08 08 Öppningsceremonin är om mindre än åtta timmar. Ett fåtal lyckligt lottade får se den live inne i Bird’s Nest, men många fler kan se de 33866 fyrverkeripjäser som med hjälp av ca 600 personer kommer att anta formen av en bl.a. en drake, en pion, de olympiska ringarna och 2008 leende ansikten. Av genrepen att döma, kommer det bli spektakulärt. Vägen fram till OS har inte direkt varit lätt för Kina. Kritik, debatt och dialog är viktiga för att föra utvecklingen framåt. Men idag, ikväll, är inte den rätta stunden. Jag har sett hur min spännande, nedsmutsade, innehållsrika stad sakta har förvandlats till en ren, steril, vänlig och säker plats, som på vägen förlorat en del av sin 98 Kinabloggen karaktär och inneburit stora inskränkningar i invånarnas dagliga liv. Men de som är här för första gången har inte sett förändringen, och saknar inte heller gatumaten eller alla krimskrams- och DVD-försäljare. Och vi andra vänjer oss också, både vid de otaliga volontärerna, poliserna, säkerhetsåtgärderna, en trafik som flyter på och alla stängda smårestauranger. För vi vet att mycket av det här kommer att försvinna efter OS, att det här är en tillfällig fasad. att västerländsk media skall göra detsamma. Det är en ganska befogad känsla tycker jag, i och med att det är svårt för västerländsk media att sätta sig in i alla de nyanser och aspekter som krävs för en objektiv diskussion, och det är ett tydligt tecken på att de förändringar som bör ske i Kina, kommer att ske inifrån. Men bara det faktum att sådan här kritik förekommer ser jag som ett gott tecken på de förändringar som faktiskt sker just nu, både i samhället och i kulturen. Men om man frågar en äldre generation kineser, tror jag inte upprördheten skulle vara lika stor. Där är konceptet nationell stolthet, nationellt ”face” mycket mer accepterat, och som en liten kugge i ett stort hjul uthärdar man för nationens bästa. Och eftersom de har vuxit upp i en stat där propaganda och censur är norm, är sådana här små missledande saker inte så förvånande, och inte heller så allvarliga. Detta, kopplat med kinesers mer rättframma förhållande till saker som urvalskriterier Man behöver inte förstå den fullt ut. Jag vet bara att jag verkligen och utseende (kommentarer som ”vad tjock du är!” är ju bara objektiva observationer, och därför inte speciellt opassande. Krav berörs av kinesernas enorma vilja att göra sitt bästa, även om på längd, inkomst och materiell status är heller inte ovanligt när det innebär begränsningar i deras dagliga liv. Och idag är deras man söker en lämplig partner. Ibland kan det tyckas väl mycket, dag, idag är dagen de har sett fram emot ända sedan 2001. Idag men då ska man komma ihåg att kineser oftast helt enkelt säger vill jag bara glädjas med dem, idag hoppas jag bara att allt går det som svenskar bara tänker.) gör att de nog inte skulle se det bra och att Beijing får den fantastiska öppningsceremoni de har här som någon större grej. planerat och arbetat för så länge. För skulle någonting hända ikväll, så skulle det inte ses som en attack mot den kinesiska Även fyrverkerierna har visat sig vara något modifierade. regeringen, det skulle ses som en attack och en skymf mot det Sekvensen med fotstegen från Tiananmen Square till Bird’s Nest kinesiska folket. Och alla de vanliga människor som har jobbat har visat sig vara en datoranimerad film, som har arbetats fram så hårt för det här förtjänar inte det. De förtjänar att få den här under ett års tid. Fyrverkerierna fyrades dock fortfarande av, stunden i rampljuset. men ur säkerhetssynpunkt var det omöjligt att låta en helikopter följa fotstegen hela vägen. Eftersom det som syntes på marken Feifei Tian 2008-08-08 06:11 överensstämde ganska väl med animeringen, har detta inte lett till någon större uppståndelse. Meningen tycks vara att eftersom fyrverkerierna trots allt fyrades av, så gjorde det inte så mycket att man såg till att visa de från sin bästa möjliga sida. Fejkade fyrverkerier och barnröster Jag tycker att det är hemskt beklagligt att de bytte ut Yang Peiyi mot Lin Miaoke. Det är dock inte speciellt förvånande, eftersom Nu så här några dagar efter det första bländande intrycket från det hade varit naivt att tro att myndigheterna plötsligt skulle få öppningsceremonin, börjar nyanserna framträda. för sig att låta individen stå i centrum under det event som skulle Lin Miaoke, den lilla flickan som sjöng när Kinas flagga bars in, visa upp Kina från sin bästa sida. Reaktionerna från kineserna var väldigt söt och betagande. Rösten och sången tillhörde dock själva har dock varit upplyftande att se, och det är snarare det i själva verket en annan liten flicka, Yang Peiyi, som dock inte man bör ta fasta på. ansågs vara söt nog för att synas på scen och TV. Västerländsk media har självklart varit snabba att snappa upp När det gäller fyrverkerierna måste jag säga att datoranimahistorien, och även på kinesiska bloggar och forum har kritiken tionen inte gör någonting för min del. Fyrverkerierna fyrades varit hård. Även om viss censur har förekommit, har historien verkligen av, det var vackert, alla blev imponerade. Det är trots ändå spridit sig bland kineserna. allt en show, en föreställning, och meningen är att ge en illusion av något storslaget. Det är därför vi tittar på dem, och det är De kinesiska nätanvändarna kanske inte är representativa för även därför vi tittar på TV, film och teater. Vi vill att det ska vara hela den kinesiska befolkningen, med tanke på att några av underhållande och vi vill låta oss fascineras av föreställningen. tweetsen var på engelska. Det tyder det på en kritik som de vill ska uppmärksammas även utanför Kina, vilket inte är helt I slutändan, hur mycket bryr vi oss om vad som var specialeffekvanligt. Snarare är det så att kinesiska nätanvändare har många ter och vad som var verklighet om filmen var bra? varierande åsikter, vilda diskussioner och är inte rädda för att kritisera staten, men det betyder inte nödvändigtvis att de vill Feifei Tian 2008-08-13 12:02 Och även om den kinesiska regeringens huvudsakliga drivkraft är en kombination av prestige, perfektionism och stolthet, så drivs kineserna till största delen av en genuin stolthet över sitt land och sin stad, och en genuin glädje över att få visa upp den från sin bästa sida för hela världen. Denna kollektiva känsla av ansvar, av att göra sitt bästa för sitt land, kan vara svårförståelig för folk som inte är uppväxta i en holistisk kultur. 99 Kinabloggen Ett universitet, en bubbla Igår var jag på en nostalgitripp till mitt gamla universitet Peking University. Jag skulle delta i en liten English Corner, vilket är en slags halvspontan klubb där studenter träffas för att träna sin engelska. Det hålls vanligtvis utomhus på någon gräsmatta, och alla som vill får dyka upp på den bestämda tiden. Varje universitet har ett eget, men i Beijing är speciellt Renmin University’s English Corner berömt, där flera hundra studenter kan samlas för att prata engelska några timmar. I verkligheten blir det nog si och så med engelskan, i och med att alla deltagare är kineser i behov av att träna engelska. Det blir ofta snarare en träffpunkt för singelstudenter, där de har fullt godtagbar anledning att gå fram och prata med okända studenter. Anledningen till att Renmin University’s är så stort t.ex., sägs vara de söta tjejerna på det universitetet. Det som jag skulle delta i var endast en liten sammankomst med ett gäng vänner, och några av dem mötte upp oss vid portarna. I princip alla universitet i Kina består av ett campus med murar runt om och endast ett fåtal portar, oftast placerade rakt nord-syd eller öst-väst. Vid dessa står det oftast ordningsvakter, och ibland stängs portarna efter en viss tid. Under OS hålls ett flertal sporter inne på universitetsområden, och dessa har därmed stängts för allmänheten. Bordtennistävlingarna kommer att hållas på Peking University, vilket innebär att förutom OS-deltagarna och åskådarna, får endast skolans studenter komma in. De får endast ta med sig tre gäster in, och endast genom vissa portar. På grund av legitimationskrångel, registrering och annat tog det därför nästan tjugo minuter innan vi tre ickeBeida-studenter kom in på campus. Väl inne kunde vi dock röra oss obehindrat. De kinesiska myndigheterna har varit väldigt smarta med det här ”bubbel-tänket”. Inne i de isolerade bubblorna, vare sig det är OS-byn, universiteten, OS-tunnelbanelinjen eller arenorna, är allting fritt, smidigt och välorganiserat. Att komma igenom bubblorna är däremot både svårt, arbiträrt (reglerna på Beida hade ändrats i förrgår) och präglat av en dos klassiskt drakonisk byråkrati, som redan har lett till en del upprördhet. (en Tsinghuastudent nekades t.ex. inträde på Beida med en brysk motivering, och hans post om händelsen på skolnätet hade fått hundratals kommentarer) Inne på Beida var allt sig likt. Universitetets campus liknar mest en stor park, med byggnader i traditionell kinesisk stil och en vacker sjö. Att promenera runt en sval sommarkväll, när luften ljuder av cikador och kväkande grodor, är själva sinnesbilden för det ljuva livet som kinesisk student, deras mest obekymrade period i livet. Och jag tror att det är så med alla bubblorna i Beijing – de ger den bästa bilden av staden och gör upplevelsen av OS så behaglig som möjligt, innanför avspärrningarna. Precis innanför den västra porten. Feifei Tian 2008-08-12 09:30 Smått och gott: kinesisk nyfikenhet Kineser är i allmänhet inte rädda för att visa nyfikenhet. Så fort något händer på gatan, vare sig det är ett bråk, en trafikolycka, eller en utlänning (inte i Beijing, men i andra delar av Kina), så är många kinesers första reaktion att ställa sig i en ring runt om och titta. De åskådare som kommer senare får ofta en sammanfattande kommentar av dem som varit med från början, som t.ex. ”Hon gråter och slår på honom för att han har varit otrogen med hennes kompis”. Att mätta sin nyfikenhet på detta öppna, tydliga sätt står i stark kontrast till svenskars skynda-förbi-och-låtsas-om-ingentingreaktion, vilket som mycket annat har sin grund i olika förhållningssätt till privat och offentligt liv i båda kulturerna. Visst kan man som svensk tycka att det är oartigt, opassande och ett intrång i privatlivet, men då måste man komma ihåg att sådant spelar roll först när man har en dräglig levnadsstandard där stort privat utrymme är norm, vilket inte är alldeles självklart i Kina. Det är ett så vedertaget beteende i Kina att det finns ett särskilt uttryck för det: 看热闹, eller ”titta på livliga händelser” (om någon annan kan en bättre översättning vore jag väldigt tacksam). Som med ”De åtta saker man inte ska fråga utlänningar om”, har de kinesiska myndigheterna strävat efter att inskränka förekomsten av detta kinesiska vardagsnöje inför OS, även om det redan är på nedgång i och med den moderna utvecklingen i storstäderna. Men ibland är händelsen alldeles för intressant för att inte stanna och titta. 100 Kinabloggen samhället och politiken. Och för de som tycker att kommunismen i Kina enbart är av ondo, så var ett av deras uttalade mål att frigöra kvinnorna och få de att delta i revolutionen. Efter 1949, när Folkrepubliken Kina grundades, deklarerades det att kvinnor och män hade lika rättigheter ur samhälleliga, ekonomiska och politiska aspekter, och det var också en av anledningarna till att så många kvinnor deltog i kommunistpartiet. Fler kvinnor började delta i arbetslivet, fick utbildning och saker som prostitution eliminerades nästan helt. Även om mycket förbättrades, och Kina på många sätt är ett mer jämlikt land än man tror, återstår det fortfarande mycket att göra. Familjer på landsbygden vill fortfarande hellre ha pojkar än flickor, även om det tankesättet nästan är helt utsuddat i storstäderna. Flickor förväntas studera precis lika hårt som pojkar, och fler och fler kvinnor gör karriär, men de förväntas fortfarande ta huvudansvaret för hemmet och familjen. En rullstolsbunden äldre dam ska använda en av de splitter nya handikappsplattformarna. Och i sportens Kina, är det ändå kvinnorna som står för de tyngsta insatserna. Av Kinas hittills 22 guld, har 13 tagits av kvinnor. Kinas herrfotbollslag är en konstant källa till kritik, frustration och förödmjukelse för de fotbollstokiga fansen, och ändå tjänar de otroligt mycket mer än Kinas damfotbollslag, ”Stålrosorna”, som nu har gått vidare till kvartsfinal. Kineserna själva är väl medvetna om detta faktum: 阴盛阳衰,yin sheng yang shuai, direkt översatt: Yin (det kvinnliga elementet) segrar, Yang (det manliga elementet) förfaller. Feifei Tian 2008-08-15 06:32 Människorna som står och tittar på. Feifei Tian 2008-08-11 17:46 Var e brudarna? Kina har traditionellt sett varit ett patriarkalt samhälle, som många andra i världen. Kvinnor hade få rättigheter, och skulle idealiskt sett spendera sitt liv innanför hemmets väggar. Allt i det offentliga livet kontrollerades av män (med några få minnesvärda undantag, som Wu Zetian, Kinas enda kvinnliga kejsare genom tiderna och Cixi, drottningmodern som med sitt slösaktiga leverne a la Marie Antoinette bidrog till kejsardömet Kinas fall), vilket till och med gick igen i fredagens öppningsceremoni: av de 14 000+ deltagarna, var ytterst få kvinnor. (Det kan även förklaras med att deltagarna i ”mass-eventen” var soldater, eftersom de hade den disciplin och diskretion som krävdes för att öva in ett sån här show i flera års tid.) I början på förra seklet, i och med bl.a. Xinhai-revolutionen 1911, började även kvinnor kräva rättigheter och rätten att få delta i 101 Acknowledgements Acknowledgements Name Organization Name Organization Erika Stoltz Emma Sjöström Camilla Laaksonen Jessis Ng Magnus Gyllö Erika Stoltz Andy Wang David Chan Edward Law Gordon Grant Ai Shou Yu Mao Yu Le Kang Mr. Li Mr. An Li Wong Deng Danxia Youth Volunteer Ass. Yu Lei Yuan Fang Zhang Kan Martin Eriksson-Grubb Johan Björkstén Niclas Eklund Björn Andersson Cecilia Bladh Charlotte Eriksson Susanne Samuelsson Xiaoguang Sun Henrik Danielsson Riku Helminen Mikko Rautio Mirja Sammalisto Arne Forstenberg Yiyun Hu Kiwi Mats Hellström Akzo Nobel Amnesty International Arlanda Express Atlas Copco Atlas Copco Azko Nobel Beijing Foreign Studies Uni. David Chan studio CCTV CNN Communication Uni. of China Communication Uni. of China Communication Uni. of China Communication Uni. of China Communication Uni. of China Communication Uni. of China Communication Uni. of China Communication Uni. of China Communication Uni. of China Communication Uni. of China Communication Uni. of China Communication Uni. of China Dep. Political science SH Eastwei Elof Hansson Ericsson Ericsson Ericsson Ericsson Ericsson Exportrådet Finnair Finnair Finnair Global Focus Global Fund Health Science Center, PKU Hellström Ling Fang Per Tornhammar Anders Björkman Börje Ljunggren David Dahlin Sano Kento Peter Skogh David Shao Du Zhang Xuxuan Xie Håkan Roos Ellen Rova Magnus Johansson Li Shan Rui Chen Xiwei Mo Yu Wenhe Aurora Sun Johan Norén Anna Persson Kristina Zang Yiqing Wang Svante Lindholm Ingela Lindell Fredrik Ektander Lennart Kågestam Per Dahl Martin Stenberg Tove-Lia Johansson Max Odéen Sofia Winiarski Erik A. O. Engström Daniel Sundahl Feifei Jing David Risselborn Lars Bergman Magnus Blomström Tomas Armstrong Hellström Karolinska Institutet Karolinska Institutet Lund University LU / Arctic Ranger Batalion Momiage Dojo Östasiatiska museet Peking University Peking University Peking University Procurator Royal Institute of Technology Royal Institute of Technology Royal Institute of Technology Royal Institute of Technology Royal Institute of Technology Royal Institute of Technology Royal Institute of Technology Royal Institute of Technology Sandvik Sandvik Sandvik Sandvik Scania SEB Södra Latin Springtime Springtime Stockholm School of Economics Stockholm School of Economics Stockholm School of Economics Stockholm School of Economics Stockholm School of Economics Stockholm School of Economics Stockholm School of Economics Stockholm School of Economics Stockholm School of Economics Stockholm School of Economics 102 Acknowledgements Interviews Name Organization Name Organization Gustav Borgefalk Måns Flodberg Carita Wahlberg Pelle Sten Ola Henriksson Bo Hedin Jonas Arnesen Monika Wassén Niklas Transaeus Pontus Lindskog Jan Björklund Lars Leijonborg Sten Lundberg Jin Xiang Chen Yvonne Chen Mikael Lindström Sara Dahlsten Bruce Cui Claire Liu Eric Li Meng Gao Selina Mo Jenny Yin Lennart Ekdahl Adam Singer Lars Brandt Justin Yifu Lin Mara Liu Wanying Ministry of Education Stockholm School of Economics Stockholm School of Economics Stora Enso Svenska Dagbladet Svenska Dagbladet Svenska Dagbladet Svenska Dagbladet Svenska Institutet Svenska Institutet Sweden Day staff Swedish Minister for Education Swedish Minister for Higher Education and Research Tebladet Chinese Embassy in Stockholm The Swedish Chamber of Commerce Swedish Embassy in Beijing Swedish Embassy in Beijing Tsinghua University Tsinghua University Tsinghua University Tsinghua University Tsinghua University Tsinghua University TV4 University of Oxford Utbildningsförvaltningen World Bank WWF Xuanhan, Sichuan Province Dachen Cheng Audrey Deng Sharon Shun Shi Ying Huo De Ming Christer Ljungwall Erik Feng Gao Jianfeng Dinggang Li Michael Pettis Frédéric Cho Ian Duffy Jeffrey Chen Fredrik Härén Mårten Lindskog Peder Arvidsson Sharon Yin Sunny Wang Xi Li Jukka Kantonen Johan Lagerkvist Gu Qun Karin Grauers Lin Jie Chen Cecilia Lindqvist AstraZeneca Atlas Copco Atlas Copco Beijing Foreign Studies Uni. China Center for Economic Research, Peking University CCER, Peking University Ericsson Ericsson Gene Therapy Center, Haidian Hospital Guanghua School of Management, PKU HQ Bank Stockholm IKEA IKEA Interesting.org Novus Opinion Sandvik Sandvik Sandvik Stora Enso Stora Enso Utrikespolitiska Institutet Vinge Vinge Vinge Shanghai Intelligence Center Swedish sinologist Student Association of Stockholm School of Economics Association of Student International Communication Tsinghua University 103 Performance at the Sixth Culture Festival of the Communication University of China. Communication University of China campus. WELCOME TO A WORLD OF OPPORTUNITIES You are looking for new challenges. So enter our world of endless possibilities. A talent like you can go far. www.ericsson.com/careers TALK TO US ABOUT CAREER OPPORTUNITIES (Like starting a global career with a job in Älmhult.) At IKEA you don’t need a fancy title or a certain name to have a successful career. We are more interested in your future potential than your current CV. It’s perfectly possible to start out as a summer deputy at the Älmhult store and be marketing manager in Japan a few years later. A good rst step is to visit www.IKEA.se/student. See you there! © Inter IKEA Systems B.V. 2008 Nothing is impossible! B LAC KB OAR D Ulrika Ringström, 28 years, works as change manager at the research and development unit within the Sandvik Materials Technology business area. A matter of the heart for millions of people More than two million people worldwide live with pacemakers inserted under the skin. Between the pacemaker and the heart is a thread, which communicates electrical impulses that cause the heart to contract in a regular rhythm. The thread must be conductive, very strong, biocompatible and extremely thin. Sandvik’s composite thread meets all these requirements. The core of pure silver has excellent conducting properties; the coating with the advanced implant alloy is accepted by the body. Everything is contained within a diameter of 0.025 millimeters, meaning, half of a human hair. Unique expertise within material technology and multimillion investments in research and development have resulted in world-class material, tools and equipment. Our customers are found in a range of different industries: automotive, aviation, mining, plants, oil/gas, power, pulp/paper, white goods, electronics, medical technology, pharmaceuticals, etc. We have about 47,000 employees, engaged in operations in 130 countries. Would you like to join us? www.sandvik.com The Atlas Copco Way Atlas Copco is a world leading provider of industrial productivity solutions. The products and services range from compressed air and gas equipment, generators, construction and mining equipment, industrial tools and assembly systems, to related aftermarket and rental. In close cooperation with customers and business partners, and with 135 years of experience, Atlas Copco innovates for superior productivity. Headquartered in Stockholm, Sweden, the Group’s global reach spans more than 160 markets. In 2007, Atlas Copco had 33 000 employees and revenues of BSEK 63 (BEUR 6.7). We are committed to your superior productivity through interaction and innovation. www.atlascopco.com.cn )FMQJOHUPDIBOHF UIFXPSME3JHIUOPX *UTOPTFDSFUJTJU 0VSQMBOFUJT GBDJOHUIFUXJOEJTBTUFSTPGGSFTI XBUFSEFQMFUJPOBOEDMJNBUFDIBOHF 8BOUUPLOPXNPSFBCPVUUIF EFNBOEJOHXBTUFXBUFSJOEVTUSZ $MJDLJOUPXXXJUUXXXDPN 8FLOPXBMPUBCPVUJUoCFDBVTFDMFBO XBUFSJTMJUFSBMMZPVSCVTJOFTT8FQSP WJEFBDPNQMFUFSBOHFPGXBUFSBOE ESBJOBHFQVNQTVOJUTGPSQSJNBSZ BOETFDPOEBSZCJPMPHJDBMUSFBUNFOU BOEQSPEVDUTGPSmMUFSJOHBOEEJTJO GFDUJPOUIFXPSMEPWFS 5IFDPNQBOZJTXIPMMZPXOFECZUIF *55$PSQPSBUJPOPG8IJUF1MBJOT/FX :PSLTVQQMJFSPGBEWBODFEUFDIOPMPHZ QSPEVDUTBOETFSWJDFT *558BUFS8BTUFXBUFSJTBMNPTU FWFSZXIFSFoJOTPNFDPVOUSJFT XJUIIFBERVBSUFSTJO4VOECZCFSH 4XFEFO8PSMEXJEFXFSF EFEJDBUFEXPNFOBOENFOXJUI BUPVSIFBEPGmDFBOEBOPUIFS BUUIFQSPEVDUJPOQMBOUJO-JOE¶T"OE FMTFXIFSFJO4XFEFO *558BUFS8BTUFXBUFS"# (FT´MMW´HFO 4&4VOECZCFSH 4XFEFO C74<833;4 :8=63>< éææænZVghd[8]^cZhZXjaijgZ B J H : J B D ; ;6 G : 6 H I : G C 6 C I > F J > I > : H HidX`]dab!HlZYZclll#dhiVh^Vi^h`V#hZ PSXYWXVEZIP¤XLIEHZERXEKISJPSGEPI\TIVMIRGI We are on location for you and your company – in Stockholm, Beijing and Shanghai. With our own offices we provide the necessary local knowledge, unique contacts and well established networks. Doing business in China is different and so it is to arrange the trips to go there. Focus on your business and let us take care of the rest. We know China. You can give us your trust after 17 years on location. Scandinavian Perspectives, the sister company of Lotus Travel, is a quality destination management company with 15 years of experience in hosting travelers from China. www.lotustravel.se • +46 8 545 188 40 www.scandinavianperspectives.com • +46 8 545 28 180 En värld av möjligheter När du tar steget in i Scania öppnar du dörren till en värld av möjligheter. Du möter utmaningar i teknikens och marknadens absoluta framkant. Du får jobba med ett ’’ ’’ varumärke och produkter som har hängivna kunder på mer än 100 marknader över hela världen. Kanske hittar du drömjobbet direkt. Kanske ger du dig ut på en resa som varken du eller vi kan ana slutet på idag. Världen väntar. Scania är ett stort företag med stora resurser. Ändå ser och satsar man mycket på mig som individ. Det finns alla möjligheter att fortsätta utvecklas. Jessica, gick Traineeprogrammet 2004-2005. Arbetar idag som projektledare inom IT på Forskning & Utveckling. www.scania.com The programme is designed to provide knowledge and skills required to become an efficient manager with a holistic production perspective. Basic understanding of various dimensions and functions in the broad field of production and analytical skills needed to tackle the ever-changing problems and situations of modern competitive production are also coverd within the programme. Materials Science and Engineering, 120 ECTS The programme offers two specializations: Materials and Process Design and Materials Processing. Materials and Process Design focuses on the processes which turn metallic and ceramic materials into usful products made of high performance materials. Materials Processing covers the areas of casting, plastic forming, powder processing, fluid mechanics and metrology. Entrepreneurship and Innovation Management, 60 ECTS The programme covers the process from a business idea to the realization and introduction of a new product or a service to the market. This includes not only the identification of the market demands and the competitive analyses but also innovation management.The programme deals with the innovation management as crucial knowlege of modern management. School of Industrial Engineering and Management at KTH, offers five tuition free Master Programmes taught in English Sustainable Energy Engineering, 120 ECTS The purpose of the programme is to provide state-of-the-art education in the fields of solar energy, power generation, nuclear engineering and energy utilization in the built environment by means of economically and environmentally sustainable systems and technologies. Strong emphasis is placed on dealing with energy engineering tasks with due consideration of technical, environmental and socio-economic issues. Sustainable Technology, 120 ECTS www.itm.kth.se The programme is based on the concept of Industrial Ecology with focus on the understanding of interactions between technical, economic, social and ecological systems and processes. Technology is an important driving force for economic development and technology and communication are two essential factors in the development of more sustainable societies. Production Engineering and Management, 120 ECTS The programme is designed to provide knowledge and skills required to become an efficient manager with a holistic production perspective. Basic understanding of various dimensions and functions in the broad field of production and analytical skills needed to tackle the ever-changing problems and situations of modern competitive production are also coverd within the programme. Procurator supports you! Materials Science and Engineering, 120 ECTS The programme offers two specializations: Materials and Process Design and Materials Processing. Materials and Process Design focuses on the processes which turn metallic and ceramic materials into usful products made of high performance materials. Materials Processing covers the areas of casting, plastic forming, powder processing, fluid mechanics and metrology. Entrepreneurship and Innovation Management, 60 ECTS The programme covers the process from a business idea to the realization and introduction of a new product or a service to the market. This includes not only the identification of the market demands and the competitive analyses but also innovation management.The programme deals with the innovation management as crucial knowlege of modern management. We have been doing business with China for over 50 years VcYlZhjeedgii]dhZl]dlVciidYdi]ZhVbZ# EgdYjXihVcY[VX^a^inbVcV\ZbZciid^begdkZZ[ÒX^ZcXnVildg`egdXjgVidg#cZi T H E S T RAI G H T E S T WAY TO CH I NA . BEIJING SHANGHAI HONG KONG B E I J I N G . S HA NG HA I. HONG KONG. BANGKOK. DELHI. M U MBA I. TOK YO. OSAKA . NAGOYA . SEOU L. THE FAS T AIRL INE BET WEEN EUROPE AND ASIA Banking and Finance Company law and Corporate finance Distribution and Agency law Employment law China desk Environmental law EU and Competition law Maritime and Transportation law Real Estate and Commercial Property Lease law Mergers and Acquisitions Insurance Intellectual property Marketing and Media law International law Energy and Investment law IT and Telecom Litigation and Arbitration Private Equity www.hellstromlaw.com Lawyers you want on your side How colorful More than 500 master’s a career do you programs in English want? – A modern learning environment If you think about the future, but act in the present; if you’re passionate about introducing new ideas and developing sustainable answers; if you’re committed to delivering Tomorrow’s Answers Today, then you should consider joining our 60,000 employees working in more than 80 countries. www.akzonobel.com/careers/vacancy_bank – Flexible, hands-on education sis_a5_annons_original:Layout 1 08-05-21 11.19 Sida 2 www.studyinsweden.se sis_a5_annons_original:Layout 1 08-05-21 11.19 Sida 2 Partners 2008 KinaAffärer GlobalFOCUS 116