devonian spores from outer trøndelag, norway nor

DEVONIAN SPORES FROM OUTER
TRØNDELAG, NORWAY
KEITH C. ALLEN
Allen, K. C.: Devonian spores from outer TrØndelag, Norway. Norsk Geologisk
Tidsskrift, Vol. 56, pp. 437-448. Oslo 1976.
Rock samples for palynological study were collected from a number of
localities in outer Trøndelag. From these samples, poorly preserved but
identifiable spores were obtained from three localities. Those from small
islands north of Tristein indicate an Emsian age equivalent,
those from
Døsvik on Ørlandet a probable Lower Devonian age, and those from an
island west of Storfosna a probable Emsian or Eifelian age equivalent.
K. C. A Ilen, Department of Botany,
The
University,
Bristol,
BS8 l UG,
England.
Samples for palynological study were collected by the author from Hitra,
Døsvik and along a road section near Bjugn in Ørlandet, Storfosna and
islands west of Storfosna, and from the Tristein island region north-west of
Vallersund (Fig.
1). Samples collected by S. Siedlecki from Hitra and from
Løvøya south of Smøla in southernmost outer Trøndelag were also prepared.
In none of these samples were the spores well-preserved, most being highly
carbonised. Those from the small islands north of Tristein produced the best
spores, but identifiable spores were also obtained from an island west of
Storfosna and from Døsvik. Samples from the road section near Bjugn
produced a few simple spores, which gave no clear indication of their age.
Several samples prepared from Hitra, mostly from member D of the Hitra
Formation (Siedlecka & Siedlecki 1972: 3), yielded dark apparently organic
remains, but no spores.
Preparation of samples
The extraction of the spores followed the usual palynological techniques,
employing warm hydrofluoric acid, dilute hydrochloric acid, and Schulze's
reagent. Samples were not treated with a weak alkaline solution, as this
tended to further darken the spores. Residues were mounted in Clearol, and
after drying, in D.P.X. mountant.
All figured specimens are housed in the Palaeobotanical Collection,
Department of Botany, University of Bristol, England, and are referred to
by a preparation slide number, followed by 'east-west' and 'north-south'
NOR
5/11, 58.9 99.6, N31). The stage readings are from a Leitz Orthoplan Micro­
scope serial no. 715334 in the Department of Botany, University of Bristol.
mechanical stage readings, and then by a rock specimen number (e.g.
438
K. C. ALLEN
The Tristein region
Rock samples were collected from lenses of fine grey sandstones and silt­
stones within the reddish conglomerate sequence, on four small islands north
of Tristein (Fig.
1).
The samples contained an abundance of Hyenia ramosa
(Høeg) mostly as impression material. The samples are all from about the
same stratigraphical horizon, and form part of a single assemblage.
Vogt
(1929)
recorded fossil plants from some islands north of Tristein,
which were referred to Psilophyton princeps by Halle. Høeg
(1945)
collected
and identified Psilophyton sp. and Hyenia ramosa from several skerries near
Tristein. It is clear that both Høeg's samples and those collected by the
author are from about the same horizon, though Høeg's samples were red
rather than grey. Based on the presence of Hyenia, Høeg indicated a Middle
Devonian age for these beds. Later, Høeg
(1966)
suggested that Psilophyton
sp. may be Thursophyton, and again indicated a Middle Devonian age. Nilsen
(1973)
suggested that this outcrop probably represents a separate Devonian
basin slightly younger than that further south in this area.
Microfloral assemblage
Twenty-seven of the thirty-one species shown in Table l were recorded
from the Tristein region. The abundance of each species is expressed as a
figure out of a count of
200
specimens. Where a species was not recorded in
the count, it is marked with an X. All species are illustrated in Figs. 2-4.
..
tfJ.,...,
a er/'"
�
Vallersund
Tristeino
/)
CJ
o
l
5
l
Fig. 1. The outer TrØndelag region from which palynological samples were collected.
439
DEVONIAN SPORES FROM TRØNDELAG
Table l.
Age (where
restricted)
The
Spore species
Tristein
Island
Døsvik
region
Lower Devonian Leiotriletes pagius Allen
west of
Storfosna
3
Calamospora atava (Naumova)
McGregor
*Calamospora pannucea Richardson
Retusotriletes dubiosus McGregor
Retusotriletes pychovii Naumova
*Apiculiretusispora plicata (Allen) Streel
Apiculiretusi.rpora sp.
20
7
2
22
67
X
X
X
X
4
X
X
*Apiculatisporites perpusillus
(Naumova) McGregor
Emsian
*Dibolisporites wetteldorjensis
Emsian
*Anapiculatisporites grandispinus
Emsian
*cf. Procoronaspora ambigua
Emsian
*Verrusosisporites devonicus McGregor
Lanninger
(Naumova) Schultz
Butterworth and Williams
X
14
X
l
l
13
X
Converrucosisporites minor (Schultz)
comb. nov. (Schopfites minor
of Schultz)
*Brochotriletes sp.
Emsian and
Siegenian
2
2
Dictyotriletes emsiensis (Allen)
McGregor
Dictyotriletes sp.
l
X
Emphanisporites rotatus (McGregor)
MeGregor
Emphanisporites robustus McGregor
X
l
Lower Devonian *Acinosporites munstereijeliensis
(Franke) Streel
Emsian and
Siegenian
Eifelian to
Siegenian
Lower Eifelian
13
Aneurospora sp.
l
*Geminospora sp.
3
Craspedispora craspeda Allen
X
Stenozonotriletes incessus Allen
X
Rhabdosporites cymatilis Allen
l
to Siegenian
Rhabdosporites langii (Eisenack)
Richardson
X
X
Rhabdosporites parvulus Richardson
7
X
Perotrilites sp.
Punctatisporites sp.
dominant! y
Middle
15
X
X
X
Dibolisporites echinaceus (Eisenack)
Richardson
X
Devonian
dominantly
Hystricosporites sp.
X
Grandispora sp.
X
Middle
Devonian
dominant! y
Middle
Devonian
K. C. ALLEN
440
Notes on selected species
The species mentioned here are indicated with an asterisk in Table l.
Ca/anspora pannucea Richardson. - I have followed McGregor (1973) in
separating this species from Calamospora atava (Naumova) McGregor, on
size difference. In C. pannucea, the darkened central area often extends
over half the proximal surface.
_
(Allen) Streel. - This is the most common species
in the Tristein Region assemblage. It shows a wide size range (40-150 !!)·
The ornament is sometimes very small, and in such cases unless studied under
oil, resembles Retusotriletes. Two specimens have a small papilla on each of
the three contact areas.
Apiculiretusispora plicata
(Naumova) McGregor. - The author follows
McGregor (1973: 24) in separating this species from Granulatisporites new­
portensis Chaloner and Streel on the basis that it lacks interradial papillae.
Apiculatisporites perpusillus
Lanninger. - One of the more common species,
it usually has a larger ornament in the equatorial region, especially in the
interradial areas (Fig. 2, N). This species is recorded from the Emsian of
Germany by Lanninger 1968 and the Emsian (Battery Point, Lower As­
semblage) of Canada by McGregor 1973.
Dibolisporites wetteldorfensis
Fig. 2.
All photographs X 500 unless otherwise stated; from unretouched negatives.
Leiotriletes pagius Allen. A. Proximal surface; NOR 2113,59.7 98.4, N33. B.
A,B.
Broken specimen showing azonate nature of the exine; NOR 2124, 54.7 103.3 N33.
Calamospora atava (Nau�va) McGregor. Proximal surface; NOR 2113, 49.8
110.3, N33.
C.
D.
Calamospora pannucea Richardson. NOR 2/20, 40.1 100.1, N33.
E.
Retusotriletes dubiosus McGregor. Proximal surface; NOR 15/1, 50.1 105.4, N28.
F.
Retusotriletes pychovii Naumova. Proximal surface; NOR 5/35, 53.0 107.4, N31.
G,H,
Apiculiretusispora plicata (Allen) Streel. G. Typically folded specimen, NOR
2115, 48.9 103.2, N33. H. Specimen showing curvaturae; NOR 2124, 52.0 97.2, N33.
I.
Apiculiretusispora sp. Proximal surface; NOR 2121, 52.3 106.7, N33.
J.
Apiculatispories perpusillus. Chaloner & Streel. Distal surface; NOR 512, 47.4
K.
Anapiculatisporites grandispinus (Naumova) Schultz. Distal surface;
106.6, N31.
NOR 212,
47.4 98.7, N33.
L.
cf. Procoronaspora ambigua Butterworth & Williams. Proximal surface; NOR 2110,
30.6 98.6, N33.
M,N.
Dibolisporites wetteldorfensis Lanninger. M. Distal surface; NOR 2110, 47.6
102.2, N33. N. Proximal surface; NOR 2121, 38.3 97.5, N 33. Both specimens
show larger ornament in the equatorial interradial area.
0-Q.
Converrucosisporites minor (Schultz) comb. nov. O. Equatorial surface; NOR 512,
38.8, 108.2, N31. P. The same X1000. Q. Distal surface (X 1,000) showing verrucae
which are often angled as seen in surface view, and having a denser exine in the
angles. NOR 2121, 45.6 108.0, N33.
DEVONIAN SPORES FROM TRØNDELAG
Fig. 2.
441
442
K. C. ALLEN
(Naumova) Schultz. - This species is re­
corded from the Emsian of West Germany by Schultz 1968. Streel (1967)
records Anapiculatisporites sp. C. a similar spore, from the Emsian of Bel­
gium,
cf. Procoronaspora ambigua resembles P. ambigua Butterworth and
Williams, but the Norwegian spores, although having a larger ornament in
the interradial equatorial region, also have a small ornament radially. This
would also appear to be the case in Schultz's specimens.
Anapiculatisporites grandispinus
Verrucosisporites devonicus McGregor. - The Norwegian specimens have
a smaller size range than that recorded by McGregor in Canada from rocks
of Emsian age. Also, the proximal surface is never flat or laevigate.
sp. - Too few specimens are present for specific designation.
They appear to be intermediate between McGregor's Brochotriletes robustus
and Brochotriletes sp. B.
Brochotriletes
(Franke) Streel. - This is the !argest spore
in this assemblage, ranging from 80---180 11 (there are same unidentifiable
fragments of spores reaching 220 !1). In same specimens, the bases of the
biform ornament do not anastomose, and the specimens could be included
within Dibolisporites. In overmacerated specimens, a closely appressed in­
texine can be seen. The illustration of Retusotriletes antiquus Kedo in Lan­
ninger 1968 (pl. 20, fig. 22) appears similar.
Acinosporites munstereifeliensis
Geminospora
differs from
sp. - Too few specimens are present, to erect a new species. It
Reigel, in having a verrucate ornament.
Geminospora traverica
Age of the assemblage
A number of points suggest an Emsian age equivalent for this assemblage.
Fig. 3.
All photographs X 500 unless otherwise stated; from unretouched negatives.
A,B.
Verrucosisporites devonicus
McGregor. A. Lateral view; NOR 5/11, 52.4 105.4,
N31. B. Lateral view, showing smaller ornamentation on the proximal surface,
a feature of about half the specimens; NOR 5/11, 58.9 99.6, N31.
D.
Brochotrilets sp. Distal surface;
Dictyotriletes ernsiensis (Allen)
E,F.
Dictyotriletes
C.
NOR 5/2, 40.3 109.5, N31.
McGregor. Distal surface; NOR 2/19, 51.5 96.0
N33.
sp. E. Distal surface; NOR 5/17, 46.4 93.4, N31. F. The same
X 1,000, showing the low, narrow reticulate ornament.
G,H.
Emphanisporites rotatus
(McGregor) McGregor. G. Proximal surface; NOR 5/46,
51.6 107.1, N31. H. Proximal surface; NOR 5/16, 35.7 107.3, N31.
Ernphanisporites robustus McGregor. Proximal surface; NOR 17/5,26.3
Acinosporites rnunstereifeliensis (Franke) Streel K. Typical large dark
K,L. Acinosporites munstereifeliensis (Franke) Streel. K. Typical large dark
l.
J.
95.4, N33.
specimen;
specimen;
NOR 2134, 34.7 93.8, N33. L. Showing ornament separating from the rest of the
exine in the lower part of the photograph; NOR 2/7, 61.3 111.5, N33.
DEVONIAN SPORES FROM TRØNDELAG
Fig. 3.
443
444
K. C. ALLEN
The overall species list includes several species found only in the Emsian
or Lower Devonian (see Table 1). Both Craspedispora craspeda Allen and
Dictyotriletes emsiensis (Allen) McGregor have to date been found only
in the Emsian and Siegenian. In the Norwegian specimens of D. emsiensis,
the muri in the equatorial region form a distinct 'zone' (Fig. 3, D), unlike
those from Spitsbergen (Allen 1965) and Canada (McGregor 1973). Procoro­
naspora sp. is recorded by McGregor et al. 1970, from the Stooping River
and Sextant Formation in Canada; by Jardine and Yapandjian 1968 from
the Emsian of the Sahara (McGregor 1970: 47); and by Konior and Turnau
1973 from probable Emsian rocks of Poland.
There is a high proportion of both laevigate and apiculate retusoid forms,
a common feature of the Lower Devonian, and especially the Emsian (Lan­
ninger 1968: 159). There is also a tendency for the ornament to separate
from the. rest of the exine (Fig. 3, L), a common feature in Lower Devonian
spores, and particularly in the Emsian (e.g. Streel 1964 (pl. 3, fig. 40) and
McGregor 1973 (pl. 2, fig. 14)). Another characteristic which appears to be
a quite common feature of upper Lower Devonian spores is a tendency for
the ornament to be larger in the interradial equatorial region, not only in cf.
Procoronaspora ambigua, but also in Dibolisporites wetteldorfensis, Acino­
sporites munstereifeliensis, Anapiculatisporites grandispinus, and Rhabdo­
sporites parvulus.
The only dominantly Middle Devonian spore which occurs, albeit rarely,
in this assemblage is Rhabdosporites langii (Eisenack) Richardson. lts
lowest published record is Eifelian (Richardson 1974), but Riegel (pers.
comm.) finds R. langii in beds of Upper Emsian age in Germany, where
there is good stratigraphic control. In terms of spore construction, the Norwe­
gian material shows quite close comparison with Schultz's (1968) and Lan­
ninger's (1968) Emsian assemblages, rather than with the more varied con­
struction of Riegel's (1968, 1973) or Hamid's (1974) Eifelian assemblages,
all from West Germany.
Døsvik, Ørlandet
Rock samples were collected from the coast just north-east of Døsvik (Fig. 1).
Fig. 4.
All photographs X 500, from unretouched negatives.
A,B.
Geminospora
sp. A, NOR 2/16, 31.9 94.8, N33, B. Distal surface; NOR 2116,
36.7 107.8, N33.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
I.
J.
Craspedispora craspeda Allen. Proximal surface; NOR 5/16, 60.4 111.1, N31.
Stenozonotriletes incessus Allen. Proximal surface; NOR 5/17, 42.1 109.2, N31.
Rhabdosporites cymatilis Allen. NOR 17/6, 39.9 98.5, N33.
Rhabdosporites parvulus Richardson. Distal surface; NOR 1111, 39.7 100.0, N27.
Rhabdosporites langii Richardson. Equatorial view; NOR 11/1 52.7 96.0, N27.
Perotrilites sp. Proximal surface; NOR 2/13 26.7 111.4, N33.
Hystricosporites sp. Lateral view; NOR 11/1, 48.7 102.5, N27.
Grandispora sp. Distal surface; NOR 15/2, 30.0 105.2, N28.
DEVONIAN SPORES FROM TRØNDELAG
Fig. 4.
445
446
K. C. ALLEN
These were mostly hard, dark grey siltstones with occasional unidentifiable
dichotomising stem fragments, from below the polymictic conglomerate
(Richter 1949, 1958).
Vogt 1929 recorded plants from Døsvik, and these were later described
by Høeg 1945 as Psilophyton rectissimum Høeg, Hostimella sp., and the
sporangium of a psilophyte. On the basis of these plant remains, Høeg sug­
gested very tentatively a Lower Devonian age. Later Høeg (1966) also
recorded Drepanophycus spinaeformis, a Lower Devonian plant, from
Døsvik.
Microfloral assemblage
The seven species recorded are shown in Table l.
Because of poor preservation, several of the specimens, particularly simple
laevigate and apiculate forms, are difficult to identify. The spores which are
identifiable also occur in the hetter preserved samples from the Tristein
region. On the basis of the few species present a Lower Devonian age seems
probable.
Island west of Storfosna
Samples were collected from well-bedded grey micaceous sandstones within
the massive conglomerate sequence on a small island between Storslåttøy
and Storfosna (Fig. 1). Small, unidentifiable, poorly preserved, unbranched
stem axes were present.
Vogt 1924 recorded some fossil plants, which, according to his map
(Vogt 1929: 60, fig. 4), would appear to be from Storslåttøy. However, no
clear indication of the age was given, either here, or in subsequent publica­
tions (Richter 1949, 1958, Holtedahl 1960).
Microfloral assemblage
The nine species recorded are shown in Table l.
The presence of Hystricosporites sp., Grandispora sp., and Rhabdosporites
langii (up to 240 fl, and more common than in the Tristein region) suggests an
age slightly younger than that for the Tristein region, possibly an Eifelian age
equivalent, and certainly not older than the Tristein sediments.
Conclusions
Firstly, a more exact age based on the microflora can now be given for
the Devonian of the Tristein region, and west of Storfosna, with confirmation
of a Lower Devonian age at Døsvik. Secondly, the rocks west of Storfosna
are at least as young and probably younger than those in the Tristein region.
Thirdly, the spore assemblage of the Tristein region indicates an Emsian age,
and represents the oldest rocks from which Hyenia has yet been recorded.
Though the author has not processed samples for palynological study from
DEVONIAN SPORES FROM TRØNDELAG
447
the Nordfjord region, it would appear that the Hye nia-bearing sediments
north of Tristein are older than the Hyenia bearing rocks of the Nordfjord
region, which are dated as Givetion on the fish fauna (Jarvik 1949).
Fourthly, it is probable that the Devonian of the Tristein region and the
Døsvik area are about the same age, and are at least both Lower Devonian.
Fifthly, the youngest Devonian rocks in the north-east, south-west trending
series of exposures from south of Smøla to Ørlandet, are as young and prob­
ably younger than those of the Tristein region, contrary to what is suggested
by Nilsen (1973, 477). Finally, it is interesting to note that if the north-east,
south-west trending Hitra sequence is late Ludlovian or possibly Down­
tonian, based on Dictyocaris slimoni and eurypterid fragments (Reusch 1914,
Størmer 1935), it has both to its south-west (Smøla, Peacock's communication
in Allen et al. 1967), and to its immediate north-east (present study - west
of Storfosna) rocks of considerably younger age. It is unfortunate that neither
the Hitra nor the Løvøya samples produced any spores.
-
Acknowledgements. - I would especially like to thank Dr. S. Siedlecki, who took me to
all the localities, and has kindly read the manuscript, and Norges Geologiske Undersø­
kelse, who supplied the transport.
September 1975
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