Project By - Mapúa Institute of Technology

Transcription

Design of a Four Storey High School Building in an Integrated Sugar Estate Community in
Canlubang Calamba Laguna
Project By:
Cabrera, Glenbert C.
Gatchalian, Christian Louis T.
Rarugal, Edgardo Jade R.
Submitted to the School of Civil, Environmental and Geological Engineering
(SCEGE)
In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements
For the Degree of Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering
Mapua Institute of Technology
Intramuros, Manila
September 2014
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
This project aims to design a four storey highschool building in a proposed integrated
community in CanlubangCalamba Laguna. The proposed subdivision is a house
relocation project for the former farmers of Canlubang Sugar Estate in Calamba Laguna.
The project aims to propose a plan of subdivision but would give more emphasis on the
detail design of the High School Building which is one of the auxiliary facilities of the
proposed subdivision. The High School building is designed in such a way that it would
withstand earthquakes and typhoon which would serves as a safe evacuation of the
residents in the subdivision and as part of the priority development of the residents of the
proposed subdivision.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter 1 Introduction
Chapter 2 Presenting the Challenges
2.1 Problem Statement
2.2 Project Objective
2.3 Design Norms Considered
2.4 Major and Minor Areas of Civil Engineering
2.5 The Project Beneficiary
2.6 The Innovative Approach
2.7 The Research Component
2.8 The Design Component
2.9 Sustainable Development Concept
Chapter 3 Environmental Examination Report
3.1 Project Description
3.1.1 Project Rationale
3.1.2 Project Location
3.1.3 Project Information
3.1.4 Description of Project Phases
3.1.5 Pre-construction/Operational phase
3.1.6 Construction phase
3.1.7 Operational phase
3.1.8 Abandonment phase
3.2 Description of Environmental Setting and
Receiving Environment
3.2.1 Physical Environment
3.2.2 Biological Environment
3.2.3 Socio-Cultural, Economic and Political Environment
3.2.4 Future Environmental Conditions without the Project
3.3 Impact Assessment and Mitigation
3.3.1 Summary Matrix of Predicted Environmental
Issues/Impacts and their Level of Significance at
Various Stages of Development
3.3.2 Brief Discussion of Specific Significant Impacts
on the Physical and Biological Resources
3.3.3 Brief Discussion of Significant Socio-economic
Effects/Impacts of the Project
3.4 Environmental Management Plan
3.4.1 Summary Matrix of Proposed Mitigation and
Enhancement Measures, Estimated Cost and
Responsibilities
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3.4.2 Brief Discussion of Mitigation and
Enhancement Measures
Chapter 4 The Research Component
4.1 Abstract
4.2 Introduction
4.3 Review of Related Literature
4.3.1 Gawad Kalinga
4.3.2 Concept of Low Cost Housing
4.3.3 Precast Concrete as a Low Cost Building Material
4.3.4 Precast Concrete as Earthquake Resistant Material
4.3.5 Concrete Tile Block
4.3.6 The K+12 Program
4.3.7 BP220
4.4 Methodology
4.4.1 Flowchart
4.5 Result and Discussion
Chapter 5 Detailed Engineering Design
5.1 Loads and Codes
5.1.1 Introduction
5.1.2 Dead Loads
5.1.3 Live Loads
5.1.4 Earthquake Loads
5.1.5 Wind Loads
5.1.6 Total Factored Loads
5.2 Structural Design
5.2.1 Introduction
5.2.2 Design of Slabs (Sample Computation)
5.2.3 Design of Beams and Girders
5.2.4 Design of Columns
5.2.5 Design of Foundation
5.2.5.1 Introduction
5.2.5.2 Footing Design
5.2.5.3 Reinforcing Bars
5.3 School Building Traffic Studies
5.4 Plan Set
5.4.1 Subdivisional Plan
5.4.2 Elevations of School
5.4.3 Floor Plan of School
5.4.4 Structural Framng of Four Storey Highschool Building
5.4.5 Foundation Plan
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5.5 Major and Minor Areas of Engineering
5.5.1 Major Area – Structural Engineering
5.5.2 Minor Area – Geotechnical Engineering
5.5.3 Minor Area – Transportation Engineering
Chapter 6.0 Promotional Material
6.1 WalkThrough
6.2 Perspectives
Chapter 7 Budget Estimation of School
7.1 General Requirements
7.2 Earthworks
7.3 Concrete Mix
7.4 Formworks
7.5 Rebarworks
7.6 Masonry
7.7 Architectural Finishes
7.8 Painting Works
7.9 Miscellaneous
7.10 Total Amount of The Project
Chapter 8 Project Schedule
Chapter 9 Conclusion and Summary
Chapter 10 Recommendations
Chapter 11 Acknowledgement
Chapter 12 References
Chapter 13 Appendix
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List of Tables
Table
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Title
Predicted Environmental Impact And Its Level Of Significance
Summary Matrix Of Proposed Mitigation And Enhancement
Measures, Estimated Cost Andresponsibilities
Enviromental Management Plan
Monitoring Plan
Tle Offering For The K 2 12 Education Basic Education Curriculum
Tle Planning And Design Standards For A Residential Subdivision
Project Under Bp220
Schedule Of Reinforced Concrete Beams (Tie Beam Schedule)
Schedule Of Reinforced Concrete Beams (Second Floor)
Schedule Of Reinforced Concrete Beams (Third Floor)
Schedule Of Reinforced Concrete Beams (Fourth Floor)
Schedule Of Reinforced Concrete Beams (Roofdeck)
Schedule Of Columns
Reinforcing Bars For Footings
General Requirements
Earthworks
Concrete Mix
Formworks
Rebarworks
Masonry
Architectural Finishes
Painting Works
Miscellaneous
Total Amount Of The Project
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure
Title
No.
Page
No.
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Carmelray GK Village
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The site location from a Satellite view
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Site Location
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Actual Site
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River near the proposed location
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Concrete For m Tile Block
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Flowchart
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Structural Framing of Four Storey building with seismic force
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along Z axis
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Structural Framing of Four Storey building with seismic force
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along X axis
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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Philippines is an archipelago that comprises 7,107 islands with a total land area of
300,000 km. Research has shown that large part of its land mass is suitable for agriculture
which is about 33%. About 10 million of which is agricultural land (BAS 2004) where
208 600 is used for sugarcane farms.
The project focuses on the designing of a four-storey high school building in the
proposed integrated second phase of the Carmelray Gawad-Kalinga subdivision, to be
done through a contractor, to provide shelter for the homeless former farmers of the
Canlubang Sugar Estate.
Most of the farmers on this area are not able to afford houses that are considerably
spacious for their own family because most of them earn a little. Worse, some of them
live on properties owned by other private sectors or by the government.
The 2nd phase of an integrated subdivision that consists of low cost buildings is
proposed near the former farm site to occupy homes for these farmers. The target in this
innovative subdivision is to provide most of the basic needs of the occupants inside the
subdivision to promote convenience and security. The researchers will base their design
of subdivision from the Implemented Rules and Regulations of BP 220
There will be a four-storey highschool building in the subdivision. The
researchers will design the highschool building with a consideration to the “K to 12” , a
program to be implemented by the government to upgrade the quality of education in the
Philippines.
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CHAPTER 2
PRESENTING THE CHALLENGES
2.1 Problem Statement
The Canlubang Sugar Estate, including the site where the farmers used to live, has been
closed thus, leaving the farmers homeless. These former farmers of the Canlubang Sugar
Estate need shelter but most of them are unable to afford one for themselves or for their
families. The closing of the company also took not only the farmers’ homes but also their
source of income. Having no job means unstable income for them to provide for their
supply of basic needs. This is why this project is proposed to provide not only new homes
but also new job opportunities for these farmers.
2.2 Project Objective
The main objective of this project is to design Carmelray Gawad-Kalinga
subdivision for the former farmers of Canlubang Sugar Estate. The subdivision is near the
Carmelray Industrial Park which will give and offer other job opportunities for the
farmers. Markets, schools, churches, health centers and malls also exist around the
vicinity which makes the proposed subdivision feasible for the farmers’ daily needs
outside the community.
On the other hand, the integrated community will be composed of its own day care
center, function hall and gym inside the subdivision. This is also part of the proposed
project. It aims to provide all the needs of the occupants inside the subdivision for
convenience and better lifestyle.
2.3 Design Norms Considered
In this study, the design will be based on the National Structural Code of the
Philippines (NSCP), Housing and Land Use Regulatory Board BP220, National Housing
Authority(NHA) Rules and Regulation, Municipal and Local Barangay restrictions. The
design will also be based on the nature of the project location. The site is adjacent to a
river where rainfall and sewer waters are discharged. Wind loads are also considered
since Laguna is a windy place. The sloping natural grade lines will also give a different
approach in the design of footings.
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Fig. 1 Carmelray GK Villag
2.4 Major and Minor Areas of Civil Engineering
The major area of study for this project is structural. The main objective is to
design a four storey High School building which is one of the major facilities for the
subdivision. Minor areas of study are construction and transportation. Form Tile block
will be used instead of conventional hollow block for the construction of the houses.
Contruction Methodology for the form tile block will be included in the study.
2.5 The Project Beneficiary
JCI Enterprise, which is owned by Engr. Jessie Ibay, will be the beneficiary contractor in
making this project possible, this is through the directive or initiative of Gawad Kalinga
to provide shelters for the former farmers of Canlubang Sugar Estate.
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2.6 The Innovative Approach
The architectural and structural softwares: AutoCAD, Sketch-up, and STAAD
will be used to design and model the proposed integrated community. Using these
softwares will make the drafting and calculations for the structural plans easier. However,
the design will be rechecked according to the standards set by the NSCP 2010.
2.7 The Research Component
The researchers will discuss laws and regulations about the designing of a
subdivision and how to choose the quality of material should be used. The researchers
will also discuss the advantages of using precast units as a construction material. The
researchers will also research on the future trend of education in the Philippines which is
the implemetations of “K 2 12” that will give a sigificant effect on the architectural
design mainly, the floor plan.
2.8 The Design Component
The project requires a proposed plan of an integrated community which consists
of low cost houses and also a structural design of a four-story highschool building.
Houses will be positioned on the given lot in a way that they will maximize the space.
The percentage of the area allocated for houses, utilities, roads, and others shall conform
to the BP220, a code from HLURB which consists of rules and regulation about
economical and socialized housing. Structural design of four storey building shall follow
the code set by the National Structural Code of the Philippines
2.9 Sustainable Development Concept
Modular houses have a lot of advantages. One of the advantages is being a lowmaintenance type of structure. For example, the damaged precast walls are replaced only
on the portion where they are damaged unlike the conventional type where the whole side
of the wall will have to be removed. This idea promotes cheaper labor cost and reduced
repair time. The roof gutter design is practically designed externally so if in case damage
occurs, maintenance and replacement will be easy.
The utilization of indigenous materials will produce cheaper cost yet durable
structure. Indigenous materials are those materials that are locally available. Utilizing this
kind of materials provides a lot of economic advantages because transportation cost will
be cheaper. The availability of materials will not be a problem. The structure will be
adequate for the occupants to live even if it is made up of low cost material.
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Living in an integrated community will provide access to all the home owners'
needs. The proposed integrated community in Canlubang, Calamba, Laguna will also
serve as a great help for people seeking job opportunities for the place is also near
industrial and businesses establishments.
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CHAPTER 3
ENVIRONMENTAL EXAMINATION REPORT
3.1
Project Description
3.1.1
Project Rationale
The purpose of this project is to provide the 2nd phase of Carmelray GawadKalinga subdivision, a sustainable community in which the occupants will be able
to live in secured homes and to provide accessibility to all their needs inside the
subdivision. The idea of an integrated community is to increase the level of
convenience of the occupants living inside the area by providing establishments
like a clinic, chapel, gym, etc. inside the community itself.
3.1.2
Project Location
The proposed project is located in Brgy. Canlubang, Calamba, Laguna in front of
Carmelray Gawad-Kalinga Village phase one. It is expected that the proposed
subdivision will be adjacent to a river in that area where the same run-off flow
from phase one will affect the design consideration on the sewerage system. The
proposed project is only a ten-minute walk from the market, church, schools, and
the industrial park thus, making it feasible as a living area. The project location is
at the wind zone II from the wind map NSCP 2010 having a wind velocity of 200
kph. Earthquake fault lines are neglected because the proposed design is only a
one-storey residential building. It is assumed that earthquake loads will only be
minimal.
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Propose Location of
the Project
Fig 2 The site location from a Satellite view
Propose location of the
Project
Fig 3 The Site Location from Map view
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Fig 4. The actual location of the project
Fig. 5 The river near the proposed location
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3.1.3
Project Information
The project is about an integrated community containing modular housing units
and community facilities. The said community facilities consists of local
institutions like a clinic, chapel, day care center, gym, mineral water center, and
the like to make lives convenient for the home owners. The project is placed in an
area near an industrial park where job opportunities are open for its occupants.
The design of the subdivision and its components should all be based on the most
economical design. Wind loads and earthquake loads are considered. Each house
is a one-storey duplex type residential building allotted for two families. The
walls of the houses are made of precast concrete for cheaper and faster
construction.
The school is a four storey building with accessible roof deck. Its design will
cover the requirements of “K to 12” to be implemented by the goverment to
improve the quality of education in the Philippines.
3.1.4
Description of Project Phases
The project phases are the stages or guidelines on how the construction will be
implemented in a systematic way. Before the construction, research and feasibility
studies will first be made for strategic planning. All permits, codes and
regulations shall be set before creating the design. During the construction, rules
and regulations given by national and local codes must govern the construction
design and procedures. The codes protect the environment and the society during
the construction. This will also minimize the damages that might be brought
during the construction. After the construction, agreements between the contractor
and the beneficiaries are made to develop project maintenance and connection.
Warranty for maintenance is given to the occupants after the turn over.
3.1.5
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Setting andPre-construction/Operational phase
The preconstruction or operational phase will require the survey of the
land allotted, obtaining its contour map to indicate if the land is relatively
flat or sloping.
Permits and clearances will then be obtained from the Municipality of
Canlubang, Calamba City, Laguna.
Local coordination with the Barangay and the Municipality regarding the
project wastes and management traffic impact is to be dealt with. If
necessary, road rerouting will be applied.
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3.1.6
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
Construction phase
Securing the area including the surrounding roads will be done to reduce
damages and unwanted accidents.
Delivery of materials will be provided by JCI Enterprise hardware which
is just a few blocks away from the site. This is to reduce construction
delays.
Grading and compacting of soil is done for design computations.
Assembling and construction of infrastructures shall be done in
accordance with the architect and engineers’ design roads, houses, and
sewer lines. Any changes in the design shall be done in accordance with
the architect and engineers’ approval.
3.1.7 Operational phase
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Immediately after the construction, the houses are then subject to turnover
to the occupants.
Cleanliness and orderliness shall be kept by the subdivision occupants.
Any structure constructed by the contractor cannot be sold by the
occupants.
3.1.8 Abandonment phase


3.2
Building and road maintenance have a warranty of one year from the
contractor.
All expenses to repair the defects shall be handled by the contractor and
additional costs charged to the government.
Description of Environmental Receiving Environme
3.2.1
Physical Environment
The proposed subdivision is located adjacent to a river which affects the location
of sewer lines and roads. The existing lot is full of grass and trees will be cleared
when construction starts. The land is also sloping and mostly composed of virgin
soil.
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3.2.2
Biological Environment
The proposed lot is filled with grass and shrubs. There are no animals living near
the estimated area. The river near that area has shown not to have any organism
living within it since it is connected to the creek of Carmelray GK Village.
3.2.3
Socio-Cultural, Economic and Political Environment
The proposed lot is located in Brgy Canlubang which is one of the major
industrial zones of Laguna. Coca-Cola Corp., San Miguel Development Corp,
Bayer, Carmelray Industrial Park 1 and 2, are some of the industries and
businesses found near that area located in Canlubang Laguna.
Laguna is made up of 18 industrial estates which make it as one of the centers of
business and industries of the country. It is located 30 kilometers south of Manila
which makes it a strategic location for business and industries to accessibly reach
their target markets here in the country and abroad. Due to its increasing number
of industries and people relocating in Laguna, there is a need for the development
of some of its various infrastructures which will help its over all development.
3.2.4
Future Environmental Conditions without the Project
Construction will produce waste that can result to pollution of rivers and land.
Since the project is mass housing, people will live on those shelters which will
then result to the increase in waste production. Therefore, without the project,
there will be no addition to the waste to be disposed.
Without the project, the location will be an idle land, but in due time the place
may be developed into an industrial park or business center because Canlubang is
a developing zone wherein 18 industries and businesses are nested.
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3.3
Impact Assessment and Mitigation
3.3.1
Summary Matrix of Predicted Environmental Issues/Impacts and their
Level of Significance at Various Stages of DevelopmentIncrease in Waste
Predicted
Environmental
Impact
Level of
Significance
Brief Description
Ecological
Moderate
There are trees that are blocking some of the
areas of the proposed constructions that need
to be cut down. But if not necessary, the trees
wll be left alone
Noise Level
Moderate
Noise due to the construction equipment and
machinery will cause nuisance to the nearby
villages. Necessary precautions and methods
will be taken to prevent the problem
Air Pollution
Moderate
Employing the use of precast concrete on the
whole construction will require greater
delivery equipment which will produce air
pollution. Necessary precautions should be
done during the construction
Solid Waste
Moderate
There will be an increase in solid waste
during and after the construction. Coordinate
with the barangay and municipality in
managing waste disposal will be needed
Traffic Impact
Low
Coordination with the barangay official to
assign a Traffic Personnel or assignment of
alternative routes needs to be given attention
Table 1: Predicted Environmental Impact and its Level of Significance
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3.3.2 Brief Discussion of Specific Significant Impacts on the Physical and
Biological Resources
The proposed location is an idle land filled with trees. Developing that piece of
land will have a significant effect on the physical and biological resource in that
location. The project will require clearing of the site such as cutting down the
trees and removing the obstacles to the construction. There is also an increase in
wastes since there will be a construction.
The probability of flooding on that area will increase since the trees were reduced.
The removal of trees on the site as well as construction will decrease the quality
of air in the area and it will have a huge impact on the habitat of wildlife in the
vicinity.
3.3.3 Brief Discussion of Significant Socio-economic Effects/Impacts of the
Project
Calamba Laguna, as one of the growing industrial zones in the country, and
where the proposed new integrated second phase of the Carmelray GawadKalinga subdivision will be built, has shown to have a high level of great
opportunities open for it recipients.
3.4
Environmental Management Plan
3.4.1
Summary Matrix of Proposed Mitigation and Enhancement Measures,
Estimated Cost andResponsibilities
Predicted Environmental Impact
Mitigation and enhancement Measures
Ecological
a. Minimize land disturbances
b. Avoid cutting of trees if possible
Noise Level
a.Reduce noise pollution through careful
handling of materials;.
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Air Pollution
Solid Waste
a. Control dust through fine water sprays
used to dampen down the site.
b. No burning of materials on site if
possible.
c. Regulate the use of the machinery to
prevent it from exhausting hazardous air
a. Segregate the nonbiodegradable and
biodegradable waste for disposal
b. Recycle materials such as scrap metal.
c. Coordinate with the government officials
on the collection of hazardous wastes
Table 3: Environmental Management Plan()
Taken from http://www.sustainablebuild.co.uk/PollutionFromConstruction.html
3.4.2
Brief Discussion of Mitigation and Enhancement Measures
The contractor needs to coordinate with the local government of Canlubang for
permits and clearance for the construction project. Solid waste should be
segregated properly from hazardous to nonbiodegradeble and biodegradable to
prevent environmental pollution and nuisance to the people living near the
proposed project. Avoid cutting of trees if possible, otherwise secure permits from
DENR.
3.4.3
Monitoring Plan
Predicted
Environmental
Impact
Mitigation and enhancement
Measures
Monitoring Frequency
Ecological
c. Minimize land disturbances
d. Avoid cutting of trees if possible
Should be monitored
daily at the start of
construction until the end
Noise Level
a.Reduce noise pollution through careful
handling of materials
Should be monitored
daily at the start and end
of construction
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Air Pollution
Solid Waste
a. Control dust through fine water
sprays used to dampen down the
site.
b. No burning of materials on site if
possible.
c. Regulate the use of the machinery to
prevent it from exhausting
hazardous smoke



Segregate the nonbiodegradable and biodegradable
waste for disposal
Recycle materials such as scrap
metal and wood if they are still
useful
Coordinate with the government
officials on the collection of
hazardous waste
This should be monitored
at the start and end of
construction
Monitor frequently from
the start of construction
until the end
Table 4: Monitoring Plan()
Taken from http://www.sustainablebuild.co.uk/PollutionFromConstruction.html
3.4.4
Institutional Responsibilities and Agreements
At the start of construction until the end, environment should be
preserved. The contractor should secure permit not only from the municipal
environment but also from the Department of Environmental and Resource
(DENR). Since the location to be developed is an idle land with trees and wild
animals, then the contractor needs to check whether the proposed project will
endanger wild species on that area. The contractor should be responsible on the
violation on agreements
signed with the government or other private
organization.
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CHAPTER 4
THE RESEARCH COMPONENT
4.1
Abstract
The 2nd phase of an integrated subdivision, composed of low cost housing and
community facilities such as schools, playground, parks and etc, is proposed near the
former farm site to provide homes for the former sugar estate farmers of Canlubang.The
study focuses on the designing of an integrated subdivision which is composed of
modular houses and community facilities made up of precast concrete.The purpose of this
integrated subdivision is to provide most of the basic needs, and also to promote
convenience and accessibility for the occupants of phase 2 of Carmelray Gawad Kalinga
Village
4.2
Introduction
The project is focused on the design of the new integrated second phase of the
Carmelray Gawad-Kalinga subdivision, to be done through a contractor, for the
sheltering of the homeless former farmers of the Canlubang Sugar Estate.
The concept of sustainability will be applied on the project through the use of
modular type of structures. The group designed an innovative subdivision consisting of
low-cost housing units and community facilities which will provide low-cost yet safe
and secured homes.
Each house is a duplex two-storey building constructed through the fastest
possible way using precast concrete, based from the most economical design, allotted for
two families. Wind and Earthquake loads are considered which ever combination will
become critical.
Living in an integrated community will provide access on all the home owners'
needs. The proposed community will give the former farmers of the Canlubang Sugar
Estate a chance to have their own houses at a reasonable cost but will also all in all
provide not only shelter but also a new living opportunity for the former farmers and their
families as well.
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4.3
Review of Related Literature
4.3.1 Gawad Kalinga
JCI Enterprise, which is owned by Engr. Jessie Ibay, will be the
beneficiary contractor that will make this project possible, through the directive or
intiative of Gawad-Kalinga, for the former farmers of Canlubang Sugar Estate.
Gawad Kalinga is an organization that aims to help people improve their lives
through different infrastructures such as shelters, feeding program, school and
other sustainable infrastructures.
According to Yap (2013) of Philippine Daily Inquirer, " the Department of
Agrarian Reform has pledged support for the humanitarian organization Gawad
Kalinga (GK) and its army of volunteers in building “new townships” for farmers
awarded parcels of land under the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program”. He
also added that the Agrarian Reform Secretary Virgilio De los Reyes said that
DAR management, and its employees will assist GK not only in building houses
for farmers, but also in transforming agrarian reform communities, or ARCs, into
models of economic development in the countryside.
4.3.2 Concept of Low Cost Housing
Low cost housing or cost effective housing aims to reduce the cost of
construction through utilizing cost effective technologies or materials which do
not reduce the serviceability or the quality of the house over its lifetime. It
involves the use of locally available building material, local skills and low cost
housing technologies that will lead to cutting down of construction
expenses.Factors to be considered in choosing the material and technology for
low cost housing are as follows: availability/suitability of raw materials;
availability of skilled labour; scale of construction; cost variation with
conventional materials; availability of adequate power for production of
Components; Typology based on geo-climatic conditions; disaster-resistant
requirements; environmental aspects and
acceptability by people.
4.3.3 Precast Concrete as a Low Cost Building Material
It has been a practice for several decades, to produce considerable savings
in materials, labor, and construction time through the use of precast concrete. This
precast structural units have been designed in such a way that they will not need
temporary formwork and shoring. According to Constantine(2009), using precast
concrete as building material gives solution to shortage of workers because
prefabricated panels and members only need to be delivered from factory to site
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and be cast off site. It only needs less skilled workers for skilled erection. As a
result, savings on construction material can be realized. (The McGraw-Hill
Companies, 2007).
Since the structural units have been prefabricated as they aredelivered
to
the site they will only need to be installed which speeds up construction.
Increasing the speed of construction and decreasing the costs of materials are
pivotal to providing affordable housing for the homeless. Pre-cast concrete
structures have always been quick to install but recent advances in technology
have shown that a wide variety of aggregates can be used at decreased volumes
(Constantine, 2009).
4.3.4Precast Concrete as Earthquake Resistant Material
The use of precast concrete produces lightweight structure because
prestressed concrete, preemptive prestressingforce were applied through the high
tensile steel which will provide the units greater strength in resisting the stress
produce when service loading was applied. This would then reduce the size of
concrete elements. A lighter weight building structure will endure less
gravitational and seismic loading forces compared to a heavy weight structure,
since gravitational and seismic loading forces are proportional to the mass of the
structure (The McGraw-Hill Companies, 2007). Therefore, the use of precast
concrete makes a safer dwellings for the occupants.
4.3.5 Concrete Tile block
Concrete tile block is a new type of construction materialthat reduces the
time and cost of constructing a house because it is made up of pair of concrete
panel provided with ingenious reinforcing material such as bamboo sticks, a layer
of finishing on its outer surface and a number of pre-determinedly arranged dowel
disposed on the inner rough surface. When these are assembled together, they
create a space in between them that allows the installation of the electrical and
plumbing pipes before filling up the said space with filling materials such as
cement mortar. Concrete tile block provides an instant wall for a house. In
addition, it eliminates the use of the conventional hollow blocks without
sacrificing the strength, durability and sturdiness of the structure. Its outer surface
thereof is made of finished or undecorated material such as plasticized, tiled,
plasticized, enameled, painted or varnished. Eliminating thereby, the finishing
jobs required the use of the conventional ordinary hollow blocks available in the
market. It can also be used as used as retaining wall, party wall, partition wall,
load bearing wall, road wall, fire wall, insulation wall, column footings, concrete
columns, concrete beams, tie beams, and wall footings (Crisologo, 2006)
19
The use of concrete form block gives solution to the drawbacks of using
hollow blocks. This new construction material provides elegant and cost effective
because it is provided with finished outer surface thus, eliminating any finishing
job which cuts off construction expenses. It is also sturdy, affordable, easy to
install and mass produced and its reinforcing materials used within the block can
be made up of ingenious bamboo sticks or combined with steel bars, wood sticks
or plastic rods thereof.
Figure 6 Concrete Form Tile Block
The concrete form tile block comprises of a pair of wall panels 11a and
11b provided with a finished outer wall 12a and 12b and a rough unfinished inner
wall 13a and 13b. It is made from a combination of cement, washed sand, crushed
gravel, styrofoam cuttings and water mixed proportionately together and is
provided with ingenious 14 bamboo sticks as an affordable reinforcement,tied and
arranged vertically and horizontally to each other within said the pre-cast concrete
unit supporting and providing sturdiness of up to a compressive strength of 2500
psi. 15a and 15b are made of steel bars that hold both tile blocks together.
20
4.3.6
The “K + 12” Program
The K + 12 is a program proposed and approved by the administration of
President Benigno Aquino which changes the current 10 years of basic school
education to 12 years. It basically includes Universal kindergarten, 6 years of
elementary, 4 years of junior high school with an additional 2 years for senior
high school. This program aims to elevate the quality of education in the
Philippines in order for graduates to be easily employed. The program also aims
to meet the standards required for professionals who will want to work abroad
(Peligrino, 2011).
According to the government, as posted from its official site,
http://www.gov.ph/k-12 “it provides sufficient time for mastery of concepts and
skills, develop lifelong learners, and prepare graduates for tertiary education,
middle-level skills development, employment, and entrepreneurship. Also, the
subjects are taught from the simplest concepts to more complicated concepts
through grade levels in spiral progression. As early as elementary, students gain
knowledge in areas such as Biology, Geometry, Earth Science, Chemistry, and
Algebra. This ensures a mastery of knowledge and skills after each level. For
example, currently in High School, Biology is taught in 2nd Year, Chemistry in
3rd Year, and Physics in 4th Year. In K to 12, these subjects are connected and
integrated from Grades 7 to 10. This same method is used in other Learning Areas
like Math.”
Moreover, “K to 12 changes the current education system to Grade 1 to
10 and Senior High School. The Senior High School(SHS) is a two year of
specialized upper secondary education in which the students may choose a
specialization based on their aptitude, interests, and school capacity. The choice
of career track will define the content of the subjects a student will take in Grades
11 and 12.Each student in Senior High School can choose among three tracks:
Academic; Technical-Vocational-Livelihood; and Sports and Arts. The Academic
track includes three strands: Business, Accountancy, Management (BAM);
Humanities, Education, Social Sciences (HESS); and Science, Technology,
Engineering, Mathematics (STEM).”
In a presentation enti'tled “Technology and Education (TLE) in the
Philippines’ Basic Education”, prepared and delivered by Owen Milambiling
(2012), SEPS, SDD-BSE – DepED, Philippines during the EAST Asia TVET
Provider Network Workshop held at Melbourne Australia, there are mini courses
TLE offered for grade 7 and 8.
21
AGRI-FISHERY
HOME
ECONOMICS
INDUSTRIAL
ARTS
ICT
1. Crop
4. Foods and Food
11. Electronics
18. Computer
Production
Service
12. Civil
Technology
Hardware
2. Animal
Production
5. Garments and
Servicing
13. Mechanical
Textile
3. Fishery Arts
19. Desktop
Drafting
6. Health Service
Publishing
7. Beauty Care
14. Electrical
Installation
20. Photo Editing
Services
& Maintenance
21. Mechanical
8. Housekeeping
15. Shielded Metal
Arc
Drafting
9. Caregiving
10. Handicrafts
Welding
16. Automotive
17. RAC
Table 5. TLE offering for the K 2 12 Education Basic Education Curriculum
It was noted that schools shall have the option to choose at least 8 from the
23 TR-aligned-TLE programs to be offered during the exploratory Grades 7 and
8. The selection of the eight (8) programs shall be based on the demand from the
industry, resources, capacity and capability of the schools. (Milambiling 2012)
4.3.7 BP220
BP220 are sets of rules and regulations that govern the design subdivision
for Socialize Housing and Economic Housing in the urban and rural areas in the
Philippines. Parameters and other minimum requirements are dictated by this
code such as Project Location, Land Allocation for Projects, Minimum Lot Area,
Minimum Lot Frontage, Road Right-of-Way, Roads Specifications and etc.Here
are the requirements of BP 220.
22
23
24
25
26
27
Table 6. TLE Planning and Design Standards for a Residential Subdivision Project
under BP220
28
4.4
Methodology
The project is an integrated community containing modular housing units and
community facilities. The said community facilities consist of local institutions such as
basketball court, Highschool, day care center, gym, park, and the like to make lives
convenient for the home owners. The project is placed in an area near an industrial park
where job opportunities are open for its occupants.
The researchers will seek the help of professionals in the conduct of this study to
obtain good results. With regard to the architectural plans, the researchers will ask the
help of an Architect or an architectural student since the knowledge of authors are very
limited in this field of study. After the Architectural plans are done, the Structural design
of the Highschool will be done next.
The design of the subdivision and its components should all be based on the most
economical design. Wind loads and earthquake loads are considered. Each house is a
two-storey duplex type residential building allotted for two families. The walls of the
houses are made of precast concrete for cheaper and faster construction.
The researchers will apply the use of STAAD program after the critical load
combination are computed. Earthquake, wind loads, dead loads and live loads will be
considered in computing the critical loading of the structure. Data of the soil investigation
of the location of the project will be obtained from the City Hall of Laguna. This is
necessary in the designing of the foundation of the four storey building.
29
4.4.1 FLOWCHART
START
GATHERING OF
DATA
CONSULTATION
VALIDATION OF
DATA
DESIGN PROCESS
MATERIAL TO
BE USED
ESTIMATE
END
Fig. 7 Flowchart
30
4.5 Results and Discussion
The used of precast concrete is suited for low cost housing, since low cost
housing aims to reduce the cost of construction through utilizing cost effective
technologies or materials which does not reduced the serviceability or the quality of the
house over its lifetime.Since this precast structural units were already designed in such a
way that it will not need temporary formwork and shoring it speed up construction and
lower expenses. It also gives solution to shortages worker because prefabricated panels
and members only need to be delivered from factory to site and be cast off site. It only
needs less skilled worker for onsite of skilled erection. As a result savings on
construction material can be realize. Since the structural units have been prefabricated as
it is delivered to the site it would only need to be installed which speeds up construction.
The researchers utilized the used of precast concrete tile block for this project
since it is available locally. Based on the obtained data, the used of concrete tile block,
provide solution to the drawbacks of the used of conventional hollow block such as
utilizing a lot of man-hour labor due to the preparation and reinforcement of the hollow
blocks with steel bars as mentioned above. The precast concrete tile blockprovide
elegant and cost effective because it is provided with finished outer surface thus
eliminating any finishing job which cuts off construction expenses. It sturdy, affordable,
easy to install and mass produced and also its reinforcing materials used within the block
can be made up of ingenious bamboo sticks or in combination with steel bars, wood
sticks or plastic rods thereof.
Since the designers include a highschool on the subdivision to be constructed, the
researchers had discussed the “K to 12”, a program implemented by the government
which aims to change the the 10 year of basic education to 12 years. It is a program
implemented by the government to improve the education in the Philippines. This is an
essential data since the facilities of the school should be coherent with this implemented
program of the government.
31
CHAPTER 5
DETAILED ENGINEERING DESIGN
5.1 Loads and Codes
5.1.1 Introduction
In this chapter, Loads and codes from National Structural Code of the
Philippines 2010, National Building Code of the Philippines are taken into
consideration for the design of reinforced concrete construction. Minimum
design requirements are employed for the design of building. Different load
combinations from NSCP 2010 are considered to obtain the most critical load that
will act on the building itself
5.1.2 Dead Loads
Dead Loads as defined from NSCP 2010 section 204 are loads consist of
the weigth of all materials of construction incorporated into the building or other
structure, including but not limited to walls, floors, roofs, ceilings, stairways, built
in partitionsm finishes, cladding and other similarly incorporated architectural and
structural items, and fixed service equipment, including the weigth of the crane.
Values employed were taken from Table 204-1 (Minimum Densities for Design
Loads) and table 204-2 (Minimum Design Dead Loads) in Section 204 of the
Philippines. Here are the Dead loads for the four Storey Highschool Building.
ROOF DECK:
-Mechanical, Electrical, Plumbing and Sanitary: 0. 25
-Plaster on wood lath: .38
-Waterproofing:0.07
TYPICAL FLOOR LOAD
-Plaster on wood lath: 0.38
-Cement finish(25 mm on stone fill)
-Mechanical, Electrical, Plumbing and Sanitary: 0. 25
32
5.1.3 Live Loads
As defined under NSCP 2010 Chapter 2- Minimum Design Loads Section
205, Live Loads shall regarded in this chapter as maximum loads expected by the
intended use or occupancy of the building but it no case shall be less than that
loads required. Live Loads are computed in this based on the values set forth
under Table 205-1 (Minimum Uniform and Concentrated Live Loads) . Here are
the live loads used for the four storey building.
ROOF DECK: 3.8 MPa
TYPICAL FLOOR LOAD
-Office: 2.4 MPa
-Corridor: 3.8 MPa
-Classroom : 1.9 MPa
5.1.4 Earthquake Load
Seismic Load Sample Computation:
Computation of Weights:
At Columns; Wc = γc Ag hc
Level
Size (m²)
hc (m)
Wu
htc
RD
0.5²
1.5
9
270
3
0.5²
3
18
540
2
0.5²
3
18
540
1
0.5²
3.175
19.05
571.5
33
At Beams; Wb = γc Ag L
Level
Size (m²)
L
Wtb
RD
0.35x0.6
370
1864.8
3
0.35x0.6
370
1864.8
2
0.35x0.6
370
1864.8
1
0.35x0.6
370
1864.8
Level
Slab+SDL
A
Wts
RD
4.25
600
2550
3
4.114
600
2468.4
2
4.114
600
2468.4
1
4.384
600
2630.4
At Slabs; W = Ws A γc
At Exterior Walls; W = Ww Ht L
Level
Tri. Ht
Lc
Wte
RD
1.7
91
406.861
3
2.4
91
574.392
2
2.4
91
574.392
1
2.725
91
652.18
At Interior Walls;
34
Level
Tri. Ht
Lc
Wti
RD
1.7
13
58.123
3
2.4
128
807.94
2
2.4
128
807.94
1
2.725
138
989.02
Total Weight per Floor:
Level
Wt
RD
5150
3
6555.5
2
6555.5
1
7008
Total Building Weight = 25,269 kn
35
Base Shear:
Structure Period (Method A):
I
1
Soil Type
D
= 3947.32 kn
Source
A
= 3270.11 kn
Z
0.4
Vmin = 0.11*0.44*1.0*25,269 = 1223.2 kn
na
1
Therefore,
nv
1
Ca
0.44
Cv
0.64
Ft = 0.07TV < 0.25V
R
8.5
T < 0.75 therefore Ft = 0
Ct
0.0732
hn
12.35
T=
= 0.0731 (
V=
=
Vmax =
= 0.482
= 3270.11 kn
Vertical Distribution:
Fx =
(
Level
Wx
hx
Wxhx
Fx
Vx
RD
5150
12.35
63602.5
1094.67
1094.67
3
6555.5
9.35
61293.93
1054.94
2149.61
2
6555.5
6.35
41627.43
716.45
2866.06
1
7008
3.35
23476.8
404.06
3270.12
36
Horizontal Distribution:
Frames are Moment Resisting
At = 30 (0.5²) = 7.5 m²
Xcr = 9.4; Zcr = 14.5
Xcm = 10; Zcm = 15
Σz² = 583.5; Σx² = 227.2
Distribution along Z-axis:
Fig 8.0 Structural Framing of Four Storey building with seismic force along Z axis
37
Distribution along X-axis:
Fig9.0 Structural Framing of Four Storey building with seismic force along x axis
5.1.5 Wind Load
Sample Computation:
Wind Load Calculation (UBC)
WL = cq (Area II)
C= 0.8
Height Zone = 13.5 m = 44.29 ft
q = 30 psf = 1432.55 n/m²
WL = 0.8 ( 1432.66 ) = 1146.128 n/m² = 1.15 kPa
38
(Plotting into STAAD)
Along Grid 1:
5.1.6 Total Factored Loads
The governing load combination for the design of the structure was computed as
1.2DL+1.0LL+1.0E. For the slabs the combination used is 1.2 DL + 1.6 LL
5.1
Structural Design
5.2.1 Introduction
The researchers have chosen structural engineering as its major
component to test and strengthen the knowledge of the researchers on the field of
structural engineering.
The software to be used by the researchers in the design of the four storey
High School building is Staad. It a software that used for structural analysis and
design of building structures. The program is significant for the design for a safe,
sound and most economical structure. The loads were computed with the help of
Microsoft Excel and then put into the Structural model generated by Staad.
Sample computation are written in this paper.
39
5.2.2 Design of Slabs (Sample Computation)
(Analyze 1-m strap)
Wu = 12.212 kPa (1m) = 12.212 kn/m
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
d=35.77 mm
@Shear:
(
24.576(10³) =
(
√
(
d= 37.837 mm
therefore,
As =
= 0.03040 (1000) (150-20-20/2) = 3648 mm²
No. 20 mm bars = 11.611 = 12-20mm bars
Spacing =
Smax
(
(
)
40
5.2.3 Design of Beams and Girders
SCHEDULE OF REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS
TIE BEAM SCHEDULE
Beam Cross Section
Longitudinal Reinforcements
Beam Mark
Bar dia.
Width
Depth
A
Mid
B
stirr dia.
Top Bars
3
3
3
10
TB1
350
600
20
Bottom Bars
3
3
3
Top Bars
4
4
4
10
TB2
350
600
20
Bottom Bars
3
3
3
Top Bars
4
4
4
10
TB3
350
600
20
Bottom Bars
4
4
4
Top Bars
5
5
5
10
TB4
350
600
20
Bottom Bars
3
3
3
Top Bars
5
5
5
10
TB5
350
600
20
Bottom Bars
4
4
4
Top Bars
5
5
5
10
TB6
350
600
20
Bottom Bars
5
5
5
Top Bars
5
5
5
10
TB7
350
600
20
Bottom Bars
6
6
6
Top Bars
6
6
6
10
TB8
350
600
20
Bottom Bars
5
5
5
Top Bars
6
6
6
10
TB9
350
600
20
Bottom Bars
6
6
6
Stirrup Spacing
1 at 50mm, Rest at 150mm
1 at 50mm,Rest at 150mm
Table 7 SCHEDULE OF REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS (TIE BEAM SCHEDULE)
41
Second Floor Level
Beam Cross Section
Beam Mark
Bar dia.
BARS
STIRRUPS
Width
Depth
A
Mid
B
Top Bars
6
6
6
G1
350
600
20
10
Bottom Bars
4
4
4
Top Bars
6
6
6
G2
350
600
20
10
Bottom Bars
5
5
5
Top Bars
6
6
6
G3
350
600
20
10
Bottom Bars
3
3
3
Top Bars
6
6
6
G4
350
600
20
10
Bottom Bars
3
3
2
Top Bars
6
3
6
G5
350
600
20
10
Bottom Bars
6
6
6
Top Bars
5
5
5
G6
350
600
20
10
Bottom Bars
4
4
4
Top Bars
5
5
5
G7
350
600
20
10
Bottom Bars
3
3
3
Top Bars
4
4
4
G8
350
600
20
10
Bottom Bars
3
3
3
Top Bars
6
6
6
G9
350
600
20
10
Bottom Bars
4
4
4
Top Bars
6
6
6
G10
350
600
20
10
Bottom Bars
4
4
4
Top Bars
6
6
6
G11
350
600
20
10
Bottom Bars
3
3
3
Top Bars
5
6
6
G12
350
600
20
10
Bottom Bars
3
3
3
Top Bars
6
6
6
G13
350
600
20
10
Bottom Bars
3
3
3
Top Bars
5
5
6
G14
350
600
20
10
Bottom Bars
3
3
3
Top Bars
5
5
5
G15
350
600
20
10
Bottom Bars
3
3
3
Top Bars
6
6
6
G16
350
600
20
10
Bottom Bars
3
3
3
Top Bars
5
6
6
G17
350
600
20
10
Bottom Bars
3
3
3
Top Bars
4
4
5
G18
350
600
20
10
Bottom Bars
3
3
3
Top Bars
5
5
5
G19
350
600
20
10
Bottom Bars
3
3
3
Top Bars
5
5
6
G20
350
600
20
10
Bottom Bars
3
3
3
Stirrup Spacing
42
Second Floor Level
Beam Cross Section
Beam Mark
Bar dia.
BARS
STIRRUPS
Width
Depth
A
Mid
B
Top Bars
2
2
2
B1
350
600
20
10
Bottom Bars
6
6
6
Top Bars
2
2
2
B2
350
600
20
10
Bottom Bars
3
3
3
Top Bars
2
2
2
B3
350
600
20
10
Bottom Bars
3
3
3
Top Bars
2
2
2
B4
350
600
20
10
Bottom Bars
6
6
6
Top Bars
2
2
2
B5
350
600
20
10
Bottom Bars
3
3
3
Top Bars
2
2
2
B6
350
600
20
10
Bottom Bars
3
3
3
Top Bars
2
2
2
B7
350
600
20
10
Bottom Bars
3
3
3
Top Bars
2
2
2
B8
350
600
20
10
Bottom Bars
5
5
5
Stirrup Spacing
Table 8 SCHEDULE OF REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS (SECOND FLOOR)
43
Third Floor Level
Beam Cross Section
Beam Mark
Bar dia.
BARS
STIRRUPS
Width
Depth
A
Mid
B
Top Bars
6
6
6
G1
350
600
20
10
Bottom Bars
4
4
4
Top Bars
5
5
5
G2
350
600
20
10
Bottom Bars
3
3
3
Top Bars
5
6
6
G3
350
600
20
10
Bottom Bars
3
3
2
Top Bars
5
6
6
G4
350
600
20
10
Bottom Bars
3
3
2
Top Bars
6
3
6
G5
350
600
20
10
Bottom Bars
6
6
6
Top Bars
4
4
4
G6
350
600
20
10
Bottom Bars
3
3
3
Top Bars
3
4
4
G7
350
600
20
10
Bottom Bars
3
3
3
Top Bars
3
3
3
G8
350
600
20
10
Bottom Bars
3
3
3
Top Bars
6
6
6
G9
350
600
20
10
Bottom Bars
4
4
4
Top Bars
4
4
4
G10
350
600
20
10
Bottom Bars
3
3
3
Top Bars
6
6
6
G11
350
600
20
10
Bottom Bars
3
3
3
Top Bars
5
5
5
G12
350
600
20
10
Bottom Bars
3
3
3
Top Bars
5
6
6
G13
350
600
20
10
Bottom Bars
3
3
3
Top Bars
5
5
6
G14
350
600
20
10
Bottom Bars
3
3
3
Top Bars
4
5
5
G15
350
600
20
10
Bottom Bars
3
3
3
Top Bars
5
5
5
G16
350
600
20
10
Bottom Bars
3
3
3
Top Bars
4
5
5
G17
350
600
20
10
Bottom Bars
3
3
3
Top Bars
4
4
4
G18
350
600
20
10
Bottom Bars
3
3
3
Top Bars
4
4
4
G19
350
600
20
10
Bottom Bars
3
3
3
Top Bars
4
4
5
G20
350
600
20
10
Bottom Bars
3
3
3
Stirrup Spacing
44
Third Floor Level
Beam Cross Section
Beam Mark
Bar dia.
BARS
STIRRUPS
Width
Depth
A
Mid
B
Top Bars
2
2
2
B1
350
600
20
10
Bottom Bars
6
6
6
Top Bars
2
2
2
B2
350
600
20
10
Bottom Bars
3
3
3
Top Bars
2
2
2
B3
350
600
20
10
Bottom Bars
3
3
3
Top Bars
2
2
2
B4
350
600
20
10
Bottom Bars
6
6
6
Top Bars
2
2
2
B5
350
600
20
10
Bottom Bars
3
3
3
Top Bars
2
2
2
B6
350
600
20
10
Bottom Bars
3
3
3
Top Bars
2
2
2
B7
350
600
20
10
Bottom Bars
3
3
3
Top Bars
2
2
2
B8
350
600
20
10
Bottom Bars
5
5
5
Stirrup Spacing
Table 9 SCHEDULE OF REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS (THIRD FLOOR)
45
Fourth Floor Level
Beam Cross Section
Beam Mark
Bar dia.
BARS
STIRRUPS
Width
Depth
A
Mid B
Top Bars
5
6
6
G1
350
600
20
10
Bottom Bars
4
4
4
Top Bars
3
3
3
G2
350
600
20
10
Bottom Bars
3
3
3
Top Bars
5
6
6
G3
350
600
20
10
Bottom Bars
3
3
2
Top Bars
5
6
6
G4
350
600
20
10
Bottom Bars
3
3
3
Top Bars
6
3
6
G5
350
600
20
10
Bottom Bars
6
6
6
Top Bars
3
3
3
G6
350
600
20
10
Bottom Bars
3
3
3
Top Bars
3
3
3
G7
350
600
20
10
Bottom Bars
3
3
3
Top Bars
3
3
3
G8
350
600
20
10
Bottom Bars
3
3
3
Top Bars
5
6
6
G9
350
600
20
10
Bottom Bars
4
4
4
Top Bars
3
3
3
G10
350
600
20
10
Bottom Bars
3
3
3
Top Bars
5
5
5
G11
350
600
20
10
Bottom Bars
3
3
2
Top Bars
4
4
4
G12
350
600
20
10
Bottom Bars
3
3
3
Top Bars
4
6
6
G13
350
600
20
10
Bottom Bars
3
3
3
Top Bars
4
5
5
G14
350
600
20
10
Bottom Bars
3
3
3
Top Bars
4
4
4
G15
350
600
20
10
Bottom Bars
3
3
3
Top Bars
4
5
5
G16
350
600
20
10
Bottom Bars
3
3
3
Top Bars
4
5
5
G17
350
600
20
10
Bottom Bars
3
3
3
Top Bars
3
3
3
G18
350
600
20
10
Bottom Bars
3
3
3
Top Bars
3
3
3
G19
350
600
20
10
Bottom Bars
3
3
3
Top Bars
4
5
5
G20
350
600
20
10
Bottom Bars
2
3
3
Stirrup Spacing
46
Fourth Floor Level
Beam Cross Section
Beam Mark
Bar dia.
BARS
STIRRUPS
Width
Depth
A
Mid B
Top Bars
2
2
2
B1
350
600
20
10
Bottom Bars
6
6
6
Top Bars
2
2
2
B2
350
600
20
10
Bottom Bars
3
3
3
Top Bars
2
2
2
B3
350
600
20
10
Bottom Bars
3
3
3
Top Bars
2
2
2
B4
350
600
20
10
Bottom Bars
6
6
6
Top Bars
2
2
2
B5
350
600
20
10
Bottom Bars
3
3
3
Top Bars
2
2
2
B6
350
600
20
10
Bottom Bars
3
3
3
Top Bars
2
2
2
B7
350
600
20
10
Bottom Bars
3
3
3
Top Bars
2
2
2
B8
350
600
20
10
Bottom Bars
5
5
5
Stirrup Spacing
Table 10 SCHEDULE OF REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS (FOURTH FLOOR)
47
Beam Mark
G1
G2
G3
G4
G5
G6
G7
G8
G9
G10
G11
G12
G13
G14
G15
G16
G17
G18
G19
G20
Roofdeck
Beam Cross Section
Bar dia.
BARS
STIRRUPS
Width
Depth
A
Mid
B
Top Bars
3
4
4
350
600
20
10
Bottom Bars
3
3
2
Top Bars
3
3
3
350
600
20
10
Bottom Bars
3
3
3
Top Bars
3
4
4
350
600
20
10
Bottom Bars
3
3
2
Top Bars
4
5
5
350
600
20
10
Bottom Bars
3
3
3
Top Bars
5
6
6
350
600
20
10
Bottom Bars
6
6
6
Top Bars
3
3
3
350
600
20
10
Bottom Bars
3
3
3
Top Bars
3
3
3
350
600
20
10
Bottom Bars
3
3
3
Top Bars
3
3
3
350
600
20
10
Bottom Bars
3
3
3
Top Bars
3
4
4
350
600
20
10
Bottom Bars
3
3
3
Top Bars
3
3
3
350
600
20
10
Bottom Bars
3
3
3
Top Bars
4
2
4
350
600
20
10
Bottom Bars
3
3
3
Top Bars
3
3
3
350
600
20
10
Bottom Bars
3
3
3
Top Bars
3
3
3
350
600
20
10
Bottom Bars
3
3
3
Top Bars
3
3
3
350
600
20
10
Bottom Bars
3
3
3
Top Bars
3
3
3
350
600
20
10
Bottom Bars
3
3
3
Top Bars
3
3
3
350
600
20
10
Bottom Bars
3
3
3
Top Bars
3
3
3
350
600
20
10
Bottom Bars
3
3
3
Top Bars
3
3
3
350
600
20
10
Bottom Bars
3
3
3
Top Bars
3
3
3
350
600
20
10
Bottom Bars
2
3
3
Top Bars
3
3
3
350
600
20
10
Bottom Bars
2
3
3
Stirrup Spacing
48
Beam Mark
B1
B2
B3
B4
B5
B6
B7
B8
Roofdeck
Beam Cross Section
Bar dia.
BARS
STIRRUPS
Width
Depth
A
Mid
B
Top Bars
2
2
2
350
600
20
10
Bottom Bars
5
5
5
Top Bars
2
2
2
350
600
20
10
Bottom Bars
3
3
3
Top Bars
2
2
2
350
600
20
10
Bottom Bars
3
3
3
Top Bars
2
2
2
350
600
20
10
Bottom Bars
6
6
6
Top Bars
2
2
2
350
600
20
10
Bottom Bars
3
3
3
Top Bars
2
2
2
350
600
20
10
Bottom Bars
3
3
2
Top Bars
2
2
2
350
600
20
10
Bottom Bars
3
3
2
Top Bars
2
2
2
350
600
20
10
Bottom Bars
5
5
5
Stirrup Spacing
Table 11 SCHEDULE OF REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS (ROOFDECK)
5.2.4 Design of Columns
Second Floor Level
Beam Mark
Beam Cross Section
Bar dia.
Width
Depth
NO OF BARS
STIRRUPS DIAMETER
Stirrup Spacing
C1
500
500
20
8
10
320 mm
C2
500
500
20
12
10
320 mm
C3
500
500
20
16
10
320 mm
C4
500
500
20
20
10
320 mm
Table 12 SCHEDULE OF COLUMNS
49
5.2.5 Design of Foundation
5.2.5.1. Introduction
The strength of the foundation determines the life of the
structure. Footings shall be designed to sustain the applied loads, moments and
forces and the induced reactions and to ensure that any settlement which may
occur shall be as uniform as possible and the safe bearing capacity of soil is not
exceeded. In designing the foundation, Microsoft Excel application was used.
Here a sample of computation for the design of isolated footing and combined
footing. The most important part of designing a foundation footing is its flexural
bars which resist moment and it thickness that resist punching and one way shear
failure. The parameters used by the designers were obtained from a soil
investigation of a lot near the proposed location of the site refer to Appendix – for
the site.
5.2.5.2Footing Design:
Isolated Footing:
50
Combined Footing:
D=1202 kn
L=262 kn
D=1402kn
L=320kn
500
500
2 M
500 Mm
3 m
(
Xcg =
500 mm
= 1.871 m
L / 2 = 1.871 + 2 ; L = 7.75 m
qmax = qeff ;
; B = 4.75 m
Thickness:
Pu1=1861.6 kn
D=1202 kn
A
B
L=262kn
Pu2=2194.4 kn
D=1402 kn
L=320
kn
500
2 m
3 M
+MuA =
+MuB =
(
(
= 1046.7 kn-m
= 1635.47 kn-m
2.25 M
51
-Mu @ Vu = 0 ; Xo =
-Mu =
= 3.56 m
(
(
(
2380.13 (
= -2380.13 kn-m
(
(
(
(
(
(
d = 382.86 mm
(Punching Shear)
=
(
(
)
(√
)(
(
)
d= 663.39;
t= 663.69 + 75 + 1.5(20) = 768 = 775 mm
Longitudinal Bars:
@Midspan (Top bars)
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
@A (Bottom bars)
(
@B (Bottom bars)
Transverse Reinforcement:
B = c + d = 0.5 + 0.67 = 1017 mm
(
52
@A: (Bottom Bars)
Pu1=1861.6
kn
2.125 m
4.75 m
(
(
(
)
(
(
(
(
)
53
@B: (Bottom Bars)
Pu2 = 2194.4 kn
2.125 M
4.75 m
(
)
(
(
(
Shrinkage and Temperature Bars:
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
)
54
5.2.5.3 Reinforcing Bars
Footing
Size (BxL)
thicknes
s (mm)
Long Direction
Short Direction
Top and Bottom Bars
Top and Bottom Bars
Mi
Left
Right
d
Left
Mid
Right
Spacin
g (mm)
F1
4.0x4.0
625
15-20mmǿ
15-20mm
280
mm
F2
4.5x4.5
725
20-20mmǿ
20-20mm
230
mm
F3
4.0x4.0
650
16-20mmǿ
16-20mm
260
mm
F4
4.5x4.5
750
20-20mmǿ
20-20mm
230
mm
CF1
3.65x7.75
675
4420mmǿ
20-20mm
40-20mm
CF2
3.675x7.7
675
30-20mm
38-20mm
CF3
5.65x6.65
785
25-20mm
48-20mm
CF4
4.75x7.75
775
21-20mm
4420mm
2020mm
4020mm
3020mm
3820mm
2520mm
4820mm
2120mm
4420mm
2420mm
4020mm
3620mm
3820mm
2820mm
4820mm
3320mm
16-20mm
---
18-20mm
16-20mm
---
18-20mm
16-20mm
---
18-20mm
16-20mm
---
18-20mm
22-20mm
---
25-20mm
22-20mm
---
25-20mm
18-20mm
---
22-20mm
**
**
**
**
18-20mm
*Depth of Footing is 2.0 m
**Bar Spacing is calculated given concrete cover is 75 mm
***no stirrups required
Table 13 REINFORCING BARS FOR FOOTINGS
---
22-20mm
55
5.3 School Building Traffic Studies:
Trip Generation:
Total Person Trips = ∑
(
Where i=Land Use Classification
LAND USE
Trip Rates
CLASSIFICATION
Production
Attraction
Office
.0027
.0176
Commercial
.0576
.0735
Hotel
2.00
2.55
Residential
2.42
1.52
Mixed Use
.0172
.0243
Production Trip Rates = 0.0172(3000 m²) = 51.6 trips/ m² GFA
Unit
Trips/ sqm of GFA
Trips/ sqm of GFA
Trips /hotel room
Trips/dwelling unit
Trips /sq m of GFA
Attraction Trip Rates = 0.0243 (3000 m²) = 72.9 trips/ m² GFA
Level of Service:
Level of Service
Volume/Capacity Ratio
Less than .20
A
0.21-.50
B
0.51-0.70
C
0.71-0.85
D
0.86-1.00
E
>1.00
F
Category D: 0.71-0.85 Volume / Capacity Ratio
Description: Moderate/ Heavy Traffic
No. Of Lanes per Direction: 2
Hourly Capacity: 1800 pcu/lane
Description
Free flow traffic
Free flow traffic
Modrate Traffic
Moderate/Heavy Traffic
Heavy Traffic
Force Flow , Strop and go
56
Road Type
Carriageway
Width (m)
Roadside Friction
Basic Hourly
Capacity in
PCU in Both
Directions
Highway
Highway
Highway
Highway
Highway
Highway
Highway
 4.0
4.1 - 5.0
5.1 - 5.5
5.6 - 6.1
6.2 - 6.5
6.6 - 7.3
2  7.0
None or Light
None or Light
None or Light
None or Light
None or Light
None or Light
None or Light
Urban Street
Urban Street
Urban Street
Urban Street
- 6.0
6.1 - 6.5
6.6 – 7.3
2  7.0
Heavy
Heavy
Heavy
Heavy
600
1200
1800
1900
2000
2400
7200
(Expressway)
1200
1600
1800
6700
Road Width: 5.1 – 5.5 m
Road Pavement design shall be either by concrete or asphalt so that the roads can
accommodate high volume of traffic.
General Land Use: School
Parking Space Requirements
School Parking Requirement = 1 slot/ 50 sq. m
Required Parking Slots = 3000 m² (1/50) = 60 slots
Additional Parking Slots for Disabled = 60/10 = 6 slots
Total Number of Parking Slots = 66 slots
57
5.4 Plan Sets
5.4.1 Location of the School Building
58
5.4.2 Elevations of School
59
60
61
62
5.4.3 Floor Plan of School
63
64
`
65
66
67
5.4.5 Structural Framing Plan of Four Storey Highschool Building
68
69
70
`
5.4.5 Foundation Plan
71
5.5 Major and Minor Areas of Engineering
MAJOR FIELD:
STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING
Structural Engineering is a branch of civil engineering dealing primarly with the
design and construction of structures. To construct a building means to have safe and
sound building. Safe and Sound, two different words but have the same agenda, which is
to provide people shelter against bad weather, to give people a place to stay-in whenever
possible, and to attract people to come to our country by means of providing a structure
that is aesthetically beautiful in appearance. This thesis project involves the design of a
four storey high school building of the proposed subdivision in Canlubang Calamba
Laguna. We all know that schools can be one of the shelters that will be used in case
there is an emergency in the area like typhoons, flood and fire. That’s why the project is
focused on the safety of the building instead of the appearance. Since the beneficiary of
the project wanted the structure to be built at a low cost without sacrificing its structural
integrity, the researchers first focused on the safety of the structure to ensure the safety of
the people who will enter the designed structure. The researchers also made sure that
every element of the building meets its most efficient capacity in order to minimize the
cost of every element of the structure.Upon construction of the said structure, it will
benefit the economy of the country since more jobs will be offered especially to the
people related on the construction field, and since it is also a technical high school it will
improve the quality of education offered in our country.
In this project, various technical programs will be utilized to help in modelling,
conceptualizing and designing the project. First we used Google Sketchup to help us
make the perspective of the building to visualize the image. We use STAADpro to help
us in designing the entire structural member. Lastly, we use AutoCAD to help us in
modelling and laying out the plan and specification of the project.
Since Philippines is an earthquake prone country a thorough research must be
done prior to this project. There should be a research on the land condition where the
building will be rested. Now, for the specification of the project, a thorough research of
very efficient materials available in our country must be done, and also a thorough
research of the material’s property must be done if it will really be effective to use.
The superstructure will be composed of reinforced concrete beams, columns, and
slabs. The design of the project will depend from the loads like weight, superimposed,
wind and seismic. The basis of our design is based on NSCP 2010. A beam may be
defined as an element in which one dimension is much greater than the other two and the
72
applied loads are usually normal to the main axis of the element. Beams and columns are
called line elements and are often represented by simple lines in structural modelling.
Columns are elements that carry only axial force - compression - or both axial force and
bending (which is technically called a beam-column but practically, just a column). The
design of a column must check the axial capacity of the element, and the buckling
capacity. Plates carry bending in two directions. A concrete flat slab is an example of a
plate. Plates are understood by using continuum mechanics, but due to the complexity
involved they are most often designed using a codified empirical approach, or computer
analysis.
From the previous paragraphs, we already have said about the meat of this
project. When we say meat, it has nutrients that we can absorb. So with this, what are the
possible nutrients, or important that this project could offer to us? To answer this
question, we must first understand the concept of sustainable development. The concept
of sustainable development means sustainable in three areas--- environment, economy
and community. For environmental aspect, we chose to have a vertical expansion rather
to have it horizontal in order to save space. Our land is very limited so we must make a
way how to conserve space without affecting the integrity of the structure. On economic
aspect, we tend to use indigenous materials to produce low cost building and upon
maintaining and repairing the said building in the future, materials will always be
available and cheap around. On the community aspect, this project can produce more jobs
for the people in the community. With the said types of sustainable development, we
could say that in order to have the best structural building, we must always try to ask the
help of the experienced one about anything that could help us to construct this building in
economic and environmental ways.
In order to design the structure we must determine the dimensional requirement of
the structure. After determining its required dimensions it is a must to determine the loads
that the structure will support. The design loading of the structure is specified in building
codes. The structural codes used in the structural design of this structure conform to the
National Structural Code of the Philippines 2010 (NSCP 2010), Volume 1: Buildings,
Towers, and Other Vertical Structures. All values used in the design are found in NSCP
2010.
In the design of the building, several loads were used. The first one is the dead
load. The dead loads that were considered in the computation are the slab weight, floor
finish, masonry, mechanical, and electrical. These dead loads are typical for second to
fourth floor of the building. Now for the roof deck dead load, we considered the slab
weight, floor finish, waterproofing, mechanical, electrical, and also the materials for the
green roofing. Then, for the live load, we considered the hallways and roof deck. Then,
73
for the wind load we used manual computation. Lastly for the seismic load, we used the
1997 UBC Seismic Loading as per required in the design software.
The structural design of the structure has been done using different design
software and. For the design of concrete beams and columns, STAAD.Pro was used.
STAAD.Pro can make use of various forms of analysis from the traditional first order
static analysis, second order p-delta analysis, geometric non-linear analysis or
abuckling analysis. It can also make use of various forms of dynamic analysis from
modal extraction to time history and response spectrum analysis. And also for the design
of slabs and footings, it is computed using the manual analysis with the aid of Microsoft
Excel. For the verification of the output of the design software, Microsoft Excel was also
used and compared to the values given by the design software.
74
MINOR FIELD:
TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING
Transportation engineering is the application of technology and scientific
principles to the planning, functional design, operation and management of facilities for
any mode of transportation in order to provide for the safe, rapid, comfortable,
convenient, economical, and environmentally compatible movement of people and goods.
Transportation engineering, as practiced by civil engineers, primarily involves planning,
design, construction, maintenance, and operation of transportation facilities. The facilities
support air, highway, railroad, pipeline, water, and even space transportation. The design
aspects of transport engineering include the sizing of transportation facilities (how many
lanes or how much capacity the facility has), determining the materials and thickness
used in pavement designing the geometry of the roadway. It is a sub-discipline of civil
engineering.
Transportation engineering is a major component of the civil engineering
discipline. The traffic is composed of all the elements that move within a traffic system.
The term traffic is often mistaken by most of the people as traffic congestion but really
traffic is composed of people, vehicles, and goods. Engineering is applied to
transportation in order to bring safe and efficient flow of traffic.
Transportation is a non separable part of any society. It exhibits a very close
relation to the style of life, the range and location of activities and the goods and services
which will be available for consumption. Advances in transportation has made possible
changes in the way of living and the way in which societies are organized and therefore
have a great influence in the development of civilizations. Engineering cites the
importance of transportation in the modern society by presenting selected characteristics
of existing transportation systems, their use and relationships to other human activities.
Transportation is responsible for the development of civilizations from very old
times by meeting travel requirement of people and transport requirement of goods. Such
movement has changed the way people live and travel. In developed and developing
nations, a large fraction of people travel daily for work, shopping and social reasons. But
transport also consumes a lot of resources like time, fuel, materials and land.
Transportation systems are a critical element of a strong economy, but can also
contribute directly to building community and enhancing quality of life. Economics
involves production, distribution and consumption of goods and services. People depend
upon the natural resources to satisfy the needs of life but due to non uniform surface of
earth and due to difference in local resources, there is a lot of difference in standard of
living in different societies. So there is an immense requirement of transport of resources
from one particular society to other. These resources can range from material things to
75
knowledge and skills like movement of doctors and technicians to the places where there
is need of them.
In present times, the Philippines is booming with realty business which is mainly
about housing. After all, one of the basic needs of the people is shelter. In Manila, big
companies are all about condominium units, subdivisions, hotels, and other types of
building that provide shelter. And just like any other housing projects, the construction of
a single subdivision greatly affects the traffic and economic situation not just around the
area but also the insides of the subdivision itself.
Without engineering the traffic system of a subdivision, traffic accidents, traffic
jam, and traffic congestion are most likely to occur. The fact that this will surely occur
made our group to work on the estimated levels of traffic caused by the subdivision. This
will lead us to the most probable solutions to battle traffic chaos.
The reason why traffic engineering is applied to the construction of the
subdivisions is to predict a reasonable amount of added traffic production and generation
produced before, during, and after the construction. The appropriate design of traffic
facilities, route, intelligent transportation system and parking spaces are determined for
minimized traffic. And in connection with the project, the group predicted the number of
probable parking spaces based on the number of future inhabitants in the subdivision. The
route of the vehicles going in and out of the subdivision is also designed to avoid
confusion among drivers and also to maximize the efficiency of the roads. While
engineering the transportation system, the group also looked into certain rules regarding
the traffic system in order to properly install all the traffic signs and facilities.
The code used in the study is based on National Center for Transportation Studies
or NCTS. One of the group’s objectives is to assess the possible amount of traffic
produced by the proposed project. To be able to be ready for the incoming impact of the
probable traffic situations, the group held a traffic impact assessment. A traffic impact
assessment is an analysis that can be prepared for any type of developments such as
residential, commercial, office, industrial or mixed-use project. A TIA usually needs to
be submitted by a developer before any changes in land use zoning, subdivision maps,
site plan or new driveways are approved. If a TIA is not needed the City/Municipal
Planning and Development Office may require a traffic operations analysis to address
local transportation issues.
The group performed a minimized version of TIA by predicting the number of
parking spaces, parking control, land use distribution, and appointment of the essential
utilities for the subdivision. All of the data gathered are based on the subdivision layout
and the maximum number of houses available for the project area. After computations,
the total number of parking spaces required are 66 spaces including the parking spaces
76
for the disabled. However, the proposed school is not considered within the computation
of the spaces due to limited percentage of land use for the parking area.
With the rules and the conditions stated from the NCTS, the group is able to
provide the route and the number of parking spaces in the subdivision. With the number
of probable parking spaces and the transportation system set by the designers, the
proposed subdivision is ready for the circulation of traffic within its area of reach.
Therefore, it is concluded that traffic studies are as essential as building design
and construction. The economic level of the subdivision’s area as well as the proposed
school’s area is controlled by the proposed traffic system. This proves that the study in
transportation engineering is not something to be neglected. Better lifestyle and business
is at reach maximized by the traffic system is achieved.
77
MINOR FIELD:
CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT
A project is an activity wherein it has a defined start and end. It has its own
specific objective to be achieved. In Civil engineering, a construction project aims to
build something. Construction project can range from renovation or building of malls,
hospitals and school to construction of high rise building and superstructure. These
projects done by Civil Engineers usually consumed money, labour, equipment, time and
materials at a large scale. Because of how big a construction project is, it should be
implemented in an organize way. This is where Project Management comes in.
Construction Project Management is an important role of Civil Engineers. Project
Manager is the one who defines the project, its end user and its goal to achieve. After the
project is defined, then comes planning, which is listing of all the activities for the
project, its duration, setting a date for start and completion of the project. Then Execution
of the project comes next. This is where the manager allocates the budgets on the
materials needed for the project. As the project goes on, the Project manager monitors
whether the project is delayed or ahead with its activities. He also monitors the budget for
the construction of the project. After all of this was done, the project manager and the
owners of the project come together to analyze the final product of the project.
Project management planning, cost management, quality management, contract
administration and safety management are the specific task that construction managers
should do. Project management planning is making out of plans, setting a date for the
activities that need to be done and the materials required for the project to be achieved.
Cost management is a very important role of construction managers. It is where
the construction managers could adjust budgets to resolve unexpected issues. Contracts
are very important in construction projects. The manager should ensure that every
provision in the contract signed by both parties is satisfied to prevent conflict or
complications.
During construction, it is important that every material used or work done is of
good quality. Construction manager should be good in quality control. A construction
project involves a lot of contractor and subcontractor. It is important to ensure that
everyone is doing good job in performing their task in construction.
Another task of project manager is safety management. Construction is one of the
most hazardous works in the industry. Construction manager should know how to deal
with these hazards to prevent accidents in the site
The project manager used tools such as S-curve, gantt chart and etc to monitor the
progress of the project. S-curve is used to track the progress of construction project, it
78
usually defined of a graph with a shape of an elongated inclined “S”. It is one of the
control measures of project manager. Building a construction project usually require a lot
of attention in terms of time, cost, labor and time. It is important that as the project
progresses, the project manager should account how much time, money and labor was
spent to prevent unnecessary spending of money. S-curve can be generated through the
used Microsoft excel, Microsoft project, Primavera and other programs. It is a time scaled
graph which incorporates the planned value, earned value and the actual cost. Because of
this S-curve the client could interpret whether the project is ahead or delayed from the
schedule. The client could also compare the actual value to the planned value of the
project
In this proposed four storey high school building, the team made used of an Scurve to show it schedule, its duration and project cost. Making an S-curve usually
requires experience because it involves estimating time for each activity. Estimating time
for each items such as formworks, architectural finishes, miscellaneous, earthworks
requires years of work to learn. For instance, for earthworks, you should know how many
weeks it will take, and then it what week will concrete works will start. Because the team
lacks experience when it comes to this field, we asked a professional civil engineer to
guide us in making an S-curve of the four storey high school building of the proposed
subdivision in CanlubangCalamba Laguna. To generate an S-curve, we make used of the
program Microsoft Excel because it easily to use and it is accessible to the user. Before
we were able to generate an S-curve, we made an estimate of the four-storey high school
building as advice to us by our adviser. It is important to have an estimate before
generating an S-curve to estimate how long an item will take to be completed. The
proposed project would last up to eight months. If the project will start in January, then it
will end September, same year as the project were started. Items considered in the Scurve are Earthworks, General Requirements, Concrete Mix, Formworks; Rebar works,
Masonry, Architectural Finishes, Painting works and Miscellaneous.
As estimate, in construction, is the calculation of quantities of various items,
works, labour, time and expenses. The total of the expenses is called as the estimated to
the cost work. Estimates are not exact. Sometimes it produces large or minimal
discrepancy with the real value of the work done. In other words, it is just an
approximated value. To minimize this discrepancy, estimating methods and correct
visualization of the work done, as it will be done. It is very important that an estimate is
close to the real value, to prevent over spending or under spending for project. In
construction business, inaccurate estimate would result to unpleasant consequences in the
workplace. Underestimating of a project would result unnecessary sudden changes in the
agreed budget while overestimating would result to loss of trust by the client. These
miscalculations would result to heavy price in the workplace.
79
Estimate in construction could be done approximately or in a detailed way.
Approximate estimate is a rough estimate which is used when there is a lack of time or to
have a quick glance on how a project would cost while detailed estimate is prepared by
determining the quantities and cost of everything that a contractor need to proceed with
the project. This the most reliable form of estimate. There are two types of detailed
estimate: Unit quantity and Total quantity Method. Unit quantity method is type of
wherein the work is divided into as many operations or items that the work would
required. In our estimate of the four storey high school building, we made used of this
type of estimate.
This estimate is one of the most important roles of a construction manager. It may
be a simple task however it requires a lot of experience in the field because it involves
knowledge in practical work, methods and procedures which can only be obtain through
first hand applications. A good estimator should know how to understand architectural
drawing, should possess knowledge of building materials and construction methods. He
should also thorough knowledge in construction work and have an organize work when it
comes to an estimate. Just like with the S-curve, making an Estimate also requires
experience professional to be done precisely.
80
CHAPTER 6
PROMOTIONAL MATERIAL
6.1 WalkThrough
STREETVIEW OF THE SUBDIVISION
81
6.2 Perspectives
Highschool Four Storey Building Of The Subdivision
82
Proposed Gawad Kaling Village Phase II
83
CHAPTER 7
BUDGET ESTIMATION
As estimate, in construction, is the calculation of quantities of various items,
works, labour, time and expenses. The total of the expenses is called as the estimated to
the cost work. Estimates are not exact. Sometimes it produces large or minimal
discrepancy with the real value of the work done. In other words, it is just an
approximated value. In our project, design of a four storey high school building, the
estimated cost of the project is Php 36,562,192. Items that were considered in this
estimate are general requirements, earthworks, concrete mix, formworks, rebarworks,
masonry, architectural finishes, painting works and miscellaneous.
7.1 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
TABLE 14 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
84
7.2 EARTHWORKS
TABLE 15 EARTHWORKS
7.3 CONCRETE MIX
85
TABLE 16 CONCRETE MIX
7.4 FORMWORKS
TABLE 17 FORMWORK
86
7.5 REBARWORKS
TABLE 18 REBARWORKS
87
7.6 MASONRY
TABLE 19 MASONRY
88
7.7 ARCHITECTURAL FINISHES
TABLE 20 ARCHITECTURAL FINISHES
7.8 PAINTING WORKS
TABLE 21 PAINTING WORKS
89
7.9 MISCELLANEOUS
TABLE 22 MISCELLANEOUS
7.10 Total amount of the project
TABLE 23 TOTAL AMOUNT OF THE PROJECT
90
Chapter 8.0
PROJECT SCHEDULE
In this proposed four storey high school building, the team made used of an Scurve to show it schedule, its duration and project cost. Making an S-curve usually
requires experience because it involves estimating time for each activity. Estimating time
for each items such as formworks, architectural finishes, miscellaneous, earthworks
requires years of work to learn. For instance, for earthworks, you should know how many
weeks it will take, and then it what week will concrete works will start. Because the team
lacks experience when it comes to this field, we asked a professional civil engineer to
guide us in making an S-curve of the four storey high school building of the proposed
subdivision in Canlubang Calamba Laguna. To generate an S-curve, we make used of the
program MS project because it easily to use and it is accessible to the user. Before we
were able to generate an S-curve, we made an estimate of the four-storey high school
building as advice to us by our adviser. It is important to have an estimate before
generating an S-curve to estimate how long an item will take to be completed. The
proposed project would last up to eight months. If the project will start in January, then it
will end September, same year as the project were started. Items considered in the Scurve are Earthworks, General Requirements, Concrete Mix, Formworks; Rebar works,
Masonry, Architectural Finishes, Painting works and Miscellaneous.
91
PROJECT SCHEDULE
92
CHAPTER 9.0
CONCLUSION AND SUMMARY
The researchers were able to discuss the requirements for planning subdivision of
socialized housing. The proposed subdivision is made up of 140 two storey duplex
housing units. The researchers also discuss on the requirements set by BP220 in
designing the subdivision such as considering the length and width of the road, minimum
floor area of the housing unit ofthe subdivision, its setbacks from property line, the use of
indigeneous construction material such as form tile block and other parameters stated in
the revised BP220.
With regard to the highschool building, the researchers were able to come up with
a structural design of the highschool building. The researchers used STAAD program in
designing the building. When it comes to the design of the foundation of the building, the
designers used Excel program. Sample computation for columns, beams, slab and
foundation are the results of STAAD program included in the papers
When it comes to the design of foundation members, it was found out that the
resulting size of footings exceeded the spaces between its columns. As a result, the
designers came up with a design of combined footings.
The researchers were only able to come up with the estimate of the four storey
highschool buildings because of the limited time and wideness of the project
93
CHAPTER 10.0
RECOMMENDATION
The use of form tile block helps lessen the time and expenses in the construction
of the housing units of the subdivision. The researchers recommend the use of this
construction material in building low cost subdivision because of its affordability and
structural integrity.
In preparing the proposed plan for the subdivision, the researchers only focused
on layouting the housing units and roads of the subdivision due to the limited time
allotted for the study. The researchers were only able to make a structural design of the
Four Storey Highschool building which is part of the project. The researchers
recommend that further studies should be done on the designing of socialized subdivision
since the researchers only focused on the layouting of housing units and roads of the
subdivision and structural design of the four storey building. Other parameters in
designing should be studied such as concrete pavement, water
distribution,
sanitations, electrical and etc, to make this project more livable for its recipients.
The researchers are open for other feasibility studies such as the use of water
catchment facility, utilization of solar panel, use of other building materials that could
lessen expenses and time in the construction. This study will greatly help in innovating
the proposed subdivision.
The researchers were not able to make a feasibility study for the tricycle terminal
of the project due to the limited time and resources. The researchers recommend that
there will be a study on how the tricyle terminal should be designed that will suit the
needs of the occupants of the subdivision.
94
CHAPTER 11
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We, the researchers would like to acknowledge and extend our heartfelt gratitude
to the people who had helped us to complete and make this paper possible.
To our beneficiary, Engr. Jessie Ibay who trusted and guided us in writing this
paper. We express our heartfelt gratitude to him for giving us valuable insight and in
supporting us in writing our thesis paper.
We also want to acknowledge our thesis advisers for sharing their knowledge and
support especially to Engr Goeffrey Cueto. His support and knowledge that he shared to
us, gave us confidence in finishing this thesis.
We thank all our friends and classmates for the encouragement and support they
had given us.
Also, to our families who serve as our inspiration and supported us, thank you
very much.
And lastly, to our Lord above who is always there to support us during the times
of ups and downs of our life as college students. We give Him our heartfelt gratitude and
we ask him to continuously guide us in our life.
95
REFERENCES
Aalto University, School of Engineering. Transportation Engineering. Retrieved from
http://civil.aalto.fi/en/research/transportation/
Celly, RK(2007). Low Cost, Energy Efficient & Environment-Friendly Housing
Technologies for Developing Countries. Retrieved from
http://www.unido.org/fileadmin/import/75382_070912_Sess1002_Cellylowcosth
ousing.pdf
Constantine C.J.(2009). Part 1 Pre-cast Concrete for Low Cost Housing: State of the
Art. Retrieved from http://designresolve.com/downloads/CJCFYP_Part1.pdf
Construction information Services. Construction Estimating Techniques.Retrieved from
http://www.misronet.com/estimating.htm
Crisologo, Ferdinand (2006) Precast Concrete Wall Form Block. Retrieve from
http://pdf.sumobrain.com/WO2006073319A2.pdf?AWSAccessKeyId=AKIAIBO
KHYOLP4MBMRGQ&Expires=1378944000&Signature=8gV9132CiSPCV9%2
FYCenOhilb55M%3D
Emad Elbeltagi, Ph.D., P.Eng.,. LECTURE NOTES ON CONSTRUCTION PROJECT
MANAGEMENT. Retrieved
fromhttp://osp.mans.edu.eg/elbeltagi/CM%20CH1%20Introduction.pdf
ICEF Monitor.Philippine creates opportunities in overhaul of K-12(2013). Retrieved
from http://monitor.icef.com/2013/08/philippines-creates-opportunities-inoverhaul-of-k-12-education-system/
Melanie Radzicki McManus.What does a construction manager do? Retrieved from
http://osp.mans.edu.eg/elbeltagi/CM%20CH1%20Introduction.pdf
Milambiling, Owen (2012). Technology and Livelihood Education (TLE) in the
Philippines’ Basic Education.Retrieved
fromhttp://www.tda.edu.au/cb_pages/files/Philippines_TVET%20system_16%20
Dec%202012.pdf
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Peligrino, Kent Maureen(2011). K+12 Education in the Philippines. Retrieved
fromhttp://education-teaching-careers.knoji.com/k12-education-in-thephilippines/
PMBOOKS. Labor, Material and Equipment Utilization. Retrievedfrom
http://pmbook.ce.cmu.edu/04_Labor%2C_Material%2C_And_Equipment_Utiliza
tion.html
Presidential Communications Development & Strategic Planning Office(2012). The K to
12 Basic Education Program. Retrieved fromhttp://www.gov.ph/k-12/#Features
Science Buddies. Transportation Engineer. Retrieved
fromhttp://www.sciencebuddies.org/scienceengineeringcareers/engineering/transp
ortation-engineer
The McGraw-Hill Companies(2007). Precast-and-prestressed-concrete. Retrieved
from http://books.mcgrawhill.com/EST10/site/supparticles/Precast-andprestressed-concrete- YB070120.pdf
Yap DJ(2013). DAR promises support for Gawad Kalinga. The Philippine
Inquirer.Retrieve from http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/346435/dar-promises-supportfor-gawad-kalinga-2

Project By - Mapúa Institute of Technology

Transcription

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