Teoria della traduzione breve panorama diacronico

Teoria della traduzione.
Breve panorama diacronico
Traduzione tra cultura e ideologia
Silvia Bruti
Cultural Turn 1
• Comunicazione e traduzione interculturale:
perché, quali problemi, etnografia e
antropologia;
• Cultural Turn in TS 1976, André Lefevere,
Leuven Conference; lingua & cultura
• Importanza non solo del TESTO, ma del
CONTESTO
Cultural Turn 2
• Cultural turn e gender studies:
Traduzione e scrittura al femminile, un
parallelismo; testi inferori, derivati;
Lingua e identità di genere: gruppi ‘inferiori’
• Cultural Turn e testi post-coloniali; Letteratura
del Commonwealth? Critica di Rushdie;
paradosso: inglese lingua egemone e degli
oppressori ma mezzo di massima diffusione
Contesto situazionale e culturale 1
• Cultural filter (House 1977 e 1981; Katan 1999/
2004). Operazione di adattamento nel passaggio
tra due sistemi linguistico-culturali diversi
• Un filtro descrive tutti i fattori che influenzano il
modo di vedere le cose e di reagire alle azioni
degli altri
• Quali fattori? Il contesto etnico e culturale, la
famiglia, le credenze (religione, destino), il lavoro
(e lo standard di vita), le esperienze personali,
valori e scelte
Contesto situazionale e culturale 2
Juliane House
Dimensions of communicative preferences
(German vs. English)
Explicitness
Implicitness
Orientation tw context
tw persons
Directness
Indirectness
Contesto situazionale e culturale 3
Exx from films (English original, German
backtranslation)
Where are the children? - Limitless suffering of a
mother
Whatever happened to Aunt Alice - A widow kills
softly
Shadow of the past - A corpse in the boot
Silent victim - Accusation: Abortion
Backlash - The secret of the five graves
Jack the bear - My dad: a totally incredible father
Contesto situazionale e culturale 4
• B. Malinowski, antropologo polacco/britannico: Una
teoria scientifica della cultura (1944 - postumo), ricerca
sul campo nelle Trobriand (Nuova Guinea). Cultura
come insieme complesso, aspetto organicistico, un
“tutto integrato”
• Kula: forma di scambio cerimoniale, periodiche
spedizioni su canoe per fare visita alle comunità delle
altre isole, con cui si scambiano doni. Spulava: collane
di conchiglie rosse, e mwali, braccialetti di conchiglie
bianche; baratto informale detto gimwali
Contesto situazionale e culturale 5
Contesto situazionale e culturale 6
Kwame Anthony Appiah: “traduzione spessa”
(thick translation)
Esperienze rappresentate della commedia umana non
sempre immediatamente condivise e condivisibili: idee,
parole, modi di dire, ritmi. Legami intricati nella trama
di una cultura particolare: NO agli stereotipi
(superiorità, razzismo, sessismo); promuovere il rispetto
dell’autonomia dell’Altro, l’accettazione di altre visioni
del mondo
Contesto situazionale e culturale 7
Diversa conoscenza enciclopedica o del mondo, ‘pacchetti’ di
informazioni ordinate, alcune largamente condivise (i frames di
Goffman, festa di compleanno), altre meno (strisce pedonali,
zebra crossings).
Cf. Natalia Aspesi “Questioni di cuore”, Venerdì di Repubblica, “C’è
Mina per voi” su Vanity Fair
vs Agony Aunt/Uncle (advice columnist in a magazine or
newspaper) colloquially known as A.A./U. in British English
Donna di mezza età dispensatrice di consigli, da cui il nome aunt.
Culturemi
Kiewcinski (2001)
EXOTICISING PROCEDURE > quando si lascia un termine in versione
orginale, falafel (arabo), macho (spagnolo/portoghese ma dal
latino masculus), Weltanschauung, burqa (arabo)
RICH EXPLANATORY P. > spiegazione, anche tra parentesi e.g. «hot
cotechino sausage», «Knesset (The Israeli parliament)»
RECOGNISED EXOTICISATION > per es. nei nomi geografici, Geneva >
Genève, Genf, Ginevra; Tiziano Vecellio > Titian; Charlemagne >
Carlo Magno, Charles the Great, Karl der Große; ma Apulia per
Puglia non è più accettabile, così come Leghorn per Livorno!
(cambia la percezione nel tempo)
ASSIMILATIVE P. > adattamenti sulla base di somiglianze, Prime
minister > premier ministre, Presidente del gobierno
Culturemi 1
Paese dei balocchi
Poi [il conduttore del carro] disse al burattino:
- Rimonta pure a cavallo, e non aver paura. Quel ciuchino aveva qualche grillo
per il capo: ma io gli ho detto due paroline negli orecchi, e spero di averlo reso
mansueto e ragionevole
(Capitolo XXXI)
Then he said to the puppet, ‘Get up astride your mount again; don’t be afraid.
That donkey must have had some bee in his bonnet; but I’ve whispered a
couple of words in his ear, and I hope I’ve tamed him so that he sees reason.’
(Lawson Lucas 1996: 126)
He then said to the puppet:
‘Mount him now without fear. That little donkey had got some whim into his
head; but I whispered two little words into his ears which have, I hope, made
him gentle and reasonable.’
(Murray 1892: 130)
Culturemi 2a - Cacio
• E facendo finta di non essersi accorto di nulla, gli
domandò sorridendo:
-Come stai, mio caro Lucignolo?
-Benissimo: come un topo in una forma di cacio
parmigiano
• And pretending not to have noticed anything, he asked
him, smiling, ‘How are you, my dear candle-wick?’
‘Fine! Like a mouse in a cheddar cheese.’
(Lawson Lucas 1996: 133)
Culturemi 2b - Cacio
• E facendo finta di non essersi accorto di nulla, gli
domandò sorridendo:
-Come stai, mio caro Lucignolo?
-Benissimo: come un topo in una forma di cacio
parmigiano
• And pretending to have noticed nothing he asked him,
smiling: ‘How are you, my dear Candlewick?’
‘Very well, as happy as a mouse in a Parmesan cheese.’
(Murray 1892: 136)
Culturemi 3a – risotto & maccheroni
La mattina dopo, svegliandosi, cercò subito nella greppia un altro po’
di fieno; ma non lo trovò, perché l’aveva mangiato tutto nella notte.
Allora prese una boccata di paglia tritata; e in quel mentre che la stava
masticando, si dové persuadere che il sapore della paglia tritata non
somigliava punto né risotto alla milanese né ai maccheroni alla
napoletana (Capitolo XXXIII).
Culturemi 3b1 – shepherd’s
pie & kidney pudding
As soon as he woke up the next day he searched in the manger for another
bit of hay, but he could not find any because he had eaten it all in the night.
So he took a mouthful of chopped straw, and while he was chewing it he had
to admit that it tasted nothing like either shepherd’s pie or steak or kidney
pudding.
(Lawson Lucas 1996: 138)
Culturemi 3b2
Shepherd’s pie / Cottage pie [from Wikipedia], Cottage pie with minced beef
Cottage pie refers to an English or Irish meat pie made with beef mince and
with a crust made from mashed potato. A variation on this dish using lamb
mince is known as shepherd's pie. Unlike standard pies, cottage or shepherd's
pie does not include a bottom pastry crust.
The term cottage pie is known to have been in use in 1791 when potato was
being introduced as an edible crop affordable for the poor (cf. ‘cottage’
meaning a modest dwelling for rural workers).
In early cookery books, the dish was a means of using leftover roasted meat of
any kind, and the pie dish was lined with mashed potato as well as having a
mashed potato crust on top. The term "shepherd's pie" did not appear until
the 1870s, and since then it has been used synonymously with "cottage pie",
regardless of whether the principal ingredient was beef or mutton. There is
now a popular tendency for "shepherd's pie" to be used when the meat is
mutton or lamb, with the suggested origin being that shepherds are
concerned with sheep and not cattle. This may, however, be an example of
folk etymology.
Culturemi 3b3
Steak and kidney pudding is a pudding made by enclosing diced steak and
beef, lamb’s or pig’s kidney pieces in gravy in a suet pastry. Some regional
preparations omit kidney.
The pudding is then steamed for many hours until cooked. In making a pie, the
steak and kidney is usually pre-cooked with chopped onions etc. by simmering
for a few hours, before placing it in a pie and baking in the oven. With Steak
and Kidney pudding, the suet [=grasso di rognone] pastry is used to line a
bowl into which the uncooked steak and kidney mix is placed with onions,
stock etc. A suet pastry lid is then placed on top and sealed tightly. The top is
then covered with muslin cloth which is tied round the bowl. This is placed in
a covered saucepan and steamed for about four hours or until the pudding is
cooked. Some recipes then stipulate making a small opening in the top and
pouring rich stock into the pudding ten minutes before serving.
Among the various vernacular rhyming slang names for steak and kidney
pudding are Kate and Sidney pudding, snake and kiddy pudding, or snake
and pygmy pudding.
Culturemi 3c1 – macaroni or rice
The next morning when he woke he looked in the manger for a little
more hay; but he found none, for he had eaten it all during the night.
Then he took a mouthful of chopped straw; but whilst he was chewing it
he had to acknowledge that the taste of the chopped straw did not in the
least resemble a savoury dish of macaroni or rice.
(Murray 1892: 141)
Culturemi 3c1 –macaroni and cheese
Macaroni and cheese, also known as "mac and cheese", "macaroni cheese" in
British English, or "macaroni pie" in Caribbean English, is a common casserole
consisting of cooked macaroni with a cheese sauce. Macaroni and cheese is
often prepared using a package food mix such as Kraft Dinner.
Macaroni is mentioned in various medieval Italian sources, though it's not always clear
whether it's a noodle or a prepared dish. However, pasta and cheese casseroles are
recorded in cookbooks of the time such as the Liber de Coquina showing that they were
a known style of dish. A cheese and noodle casserole known as Makerouns was recorded
in an English cookbook in the 14th century. It was made with fresh hand-cut noodles
which were sandwiched between a mixture of melted butter and cheese. It was
apparently considered an upperclass dish even in Italy until around the 18th century.
Pratiche culturali 1
Cornice ristorante
Italia vs UK
Voglio cambiare tavolo
I’m afraid this table is not entirely convenient
Cornice libreria
Non l’abbiamo
We are very sorry but… / It will be available
from next week
Pratiche culturali 2
Michel Bond’s famous children book
A Bear called Paddington > German BT Paddington
unser kleiner Bär (House)
[Mr Brown offers Paddington some cakes]
I’m sorry they haven’t any marmalade ones, but these
were the best I could get
BT There is nothing with marmalade
Pratiche culturali 3
Mr Gruber took Paddington into his shop
and offering him a seat…
BT Then he pulled the little bear into the shop: «Sit
down!»
Small talk
«Hallo Mrs Bird» said Judy «It’s nice to see you again.
How’s the rheumatism?» «Worse than it’s ever
been» began Mrs Bird
ZERO REALISATION in the German translation
Pratiche culturali 4
David Houndshell «Two Paths to the Telephone», Scientific American,
June 1981
As Alexander Graham Bell was developing the telephone, Elisha
Gray was doing the same. Bell got the patent, but the episode is
nonetheless an instructive example of simulatenous invention.
BT from German «The race for the telephone patent», Spektrum der
Wissentschaft, August 1981
Independent of each other, Alexander Graham Bell and Elisha Gray
handed in nearly identical construction plans for a telephone in
1876 - but only Bell received the patent and became rich and
famous. Gray on the other hand misjudged the importance of his
invention and had moreover been badly advised.
Pratiche culturali 5
It. Le figure e lo spazio
Le figure sono sempre rigorosamente volumetriche, più vicine al
rigore spaziale della scultura che alle estenuate cadenze melodiche
medio-bizantine.
English (lit.)
Figures are always rigorously volumetric, closer to the spatial rigour
of sculpture than to the extenuating melodic rhythms of the Middle
Byzantine.
English (from high to low context; less poetry, more
facts)
The figures have a disciplined geometry, closer to sculpture than to
the sweeping curves of Middle Byzantine.
Pratiche culturali 6
Correzioni di traduzioni dall’inglese all’italiano (più
semplicità = più chiarezza; Katan 1999: 272)
 Top quality espresso coffee machine > top quality espresso machine
 Thank you for your preference > thank you for choosing Saeco
 Avoid direct skin contact with hot components > avoid direct
contact with hot components
 The machine has been devised for domestic use and is not
indicated for continuous professional use > the machine has been
designed form domestic use only
 In case an extension cord is used, check that it is adequate > in case
an extension cord is used, be certain that it meets or exceeds all
safety standards.