Bwana Mkubwa Refinery and Pipeline Project

Transcription

Bwana Mkubwa
Refinery and Pipeline
Project information
Pack
Contents
1.
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................................................................. 2
INVESTMENT HIGHLIGHTS ................................................................................................................................................................. 2
GOVERNMENT SUPPORT .................................................................................................................................................................. 3
2.
SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS ........................................................................................................................... 4
THE CURRENT INDENI REFINERY ...................................................................................................................................................... 4
THE CURRENT TAZAMA PIPELINE ...................................................................................................................................................... 5
ZAMBIA MARKET DEMAND ................................................................................................................................................................ 6
SOUTH AFRICAN REGIONAL DEMAND ............................................................................................................................................... 7
3.
PROJECT SCOPE ................................................................................................................................... 10
STAGE 1 ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 10
BWANA MKUBWA OIL REFINERY .................................................................................................................................................... 10
BWANA MKUBWA PIPELINE ............................................................................................................................................................ 11
STAGE 2 ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 12
SUPPORTING INFRASTRUCTURE AT THE SGE ................................................................................................................................ 12
HOUSING ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 12
COMMERCIAL DEVELOPMENTS ...................................................................................................................................................... 12
DRY PORT & DEPOT ...................................................................................................................................................................... 13
INCUBATION CENTRE ..................................................................................................................................................................... 13
4.
PROJECT TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY ........................................................................................................ 14
SITE LOCATION .............................................................................................................................................................................. 15
5.
ECONOMIC & SOCIAL BENEFITS ............................................................................................................. 16
6.
PROPOSED PROJECT STRUCTURE......................................................................................................... 17
7.
JOINT VENTURE PROJECT DEVELOPMENT TEAM ................................................................................... 18
CHARLES KAMWI ........................................................................................................................................................................... 18
MATTHEW BOROWSKI .................................................................................................................................................................... 19
JERRY GOH ................................................................................................................................................................................... 20
PHOENIX MATERIALS ..................................................................................................................................................................... 21
8.
REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................................ 22
Copyright: Maysen & Borowski (2012)
Page 1 of 22
1. Executive Summary
The Sub-Sahara Gemstone Exchange (SGE) Industrial Park project will be a multifunction economic
development zone, located adjacent to the current Indeni Oil Refinery site in Ndola, Zambia. The
project will be developed as a Joint Venture Partnership between Maysen & Borowski Claymont Joint
Venture (MBCJV) and Phoenix Material & Constructing Company. The project will involve development
of the new Bwana Mkubwa Oil Refinery, an 1800km pipeline (Bwana Mkubwa Pipeline), responsible for
supplying crude oil to the refinery along with supporting infrastructure and industries such as:

Commercial developments

Light industry

Warehousing

Dry port

Container depot

Skills training & incubation centre

Residential development

Green space
Figure 1: Proposed SGE zoning
The SGE project will also include the
development of on-site skills training resources and approximately 5,000 residential units for housing.
Additionally, the new Bwana Mkubwa pipeline will triple the current national crude oil supply. The
development will also include new exporting lines to Democratic Republic of Congo and Tanzania,
enabling efficient regional distribution of refined oil products.
Investment Highlights
The capital cost of the SGE project and the Bwana Mkubwa pipeline is approximately USD $1.7 billion
and USD $1.6 billion respectively. Once fully operational, the new Bwana Mkubwa Refinery will be
capable of processing up to 5 million metric tonnes of ‘pure’ crude oil per annum.
Page 2 of 22
Government Support
The project has full support from the Zambian government. This was articulated by the Minister of
Commerce, Trade & Industry during the MOU signing ceremony between Maysen & Borowski and
Phoenix Materials in February 2012.
Page 3 of 22
2. Situational Analysis
The Current Indeni Refinery
Currently the Indeni Refinery is the only oil refinery in Zambia. It is a basic topping refinery which
separates the crude oil into its constituent petroleum products via an atmospheric distillation process. In
order to achieve a usable commercial product, additional processing is required (Chisale, 2011).
The refinery was originally designed to process 1.1 million tonnes of oil per annum, however Indeni
currently operates at 0.85 million tonnes per annum. Approximately 50% of the imported crude oil is
spiked with light factions and a blend of ingredients, thus not only reducing the maximum crude output,
but also restricting the ability to produce end user products (Chisale, 2011).
The supply point of crude oil comes via the Tazama pipeline, which begins at the Tanzanian port of Dar
es Salaam. The current pipeline was constructed in 1969 and has failed to satisfy the country’s
demands for years (Economic Association of Zambia, 2008). Current Zambian fuel prices are inflated
due to a supply shortfall of refined oil products in the market.
Furthermore, Zambia imports almost all the by-products of crude, making infrastructure development
very expensive. Products like bitumen for roads are imported, which impacts the development of
infrastructure and agriculture.
Figure 2: Current Indeni and Tazama operations
Page 4 of 22
The Current Tazama Pipeline
The Tazama pipeline (Figure 3) is approximately 1,800km long, of which 860km lies in Tanzania,
whilst the rest is located within Zambia. Ownership of the pipeline is shared between the Zambian and
Tanzanian governments at 67% and 33% respectively (Bariyo & Jones, 2009). It has a maximum
capacity of transporting 1,100,000 metric tonnes of spiked crude oil per annum. The pipe diameter
varies from 8’’ to 12’’ (200mm & 300mm), and the crude oil is being transported through the pipe by
seven pump stations located in the following areas:
1. Port in Dar es Salaam
2. Near Morongoro
3. Between Morongoro and Iringa
4. Iringa
5. Near Mbeya
6. Between Chinsali and Mpika
7. Between Mpika and Serenje
Figure 3: Map of Tazama pipeline and existing pump stations (Google Maps, 2012)
Page 5 of 22
Zambia Market Demand
Current oill demand in Zambia has exceeded the current maximum national output. Projected demand
is forecast to increase beyond the current capacity of the Indeni refinery, resulting in inflated fuel prices
in Zambia (Index Mundi, 2011).
Zambia oil consumption forecast
3,500,000
3,000,000
Tonnes per year
2,500,000
2,000,000
1,500,000
1,000,000
500,000
Current maximum
national output
Figure 4: Zambia oil consumption forecast until 2031
Although landlocked, Zambia is one of the most strategically positioned countries in Southern Africa. It
is centrally located in the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA) and the
Southern Africa Development Community (SADC). Zambia is surrounded by a number of countries with
high demands for oil products including Democratic Republic of Congo, Tanzania, Zimbabwe and
Mozambique.
Despite having access to these markets, Zambia’s economic growth has been marginal. This is in part
due to a lack of quality supporting infrastructure such as road and rail networks across the country. The
current high price of fuel inhibits Zambia’s ability to develop as a nation (Index Mundi, 2011).
Page 6 of 22
2031
2030
2029
2028
2027
2026
2025
2024
2023
2022
2021
2020
2019
2018
2017
2016
2015
2014
2013
2012
2011
2010
2009
2008
2007
2006
0
A substantial element of rural electricity generation in Zambia is based on diesel generation (Warr,
2005). Electricity shortages already pose a significant hurdle to economic growth in Zambia. Blackouts
are widespread amongst rural sectors, mining operations and some urban centres. The consumption of
diesel for electricity generation increases the demand on the existing limited fuel supply, consequently
escalating fuel prices.
The Katanga province is inaccessible from the rest of the D.R. Congo as it is isolated amongst dense
jungle and geographic obstacles. The so-called “eleventh province of Zambia”, is dependent on
supplies from Zambia due to inadequate import and export routes.
Figure 5: Access to the Katanga province of D.R. Congo
(Google Maps, 2012)
South African Regional Demand
Zambia’s neighbouring countries of Mozambique, Congo, Tanzania, Zimbabwe, Botswana and Namibia
do not possess an oil refinery, instead these countries rely heavily on petroleum imports from South
Africa (Index Mundi, 2011). Transportation costs are high due to long travelling distances by road, thus
creating an opportunity for Zambia to exploit a lucrative market through its geographic advantage.
Page 7 of 22
Crude oil consumption per year
6,000,000
Tonnes per year
5,000,000
2006
2007
4,000,000
2008
2009
3,000,000
2010
2,000,000
2011
1,000,000
0
Zambia
Mozambique
DR Congo
Tanzania
Zimbabwe
Total
Figure 6: SADC region crude oil consumption per year
Figure 6 shows current oil consumption for the neighbouring countries of Zambia. The total crude oil
demand in 2011 including Zambia was at 5.1 million tonnes (Petrol Strategies, 2012 ).
Crude oil forecast relative to GDP growth
20,000,000
18,000,000
16,000,000
Tonnes per year
14,000,000
12,000,000
10,000,000
8,000,000
6,000,000
4,000,000
2,000,000
0
Zambia
Mozambique
DR Congo
Tanzania
Zimbabwe
Total
Figure 7: Forecast of crude oil demand per year relative to GDP growth
Page 8 of 22
Figure 7 shows the projected demand for petroleum products relative to GDP growth per year of the
surrounding markets. Estimates indicate the demand for each country increasing by a minimum of 2
million tonnes by 2017 (Index Mundi, 2011).
The forecasted crude oil consumption for Zambia and the surrounding markets in 2015 is approximately
6.6 million tonnes.
The new Bwana Mkubwa Refinery will have a maximum capacity of 5 million tonnes per year, which is
only 50% of the forecasted oil consumption. Due to the close proximity of Zambia to these surrounding
countries, compared to South Africa, the transportation fees will be lower and therefore importing
petroleum products from Zambia will be more financially viable than imports from South Africa. The total
demand for petroleum products in the area is projected to grow to 19.8 million tonnes per year in 2031,
demonstrating the need for an increased supply in the area.
Figure 8 illustrates projected market demand for crude oil per country per year for the next 20 years.
Projected crude oil demand share for the next 20 years
9%
16%
20%
42%
13%
Zambia
Mozambique
DR Congo
Tanzania
Zimbabwe
Figure 8: Projected crude oil demand share for the next 20 years
Page 9 of 22
3. Project Scope
The project will be developed in two main stages:

Stage 1 - Build the pipeline and refinery

Stage 2 - Industrial & commercial development
Stage 1
Bwana Mkubwa Oil Refinery
Stage 1 comprises of constructing a 1,800km pipeline and the oil refinery. Once fully operational, the
new oil refinery and pipeline will have the ability to process 5 million tonnes of crude oil per annum. It
will have an expansion capacity of up to 5 million tonnes per year so as to meet increasing future
demands. The efficiency of the refinery will lead to minimum wastage as pure crude will be refined into
specific components.
Outputs from the refinery will be fit for use for both industrial and commercial purposes and the quality
of fuel production will be cleaner and more efficient. Table 1 describes the by-products produced in the
refining process, with the approximate volumes (based on the US Department of Energy and at 100%
capacity):
Table 1: Crude oil products
By-Product
Percentage
LPG
3%
Gasoline
47%
Jet Fuel
12%
Diesel
28%
Bitumen
3%
Others (paraffin, wax,
fertilisers, etc.)
7%
Page 10 of 22
Bwana Mkubwa Pipeline
The Bwana Mkubwa pipeline will be built alongside the existing Tazama pipeline, running from Dar es
Salaam to the new Bwana Mkubwa Refinery over a distance of approximately 1,800km. The new
pipeline will be able to transport pure crude oil at an estimated maximum capacity of 5 million tonnes of
crude per annum.
Figure 9: Proposed Bwana Mkubwa pipeline (Google Maps, 2012)
Page 11 of 22
Stage 2
Supporting Infrastructure at the SGE
Stage 2 of the SGE development will commence upon completion of the Bwana Mkubwa oil refinery
and pipeline. Table 2 describes the proposed infrastructure that will be developed to support the
operations of Bwana Mkubwa Oil Refinery.
Table 2: Proposed SGE infrastructure
Development
Land Size
Housing (5,000)
373,475 m²
Dry port & depot
315,806 m²
Commercial precinct
432,053 m²
Warehousing
284,254 m²
Incubation centre
216,828 m²
Light manufacturing
264,884 m²
Housing
Approximately 5,000 housing units will be developed, providing accommodation for workers at the SGE
development. Housing units will consist of high, medium and low cost houses. The housing area will
include integrated support structures such as water, waste management, electricity supply and roads
for accessibility.
Employees working in the complex will receive prioritised housing. This will help to address the
housing shortage in Zambia.
Commercial Developments
Commercial developments such as offices and warehouses will be built on the SGE site to support
business operations. These facilities will provide a centralised location for regional trading and
manufacturing activities, as well as facilitating the import and export of supplies. The storage facilities
for goods available on site will provide a buffer for supplier lead times.
Page 12 of 22
Dry Port & Depot
As Zambia is landlocked, with no direct access to the sea, international transport of goods is inefficient.
The proposed dry port will serve as an intermodal terminal that will be connected by road and rail to the
Dar es Salam seaport in Tanzania. The dry port development will allow Zambia to operate as a hub for
transhipment of sea cargo to inland destinations. The port will also stimulate regional trading activities
and economic development.
A dry port will help to reduce transportation costs and allow Zambia to compete commercially in
exporting commodities. Finished products from the Bwana Mkubwa Refinery will easily be transported
within the country as well as exported to neighbouring countries across the Southern African
Development Community (SADC) and the Common Market for Eastern & Southern Africa (COMESA)
region.
Incubation Centre
The incubation centre aims to increase the human capital within the Copperbelt Province by providing
the necessary skills training for workers to develop skills in various professions. The centre will be
installed with modern equipment, so as to keep pace with the technological advancements across the
world. This is critical in ensuring that local expertise is developed to reduce the dependency of
expensive expertise from outside the country. This development will help to increase the availability of
skilled workers in Zambia.
The incubation centre will also provide support services to entrepreneurs and business start-ups such
as:

Networking activities

Marketing assistance

Links to strategic partners

Comprehensive business training programs

Advisory boards and mentors

Management team identification

Help with business etiquette

Technology commercialisation assistance
Page 13 of 22
4. Project Technical Feasibility
About Zambia
Zambia is the continent's biggest copper producer and home to the Victoria Falls, one of the Seven
Natural Wonders of the World. The Victoria Falls, known locally as the “Smoke that Thunders”, are
located along the Zambezi River and have UNESCO World Heritage status. The Victoria Falls and the
country's many other natural attractions are complemented by a wide variety of wildlife found in the
large game parks across the country. This rich natural diversity, combined with a friendly, welcoming
population, has been enticing a growing number of tourists.
Zambia has historically been a peaceful, mostly trouble-free and politically stable country, especially
when compared to many other African neighbours, including those that share its borders. The area was
colonised in the 1800’s and ruled by Britain as Northern Rhodesia until 1964, when it made a peaceful
transition to independence.
Kenneth Kaunda led the country at independence and for the next three decades. He introduced
central planning into the economy and nationalised key sectors including the copper mines. Towards
the end of his leadership, his policies, together with a drop in copper prices, were blamed for the
country's economic woes. The country was made to suffer for its support of liberation movements that
were trying to remove white rule in South Africa and what is now called Zimbabwe.
The country's economic fortunes began to change in the late 1990s when the privatisation of the mining
sector began to draw in foreign investment and improve output. Government support for agriculture is
also said to have contributed to economic growth. President Kaunda imposed single-party socialism, in
which his United National Independence Party (UNIP) was the only legal political party within a “oneparty participatory democracy” (BBC World, October 2011).
Constitutional change was introduced in 1991 under popular pressure, allowing a multi-party system
and a change of leadership. Since then, Zambia has undergone a number of elections and changes of
government that resulted in a smooth transition of power (BBC World, October 2011). Zambia has a
reputation for political stability and a relatively efficient, transparent government.
Page 14 of 22
Site Location
Ndola is the third largest city in Zambia with a population of approximately 495,500. Ndola is located
272kms from the capital city Lusaka, 53kms from Kitwe and 10kms from the Zambian border with DR
Congo.
Figure 10: Ndola, Zambia (Zambia Central Statistic, 2009)
The Ndola International Airport is located less than 10kms from the proposed SGE site. Also within the
vicinity are existing roads and an operating industrial area. Products from the Bwana Mkubwa Oil
Refinery will be used by local industry for the manufacturing of many oil based products, encouraging
local industries and creating job opportunities within Zambia.
Figure 11: SGE site location (Google map, 2012)
Page 15 of 22
5. Economic & Social Benefits
The entire project will potentially create 18,000 employment opportunities with 13,000 jobs created
during the construction phase and 5,000 jobs created in the operation phase. It will inject an estimated
USD $600 million into the Zambian economy annually, which would create a multiplier effect (Fuel
prices to drop by 30 p.c., 2012).
Critical to this project is the fact that the current government was elected on the platform of job creation.
Zambia has suffered increasing levels of unemployment since the 1990's, following the privatisation of
key national assets.
Zambia's unemployment rate
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
1998
2000
2006
2011
Figure 12: Zambia's historic unemployment rate, Central statistics office, 2012
Through substantial local employment and significant spending in the region, this project will provide a
significant boost to the Copperbelt economy. The net result will be a multiplier effect within the Zambian
economy.
The success of this project is likely to encourage more foreign investors to develop other projects in
Zambia, especially if the national economy continues its trend of positive growth. As Zambia’s
agriculture, tourism, manufacturing and mining sectors develop, the demand for the products and
service sectors at SGE is sure to increase. This will increase the capacity for the manufacturing of
products in Zambia, reducing the dependency on expensive imports.
Page 16 of 22
6. Proposed Project Structure
The SGE development is co-developed by Maysen & Borowski Claymont Joint Venture (MBCJV),
Phoenix Materials Ltd. and the Sub-Sahara Gemstone Exchange. A Memorandum of Understanding
(MOU) was signed between MBCJV, Phoenix Materials Ltd. and the Sub-Sahara Gemstone Exchange
to proceed with the next phase of development.
Project Development
The MBCJV intends to develop the project in three separate sections. These sections are:

Pipeline project – Design, build and operate

Refinery – Design, build and operate

Distribution chain management
Page 17 of 22
7. Joint Venture Project Development Team
Charles Kamwi
Charles is one of the founding directors of Maysen & Borowski and has over a decade of industry
experience in corporate governance, contract management, change management, risk management,
project management and business performance. His career spans
across various private and government management roles. Charles’
earlier experience was in project management where he worked
across seven different countries. Charles has excelled in many
different roles including process & systems consultant for Western
Power Corporation, project and program director for the Crown
International Program, senior consultant and director of legal &
corporate affairs for Stellium Pty Ltd, Contract Manager, and
Management & Business Efficiency Systems Manager for the
Horizon Power.
Over the years, Charles has demonstrated an excellent
understanding of business culture, business improvement, project management and corporate
governance, all of which is underpinned by a degree in Corporate Law from Curtin University. His other
qualifications include a diploma of Commerce from Canning College, Advanced Project Management
and a diploma of Behaviour Analysis.
Charles has provided corporate governance support and consultancy to foreign governments seeking
to privatise state owned companies in key privatisation sectors, such as mining, manufacturing and
agriculture. Whilst in the position of Director of Legal and Corporate Affairs at Stellium Pty Ltd, Charles
was instrumental in leading an international team to negotiate and establish transnational contracts for
the purchase and operation of three mines with a total investment portfolio of over US$1.3 billion. He
also led a consultancy team to establish a business enterprise investment and marketing model for iron
ore projects in China. Charles’ international experience also extends to his work in Africa where he
managed a number of projects for non-for-profit agencies in construction, infrastructure rehabilitation
and water, working across seven different countries.
During his time at Horizon Power, Charles served in positions as Management Systems and Business
Efficiency Manager and Operations Contract Manager. He facilitated the establishment of risk and
Page 18 of 22
corporate governance performance management in Horizon Power’s Operations division which resulted
significant savings and performance efficiency improvements.
As Contract Manager he managed energy procurement contracts in the Kimberly and Pilbara regions of
Western Australia.
Charles currently serves as Executive Director and Group Manager overseeing the Maysen & Borowski
Group and its subsidiaries in Legal & Strategy. Charles also coordinates and manages the Maysen &
Borowski Investment Partnership Program.
Matthew Borowski
Matthew Borowski is one of the founding directors of Maysen & Borowski. He has previously worked
across various industries, including engineering, urban development and spatial science. He has
experience in management, operations and planning. Matthew has
over five years of experience working in the spatial science
industry. Matthew graduated from Melbourne University from a
bachelor degree in Geometric Engineering with honours. He
continued his studies as a land surveyor and after obtaining his
practising certificate from the Land Surveyors Licensing Board of
Western Australia became a registered Licensed Surveyor.
Matthew brings to the company extensive technical expertise with
hands on industry experience in systems and processes, both in
Australia and internationally. As well as his work abroad, Matthew has worked throughout Australia and
extensively in remote areas of Western Australian. He has been involved in various large scale
projects, including large scale subdivisions, mining infrastructure projects, industrial projects and
engineering projects.
While in his position as a Licensed Surveyor at McMullen Nolan and Partners, Matthew was one of the
project leaders sent to Qatar as part of a team involved in a large-scale expansion project of a Qatar
gas LNG plant. This was an expansion project for what was already the largest LNG producing
company in the world.
Matthew Borowski and Charles Kamwi established Maysen & Borowski with a focus on developing
investment opportunities throughout Africa that are based on international governance standards.
Page 19 of 22
Matthew operates as an Executive Director for the Maysen & Borowski Group and its subsidiaries in
Finance and Corporate Services.
Jerry Goh
Claymont co-founder Jerry Goh has over three decades of international experience in the accounting,
finance, property development management, construction and
civil infrastructure engineering sectors having worked in the UK,
Asia and Australia.
Jerry graduated from the University of London with an honours
degree in Business Studies in 1978. He continued his studies in
finance and in 1981 became a Chartered Accountant with the
Institute of Chartered Accountant’s in England and Wales. He is
also a member of the British Institute of Management.
Jerry previously worked in the accounting profession with KPMG,
an international firm of accountants, for several years before
joining several large listed corporate group companies. In the process, he gained valuable exposure
and management skills in many varied industries.
Jerry has extensive experience in the housing, construction and civil engineering infrastructure sectors
in Asia. He managed several large projects including road works, bridges, earthworks, drainage, water
reticulation, rock blasting and quarrying works in Malaysia and Indonesia. Jerry was also part of an
international joint venture project to construct the iconic Petronas Towers in Kuala Lumpur. His
involvement entailed the construction of the towers Commercial Retail Podium including the basement,
parking facility and mall complex.
Jerry Goh and Lily Wong established Claymont in 1999 to focus on property development and
construction in Australia. Claymont has since successfully completed numerous projects in urban and
semi-rural areas across Australia including residential lots, homes and apartments. Claymont is
committed to building excellence by delivering low maintenance, easy care and quality homes at an
affordable price.
Page 20 of 22
Phoenix Materials
Phoenix Materials is a 100% Zambian wholly owned company specialising in grade one general roads
& earthworks and general building & housing.
Phoenix began its operations in
Denmark from modest beginnings in
1907. They entered the international
construction market in 1982, when
the company brought its know-how
and technology to the African
continent, initially to Libya and
Uganda.
Today
Phoenix
has
become a global road contractor.
The Zambian story began in 1991,
when Phoenix was awarded the contract to rehabilitate 220km from Kapiri Mposhi to Chingola.
Subsequently the demand for Phoenix’s experience and expertise has allowed them to establish
regional offices and a thriving business under the name of Phoenix Materials International serving
Zambia and its neighbours.
In 1997, Phoenix was acquired by Rieber & Son and then three years later was sold again to NCC
(Nordic Construction Company) of Sweden, one of the 50 largest contractors in the World.
In 2004, after more than a decade of quality road rehabilitation and construction in Zambia, NCC pulled
out of Phoenix Materials International’s Zambian and African operations, marking the beginning of
Phoenix Materials in Zambia as it is known today. Phoenix Materials proceeded to acquire much of the
existing NCC assets and operations in Zambia.
By 2006 Phoenix Materials had successfully diversified into civil and building construction. In 2007,
Phoenix Materials completed its purchase of all the asphalt technology and production facilities after
the completion of the Lusaka/Mongu road.
Phoenix Materials has become synonymous to high quality materials and construction in Zambia,
hence the corporate message: Phoenix for Better Roads, Civil and Building Construction.
Page 21 of 22
8. References
Economics Association of Zambia. (2011, Feburary 24). Retrieved March 18, 2012, from
http://www.eaz.org.zm/
Index Mundi. (2011). Retrieved March 18, 2012, from http://www.indexmundi.com/energy.aspx
Crude Oil Prices. (2012 , March 20). Retrieved March 21, 2012, from http://www.oil-price.net
Petrol Strategies. (2012 , March 3). Retrieved March 20, 2012 , from http://www.petrolstrategies.org
Fuel prices to drop by 30 p.c. (2012, Feburary 16). Retrieved March 05, 2012, from The Lusaka Times:
http://www.lusakatimes.com/2012/02/16/fuel-prices-drop-30-pc/
Bariyo, N., & Jones, D. (2009, September 29). The Tazama Pipeline. Retrieved March 5, 2012, from
http://downstreamtoday.com/news/article.aspx
Chisale, P. (2011, Feburary 24). Economics Association of Zambia. Retrieved March 18, 2012, from
http://www.eaz.org.zm/
Griffiths, I. (1968). Zambian Coal: An Example of Strategic Resource Development.
Incorporated, Energetics. (2006, October). Energy Bandwidth for Petroleum Refining Process. U.S.
Department of Energy.
Nicholas Bariyo, D. J. (2009, September 29). The Tazama Pipeline. Retrieved March 5, 2012, from
http://downstreamtoday.com/news/article.aspx
Page 22 of 22

Bwana Mkubwa Refinery and Pipeline Project

Transcription

Similar documents

Latest on Mining

ALLIANCE ONE ZAMBIA

ngl extraction and fractionation facilities

Reflections on the Broad Brush Survey (BBS) research methodology

the cornerstone - communitycovenant.com. On

WILD ZAM MBIA SAFA ARI

INSIDE High Climbers

CAR TRADER ZAMBIA

Energy and Energy Security: Turkey`s Role

flyer - Centennial Classic Arms

Company Name Cleansing And Normalization

ZAMBANKER- September 2009.CDR