PSYCHOLOGY (8th Edition) David Myers

States of
Consciousness
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States of Consciousness
Consciousness and Information Processing
Sleep and Dreams
 Biological Rhythms and the Rhythm of Sleep
 Sleep Disorders
 Dreams
Hypnosis
 Facts and Falsehoods
Drugs and Consciousness
 Dependence and Addiction
 Psychoactive Drugs
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What is consciousness?
Strictly defined as a mental state characterized by an
awareness of ourselves and our environment
To what extent is it a slippery concept? More broadly
conceived, it is a mental reality(one of many)
SLG Define consciousness
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Levels and Types of “Consciousness”?
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Daydreaming
Napping
Sleeping
Dreaming
Unconscious
Meditative state
Hypnosis
Drug-induced states (e.g. hallucinations)
Near death experience
Others? Discovering Psych 13 (1-11)
SLG What is meant by levels of consciousness?
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Controlled v. Automatic Processing Unconscious and Conscious Automaticity
• We can occupy a multiple levels of consciousness
simultaneously (levels of processing). Notion of
automaticity
• Bargh and Chartrand’s priming studies. Bargh Vid
– Rude/polite priming Gladwell
– Achievement priming
– Embodied cognition Wired
Define automaticity. How is it related to the concept of priming?
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Automaticity & Implicit Associates
• Implicit Associates Test (IAT) unconscious biases and
prejudice. A type of automaticity IAT Research
• Shooter effect UChicago
• SciAm Implicit Associates
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Biological Rhythms & “Biological clocks”
1.
Annual cycles Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)
people experience during dark winter months
2.
28-day cycles (lunar) The female menstrual cycle
3.
24-hour cycles Circadian rhythm. Humans 24-hour
cycles of varying alertness (sleep), body temperature,
hormone secretion
4.
90-minute cycles We go through various stages of
sleep in 90-minute cycles.
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Rhythm of Sleep
Circadian Rhythms occur on a 24-hour cycle (closer to 25).
They are disrupted as a result of flying (desynchronization
= jet lag). Can You Beat Jet Lag?
Light triggers the suprachiasmatic nucleus (part of
hypothalamus) to decrease melatonin (increase from
pineal gland at night fall)
SLG Explain what is meant by circadian rhythm. How is it affected by light?
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Sleep Research (Dement, Hobson, Coren...)
Sleep Needs
• Average, unimpeded? Needs? Average American?
• Sleep deficit or deprivation/Sleep debt?
• Sleep deprivation?
Sleep deprivation results in deterioration of immune
function, lowered concentration, and an increase in
accidents
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Sleep Research and Theories (Dement,
Hobson, Coren, et.al.). Why do we sleep?
1.
Sleep protects Sleeping in the darkness kept our
ancestors out of harm’s way
2.
Sleep restores and allows us to recuperate Sleep helps
restore and repair brain tissue
3.
Sleep and memory Sleep rebuilds and consolidates our
memories. Memory consolidation theory
4.
Sleep and growth During sleep, the pituitary gland
releases growth hormone. Older people release less of
this hormone and sleep less
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Sleep Stages
Measuring sleep: About every 90 minutes, we
pass through a cycle of five distinct sleep stages.
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Brain Activity
Awake & Alert During mental engagement, the brain
exhibits low amplitude and fast, irregular beta waves
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Awake but Relaxed Brain activity slows down to a large
amplitude and slow, regular alpha waves
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Sleep Stages 1-2
During early, light sleep (stages 1-2) the brain enters a
high-amplitude, slow, regular wave form called theta
waves. Stage 1 hypnogogic sensations (hypnic jerks)
Sleep spindles and K-complex occur in 2. Daydreaming
shows theta activity as well
Theta Waves
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Sleep Stages 3-4
During deepest sleep (stages 3-4), brain activity slows
down. There are large-amplitude, slow delta waves. Sleep
walking, talking and night terrors can occur. Stage 3-4
distinction is subtle (25% to over 50% delta)
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Stage 5: REM Sleep (Aserinsky)
After stage (4), the sleep cycle starts moving backward
towards stage 1. In REM the brain engages in beta and
alpha waves similar to awake-aroused state (10 to as much
as 50 minutes)
A person during this sleep exhibits
Rapid Eye Movements (REM)
and reports vivid dreams
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More Fun Facts about REM Sleep
• REM is called paradoxical sleep as brain waves are
similar to waking state (Beta/Alpha) , but a person is
deeply asleep and unable to move (muscle atonia)
• Most vivid dreaming takes place during REM sleep
• REM stage lengthens as night progresses
• When deprived of REM sleep = REM rebound
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90-Minute Cycles During Sleep
With each 90-minute cycle, stage 4 sleep decreases and the
duration of REM sleep increases
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Sleep Disorders: Insomnia #1 and Parasomnias
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Nightmares Frightening dreams that wake a sleeper
from REM
Night terrors Sudden arousal from sleep with
intense fear accompanied by physiological reactions
Narcolepsy Overpowering urge to fall asleep may
occur while talking or standing up. (cataplexy)
Rusty the narcoleptic dog Reggae Rusty
Sleep apnea Failure to breathe when asleep. CPAP
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Parasomnias Somnambulism (Sleepwalking) Other
parasomnias (seizures, restless leg, bruxism) Most
occur in deep sleep not REM
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Klein-Levin (hypersomnia), hypnophobia, hypnalgia,
sleep-wake cycle disorders
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Sleep Resources
BBC Sleep site
ScienceNow clip
Sleepnet
Discovering Psych
The Brain
The Mind
TIME While You Were Sleeping
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Dreams
The link between REM
sleep and dreaming has
opened up a new era of
dream research
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What Do We Dream?
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5.
Negative Emotional Content 8 out of 10 dreams have
negative emotional content
Failure Dreams People commonly dream about
failure, being attacked, pursued, rejected, or struck
with misfortune
Sexual Dreams Contrary to our thinking, sexual
dreams are sparse. Sexual dreams in men are 1 in 10;
and in women 1 in 30
Dreams of Gender Women dream of men and
women equally; men dream more about men than
women
Calvin Hall An extension of our daily lives
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Why Do We Dream?
1.
Wish Fulfillment
Freud suggested that dreams
provide a psychic safety valve to deal with
unacceptable feelings. Manifest (apparent) content
may have symbolic meanings (latent content) that
express unacceptable feelings.
“Royal road to the unconscious”
2.
Information Processing Dreams may help sift, sort,
and fix a day’s experiences in our memories. Memory
consolidation model Memory consolidation
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Why Do We Dream?
3.
Physiological Function
Dreams provide the
sleeping brain with
periodic stimulation to
develop and preserve
neural pathways
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Why Do We Dream?
4.
Activation-Synthesis Theory Suggests that the brain
engages in a lot of random neural activity/limbic.
Dreams make narrative sense of this activity. (Hobsonphysiological theory)
5.
Cognitive Development Some researchers argue that
we dream as a part of brain maturation and cognitive
development
Bio-social-psychological model of dreaming
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Dream Theories
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Concepts in Hypnosis
Hypnotic susceptibility
Induction and depth
Posthypnotic suggestion
Posthypnotic amnesia
Social Influence (Role play) & Dissociation theory
Hypnotherapy
Age regression research
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Is Hypnosis an Altered State of Consciousness?
1. Social Influence
Theory/Role playing
Hypnotic subjects may
simply be imaginative
actors playing a role
2. Divided Consciousness
Theory/Dissociation
Hypnosis is a special state
of dissociated (divided)
consciousness (Hilgard,
1986, 1992)
(Hilgard, 1992)
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Drugs
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Psychoactive Drugs and Consciousness
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Depressants reduce neural activity and slow body
functions. They include alcohol, barbiturates and opiates
(increase GABA activity)
Stimulants excite neural activity and speed up body
functions (caffeine, methamphetamine cocaine, ecstasy,
nicotine)
Hallucinogens are psychedelic (mind-manifesting) drugs
that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the
absence of sensory input (marijuana, LSD, psylocibin,
neurotoxins)
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Concepts in Dependence & Addiction
Continued use of a drug
produces tolerance. It takes
greater quantities to get the
desired effect
Concepts of withdrawal and
dependence
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Depressants
Alcohol affects motor skills, judgment, and
memory and increases aggressiveness
while reducing self awareness (GABA)
Barbiturates depress the activity of the CNS,
reducing anxiety but impairing
memory and judgment. (Nembutal,
Seconal, Amytal)
Opiates Opium and its derivatives
(morphine and heroin) depress neural
activity, temporarily lessening pain and
anxiety. They are highly addictive.
Endorphin connection
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Stimulants - Amphetamines and Meth,
Ecstasy and Cocaine
Amphetamines stimulate neural activity, causing accelerated
body functions and associated energy and mood changes, with
devastating effects
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Ecstasy (Stimulant)
Ecstasy
or
Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is a
stimulant and mild hallucinogen. It
produces a euphoric high and can
damage
serotonin-producing
neurons (agonist), which results in
a permanent deflation of mood and
impairment of memory
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Cocaine
Cocaine induces immediate euphoria followed by a crash. Crack,
a form of cocaine, can be smoked. Other forms of cocaine can be
sniffed or injected. Blocks reuptake of dopamine
http://www.ohsinc.com
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Hallucinogens
LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide) a powerful
hallucinogenic drug (ergot) also known as acid
THC (delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol) is the major active
ingredient in marijuana that triggers a variety of
effects, including mild hallucinations
Hemp Plant
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Influences on Drug Use
The use of drugs is based on biological, psychological, and socialcultural influences
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