By Ir. Hor Tek Lip PEDU and MUDA LAKES of KEDAH

PEDU and MUDA LAKES of
KEDAH
By Ir. Hor Tek Lip
Pedu & Muda Lakes Locations
¾ Pedu
Lake
• Upstream Sungai Pedu
• District of Padang Terap, Kedah Darul Aman
• 6014’ 18.71” N (Latitude) and 1000 45’ 59.71” E
(Longitude)
¾ Muda
•
•
•
Lake
Upstream Sungai Muda
District of Sik, Kedah Darul Aman
60 06’ 49.07” N (Latitude) and 1000 44’ 38.04”
E (Longitude)
AHNING LAKE (1988)
PEDU LAKE (1969)
MUDA LAKE (1969)
BERIS LAKE (2004)
LOCATION OF PEDU, MUDA, AHNING AND BERIS LAKE
Origin of Pedu & Muda Lakes
¾
¾
¾
¾
¾
¾
Pedu and Muda Dams construction
started 1966
Pedu Dam – Rockfill
Muda Dam – Concrete Buttress
Impoundment started 1969
Man made reservoirs
Manage by Muda Agriculture
Development Authority (MADA)
Major Rivers Into Pedu Lake
¾
¾
¾
¾
¾
¾
Sungai Pedu
Sungai Bong
Sungai Keleh Bulan
Sungai Jek
Sungai Peluk
Sungai Mong Gajah
Major Rivers Into Muda Lake
¾
¾
¾
¾
Sungai
Sungai
Sungai
Sungai
Muda
Che Song
Teliang
Nipis Kulit
WATERSHED
¾
Dipterocarp forest
¾ Hilly
¾ Muda Catchment Trees
• 273 taxa (260 species, 4 subspecies & 9
varietes)
• 18 taxa endemic to area
¾
Salt Licks
• 11 nos in Muda
• 2 nos in Pedu
Characteristic of Pedu & Muda Lakes
and Basin
Characteristic
Pedu
Muda
171 km2
984 km2
Maximum Lake Length
16.50
12.00
Maximum Lake Width
8.20
7.00
1,080 x 106 m3
160 x 106 m3
52 km2
15.5 km2
Catchment area
Lake volume
(Maximum Storage)
Lake area
Pedu & Muda Water Level
Maximum depth
Water level
range
Pedu
Muda
56.70 m
25.90 m
67.07 m MSL to
98.60 m MSL
82.20 m MSL to
103.29 m MSL
Daily Water Level and Storage of Pedu Dam 1999-2009
330.00
Spill Level +320 ft MSL
W a te r L e v e l ( fe e t)
320.00
310.00
960.00
860.00
300.00
290.00
760.00
280.00
660.00
270.00
260.00
560.00
250.00
460.00
240.00
230.00
360.00
220.00
210.00
260.00
200.00
160.00
Date
Water Level
Spill Way
Daily Water Level and Storage of Muda Dam 1999 - 2009
340.00
200.000
W a te r L e v e l ( fe e t)
330.00
180.000
Spill Level +330 ft MSL
320.00
310.00
160.000
140.000
300.00
120.000
290.00
100.000
280.00
80.000
270.00
260.00
60.000
40.000
250.00
20.000
240.00
0.000
Water Level
Date
Spill Level
Storage
Water Balance for Pedu and
Muda Lakes
Type Of Flow
Inflow/ Year
(MCM)
Outflow/ Year
(MCM)
Pedu
Muda
Maximum
1050
1256
Minimum
565
65
Average
812
741
Maximum
1133
876
Minimum
93
133
Average
743
634
Water Retention Time
Water
Retention
Time
Pedu
(year)
Muda
(year)
Theoretical
Filling Time
1.33
0.22
Theoretical
Flushing Time
1.45
0.25
Rainfall in Pedu and Muda
Catchment
Monthly Rainfall (mm)
Annual (mm)
Lake
Minimum Maximum Average Average Minimum Maximum
Pedu
0
713
198
2379
1843
3406
Muda
0
650
207
2407
1972
3014
Water Quality of Lakes
Pedu
Muda
Highest
30.10
28.00
Lowest
25.70
25.60
Highest
5.28
3.88
Lowest
2.51
1.60
Highest
59.5
59.4
Lowest
46.6
43.6
HCO-3 (mg/L)
Average
3.13
2.84
PH
Average
7.19
7.20
Alkalinity (mg/L of CaCO3)
Average
2.57
2.33
Parameter
Water temperature
(oC)
DO (mg/L)
Conductivity
(µmhos/cm)
Management of the Lake
and Basin
Stakeholders
¾ Two types of stakeholders in the lakes
¾ Direct stakeholders
• Operates in the lake and basin.
¾ Indirect stakeholders
• Downstream of the lakes & its basin.
• Benefits from water in the lakes.
Direct Stakeholders
•
•
•
•
•
•
Muda Agricultural Development Authority
(MADA)
Kedah Forestry Department
Kedah State Government
Kedah State Fisheries Department
Local Fishermen Operating In The Lakes
Kedah State Wildlife Department
Indirect Stakeholders
Drainage and Irrigation Department (DID)
• Syarikat Air Darul Aman (SADA)
• MADA Farmers
•
Uses of Lakes and Its Basin
Water Supply
™ Irrigation
•
water to Muda Area
750 – 800 MCM
™ Domestic
•
•
•
and Industrial water supply
Northern Kedah and Langkawi
Perlis
8.5 m3/s (734 mld)
Fishing
™ Small
scale fishing
™ Sport fishing (angling)
Aquaculture
™
1% of lake surface area
™ Pedu lake
•
•
™
340,000 m2 (3,300 nos. fish cages)
4 approved locations
Muda lake
•
•
89,000 m2 (890 nos. fish cages)
3 approved locations
™
Aquaculture Industrial Zone
™ Permission from MADA and State Fisheries
Department
Basin Uses
™ Tualang honey (wild honey)
LOCATION :1. Charuk Ayer Keroh
2. Pulau Kerbau
3. Charok Jek
4. Depan Desa Utara Resort ( 20 unit sediada )
APPROVED AQUACULTURE LOCATIONS IN MUDA LAKE
LOCATIONS
1. Pulau Sintok
2. Kuala Che Song
3. Charok Terau
TASIK MUDA
APPROVED AQUACULTURE LOCATIONS IN MUDA LAKE
Major Impact Stories
Resorts Development in Pedu Lake
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Construction started 1990
Complete & Operational December 1994
235 nos. of buildings & 1 golf course
Conflict between MADA and resort operators
Locations of some chalets and part of golf course lower
than maximum lake level.
MADA will lose 163 MCM of water (15% of lake storage
capacity) if agree to request
MADA rejected the demand
Resorts operational only during lower water level
Resorts close 2007
Fishing (small scale & sport)
9
Pedu lake
•
•
9
50 fishermen
Koperasi Nelayan Tasik Pedu
Muda lake
•
•
50 fishermen
Koperasi Pembangunan Ampangan Muda (KOPAM)
Aquaculture in Pedu lake
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
Fish reared is Tilapia
Started January 2004
157 cages used to date
93 usable cages now
33 cages filled with fishes
Strong wind and wave damage cages
Water quality not affected
Under Water Logging in Pedu Lake
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¾
¾
¾
¾
¾
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Part of Pedu lake trees were not remove
before the impoundment
Trees inundated in water
Permit for a company to carried out under
water logging
Approved period May 1996 – March 2003
3
Total timber harvested 35,529 m
Area logged : 332.7 hectares
No permit given since then
Uncoordinated / Illegal Development
9
9
9
No single management Authority
cases of uncoordinated / illegal
development
Examples
•
•
•
9
9
Honey bees gallery and chalets in Muda
lake
illegal boat construction yards
shelters built by fishermen and hunters
Presently no threat to the environment
Problem in the future
Major Lakes Basin Governance
Issues
Five direct stakeholders Manages the
lakes & its basin
State forestry department
State wildlife department
State Fisheries department
State District Office
MADA
Environmentally Sensitive Areas of
Rank 1
Basic issues :
• Controlling public access to the
lake and basin.
• Preventing illegal logging.
• Controlling collection of forest
produce.
• Preventing poaching of wildlife.
• Enforcing the methods of fishing
in the lake.
MADA
• Section 426A of the National Land
Code
• Enforcement authority in areas
under its Jurisdiction
• Action against illegal settlement
• Shoreline long
• Time consuming & costly
Key challenges To
Lake Governance
„
Formation of State Park
• Linkages between existing departments &
new authority
„
Formation of High Conservation Value
Forest (HCVF)
• Determination process on going
• Management of HCVF
„
Minimizing the Impact of Development
• greater coordination among the government
agencies / departments
• A permit system should be set up
„
Preservation Of The Eco-System And
Biodiversity
•
•
No single department responsible
A mechanism must be set up