A pilot study of a compact pretreatment process Knislinge final

Transcription

A pilot study of a compact
pre-treatment process, Knislinge
Municipality of Östra Göinge
12/12/2012
Resource saving wastewater
management in small and
medium-sized treatment plants
A pilot study of a compact pre-treatment process with
chemical precipitation of municipal wastewater treatment
plants performed at Knislinge
12/12/2012
Petter Olsson
1
Foreword
During the pilot tests conducted during the fall of 2012, many have been involved and all deserve a
big thanks for their contributions to the project. Some who deserve an extra mention is Bo Nyström,
Operations Manager at Knislinge treatment plants, which handled the sample and ensured that the
facility has operated properly during the trial period. Also Jonna Hiltunen, Per-Erik Emilsson and
Urban Persson deserve thanks because they had the care of sampling and supervision when Bosse was
vacant. Bengt Hansson from Envisys who was the one who pushed the project and ensured that
everything has worked excellently throughout the pilot experiment concerning the planning, meetings
and operations also deserves a mention. A big thanks to Michael Cimbritz, Lars-Gunnar Alm, Tonny
Persson and Janne Väänänen from Hydrotech AB who have been patrticipating and have solved the
operational problems encountered with the pilot plant during the pilot tests. Thanks also to Gertrud
Persson for her help on LTH's lab. And Anders Palsson from Kemira deserves a mention for his efforts
in the chemicals and dosages of these. Others within the project team involved and of course also
deserve thanks for their efforts is: Mats Helander and Lars Gunnarsson from ConPura AB, Stig
Lövgren (Vattenprocess), Marinette Hagman (NSVA), Patrik Windhover (ATH-design), and Bjarne
Segersteen who is the VA-director for Östra Göinges municipality and also the initiator and ultimately
responsible for the project. Funding for the project has been made with funding from the Euro Slam
and project participants.
Summary
The treatment plant in Knislinge operated by Östra Göinge municipality is in dire need of renovation
and new construction as it is in very worn condition. As new construction under the old practice would
be very expensive, it was decided instead to check out other possible solutions. A possible component
of such a solution was the pilot plant, which has been tested during the spring, at Södra Sandby
treatment plants with relatively good results. This pilot plant was developed in a joint project between
ConPura AB, Hydrotech AB, Kemira AB, NSVA, VASYD and LTH and its main function is to act as
a pre-treatment step. The pilot plant consists of Conpuras pretreatment plant ConPact B except that the
separation also contains an aerated grit and grease removal. This plant has also been supplemented
with a precipitation process in which a metal salt is added to the incoming water, which is then
allowed to work for the transfers by ConPact plant. Then ConPact plant water is led into a flocculation
tank with a stirring mechanism in which a cationic polymer is added to increase the size and strength
of the formed flocs. Floc-separation was finally occurring with the help of a drum filter from
Hydrotech. The big advantage with this type of plant is that it can be built as modules and thus can
easily be extended if necessary. In addition, the investment cost significantly less than the cost of
building a conventional treatment plant.
Pilot trials began in September and followed the experimental program that is presented in the table
below. The different operating conditions were selected to evaluate the pilot plant function as much as
possible during continuous operation. The goal of the first four weeks was to achieve an SS separation
of 90% by direct precipitation doses and 70% at precipitation doses. Attempts were made with both
polyaluminiumkloriden PAX XL-100 and iron chloride PIX 111 with comparable doses. The week
with low polymer dosage was conducted in part to evaluate the polymer's effect on precipitation
process, but also to get an indication of how big SS separation that could be achieved by sedimentation
at a lower chemical dosage. The comparison was also performed experiments in which no chemical
additives occurred. Before the trials ended a direct precipitation experiments with PAX was made,
where the wastewater that flow through the pilot plant was doubled.
Försöksvecka
Direktfällning, PAX XL-100
Förfällning, PAX XL-100
Direktfällning, PIX 111
Förfällning, PIX 111
Förfällning, Låg polymerdos
Utan kemikalier
Metalldos (mg Me+/l)
10,9 mg Al3+/l
6 mg Al3+/l
20 mg Fe/l
12 mg Fe/l
12 mg Fe/l
3+
10,9 mg Al /l
10,9 mg Al3+/l
Polymerdos (mg TS/l)
4,2
3
4,2
3
1,5
4,2
4,2
Flöde pilot (m3/h)
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
20
Sampling was conducted time-proportionate where a smaller sample was collected every 15 minutes
of both incoming and outgoing water. The samples were then analysed for determination of the
concentrations of SS, P tot, PO4-P, COD-tot dissolved COD, BOD 7-tot dissolved BOD7, N tot and
NH 4-N. During each trial week samples of the sludge from the drum filter for analysis of TS and VS
content was also taken. As this sludge was relatively thin some simple drainage test using a dewatering cloth for evaluating the potential for sludge thickening to obtain slurry suitable for biogas
production was also collected.
The results of the analysis’ show that most of the measured pollutant concentrations are flow
dependent, i.e. the higher the flow through the plant, the lower was the incoming pollutant
concentrations. This is because of the infiltration into the sewage systems in connection with
precipitation. This also means that the results from the various weeks of trials were partially affected
when the chemical dosage per pollution varied as dosages has only been linked to the flow through the
pilot plant.
The table below shows the results from the analysis’ of incoming and outgoing SS concentrations. The
incoming SS concentration during the first three weeks of trials was relatively high in comparison with
the final five weeks of trial, where the SS content was relatively stable at around 200 mg / l. Closing
levels being around 30 mg / l at direct precipitation doses and at precipitation doses with the PIX. The
lowest achieved SS concentration was 6 mg / l for trial week 8 where also incoming content was the
lowest. Suspreduktionen for both direct precipitation and precipitation doses achieved the goals that
were set. This means that the reduction of the direct precipitation doses was around 90% while
precipitation gave a slightly higher reduction than the 70% which was the goal. The trial week with
low PIX dosage gave unexpectedly good results with just over 80% reduction. However, this depends
to some extent on the low incoming content during this trial week. The trial week when no chemicals
were added indicates that a reduction of up to 60% can be achieved.
300
Hög PAX
Låg PAX
250
Hög PIX
SS (mg/l)
200
Låg PIX
Låg poly
150
Utan kem
100
Hög PAX
Hög PAX/Flöde
50
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Försöksvecka
The incoming total phosphorus levels that can be seen in the figure below shows a similar pattern as
the incoming SS-levels where the highest concentrations were measured during the first three weeks of
trial when the levels were between 5-6 mg / l. Over the last five trial weeks the phosphorus level was
relatively stable around 4 mg / l, except for a slightly higher level during trial week 6 as no chemicals
were added. The output levels of total phosphorus ended up at 0.91 mg / l for direct precipitation dose
of the PAX which represents a reduction of 85%. Direct Precipitation dose with the PIX gave 0.6 mg /
l with a reduction of 90% scarce. Precipitation doses with the PAX gave an output level of 2.3 mg / L,
resulting in a reduction of only 55%. Precipitation doses with the PIX gave a closing level of 0.67 mg /
l and thus a reduction of just over 80%. Without chemicals, the reduction was only 20% and with an
output level of 3.8 mg / l, which shows that the precipitation process gives rise to most of the
phosphorus reduction. The last two trial weeks of high-dose PAX gave very good results with
reductions of between 90-95%, which meant closing levels of 0.33 and 0.15 mg / l, which is efficient
or almost efficient for the plants total phosphorus limit of 0.3 mg / L.
10
Hög PAX
Låg PAX
P-tot (mg/l)
8
Hög PIX
Låg PIX
6
Låg poly
Utan kem
4
Hög PAX
Hög PAX/Flöde
2
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Försöksvecka
If the goal of phosphorus reduction is to obtain maximum separation the PIX should be used when the
result indicates that it is significantly more effective even at precipitation doses. The PIX is especially
very effective for precipitation of PO 4-P, which in all three cases where the PIX was used, was
separated to> 90%. If instead the phosphorus should be controlled to a certain value, the PAX would
be more suitable because it does not shed phosphorus as hard at lower dosages.
Direct precipitation doses also showed reductions in both total COD and BOD 7 of about 80%, while
the reduction for precipitation doses was around 70%. The dissolved fractions of COD and BOD 7
were reduced by between 30 and 45% at both direct precipitation doses and precipitation doses with
the PIX. At precipitation dose with the PAX there was an increase of dissolved BOD7, while the
dissolved COD separated by just over 30%. Total nitrogen is separated by up to 25% at doses of direct
precipitation, while the precipitation dose with the PIX gave a separation of just over 10%. Analysis
was also made of NH4-N where a certain increase in the content occured in all cases.
The sludge analysis carried out shows that the outgoing sludge from the drum filter is very thin with
TS levels around 0.3%. Furthermore VS content is relatively low, as it, in all cases when chemicals
were added, was between 60-70%. The PIX doses accounted for the slightly lower VS concentrations
due to the volume of metal salt to be higher to achieve similar PAX-dose. The three drainage tests
carried out resulted in a satisfactory thickening where a dry solids content of around 5.5% was the
result. Even VS content increased slightly and ended up at 75-80% after dewatering.
Innehållsförteckning
1.
Background ...................................................................................................................................... 1
2.
Aim .................................................................................................................................................. 1
3.
Knislinge treatmentplant .................................................................................................................. 3
4.
Pilot plant ......................................................................................................................................... 5
5.
4.1
Pumpen och flödesstyrningen .................................................................................................... 5
4.2
ConPact anläggningen och dess funktion .................................................................................. 6
4.3
Cipaxtanken och kemikaliedoseringen ...................................................................................... 8
4.4
Trumfiltret ................................................................................................................................ 11
Provtagning ................................................................................. Fel! Bokmärket är inte definierat.
5.1
Provtagningspunkter och utrustning ..................................... Fel! Bokmärket är inte definierat.
5.2
Provhantering ........................................................................ Fel! Bokmärket är inte definierat.
5.3
Slamprover ............................................................................................................................... 13
5.4
Analysmetoder ......................................................................................................................... 14
5.5
Felkällor ................................................................................................................................... 15
6.
Försöksupplägg ........................................................................... Fel! Bokmärket är inte definierat.
7.
Resultat och diskussion .................................................................................................................. 19
8.
7.1
Avloppsvattenflöden ............................................................. Fel! Bokmärket är inte definierat.
7.2
Avskiljning av föroreningar .................................................. Fel! Bokmärket är inte definierat.
7.3
Slam ......................................................................................................................................... 32
Slutsatser ..................................................................................... Fel! Bokmärket är inte definierat.
Bilaga 1: Veckorapporter för pilotförsöken .......................................................................................... 38
Bilaga 2: Resultat från analyserna ......................................................................................................... 68
1. Background
Östra Göinge municipality is planning a renovation of Knislinge treatment plant to treat more waste
while improving resource utilization. The municipality has about 15,000 inhabitants and a clear
objective to exercise and use local resources as far as possible. For this reason, priority in the ongoing
process development opportunities for more efficient operation through energy-saving measures, is
prioritized, such as, the use of existing basin volumes, smaller footprint, increased biogas production
and reduce emissions to the recipient Helge river, possibility of deposition of sanitized sludge, as well
as an expansion to as low a cost as possible.
Because this took place during the spring and summer the conversations between Conpura AB,
Hydrotech AB, Kemira Kemwater, Sanitary Engineering at LTH and NSVA (Nordvästra Skåne
Vatenn AB) concerning the possibility of conducting experiments in a resource facility in the spring of
2012 tested at Södra Sandby treatment plants. The experiments in Knislinge would build on these
efforts and, by extension; this could result in a major operation, which should include external
funding, such as from the Svenskt Vatten development. The Knislinge trial is, then, a first step in a
larger development effort.
Östra Göinge municipality is also participating in an Interreg project for the Södra Östersjö
programme, called Euro Slam. The project involves Swedish, Polish and Lithuanian communities and
the project is led by the Sustainable Business Hub in Malmö on behalf of Region Skåne. The purpose
of Euro Slam is to develop systems for biogas production, biogas utilization and sludge use in small
and medium-sized municipalities. Currently planned Knislinge experiments interact clearly with Euro
Slam since the quantities of sludge produced will be a suitable raw material for the optimized
production of biogas.
During the autumn of 2012 pilot experiments was carried out in Knislinge as a further development of
the pilot plant previously used for trials in Södra Sandby. A further reason for these trials was to
develop a basis for planned development projects. The pilot trials also took place as part of the Euro
Slam project in which Östra Göinge municipality participates.
2. Aim
The goal of the experiments is to, through a compact pre-treatment process, trap and filter out particles
in the wastewater. Maximum possible sludge separation should be pursued. The results of the trials are
evaluated by the following parameters.



Suspavskiljning at different process conditions (flow rates, chemical dosages, etc.)
Sludge suitability as a biogas commodity
Contents of treated water for further biological treatment
1
2
3. Knislinge treatmentplant
Sizing and purification efficiency
The treatment plant in Knislinge is designed for PE 6000 and was charged in 2011 with 3135
PE based on that each PE is equivalent to 70 g BOD7 / day. The average flow through the
turbine was in the autumn approximately 1,000 m3 / day. Table 1 shows incoming and
outgoing amounts of key pollutants, together with the reduction that occurred during its fiscal
year 2011.
Table 1: Incoming and outgoing pollutant concentrations and the reduction of the same (Miljörapport 2011)
BOD7
80
6,7
91,6
Inkommande mängd (ton)
Utgående mängd (ton)
Reduktion (%)
COD
227
31,4
86,2
N-tot
31
25,3
18,4
P-tot
2,4
0,16
93,3
Table 2 shows annual averages for the output levels of BOD 7, P-tot and N tot. Knislinge
treatment plant currently has a requirement to achieve an annual average of BOD7 below 10
mg / l and an outgoing total phosphorus below 0.3 mg / l, while restrictions on emissions are
missing (Environmental Report, 2011).
Table 2: Estimated annual averages for 2011, and the permissible limit and target values for three pollutants
fractions.
Parameter
BOD 7 (mg/l)
P-tot (mg/l)
N-tot (mg/l)
Årsmedelvärde
6,6
0,16
25,3
Gränsvärde (medel/år)
10
Riktvärde (medel/år)
0,3
Treatment of wastewater and sludge
The incoming wastewater is treated initially by passing a step grate with the press before it is
passed on to aerated grit chambers. The separated screenings and sand are collected in
containers and are transported to Vankira wasteplant for landfill. After the grit chamber
follows an activated sludge plant with biological phosphorus removal. The biological
treatment followed by a flocculation basin where ferric chloride is added before a final
sedimentation process takes place. When necessary, it is also possible to disinfect water with
bleach before being discharged into the recipient Helge River (Environmental Report, 2011).
The sludge from the biological stage is thickened. Sludge from Sibbhults sewage treatment
plantis received by Knislinge where it is dewatered by means of polymer addition in a
silbandspress. The dewatered sludge is then transported to Broby treatment plants
(Environmental Report, 2011).
3
4
4. Pilot plant
The pilot plant used during the pilot tests in Knislinge can be seen in Figure 1. The plant
consists of Conpura ABs compact pretreatment plant ConPact B, which is followed by a
cipaxtank with stirring mechanism and a drum filter from Hydrotech AB for flock-separation.
Figure 1: The pilot plant used during the pilot study at Knislinge purifier. Incoming water enters the ConPact plant at
its left end. Photo: Petter Olsson.
4.1
The pump and flow regulation
The transport of the incoming water to the pilot plant has been made with the grinder pump
which is in the right image in Figure 2. Control of the pumping capacity has occurred with a
frequency converter, which can be seen in the left image in Figure 2. Set point on the flow of
water that is set by the frequency converter has also been controlled by the flow meter that
can be seen in the center image in Figure 2.
Figure 2: The left image shows the frequency converter is used to control the pump as seen in the picture on the far
right. The center image shows the flow meter that measured the actual flow into the pilot plant. Photo: Petter Olsson.
5
4.2
ConPact facility and its function
ConPact plant ConPact B is a compact unit developed by Conpura AB for pre-treatment of
waste water. The plant is designed so that it should be easy to install and use. Furthermore,
both investment and operating costs are relatively low in relation to its treatment capacity.
The equipment used during the evaluation and shown in Figure 3 includes screenings
treatment in the form of a Strainer, sand separation in an aerated grit chamber and grease
removal with a chain fatty scratch. This plant is designed to withstand the incoming water
flow of 30 l / s.
Figure 3: ConPact facility during spring trials in Södra Sandby. Photo: Petter Olsson.
Screenings Treatment
The untreated wastewater is led into the ConPact unit's inlet tank as seen in Figure 4 by means
of an external pump. Thereafter follows the first cleaning stage consisting of a strainer of
perforated sheets with holes of 5 mm diameter as seen in the right image in Figure 4 strainer
captures the coarser screenings which then dewatered and compacted during the transport out
of the plant, which is done with a conveyor screw into a suitable container, which, in the
trials, was a plastic bag placed in a garbage can. So that strainer should not be blocked by the
mass brushes are attached to the rotating conveyor screw sides which cleans the screen when
the screw rotates.
6
Figure 4: The left picture shows ConPact plant's inlet tank while the image on the right shows how the screw strainer
looks. Photo: Petter Olsson.
Conveyor screw is controlled by a level sensor located in the inlet tank. This means that when
the water level in the inlet tank reaches the level sensor, the conveyor screw starts to rotate
and the filter is cleaned after which the water level in the inlet tank is lowered. The rotation
time for the screw can be programmed as required, but was during the trial period set to rotate
for 4 seconds every time the water in the inlet tank reached the level sensor. On each side of
the strainer screw is also the lattice with cavities of 122x24 mm. These are located above the
water level, where the level sensor will start the screw. The main function of these grids is to
remove the most serious screenings where the screw does not have time to clean the filter fast
enough. It is also possible for the water to brim if inflow would be too high.
Aired sand trap
After the filter is a larger tank designed for sand separation which can be partially seen in
Figure 5. In order to separate sand and other heavy particles an aeration system is used where
the air is obtained from a blower installed on the device frame. The inflow of air is controlled
by a rotary control, then the flow rate is measured with a rotameter. The air is then distributed
between three different zones where the airflow for each zone is controlled by ball valves, one
valve for each aeration zone. Aeration contributes to the sand particles and other inorganic
materials is to a higher extent separated from the lighter organic material. Furthermore, it
contributes to an increased fat separation by flotation. When sand and other heavier particles
settles and ends up on the tanks u-shaped bottom it is transported back to the tank top with a
screw conveyor. The tank top is another auger; this however, is angled upward for
transporting sand from the unit. Sand transported out of the unit is done very slowly, which
means that the sand is dewatered before it reaches the collecting container. Sand screws
transport times is programmed by the user and was during the trial time set to rotate over a
two minute period each hour. The unit is designed to be at design flow to reduce 85-90% of
sand particles with a diameter greater than 0.16 mm. At maximum flow the purification
efficiency is reduced to 85% of the sand with diameter greater than 0.20 mm.
7
Figur 1: Del av sandfånget i ConPact-anläggningen. Längst ner i tankens högra sida kan en av
luftningsanordningarna ses. I bildens övre del ses tankens utlopp. Foto: Petter Olsson.
Fettavskiljning
På grund av att sandfånget är bestyckat med en luftningsanordning, erhålls även en effektiv
fettavskiljning. Fettpartiklarna har i regel en lägre densitet än det omgivande vattnet vilket gör
att de rör sig mot vattenytan. Själva fettavskiljningen sker sedan med en kedjedriven
fettskrapa som rör sig mellan tankens utsida och en mellanvägg på motsatt sida av den del av
tanken där luftningen sker. Denna fettskrapa börjar röra sig varje gång då vattennivån i
inloppstanken når nivågivaren, därefter går den under en förprogrammerad tidsperiod innan
den stannar, under försöksperioden var denna tid satt till 10 sekunder. Fettpartiklarna samlas
med fettskrapans hjälp upp i en fettkammare. I denna fettkammare finns ytterligare en
nivågivare som är kopplad till en fettpump. Detta innebär att när nivån i fettkammaren når
nivågivaren startar fettpumpen, varpå fettet transporteras till rensskruven och vidare ut ur
enheten tillsammans med renset. Fettpumpen var under försökstiden inställd på en pumptid på
7 sekunder vid varje tillfälle som fettnivån nådde nivågivaren.
4.3
The Cipaxtank och chemical dosing
Cipaxtanken
In the experiments conducted in Södra Sandby in May 2012 and initially during the trials in
Knislinge the flocculation process occured inside the ConPact plant. Because the water flow in
Knislinge was significantly lower than the flow during the experiments in Södra Sandby a
significantly poorer chemical interference was obtained with the consequence that the
flocculation process worked poorly. A solution in which a part of the air flow in the sand trap
was redirected to polymer dosage tube however solved the interference problem temporarily.
However, problems arose with a sludge layer that was built up inside ConPact plant, which
after a short period of time deteriorated the flocculation process considerably. Because of this,
the pilot plant was supplemented with a cipaxtank with a stirring device that can be seen in
Figure 6, this solution came to function well throughout the pilot.
8
Figure 6: On the left the cipaxtank placement is seen between ConPact plant and drum filter. The picture to the right
shows the stirring device in the cipaxtank. Photo: Petter Olsson.
Chemicals and dosing of these
As polyaluminiumkloriden PAX XL-100 worked perfectly as a coagulant during the spring
trials in Södra Sandby this was chosen for the initial attempts in Knislinge. Also in order to
get a comparison with another metal salt experiments where the PAX was replaced with iron
chloride PIX 111 as well as the PAX was stored in an IBC with a volume of 800 liters was
also performed, which can be seen in Figure 7. Both Pixeln and the PAX is produced by
Kemira Kemwater. The dosage of PIX respective PAX was using a pump from Grundfos,
which is also on the image in Figure 7. Dosage of metal salt was set in ml / h and pump
capacity was 7.5 l / h.
Figure 7: The left image shows the IBC as PAX: one was kept in during the trials. Although PIX: a stored similarly.
The right image shows the metering pump used for PAX: one PIX: a. Photo: Petter Olsson.
The polymer used as flocculant during the experiments is made by Kemira Kemwater and has
the product name Superfloc C1594. This is a liquid cationic emulsion with a loading rate of
20%. The storage of this polymer was done in a 200-liter drums that can be seen in Figure 8
9
polymer was dissolved in water to a concentration of 0.1% in a container in polymorphism
pump which is also on the image in Figure 8 dosage was set in rpm where the different
numbers of turns and the equivalent dosage was given in a table produced by Anders Pålsson
from Kemira. The flocking solution(flockningmedlet) is to link the micro-flocks formed by
the coagulant. It also contributes to increasing flock strength, which is important when the
flocks are to be separated by means of a drum filter.
Figure 8: The liquid polymer was stored in concentrated form in the blue barrel that is visible in the left image. The
concentrated polymer is diluted with water in a small mixing tank in the Polymore pump as seen in the right image. It
was also this pump that was used for dosing the polymer solution. Photo: Petter Olsson.
Chemical dosages were made in two different points. Coagulant, that is the metal salt, was
dosed into the tube with the incoming water some meters before the inlet to the ConPact
device. The dosing point can be seen in the left image in Figure 9. The coagulant was then
mixed in and formed micro flocks during the residence time in the ConPact plant. Shortly
after the ConPact plant's outlet dosed the polymer, that is, the flocculant which binds together
the formed micro flocks to large flocks. Dosing point can be seen in the right image in Figure
9 and therefore occurs in the short pipe between ConPact plant and flocculation tank. To
improve the flocculation process mixing of the polymer while stirring in the flocculation tank
is carried out, which could be seen in Figure 6.
10
Figure 9: The image to the left is the dosing point for PAX / PIX that takes place a few meters before ConPact plant's
inlet. The right image shows the metering point of the polymer that occurs directly after ConPact plant's outlet just
before the water reaches the flocculation tank. Photo: Petter Olsson.
4.4
The drum filter
The last step of the pilot plant was a drum filter Hydro AB. The filter's task was to separate the flocks
formed by the flocculation process, and its location was because after the flocculation tank. The filter
is made of polyester, which is a material that is both light and strong, and has good resistance to
chemicals. The drum screen used in the tests and shown in Figure 10 had a total filter area of 1.8 m2,
where the pore size was 100 microns.
The flocculated water from the upper body of water in flocculation tank inserted in the filter drum's
center. Then screened water so that the flocks trapped on the filter in the inside of the drum. As the
filter becomes clogged by the sludge that the incoming flocks form, the water inside the drum to
increase until it reaches a level sensor is positioned at a convenient height, in this experiment, this
level was set at approximately 200 mm above the bottom of the filter. When the water inside the filter
drum reaches this sensor starts the filter rinsing systems, while the drum starts to spin. The rinse water
is pumped from the treated water in the bottom of the container outside the filter drum and generates a
flushing pressure that during the trials was around 7 bar. Rinse system flushes then clean the clogged
pores from sludge which then fall into a sludge collection container on the inner drum that can be seen
in the right image in Figure 10 sludge and treated water is transferred into two separate spouts.
Figure 10: The left image shows the exterior of the drum filter and flushing the system. The picture to the right shows
the inside of the filter drum where the sludge collecting tank can be seen in the right edge of the drum. Photo: Petter
Olsson.
11
12
5. Sampling
5.1
Sampling points and equipment
Incoming samples have been taken with the plant's automatic sampler where the collected sample is
aspirated from the plant sump to a 10 liter plastic container placed in the fridge. The withdrawn
samples have been time league proportions. Output samples, these have been taken with a
tidsproportionerlig automatic sampler which can be seen in the left image in Figure 11, which output
sample has been taken by the water sucked up from the metal container in the right image in Figure 11
and then transferred to a 10 liter plastic container cooled with ice packs. Output samples have been
taken every 15 minutes with a volume of 25 ml on each occasion.
Figure 11: The picture on the left shows the automatic sampler with the receptacle at the bottom of the image. The
right image shows the discharge pipe for the treated water and the reservoir from which the output samples are
taken. Samples were pumped through the tubing can also be seen in the right picture. Photo: Petter Olsson
5.2
Sample handling
The majority of the samples collected have been daily samples collected each day and then frozen.
Samples have been taken for weekends usually have been for the period from Friday afternoon to
Monday morning and have in most cases been stored frozen. The reason for this is that the samples for
each week were taken for analysis on Mondays, which is meant to weekend samples were taken
directly to the lab for analysis at LTH. For the frozen samples have been filtering before freezing the
samples in which the dissolved fractions were analyzed. The same has applied for SS analysis which
already weighed filter delivered to the treatment plant personnel who performed the filtering before
the filters were frozen individually in petri dishes. The samples taken for analysis of BOD7 were
handled somewhat differently then no filtering occurred for the dissolved fractions before freezing.
The collection of these samples have been made by it from each daily sample collected 1 liter of water
directly frozen in a 5 liter plastic container, then have the same plastic container has been filled with
one liter for each sampling occasion.
13
5.3
Sludge samples
On every occasion that samples were taken for analysis were collected sludge samples for analysis of
dry matter (DM) content, and Loss on ignition (GF). All sludge samples were taken as samples by
sludge from a flushing of the drum filter was collected in a 10 liter plastic container and then
transferred into smaller containers for transport to the lab for analysis. In connection with the last
sampling dates were also a couple of drainage test using a avvattningsduk which can be seen in Figure
12, this was done by outgoing sludge was poured on the cloth and then was collected in plastic bottles
for analysis of TS and GF. Some analyzes were also conducted on the water that passed through the
cloth during the dewatering process.
Figure 12: Bengt Hansson performs a drainage test of the sludge by pouring sludge on a dewatering cloth. Photo:
Petter Olsson.
5.4
Analytical methods
Analytical method for suspended solids
SS-analyzes have been made by the following method:




Filtration of 50 ml of incoming and 100 ml of outgoing samples weighted filter.
Drying in oven at 105 ° C for at least 60 minutes.
Storage in the desiccator for at least 30 minutes.
Weighing of filters with dried material.
Analytical method for COD
Analysis of total COD was done with Dr. Lange testkyvetter designated LCK114 (measurement limit
150-1000 mg / l), and LCK314 (measurement limit of 15-150 mg / l). Analyses of the total COD was
made on unfiltered water while the dissolved fraction is analyzed on the water filtered with Munktell
Filter termed "degree in 1002."
14
Analytical method for BOD7
Analyses of BOD7 performed at Hässleholms treatmentplant.
Analytical method for phosphorus
Analysis of total phosphorus has been with Dr. Lange testkyvetter designated LCK348 (measurement
limit 0.5-5 mg / l), and LCK349 (measurement limit 0.05-1.5 mg / l). Analysis of total phosphorus
were made on unfiltered water while PO4-P analyzed the water filtered with Munktell Filters
designated "Grade 2".
Analytical method for nitrogen
The nitrogen fractions analyzed were total nitrogen and ammonia nitrogen. Nitrogen analysis was
made only on the samples that were not frozen, that is, above all weekend samples. Analysis of total
nitrogen were made by Dr. Lange testkyvetter labeled LCK 138 (measuring limit 1-16 mg / l) and
LCK 238 (measuring limit 5-40 mg / l). The samples for analysis of ammonium filtered with Munktell
filter designated "grade 1002" and then analyzed by Dr. Lange test cuvette LCK 303 (measurement
limit 2-47 mg / l).
Analytical method regarding dry matter and loss of ignition for sludge samples
The dry matter content of the extracted sludge samples were analyzed by drying a weighed quantity of
about 50 g of sludge, which weighed in a preweighed aluminum mold, baked at 105 ° C for at least 24
hours. Thereafter, the dried sample in the desiccator for at least 60 minutes before it was weighed
again. The dried sample was then inserted into a furnace for combustion at 575 ° C for two hours for
analysis of loss on ignition. After combustion, the sample was allowed to stand in the desiccator for 60
minutes before it was weighed.
5.5







Sources of error
During the study period there has been a growth of sludge in particular drum filter and the
outlet pipe. This sludge is then at irregular intervals washed off and followed with the
outgoing water, which is why in some cases may have led to increased output levels of
contaminants.
Before the last trial week cleaned drum filter, improving the filter's capacity, but above all it
was flushed grown sludge away. The result would have been affected in a positive sense.
A slight variation has occurred in the flow through the pilot plant, which means that chemical
application per pollution also affected.
Chemical dosages have not been controlled completely without the administered dose based
on the preferences set for each pump.
The incoming pollution levels varied during the experiments so that a direct comparison
between experimental weeks should be made with caution.
Samples for BOD7 factions can not be directly compared with the other results then weekend
samples in these cases only accounted for a fifth of the weekly sample. The other pollutants
have weekend sample instead factored in as three test days in the average results.
A slight difference is also in the treatment of weekend samples as these in most cases not been
frozen, not taken directly from the treatment plant in conjunction with the pickup of the frozen
samples of each week. Some suspanalyser has been made on both frozen and non-frozen
samples which did not show any significant difference from each other.
15
16
6. Trial settings
Pilot trials have included 8 trials weeks with different chemical dosages. In Table 3 are all the start and
end dates of the various attempts week and the date of the test socket weekend presented. Table 4 also
shows a compilation of the various attempts weeks with chemical dosages and water flow through the
pilot plant. The dosage of the PIX 111 is selected so that both the foreground and direct precipitation
dose should be comparable to the dosage of PAX XL-100 which has a higher charge density. In all the
experiments were air supply set at 250 l / min dosed in the first two air vents in ConPact plant's sand
trap.
Table 3: Dates of the various attempts weeks and withdrawal dates for weekend samples.
Försöksvecka
1. Direktfällning, PAX XL-100
2. Förfällning, PAX XL-100
3. Direktfällning, PIX 111
4. Förfällning, PIX 111
5. Förfällning, Låg polymerdos
6. Utan kemikalier
Startdatum
14/9
25/9
3/10
9/10
16/10
23/10
30/10
7/11
Slutdatum
24/9
2/10
8/10
15/10
22/10
29/10
1/11
8/11
Helgprov
17/9 samt 24/9
1/10
8/10
15/10
22/10
29/10
-
Table 4: Summary of experimental set-up for the different experimental weeks.
Försöksvecka
Förfällning, PAX XL-100
Direktfällning, PIX 111
Förfällning, PIX 111
Förfällning, Låg polymerdos
Utan kemikalier
Metalldos (mg Me+/l)
10,9 mg Al3+/l
6 mg Al3+/l
20 mg Fe/l
12 mg Fe/l
12 mg Fe/l
3+
10,9 mg Al /l
10,9 mg Al3+/l
Polymerdos (mg TS/l)
4,2
3
4,2
3
1,5
4,2
4,2
Flöde pilot (m3/h)
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
20
The chemical dosages at the first four weeks of experiment were selected to achieve an SS separation
of about 70% at förfällningsdoserna and 90% for the direct precipitation doses. During attempts week
low polymer dose was also conducted some SS analyzes of the flocculated water in the flocculation
tank with sediment for 10 minutes. This is to investigate sedimentationspotentialen of outgoing water
at a low chemical additive.
17
18
7. Results and discussion
7.1
Wastewater flows
Flow through Knislinge treatmentplant
Figure 13 shows the average wastewater flow through Knislinge treatment plant during the various
attempts that week pilot study encompassed. During the first two weeks of trials with high and low
PAX-dosing was performed, the flow was relatively low. The reason for this was that virtually no
precipitation fell during this period. This also means that due to the flow through the plant is around
30 m3 / h when no infiltration due to precipitation occurred. During the remaining weeks of attempts
have been higher rainfall, which in turn has led to increased infiltration into the sewer system and thus
higher flows through the plant. The highest average flow through the plant occurred in the days
involving tests Week 8, when the average low flow of 44 m3 / h as a result of intense rainfall.
50
Hög PAX
Låg PAX
Flöde verk (m3/h)
40
Hög PIX
Låg PIX
30
Låg polymer
Utan kemikalier
20
Hög PAX
Hög PAX/Flöde
10
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Försöksvecka
Figure 13: Wastewater flow through Knislinge treatment plants under the different experimental weeks. All points
represent the average flow through the plant during each of the experimental week.
The flow effect on pollution levels
The infiltration of water into the sewer system, which is connected with the precipitation leading to
dilution of the wastewater. This also means that the incoming pollutant content becomes lower as seen
in Figure 14 where the SS content of the various streams are presented. In the figure, a clear trend can
be discerned where SS concentration decreases with increased flow through the plant. This flow
variation has obviously affected the results for the separation of the various pollutants as chemical
dosing has not been re-connected to the incoming levels. This means that during the trial weeks with
high wastewater flow has been a higher chemical dosage per impurity compared with the experimental
weeks where the flow was lower. This also means that the purification efficiency under the
experimental weeks where the flow through the plant was high, probably better than if the same
chemical additive occurred at normal basic flow. In Figure 13 is seen that the highest flows were
obtained during the two week trial termed high and low PIX and the last attempt a week of high-dose
PAX at a higher flow rate through the pilot. This means that the results obtained for these trials weeks
probably been better than they would have been if all the analyzes done at basic flow conditions.
19
Inkommande SS-halt (mg/l)
400
300
200
100
0
0
10
20
30
Flöde verk
40
50
60
(m3/h)
Figure 14: Incoming SS content at different flows through Knislinge treatmentplant.
Figure 15 shows how the levels of P-tot and PO4-P depends on the waste water flow through
Knislinge purifier. For the total phosphorus, a similar trend that the SS concentration is seen, that is,
the higher the flow the lower the content of total phosphorous. However, there is no clear trend that
supports the same goes for the content of phosphate phosphorus whose flow depends also can be seen
in Figure 15.
10
P (mg/l)
8
6
P-tot
4
PO4-P
2
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
Flöde verk (m3/h)
Figure 15: Levels of P-tot and PO4-P at different effluent flows through Knislinge purifier.
Wastewater flow through the pilot plant
The flow into the pilot plant was controlled by a separate pump and could be kept almost constant,
although some minor fluctuations occurred during the pilot tests. Figure 16 shows medium flows
through the pilot plant during the various experiments weeks. In the first seven weeks of trial, the flow
set to 10 m3 / h, which is also obtained in all cases except for experimental week 6 as no chemicals are
used, when the average flow was 11 m3 / h. During the trial week 8 the flow set to 20 m3 / h, while
the flow meter gave an average flow rate of 20.6 m3 / h.
20
25
Hög PAX
Låg PAX
Flöde pilot (m3/h)
20
Hög PIX
Låg PIX
15
Låg polymer
Utan kemikalier
10
Hög PAX
Hög PAX/Flöde
5
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Försöksvecka
Figure 16: Wastewater flow into the pilot plant during the various attempts weeks. All points represent the average
flow rate for each of the different trial weeks.
7.2
Separation of pollutants
SS (mg/l)
Suspended solids
The results from the analysis of the incoming SS concentrations to pilot plant and outgoing SS
concentrations of the drum filter is presented in Figure 17 In the trial week 1, when a high PAXdosing, were the incoming SS content is relatively high. This is probably due to the relatively low flow
of water through the plant during this trial week. Even the incoming SS levels at the lower PAX-dose
and the high dose PIX was relatively high while the SS levels for the last five attempts week has been
relatively stable around 200 mg SS / l.
400
Hög PAX
350
Låg PAX
300
Hög PIX
250
Låg PIX
Låg poly
200
Utan kem
150
Hög PAX
100
Hög PAX/Flöde
50
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Försöksvecka
Figure 17: Incoming and outgoing SS concentrations. The black figures show incoming SS-levels at the pilot plant
while the gray figures show outgoing SS concentrations from the drum filter.
21
The output SS concentrations exhibit a reasonably expected pattern where high chemical dosages
incurring lower output levels in comparison to subjects weeks where lower or no chemical dosing
occurred. The outgoing SS concentration was achieved during the trial week 1 is significantly higher
than the output levels achieved during the last two weeks then try chemical dosage was the same. The
reason for this should be a marked difference in the incoming SS content between these attempts
weeks. In terms of outbound SS content so gave the low-dosage PIX very good results, however,
might be partly explained by a comparatively low incoming SS-content in comparison to the first three
weeks of effort. During trial week 5 when a low-dose PIX combined with a low polymer dosage, there
was a very high outgoing SS content. This is likely due to an impaired flocculation due to too low a
polymer additive. This has then led to the flocks become both small and weak and therefore fail in
contact with the filter cloth. This in turn allows the crushed flocks can pass through the filter cloth and
follow with the outgoing water where a re-flocculation process to the high output suspended solids.
Although the separation of SS expressed in percent as shown in Figure 18 shows similar results for the
output levels. A slight difference is, however, for experimental week 1 where the result is closer to the
results obtained during the two week trial with the same chemical dosing, but then the incoming SS
content was lower.
Regarding the degree of separation so the objectives were set to be the direct precipitation at doses of
PAX respective PIX would achieve a separation of the SS at 90%. This separation has basically been
achieved in all 4 attempts weeks with high chemical dosage where efficiencies have been within the
range of 88-97%. The highest figure obtained when the flow through the pilot was set to 20 m3 / h.
The result was so good for this week, attempts may be partly due to chemical interference became
better with the higher flow, but the most likely cause of this fantastic result is still the high flow
through the plant, and thus the low incoming impurity content. The goal of förfällningsdoserna
conducted during the trial week 2 and 4 was to achieve an SS separation of 70%. This goal was met by
a wide margin when the separation ended up being 76% of PAX: one and 83% for PIX: a. The
separation without chemicals ended up at 59% was slightly higher than the 50% expected.
100
Hög PAX
Låg PAX
SS, avskiljt (%)
80
Hög PIX
Låg PIX
60
Låg polymer
Utan kemikalier
40
Hög PAX
20
Hög PAX/Flöde
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Försöksvecka
Figure 18: Separation Percentage of SS for the different experimental weeks.
7.2.1 Total phosphorus and phosphate phosphor
The incoming total phosphorus concentrations presented in Figure 19 shows a similar pattern as the
incoming SS levels. That is, high flow through the work has given rise to lower levels of incoming P22
tot in the five week trial, but is slightly higher during the experimental week when no chemicals were
used. The output levels of total phosphorus has largely followed the expected pattern where a high
chemical dosing led to lower output levels of P-tot. The most striking result here is the low output
level at low PIX dosing. This is probably due to the PIX: one is more efficient at trap remove
phosphate phosphor thus can more easily be separated with the flocks, and thus also reduces the output
level of P-tot.
10
Hög PAX
Låg PAX
P-tot (mg/l)
8
Hög PIX
Låg PIX
6
Låg poly
Utan kem
4
Hög PAX
Hög PAX/Flöde
2
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Försöksvecka
Figure 19: Incoming and outgoing total phosphorus concentrations. The black figures show the incoming P-tot
concentrations for the pilot plant while the gray figures show outgoing P-tot concentrations from the drum filter.
Although the separation of the total phosphorus, expressed in percent as shown in Figure 20 shows the
same behavior as for the output phosphorus. That is, as expected, they provide high-chemical dosages
better overall phosphorus separation compared lower dosages. The fact that the low-dose PIX gives
almost the same results as for the high-dose PIX suggest that it is probably more difficult to control
phosphorus removal with PIX compared with PAX. This means that if a certain level of phosphor
pursued by the outgoing water for subsequent purification steps and PAX: A better alternative.
In 2011 Knislinge treatment plant permits to emit no more than 0.3 mg P / L as an annual average.
During the study period, only the final two weeks of trial that showed outgoing total phosphorus that
survived (0.15 mg / l) or at least almost did (0.33 mg / l) that limit. The first experimental week with
the same chemical dosing did, however, significantly poorer results (0.91 mg / l). On this basis it can
be concluded that the pilot plant must be supplemented by an additional purification step for the limit
for total phosphorus shall not be exceeded.
23
100
Hög PAX
Låg PAX
P-tot, avskiljt (%)
80
Hög PIX
Låg PIX
60
Låg polymer
Utan kemikalier
40
Hög PAX
Hög PAX/Flöde
20
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Försöksvecka
Figure 20: Separation percentage of total phosphorus for the different experimental weeks.
In Figure 21 incoming and outgoing PO4-P concentrations are presented. The incoming concentrations
do not exhibit the same distinct pattern as SS and P-tot did. The incoming PO4-P content does not
seem to be dependent on the incoming flow in the same way. A comparison with the incoming total
phosphorus in Figure 19 shows that phosphorus fractions tend to vary greatly between the different
experimental weeks. For example, obtained the highest incoming total phosphorus during the
experimental week 1, while PO4-P content in the same week was among the lowest. Whatever the
reason behind this behavior is more difficult to find.
10
Hög PAX
Låg PAX
PO4-P (mg/l)
8
Hög PIX
Låg PIX
6
Låg polymer
Utan kemikalier
4
Hög PAX
Hög PAX/Flöde
2
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Försöksvecka
Figure 21: Incoming and outgoing PO4-P percents. The black figures show incoming PO4-P percents to the pilot while
the gray figures show outgoing PO4-P percents from the drum filter.
The outgoing PO4-P concentrations show a more expected pattern where the most unexpected result is
during the trial week 6 as no chemicals are used. In this case, a higher PO4-P content measured in the
effluent compared to the incoming. This could be explained by the fact there has been a build-up of
sludge in the pilot plant and outgoing water pipes, which may have led to phosphorus release during
the trials. Sludge growth could be observed during tests in the portion of the drum filter container in
24
which the filtered water ports, and the outlet tube from the filter. During trials 3-5 weeks when PIX
was used as precipitant could most of the phosphate phosphorus separated even at low dosage of
polymer and PIX. Separation of PO4-P was in these cases 91-97%, which can be seen in Figure 22 In
the trial week 2 with a low PAX dose used was obtained a relatively poor separation of PO4-P. This
means that if a certain percentage of the PO4-P are needed in subsequent purification steps, the
chemical choice of even greater importance than in the case of total phosphorus. This then PIX: one is
very efficient even at lower doses, in contrast to PAX: a.
100
Hög PAX
Låg PAX
PO4-P, avskiljt (%)
80
Hög PIX
Låg PIX
60
Låg polymer
Utan kemikalier
40
Hög PAX
Hög PAX/Flöde
20
-30 %
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Försöksvecka
Figure 22: Percentage of Separation PO4-P for the different experimental weeks.
Total and dissolved COD
Figure 23 shows the incoming and outgoing levels of total COD. The incoming concentrations show a
more or less identical patterns of SS and P-tot, ie high concentrations at low flow rates and low
concentrations at high flows.
600
Hög PAX
Låg PAX
500
COD-tot (mg/l)
Hög PIX
400
Låg PIX
Låg polymer
300
Utan kemikalier
200
Hög PAX
Hög PAX/Flöde
100
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Försöksvecka
Figure 23: Incoming and outgoing COD tot percents. The black figures show incoming COD tot percents to the pilot
while the gray figures show outgoing COD tot concentrations from the drum filter.
25
The output levels of total COD follows the same pattern as the starting SS levels. Also in this case
differs result of the low PIX dosage when it produces a relatively low output COD content of 79 mg /
l, which also is the same result achieved with the higher PIX dosage. Total outgoing COD levels
between 80-100 mg / l appears to be achieved without any major problems at direct precipitation
doses. If instead cutoff percentages presented in Figure 24 is studied, is seen that the higher chemical
dosages provide a separation of around 80%. The low PIX dose produces a separation of 75% in
comparison with the low PAX dose only gave 60% reduction. The low polymer dose produced just
like the SS a poor separation of just over 40%, which is close to the reduction achieved without
chemicals. The results suggest that PIX: one was slightly better at trap away total COD compared to
PAX: a.
100
Hög PAX
Låg PAX
COD-tot, avskiljt (%)
80
Hög PIX
Låg PIX
60
Låg polymer
Utan kemikalier
40
Hög PAX
Hög PAX/Flöde
20
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Försöksvecka
Figure 24: Separation Percentage of COD tot for the different experimental weeks.
Also the content of incoming dissolved COD seem flow according to the same manner as the total
COD content as it follows the same pattern, as seen in Figure 25 As in the case of PO4-P was the
output level of dissolved COD higher than the incoming in the case that no chemicals were added.
Even in this case, the reason for this being that the dissolved COD released from slamuppbyggnader in
the pilot plant and the outlet pipe. Almost all outgoing COD present in dissolved form in the case
where the chemical dose was high as seen by comparison of the total outgoing COD content in Figure
23 and the dissolved COD content in Figure 25 The proportion of COD: N present in dissolved form
during the experimental week low polymer additive was only 50%, compared with the experimental
week when no chemicals were used in which the proportion of dissolved COD was 60%. Of the
incoming COD: n was just over a third in the dissolved form, indicating that the bulk of the separation
of the total COD: n occurs through the capture of particulate COD.
26
600
Hög PAX
Låg PAX
500
Löst COD (mg/l)
Hög PIX
400
Låg PIX
Låg polymer
300
Utan kemikalier
200
Hög PAX
Hög PAX/Flöde
100
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Försöksvecka
Figure 25: Incoming and outgoing concentrations of dissolved COD. The black figures show incoming concentrations
of dissolved COD to the pilot while the gray figures show the output levels of dissolved COD from the drum filter.
Separation of the dissolved COD expressed in percentage are presented in Figure 26, these results
suggest that PIX: a slightly more effective than PAX: as a precipitant of this fraction. The low PIX
dosage gave rise to, for example, a reduction of the dissolved COD: N at 40%, which is slightly higher
than what was achieved during any of the three week trial with high-dose PAX. One factor that seems
to have great influence on the separation of the dissolved COD is the polymer dosage then the result of
the trial week 5 only gave a reduction of nearly 15%, that is significantly lower than that of the low
PIX dosage there right polymer dose is the major difference of the two attempts weeks between.
100
Hög PAX
Löst COD, avskiljt (%)
Låg PAX
80
Hög PIX
Låg PIX
60
Låg polymer
Utan kemikalier
40
Hög PAX
Hög PAX/Flöde
20
-7 %
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Försöksvecka
Figure 26: Separation Percentage of dissolved COD for the different experimental weeks.
Total and dissolved BOD7
In Figure 27 are the results from the measurements of the total BOD7 content. The incoming content
of BOD7 exhibit some of the same flow-dependent trend that for example the incoming COD content.
One important difference is, however, in the case of attempts week 4 with low PIX dosage where the
incoming content was slightly higher than would be expected. The reason for this is hard to say, but
27
there is an important difference in the collection process of the samples that could have influenced.
This is the weekend that the sample has been responsible for a fifth of the weekly sample of BOD7
analysis, while weekend samples for the other pollutants calculated as three days with the same value.
This means that BOD7 results can not be expected to be directly comparable with the other results.
200
Låg PAX
Hög PIX
BOD7 -tot (mg/l)
160
Låg PIX
Låg polymer
120
Utan kemikalier
Hög PAX
80
Hög PAX/Flöde
40
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Försöksvecka
Figure 27: Incoming and outgoing levels of total BOD 7. The black figures show the incoming levels of total BOD7 to
the pilot while the gray figures show the output levels of total BOD7 from the drum filter.
The output levels of BOD7 ranged from 14-71 mg / l, that is, all values were above et at Knislinge
purifier permissible limit of 10 mg / l. The results show that it is likely possible to achieve an output
level of BOD7 of about 40-50 mg / L for direct deposit with a PIX or PAX. However, to achieve the
threshold required additional purification steps. The reduction of BOD7 ended up around 80% of
direct precipitation doses and förfällningsdosen with PIX while only slightly above 60% with lowdose PAX as seen in Figure 28, without chemicals and at low polymer dosage achieved a reduction of
almost 50%.
100
Låg PAX
Hög PIX
BOD7-tot, avskiljt (%)
80
Låg PIX
Låg polymer
60
Utan kemikalier
Hög PAX
40
Hög PAX/Flöde
20
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Försöksvecka
Figure 28: Separation Percentage of total BOD 7 for the different experimental weeks.
28
Figure 29 presents the incoming and outgoing concentrations of dissolved BOD7. The incoming
concentrations of dissolved BOD7 follow broadly the same pattern as the levels of total BOD 7. This
also means that the percentage of solved BOD7 of the total content BOD7 lies within a limited range
between 17-26%. As for flow dependent is obtained about the same results as for the total content
BOD7, meaning that the content at least to some extent tend to be dependent on the flow with lower
levels you at high flow.
200
Låg PAX
Hög PIX
Löst BOD7 (mg/l)
160
Låg PIX
Låg polymer
120
Utan kemikalier
Hög PAX
80
Hög PAX/Flöde
40
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Försöksvecka
Figure 29: Incoming and outgoing concentrations of dissolved BOD7. The black figures show incoming concentrations
of dissolved BOD7 to pilot while the gray figures show the output levels of dissolved BOD7 from the drum filter.
The output levels of dissolved BOD7 was twice higher than the incoming. In the case of the two week
trial of low-dose PAX result is highly unexpected since the separation of the dissolved COD was
relatively good at the same time. The difference in sampling methodology should not have given so
much difference between the dissolved COD and BOD 7. In the second case, where no chemicals are
added the result is more expected as also the other dissolved contaminants behaved similarly. As
explained before, this should be due to sludge build-up in the pilot plant and distribution pipes, from
which loose material included with the outgoing water. The reduction of dissolved BOD7 can be seen
in Figure 30 and shows that a separation between 30-40% can be expected with direct precipitation
doses and low PIX dose.
29
100
Låg PAX
Löst BOD7, avskiljt (%)
Hög PIX
80
Låg PIX
Låg polymer
60
Utan kemikalier
Hög PAX
40
Hög PAX/Flöde
20
-5 %
-4 %
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Försöksvecka
Figure 30: Separation Percentage of dissolved BOD7 for the different experimental weeks.
Total and Ammonium nitrogen
The nitrogen samples collected during the experimental week has been represented by the samples
weekend during the first six weeks of trial, while the last two have been endygnsprover taken on
Thursdays. This means that they only give a small indication of what happens to the nitrogen in the
pilot plant. The results from measurements of incoming and outgoing total nitrogen content is shown
in Figure 31, the incoming N-tot content has at all times attempted remained relatively stable at around
40 mg / l. Although total nitrogen shows a tendency to be flow-dependent, with higher concentrations
at low flows although variation as I said has been limited.
50
Hög PAX
Hög PIX
N-tot (mg/l)
40
Låg PIX
Låg polymer
30
Utan kemikalier
Hög PAX
20
Hög PAX/Flöde
10
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Försöksvecka
Figure 31: Incoming and outgoing levels of total nitrogen. The black figures show the incoming levels of total nitrogen
to the pilot while the gray figures show the output levels of total nitrogen from the drum filter.
As for the output levels that seem to 30-35 mg / l be realistic to achieve. The reduction of N-tot as seen
in Figure 31, showed no significant differences between the various doses, but will fall between 1020% except at low dosage of polymer when no separation occurred.
30
100
Hög PAX
Låg PAX
N-tot, avskiljt (%)
80
Hög PIX
Låg PIX
60
Låg polymer
Utan kemikalier
40
Hög PAX
Hög PAX/Flöde
20
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Försöksvecka
Figure 32: Separation Percentage of total nitrogen for the different experimental weeks.
Figure 33 shows the results of measurements of NH4-N, which occurred at the same times as for total
nitrogen. That is, the samples represent weekend values for all experiments except for weeks 2, 7 and
8, which is the day specimens collected on Thursdays. No greater variety of incoming NH4-N
concentrations occurred, but all were between 20-26 mg / l.
50
Hög PAX
Låg PAX
NH4-N (mg/l)
40
Hög PIX
Låg PIX
30
Låg polymer
Utan kemikalier
20
Hög PAX
Hög PAX/Flöde
10
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Försöksvecka
Figure 33: Incoming and outgoing concentrations of NH4-N. The black figures show incoming concentrations of NH4N to the pilot while the gray figures show the output levels of NH4-N from the drum filter.
Regarding outbound NH4-N concentration as they were in all cases higher than the incoming levels.
Any particular trend is not to be seen. Neither by studying the reduction during the various attempts
weeks as can be seen in Figure 34 can be any patterns found. In this respect, it seems not the
precipitation chemicals have a major effect on the ammonium nitrate.
31
0
Hög PAX
Låg PAX
NH4-N, avskiljt (%)
-10
Hög PIX
Låg PIX
-20
Låg polymer
Utan kemikalier
-30
Hög PAX
Hög PAX/Flöde
-40
-50
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Försöksvecka
Figure 34: Separation Percentage of NH4-N for the different experimental weeks.
Then Knislinge Purifier lacks requirements for nitrogen removal has no major focus was placed on the
nitrogen analyzes. But the results still obtained clearly show that any nitrogen requirement would
result in further additions to the purification process required to improve nitrogen removal.
7.3
Sludge
In Figure 16 provides results of the TS analysis of the drum filter from outgoing sludge. During the
first six weeks of attempts were muds relatively thin with TS levels near 0.3%. Although the last two
weeks trial gave a relatively thin sludge although TS levels of 0.4-0.5% was slightly above the
previous week trial. The slurry obtained at the higher chemical dosages giving slightly thicker slurry
than for the lower doses except week low PIX dosage that gave a similar sludge.
0,5%
Hög PAX
Låg PAX
TS-halt (%)
0,4%
Hög PIX
Låg PIX
0,3%
Låg poly
Utan kem
0,2%
Hög PAX
0,1%
Hög PAX/Flöde
0,0%
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Försöksvecka
Figure 35: Results from the analysis of the dry matter content of the separated sludge from the drum filter.
32
Sludge samples were also incinerated in a furnace for combustion loss analysis (VS) analysis. The
results from these analyzes can be found in Figure 36 As expected, obtained the highest VS content of
74% during the experimental week when no chemicals added. The reason for this is that the organic
content of the slurry drops slightly when the precipitation chemicals are added, thus becoming the
organic content higher without chemicals and therefore, a higher VS content.
100%
Hög PAX
Låg PAX
Glödförlust (%)
80%
Hög PIX
Låg PIX
60%
Låg poly
Utan kem
40%
Hög PAX
20%
Hög PAX/Flöde
0%
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Försöksvecka
Figure 36: Results from the analysis of the loss on ignition of the separated sludge from the drum filter.
VS content of the experimental weeks when PAX used was slightly higher than for weeks with PIXdosing. The most likely reason for this is that the volume of PIX been almost twice as high as for
PAX: one to the chemicals could be compared with the same charge density. This means that it simply
added more non-organic material that is not burned in the attempt weeks when PIX used. Despite this,
the VS content was relatively stable between 60-70% in all experimental weeks when chemicals
added.
Then the outgoing sludge from the pilot plant has been very thin, does it mean that some form of
thickening is required before it may be used for biogas production. For this reason, it was performed
during the last two weeks, three drainage test trials where the outgoing slurry was poured on a
avvattningsduk. The result from this avvattningsexperiment are in Figure 37 and shows the dry solids
content can be increased from 0.4-0.5% to 5-6% with this relatively simple technology.
33
6%
5%
TS-halt (%)
4%
3%
TS, utgående slam
TS, avvattnat slam
2%
1%
0%
1
2
3
Försökstillfälle
Figure 37: Dry matter content of the outgoing sludge from the drum filter before and after it is dewatered with a
avvattningsduk. First attempts moment occurred on 1/11 at PAX high-dose, two other attempts occasions occurred
when both the 8.11 high PAX-dose combined with high flow.
It was also the VS-analysis on sludge samples from avvattningsförsöken presented in Figure 38 results
show that VS-content increased from about 65-70% to 75-80%. This increase in VS content could
partly be due to a portion of the remaining precipitation chemicals followed by dewatering reject
water. At the time of the first attempt was also made a 1/11 TS and VS analysis of reject water from
dewatering where DS content was 0.17% and VS content of 51%. The low VS content shows further
that a relatively large proportion of the non-organic material supplied with this water and thus
increases the organic content of the dewatered sludge whose quality is improved in terms of the
potential for biogas production.
100%
Glödförlust (%)
80%
60%
GF, utgående slam
40%
GF, avvattnat slam
20%
0%
1
2
3
Försökstillfälle
Figure 38: Loss on ignition (VS) content of the effluent sludge from the drum filter before and after the dewatered
with a avvattningsduk. First attempts moment occurred on 1/11 at PAX high-dose, two other attempts occasions
occurred when both the 8.11 high PAX-dose combined with high flow.
34
35
8. Conclusions








Most of the pollutants measured in the incoming waste water treatment plant at Knislinge a
flow depending where levels decrease with increased flow.
Direct Lowering Doses of both PAX and PIX can be expected to lead to an SS reduction of
around 90%. The tested förfällningsdoserna led to SS reductions in the range of 75-80% as
compared to 60% SS reduction achieved in the pilot plant without chemicals.
The reduction of total phosphorus is around 90% with direct precipitation doses. Preprecipitation with PIX gave a reduction of 80% while PAX: one only led to 55% reduction.
Even PO4-P was separated into 90-95% by direct precipitation and the pre-precipitation with
PIX, while förfällningsdosen with PAX only gave a reduction of 25%.
The output levels of phosphorus fractions are easiest to control with PAX: a while PIX: one is
significantly more efficient at low doses and therefore is suitable for maximum phosphorus
removal is desired.
Both the COD and BOD 7 can be separated by around 80% in direct precipitation dosage of
both the PIX and PAX. In both cases there is the greater part of the output levels of both COD
and BOD 7 in dissolved form.
Nitrogen separation is poor and around 20% reduction is to be expected can be achieved by
direct precipitation.
To meet the requirements Knislinge treatment plant have on BOD7 and total phosphorus
required to pilot plant supplemented with additional purification steps.
The outgoing sludge from the drum filter keeps a DS content around 0.3%, ie, a relatively thin
sludge. VS content of this sludge is around 65%. Dewatering with avvattningsduk raised DS
content to just over 5% and VS content to 75-80%.
36
37
Appendix 1: Weekly Reports for trials
Trial Week 1, direct precipitation with PAX XL-100, 14-24 / 9
Experimental setup





Flow into the pilot: 10 m3 / h
PAX dosage: 10.9 mg Al3 + / l (0,850 l / h)
Polymer Dosage: 4.2 mg polymer (TS) / l (140 rpm)
Time proportional sampling: 25 ml / 15 min period collected in a large chilled plastic
containers
Air flow: 250 l / min dosed in the first two aerators
This experimental setup was used during the period 14-24 / 9th The samples on the 17th and the 24th
September weekend represents samples, ie from Friday afternoon to Monday morning.
Results
The results of the trial period September 14 to 24 are presented in Table 1 During this initial trial week
was no BOD samples.
Table 1: Results from the period September 14 to 24 in table form.
SS, in (mg/l)
SS, ut (mg/l)
Totalt COD, in (mg/l)
Totalt COD, ut (mg/l)
Löst COD, in (mg/l)
Löst COD, ut (mg/l)
P-tot, in (mg/l)
P-tot, ut (mg/l)
PO4-P, in (mg/l)
PO4-P, ut (mg/l)
NH4-N, in (mg/l)
NH4-N, ut (mg/l)
N-tot, in
N-tot, ut
14-Sep
304
34
658
117
187
119
6,8
1,12
1,73
0,441
17-Sep
314
34
544
113
154
103
6,54
1,06
1,02
0,296
18-Sep
292
12
488
102
157
107
5,9
0,688
1,7
0,354
19-Sep
270
30
400
109
168
111
5,44
0,918
1,5
0,27
20-Sep
250
21
458
79,9
162
94,8
5,76
0,527
1,36
0,142
21-Sep
248
20
425
79,1
128
83,1
5,3
0,553
1,62
0,193
24-Sep
302
59
500
111
135
76,8
6,1
1
1,01
0,049
26,3
31,8
43,1
39,1
Suspended material
Score suspavskiljningen shown in Figure 1 where the SS concentration in the incoming water varied
between 248 to 314 with an average content of about 292 mg / l. For the outgoing water obtained SS
contents between 12-59 mg / L, with a mean of 36 mg / l. The average separation during the trial
period stood at 87.6%, and may well more or less considered to meet the target of 90% SS-separation.
The mean is the verdict of 11 days, which means that every weekend value has been calculated as 3
days. Weekend sample from the 24.9 reported a relatively high SS concentration of 59 mg / l. A
possible reason for this high value could be that there has been an after flocculation by either the filter
or even in the sampling vessel. This may have led to the solute particles that would not normally
caught by suspfiltret now became large enough to get stuck there. This could for example explain why
the output PO4-P value was as low as 0.049 mg / L, compared with the comparatively high P-totut
value for the same samples was at 1 mg / l. Although the dissolved COD value out of the facility was
38
unusually low compared to the other results, which could also support the theory that after flocculation
may have occurred in the sampling container.
400
350
SS (mg/l)
300
250
200
SS in
150
SS ut
100
50
0
12-sep
14-sep
16-sep
18-sep
20-sep
22-sep
24-sep
26-sep
Datum
Figure 1: Results from the analysis of suspended solids.
COD
Figure 2 shows the test results from the measurement of incoming and outgoing total and dissolved
COD. The total COD content of the incoming water varied between 400-658 mg / l with a mean of
506 mg / l, while the same result for the outgoing water was 79.1 to 117 mg / l with a mean of 105 mg
/ l. This means that the separation of the COD tot was 79%. The dissolved COD content of the
incoming water varied between 128-187 mg / l with a mean of 152 mg / l, while the same result for the
outgoing water was 76.8 to 119 mg / l with a mean of 96 mg / l. This means that the separation of the
dissolved COD was around 37%. The analyzes also show that practically all of the COD of the
effluent water is present in dissolved form.
39
700
600
COD (mg/l)
500
400
COD-tot in
300
COD-tot ut
Löst COD in
200
Löst COD ut
100
0
12-sep
14-sep
16-sep
18-sep
20-sep
22-sep
24-sep
26-sep
Datum
Figur 2: Totalt och löst COD in och ut ur pilotanläggningen.
Nitrogen
Measurements of dissolved NH4-N were made on weekend test from 24.09. The results show that the
ammonium is higher in the outlet water (3.8 mg NH4 +-N / l) compared to the incoming (26.3 mg
NH4 +-N / l). In terms of total nitrogen was separated approximately 9% in the pilot plant with an
incoming content of 43.1 mg N / l and outbound content of 39.1 mg N / l.
Phosphorus
Figure 3 Figure shows the results of the analysis of P-tot and dissolved PO4-P. Total phosphorus
content of the incoming water ranged from 5.3 to 6.8 mg / l with a mean of 6.1 mg / l, while the same
result for the outgoing water was from 0.527 to 3.18 mg / l with a mean of 0, 91 mg / l. This means
that the separation of P-tot low at 85%. The dissolved PO4-phosphorus in source water ranged from
1.36 to 3.06 mg / l with a mean of 1.27 mg / l, while the same result for the outgoing water was from
0.142 to 0.888 mg / l with a mean of 0, 22 mg / l. This means that the separation of dissolved
phosphorus PO4 was around 83%. For the dissolved PO4-phosphorus obtained an unusually low value
of 0.049 mg / l in the final effluent. This low value could be explained by a certain after flocculation
occurred in the sampling vessel, which thus resulted in dissolved phosphorus instead ended up in a
solid form. This is supported in part by a reasonably high or at least the expected value of the total
phosphorus in the effluent water.
40
8
7
Fosfor (mg/l)
6
5
P-tot, in
4
P-tot, ut
3
PO4-P, in
2
PO4-P, ut
1
0
12-sep
14-sep
16-sep
18-sep
20-sep
22-sep
24-sep
26-sep
Datum
Figure 3: Total and dissolved phosphorus in and out of the facility.
41
Trial Week 2, pre-precipitation with PAX XL-100, 25 / 9-2 / 10
Experimental setup





PAX dosage: 6 mg Al3 + / l (0,470 l / h)
Polymer Dosage: 3 mg of polymer (TS) / l (100 rpm)
containers
This experimental setup was used during 25 / 9-2 / 10. Samples October 1 represents a weekend test,
i.e. from Friday afternoon to Monday morning.
Results
The results from the period September 25 to October 2 are presented in Table 1.
Table 1: Results from the period September 25 to October 2 in table form.
SS, in (mg/l)
SS, ut (mg/l)
P-tot, in (mg/l)
P-tot, ut (mg/l)
PO4-P, in (mg/l)
PO4-P, ut (mg/l)
NH4-N, in (mg/l)
NH4-N, ut (mg/l)
BOD7, in (mg/l)
BOD7, ut (mg/l)
Löst BOD7, in (mg/l)
Löst BOD7, ut (mg/l)
pH, in
pH, ut
25-Sep
178
43
336
158
149
114
4,16
1,77
1,5
0,923
26-Sep
188
43
353
139
146
97,2
4,36
1,53
1,42
0,823
27-Sep
208
45
327
151
191
113
4,57
2,47
1,27
0,874
28-Sep
236
57
388
170
159
134
5,19
2,15
1,58
1,15
01-Okt
302
57
512
167
186
112
5,25
2,25
1,63
1,25
02-Okt
338
125
590
231
174
104
6,8
3,61
0,941
0,909
28,8
29
171
64
41
43
7,8
8,4
Suspended material
between 178 to 338 mg / l with an average content of about 257 mg / l. For the outgoing water
obtained SS levels between 43-125 mg / l, with an average of 61 mg / l. The average separation during
the trial time low of 76.4% and satisfies the 70% SS-separation. The mean is the verdict of 8 days,
which means that weekend value represented by the sample from the 1/10 have been counted as 3
days.
42
400
350
SS (mg/l)
300
250
200
SS in
150
SS ut
100
50
0
24-sep 25-sep 26-sep 27-sep 28-sep 29-sep 30-sep
01-okt
02-okt
03-okt
Datum
Figure 1: Suspended matter in and out of the pilot plant.
COD
441 mg / l, while the same result for the outgoing water was 139-231 mg / l with a mean of 169 mg / l.
This means that the separation of the COD tot low of 62%. The dissolved COD content of the
outgoing water was 97.2 to 134 mg / l with a mean of 112 mg / l. This means that the separation of the
dissolved COD was around 34%. The result also shows that a lower percentage of the outgoing total
COD present in dissolved form in comparison with the result of the higher precipitation dose used in
the previous test week where basically all the COD present in dissolved form.
700
600
COD (mg/l)
500
400
COD-tot in
300
COD-tot ut
Löst COD in
200
Löst COD ut
100
0
24-sep 25-sep 26-sep 27-sep 28-sep 29-sep 30-sep 01-okt 02-okt 03-okt
Datum
Figure 2: Total and dissolved COD in and out of the pilot plant.
43
Nitrogen
Measurements of dissolved NH4-N were made on the sample from the 10.2. The results show that the
ammonium was more or less the same in the outgoing water (29 mg NH4 +-N / l) and the input (28.8
mg NH4 +-N / l).
Phosphorus
Figure 3 shows the result of analysis of P-tot and loosely PO4-P. Total phosphorus content of the
incoming water varied from 4.16 to 6.8 mg / l with a mean of 5.1 mg / l, while the same result for the
outgoing water was 1.53 to 3.61 mg / l with a mean of 2.3 mg / l. This means that the separation of Ptot was 55%. The dissolved PO4-phosphorus in source water ranged from 0.941 to 1.63 mg / l with a
mean of 1.45 mg / l, while the same result for the outgoing water was from 0.823 to 1.25 mg / l with a
mean of 1, 05 mg / l. This means that the separation of dissolved PO4 phosphorus low at 27%.
8
7
Fosfor (mg/l)
6
5
P-tot, in
4
P-tot, ut
3
PO4-P, in
2
PO4-P, ut
1
0
24-sep 25-sep 26-sep 27-sep 28-sep 29-sep 30-sep 01-okt 02-okt 03-okt
Datum
44
45
Trial Week 3, direct precipitation with PIX 111, 3/10 to 8/10
Experimental setup





PIX-dose: 20 mg Fe / L (1.020 l / h)
Polymer Dosage: 4.2 mg polymer (TS) / l (140 rpm)
containers
This experimental setup was used during the period 3/10 to 8/10. Samples October 8 represents a
weekend test, ie from Friday afternoon to Monday morning.
Results
The results from the period October 3 to October 8 is presented in Table 1.
Table 1: Results from the period October 3 to 8 in table form.
SS, in (mg/l)
SS, ut (mg/l)
P-tot, in (mg/l)
P-tot, ut (mg/l)
PO4-P, in (mg/l)
PO4-P, ut (mg/l)
NH4-N, in (mg/l)
NH4-N, ut (mg/l)
N-tot, in (mg/l)
N-tot, ut (mg/l)
BOD7, in (mg/l)
BOD7, ut (mg/l)
pH, in
pH, ut
03-Okt
276
48
486
119
197
106
5,75
1,29
3,49
0,145
04-Okt
212
37
435
118
189
107
5,73
0,835
2,94
0,072
05-Okt
236
26
426
86,3
166
93,3
5,45
0,603
2,8
0,076
08-Okt
276
15
438
50,1
116
57,6
5,15
0,297
1,71
0,05
19,9
21
38
28,6
173
41
40
28
7,9
8,0
Suspended material
the trial time low of 89.9% and satisfies the principle target of 90% SS-separation. The mean is the
verdict of 6 days, which means that weekend value represented by the sample from the 8.10 has been
calculated as 3 days.
46
400
350
SS (mg/l)
300
250
200
SS in
150
SS ut
100
50
0
02-okt
03-okt
04-okt
05-okt
06-okt
07-okt
08-okt
09-okt
Datum
COD
444 mg / l, while the same result for the outgoing water was 50.1 to 119 mg / l with a mean of 78.9 mg
/ l . This means that the separation of the COD-tot low at 82%. The dissolved COD content of the
outgoing water was 57.6 to 107 mg / l with a mean of 79.9 mg / l . This means that the separation of
the dissolved COD was around 47%. In principle, all the COD of the effluent water was present in
dissolved form.
700
600
COD (mg/l)
500
400
COD-tot in
300
COD-tot ut
Löst COD in
200
Löst COD ut
100
0
02-okt
03-okt
04-okt
05-okt
06-okt
07-okt
08-okt
09-okt
Datum
47
Nitrogen
ammonium is slightly higher in the water outlet (21 mg NH4 +-N / l) compared to the incoming (19.9
mg NH4 +-N / l). In terms of total nitrogen was separated approximately 25% in the pilot plant with an
incoming content of 38 mg N / l and outbound content of 28.6 mg N / l.
Phosphorus
incoming water ranged from 5.15 to 5.75 mg / l with a mean of 5.4 mg / l, while the same result for the
outgoing water was from 0.297 to 1.29 mg / l with a mean of 0, 60 mg / l. This means that the
separation of P-tot low at 89%. The dissolved PO4-phosphorus in source water ranged from 1.71 to
3.49 mg / l with a mean of 2.39 mg / l, while the same result for the outgoing water was from 0.05 to
0.145 mg / l with a mean of 0.074 mg / l. This means that the separation of dissolved PO4 phosphorus
low at 97%. As for the incoming phosphate phosphorus content was so markedly higher than during
the previous week trial.
8
7
Fosfor (mg/l)
6
5
P-tot, in
4
P-tot, ut
3
PO4-P, in
2
PO4-P, ut
1
0
02-okt
03-okt
04-okt
05-okt
06-okt
07-okt
08-okt
09-okt
Datum
48
49
Trial Week 4, pre-precipitation with the PIX 111, 9/10 to 15/10
Experimental setup





PIX-dose: 12 mg Fe / L (610 m l / h)
Polymer Dosage: 3 mg of polymer (TS) / l (100 rpm)
containers
This experimental setup was used during the period from 9/10 to 15/10. Samples October 15
represents a weekend test, ie from Friday afternoon to Monday morning.
Results
The results from the period October 9 to October 15 are presented in Table 1.
SS, in (mg/l)
SS, ut (mg/l)
P-tot, in (mg/l)
P-tot, ut (mg/l)
PO4-P, in (mg/l)
PO4-P, ut (mg/l)
NH4-N, in (mg/l)
NH4-N, ut (mg/l)
N-tot, in
N-tot, ut
BOD7, in (mg/l)
BOD7, ut (mg/l)
pH, in
pH, ut
09-Okt
192
46
331
102
131
84,2
3,65
0,834
2,12
0,173
10-Okt
182
20
322
86,3
142
85,5
3,79
0,602
1,4
0,142
11-Okt
190
33
310
81,7
127
79,9
3,89
0,718
1,4
0,113
12-Okt
260
30
333
79,1
173
79,6
3,85
0,49
3,26
0,118
13-Okt
200
38
301
67,4
87
53,1
3,75
0,682
0,675
0,015
18,8
21,2
33,48
29,4
14-Okt
200
38
301
67,4
87
53,1
3,75
0,682
0,675
0,015
18,8
21,2
33,48
29,4
15-Okt
200
38
301
67,4
87
53,1
3,75
0,682
0,675
0,015
18,8
21,2
33,48
29,4
140
32
24
17
7,8
7,7
Suspended material
obtained SS contents between 20-46 mg / L, with a mean of 35 mg / l. The average separation during
the trial time low of 82.9% and meets the 70% SS-separation. The mean is the verdict of 7 days, which
means that weekend the value represented by the sample from the 15/10 has been calculated as 3 days.
50
400
350
SS (mg/l)
300
250
200
SS in
150
SS ut
100
50
0
08-okt
09-okt
10-okt
11-okt
12-okt
13-okt
14-okt
15-okt
16-okt
Datum
COD
314 mg / l, while the same result for the outgoing water was 67.4 to 102 mg / l with a mean of 78.8 mg
/ l . This means that the separation of the COD-tot low at 75%. The dissolved COD content of the
incoming water varied from 87 to 173 mg / l with a mean of 119 mg / l, while the same result for the
outgoing water was 53.1 to 85.5 mg / l with a mean of 69.8 mg / l. This means that the separation of
the dissolved COD was 41%.
700
600
COD (mg/l)
500
400
COD-tot in
300
COD-tot ut
Löst COD in
200
Löst COD ut
100
0
08-okt
09-okt
10-okt
11-okt
12-okt
13-okt
14-okt
15-okt
16-okt
Datum
51
Nitrogen
Measurements of dissolved NH4-N were made on weekend test from 15/10. The results show that the
ammonium is slightly higher in the output sample (21.2 mg NH4 +-N / l) compared to the incoming
(18.8 mg NH4 +-N / l). In terms of total nitrogen was separated about 12% in the pilot plant with an
incoming concentration of 33.5 mg N / l and outbound content of 29.4 mg N / l.
Phosphorus
incoming water ranged from 3.65 to 3.89 mg / l with a mean of 3.78 mg / l, while the same result for
the outgoing water was from 0.49 to 0.834 mg / l with a mean of 0, 67 mg / l. This means that the
0.173 mg / l with a mean of 0.084 mg / l . This means that the separation of dissolved PO4 phosphorus
low at 94%. Both fractions of phosphorus in the effluent remained at a steady level throughout the
week, even though the incoming concentration of PO4-P varied a lot. P-tot in the water supply
remained stable throughout the trial week.
8
7
Fosfor (mg/l)
6
5
P-tot, in
4
P-tot, ut
3
PO4-P, in
2
PO4-P, ut
1
0
08-okt
09-okt
10-okt
11-okt
12-okt
13-okt
14-okt
15-okt
16-okt
Datum
52
53
Trial Week 5, pre-precipitation with low polymer dose, 16 / 10-22 / 10
Experimental setup





PIX-dose: 12 mg Fe / l (610 ml / h)
Polymer Dosage: 1.5 mg of polymer (TS) / L (50 rpm)
Time proportional sampling: 25 ml collected in 0.5 liter bottles every 15 min
This experimental setup was used during the period 16/10 to 22/10. The samples after 22 October
represents a weekend test, this time from Thursday afternoon to Monday morning.
Results
SS, in (mg/l)
SS, ut (mg/l)
P-tot, in (mg/l)
P-tot, ut (mg/l)
PO4-P, in (mg/l)
PO4-P, ut (mg/l)
NH4-N, in (mg/l)
NH4-N, ut (mg/l)
N-tot, in (mg/l)
N-tot, ut (mg/l)
BOD7, in (mg/l)
BOD7, ut (mg/l)
pH, in
pH, ut
16-Okt
124
96
219
138
89,6
90,9
2,88
2,62
1,09
0,141
17-Okt
162
101
294
189
125
91,7
3,63
2,35
1,34
0,173
18-Okt
212
120
338
225
159
101
4,73
2,54
1,2
0,17
19-Okt
214
96
347
193
95,1
85,2
4,65
2,42
0,835
0,044
21,7
27,2
35,7
35,4
20-Okt
214
96
347
193
95,1
85,2
4,65
2,42
0,835
0,044
21,7
27,2
35,7
35,4
21-Okt
214
96
347
193
95,1
85,2
4,65
2,42
0,835
0,044
21,7
27,2
35,7
35,4
22-Okt
214
96
347
193
95,1
85,2
4,65
2,42
0,835
0,044
21,7
27,2
35,7
35,4
106
54
18
18
7,5
7,5
Suspended material
between 124 to 214 mg / l with an average content of about 193 mg / l. For the outgoing water from
the filter obtained SS levels between 96-120 mg / l, with an average of 100 mg / l. The average
separation during the trial time low of 48% and show that suspavskiljningen deteriorates significantly
at a low polymer dose. The mean is the verdict of 7 days, which means that weekend the value
represented by the sample from the 22/10 has been calculated as 4 days. Very low SS concentrations
were measured at the beginning of the week, probably due to high rainfall and thus dilute the incoming
water.
54
400
350
SS (mg/l)
300
250
200
SS in
150
SS ut
100
50
0
15-okt
16-okt
17-okt
18-okt
19-okt
20-okt
21-okt
22-okt
23-okt
Datum
COD
This means that the separation of the COD-tot low at 41%. The dissolved COD content of source
water ranged from 89.6 to 159 mg / l with a mean of 108 mg / l, while the same result for the outgoing
water was 85.2 to 101 mg / l with a mean of 89.2 mg / l. This means that the separation of the
dissolved COD was 17%. Incoming COD content was early in the week relatively low, which is
probably due to rainfall and high flows through the plant.
700
600
COD (mg/l)
500
400
COD-tot in
300
COD-tot ut
Löst COD in
200
Löst COD ut
100
0
15-okt
16-okt
17-okt
18-okt
19-okt
20-okt
21-okt
22-okt
23-okt
Datum
55
Nitrogen
ammonium is higher in the output sample (27.2 mg NH4 +-N / l) compared to the incoming (21.2 mg
NH4 +-N / l). In terms of total nitrogen was no separation at all in the pilot plant. Incoming content
was 35.7 mg N / l and outbound content of 35.4 mg N / l.
Phosphorus
incoming water ranged from 2.88 to 4.73 mg / l with an average value of 4.26 mg / l, while the same
result for the outgoing water was 2.35 to 2.62 mg / l with a mean of 2.46 mg / l. This means that the
1.34 mg / l with a mean of 1.0 mg / l, while the same result for the outgoing water was 0,044-0,173mg
/ l with a mean value of 0.094 mg / l . This means that the separation of dissolved PO4-phosphorus
was 91%. Outgoing P-tot and PO4-P concentrations were relatively stable throughout the week.
Incoming P-tot content was relatively low in the beginning of the week which most likely depends on
rainfall and high flows in the work.
8
7
Fosfor (mg/l)
6
5
P-tot, in
4
P-tot, ut
3
PO4-P, in
2
PO4-P, ut
1
0
15-okt
16-okt
17-okt
18-okt
19-okt
20-okt
21-okt
22-okt
23-okt
Datum
Sedimentation trial
During this attempt was also made sedimentationsförsök week to see what SS-separation can be
achieved if the water out of the tank Cipax allowed to settle rather than run through the drum filter.
These SS-samples taken during sedimentationsförsöken, all samples were taken directly from
cipaxtanken with a beaker. Subsequently the flocs were allowed to settle for 10 minutes before 100 ml
of the clear phase was taken out using a syringe. This water was about 2 cm below the water in the
beaker. The results of the SS-analyzes of these samples are presented in Figure 4, the lowest level was
37 mg SS / l, while the maximum was at 50 mg SS / l.
56
60
50
SS (mg/l)
40
30
SS-Sedimenterat
20
10
0
15-okt
16-okt
17-okt
18-okt
19-okt
20-okt
21-okt
22-okt
23-okt
Datum
Figure 4: Results from sedimentationsförsök, 10 min sedimentation in the beaker. All withdrawn samples were
samples.
57
Trial Week 6, Without chemicals 23/10 to 29/10
Experimental setup




No chemical dosing
This experimental setup was used during the period 23/10 to 29/10. The samples on the 29th October
represents a test weekend, from Friday afternoon to Monday morning.
Results
SS, in (mg/l)
SS, ut (mg/l)
P-tot, in (mg/l)
P-tot, ut (mg/l)
PO4-P, in (mg/l)
PO4-P, ut (mg/l)
NH4-N, in (mg/l)
NH4-N, ut (mg/l)
N-tot, in
N-tot, ut
BOD7, in (mg/l)
BOD7, ut (mg/l)
pH, in
pH, ut
23-Okt
196
104
300
226
125
140
4,36
3,55
1,27
1,7
24-Okt
200
78
367
204
121
134
4,35
3,3
1,28
1,77
25-Okt
166
80
284
212
128
134
4,66
3,49
1,55
1,81
26-Okt
184
82
308
213
137
141
5,22
3,9
1,64
1,92
27-Okt
240
86
374
210
106
113
5,14
4,05
1,24
1,66
20
26,8
44,7
40,5
28-Okt
240
86
374
210
106
113
5,14
4,05
1,24
1,66
20
26,8
44,7
40,5
29-Okt
240
86
374
210
106
113
5,14
4,05
1,24
1,66
20
26,8
44,7
40,5
129
71
24
25
7,2
7,3
Suspended material
between 166 to 240 mg / l with an average content of about 209 mg / l. For the outgoing water from
the filter obtained SS levels between 78-104 mg / l, with an average of 86 mg / l. The average
separation during the trial period was 59%. The mean is the verdict of 7 days, which means that
weekend the value represented by the sample from the 29/10 has been calculated as 3 days.
58
300
250
SS (mg/l)
200
150
SS in
SS ut
100
50
0
22-okt
23-okt
24-okt
25-okt
26-okt
27-okt
28-okt
29-okt
30-okt
Datum
COD
This means that the separation of the COD-tot low at 38%. The dissolved COD content of the
outgoing water was 113-141 mg / l with a mean of 127 mg / l. This means that the output level of
dissolved COD was higher than incoming, which could be due to the very contaminants accumulated
within the pilot plant that occasionally accompanies the outgoing water.
400
350
COD (mg/l)
300
250
COD-tot in
200
COD-tot ut
150
Löst COD in
100
Löst COD ut
50
0
22-okt
23-okt
24-okt
25-okt
26-okt
27-okt
28-okt
29-okt
30-okt
Datum
59
Nitrogen
NH4 +-N / l). In terms of total nitrogen was separated approximately 9% of the facility. Incoming
content was 44.7 mg N / l and outbound content of 40.5 mg N / l.
Phosphorus
incoming water ranged from 2.88 to 4.73 mg / l with an average value of 4.26 mg / l, while the same
result for the outgoing water was 4.35 to 5.22 mg / l with a mean of 4.86 mg / l. This means that the
separation of P-tot was at 22%. The dissolved PO4-phosphorus in source water ranged from 1.27 to
1.64 mg / l with a mean of 1.35 mg / l, while the same result for the outgoing water was 1.66 to 1.92
mg / l with mean value of 1.74 mg / l. This means that the content of dissolved phosphorus PO4 as the
dissolved COD was higher in the outgoing water, compared with the incoming. An additional analysis
of the PO4-P concentration in the effluent of the 29/10 was done to ensure that the samples are not
mixed together, but even this sample gave the same results as the first analysis. The reason for this
should be just as well in the case of the dissolved COD: n due to some PO4-P accumulated in the plant
during the tests again.
6
Fosfor (mg/l)
5
4
P-tot, in
3
P-tot, ut
PO4-P, in
2
PO4-P, ut
1
0
22-okt
23-okt
24-okt
25-okt
26-okt
27-okt
28-okt
29-okt
30-okt
Datum
60
61
Trial Week 7, direct precipitation with PAX XL-100, 30/10 to 1/11
Experimental setup





PAX dosage: 10.9 mg / l (850 ml / h)
Polymer Dosage: 4.2 mg TS / l (140 rpm)
This experimental setup was used during the period 30/10 to 1 / 11th
Results
The results from the period October 30 to November 1 are presented in Table 1.
Table 1: Results from the period October 30 to November 1 in table form.
SS, in (mg/l)
SS, ut (mg/l)
P-tot, in (mg/l)
P-tot, ut (mg/l)
PO4-P, in (mg/l)
PO4-P, ut (mg/l)
NH4-N, in (mg/l)
NH4-N, ut (mg/l)
N-tot, in
N-tot, ut
BOD7, in (mg/l)
BOD7, ut (mg/l)
pH, in
pH, ut
30-Oct
230
34
303
95,4
133
86,4
4,65
0,558
1,56
0,058
31-Oct
156
18
254
68,8
129
86,6
3,47
0,285
1,58
0,064
01-Nov
220
21
361
54,7
118
87,9
4,63
0,144
1,42
0,041
20,5
26,3
40,8
32,4
112
20
29
16
7,4
7,1
Suspended material
Score suspavskiljningen shown in Figure 1 where the SS concentration in the incoming water ranged
between 156-230 mg / L, with an average content of 202 mg / l. For the outgoing water from the filter
the trial time low of 88%.
62
250
SS (mg/l)
200
150
SS in
100
SS ut
50
0
29-okt
30-okt
30-okt
31-okt
31-okt
01-nov
01-nov
Datum
Figure 1: Suspended matter in and out of the pilot plant
COD
306 mg / l, while the same result for the outgoing water was 54.7 to 95.4 mg / l with a mean value of
73 mg / l . This means that the separation of the COD tot low at 76%. The dissolved COD content of
the incoming water varied between 118-133 mg / l with a mean of 127 mg / l, while the same result for
the outgoing water was 86.4 to 87.9 mg / l with a mean of 87 mg / l providing a separation of 31%.
400
350
COD (mg O2/l)
300
250
COD-tot in
200
COD-tot ut
150
Löst COD in
100
Löst COD ut
50
0
29-okt
30-okt
30-okt
31-okt
31-okt
01-nov
01-nov
Datum
Figure 2: Total and dissolved COD in and out of the pilot plant
Nitrogen
NH4 +-N / l). In terms of total nitrogen was separated approximately 20% of the facility. Incoming
content was 40.8 mg N / l and outbound content of 32.4 mg N / l.
63
Phosphorus
incoming water ranged from 3.47 to 4.65 mg / l with a mean of 4.25 mg / l, while the same result for
the outgoing water was from 0.144 to 0.558 mg / l with a mean of 0.329 mg / l . This means that the
0.064 mg / l with a mean of 0, 0543 mg / l.
5
4,5
4
Fosfor (mg/l)
3,5
3
P-tot, in
2,5
P-tot, ut
2
PO4-P, in
1,5
PO4-P, ut
1
0,5
0
29-okt
30-okt
30-okt
31-okt
31-okt
01-nov
01-nov
Datum
Figure 3: Total and dissolved phosphorus in and out of the facility
64
65
Trial Week 8, Direct Precipitation with PAX XL-100 at high flow, 7/11 to 8/11
Experimental setup





PAX dosage: 10.9 mg / l (1700 ml / h)
Polymer Dosage: 4.2 mg TS / l (280 rpm)
This experimental setup was used during the period 7/11 to 8 / 11th
The sample from the 7.11 is collected between the hours. 14:30 on the 7.11 pm. 07:30 on 08.11. The
sample for the 8.11 is collected between 07: 30-13: 45th
Results
The results from the period from November 7 to 8 are presented in Table 1.
Table 1: Results from the period November 7 to 8 in table form.
SS, in (mg/l)
SS, ut (mg/l)
P-tot, in (mg/l)
P-tot, ut (mg/l)
PO4-P, in (mg/l)
PO4-P, ut (mg/l)
NH4-N, in (mg/l)
NH4-N, ut (mg/l)
N-tot, in
N-tot, ut
BOD7, in (mg/l)
BOD7, ut (mg/l)
pH, in
pH, ut
07-Nov
198
3
286
56,7
116
79,1
3,82
0,133
1,42
0,054
08-Nov
172
8
303
51,1
107
70,8
4,37
0,175
1,9
0,068
23,7
24,1
39,9
31,2
102
14
23
14
7,3
7,2
Suspended material
Table 1 shows that the SS concentration in the incoming water was 198 and 172 mg / l. Closing SS
concentrations were 3 and 8 mg / l. This gives an average efficiency of 97%. That is a very good
separation, which is largely due to the very low input levels.
66
COD
The total COD low efficiencies of 82%, while the soluble fraction was separated by 33%. For some
reason exceeds the dissolved COD content, the total in both cases. The same type of cuvettes used for
both factions and all results are within the specified mätgränserna. The only major difference in
treatment by analysis of dissolved COD and total COD is to test for the dissolved fraction has been
filtered. The sample from the 7/11 had been frozen while the sample from the 8.11 not been frozen,
why not freeze seems to have caused this difference. Furthermore, the samples were certainly not
confused with each other. Another difference between the two factions is that the dissolved samples
stored in test tubes made of plastic, while the samples for total COD kept in slightly larger plastic
bottles. This means that the only differences between dissolved and total outgoing COD is the
filtration and storage of samples. Whether this is the reason for the higher solute values in the outgoing
water is hard to say, of course there is also the risk of measurement error.
Nitrogen
Measurements of dissolved NH4-N were made for the sample from the 8.11 that has not been frozen.
The results show that the ammonium is slightly higher in the output sample (24.1 mg NH4 +-N / l)
compared to the incoming (23.7 mg NH4 +-N / l). In terms of total nitrogen was separated
approximately 20% of the facility. Incoming low content of 39.9 mg N / l and outbound content of
31.2 mg N / l.
Phosphorus
Both the separation of the total phosphorus and phosphate phosphorus ended up at 96%. The output
levels of total-P ended up at 0.133 respectively 0.175 mg / l, which also can be seen in Table 1 The
same figures for PO4-P was 0.054 and 0.068 mg / l. Incoming levels were relatively low in
comparison to previous attempts.
67
Appendix 2: Results from the analysis
Flöden
Datum
Flöde verket (m3/h)
Flöde Pilot (m3/h)
Försöksvecka
14-Sep
30,5
10,4
Hög PAX
15-Sep
28,2
10,4
Hög PAX
16-Sep
28,2
10,4
Hög PAX
17-Sep
28,2
10,4
Hög PAX
18-Sep
28,8
10,4
Hög PAX
19-Sep
27,3
10,3
Hög PAX
20-Sep
28,8
10,4
Hög PAX
21-Sep
31,1
10,4
Hög PAX
22-Sep
30,4
10,4
Hög PAX
23-Sep
30,4
10,4
Hög PAX
24-Sep
30,4
10,3
Hög PAX
25-Sep
44
10,3
Låg PAX
26-Sep
38,4
10,6
Låg PAX
27-Sep
30,9
10,5
Låg PAX
28-Sep
31,2
10,6
Låg PAX
29-Sep
29,3
11
Låg PAX
30-Sep
29,3
11
Låg PAX
01-Okt
29,3
11
Låg PAX
02-Okt
26,2
10,5
Låg PAX
03-Okt
31
10,5
Hög PIX
04-Okt
34,8
9,9
Hög PIX
05-Okt
34,8
10,5
Hög PIX
06-Okt
41,1
10,3
Hög PIX
07-Okt
41,1
10,3
Hög PIX
08-Okt
41,1
10,3
Hög PIX
09-Okt
41,1
10,4
Låg PIX
10-Okt
33
10,6
Låg PIX
11-Okt
29,6
10,3
Låg PIX
12-Okt
28,9
10,3
Låg PIX
13-Okt
46,3
10,4
Låg PIX
14-Okt
46,3
10,4
Låg PIX
15-Okt
46,3
10,4
Låg PIX
16-Okt
47
10,3
Låg Polymer
17-Okt
38,2
10,5
Låg Polymer
18-Okt
34,3
10,3
Låg Polymer
19-Okt
32,7
10,2
Låg Polymer
20-Okt
32,7
10,2
Låg Polymer
21-Okt
32,7
10,2
Låg Polymer
68
22-Okt
32,7
10,2
Låg Polymer
23-Okt
35,7
10,7
Utan kemikalier
24-Okt
33,5
10,7
Utan kemikalier
25-Okt
34,4
10,6
Utan kemikalier
26-Okt
35,3
11,5
Utan kemikalier
27-Okt
34,4
11
Utan kemikalier
28-Okt
34,4
11
Utan kemikalier
29-Okt
34,4
11
Utan kemikalier
30-Okt
35,5
10,4
Hög PAX
31-Okt
33,7
9,8
Hög PAX
01-Nov
33,3
10,3
Hög PAX
07-Nov
39,2
20,5
Hög PAX
08-Nov
48
20,8
Hög PAX
Suspenderade ämnen
Försöksv.
Datum
SS, in (mg/l)
SS, ut (mg/l)
Hög PAX
14-Sep
304
34
Hög PAX
15-Sep
314
34
Hög PAX
16-Sep
314
34
Hög PAX
17-Sep
314
34
Hög PAX
18-Sep
292
12
Hög PAX
19-Sep
270
30
Hög PAX
20-Sep
250
21
Hög PAX
21-Sep
248
20
Hög PAX
22-Sep
302
59
Hög PAX
23-Sep
302
59
Hög PAX
24-Sep
302
59
Låg PAX
25-Sep
178
43
Låg PAX
26-Sep
188
43
Låg PAX
27-Sep
208
45
Låg PAX
28-Sep
236
57
Låg PAX
29-Sep
302
57
Låg PAX
30-Sep
302
57
Låg PAX
01-Okt
302
57
Låg PAX
02-Okt
338
125
Hög PIX
03-Okt
276
48
Hög PIX
04-Okt
212
37
Hög PIX
05-Okt
236
26
Hög PIX
06-Okt
276
15
Hög PIX
07-Okt
276
15
Hög PIX
08-Okt
276
15
Låg PIX
09-Okt
192
46
Låg PIX
10-Okt
182
20
Låg PIX
11-Okt
190
33
Låg PIX
12-Okt
260
30
Låg PIX
13-Okt
200
38
69
Låg PIX
14-Okt
200
38
Låg PIX
15-Okt
200
38
Låg poly
16-Okt
124
96
Låg poly
17-Okt
162
101
Låg poly
18-Okt
212
120
Låg poly
19-Okt
214
96
Låg poly
20-Okt
214
96
Låg poly
21-Okt
214
96
Låg poly
22-Okt
214
96
Utan kem
23-Okt
196
104
Utan kem
24-Okt
200
78
Utan kem
25-Okt
166
80
Utan kem
26-Okt
184
82
Utan kem
27-Okt
240
86
Utan kem
28-Okt
240
86
Utan kem
29-Okt
240
86
Hög PAX
30-Okt
230
34
Hög PAX
31-Okt
156
18
Hög PAX
01-Nov
220
21
Hög PAX
07-Nov
198
3
Hög PAX
08-Nov
172
8
Totalt och löst COD
Försöksv. Datum
COD-tot, in (mg/l) COD-tot, ut (mg/l) Löst COD, in (mg/l) Löst COD, ut (mg/l)
Hög PAX 14-Sep
658
117
187
119
Hög PAX 15-Sep
544
113
154
103
Hög PAX 16-Sep
544
113
154
103
Hög PAX 17-Sep
544
113
154
103
Hög PAX 18-Sep
488
102
157
107
Hög PAX 19-Sep
400
109
168
111
Hög PAX 20-Sep
458
79,9
162
94,8
Hög PAX 21-Sep
425
79,1
128
83,1
Hög PAX 22-Sep
500
111
135
76,8
Hög PAX 23-Sep
500
111
135
76,8
Hög PAX 24-Sep
500
111
135
76,8
Låg PAX
25-Sep
336
158
149
114
Låg PAX
26-Sep
353
139
146
97,2
Låg PAX
27-Sep
327
151
191
113
Låg PAX
28-Sep
388
170
159
134
Låg PAX
29-Sep
512
167
186
112
Låg PAX
30-Sep
512
167
186
112
Låg PAX
01-Okt
512
167
186
112
Låg PAX
02-Okt
590
231
174
104
Hög PIX
03-Okt
486
119
197
106
Hög PIX
04-Okt
435
118
189
107
Hög PIX
05-Okt
426
86,3
166
93,3
70
Hög PIX
06-Okt
438
50,1
116
57,6
Hög PIX
07-Okt
438
50,1
116
57,6
Hög PIX
08-Okt
438
50,1
116
57,6
Låg PIX
09-Okt
331
102
131
84,2
Låg PIX
10-Okt
322
86,3
142
85,5
Låg PIX
11-Okt
310
81,7
127
79,9
Låg PIX
12-Okt
333
79,1
173
79,6
Låg PIX
13-Okt
301
67,4
87
53,1
Låg PIX
14-Okt
301
67,4
87
53,1
Låg PIX
15-Okt
301
67,4
87
53,1
Låg poly
16-Okt
219
138
89,6
90,9
Låg poly
17-Okt
294
189
125
91,7
Låg poly
18-Okt
338
225
159
101
Låg poly
19-Okt
347
193
95,1
85,2
Låg poly
20-Okt
347
193
95,1
85,2
Låg poly
21-Okt
347
193
95,1
85,2
Låg poly
22-Okt
347
193
95,1
85,2
Utan kem 23-Okt
300
226
125
140
Utan kem 24-Okt
367
204
121
134
Utan kem 25-Okt
284
212
128
134
Utan kem 26-Okt
308
213
137
141
Utan kem 27-Okt
374
210
106
113
Utan kem 28-Okt
374
210
106
113
Utan kem 29-Okt
374
210
106
113
Hög PAX 30-Okt
303
95,4
133
86,4
Hög PAX 31-Okt
254
68,8
129
86,6
Hög PAX 01-Nov
361
54,7
118
87,9
Hög PAX 07-Nov
286
56,7
116
79,1
Hög PAX 08-Nov
303
51,1
107
70,8
Totalfosfor och PO4-P
Försöksv,
Datum
P-tot, in (mg/l)
P-tot, ut (mg/l)
PO4-P, in (mg/l)
PO4-P, ut (mg/l)
Hög PAX
14-Sep
6,8
1,12
1,73
0,441
Hög PAX
15-Sep
6,54
1,06
1,02
0,296
Hög PAX
16-Sep
6,54
1,06
1,02
0,296
Hög PAX
17-Sep
6,54
1,06
1,02
0,296
Hög PAX
18-Sep
5,9
0,688
1,7
0,354
Hög PAX
19-Sep
5,44
0,918
1,5
0,27
Hög PAX
20-Sep
5,76
0,527
1,36
0,142
Hög PAX
21-Sep
5,3
0,553
1,62
0,193
Hög PAX
22-Sep
6,1
1
1,01
0,049
Hög PAX
23-Sep
6,1
1
1,01
0,049
Hög PAX
24-Sep
6,1
1
1,01
0,049
Låg PAX
25-Sep
4,16
1,77
1,5
0,923
Låg PAX
26-Sep
4,36
1,53
1,42
0,823
Låg PAX
27-Sep
4,57
2,47
1,27
0,874
71
Låg PAX
28-Sep
5,19
2,15
1,58
1,15
Låg PAX
29-Sep
5,25
2,25
1,63
1,25
Låg PAX
30-Sep
5,25
2,25
1,63
1,25
Låg PAX
01-Okt
5,25
2,25
1,63
1,25
Låg PAX
02-Okt
6,8
3,61
0,941
0,909
Hög PIX
03-Okt
5,75
1,29
3,49
0,145
Hög PIX
04-Okt
5,73
0,835
2,94
0,072
Hög PIX
05-Okt
5,45
0,603
2,8
0,076
Hög PIX
06-Okt
5,15
0,297
1,71
0,05
Hög PIX
07-Okt
5,15
0,297
1,71
0,05
Hög PIX
08-Okt
5,15
0,297
1,71
0,05
Låg PIX
09-Okt
3,65
0,834
2,12
0,173
Låg PIX
10-Okt
3,79
0,602
1,4
0,142
Låg PIX
11-Okt
3,89
0,718
1,4
0,113
Låg PIX
12-Okt
3,85
0,49
3,26
0,118
Låg PIX
13-Okt
3,75
0,682
0,675
0,015
Låg PIX
14-Okt
3,75
0,682
0,675
0,015
Låg PIX
15-Okt
3,75
0,682
0,675
0,015
Låg poly
16-Okt
2,88
2,62
1,09
0,141
Låg poly
17-Okt
3,63
2,35
1,34
0,173
Låg poly
18-Okt
4,73
2,54
1,2
0,17
Låg poly
19-Okt
4,65
2,42
0,835
0,044
Låg poly
20-Okt
4,65
2,42
0,835
0,044
Låg poly
21-Okt
4,65
2,42
0,835
0,044
Låg poly
22-Okt
4,65
2,42
0,835
0,044
Utan kem
23-Okt
4,36
3,55
1,27
1,7
Utan kem
24-Okt
4,35
3,3
1,28
1,77
Utan kem
25-Okt
4,66
3,49
1,55
1,81
Utan kem
26-Okt
5,22
3,9
1,64
1,92
Utan kem
27-Okt
5,14
4,05
1,24
1,66
Utan kem
28-Okt
5,14
4,05
1,24
1,66
Utan kem
29-Okt
5,14
4,05
1,24
1,66
Hög PAX
30-Okt
4,65
0,558
1,56
0,058
Hög PAX
31-Okt
3,47
0,285
1,58
0,064
Hög PAX
01-Nov
4,63
0,144
1,42
0,041
Hög PAX
07-Nov
3,82
0,133
1,42
0,054
Hög PAX
08-Nov
4,37
0,175
1,9
0,068
Totalt och löst BOD7
Försöksv, Datum
BOD7-tot,in (mg/l) BOD7-tot, ut (mg/l) Löst BOD7, in (mg/l) Löst BOD7, ut (mg/l)
Låg PAX
02-Okt
171
64
41
43
Hög PIX
08-Okt
173
41
40
28
Låg PIX
15-Okt
140
32
24
17
Låg poly
22-Okt
106
54
18
18
Utan kem 29-Okt
129
71
24
25
Hög PAX 01-Nov
112
20
29
16
72
Hög PAX 08-Nov
102
14
23
14
Totalkväve och NH4-kväve
Försöksv,
Datum
NH4-N, in (mg/l)
NH4-N, ut (mg/l)
N-tot, in (mg/l)
N-tot, ut (mg/l)
Hög PAX
22-Sep
26,3
31,8
43,1
39,1
Hög PAX
23-Sep
26,3
31,8
43,1
39,1
Hög PAX
24-Sep
26,3
31,8
43,1
39,1
Låg PAX
02-Okt
28,8
29
Hög PIX
06-Okt
19,9
21
38
28,6
Hög PIX
07-Okt
19,9
21
38
28,6
Hög PIX
08-Okt
19,9
21
38
28,6
Låg PIX
13-Okt
18,8
21,2
33,48
29,4
Låg PIX
14-Okt
18,8
21,2
33,48
29,4
Låg PIX
15-Okt
18,8
21,2
33,48
29,4
Låg poly
19-Okt
21,7
27,2
35,7
35,4
Låg poly
20-Okt
21,7
27,2
35,7
35,4
Låg poly
21-Okt
21,7
27,2
35,7
35,4
Låg poly
22-Okt
21,7
27,2
35,7
35,4
Utan kem
27-Okt
20
26,8
44,7
40,5
Utan kem
28-Okt
20
26,8
44,7
40,5
Utan kem
29-Okt
20
26,8
44,7
40,5
Hög PAX
01-Nov
20,5
26,3
40,8
32,4
Hög PAX
08-Nov
23,7
24,1
39,9
31,2
GF (Vikt %)
Försöksvecka
Slam
Typ av slam
Datum
Tid TS (Vikt %)
Slam, ut ur filter
25-Sep 11:00
0,34 %
67 %
Hög PAX
Slam, ut ur filter
02-Okt 10:45
0,27 %
67 %
Låg PAX
Slam, ut ur filter
08-Okt 10:50
0,33 %
60 %
Hög PIX
Slam, ut ur filter
15-Okt 11:15
0,33 %
61 %
Låg PIX
Slam, ut ur filter
22-Okt 11:00
0,24 %
60 %
Låg Polymer
Slam, ut ur filter
29-Okt 11:00
0,28 %
74 %
Utan kemikalier
Slam, ut ur filter
01-Nov 12:00
0,39 %
68 %
Hög PAX
Vatten som runnit genom duken
01-Nov 12:00
0,17 %
51 %
Hög PAX
Slam från duk
01-Nov 12:00
5,46 %
80 %
Hög PAX
Slam, ut ur filter
08-Nov 12:45
0,49 %
65 %
Hög PAX
Slam från duk
08-Nov 12:45
5,40 %
76 %
Hög PAX
Slam, ut ur filter
08-Nov 13:30
0,42 %
68 %
Hög PAX
Slam från duk
08-Nov 12:45
5,70 %
76 %
Hög PAX
73

A pilot study of a compact pretreatment process Knislinge final

Transcription

Similar documents

Suite 311, Block A, Glomac Business Centre 10 Jalan SS6/1, Kelana

Classic_Safaris_Full Day

16 November to 15 December 2015

WINDJAMMER BAREFOOT CRUISES

R9008928123 Raaco Dulapuri pentru depozit 928-123

05 FicheTechnique UK

Pig Signallers - National Oilwell Varco

Boar`s Head, Roast Pig, Goose, Turkey

WITH BANAUE RICE TERRACES AND BAGUIO

Suggested Group Activities (Full-Day) Saona Island with Altos de