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DELHI SULTANATE
IMPERIAL ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE
OVERVIEW
• SLAVE DYNASTY
• KHILJI DYNASTY
• TUGHLAQ DYNASTY
• SAYYID DYNASTY
• LODHI DYNASTY
TIMELINE AND SPREAD
SLAVE DYNASTY
• Major developments of Slave Dynasty –
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Qutb Minar
Quwat-ul-islam
Tomb of Iltutmish
Tomb of Balban
QUTUB MINAR
• Starting from its base of 47 ft
(14.3 m) diameter, it tapers to a
width of 9 ft (2.7 m).
• The top storey is approached
by a central spiral staircase
with 360 steps as it stands
today.
• The four balconies projected
out over an elaborate system of
Stalactite-like pendentives.
• The multiple Niches below the
balcony mark the Hindu
carver’s graduation in the art of
non-figurative Islamic carving.
Ceiling
IRON PILLAR
USE OF CALLIGRAPHY
THE ENTRANCE CARVINGS
QUWWAT-UL-ISLAM
 The Qutb complex consists of a mosque and two
minarets enclosed within a series of cloistered precincts.
 Complex measures about 235 m (north-south) by 155 m
(east-west) along the exterior.
 It was entered via four monumental gates along the
north, east and south walls, of which only the southern
gate (Alai Darwaza) remains.
 Quwwat ul Islam Mosque, occupies the southwest corner
of the complex.
ONE OF THE COLUMN
QUWWAT-UL-ISLAM
 A tall screen wall with
pointed archways runs
along the western edge
of the precinct, creating
a qibla wall for the
prayer spaces.
 Also contains several
smaller buildings: the
Tomb of Iltumish, Ala
al-Din Khalji's madrasa,
and the Imam Zamin
Mosque
 The Qutb Minar
(minaret) stands in the
southeastern part of
this enclosure.
TOMB OF ILTUMISH
• Iltutmish managed to build the initial
arch across the right-angular
junction corners of the walls below.
• These arches in turn were covered
with intricate and beautiful Islamic
arabesques delicately sunk both into
sandstone and marble panels.
• Today there’s just a square base of 30
ft (9m) diameter dome having
collapsed long ago.
TOMB OF BALBAN
• Here for the first time a True Arch
was put together (in India) and
bonded on the scientific system
originally formulated by the
Roman engineers.
• For the unobtrusive true arches
built with radiating voussoirs
symbolises the confidence with
the subsequent Islamic dynasties
to continue.
KHILJI DYNASTY
 Ala-ud-din khilji was one of the most prominent
ruler of the dynasty that attracted most of the
Muslim luminaries like Amir Khusaro.
 He inscribed his name as Alexander II in his coins
 His architectural projects reflected his character.
 In his rule, Islamic builders took a definitive step
forward in their art, venturing into many a
grandiose and foolhardy projects.
EXPANSION OF QUWWAT-UL-ISLAM
• While Iltutmish had been content with increasing the
size by three times, Ala-ud-din increased it by more
than six times.
• This was achieved by throwing yet another
asymmetrically arranged cloister around the existing
one.
• In the center of Northern extn. there were
foundations of Alai Minar
• At asymmetrical intervals along the outer walls, it
was proposed to install six gateways.
ALAI DARWAZA
• Alai Darwaza at the Qutb Complex has been built in
red sandstone and marble.
• It has exquisite inlaid marble decorations and latticed
stone screens.
• Displays remarkable artisanship of Turkish and local
artisans who worked on it.
• The main structure of the Alai Darwaza consists of a
single hall 34½ feet on the inside and 56½ feet on the
outside.
• Domed ceiling rises to a height of 47 feet.
JALI WORK
ALAI DARWAZA
• The three doorways on the east, west, and
south are lofty pointed arches, in the shape
of a horseshoe, which rise above the
flanking side bays.
• A series of squinches of pointed shape, one
recessed within the other, in the upper
section of each angle of the hall, changes
the square into an octagon, and then the
octagon into the circle of the dome with an
interweaving sixteen-sided shaft formed by
a bracket at each end of the octagon.
VIEW OF ALAI DARWAZA FROM IMAM
ZAMIN’S TOMB
JAMAT KHANA MASJID
• The first of these large spaces to be
produced by rationally conjoining together
three cubic compartments each with its
own dome , was assembled in the building of
Jamat Khana.
• For the first time, the prosaic liwan is
transformed into one composite rectangular
hall, uninterrupted by columns.
• The three arched openings in the eastern
wall satisfactorily replace the maqsura or
attached screen of arches.
JAMAT KHANA MASJID WITH THE
JAMA MASJID VISIBLE BEHIND
TUGHLAQ DINASTY
• Tomb of Ghias ud din Tughlaq
• Tughlaqabad
• Feroz Shah Kotla
• Khirki Masjid
• Hauz Khas
• Tomb of Telangani
TOMB OF GHIAS-UD-DIN TUGHLAQ
• Buildings were constructed with walls at
75◦ with ground.
• The tomb is connected to the fortress by
a 250 yard (228.6m) long causeway,
built over what at one time must have
been a large sheet of water.
• the tomb has 61ft (20 sqmt) square
base.
• Has arched form of constructing and the
lintel beam method.
TUGHLAQABAD
• The walled city and fort of Tughlaqabad with
its 13 gateways lies east of the Qutab Minar
AND 15 GATES IN THE PAST .The third city of
Delhi, it was built by Ghiyas-ud-din
Tughlaq.Its construction involved a
legendary quarrel with the saint
Nizamuddin, when the Tughlaq ruler took
away the workers the latter wanted for work
on his shrine.
• CONSTRUCTED IN 14TH CENTURY
• PROBABLY CONSTRUCTED IN 6 YRS FROM
1321-1327 NEAR QUTUB BADHARPUR
ROADFOR NEARLY 7KM.
• PURPOSE-DEFENCE MECHANISM AND
IMPOSING CAPITAL.
• OCTAGONAL IN SHAPE AND DIVIDED IN3
SECTION , THE FORTS BUILT MASSESARE
ALMOST 15M HIGH.
RUINS OF THE CITY OF
TUGHLAQABAD
FEROZ SHAH KOTLA
 The city is planned as a slightly
irregular rectangle, half a mile
(800m) long a quarter mile (400m)
wide, defined by moderately
defensive walls.
 The eastern side and longer side are
parallel and face the bank of the
river.
 Main entrance is in the middle of
the side opposite to the river.
 Directly opposite to this was the
Diwan-i-am and just behind was the
Diwan-I-khas.
 The areas of North and South of the
central axis were divided into
smaller rect courtyards which had
water gardens, tanks, barracks,
armoury and servants.
VIEW OF FEROZ SHAH KOTLA
TOMB OF FEROZ SHAH TUGHLAQ
KHIRKI MASJID
• The mosque's interior is divided into a
series of bays by pillars and topped by
individual domes.
• To let enough light in, Junan Shah left
four large openings in the roof besides
building a series of windows in the outer
walls.
• Steps lead up to the mosque's roof, from
where you have an excellent view of the
domes: there would have been 81 in all
but nine have collapsed.
TIERED DOMES OF THE MASJID
HAUZ KHAS
 The madrasa complex measures
76 meters N-S by 138 meters
along the E-W. The six individual
domed pavilions are all
scattered in the gardens of
 The main structure, which
consists of the connected
pavilions and domed towers, is
a single building in the shape of
two arms (or an "L") that run
along the south and east edges
of the reservoir and intersect at
the southeast corner in Firuz
Shah's tomb. the eastern part of
the complex.
 South pavilion - One enters
through a forecourt facing a
two-storied domed tower, of
which the central dome has a
diameter of 6.15 meters.
TOMB OF TELANGANI
• This was the tomb of Firuz Shah’s
Prime Minister, Khan-e-Jahan
Telangani.
• Its square in plan except for the
Sultan Ghari which was octagonal in
plan.
• The spread out base provided by the
surrounding veranda certainly lent
visual credence to the structure.
• Small kiosks are installed along the
base of the dome and the veranda.
SAYYID DYNASTY
 Khizar Khan, the founder of the
Saiyids Dynasty, claimed to be a
descendent of the Prophet of Islam,
Hadrat Muhammad (S. A. W.). Thus
his established rule is known as the
Saiyids Dynasty. Khizar collaborated
with Timur during his invasion on
India. As a reward, on his departure
from the area. When Mahmud Shah,
the last of the Tughlaq rulers, died in
1412, Daullat Khan Lodhi and Khizar
both attempted to occupy the
throne of Delhi. In 1414, Khizar won
the battle and established the rule
of his dynasty in Delhi.
CONCLUSION
The Delhi Sultanate is the only Sultanate to stake a claim to
possessing one of the few female rulers in India, Princess Razia
Sultana (1236-1240). The Sultanate ushered in a period of Indian
cultural renaissance. The resulting "Indo-Muslim" fusion left
lasting monuments in architecture, music, literature, and religion.
The architecture of this period greatly influenced the further
Mughal style to great extents and also succeeded in changing the
face of the city of Delhi.
THANK YOU
• 14SA156-NISHIKESH TATHE
• 14SA163-POOJA GOSWAMI
• 14SA165-PRIYANKA BHANUSHALI
• 14SA177-SHUBHANGI ASNANI