Oct - Dec - Indian Library Association

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ISSN : 2277-5145
A PEER-REVIEWED QUARTERLY JOURNAL
Vol. XLIX
NO. 4
October-December 2013
Founded 1933
INDIAN LIBRARY ASSOCIATION, DELHI
JOURNAL OF INDIAN LIBRARY ASSOCIATION
A Peer-Reviewed Quarterly Journal
Vol. XLIX No. 4 (October-December 2013)
Contents
5
Developing A Depth Classification Scheme For Ayurveda
Mohan Jamdade, Bhausaheb Panage & Vishnu Mugade
14
Information Resources and Services on World Wide Web (WWW) to
Provide an Effective Reference Services: Some Insights
Nalini, J. K.
19
Design and Development of Digital Library at MS Ramaiah Medical
College Library: An Experience
N. Subramanyam And Dr. M. Krishnamurthy
26
Citation Analysis of the Journal 'Library Hi-Tech'
Sudharma Haridasan & Aisha Khan
34
A Bibliometric Outline of Turmeric or Curcuma Longa Research
Dr. A. Thirumagal
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Vol. XLIX No. 4, October-December 2013
2
JOURNAL OF INDIAN LIBRARY ASSOCIATION
(OFFICIAL ORGAN OF INDIAN LIBRARY ASSOCIATION)
VOL. XLIX
OCTOBER-DECEMBER, 2013
No. 4
EDITORIAL BOARD
EDITORIAL
Chief Editor:
Dr. Muttayya Koganuramath
Professor, Centre for Library and
Information Science Central
University of Gujarat
Gandhinagar
Members:
Prof. Jagtar Singh
Deptt. of Lib. & Inf. Sc.
Punjabi University, Patiala (Punjab)
Email: [email protected]
Dr. A.R.D. Prasad
Professor
DRTC, Indian Statistical Institute
8th Mile, Mysore
Mysore Rd., Bangalore 560 059
Prof. Sabahat Hussain
Aligarh Muslim University
Aligarh
Prof. (Mrs) Ashu Shokeen
Kurukshetra University
Kurukshetra (Harayana)
Designing the libraries for research programmes in the knowledge
society is the Hercules task for Library and Information Science
profession. Digital scholarship, the knowhow of digital technologies
and providing information services for ongoing research of the
organization are basic concepts to support research. The libraries and
Information Science professionals have yet to become research
collaborators. The academicians and scientists still in the assumptions
that library services are only supporting systems for their research.
Libraries have to develop integrated library services to new academic
research programmes of the institutions. Library provides subject
librarian services to enhance research programmes. Although subject
liaison librarians have research support services, many research
institutions needed the partners for the research projects.
The character of the global research environment is changing rapidly
and as a result the information disseminators, information organizers,
researchers including publishers are all impacted in significant ways.
I thank the authors of five research papers covered in this issue who have
put in maiden effort. All of them deserve the appreciations and
acknowledgement for providing these articles for the Library and
Information Science professionals. The themes of papers in this issue
collectively are certainly not exhaustive of the scope of the domain of
knowledge support and services for research projects, never the less
papers represent the predominant subjects of current interest to
researchers in the Library and Information Science domain.
Dr. Ramesha
Associate Professor
Dept. of Library & Inf. Sc.
Bangalore University,
Jnanabharathi Campus
BANGALORE - 560 056
E-mail: [email protected]
Prof. Muttayya Koganuramath
Professor
Centre for Library and Information Science
Central University of Gujarat
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JOURNAL OF INDIAN LIBRARY ASSOCIATION 2013, 49(4) 5-13
DEVELOPING A DEPTH CLASSIFICATION SCHEME FOR AYURVEDA
Mohan Jamdade
Department of Library & Information Science,
Bharati Vidyapeeth, Deemed University,
YashwantraoMohite College, Pune 411 038, India.
Bhausaheb Panage
Assistant Librarian, Jaykar Library, Pune University, Pune, India.
Email :[email protected]
Vishnu Mugade
Librarian, BharatiVidyapeeth, Deemed University,
YashwantraoMohite College, Pune 411 038, India.
Email :[email protected]
Abstract
The article narrates the experience of constructing a depth classification scheme for Ayurveda literature by using
Dr.Ranganathan's principle. It also explains the advantages of this method in constructing of classification schemes according to
Dr. Ranganathan's principle for various subjects.
Keywords: Library Classification; Ayurveda Library Classification; Ayurveda Knowledge Classification; Ayurveda
Library; Colon Classification.
INTRODUCTION
From time immemorial this kind of knowledge has been
preserved as a treasure through untiring efforts by several
generations. In fact, the oral knowledge, the knowledge
available on the parchments that can now be digitalized and
stored is really an amazing journey of creation and acquisition
of knowledge.
Instead of mere creation of knowledge and its availability, we
realize the extraordinary importance of scientific
classification of knowledge available in various disciplines,
texts and criticism and the means of research, and the
cooperation we can get in the work of creation of knowledge.
It is through this that the well-known experts in the field of
Library Science, through their study and experience, have put
forth different classification
scheme. In the course of time all these classification scheme
underwent expected changes. Colon classification is one of
such classification scheme. The credit of removing the
weaknesses in the classification schemes available at the
international level, through this medium of classification,
goes to Dr. Ranganathan, who
In the history of the life of human beings, knowledge has
enjoyed unparalleled place of importance. In the whole
history of human race, in different periods of time, knowledge
creation was achieved making use of all visible and invisible
means in the respective periods of time. It is because of this
that creation of knowledge has been achieved in different
periods of time, known as well as unknown, in various
subjects such as literature, science, health, music, society,
administration, system of government, town-planning, etc.
encompassing the whole life. Generally, we can easily
understand that, though the time-span from Greek-Roman
period and in India from the period of creation of literature in
Sanskrit, is one of the periods of the available source of
knowledge; the process of creation of knowledge had begun
hundreds of years even before this, or even from the
beginning of human life itself. From this, it is universally
acknowledged truth that the system of classification came
into being to weave in one strand the depth and extent of this
subject, to have the classification of the creation of knowledge
in this subject scientifically, and through the medium of
research to have again the creation of new knowledge.
5
MOHAN JAMDADE, BHAUSAHEB PANAGE & VISHNU MUGADE
Developed more and more complete and deep system of
classification. Keeping in mind the system of classification in
force in the past, and the possible changes in future, Dr.
Ranganathan has proposed some guiding principles relevant
to the expected integrity in the field of research. In particular,
he has expressed his wish that the original system of
classification should not be distorted by the changes that come
into being or suggested in future.
In view of this, the purpose of this research is to organize
completely the classification of the books on the subject of
Ayurveda, to develop new depth classification scheme going
ahead of the LB-AYURVED Table of classification of the
books on Ayurveda as the reading material which is available
but incomplete, and implement actual system of issue of
books in the library.
(MD), Central of Indian Medicine, New Delhi.
Search at www.ccimindia.org/curriculum ayurveda
final pg sy2009.htm
The sample selection was such, so as to have adequate
representation to Ayuveda literatue. In order to satisfy the
principle of literary warrant the actual micro documents were
analyzed.
Analysis of data
As far as possible the full text of the micro document was read,
so as to have sufficient understanding of the contents.
However, to have wider coverage, some data as collected
from the abstracting sources also. The micro documents were
analyzed by applying following Ranganathan's fundamental
categories.3
(1) Personality (P) : The central point of any subject is
'personality.' This facet is seen at the centre of each
subject and it is from this central point that the branches
of the subject have been created.
(2) Matter (M) : The meaning of this facet is suggested by
Material, substance or anything that is useful. According
to the system of principles of Dr. Ranganathan, the
presentation of this aspect involves the characteristics of
the objects, the characteristics of the human beings, etc.
(3) Energy (E): In this facet there is included any activity
done by human or non-human agents which is physical or
mental, actual or imaginary, intellectual or happening
naturally.
(4) Space (S) : The Space facet includes Geographical
regions. There are in it the Continent, the countries within
it, provinces or states, the districts, talukas, cities and
villages in it and besides the geographical categories
taken into account such as the soil, the hills, the
mountains, planes, oceans, rivers, canals, etc. which are
included in it. All these are included in the Space Facet.
(5) Time (T) : This facet is used to indicate time or period.
For example, the period of a thousand years, a century, a
year, a month and a day, in the same way all seasons,
climate and the difference felt on account of the climate
such as dry, sultry climate and snow-fall or stormy
climate. The predictions of climate are also considered
indicative of Time.
The analysis of facets of Ayurveda subjects is done from the
point of view of these basic aspects, as given below:
Facet is a constituent or a part of every subject. Facet analysis
is the analysis of a subject with reference to the similarities in
it. The analysis of a subject in various facets finally becomes
the cause of the creation of the divisions or sub-divisions of
the concerned subject or it is through the facet analysis of the
subject that the divisions and sub-divisions and the
constituent subjects are formed. The very objective of
DEPTH CLASSIFICATION SCHEME
Depth classification is 'a scheme of classification fitted to
reach co-extensiveness and expressiveness in the
classification of micro thoughts having many rounds and
levels of facets and isolates of high orders in any or all of
them.1
The depth classification scheme was constructed by adopting
blending method suggested by Ranganathan.2 The steps
adopted in constructing the depth classification scheme are:
Understanding the subject
For knowing the highways and byways of Ayurveda a large
number of Indian and foreign documents were browsed and
read.
Identification of the sample population
For constructing the depth classification scheme, 500 assorted
micro documents were analyzed. This was done to have
representative sample and to avoid duplication. Only the
micro documents were analyzed, as they deal with the subject
in depth. A schedule based on micro documents ultimately
proves helpful in classifying macro documents also. The
micro documents analyzed were articles published in various
documents. An illustrative list of the documents from which
the micro documents were analyzed are :
1) 124 Books related to Ayurveda
2) 415 Research Papers related to the Subject of
Ayurveda
3)
4)
5)
6)
Colon Classification, 6th ed. L-Medicine Table
Databases of Medical Subject Headings (MeSh), U.
S. National Library of Medicine Search at
www.nim.nih.gov/mesh/MBrowser.htm/Search on
10th January, 2010-30th May 2011.
Syllabus of Ayurvedacharya (BAMS) Course,
Central Council of Indian Medicine, New Delhi.
Syllabus for Post-Graduate Course in Ayurveda
6
dividing a subject into particular facet is that taking into
account the thorough discussions of the subject and its subtopics, we should be able to arrange the books at a proper place
in the library. Ayurveda is a medicinal science, and according
to the basic principles of the fundamental categories of Dr.
Ranganathan metioned above, the fundamental categories of
the medicinal science are as given below.4
Table No. 4.1
MEDICINE
Organ Facet
(Different parts of
human body are listed)
e.g.
Head
Ear
Eye
Nose
Lung
Etc.
Problem Facet
(Different types of
diseases and other
problems which
might inflict organs
of human body
are listed)
e.g.
Marphology
Physology
Disease
TB Etc.
Out of five fundamental categories of Dr. Ranganathan
namely, Personality, Matter, Energy, Space, and Time; in the
category Personality, Organ Facet, in the Energy category,
Problem and Handling Facet have been transformed. In the
medicinal Science of Ayurveda, to treat the diseases, different
herbs, the matter obtained from animals, from the sea, and
from the earth are brought into use. Therefore all these things
are transformed into the Facet 'Matter'.
Micro documents were analyzed to get isolates going with the
first three facets of the PMEST, i.e. Personality, Matter and
Energy. These three facets always represent special isolates
going with different main classes. The other two facets i.e.
space and time were not considered wile analyzing the micro
documents because their isolates lead to common isolates
going with more than one main class.
Recording of terms
Four by six-inch cards were used to record the results of the
analysis. Each card contained following information:
I. Serial number in the right hand top corner.
II. The subject string or the feature heading: This
included the name of main class, i.e. Ayurveda,
Handling Facet
(Methods of
treatment of
different problems
are listed)
e.g.
Symptams and
diagnosis
Pathology
Therapeutics
X-ray
Electro Therapy Etc.
isolate and speciator terms. The connecting symbols
of the respective facet was used to separate isolates
of each facet, whereas the hyphen (-) and the equal to
(=) punctuations separated the (Sp1) and (Sp2)
respectively.
III. The focus: In this part the bibliographical details of
the micro documents were recorded. This included
name of the author(s) title of the micro document,
host document along with its volume number, issue
number, date and page numbers.
IV. Annotations: Whenever the title failed to express the
subject contents of the micro document an
annotation was added to decipher the subject of the
micro document.
Grouping of Terms
The grouping of isolate terms selected for the Ayurveda
Classification Scheme has been done according to the Facets
such as Personality (Organ Facet), Matter (Matter Facet),
Energy Facet 1 (Problem Facet), and Energy Facet 2
(Handling Facet). For example:
7
Foci in [P]
1 Basic and Regional
11 Cell
12 Tissue
14 Abdomen
15 Thorax
17 Neck
183 Ear
2 Digestive System
3 Circulatory System
4 Respiratory System
5 Genito-urinary System
Foci in [E] cum [2 P]
1 Anatomy
2 Phisiology
3 Disease
41 General
42 Infection
43 Parasite
44 Poison
45 Functional disorder
Arrangement of Isolates:
The isolates of various facets were arranged by applying
Principles of Helpful Sequence. Help of various Devices and
Canons was also taken to arrange the isolates as follows:
Array of Classification Scheme
An array is a “classes derived from a universe on the basis of a
single characteristic at any one step in the progress towards its
complete its complete assortment and arranged in the
preferred sequence.” 5 An array is chronologically arranged
set of divisions or sub-divisions of the similar position making
use of the same characteristics. The chronology of the classes
of the similar positions making use of similar feature is the
organization of an array. The arrangement of an array in the
scheme of Ayurveda Classification is carried out according to
Dr. Ranganathan's canon as given below.
Canon of Exhaustiveness :
This canon is, “The classes in an array of classes and the
ranked isolates in an array of ranked isolates should be totally
exhaustive of their respective common immediate universe.” 6
This means the division of any subject or a class should be
according to some similarity feature in such a way that all the
sub-classes should be included in that class. No sub-class
should be excluded from it. According to this canon while
classifying the subject of human body there is a sub-class as
other schemes. As a result, no sub-class is excluded from the
scheme.
1.
Basic and regional
2.
Digestive System
3.
Circulatory System
4.
Respiratory System
5.
Genito-urinary System
6.
Duckless gland
7.
Nervous System
8.
Other Systems
Foci in [2 E] cum [3 P]
2 Etiology
3 Symptom and Dignosis
4 Pathology
5 Preventive Step
5 Ayurveda Therapeutic
61 Kay-Cikitsa
62 Koumarya Brutya
63 Bhoota Vaidya
Canon of Exclusiveness
This canon is as stated here: “The Classes in an array of
Classes and the ranked isolates in an array of ranked isolates
should be mutually exclusive.”7 This means, the big groups
and classes are divided into smaller sub-classes. At such time
the all the ancillary elements of the bigger class should be
included in any one of the sub-groups. While making a
division, one object or an element should not be included in
two or more sub-groups. The main group has been divided
into sub-groups according to this canon.
Foci in [2 E] cum [3 P]
212
Kshira Varga
(Milk and Milk Products)
2121
Dugdha Varga
(Milk of Various animals)
2122
Ghrita Varga (Ghee)
2123
Takra Varga Buttermilk
2124
Butter
2125
Ghee
Canon of helpful sequence :
This canon states that “the sequence of the classes in an array
of classes, and of the ranked isolates, should be helpful to
those for whom it is intended.” 8 This canon says that the
chronology of the classes in an array should be helpful. While
doing classification according to this canon, Dr. Ranganathan
has referred to the following principles:
Principle of Later in time :
“If the subjects in an array of subjects or the isolates in an
array of isolates have originated in different times, they
should be arranged in a parallel progressive time sequence,
except when any overwhelming consideration rules it out.”9
We can say that if the sub-topics or the sub-elements in the
array of any subject have been created in different periods of
8
time and if no other chronology is helpful, they should be
arranged according to the chronology in time. Making use of
this canon, the sub-topics in the subject Vyaktigata Swastha
have been classified as given below:
Foci in [E] cum [2p]
51
Vyaktigata Swastha
511
Dinacharya
512
Ratricharya
513
Ritucharya
5131
Dewy Season
5132
Spring Season
5133
Summer Season
5134
Raining Season
5135
Beginning Season
5136
Winter Season
Principle of Bottom Upwards:
“If the subjects in an array of subjects or isolates in an array of
isolates can be conveniently taken to occur along a vertical
line, they may be arranged from bottom upward, if it is
helpful.”10 According this principle, the limbs of the human
body have been classified as given below:
Foci in [P]
8
Other Systems
82
Bone
83
Muscle
86
Connective tissue
87
Skin
Chain of Classes in Classification Scheme
The chain can be defined in the following manner.
“A Sequence of Classes made up of any given class and its
universe of Remove 1, Remove 2, Remove 3, etc., carried
backwards to any point desired.”12 The sequence of any class
divided by stages and the classes created
From division of collection of classes are sub-classes. To
create a chain of classes the following formulas were taken as
the base:
Decreasing extension: “While moving down a chain from its
first link to its last, the extension of the classes or of the ranked
isolates, as the case may be, should decrease and the intension
should increase at each step.” 13 From the first link in the chain
to the last link, the extension of the classes or the ranked
isolates as it is, should be in a descending order and after each
step intension should increase. Taking this Canon as the basis,
a chain of classes was created: For example:
Foci in [E] cum [2p]
44
Poison
441
corrosive Poison
4411
Acids
44111
Mineral Acids
Foci in [P]13 Lower extremity
131
Toe
132
Foot
133
Ankle
134
Leg
135
Knee
136
Thigh
137
Pelvic region
14
Abdomen
15
Thorax
16
Upper extremity
17
Neck
Canon of Modulation: The original Canon is : “A chain of
classes or of ranked isolates should comprise one class or one
ranked isolates, as the case may be of each and every order that
lies between the orders of the first link and the last link of the
chain.” 14
In the chain of classes from the first to the last link, at one
level, there should be only one class. This canon means that in
one chain there are many links. All the links in the chain from
the first to the last should be included in the classification
scheme, and they should be identifiable. A chain has been
created according to this canon. According to example given
above, the first link is Poison, and the last link is Mineral
Acids. If anyone link in the middle is omitted, the canon of
chronology is violated.
Hospitality in Chain : This canon of hospitality in Chain
suggests that, “A chain of numbers contains a succession of
subordinate numbers beginning with the number representing
the whole universe of entities. It will have to show its
hospitality to a new comer by accommodating it only either at
18
Head
Extrapolation in Array :
“An array of class numbers or of isolate numbers should admit
of any number of new co-ordinate numbers being added at the
beginning and at the end of the array.”11 This formula of
extrapolation suggests that the inclusion in the class-number
array or in the array of sub-topics of the newly created
numbers at the same position should be done at any place. To
be able to make use of this canon, the device of empty places
has been used as given below.
9
the end or between any two consecutive successions of
subordinate numbers, for a subordinate number cannot
obviously be accommodated above the number at the top
which is the largest in the chain” 15 To achieve this purpose,
this canon has been used in the scheme of classification. For
this the device of empty places has been used as given below:
Foci in [P]
83
Muscle
86
Connective tissue
861
Connective tissue proper
8611
Lining membrane
86111 Serous
86112 Synovial
86113 Mucous
8613
Protecting brine
8614
Basement
8615
Reticular tissue
8616
Ligament
8617
Tendon
866
Cartilage
87
Skin
871
Epidermis
872
Corium
875
Pigment
Facet Sequence in Classification Scheme:
It is necessary to create one well-organized chronology of
facets to put a particular book at a particular place by
collecting together the facets of the concerned subject or by
synthesis of the facets, to make it available to the readers
according to their demand, because, it is not possible to have
Synthesis of the facets without such chronology. For this, it is
necessary to decide the chronology of the facets. To decide the
chronology of the facets in the Ayurveda Classification
Scheme and to form suitable and logical chain in it, Dr.
Ranganathan's basic postulate of chronology, postulate about
the round, and of level have been used as stated below :
Postulate of First Facet : “In a Compound Subject, the Basic
Facet should be the first facet.” 16 It briefly means the first facet
should be of the main class or the original subject. Even if it is
not mentioned in the title of the book, it should be included in
it. For example, in the subject 'Kaya cikitsa' there is no
mention of the original subject. Its original subject is
Ayurveda. It should be searched and stated.
Postulate of Chronology: This postulate is defined as : “The
five fundamental categories fall into the following sequence,
when arranged according to their decreasing concreteness : P,
M, E, S, T.”17 It is according to this postulate that the
chronology of the facets in Ayurveda has been arranged.
The Postulate of the Round : If we feel the existence of one
facet [i.e. Personality (P), Material (M), Energy (E)] second
time, which means if it appears many times, then the
chronology of the facet has to be decided. For example, in the
diagnosis of the old people and their treatment, there is the
facet of Energy. It appears in the subject of the book more than
once, then the postulate that we need to decide in what order
these sub-elements are to be shown, that postulate is called the
postulate related to Energy. It is defined as, “the fundamental
category “Energy” may manifest itself in one and the same
subject more than once. The first manifestation is taken to end
round 1 of the manifestation of the three fundamental
categories “Personality”, “Matter”, and “Energy”. The
second manifestation is taken to end Round 2, and so on.”18
In the above example, the Energy Facet has appeared twice.
Unless the disease is diagnosed, treatment cannot be done. As
a result, in this example, according to this postulate, the first
round of the Energy Facet is the diagnosis of the disease, and
the second round is the treatment.
The Postulate related to the Subject of Level: According
the postulate of Rounds for Personality and Matter, “Each of
the fundamental categories “Personality” and “Matter” may
manifest itself in Round 1, Round 2, and so on”19 After
deciding the order of the facets, it is necessary to have the
information about the phase relations of two or more than two
times within a subject, within facets or within the array.
Phase Relation of Classification Scheme:
In the library, books arrive according to the fundamental or
basic subjects, compound or complex subjects and of the
subjects having different sub-topics. 1) The Basic Subject is
“a subject without any isolate idea as a component.”20 For
example are Science of Medicine, Mathematics, and
Economics. 2) A compound subject is “a subject with a, and
one or more isolate idea / ideas as components.” 21 For
examples are herbs with flowers, Botany Basic subject, herbs
with flowers sub-elements or topic. 3) Complex subject
means is “a subject; formed by coupling two subjects; basic or
compound. The exposition of the first is in some way limited
by the second.”22 For example, Psychology of the Nurses,
Psychology and Nurses.
It is considered very necessary to arrange such subjects in the
library and accept new technique to make the books available
to the readers according to their demands. Facet analysis and
Synthesis is one of these technical systems. Where, in a
subject, two basic subjects and many related subjects are
brought together, their classification is done using a technique
of Facet analysis and Synthesis. This technique is called Phase
analysis and Synthesis technique. The phase analysis of the
subjects in Ayurveda suggested by Dr. Ranganathan and
accepted here for the above-mentioned subjects are given
below.23
10
Table No. 4.1
Phase, Intra Facet, and Intra Array Relation
Intra - Array
t
u
v
w
y
Phase
a
b
c
d
g
Intra –Facet
J
K
M
N
R
General Phase: The phase relations between two or more
subjects, within a facet or within an array are of general
nature. This and the phase relation between the primary and
secondary phases, which is faint or absolute is manifested
through the general phase relation. The chronology of phase
relations is according to the order of the subject or classnumber in any table of library classification scheme, for
example, Relation between Anatomy and Physiology. Since
in Ayurveda Classification Scheme, Anatomy occurs before
physiology their phases have to be ordered in the same way,
for example: Ayurveda, Anatomy, Physiology LB : 2 & j6.
Bias Phase : The relation of bias between two subjects is very
characteristic. While we are clarifying the first subject, its bias
towards the other subject emerges clearly. This means, the
presentation of the first subject is concerned with relating the
needs of the subject-experts such as selection of the subject,
presentation, the style of narrating, or takes into account the
needs of the subject-experts. Out of this, the first phase is the
biased phase while the second one is causing the bias. The
inevitable order of these two phases means the presentation of
the subject and after this there is clear mention of the experts
for whom this is written.
Comparison Phase : In this kind of phase relation, there is a
comparison between two subjects that have occurred together,
for example, comparison between Morphology and
Physiology according to Ayurveda (Phase within the facet)
Class Number LB : 2 & 3.
Difference Phase : When in a book there is difference shown
between two subjects, that phase relation is called the
Difference Phase. For example, difference between
Morphology and Physiology according in Ayurveda. (The
phase within a facet) Class Number : LB : 2 & n3.
Influence Phase : When in a book there is an influence of one
or more phases, those phases are called Influence Phases.
Assigning Notations of Classification Scheme:
The present depth classification scheme was constructed as an
extension of Ayurveda class 'LB' in the Sixth edition of Colon
Classification. 24 As such the notational system of CC was
adopted in the present depth classification scheme. Notations
Nature of Relation
General
Bias
Comparison
Difference
Influencing
to the ranked isolates and speciators available and the
frequency of occurrence of isolates and speciators.
Common Isolates in Classification Scheme:
All Classification Schemes of books have recognized the need
of common isolates and have prepared their independent list.
These Isolates are not only similar in the context of all subjects
but they are also of different kinds. The credit of identifying
these Isolates making use of them first in the classification
scheme goes to Melvil Dewey. “In the second edition of DDC
(1885) Dewey introduced the concept of “form divisions” for
the extension as well as the synthesis of classes.” 25 From that
time onward, this concept of common Isolates has undergone
many changes. Dr. Ranganathan extended the use of this
concept of Common Isolates.
Dr. Ranganathan defines Common Isolates as : “Each Isolate
in each such family is called a common isolate.”26 Common
Isolate is one kind of sub-system. Wherever this isolate occurs
in the catalogue of classification, there the same term is used
for it and the same number.
As explained in the Decimal Classification Scheme, “the
isolate occurring again and again in many subjects is the
common isolate which can be presented in many ways. That
subject can be presented as an outline, as history, a
philosophical axiom or dictionary or encyclopedia in any
way. Similarly, it can be presented in the form of how a
particular subject is to be taught or studied. So the common
isolate means the kinds of presenting a particular subject.”27
While making classification a number of concepts occur again
and again, and they appear in many subjects. For example,
reports of the meetings, periodicals, dictionary, encyclopedia,
the reports of meetings and gatherings, which are generally
called external isolates.
In the same way, the point of view adopted to understand the
internal nature, for example, teaching or learning a particular
subject, history, biography, a number of such subjects of
understanding. To understand a subject it is presented in a
particular way. These kinds are known as the internal isolates.
Some subjects are written keeping in mind the space and time,
11
for example, the history of the times of Shivaji. These are the
contexts of Space and Time. In brief, along with the contexts
of external and internal nature, the contexts of Space and Time
are also considered to be the main parts of the presentation of
all subjects. That is why in the whole system of book
classification these kinds appear to have occurred again and
again.28
These concepts, which occur again and again in the book
classification system, are Standardized and the list of these
isolates given in the index only once. As a result, the unlimited
increase in the pages of the index of the book-classification is
controlled; and the many pages are saved. These isolates are
easy to remember, because these isolates can be remembered
on account of their common notations.
The properties of such common isolates can be stated as
under.29
1.
Use of the same terms.
2.
Use of the same notations.
3.
Attachable to any class
4.
Attached with the same connecting symbols.
5.
Have a separate schedule
6.
Either represents external form of book other than
the book in general or represents any form of book
other than the book in general or may represent both
at a time.
7.
They are distinguished from general book on the
subject.
For the bibliography of the common isolates necessary for the
scheme of classification created for Ayurveda, the
bibliography suggested by Dr. Ranganathan for the common
isolates has been accepted.30
Geographical Isolates in Classification Scheme:
The class-numbers based on Geographical background
cannot be completed without joining the number space. For
example, the Synopsis of Ayurveda in India; the Ayurveda
education in China in each such title of the book/subject the
mentioning of the geographical region is important, because,
otherwise, the concerned class-number would remain
incomplete. For the index of the Space Division necessary for
the Ayurveda Classification Scheme, the Space Index in Dr.
Ranganathan's Colon Classification Scheme has been
accepted.31
Time Isolates in Ayurveda Classification Scheme:
The class-numbers of such subjects according to Time cannot
be complete without joining the Time Isolates. For example,
in each book title/subject such as the Report of Ayurveda
Education in India since 1950, or History of Ancient
Ayurveda, the mentioning of Time is important because,
without it the concerned class-number would remain
incomplete. Therefore, the Time Isolates necessary for
Ayurveda Classification Scheme the Time Isolate in Dr.
Ranganathan's Colon Classification Scheme has been
accepted.32
Language Isolates in Classification Scheme:
All the literature related to Ayurveda is available in the
languages in the continent of Asia, and especially in all the
languages in India. Therefore while classifying the books, it is
necessary to think of the language used in the book. So, for the
classification system created for Ayurveda, there is need of a
section of language. The language section suggested by Dr.
Ranganathan within the Colon Classification Scheme has
been accepted for Ayurveda Classification Scheme.33
E VA L U A T I O N O F T H E D E P T H
CLASSIFICATION SCHEME:
To examine the utility of Ayurveda Classification Scheme, its
evaluation was carried out. For this, terms were selected for
classification out of titles of 124 books and 415 Research
Papers. These selected terms and their facets were searched
through the index, and with the help of the catalogue of
classification the class-numbers were prepared, and the
reading material in the cupboard was arranged according to it.
CONCLUSION:
The researcher has drawn the following conclusions about the
depth classification scheme created for Ayurveda, making use
of the scientific research methodology suggested by Dr.
Ranganathan. The classification of the written and unwritten
Reading material in the libraries is an ever new subject of
study in the sphere of library research. In the present article,
there is reality-based discussion of this nature and the range of
this subject, according to the discipline of the study and that of
the Library Science.
Ahead of the classification text of LB-AYURVEDA, which is
included in the Colon Classification's 6th edition, effort has
been made to make arrangement of the sub-elements in the
subject of Ayurveda, with the help of classification scheme
created for Ayurveda. The research section of the Library
Science and its dynamism always expects newly developed
systems of classification, but while doing this, it is seriously
kept in mind that the original structure of the systems or the
well-recognized plan of the Library Science is not harmed.
On the other hand, the new classification system necessary
for Ayurveda discipline, the classification of its books has
been put forward very carefully keeping in mind the holiness
and purity of the recognized systems of classification.
You are already familiar with the fact that the philosophical
and scientific study of Library Science is found in the book
'Prolegomena to Library Classification' by Dr. Ranganathan,
12
who is the father of the Colon Classification system, and
enjoys very important place in the field of Library Science. In
the Colon classification system, there are some guiding
principles and scientific methods keeping in mind the
changes expected in future.
Colon classification system is a facet-based system of
classification and it is based on the basic principles of library
classification explained by Dr. Ranganathan. Colon
classification system is an excellent example of the system
created following scientific methodology. In future, the new
subjects can be included in it without breaking the original
plan of the system that is why it has become possible to
develop a system of classification for Ayurveda based on it.
On account of the System of Notation in the Colon
Classification, it has become possible to include newly
created subjects or the compound subjects in the places where
they are related to the original subject. In the Ayurveda
classification system based on the Colon Classification, there
is classification made of the special sub-sections as well as
general sub-sections, and a list has been given of the special
sections in the main subject. These sub-sections can be
arranged according to the recurring rounds and levels of the
basic elements. While creating class-number of the special
elements, the number indicating the original subject is to be
used as the indicating number. The general sub-sections are
joined where necessary.
In the classification system created for Ayurveda, every term
is given in two languages, English and Marathi.
Consequently, the classification system created is a
multilingual classification system.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
Ibid. p.184
Ibid. p. 197
Ibid. p. 311
Ibid. p. 63
Ibid. p. 174
Ibid. p. 176
Ibid. p. 318
Ibid. p. 412
Ibid
Ibid. p.410
Ibid. p. 399-410
Husain Shahabad, Library Classification Facets and
Analyses. (Tata McGraw Hill; Delhi), 1993, p.62.
21. Ibid.
22. Ibid
23. Ranganathan S.R, Colon Classification, 6th edn (Sarada
Ranganathan Endowment for Library Science;
Bangalore)1960.
24. Ibid
25. Kumar Krishan, Theory of Classification, 4th edn (Vikas
Publishing House; New Delhi), 1979, p.273
Bangalore) 1960, p.93.
27. Dewey M, Dewey Decimal Classification, ( Joan S.
Mitchell, Ublin, Ohio), 2003. p. xxiii
Bangalore) 1960, p.1.43
29. Shah L, Uniform Form Divisions (Common Isolates) for
Digital Environment, A Proposal, World Library and
Information Congress : 72nd IFLA General Conference
and Council, Seoul, Korea. pp.4
Retrieved from at
http://archive.ifla.org/IV/ifla72/papers/136Shah_Kumar-en.pdf
References:
1.
Kumbhar Rajendra, Speciator based faceted depth
classification's application in thesaurus construction,
Annals of Library and Information Studies, 52(1),
(2005) 15-24.
2.
Kumar Krishan, Theory of Classification, 4th edn (Vikas
Publishing House; New Delhi), 1979, p.475-489.
Ranganathan S.R., Prolegomena to Library
Classification, (Sarada Ranganathan Endowment for
Library Science, Bangalore) 1994, p. 399-401
Ibid. P.46
Ibid. p.61
Ibid. p.158
Ibid. p.160
Ibid. p. 163
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Bangalore) 1960, p. 2.5-2.6
31. Ibid. 2.8-2.17
32. Ibid.
33. Ibid. 2.26-2.27
13
Information Resources and Services on World Wide Web (WWW) to Provide an
Effective Reference Services: Some Insights
Nalini, J. K.
Librarian, Gujarat State Petroleum Corporation Ltd,
GSPC Bhavan, B/h Udyog Bhavan, Sector-11, Gandhinagar 382010.
[email protected]
Abstract
Conventionally, information need of library users is satisfied with the help of various reference documents. Due to lack
of storage space and funds, resources are always limited and insufficient for the Libraries to satisfy their user's needs. There are
many websites available freely on INTERNET. Depending upon the user's requirement, a Library can cater their “Reference
Service”, using these websites. Thus, with the help of INTERNET, “Reference Service” can be provided more effectively.
Keywords : Reference Service, Library Services, Internet
According to ALA glossary of library terms, “Reference
Service” is that phase of library work which is directly
concerned with assistance to readers in securing information
and in using the resources of the library in study and research.
Dr Ranganathan defines “Reference Services” as Personal
service to each reader in helping him to find the documents
answering his interest at the moment pin-pointedly,
exhaustively and expeditiously. It is also to provide the right
book / information for the right user, in the right way and at the
right time, in the right personal way. Thus, “Reference
Service” is not just answering questions posed by reader, but
also about the maintenance of the resource banks from which
answers to questions are provided or materials needed by
users are made available. [1]
INTERNET: AN OVERVIEW
INTERNET is a global data communication system in which
two computers are linked with hardware and software.
“World Wide Web” is one of the services in which documents,
images and other resources are linked by hyperlinks and
URLs via INTERNET. Thus, information can be collected
from any computer, sitting in any corner of the world with lot
of flexibility and convenience of time and place. Methods to
use INTERNET include dial-up, landline, broadband, fibreoptic, satellite, wi-fi, cell-phone with 3-G technology, etc.
English is the most popular language on INTERNET but with
the help of UNICODE, information is available in many
languages of the world, including Indian languages. [2]
“Search Engine” and 'Wikipedia' are the most useful tools
available on INTERNET. “Search Engine” is specially
designed to facilitate searching information on “World Wide
Web”. Website of any institute, place, personality, event,
INTRODUCTION
The major categories of Library users can be students,
teachers, researchers, writers, planners, policy makers,
professionals, entrepreneurs, industrialists, bureaucrats,
children, housewives, senior citizens and general public. The
demand of information by each of them may vary according to
their specific requirement. Information on fact finding nature
can be fulfilled easily with the help of conventional reference
sources. But information on events and activities on specific
subject requires more time. To satisfy information needs of
users, type of documents to be referred include books,
textbooks, newspapers, magazines, general / subject
encyclopedias, language / subject dictionaries, thesaurus,
maps, atlas, directories, biographies, monographs, manuals,
handbooks, conversion tables, year-books, record-books,
current awareness bulletins, indexing and abstracting tools,
conference proceedings, bibliographies, government
documents, reports, standards, annual reports, trade and
market literature, audio-visual materials, etc. Traditionally,
following are the services provided by Libraries:
1. Literature Search
2. Newspaper Clipping
3. Current Awareness
4. Reference Service
5. Selective Dissemination of Information
6. Abstracting and Indexing
7. Reprography
8. Translation
REFERENCE SERVICE:
14
NALINI, J. K.
document or any topic can be searched with the help of a
“Search Engine”. There are many “Search Engines” like
'Google' [3], 'Yahoo' [4], 'Ask' [5], 'Hotbot' [6], 'Bing' [7],
'Khoj' [8], 'Guruji' [9], etc. A comprehensive list of “Search
Engines” is available on 'Search Engine List' [10]. 'Google' is
the most popular “Search Engine” among all. Detailed
information on any topic can be searched on 'Wikipedia'.
Depending upon the user requirement for a “Document” or
“Information” on a subject, following are some of the
examples in which a Library can cater their “Reference
Service”, using various websites available freely on
INTERNET
be subscribed by doing simple registration and creating an
account on their website. 'Webdunia', 'Dainik Bhaskar', 'Hindi
Nest', 'Bharat Darshan', 'Jagran', '123 India' and 'Sify', are
web-magazines, where information on almost all topics like
news, sports, entertainment, bollywood, stories, poems,
jokes, recipes, health, decoration, astrology, business, travel,
zodiac sign foretelling, religion, etc is available.
Encyclopedia / Dictionary / Thesaurus / Translation:
'Wikipedia', 'Britannica', 'Encyclopedia', 'Infoplease', 'The
Free Dictionary' and '4to40', are some of the websites on
which encyclopedia is available. 'Wikipedia' is an open
encyclopedia, where articles on literature, arts, geography,
science, tourism, India, etc is available in many Indian
languages also. '4to40' is a children's encyclopedia, where
information on cars, birds, animals, reptiles, insects, flowers,
etc is available. On 'Alphadictionary' and 'Shabdkosh', many
Indian language dictionaries are available. On
'Alphadictionary', many foreign language dictionaries are
also available. On 'Dictionary', 'Webster', 'Oxford
Dictionaries', 'Free Dictionary', 'Britannica', 'Encyclopedia',
'Infoplease', 'The Free Dictionary', thesaurus and dictionary is
available. Live service for translation and dictionary, in many
languages is available on 'Google' and 'Tamilcube'. Where
translation can be done from English to any Indian language
and vice-versa. For translation of Indian language words,
keyboard of that language is available on the website. Also,
there is a facility to type them phonetically in English as per
their pronunciation.
Maps / Atlas:
Any place can be searched on 'Google Maps', 'Yahoo Maps',
'Wikimapia', 'Nokia Maps', 'National Geographic', 'Map My
India', 'Maps of India' and 'Bing Maps for India'. These
websites help in finding map, route and distance between two
places. Flags and maps of all the countries are available on
'World Flags', 'Flagpedia', 'Wavenet' and 'World Atlas'.
Directory
'India Mart', 'Fundoo Data', 'VCS Data', 'Indian Yellow Pages',
'Companies India', 'List of Companies', 'Easy2Source', 'EExporter India', 'E-India Business', 'Vanik', 'India Trade Zone',
'Jim Trade', 'Indian Business Directory', 'Yalwa', 'One India',
'Trade Get', 'Trade India', 'Made From India', 'Infobanc',
'Locate India', ' Indiacon', 'Seek and Source', 'E-World Trade
Fair', 'Get It', 'La Trades', 'Waterfry', 'BigBoss4You',
'Kompass', 'Zip Leaf', 'Hindustan Markets', 'Info is Info',
'Cylex', 'E-Suppliers India', 'Bizz Duniya', are some websites
of business directory, where product-wise list of suppliers,
companies, service providers and importers / exporters is
available. There are many business-directories and yellow
pages' websites for various states, which can be searched
using 'Google'. On website of 'BSNL', link to state's telephone
directory, list of STD and ISD codes is available.
Documents
Books
Most of the libraries are getting automated and making their
books' database available on their website. Any book
requirement of a user can be searched from these websites or
“Union Catalogue”, prepared by 'INFLIBNET'. The library
contact details where the required book is found available can
be either provided to the user or emailed for Inter Library
Loan. Many books / documents are available in PDF format
on 'Find PDF'. If user requirement is for buying the book, then
the bibliographic details and price can be searched on
'Amazon', 'Vedams Books', 'India Plaza', 'Rediff Books',
'Flipkart', 'Innomart', 'Buy Sell Old Books', 'Book Finder', and
Publisher's website. E-books can be purchased on 'eBooks'
and 'India eBooks'.
Newspapers:
Newspaper is the most popular type of document and is read
by almost all categories of Library users. All the leading
newspapers like 'Times of India', 'Indian Express', 'Hindustan
Times', 'Economic Times', 'Financial Express', 'Business
Standard', 'Hindu', etc are available on INTERNET. As
compared to the printed newspaper, news is available faster
on their website. Almost all newspapers have facility of 'EPaper' on their website, with various city editions. Their old
issues can be read by clicking on their “Archives Section”.
This facility saves time on searching articles and xeroxing
them is not required. Any Indian language newspaper can be
searched using 'Indiapress' or directly from 'Google'. On
'Indianpress' language-wise, state-wise and city-wise list of
newspapers published is available. Popular TV news channels
like 'DD News', 'Aaj Tak', 'Zee News', 'India TV', 'News-24',
'Network-18', 'NDTV', 'BBC', 'CNN-IBN', etc also have their
website, where on-line news is available.
4.3. Magazines
For general reading, magazines are the next popular
documents among the users. Websites of some magazines like
'India Today', 'Outlook', 'Womansera', 'Grihashobha', 'Travel
Torch', 'Safari', are available on INTERNET. There are
several e-magazines available free on INTERNET, which can
15
Information Resources and Services on World Wide Web...
stories / comics, play educational games, solve puzzles, do
various activities, experiments and projects, colour drawing
pages, and many more on these websites.
Education:
Websites of many schools, colleges and universities is
available on INTERNET. They can be searched using
'Google'. Such institutional websites provide information
about academic calendar, notices, scholarships, question
banks, results, syllabus, exams, affiliated colleges,
competitive / entrance exams, hostels, etc. Syllabus and books
of all subjects for class IXII is available on 'NCERT' website.
University and College details can be searched on websites
like 'UGC', 'Indian Colleges Directory', 'India Study Center',
'University Directory', 'Study Bot' and 'My College'.
Employment
For searching jobs, there are various websites like 'Indian
Government Jobs', 'Employment News', 'Naukri' and 'Times
Jobs'. Information on employment, self-employment, labour
law and various government welfare and insurance schemes
can be searched on the respective state government website,
using 'Google'.
General Knowledge for Competitive Exams
'India Bix', 'Online GK', 'Online GK Guide', 'Jagran Josh',
'General Knowledge Today', 'Win Entrance', 'Current GK',
'SYVUM', 'Competition Master', 'QuizNEarn', 'World
General Knowledge', 'Indian Freedom Fighters', 'Cultural
India', 'India Online Pages', 'Info2India', 'UPSC', 'One Stop
IAS', are some of the websites, where information on general
knowledge, objective test, quiz, etc is available, which is
useful for preparing competitive entrance exams and
professional interviews.
Government Websites:
'India' is the National Portal of India, designed and maintained
by National Informatics Centre (NIC New Delhi). It is a
single window access to information and services being
provided by the various Indian Government entities. The
content on this Portal is the result of a collaborative effort of
various Indian Government Ministries and Departments, at
the Central / State / District level under the National EGovernance Plan. 'Cyber Journalist', 'Surf India', 'Maza India',
'Indian Parliament', are some of the websites, which give links
to the website of various Government bodies. 'Indian
Government Website' and 'Right to Information', give links to
information, which is useful for everyone's social and
personal uplift. 'Tenders India' is the central source for
Government and Public Sector Procurement / Tenders /
Notifications issued by the Central and State Governments
and other public bodies across India for goods, services and
works. 'Income Tax', 'Passport & Visa' and 'Copyright'
websites give all the information useful for tax-payers,
passport / visa seekers and copyright respectively. Any other
Conversion Tables:
'Infoplease', 'Online Conversion', 'Convert Me', 'Taylormade',
'CSG Network', 'ASCII Codes', 'Smart Conversion',
'Conversion Tables', 'Easy Calculation', 'X-Rates', 'Metric
Conversions', 'Measure Converter', 'Digital Dutch', 'Convert
It', 'AMA Manual', 'Math2', 'ASCII Table', 'Unit Conversion',
'SI Metric', 'Eng Net', are some of the websites, which help in
converting length, area, volume, force, weight, speed, energy,
power, pressure, time, temperature, currency, ASCII codes,
etc from one unit to another and also provide their formulae.
Record / Year Book
Information about international records is available on
'Guinness Book of World Records'. Category-wise records set
in India can be searched on 'India Book of Records'. 'AsiaPacific Statistical Yearbook' and 'India Yearbook' are
available in PDF format on their website.
Biography / Autobiography
Wikipedia', 'Infoplease', 'Nobel Prize', 'Bio', 'World of
Science', 'Biography Online', 'Free India', 'S9', 'Literature
Network', 'Biography Base', are some of the websites, where
biography of famous leaders, sportsmen, scientists,
politicians, authors, artists, etc is available. Autobiography of
a celebrity can be searched using 'Google'.
Photograph / Pictures
Pictorial requirement of users on any topic can be searched on
'Google Imagaes'. The searched photographs or pictures can
help them in making projects, presentations and writing
articles.
Annual / Financial Reports
By finding website of required company / institute name using
'Google', their Annual and Financial Audit Reports can be
searched on their website.
Information
Astrology
Information on zodiac signs, foretelling, numerology, tarot,
etc is available on 'Astrology', 'Astroyogi', 'Webdunia' and
'Wikipedia'. Horoscope can be also prepared on 'Webdunia',
by entering information about birth time, date and place.
Children's Websites
'Children', 'Yahoo Kids', '4to40', 'Fact Monster', 'World of
Science', 'Pitara', 'Kids Know It', 'National Geographic Kids',
'Learn4Good', 'Chandamama', 'Indian Child', 'Kids Health',
'Weather Wiz Kids', 'Kids Geo', 'Kids Astromnomy',
'Enchanted Learning', 'Fun Brain', 'Fun School', 'Learning
Games', 'Kidz Page', 'Play Kids Games', 'Knowledge
Adventure', 'Star Child', 'English for Children', 'Soft Schools',
'Cookie', 'Play Learn India', etc, are some of the websites for
children of all ages. Children can learn their formal school
education topics with interesting play-way method, read
16
NALINI, J. K.
Government website can be searched using 'Google'.
Health:
Information on healthy living, fitness, nutrition, diet,
prevention, first-aid, children's health, parenting, hygiene,
etc, is available on 'Healthy India', 'Health Me Up', 'India
Development Gateway', 'Women Health Care' and 'Indian
Women's Health'. Information about a disease can be searched
on 'Wikipedia'. 'Vaccine India', provides, information about
infectious disease, immunisation and vaccine schedule. On
'Life Positive' information about holistic health, alternate
therapies and their practitioners is available, that helps to
maintain balance between, mind, body and spirit. Information
about yogasanas is available on 'Santosha', 'World Yoga
Society', and 'Hindu Universe'. Information on seminars,
academic / training programmes, etc conducted by 'Public
Health Foundation' and 'WHO India' can be collected from
their websites. Information about state policies and schemes
for healthy life, children and women health, vaccinations and
diseases, etc, can be searched on the respective state
government website, using 'Google'.
Indian Arts, Culture and Heritage:
Information on heritage sites in India is available on
'Wikipedia'. 'India', 'Visit Indya', 'Indian Mirror', 'Journey
Mart', 'Culturopedia', 'India Heritage', 'India Picks',
'UNESCO World Heritage Centre', 'India Netzone', etc are
some of the websites which give information about Indian
Arts, Culture and Heritage. 'Craftretrieval' and 'Craft and
Artisans' gives information about languishing as well as
nearly extinct, traditional crafts and textiles of India. 'Ministry
of Culture' gives information useful to cultural organizations,
groups and individuals for creating infrastructure, conducting
training programme, seminar, workshop, perform cultural
programme, fellowship, award, set-up museum, preservation
of cultural heritage, publication and publication event, etc.
'Indian Council for Cultural Relations' gives information
about policies pertaining to India's external cultural relations
and cultural exchange programmes with other countries. 'Lalit
Kala Academy' gives information about promotion of creative
arts and activities related to it. Website of 'Indira Gandhi
National Centre for Arts' is useful to research scholars in Arts.
Recipes:
For all type of cuisine, websites like 'Vah Re Vah', 'Indian
Food Forever', 'Vegetarian Cooking', 'Dawat', 'Recipes
Indian', 'Indian Recipes', 'Awesome Cuisine', 'Syvum',
'Budding Gourmet', 'India Bite', 'Sailu's Kitchen', 'Tripod',
'Khana Khazana', 'Paneer', 'Tadka Fry', 'Home Cook's
Recipes', 'Simple Indian Recipes', 'Sulekha', 'NDTV Cooks',
'Veg Indian Recipe', 'All Recipes', 'Radaf', 'Indobase', 'Indian
Recipe Info', 'Taj Online', 'Online Recipes', 'Lad Vaibhavi',
'Subbu's Kitchen', 'India Tastes', 'Talimpu', 'Easy Indian Food
Recipes', 'Indian Food Forever', ' Manjula's Kitchen', are
available on INTERNET. Along with cooking recipes,
glossary of Indian cooking recipe terms and their translation
in Hindi, is available on 'Indian Recipes'. Cooking recipes in
Hindi are available on 'Jagran' and 'Nishamadhulika'. The
famous cooking experts like 'Sanjeev Kapoor' and 'Tarla
Dalal' also have their website, where cooking recipes of many
Indian and international dishes can be found.
Religious / Spiritual Information
Information on religion and spirituality, books and epics can
be searched on 'Wikipedia'. Information about various
religions and spirituality in India is available on websites like
'Photius', 'Adaniel Infosite', 'Indian Gyan', 'Manas', 'I Love
India', 'Speaking Tree', 'Kireet Joshi Archives', 'Sanatan
Society', 'Indian Mythology', 'Indian Divinity', 'Indo Link',
'Internet Sacred Text Archive', etc. E-books of various
religions are available on 'Holy Books'. Information about
various temples in India is available on 'Mandirnet'. Many
temples in India have their own website, which can be
searched using 'Google'. Temple timings and other relative
information is available on these websites. Devotional
prayers, mantras, shlokas, chalisas, aartis, vrat kathas,
bhajans, etc is available on 'Indif'.
Sports:
Information on various sports, sports-news and live score is
available on TV sports channel websites like 'ESPN Star',
'Ten Sports', along with other TV news channel websites like
'DD News', 'Aaj Tak', 'Zee News', 'India TV', 'News-24',
'Network-18', 'NDTV', 'BBC', 'CNN-IBN', etc. Information
on various sports can be also searched on 'Wikipedia'.
Statistical Information
All the economic and statistical information related to India
are available in the form of tables and graphs, on 'Statistical
Yearbook'. 'Census of India' and 'Ministry of Statistics
Programme Implementation' are the websites, where statewise all the statistical data and other information is available.
Travel
A place of interest can be searched on 'Google Maps',
'Wikimapia' and 'Maps of India'. These websites help in
finding maps and route / distance between two places.
Websites like 'Places Online', 'Lonely Planet', 'Tourism in
India', 'Incredible India', 'Tourist Places in India', 'Travel India
Guide', 'Travel Horizon India', 'India Tourism', 'Earth Safari',
'India Tourism E-Catalog', 'Only Travel Guide',
'Archeological Survey of India' and 'Cultural India', give
information for traveling in India. Websites like 'Make My
Trip', 'Yatra', 'Clear Trip', 'Ezeego', 'Indian Railway', 'Red Bus'
and 'Travelyaari' help for booking tickets to travel by air / rail /
bus and hotel, car / taxi. Information on various tourist spots is
also available on these websites. Information on any place of
historical importance can be searched on 'Wikipedia', where
its history is available in detail.
17
Information Resources and Services on World Wide Web...
Service”, information needs of users can be satisfied more
effectively. Thereby, Library users also increase.
References:
1. Ranganathan S R, Reference Service. (Sarada
Bangalore), 1989, p 53-60.
2. http://en.wikipedia.org/
3. http://www.google.com/
4. http://in.yahoo.com/
5. http://ask.com/
6. http://hotbot.com/
7. http://www.bing.com/
8. http://www.khoj.com/
9. http://www.guruji.com/
10. Http://www.thesearchenginelist.com/
Note: All website names (as on October 2012) are written in
single quotes. They can be searched using any search
engine.
Weather
Information on climate, weather and forecast is available on
websites like
'Weather', 'Meteorological Department',
'Weather Forecast Map', 'Weather City', 'Time and Date',
'Wind Finder', etc.
Conclusion:
Due to lack of storage space and funds, resources are always
limited and insufficient for the Libraries to satisfy user's
needs. With the help of INTERNET
1. There is a drastic increment in the resources.
2. Information can be collected faster.
3. Information retrieved is current and latest.
4. Time of user and librarian is saved.
5. The retrieved information can be emailed or copied /
downloaded on CD / DVD / Hard Disk / Floppy / Pen
drive, etc.
6. There is no need to print the information and thereby
paper is also saved.
Thus, with the use of INTERNET, “Reference Service” only
rejuvenates. And with the help of this rejuvenated “Reference
18
Design and Development of Digital Library at MS Ramaiah Medical College
Library: An Experience
N. Subramanyam
Senior Librarian M.S.Ramaiah Medical College Library
Bangalore 560054,
Dr. M.Krishnamurthy
DRTC, Indian Statistical Institute
Bangalore 560059,
Abstract
Digitization is becoming a major consideration for all library and information services. This paper outlines the
practical issues and key stages involved in digitizing at medical college library using GSDL. This gave great impetus to the advent
and use of computers in all walks of life. In order to overcome this challenge, new and new technologies are being adopted of
which, Library automation, networking, Internet, creation of Bibliographic tools is few examples This paper explains the
introduction of automation at MSRamaiah Medical College CIST library at Bangalore.
Keywords: Digital Library, Open Source, electronic Library, GSDL, Medical college Library
network. To some people it simply means carryout the
functions of library in a new way. A Digital Library is an
integrated set of services for capturing, cataloguing, storing,
searching, protecting and retrieving information which
provide coherent organization and convenient access to
typically a large amount of digital information.
INTRODUCTION
The term 'Digital Library' electronic library and virtual library
have appeared in the professional literature of library and
information science for some years already, but rarely with
explicit definitions. Borgaman (1999) in an article “What are
digital libraries as organizations that provide the resources
including the specialized staff to select structure offer
intellectual access to interpret, distribute, preserve the
integrity of and ensure the persistence over time of collections
of digital works so that they are readily and economically
available for use by a defined community or set of
communities. The digital library is making the library
undergo a change in the paradigm of its role to great organize
and distribution of information resources. A digital library is a
distributed electronic collection that covers virtually all fields
of human endeavor to serve a defined community.
The term “Digital Library” connects different things to
different people, spanning many different types of
information technology on every conceivable subject with the
many different types of information available on any
conceivable subject, the internet can appear to serve some of
the same purposes as a library one feature that all digital
libraries share is a system of organization or management.
Arms define, “Digital Library to mean a managed collection
of information with associated service. Where the
information is stored in digital formats and accessible over a
Digitization of M.S.Ramaiah Medical College
Library: An over view
M.S.Ramaiah Medical College a congregation of the best and
budding talent of the medical world. The place is “Gnana
Gangotri the spring of knowledge” with in the reaims of
Gokula Education Foundation. A standing representation of
international acclaim and an exemplary example of a
reputation born out of consistent quality, conducive
atmosphere for training and research delivered over the years.
The College has students from all over the world. The college
affiliated to the Bangalore University since 1979 and Rajiv
Gandhi University of Health Sciences (RGUHS) since 1996,
the college is recognized by the World Health Organization
(WHO), General Medical Council of Great Britain,
Malaysian Medical Council, Thailand Medical Council, The
Ireland Medical Council and all the Medical Councils of the
Middle East. A Certification by the TUV Rheinland, Germany
Propelled the college to greater heights when it became the
first Medical College in the world to receive the ISO 9002
Certification. The Medical college has become a nucleus of
19
N. SUBRAMANYAM AND DR. M.KRISHNAMURTHY
many other health science institutions. The Dental College,
College of Pharmacy, Institute of Physiotherapy and
Rehabilitation, College and School of Nursing and Super
Speciality M.S.Ramaiah Memorial Hospital. It covers
Neurology, Neuro- Surgery, Oncology, Gastroenterology,
Nephro-Urology, Endocrinology, Cardiology and Cardiothoracic Surgery. The college offers Under Graduate, Post
Graduate and Diploma Programmes in all subjects.
is perhaps the nature of “documents” and their surrogates.
Akscyn(1994) snyder(1996) stated that for the
multimedia/hypermedia community Digital Library is
another area of application of MM/HM.Fayyad, pictetsky
Shapiro and smyth(1996) have stated that for the database
community Digital Libraries are large databases.(2)
McMillan,1999 states that to the Library community digital
Libraries are further step in the continuum of newer media of
publishing as well as newer technological and organizational
frame work for continuing and revitalizing their mission of
accessing and disseminating their mission of accessing and
disseminating information and knowledge. Libraries and the
librarian community have always embraced and adapted
themselves to the changing technologies and societies. Today
librarian in look at DLs as means for more direct involvement
in the dissemination process. Tibbo, 2001 says that for the
archivists community digital libraries are a means of
preserving the heritage national, cultural literary and other,
Digitization is seen as an alternative to traditional
microfilming and as means of preserving and enhancing
access to fragile heritage materials.(3)According to Lesk a
digital Library is a collection of information that is both
digitized and organized and which offers capabilities beyond
those of the traditional Library.
Review of Literature
The literature search in Library and Information Science
Abstract(LISA) from 1995 to 2005. The sources on internet
and also some of the text available in few Libraries reveled
that exist amount of literature on Digital Library. Borgaman
(2000) have stated that a Digital Library is a 1)Service 2)an
architecture 3) asset of information resources databases of
texts, graphs, sound video etc and 4) a set of tools and
capabilities to locate, retrieve and utilize the information
resources available. The uses and contributors would range
from students, teachers, scholars, librarians, authors
publishers ,information provides academic research and all
other institutions” The above definition remains among he
most comprehensive by including services, architecture
content enabling technologies and users.
Marchionini and komlodi(1998) have stated that Digital
Library has different connotations for different professional
groups for the Information Technology professional it is a
powerful tool and mechanism for managing distributed data
bases. To the business community it represents a new market.
To the information Science community it represents a new
means of extending and enhancing access to
distributed/remote information resources.
Fox, 1993 discusses some of the early perspectives on Digital
on Digital Libraries, the evolution of the discipline of Digital
Library has spanned many different disciplines, bringing in
not only different expertise but also differing perspectives.
The IITA workshop of 1995 perspectives(Lynch and GarciaMolina,1995)
Garfield 2000, Thorin and Sorkin,1997 have viewed Digital
Library more as Institution rather than machine .Digital
L i b r a r i e s a r e “ L i b r a r i e s w i t h o u t Wa l l s ”
(http://www.benton.org/Library/kellog/chapter1.html) They
are a logical extension of what libraries have been doing since
time immemorial acquiring, organizing and disseminating
knowledge with the use of contemporary technologies.
Marchionini and Fox 1999 view Digital Library as an
extension of networked computing systems. Belkin and
croft(1992) croft (1996) Computer Scientist states that digital
Library connotes a computer system offering library
capabilities and facilities. The IR community perceived
Digital Library to be another extension of information
Retrieval systems.While traditionally IRS has been focusing
and retrieving document surrogates, what has changed today
Green Stone Digital Library Software (GSDL)
The Green Stone Digital Library software is an open-source
system for the construction and presentation of information
collections. It builds collections with effective full text
searching and metadata-based browsing facilities that are
attractive and easy to use. Greenstone is produced by the New
Zealand Digital Library project at the University of Waikato,
and distributed in cooperation with UNESCO and the
Humaity Libraries project. It is an open source software,
available from http://www.nzdl.org under the terms of GNU
General Public license. It provides a new way of organizing
information and publishing it on the Internet or on CD-ROM.
Digital libraries are organizations that provide the resources,
including the specialized staff, to select, structure, offer
intellectual access to interpret, distribute, preserve the
integrity of, and ensure the persistence over time of collection
of digital works so that they are readily and economically
available for use by a defined or set of communities.Digital
libraries offer such benefits as equitable access, reduced
barriers of distance, timeliness, shared resources and content
delivery. Creating true digital libraries, not just
digital
collections will require librarians to work closely together to (
a) create and open, distribute , publicly accessible resources;
and (b) establish a collaborative structure to co ordinate and
guide implementation. M.S Ramaiah Medical College
Library having information on medical literature, books,
journals and so on. These volumes are in very high demand
from institutions and professionals. Due to such high demand
20
Design and Development of Digital Library at MS Ramaiah Medical College Library: An Experience
before installing Green Stone Digital Library Software. To
load perl, in windows Explorer right click of the
namedActive Perl-5.6.0.618-MSWin32-x86-multi-thread
and follow the instruction on the screen. The latest version of
the perl can be downloaded from http://www.activate.com
Step 2: Make sure C:\perl\bin directory is in the path. To set
path in Win9x/Me, open the “autoex.bat” file in the root
directory, add “C:\perl\bin” to the existing directory path or
simply add the following line as in auotexe.bat file.
PATH = %PATH%;C:\perl\bin.
The system has to be rebooted to affect the changes to the
affect the changes to the path.
4.3 Installation of Windows Version
Step-1
In windows explorer double click the file compressed file:
Gsdl-2.37-win32
The following screen appears, displaying the software license
agreement. The license should have been completely read by
using scroll bar. If any body is more interested, visit the site
www. Gnu.org
Step 2: The following screen appears, displaying the software
license agreement. This is a major trend of IT. Many
organization and individual are coming forward to offer
software free of cost including the source code. This
encourages a development of the software by actively
participating in the use and also programming expertise.
library has under taken the project of digitization of its own
in house collections like question papers. The library using
Green Stone Digital Library software.The aim of the software
is to empower users, particularly in universities, libraries, and
other public service institutions, to build their own digital
libraries. Greenstone has an interface that makes it easy for
people to create their own library collections. Collections
may be built and served locally from the user's own web
server, or remotely on a shared digital library host. Collections
can contain text, pictures, audio and video. Non-textual
material is either linked in to the textual documents or
accompanied by textual descriptions to allow full text
searching and browsing. It uses Unicode. So Collections can
build any language. In most collections, descriptive data such
as author, title, date, key word, and so on, is associated with
each document. Users can interactively around lists, and
hierarchical structures, that are generated from the metadata
that is associated with each document in the collections.
Installing Green Stone Digital Library Software on
Windows Platform:
For windows users, it is straightforward and simple
installation procedure. The Green Stone system occupies
about 50 MB of disk Space.
Installation of Perl:
Perl is a programming language. As the Green Stone Digital
Library Software uses perl programs, Perl compiler should be
loaded. It is needed to know perl at all. Perl has been installed
Fig.1 Installation Procedure
21
Fig.2. License agreement
Greenstone Digital Library provides easy browsing facility.
Search is provided by keywords.Greenstone digital library
systems usually comprise several separate collections for
example, computer science technical reports, literary works,
Internet FAQs, magazines. There is a common home page for
the digital library system which allows users to access any
publicly accessible collection in addition each collection has
its own “about” page that gives the users information about
how the collection is organized and the principles governing
what is included in it. To get back to the “about” page at any
time, it is required to just click on the “collection” icon that
appears at the top left side of all searching and browsing
pages. As an example the collection “test” is used to describe
the different ways of finding information. Almost all icons
are clickable. Several of these icons appear at the top of
almost every page.
Fig. 3 Search Result
22
of entries, sorted by original filename as shown
below.

Publications by author can be accessed by pressing
the authors a-z button. This brings up a list of
documents, sorted by author name as shown in the
figure below.

Publications by date can be accessed by clocking on
the date button. This brings up a list of all the issues,
sorted chronologically as shown below:
Keyword Search
From the search page, a query is given in these simple steps:It
should be specified what items users want to searchIt should
be decided whether users want to search for all or just some of
the words.When a query is made the titles of twenty matching
documents will be shown as in Fig. Number of search results
per page can be specified in preferences. . A navigation
facility is provided for viewing next twenty, going back or
forth among the search results. If users click the title of any
document, or the little button beside it, they will see it. A
maximum of 100 is imposed on the number of documents
returned.
How to find information
There are 6 ways to find information in GSDL collection:
Search for particular words

Access publications by subject

Access publications by title

Access publications by filename

Access publications by author

Access publications by date

Keyword search is possible from the “search” page.
This is the first page and it can be reached from other
pages by pressing the search button. Search results
are presented as shown fig.

Publications by subject can be accessed by pressing
the subjects button. This brings up a list of subjects,
represented by subject heading as shown below.

Publications by title can be accessed by pressing the
titles a-z button. This brings up a list of documents
in alphabetic order as shown in figure below.

Publications by filename can be accessed by
pressing the filenames button. This brings up a list
Fig. 4 Search Result
adjacent terms. It ignores punctuations marks in the query.
For example, for the query “Question Paper”
Query type
There are two different kinds of query. Queries for all of the
Search terms
Whatever users type into the query box is interpreted as a list
of words of “search terms”. When a multi word term is given
the search is done alphabetically by the term given and also by
23
words. These look for documents (or chapters, or titles) that
contain all the words it has been specified as shown in fig.4.
Documents that satisfy the query are displayed Queries for
some of the words. Just lists some terms that are likely to
appear in the documents users are looking for. Documents are
displayed in order of how closely they match the query. When
determining the degree of match the criteria used are: The
more search terms a document contains, the closer it matches;
Rare terms are more important than common ones; Short
documents match better than long ones. Results of this type
of search will be like fig. . users can use many search terms as
a whole sentence, or even a whole paragraph. If it has to be
specified only one term, documents will be ordered by its
frequency of occurrence.
Scope of queries
In most collections uses can choose different indexes to
search. For example, there might be author or title indexes.
Or there might be chapter or paragraph indexes. Generally, the
full matching document is returned regardless of which index
users search. If documents are books, they will be opened at
the appropriate place where the query terms occur.
Advanced search Features
Greenstone also provides advance search options. These are
activated from the preferences page, which is reached by
clicking the preferences button at the top of the page.
Preferences option can be used to change some features of the
interface to suit the users requirements (fig. 4). After changing
the preferences, do not use Back button of browser-that would
undo the changes. Instead, click any of the buttons on the
search/browse bar in the preference page.
When users specify search terms, it can be chosen whether
upper and lower case must match between the query and the
document: this is called 'case sensitivity.” It can be chosen
whether to ignore word endings or not; this is called
“stemming.” Under Search options on the Preferences page
there is a pair of buttons labeled ignore case differences and
upper/lower case must match; these control the case
sensitivity of the queries. Below is a pair of buttons labeled
ignore word endings and whole word must match: these
control stemming. For example, if the buttons ignore case
differences and ignore word endings are selected the query.

African building

Will be treated the same as

Africa builds
Because the uppercase letter in 'African” will be transformed
to lowercase, and the suffixes “n” and “ing” will be removed
from “African” and “building” respectively (also, 's” would
be removed from 'builds”). Generally case differences and
word endings should be ignored unless users query for
particular names or acronyms.
Phrase searching
A phrase search Library and Information Service is GSDL
first does exact match for the phrase “Library and Information
Service”. Later it also searches by consistent terms and
presents the results. Phrase matches are case-sensitive if
ignore case differences is set on the Preferences page.
Advanced query mode
In advanced query mode, which can be selected on the
Preferences page, the queries for all of the words, described
above, are actually Boolean queries. They consist of a list of
terms joined by logical operators & (and),/ (or), and ! (not).
Absent operators between search terms are interpreted as &
(and): thus a query without any operators returns documents
that match all the terms. If the words AND, OR, and NOT
appear in the query they are treated as ordinary search terms,
not operators. For operators users must use &, /, and !. In
addition, parentheses can be used for grouping
Using search History
When users will switch on the “search history” feature on the
references page it will show the last few searches as shown in
Fig. , along with a summary of how many results they
generated. Click the button beside one of the previous
searches to copy the text into the search box. This makes it
easy to repeat slightly modified versions of
previous queries.
Collection Preferences
Preferences are grouped under two types such as
Presentation preferences and
Search preferences
Presentation Preferences
Some collections comprise several sub collections, which can
be searched independently or together, as one unit. If so, the
sub collections to include in the searches on the preferences
page can be selected.
Language Preferences
Each collection has a default presentation language, but it can
be switched to a different language as required by users.
Interface format
All collection allow users to switch from the standard
graphical interface format to a textual one. This is
particularly useful for visually impaired users who use large
screen fonts or speech synthesizers for output.
Search Preferences
Case sensitivity and stemming
Conclusion
Green Stone Digital Library is easy to use software. It can be
used to create digital collections ranging from a small library
to a large one. The facility of having a graphical user Interface
(Web browser) and command line interface is very
24
advantageous. Advanced users, good at programming can
develop a customized collection using the command line. In
the context of end user's aspect GSDL has both keyword and
full text searching option. But GSDL is not completely 100%
perfect. It has some drawbacks also. Like, when a Web
documents collection is built through the Web browser
interface, it indexes all the hyperlinked files also, which
makes it very cumbersome for the user to browse through the
bulky list of files. But overall it is very flexible software.
Being open source software, it can be customized and
improved further. Also its being available free of cost, it is
very well suited for small and medium size libraries, which
want to go in for digitizing their collection and making it
available on Internet. It is very well suited for countries like
India, where there are many small libraries attached to
colleges and other institutes which cannot afford to buy
commercially available digital library software.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
References:
1.
2.
8.
Krishnamurthy, M. SRELS Journal of Information
Management, Vol-41, No.4, December-2004, paper AG.
P 317-326.
Borgman (CL) what are digital libraries? Competing
visions, information processing management, Vol-35(3);
1999.
25
Rajiv Gupta, etal, Preservation of Digital Information:
Some aspects, IASLIC Bulletin 48(4), 2003. P 206-212.
Koganurmath, M.M and Mallikarjuna Angadi, Design
and Development of Digital Library: an initiative at
TISS. www.google.com/design and development of
digital library.
Simon Tanner, Libraries in the digital age: Planning
digitization projects, program, Vol-35, No.4, October
2001, P 327-337.
Witten I H,Bainbridge D.Boddie J: Greenstone open
source digital library software. Dlib Magazine.Vol 7
N o . 1 0 .
2 0 0 1
http://www.greenstone.org/english/home.html
Marchionini, Gary; Nitecki, Danuta A. Managing
Change: supporting users of automated systems. College
and Research Libraries48. 2 , 1987.
Fox, Robert. Digital Libraries. OCLC Systems &
Services, 2010, Vol. 26 Issue 1, p8-13,
Citation Analysis of the Journal 'Library Hi-Tech’
Sudharma Haridasan
Associate Professor, Dept. of Library and Information Science, AMU, Aligarh
Aisha Khan
Student of MLIS, Dept. of Library and Information Science, AMU, Aligarh
Abstract
The World Wide Web provides a fast and efficient means of citing sources in scholarly works, resulting in the increasing use of ecitations. This article studies the citation analysis of the journal Library Hi Tech that focuses on computing and technology
among the library community.The main objective is to identify the usage of print source citations and e-citation in the journal
and assess the changing trend in using citations as well as to compare the association of authors with print source citations and
electronic source citations .The findings clearly show that at present there is an increase in the use of e citations, the total
number of citations used in the journal are 3845 and more than half of the total citation i.e. 2015 (51.4%) were e-citations. The
main source of cited information includes Journal Articles. The study serves as a means for the academic and research
community, to help them assess the impact and use of e citations in scholarly communication.
Keywords: citation and e-citation analysis; bibliometric analysis; use studies
readers, knowledge of all these provide guidance for
sharpening the collection development policies, individual
item selection and retention and binding decisions.
INTRODUCTION
Citation analysis is a well known technique that has been used
to study scholarly communication. Citation Analysis, studies
citations of research articles often published in journals
which are analysis of scholarly contributions representing the
citing author's use of the previously published work. Web is
becoming a new and powerful medium for scientific
communication, citation analysis and other bibliometric
techniques are being applied to the study this new
phenomenon in scholarly communication.
The essential purpose of this study is to measure the amount of
web resources used for scholarly contributions as well as to
study how the web resources are cited. It further aims at
relating the pattern of citing the web sources i.e. citations as
revealed through the citation analysis of the Journal Library
Hi-tech.
LIBRARY HI-TECH
SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS
Library Hi-Tech is a “double blind peer reviewed academic
journal”. It focuses upon computing and technology for the
library community. Library Hi-Tech journal was first
published in the year 1983. This journal is published by
Emerald Group Limited. From the year 1997 this journal was
made available online. It is an electronic journal which is a
quarterly publication.
Library Hi Tech is International in
scope and defines technology in the broadest possible terms to
include the full range of tools employed by librarians and their
customers. The majority of journal issues are themed thus,
allowing for extensions in depth coverage and analysis of key
areas.
Citation studies are important as such studies help in
identifing the materials available, how these sources and
materials can be accessed and used, how they are linked to
each other, what is the nature of publication, what type of
literature are cited, how long the literature remains useful to
The scope of the present study is citation analysis of the
journal Library Hi-Tech .The main aim of this study is to find
out the current trend of using e citation in scholarly works in
the field of library and Information Science. For this purpose
the citations from each of the articles, papers etc of the journal
Library Hi-tech are taken for analysis. The present study is
limited to the citation analysis of the journal Library Hi-Tech
for a aperiod of 2001-2007. Study of forms of documents
included articles , books , papers, conference proceedings,
reviews, reports, government documents, case study , survey,
achieves and others (standards, treaties, act, thesis,
autobiographies ).
PURPOSE
OBJECTIVES
1.
2.
26
The study aims at achieving the following objectives:
To identify the usage of print source citations and ecitation in the journal
SUDHARMA HARIDASAN AND AISHA KHAN
3.
4.
5.
6.



To determine the year wise distribution of print source
citations and e-citations and assess the changing trend in
using citations;
To compare the association of authors with print source
citations and electronic source citations;
To identify the most dominant form of material in which
information is cited in the journal;
Identify the core journals cited in the journal.
Year of citing the article;
Form of literature; and
Other information(date not defined , document in
publication etc.)
DATA ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS
Citation analysis is a well known technique that has long been
used, but e-citation or sitation is a new technique. A total of
3845 of citations including e-citations were collected from all
the volumes of the “Journal of Library Hi-Tech”, from 20012007, these citations formed the basis of the present study. The
data collected were tabulated and analysed using the
following tables:
Year wise distribution
This study includes the year wise distribution of citation and
e-citation cited in a year. It helps in showing the changing
trend of using e-citations per year.
Year wise distribution of citations and e-citations (sitations)
shows the new trend of citing documents. It gives an idea
about the usage of printed sources as well as web-based
sources for the purpose of study and research.
Table -1 shows the total number of citations including ecitations for 7 years, i.e. 2001-2007, that amounts to 3845,
out of which the total e citations were 2015 (52.4%) and print
sources were 1830 (47.5%). The highest number of e citation
is 450 (22.3%) in the year 2007 and the lowest number of e
citation is 115 (5.7%) in the year 2000.
METHODOLOGY
Methodology for the present study included the following:
Collection of data
The first step, in this study is to select the source document
from which data is to be collected. For this purpose references
from each article from each issue of the Journal Library HiTech was consulted. For this study a total of 3,845 citations
were analysed including e-citations.
Preparation of entries:
A database using Microsoft excel was created for record and
updating the tables.The database stored the following types of
information from each reference
 Author up to three and corporate Bodies;
 Website
 Publication (Publisher and Place);
 Journal Title;
 Year of Publication;
Table 1 -Year wise distribution
S.No
Year
Total No. of
citation
Citation
Cumul.
%age
155
(8.4%)
240
(13%)
115
(5.7%)
250
(12.4%)
Cumul.
%age
1
2001
270
2
2002
490
3
2003
500
280
(15.3%)
36.8
220
(10.9%)
29
4
2004
540
225
(12.2%)
49.0
315
(10.6%)
39.6
5
2005
460
185
(10.1%)
57.1
275
(13.3%)
52.9
6
2006
725
335
(18.3%)
77.4
390
(19.3%)
72.2
7
2007
860
410
(22.4%)
99.8
450
(22.3%)
94.5
Total
7 yrs
3845
Changing trends in citations
8.4
E-citation
21.5
1830
5.7
18.1
2015
27
CITATION ANALYSIS OF THE JOURNAL 'LIBRARY HI-TECH'
Table 2 shows the increasing and decreasing trend of citing eresources used per year . In the year 2007 total number of ecitations were 450 (52.3%) out of 860. In 2006 it was 390
(53.7%) out of 725. In 2005 total number of e citations were
275 (59.7%) .In 2004 there was a slight decrease in the
percentage of citing e -citation i.e 315(58.3%). The
decreasing trend continues till 2003 i.e. 220 (44%), in 2002 it
increases again up to 250 (51%) and in 2001 it decreased to
115 (42.5%). This analysis shows that there is a continuous
change in the usage of e- citation.
Table 2- Changing trends in citations
S.No.
Year
Total No. of
citation
Citation
%age
E-citation
%age
1
2001
270
155
57.4
115
42.5
2
2002
490
240
48.9
250
51.0
3
2003
500
280
56.0
220
44.0
4
2004
540
225
41.6
315
58.3
5
2005
460
185
40.2
275
59.7
6
2006
725
335
46.2
390
53.7
7
2007
860
410
72.6
450
52.3
Total
7 yrs
3845
1830
Year wise distribution of citations along with e-citations
shows the modern trend of citing information sources. Table 1
clearly shows that at present there is an increase in the use of
e citations, the total number of citations used in the journal are
3845 and more than half of the total citation i.e. 2015 (51.4%)
were e-citations. The highest number of e-citation were cited
in the year 2007 i.e. 450 (22.3%). The lowest number of ecitation 115 (5.7%) are seen in the year 2001. This shows that
there is a shift from the use of printed sources to electronic
sources. Table 2 shows the changing trend in citations,
especially during the past 3 years this trend has changed at a
2015
faster pace. The year with the highest web-based citations is
2007 i.e. 450 (52.3%) followed by 2006 i.e. 390 and in 2005 it
was 279.
Authorship pattern
The characteristics of published literature include not only the
basic publishing pattern but also that of the authorship pattern.
So, the authorship pattern was analysed to determine the
frequency of publication of one, two, three, more then three
authors and corporate authors to identify their association
with e-citations.
Table 3 -Single Author
S.No.
Year
Total No. of
Authors
Cited
Authors
%age
E cited
Authors
%age
1
2001
91
41
45
50
54.9
2
2002
189
86
45.5
103
54.4
3
2003
92
57
61.9
35
38.0
4
2004
175
69
39.4
106
60.0
5
2005
148
58
39.1
90
60.0
6
2006
339
152
44.8
187
56.6
7
2007
422
224
53.0
198
46.9
Total
7 yrs
1456
637
28
769
Table 3 shows the total number of single authors contributing
to the 'Journal of Library Hi-Tech' as being 1456 single
authors during the 7 years (i.e. 2001-2007) and 769 (52.8%) of
them were web based citations.
Table 3(a) shows the total number of joint authors cited in the
'Journal Library Hi-Tech' is 818 in 7 years and 401 of them
were associated to e-documents. Analysis of the data shows
the comparison between citation and web-based citations.
Data shows that the trend of citing sources is shifting form
print sources to web based documents.
Table 3 (a)- Joint Authors
S.No.
Year
Total
No. of Authors
Cited
Authors
%age
E-cited
Authors
%age
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
79
91
148
92
95
122
191
54
44
90
33
45
60
91
68.3
48.3
60.8
35.8
47.3
49.1
47.6
25
47
58
59
50
62
100
31.6
51.6
39.1
64.1
52.6
50.8
52.3
Total
7 yrs
818
417
Table 3(b) shows the authorship pattern of three and more than
three authors. The total number of authors is 679 out of 367
were associated with e-citations. Analysis of the data shows
the more emphasis is on the use of web based citation, rather
than citations, into 2007 total citations were 120 and sitations
are 80 (66.6%), in 2004 68 citations are there and 59 were
401
simple citations. The least year of citing e-citations were
2001, in which only 15 (37.5%) citations are cited. This shows
that there is an increase in the use of sitations by those authors
who are working in collaboration. This change shows a new
trend in the field of citation study.
Table 3 (b)-Three and more than three authors
S.No.
Year
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Total
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
7 yrs
Total No.
of Authors
40
100
99
88
105
127
120
679
Cited Authors
%age
25
60
58
38
32
59
40
312
62.5
60.0
58.5
43.1
30.4
46.4
33.3
Table 3(c) shows the corporate authorship pattern, the total
number of authors were 679 and 367 of them were related to ecitation. The highest in all is 73 (69.5%) out of 105 in the year
2007, the least among these seven years is in the year 2001
during which only 15 (37.55) e citations were cited by the
Sited
Authors
15
40
41
50
73
68
80
367
%age
37.5
40.0
41.4
56.8
69.5
53.5
66.6
authors. Analysis of the data shows that more and more works
associated specially with web based sources is cited most by
the authors. More than half of the corporate authors used ecitations.
29
Table 3 (c) -Corporate Authors
S.No.
Year
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Total
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
7 yrs
Total No. of
Authors
60
110
161
185
112
137
127
892
Cited
Authors
35
50
75
85
50
64
55
414
Majority of the documents have been produced by authors
who are associated with e-citations. In single author case the
authorship pattern shows that more than half of authors i.e.
769 (52.8%) out of 1456 are related to web-based citation as
shown in table 3.
Table 3 (a) reveals that majority of the documents, i.e, 417
(50.9%) have been produced by the authors who are not
related to e-citation. Authorship pattern for three and more
than three authors shows that more e citations i.e. 367 (54.0%)
are used rather than print citations i.e. 312 (45.9%) shown in
table 3(b). The corporate authorship table 3(c) shows that the
trend is changing and more corporate works associated with
web-based citation are in use i.e. 478 (53.5%) than print
citation i.e. 414 (46.4%).
Form wise Distribution:
Literature cited in Journal Library Hi-Tech is published in
different physical forms like Journal articles, Books,
conference proceedings, papers, indexes, journal document
etc. The information regarding the form is collected from the
%age
58.3
45.4
46.5
45.9
44.6
46.7
43.3
E cited
Authors
25
60
86
100
62
73
72
478
%age
41.6
54.5
53.4
54.0
55.3
53.2
56.6
source data and tabulated to find out the most dominant form
of literature. The various forms of the documents cited in the
“Journal Library Hi-Tech”, are articles, books, case study,
government documents, Index, Newsletters, papers,
conference proceedings, reports, thesis etc. The study
regarding the form-wise distribution of citation with ecitation have been done in order to know the most dominant
form in which the information is cited in the journal. The study
will be helpful to know what form of material is cited most.
Table 4 gives form-wise distribution of citations show that
1105 (38.1%) citations out of a total of 3570 citations are
journal articles; out of which 735 (49.8%) articles were ecitations. Books were the second highest 530 (13.7%),
followed by including 280 (52.8%) e citations, followed by
papers, i.e. 250 (6.5%) including 150 (60%) e citations,
followed by conference proceedings, i.e. 210 (5.4%) out of
which 100 (47.6%) e citations next were reviews i.e. 190
(4.9%) including 95 (50%) e citations, followed by reports i.e.
169 (4.3%) and in which 110 (65%) were e citations.
Table 3-Form-wise distribution
S.No.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
Form of documents
Articles
Books
Papers
Conference proceedings
Reviews
Reports
Govt. documents
Case studies
Survey
Archives
Others
Total
Total No. of
citation
1466
530
250
210
190
169
80
60
60
25
805
3845
Ranks
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
30
Citation
E citation
731 (49.8%)
250 (47.1%)
100 (40%)
110 (52.3%)
95 (50%)
59 (34.9%)
30 (37.5%)
25 (41.6%)
20 (33.3%)
10 (40%)
400 (49.6%)
1830
735 (50.1%)
280 (52.8%)
150 (60%)
100 (47.6%)
95 (50%)
110 (65%)
50 (62.5%)
35 (58.3%)
40 (66.6%)
15 (60%)
405 (15.3%)
The major sources of information used by the journal of
Library Hi-Tech are the Journal Articles. It is clear from the
table 4 that the journals have the highest number of citation
1466 including 735(50.1%) sitation consisting 38.1% of the
total citations.
Rank order of cited journals
Journals are very useful for researcher for the scientific
communication but their increasing cost put the librarian to
study the quantity, usefulness and suitability to a particular
group of users. Therefore, the present study is an attempt
towards assessing the valuable and productive journals cited
in 'Journal of Library Hi-Tech'. It helps to identify the core
periodicals containing the research literature used in Journal
Library Hi-Tech. It is necessity to find the most productive
journals used for references. The core journals in the field
with respect to e-citations are identified through the study.
Table 5 shows the rank list of 50 most cited journals with
minimum of 11 citations, it is clearly evident form table 5 that
Journal of Library Hi-Tech itself rank 1st with the highest
citations number, i.e. 275 (8.4%).
D-Lib magazine, Library Journal, Library Trend, Library
Review and African Journal of Library, Archives and
Information Science occupies the 2nd , 3rd , 4th , 5th and 6th place
in the rank list with contribution of 5.2%, 3.0%, 2.7%, 2.6%,
2.5% respectively. Above mentioned journal according to
their rank can be considered as core journals used by the
cited works in the journal library Hi-tech.
Table 5 - Rank list of journals
S.No.
Name of periodicals
Freq.
%age
Cumul.
Freq. (%)
Ranks
1.
Library Hi-Tech
275
8.2
8.2
1
2.
D-Lib Magazine
175
5.2
13.4
2
3.
4.
Library Journal
Library Trend
100
91
3.0
2.7
16.4
19.1
3
4
5.
89
2.6
21.7
5
85
2.5
24.2
6
7.
8.
Library Review
African Journal of Library, archives and Information
Science
Ethics and Information Technology
Nature
85
83
2.5
2.5
26.7
29.2
6
6
9.
Journal of Information Science
81
2.4
31.6
7
10.
Library Management
70
2.1
33.7
8
11.
Annual Review of Information Science & Technology
65
1.9
35.6
9
12.
13.
Library Quarterly
Hypothesis
65
60
1.9
1.8
37.5
39.3
9
10
14.
Library collection, acquisition and technical services
60
1.8
41.1
10
15.
Journal of Documentation
58
1.7
42.2
11
16.
17.
Reference librarian
Wired Magazine
57
55
1.7
1.6
44.5
46.1
11
12
18.
19.
Australian Library Journal
LIBRI
53
53
1.5
1.5
47.6
49.1
13
13
20.
Journal of Library Science Research
51
1.5
50.6
13
21.
The Journal of Information & Knowledge Management
System
48
1.4
52.0
14
22.
Cataloguing and Classification Quarterly
47
1.4
53.4
14
6.
31
23.
Canadian Journal of Communication
45
1.3
54.7
15
24.
25.
Journal of Academic Librarianship
New Library World
40
40
1.2
1.2
55.9
57.1
16
16
26.
Annals of Internal Medicine
39
1.1
58.2
17
27.
College and Research Libraries
39
1.1
59.3
17
28.
Against the Grain
35
1.0
60.3
18
29.
Computer in Libraries
35
1.0
61.3
18
30.
Information Technology and Libraries
32
0.96
62.26
19
31.
Electronic Library
32
0.96
63.22
19
32.
Library and Information Science Research
31
0.93
64.15
20
33.
International Journal of Digital Libraries
30
0.90
65.05
21
34.
ASLIB Proceedings
30
0.90
65.95
21
35.
IEEE Computers
29
0.87
66.82
22
36.
Library and Archival Security
29
0.87
67.69
22
37.
38.
Information Outlook
Information Today
25
25
0.75
0.75
68.44
69.19
23
23
39 .
Harvard Business Review
21
0.63
69.82
24
40.
Journal of Medical Library Association
21
0.63
70.45
24
41.
Information Searcher
19
0.57
71.62
25
42.
American Libraries
19
0.57
71.59
25
43.
Knowledge Engineering Review
18
0.54
71.59
26
44.
Performance Management and Metrics
15
0.45
72.04
27
45.
Bibliothik, Forschang and proxis
14
0.42
72.46
28
46.
47.
Science & Engineering Ethics
Bibliothiksdient
13
12
0.39
0.36
72.85
73.21
29
30
48.
49.
Aradane
BIT Online
11
11
0.33
0.33
73.54
73.87
31
31
Title with 1-10 citations
818
24.6
98.47
Total
3315
Among the cited journal, the majority of then were online
journals. The journal of Library Hi-Tech. is the most cited in
all. Table 5 reveals that the Journal of Library Hi-Tech.
occupied the first rank with the highest use of citation i.e. 275
(8.2%), followed by D-Lib magazine which occupies second
position with 175 citation forming (5.2%). The rank list of
primary Journals can serve as a tool in selection of core
journals in the field.
CONCLUSION
The analysis of citations including e-citation of 'Journal of
Library Hi-Tech' reveals the changing trend of using citation
32
to cite papers in the journal, there is a shift from citation to e
citation; this transformation is due to the increase in the usage
of Internet and World Wide Web. In scholarly works World
Wide Web provides a fast and efficient means of citing
resources as a result, the use of e-citation has been increasing.
Thus, the study serves as a guide for the academic and
research community, to help them assess the impact and use of
e citations in scholarly communication.
9.
10.
11.
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A Bibliometric Outline of Turmeric or Curcuma Longa Research
Dr. A. Thirumagal
Librarian, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University,
Tirunelveli 627 012, Tamilnadu
Abstract
Turmeric is used in many festivals of Hindus. Especially in Hindu wedding brides would stroke with turmeric on their
bodies for bright look. New born babies also rubbed with turmeric on their forehead for good look. Turmeric is also very
successful tonic and a blood purifier. For smallpox and chickenpox, turmeric is applied as a powder or as a paste to assist the
process of scabbing. This paper deals with the biblliometric study on the publication of “Turmeric research”. PubMed is
searchable back to 1947 onwards. The records are collected key word of Curcuma longa or Turmeric from Pubmed database for
the period of 2006-2010. Total number of record for this study was 1,076. Result of such studies may be very useful for the research
administrators, policy makers and funding agencies.
Keywords: Turmeric, Curcuma longa, bibliometric study, MEDLINE, Bibexcel,
The study is confined to a period of Five years from 2006 to
2010 covered in the database Pubmed only.
Introduction
Turmeric is used to purify the blood and skin conditions
remedy. Turmeric is used for epilepsy and bleeding disorders,
skin diseases, to purify the body-mind, and to help the lungs
expel Kapha. Actions of Turmeric include: Alterative,
analgesic, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, antiallergic, antioxidant, antiseptic, antispasmodic, appetizer,
astringent, cardiovascular, carminative, cholagogue,
digestive, diuretic, stimulant, and vulnerary.
In the
MEDLINE database was searched with the key word of
Curcuma longa or Turmeric. Medline is one of a large
bibliographical database. It covers the journal articles in
medicine, dentistry and health sciences. References in
Medline include bibliographic data (author, title, journal
name, volume, issue, pages), and subject headings all of these
are searchable. Medline is available from different providers.
One example is PubMed. Here MeSH (Medical Subject
Headings) is the controlled vocabulary is used to describe the
subject of each journal article in MEDLINE. This yielded five
years records on Curcuma longa or Turmeric were
downloaded into separate text files.
MEDLINE is a leading bibliographic database that contains
over 18 million references to journal articles in life sciences
with an attention on biomedicine. The period of coverage is
from 1947 to the present. For this database, citations from
about 5,400 worldwide journals in 39 languages and 60
languages for older journals were covered. MEDLINE is the
main module of PubMed (http://pubmed.gov); a link to
PubMed is set up on the NLM home page at
http://www.nlm.nih.gov.
Objectives of the present study are:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Data Analysis
The data was investigated with the toolbox named as
Bibexcel. This was developed by Olle Persson, Inforsk, Umeå
Univ (Sweden). This software is designed to assist a user in
analysing bibliographic data, or any data of a textual nature
formatted in a similar manner
Authorship Pattern (Single Vs Multiple Authors)
The year wise distribution of data according to the number of
authors is presented in Table 1. The table shows that nearly
2.78% of the contributors were only by single authors,
12.08% is two authors research output and 15.89% research
produced by three authors. It is clearly shows that
collaboration of research evident in the Turmeric field and it is
same in most of the scientific research.
Scope and Limitations of the Study:
Observe the authorship pattern
Find out the Degree of Collaboration in Turmeric
Research
Quantum of Research Productivity in MEDLINE
Database
Study of the linguistic distribution
Study the geographical distribution of the literature
Study the growth rate of production of literature on
Turmeric Research
Find out publication type of Turmeric Research
Identify the highly frequent journals in the chosen
discipline
Find out total number of keyword used and repeatedly
used Mesh Heading for the Turmeric Research
34
DR. A. THIRUMAGAL
Table 1: Authorship pattern in Turmeric
Sl.No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Authorship
Single Author
Two Authors
Three Authors
Four Authors
Five Authors
Six Authors
Seven Authors
More than
Seven Authors
Total
2006
5
22
21
24
25
22
18
2007
6
24
35
36
27
24
16
2008
3
26
37
27
37
28
16
2009
7
31
40
38
32
28
20
2010
9
27
38
44
53
25
28
Total
30
130
171
169
174
127
98
Percentage
2.78
12.08
15.89
15.71
16.17
11.81
9.11
25
162
27
195
36
210
41
237
48
272
177
1076
16.45
100
This below Diagram 1 explains that the Authorship Pattern of
Turmeric research publication during the 2006 to 2010. It
shows that more than Seven authors 16.45%, Seven authors
9.11%, Six authors 11.81%, Five authors 16.17%, and Four
authors contributes 15.71%.
Diagram - 1
Authorship Pattern
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
Series1
Single
Author
1.1.
Two
Authors
Three
Authors
Four
Authors
Five
Authors
Six
Authors
Seven More than
Authors
Seven
Authors
Degree of Collaboration:
C =
The Degree of Collaboration of authors by year wise
is shown in Table 2. The extent of Degree of Collaboration in
Turmeric research has been measured with the help of the
formula devised by K. Subramaniam. Subramanyam's
formula has been adopted to examine the extent of research
collaboration in the study. The formula is
C = Nm / Nm + Ns
Where
C
=
Degree of Collaboration in a discipline
Nm
=
Number of multiple authored papers
Ns
=
Number of single authored papers
Accordingly, the Degree of Collaboration has been calculated
for the year 1999 is as
157
157
-------------- = ------- = 0.97
157 + 5
162
The year wise Degree of Collaboration falls between 0.97 and
0.98. The Degree of Collaboration for any subject ranges
from 0.01 to 0.99 and it is always below 1 which has been
proved by Karisiddappa, Maheswarappa and Shirol in
Psychology and Bandyopadhyay in different disciplines such
as Mathematics, Physics, Philosophy, Political Science and
Mechanical Engineering and Library Science.
35
A BIBLIOMETRIC OUTLINE OF TURMERIC OR CURCUMA LONGA RESEARCH
Table 2: Degree of Collaboration in Turmeric Research
S.No.
1
2
3
4
5
Years Single Two Three Four Five
Six Seven
2006
5
22
21
24
25
22
18
2007
6
24
35
36
27
24
16
2008
3
26
37
27
37
28
16
2009
7
31
40
38
32
28
20
2010
9
27
38
44
53
25
28
Total
30
130
171
169
174 127
98
More
More
Degree
than
than
of
Seven Total One
Collaboration
25
162
157
0.97
27
195
189
0,97
36
210
207
0.98
41
237
230
0.97
48
272
263
0.97
177 1076 1046
0.97
Pubmed database. The year wise distribution on literature
Turmeric according to source data base is shown in this table.
There are 1,076 records on Turmeric from the year 2006 to
2010 observed.
Quantum of Turmeric Research Activity:
The research productivity in the source database and the
quantum of records on Turmeric covered in the above said
data base is shown in the Table - 3 it is found that 0.026% of
the records on Turmeric are covered in the total number of
Table 3: Percentage of Literature Published from 1999 to 2008 in Turmeric Research
Sl.No.
1
2
3
4
5
Years
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
Total
Total No. of Records
741420
779069
827621
865530
924698
4138338
Records of Turmeric
162
195
210
237
272
1076
Percentage
0.021
0.025
0.025
0.027
0.029
0.026
published in the Pubmed database from the year 2006 to 2010
is 4138338. Out of which Turmeric Research is 1076.i.e
0.026%
Quantum of Turmeric Research Productivity:
The research productivity on 'Turmeric' covered in the
database is shown in Table 4. Total number of records
Table 4: Quantum of Literature Published on Turmeric from 2006 to 2010
S.No.
1
2
3
4
5
Year
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
Total
Record of Turmeric
162
195
210
237
272
1076
The year-wise distribution of literature on 'Turmeric'
according to source database Pubmed is shown in the above
Table.- 4 It is found that the maximum number of records
272 was published during 2010, followed by 237 in 2009 and
210 in 2008. On the whole, it is noticed that from 2006
onwards there is a gradual increase of Turmeric research
productivity by year after year.
Distribution of Research Production by Language Vs
%
15.06
18.12
19.52
22.02
25.28
100
Cumulative %
33.18
52.7
74.72
100
Year:
The distribution of Turmeric literature by language is
presented in Table 5. English language contributes to 92.48%
among other languages covered in the field of Turmeric. This
table shows that there are 6.98% records in Chinese.
Therefore from the table it is understandable that English
language is dominating in the scholarly communication of
Turmeric.
36
DR. A. THIRUMAGAL
Table 5: Turmeric Research Productivity by Language
S.No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Languages
English
Chinese
Polish
Japanesh
Swedish
Italian
Ukranian
German
Total
2006
147
14
1
2007
184
11
2008
191
18
2009
218
19
2010
255
13
237
1
1
1
1
272
Total
995
75
1
1
1
1
1
1
1076
1
162
195
210
%
92.48
6.98
0.09
0.09
0.09
0.09
0.09
0.09
100
States has produced 30.2% records, ranking in the first place
and then followed by England 21.38%, Netherlands 10.4%
records in the second and third place. India is in the Eighth
place with 2.7% records.
Distribution of Turmeric Research Productivity - Country
Vs. Year
Contribution of Turmeric research by country and year wise is
presented in the Table 6. It is found from the table that United
Table 6: Year vs. Country wise Distribution of Turmeric Research
Sl.No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Country
United States
England
Netherlands
China
Germany
Greece
Ireland
India
Japan
Others
Total
2006
41
40
20
15
11
7
6
4
4
14
162
2007
70
40
23
16
7
3
8
5
7
16
195
2008
68
37
11
21
21
3
15
5
10
19
210
Relative Growth Rate and Doubling Time for Turmeric
Research Output by year wise
The Relative Growth Rate (RGR) is the increase in number of
articles/pages per unit of time. The mean Relative Growth
Rate over the specific period of interval can be calculated
from the following equation:
2
Loge 2W loge 1W
1-2 =
Whereas
=
loge 1W
=
loge 2W
=
mean relative growth rate over the
specific period of interval
log of initial number of
articles/pages
log of final number of
articles/pages after a specific
T - 1T
2010
72
63
28
14
16
8
12
10
11
38
272
=
Totlal
325
230
112
85
67
28
53
29
42
105
1076
%
30.2
21.38
10.4
7.9
6.23
2.6
4.93
2.7
3.9
9.76
100
period of interval
the unit difference between the
initial time and the final time
The year can be taken here as the unit of time. The
RGR for both articles and pages can be calculated
separately.
Therefore
1 - 2R (aa 1 year 1) can represent the mean relative
growth rate per unit of articles per unit of year over a
specific period of interval.
and
1 - 2 R ( pp 1 year 1) can represent the mean
relative growth rate per unit of pages per unit of
year over a specific period of interval.
It is seen from Table that there is decrease in Relative
Growth Rate by year wise.
R
1-2R
2009
74
50
30
19
12
7
12
5
10
18
237
37
Table 7: RGR and Dt for Turmeric Research Output by Year-wise
Doubling Time of Turmeric Research
The RGR has been decreased from 2006 (0.79) to 2010 (0.29)
in the span of 5 years.
Doubling Time (Dt):
There exists a direct equivalence between the relative growth
rate and the doubling time. If the number of articles/pages of a
subject doubles during a given period then the difference
between the logarithms of numbers at the beginning and end
of this period must be logarithms of number 2. If natural
logarithm is used this difference has a value of 0.693. Thus
the corresponding doubling time for each specific period of
interval and for both articles and pages can be calculated by
the formula:
0.693
Doubling time (Dt) = __________
R
Therefore,
0.693
___________________
Doubling time for articles Dt (a) =
1 -2 R ( aa-1 year-1 )
and
0.693
Doubling time for pages Dt (p) = ___________________
1 -2 R ( pp-1 year-1 )
2010
2009
2006
2008
2007
1.49
0.87
1.98
2.37
The Doubling Time increases from 0.87 in the year 2006 to
2010 (2.37) in the time span of 5 years.
Publication Types Vs. Year Wise Distribution of Turmeric
Research
The Table - 8 reveals that the distribution of the Turmeric
research output according to publication type and year of
publication. It is an accepted fact that most of the scholarly
communication of scientific research is published in Journals
and sometimes presented in the conferences. Latter, those
Conference papers are further updated and published in
Journals of the respective field of knowledge. Therefore,
scientific communication is being mostly made through
subject periodicals. So they are termed as primary vehicles of
research communication. 899 researches published in the
Journal Article and 72 in the Comparative Study.
Table 8: Publication Type of Turmeric Vs Year
S.No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Publication Type
Case Reports
Clinical Trial
Comment
Comparative Study
English Abstract
Evaluation Studies
Historical Article
Journal Article
Letter
Total
2006
1
1
2007
3
6
15
11
21
10
1
1
159
6
12
2
2
4
9
17
2
182
2
210
199
4
237
2
130
2
162
2008
195
38
2009
2010
4
2
21
13
2
229
1
272
Total
5
14
4
72
63
7
3
899
9
1076
%
0.46
1.3
0.37
6.69
5.86
0.65
0.28
83.55
0.84
100
DR. A. THIRUMAGAL
This below diagram shows that 83.55% have published in
journals, 6.69% have published in Comparative Study and
5.86% are published in English Abstract. The literature
published in other bibliographic forms such as Comment,
Case Reports and Letter are very less.
Ranking of Journals in Turmeric Research:
Ranking of the journals on the research output on 'Turmeric
“during the study period has been presented in the below
Table 9. With the 30 contributions “Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za
Zhi” Journal took in the First Rank, the “Zhong Yao Cai” with
28 contributions and “J Agric Food Chem.”and “J
Ethnopharmacol” with 27 contributions stand Second Rank.
Table 9: Ranking of Journals in Turmeric Research
S.No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
Journal Name
Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi
Zhong Yao Cai
J Agric Food Chem
J Ethnopharmacol
Biochem Pharmacol
J Pharm Biomed Anal
Anticancer Res
Food Chem Toxicol
Adv Exp Med Biol
Cancer Lett
Phytomedicine
Phytother Res
Eur J Pharmacol
Mol Nutr Food Res
Nutrition
J Nat Med
Life Sci
Int J Mol Med
Carcinogenesis
Int J Cancer
Int J Pharm
2006
9
2
5
4
5
5
5
2
1
1
2
1
1
5
2007
7
4
3
4
2
6
1
4
13
3
2
3
3
Total Ranking
30
1
28
2
27
3
27
3
17
5
16
6
16
6
16
6
15
9
8
1
14
10
2
5
12
11
3
2
12
11
2
3
12
11
7
11
14
1
5
11
14
3
4
4
11
14
2
2
10
17
1
1
5
8
18
4
7
19
2
2
7
19
2
1
1
3
7
19
Table 10: Mesh Heading used for each Year
6
1
3
3
Total Mesh Heading used for each article:
This below table shows number of Mesh Heading used for
each and every year. This was analyzed with the help of
Bibexcel. 2127 mesh heading were used for the year 2006,
3379 mesh heading were used for the year 2010. Totally
13,802 mesh headings were used for the five years from 2006
to 2010 for the publication of Turmeric.
2008
6
5
7
4
2
3
1
3
Sl. No.
1
2
3
4
5
2009
2
12
7
8
3
1
4
2
Year
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
Total
2010
6
5
5
7
5
1
5
7
2
1
2
2
3
3
Total No. Mesh Heading used
2127
2446
2663
3187
3379
13802
“Animal” was used 514 times, “Humans” was used 478 times
and “Male” was used in 243 times. Total 13802 key words
were used.
Repeatedly used Mesh Headings:
This below table - 11 shows some of the repeatedly used Mesh
Heading in the scientific publications of Turmeric and India.
Table 11: Repeatedly used Mesh Headings
S.No
1
2
3
4
5
Words
Animals
Humans
Male
Curcumin/*pharmacology
Rats
2006
74
77
30
42
30
2007
88
82
44
28
34
39
2008
101
90
47
35
38
2009
124
107
53
48
48
2010
127
122
69
58
59
Total
514
478
243
211
209
Ranking
of Words
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
Curcuma/chemistry
Mice
Female
Cell Line, Tumor
Dose-Response
Relationship, Drug
Curcuma
Curcuma/chemistry
Rats, Wistar
Molecular Structure
Antineoplastic
Agents/*pharmacology
22
17
29
18
28
24
18
22
45
30
23
25
50
42
32
32
50
48
41
41
195
161
143
138
6
7
8
9
18
24
10
11
8
22
13
19
12
13
29
17
17
12
5
26
31
18
16
21
20
15
22
16
7
115
100
86
67
54
10
11
12
13
14
11
11
6
11
10
49
15
classifies Turmeric as GRAS (General Recognition of
Safety). Since thousand of years Turmeric has been used with
no side effects. Studies have also shown that Curcumin even
in large quantities does not produce any known side effects in
humans. Regarding Turmeric conferences and workshops
provide forums for reviewing scientific evidence and
producing guidance on its implementation to improve the
usage of turmeric and good health care. Nowadays turmeric is
extensively used in cosmetic products to prepare natural and
herbal creams, lotion, hair dye and many other beauty
products. Turmeric is a very effective tonic and a blood
purifier. India's contribution in Turmeric research is in the
Eighth place. Turmeric decreases fevers, diarrhea, urinary
disorders, and insanity, poisoning, cough, and lactation
problems and treats the skin, heart, liver and lungs and
purifies the body-mind. The major users of turmeric are in
India. India is too major producer of turmeric. The
Government should contribute so many researches in this
subject.
Findings of the Study:
 Total number of article for Anthropometric
measurements research for the period of 2006 to 2010 is
1076.
 Only 2.78% of the contributors were single authors. It is
undoubtedly shows that collaboration of research evident
in the Turmeric field and it is same in most of the
scientific research.
 The year wise Degree of Collaboration falls between 0.97
and 0.98.
 Total number of records published in the MELINE
database from the year 2006 to 2010 is 4138338. Out of
which “Turmeric” Research is 1076.
 Turmeric research is gradually increasing year by year
 It is find out that 92.48% of total out put is published in
English language.
 United States as the top most country with maximum
number of contributions followed by England. India got
8th place with the publication of 2.7%
 The Relative Growth Rate has been decreased from 0.79
to 0.29 in the span of 5 years.
 The Doubling Time increases from 0.87 to 2.37 from
2006 to 2010 in the Turmeric Scientific productivity
 Journal article contribution 83.55% followed by
Comparative Study
 “Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi” journal got first rank,
“Zhong Yao Cai” in the Second rank and “J Agric Food
Chem” in the Third rank
 “13802” Mesh Heading were used for the publication of
Turmeric. 514 times “Animal” and 478 times “Male”
Mesh Headings were used.
References:
1. Karpagam.S Gopalakrishnan, M . Natarajan and Ramesh
Babu. 2011. Mapping of Nanoscience and
Nanotechnology research in India: a Scientometric
Analysis. Scientomettrics, DOI10,1007/s11192-0110477-8
2. Kumaragurupari.R.,Pamela Sieving & Prajna Lalitha
(2010). A Bibliometric Study of Publications by Indian
Ophthalmologists and Vision Researchers, 2001-2006”.
Indian Journal of Ophthalmology. 58(4),275-280.
3. Thanuskodi. S(2010). Journal of Social Sciences: A
Bibliometric Study. Journal of Social Sciences.
24(2),77-80.
4. Velvizhi.J., Murugesapandian.M and Surulinathi.M
(2011). Scientometric profile of Solar Energy in India.
Recent Research in Science and Technology. 3(1)
Conclusion:
Turmeric reduces fevers, diarrhea, urinary disorders, and
insanity, poisoning, cough, and lactation problem. The FDA
40

Oct - Dec - Indian Library Association

Transcription

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