GEM 2016 Program - Deakin University Blogs

Transcription

I
Welcome!
Dear All,
On behalf of the International and local Organizing Committees, I would
like to welcome you to the 19th Gaseous Electronics Meeting (GEM
2016) in Geelong, Australia!
GEM was initiated in 1980 by Dr John Lowke, a leading plasma physicist
and former chief, CSIRO Division of Industrial Physics. Since then, GEM has steadily grown in
importance as a forum for international plasma research and applications. It brings the plasma
community together to discuss the latest developments and the challenges ahead for scientists,
engineers and industry from around the world.
To further invigorate GEM as a forum, two new sessions have been introduced. One is an
“Industrial Workshop” (IW) and the other is “Past, Present, and Future” (PPF). The aim of the
IW is to share insights into plasma for industrial applications – the opportunities and successes.
The aim of the PPF session is to draw on collective experience to excite the audience,
particularly students, about promising future research directions and applications of plasma.
This open session will include invited talks by “elder statesmen” of plasma science and leading
early career researchers.
We have ten international invited speakers. Every plasma group in Australia, and the
Australasian Society for Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, has been invited to have
their representative give a talk. The aim is to encourage collaboration.
As young scientists are our future, besides the PPF session, we have chosen the three best
students’ abstracts and invited the students to give a presentation and also to give three best
poster awards to students or postdocs. We will have two chairs for each session, with one being
a young scientist.
In the following pages, you can find the detailed programme and the abstracts of all
contributions. They can also be found on the memory stick and online at
https://blogs.deakin.edu.au/gem2016/.
I would really like to express my sincere thanks to all the GEM 2016 committee members,
the independent review panels, the Institute for Frontier Materials and Deakin University,
Geelong Industry Council, and our sponsors, for all their support!
We wish you a very inspiring and fruitful conference and journey including a wonderful stay in
Geelong!
Best wishes,
Xiujuan Jane Dai
Chair, GEM 2016
Deakin University
I
The Committee
Chairperson:
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Xiujuan Jane Dai (Deakin University)
Members:
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Rod Boswell (Australian National University)
Christine Charles (Australian National University)
Zhiqiang Chen (Deakin University)
Peter Hodgson (Deakin University)
Tony Murphy (CSIRO)
Xungai Wang (Deakin University)
International Advisory Committee:
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Pietro Favia (Bari University, Italy)
Bill Graham (The Queens University, UK)
David Graves (University of California, USA)
Dirk Hegemann (EMPA, Switzerland)
Ganming Zhao (Applied Materials, USA)
Advisory Committee:
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Stephen Buckman (Australian National University)
Michael Brunger (Flinders University)
Robert Carmen (Macquarie University)
Cormac Corr (Australian National University)
David McKenzie (University of Sydney)
Rob Short (University of South Australia)
Ronald White (James Cook University)
Jason Whittle (University of South Australia)
GEM2016 Secretariat
•
Christine Rimmer (Deakin University)
The Independent Review Panel for the three best students’ abstracts:
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Tony Murphy (Chief) (CSIRO), Robert Carman (Macquarie University) and Bill
Graham (The Queens University, UK)
The Independent Review Panels for Posters:
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Panel one: Laurence Campbell (Chief) (Flinders University), Ian Falconer (University
of Sydney) and Karyn Jarvis (Swinburne University of Technology) ;
Panel two: Robert Carman (Chief) (Macquarie University), Lenaic Couedel (CNRS,
France) and Annie Ross (University of Sydney).
II
Sponsors
III
International Invited Speakers
Dr. Dirk Hegemann
Advanced Plasma Polymer Deposition Processes – Progress and
Prospects
Dr. Dirk Hegemann (head of Plasma & Coating group) entered the
laboratory of Advanced Fibers at Empa, St.Gallen, in 2003. He is working
since 20 years mainly in the fields of plasma polymerization, sputtering,
combination processes and plasma reactor construction. He is leading several national and
international projects and is engaged in different scientific committees. Before joining Empa, he was
with Fraunhofer IGB, Stuttgart, Germany (1995-2003), and received his PhD from Technical
University Darmstadt, Germany, in 1999 in the field of materials science (after finishing his studies in
physics with a diploma).
Professor W M M (Erwin) Kessels
Plasma-surface interaction during plasma-enhanced ALD
Erwin Kessels is a full professor at the Department of Applied Physics of
the Eindhoven University of Technology TU/e (The Netherlands). He is
also the scientific director of the NanoLab@TU/e facilities which provides
full-service and open-access clean room infrastructure for R&D in
nanotechnology. Erwin received his M.Sc. and Ph.D. degree (cum laude) in Applied Physics from the
TU/e in 1996 and 2000, respectively. In his doctoral thesis work, he addressed the plasma-surface
interaction during the deposition of amorphous silicon thin films and this research was partly carried
out at the University of California Santa Barbara. As a postdoc he was affiliated to the Colorado State
University and Philipps University in Marburg (Germany). In 2004/2005 he spent a six-months
sabbatical at the University of California Berkeley. In 2007 the American Vacuum Society awarded
him the Peter Mark Memorial Award for “pioneering work in the application and development of in
situ plasma and surface diagnostics to achieve a molecular understanding of thin film growth“. In
recognition of his research, he received a NWO Vici grant in 2010 to set up a large research program
on “nanomanufacturing” in order to bridge the gap between nanoscience/nanotechnology and
industrial application. His research interests cover the field of synthesis of ultrathin films and
nanostructures using methods such as (plasma-enhanced) chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and
atomic layer deposition (ALD) for a wide variety of applications, mostly within the areas of
nanoelectronics and photovoltaics. Within the field of ALD, he has contributed most prominently by
his work on plasma-assisted ALD and his research related to ALD for photovoltaics. To date, Erwin
has published over 200 journal articles and has been awarded 2 patents.
IV
Professor Katharina Stapelmann
Low-pressure plasma sterilization: from basic research to
production
Katharina Stapelmann is junior professor for “Biomedical Applications of
Plasma Technology” at the Ruhr University Bochum, Germany, since
February 2015. She has studied electrical engineering and information
technology at the Ruhr University Bochum and earned her diploma in
2009. During her studies she went to the Joint Research Center of the
European Commission (JRC) in Ispra (Italy) for a 6-month research stay. From 2009 to 2014 she was
employed at scientific assistant at the Institute of Electrical Engineering and Plasma Technology in
the group of Prof. Dr. Peter Awakowicz at the Ruhr University Bochum. In 2013 she did her PhD
with distinction. The topic of her PhD thesis was “Plasmatechnical and microbiological
characterization of newly developed VHF plasmas”. Her research activities are on plasma technology,
plasma sterilization, and the interaction of technical plasmas with biological materials.
Dr. Qi Wang
Nitrogen fixation by plasma – how can we make it energy
efficient?
Dr. Qi Wang received her Ph.D. in Chemical Engineering from Tsinghua
University (China) in 2010. She then got appointment from Eindhoven
University of Technology (The Netherlands) in 2010 to do her
postdoctoral research with Prof. Volker Hessel. In 2013, she was appointed as an assistant professor
in Chemical Engineering and Chemistry department at Eindhoven University of Technology. She is
nominated for the B. Eliasson Award in the field of plasma technology. Her present research interests
are plasma chemistry, plasma catalysis and process simulation based on innovative technology.
Professor Yakov Krasik
Underwater electrical discharges
Yakov E. Krasik received his M.Sc. (1976) in physics from the Tomsk
Potechnical Institute, Russia and Ph.D. (1980) in physics from the Joint
Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna, Russia. From 1980 to 1991, he was
with the Nuclear Research Institute, Tomsk and from 1991 to 1996 with
the Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel. Since 1997, he has
been with the Physics Department, Technion, Haifa, Israel, where he is currently a Professor and
Head of the Plasma and Pulsed Power Laboratory. He has supervised 16 PhD students and 21 MSc
students, published around 230 papers in leading referred physical journals including around 14
review papers and he has 24 patents related to pulsed power. His main research interests are
connected to pulsed current-carrying plasmas (high-current electron and ion diodes, plasma opening
switches, different types of plasma cathodes for high-current relativistic electron beam generation,
nanosecond times scale electrical discharges in pressurized gases, underwater electrical wire and wire
array electrical explosion and generation of strong shock waves, high power microwave generation
and microwave compressors) and plasma diagnostics (different electrical probes, optical imaging, xray and spectroscopy). Different applications of plasma are also in the scope of his interests
V
Dr Maksudbek Yusupov
Plasma-induced oxidation of the phospholipid bilayer: Insights
from atomistic simulations
Maksudbek Yusupov obtained his M.Sc. diploma in 1999, from Urgench
State University, Uzbekistan. After working for 10 years as assistant
lecturer of (bio)physics and research assistant in different institutions of
Uzbekistan, he started in 2009 as PhD student in the research group of Prof. Dr. Annemie Bogaerts,
named PLASMANT (University of Antwerp, Belgium). First he did research on a dual magnetron
sputter deposition system by Monte Carlo simulations, but since 2011, he is working in the field of
Plasma Medicine, more specifically to study the interaction of reactive plasma species with
biomedically relevant structures, by means of computer simulations. In 2014 he obtained his PhD
degree and the topic of his PhD thesis was “Atomic scale simulations for a better insight in plasma
medicine”. Since then he is working as postdoctoral researcher in the PLASMANT group on atomic
scale modeling for plasma cancer treatment.
Dr. Ganming Zhao
Plasma Etch Technology Advancement for Meeting
Semiconductor Conductor Etch Challenges
Dr. Ganming Zhao is the Sr. Technology Director at Applied Materials
China, responsible for all SSG (semiconductor system group) product
technology and process development. Dr. Zhao has over 20 years of
semiconductor industrial experience in various process technologies,
flash memory devices, advanced logic devices and MEMS technologies. Prior to joining Applied
Materials China, Dr. Zhao served as Sr. technical director at Lam Research Corp and held various
technical management positions at Lam Research China, AMD (Spansion) and Applied Materials. Dr.
Zhao holds a Ph.D in electrical engineering from University of Missouri-Columbia and MS/BS
degrees in Microelectronics from Fudan University. He holds 7 U.S. patents and has over 30 technical
publications.
Professor Gustavo García
Experimental setup for time-of-flight mass spectrometry ion
detection in collisions of anionic species with neutral gas-phase
molecular targets
Head of the Radiation-Mater Interactions research group of the Institute
of Fundamental Physics, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas
in Madrid (Spain) and Appointed Professor of the Centre of Medical
Radiation Physics at the University of Wollongong, NSW (Australia). Main researcher of Spanish
National and European (ITN-Marie Curie) research projects as well as Spanish representative of EU
COST Actions (MP1002 and CM1301). Co-author of around 200 scientific papers and currently
supervising 6 PhD students.
VI
Professor Zoran Lj. Petrović
Diagnostics of atmospheric pressure plasma jets and plasma
needle and their application in biology and medicine
Prof. Zoran Petrović obtained his B.Eng. and M.Sc. degrees at the Faculty
of Electrical engineering, University of Belgrade and his Ph.D thesis at the
Australian National University, Canberra (1985). He is: research professor
and director of COE Center for non-equilibrium processes at the Institute
of Physics and a part time professor at Faculties of Electrical Engineering and Physics, University of
Belgrade as well as a visiting professor at Keio University, Japan. Zoran Petrović is a member of
Serbian Academy of Arts and Sciences and secretary Department for Applied sciences. He has been
vice president of the National council for science and technology of Serbia and is a fellow of
American Physical Society. He has won Marko Jaric award. Dr. Petrović has published so far 255
articles in international scientific journals around 100 invited lectures and a book. He has been cited
more than 6000 times (H index 40 Google scholar). He is a member of editorial boards of PSST,
EPJD and EPJTI. Zoran Petrović supervised 19 Ph. D and 17 Masters theses.
VII
Scope of GEM
GEM is a major conference held every two years in Australia, with strong international
participation. This conference brings the plasma community together to discuss the latest
developments and the challenges ahead in the field of plasma research and applications. It
aims to provide a collaborative forum for scientists, engineers and technologists from around
the world.
The GEM covers all aspects of gaseous electronics and related multidisciplinary topics and
applications, including, but not limited, to:

elementary processes in ionized gases

electron and positron transport
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basic studies and diagnostics of low-temperature plasmas
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basic studies and diagnostics of fusion related plasmas
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physics of laboratory and space plasmas

complex and dusty plasmas

plasma processing, materials synthesis, surface/interface

plasma nanoscience and nanotechnology

plasmas in/in contact with liquid and their applications
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thermal plasmas: physics and industrial applications
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plasma discharges under extreme and unusual conditions

applications of gas discharges and atomic/ion processes: environmental, energy,
agriculture, biomedical, sterilization, manufacturing and security.
GEM 2016 also includes a half day industrial workshop and a half day “Past, Present, Future”
session.

Industrial workshop

Past, Present, Future
VIII
Program Schedule
14th February – Sunday
17:00– 18:30
Reception (and Check-in with Conference registration desk) @
Royal Geelong Yacht Club,
Marina view room,
25 Eastern Beach road,
Geelong (see Geelong map)
15th February - Monday
Conference registration
(Hall way outside rooms D2. 193 and D2. 194)
Welcome and opening addresses (room D2 193)
8:30
Professor Lee Astheimer
(Deputy Vice-Chancellor Research, Deakin University)
Cr. Bruce Harwood
(Deputy Mayor, City of Greater Geelong)
Chair
Co-Chair
9:00
Session 1
Plasma processing/Applications
(room D2 193)
Katharina Staplemann
Mohammad Maniruzzaman
Session 2
Discharge/Basic studies
(room D2 194)
Stephen Buckman
Kateryna Bazaka
Advanced Plasma Polymer
Deposition Processes – Progress
and Prospects
Ya. E. Krasik
(Technion, Israel)
D. Hegemann
(Empa, Switzerland)
9:30
Plasma-surface interaction during Experimental setup for time-of-flight
plasma-enhanced ALD
mass spectrometry ion detection in
collisions of anionic species with
neutral gas-phase molecular targets
W.M.M. Kessels
(Eindhoven Univ. of Technology, The
Netherlands)
10:00
Plasma based surface
modification for applications in
biomaterials and tissue
engineering
G. García
( Instituto de Física Fundamental, Spain)
The Australian contribution to the
international experimental magnetic
confinement fusion program
J. Howard
(Australian National University, Australia)
H. Thissen
(CSIRO, Australia)
10:30 - 11:00
11:00
Morning Tea (room D2.330)
Exploiting energetic ions: From
Biologically Functionalized
Structures for Medical
Applications to Space Propulsion
M. Bilek
(University of Sydney, Australia)
IX
Session 3
Space/Dusty plasma
(room D2 194)
Centre for Plasmas and Fluids: From
the oceans to the stars
C. Charles
11:30
12:00
12:15
Plasma Polymers for Biomedical
Devices: Fabrication of Stable
Functionalised Surfaces
Mixing the First (Solid) and the
Fourth (Plasma) States of Matter in
Packed Bed Plasma Reactors
A. Michelmore
(University of South Australia,
Australia)
D. McKenzie
Gram negative and Gram positive
bacteria exhibit a different
response to cold atmosphericpressure plasma treatment
In-situ characterization of the
dynamics of a growing dust particle
cloud in a direct-current argon glow
discharge
A. Mai-Prochnow
(CSIRO, Australia)
L. Couedel
(CNRS, Aix-Marseille-Université, France)
Reactively sputtered crystalline
TiO2 thin film at low
temperature, as a blocking layer
in planar heterojunction
perovskite solar cell
Plasma Transport in An Annular
Helicon Thruster
G.D. Rajmohan
(Deakin University, Australia)
12:30 - 1:30
Chair
Co-Chair
13:30
Lunch (room D2.330)
Session 4
Session 5
Plasma processing/Applications
Gaseous electronics/Lab. Physics
(room D2 193)
(room D2 194)
Robert Short
Christine Charles
Anne Mai-Prochnow
Sri Balaji Ponraj
Plasma Polymers: Dogma,
Characterisation and Challenges
S. McArthur
(Swinburne University of Technology,
Australia)
14:00
14:30
15:00 - 15:30
Y. Zhang
Positron Science at the ANU: Cross
section measurements, reaction
dynamics, biomedical applications,
materials analysis, and more …
S. J. Buckman
Plasma Research at Deakin
University: Diverse applications
and team spirit
Gaseous electronics at JCU: From
transport and cross-sections for
charged particles in gases, liquids and
soft-condensed matter to essential oil
based plasmas
Z. Q. Chen
R. White
(James Cook University, Australia)
Plasma Surface Modification at
Flinders University:
from Nanostructured Surfaces to
Corrosion Protection Coatings
Topics in Plasma research at
Macquarie University: coherent
(laser) light sources, incoherent
(lamp) short-wavelength light sources,
and astrophysical plasmas
J. S. Quinton
(Flinders University, Australia)
R. Carman
(Macquire University, Australia)
Afternoon Tea (room D2.330)
X
15:30
Effect of conductive screens on
the stabilization of plasma
channels with currents of
hundreds kAmps
V.D. Bochkov
(Pulsed Technologies Ltd., Russia)
15:45
16:00
16:15
Electron impact processes involving
OH in planetary atmospheres
L. Campbell
(Flinders University, Australia)
Furfuryl Methacrylate Plasma
Polymer Surface Characterization
Pocket Rocket experiments and
plasma modelling
H. Safizadeh Shirazi
Australia)
T. S. Ho
( Australian National University, Australia)
Amine functionalisation of
octamethyl-POSS nano-particles
using sequential continuous wave
and pulsed plasma
New Research Avenues for the Pocket
Rocket Electro thermal Thruster
X. Chen
A. Bennet
Control feedback strategies for
plasma processing:
bioengineering biocompatible and
mechanically robust coatings for
medical implants
Waveform and defect evolutions in
undulated dust acoustic wave from
particle-wave interaction view
Miguel Santos
Ya-Yi Tsai
(National Central University, Taiwan)
16:30 – 17 :30
Bus (Brougham St., see Deakin map) to IFM Tour and
BBQ @ IFM Deakin University
XI
16th February – Tuesday
Chair
Co-Chair
8:30
Conference registration
(Hall way outside rooms D2. 193 and D2. 194)
Session 6
Industrial Workshop
(room D2 193)
Cormac Corr
Donna Menzies
Plasma Etch Technology Advancement for Meeting Semiconductor
Conductor Etch Challenges
G. M. Zhao
(Applied Materials, USA)
9:00
Plasmas for Industrial Applications at CSIRO
A. Murphy
(CSIRO, Australia)
9:30
The commercial development of glycosaminoglycan binding surfaces for
investigating GAG-protein interactions
J. Whittle
(University of South Australia, Australia)
10:00
Bridge between university and industry
A. Rau
10:30 - 11:00
11:00
Morning tea (Gallery, see Deakin map)
Working with Universities
J. Carter
(John Morris Scientific, Australia)
11:30
Seeking Industry for Plasma Technology in Geelong
M. Williams
(Geelong Manufacturing Council, Australia)
12:00
Discussion session
12:30 - 1:30
Lunch (Gallery, see Deakin map)
XII
Session 7
Past, Present, Future
(room D2 193)
Tony Murphy
Matthew John Hole
Chair
Co-Chair
13:30
Gaseous Electronics - a personal view from GEM1980 to Gem2016
J. Lowke
(CSIRO, Australia)
14:15
An overview of research and development in the Space Plasma Power and
Propulsion Laboratory
R. Boswell
15:00 - 15:30
15:30
Afternoon Tea (Gallery, see Deakin map)
Plasma interactions with soft tissue: a new generation of plasma
technologies
E. Szili
16:00
Fundamentals and functional applications of plasma polymer films
B. Muir
(CSIRO, Australia)
16:30
Regularities in Positronium formation from atoms and molecules
J. R. Machacek
17:00 - 17:30
Chair
Co-Chair
17:00
17:04
17:08
Session 8
Poster brief talks (3 minutes)
(room D2 193)
(room D2 194)
Ian Falconer
Lenaic Couedel
Karyn Jarvis
Annie Ross
Plasma polymerization of
cyanamide: a prebiotic-chemistry
inspired surface for biomedical
application
Prediction of the critical reduced
electric field strength for CO2-O2
mixture with copper vapour from
Boltzmann analysis
D. Menzies
(CSIRO, Australia)
X. Guo
(CSIRO, Australia)
Generation of RF Glow-discharge
Plasma by Phase Control
Is a set of cross sections for positron
scattering in H2 complete?
A. Sakamoto
(Tokyo Denki University, Japan)
Z. Petrovic
(Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts,
Serbia)
Surface Treatment by Phase
Controlled H2-N2 Plasma
Third-order transport properties of
electrons and positrons in electric and
magnetic fields
T. Taguchi
( Tokyo Denki University, Japan)
Z. Petrovic
(Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts,
Serbia)
XIII
17:12
17:16
Analysis of BNNT(Boron Nitride
Nano Tube) synthesis by using
Ar/N2/H2 60KW RF ICP plasma
Variation in electron temperature for a
hybrid plasma
source at low pressure
I Hyun Cho
(Chonbuk National University, Republic
of Korea)
A. M. Hala
(KACST, Saudi Arabia)
Effect of protein and oxygen on the
plasma delivery of reactive oxygen
species into tissue
Three-Dimensional Simulation of the
Cutting Process in Plasma Arc
Cutting
N. Gaur
17:20 Synthesis of TiO2 nanotubes by
anodization in plasma treated water
T.A. Arun
17:24
Fast and Efficient Synthesis of
SixOyCz nano-particles using a
plasma gas bubble-inhexamethyldisiloxane
Z. Q. Chen
17:28
18:30
Hunkwan Park
( University of Minnesota, USA)
Runaway Electrons Preionized
Diffuse Discharges in SF6,
Argon, Air and Nitrogen
V.F. Tarasenko
(Russian Academy of Sciences,Russia)
Cleaning and Modification of the
Near-Surface Layers of
Metals Under The Action of Runaway
Electron Pre ionized
Diffuse Discharge
V.F. Tarasenko
(Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia)
Close
Conference Dinner
(The Pier, see Geelong map)
XIV
17th February - Wednesday
Chair
Co-Chair
8:30
Session 9
Applications/Plasma
processing/Liquid plasma
(room D2 193)
Dirk Hegemann
Gayathri Rajmohan
Session 10
Basic studies/Discharges/Diagnostics/
Surface Analysis
(room D2 194)
Ronald White
Yunchao Zhang
Low-pressure plasma
sterilization: from basic research
to production
Diagnostics of atmospheric pressure plasma
jets and plasma needle and their application
in biology and medicine
Z. Petrović
(Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Serbia)
K. Stapelmann
(University Bochum, Germany)
9:00
9:30
Plasma-induced oxidation of the
phospholipid bilayer: Insights
from atomistic simulations
ITER, Australia and Burning
Plasma Physics at the ANU
M. Yusupov
(University of Antwerp, Belgium)
M. J. Hole
(Australian National University,
Australia)
9:20
Nitrogen fixation by plasma –
how can we make it energy
efficient?
Qi Wang
(Eindhoven University of Technology,
The Netherlands)
10:00
Hydrogen-based plasma
research on the MAGnetised
Plasma Interaction
Experiment (MAGPIE)
C.S. Corr
(Australian National University,
Australia)
9:40
Combining cold plasma and heat
to produce doped nanostructured
SnO2
D. Rubin de Celis
Parameters of Runaway
Electron Beams at a
Subnanosecond Breakdown of
Gases at Atmospheric
Pressure
V.F. Tarasenko
(Russian Academy of Sciences,
Tomsk, Russia)
10:00
ANFF-Victoria and the
Melbourne Centre for
Nanofabrication
L.Hyde and A. Sadek
( Melbourne Centre for
Nanofabrication, Australia)
10:15
Energetic deposition from
plasmas for electronic devices
J. G. Partridge
(RMIT University, Australia)
XV
10:30 - 11:00
11:00
11:30
11:45
12:00
Morning Tea (Gallery, see Deakin map)
Exploring plasma technique for
tuning surface energy of thin
film composite membranes
Magnetohydrodynamic shock waves in
weakly ionized astrophysical clouds
R. Reis
(Victoria University, Australia)
A. Lehmann
(Macquarie University, Australia)
Decomposition of Cellulose
using RF In-Liquid Plasma at
Atmospheric Pressure for Future
Sustainable Life
Negative ion dynamics in the afterglow of
an inductively coupled hydrogen plasma
source using different magnetic field
configurations
F. Syahrial
(Graduate School of Science and
Engineering, Japan)
S. Nulty
Plasma-treated water for
sustainable agriculture
Negative hydrogen ion production in the
MAGPIE helicon plasma source
M. Maniruzzaman
J. Santoso
Experimental study of ndodecane in hydrogen
production using steam
reforming in-liquid plasma
method
Laser Induced Fluorescence Measurements
in the MAGPIE Plasma Device
S. Cousens
A. Amijoyo Mochtar
(Ehime University, Japan)
12:15
12:30 -13:30
Chair/
Co-Chair
13:30
Plasma interactions with cell
membranes
The mysterious arc cathode spots: what can
we deduce from measurements of the
temperature and velocity of ions ejected
from the spots
S. Hong
Australia)
I. Falconer
Lunch (Gallery, see Deakin map)
Session 11
Session 12
Applications/Plasma
Plasma nano/ Complex & Dusty/
processing/Liquid plasma
Space plasma/plasma processing
(room D2 193)
(room D2 194)
Marcela Bilek
Erwin Kessels
Stuart Nulty
Arun Thandassery Parambil Ambujaksh
DNA and Oligonucleotide
Attachment to Plasma
Immersion Ion Implantation
Treated Polystyrene
Sustainable Plasma-Enabled NaturalPrecursor-Derived Nanocarbons
K. Bazaka
(Queensland University of Technology, Australia)
A. Kondyurin
XVI
13:45
14:00
Reactive HiPIMS deposition of
niobium oxide for resistive
switching memories
Formation of carbonaceous nano-structures
via dissociation of ethanol in a gas bubblein-liquid nano-second pulsed discharge
R. Ganesan
(University of Sydney, Sydney,
Australia)
K. Magniez
Assessing temporal and physical
stability of functional groups
introduced by surface plasma
treatments across the outer shells
of carbon nanotubes
Interactions of Bacteria and Supported
Lipid Bilayers with Plasma Polymerised
Surfaces
K. Jarvis
(Swinburne University of Technology, Australia)
L. F. Dumee
14:15
Enhanced visible light
absorption of titania nanotubes
via non-metal atom RF plasma
doping
Predator-prey dynamics stabilised by
nonlinearity
explain oscillations in dust-forming
plasmas
A. Merenda
14:30
A.E. Ross
( University of Sydney, Australia)
Kinetic modelling of NH3
production in an N2-H2 nonequilibrium atmosphericpressure plasma
Neutron Star Cores: The Most Exotic
Plasmas in the Universe
P. D. Lasky
(Monash University, Australia)
J. Hong
(CSIRO, Australia)
14:45
Robust plasma polymer films for
the immobilization of bioactive
molecules
Pulsed magnetic field assisted deposition of
low stress high sp3 carbon films for
electronics applications
B. Akhavan
15:00
I. Falconer
Investigation of Bacterial Safety
and Nutritional Quality in
Liquid Plasma treated Cow’s
Milk
modification and chemical modification on
S. B. Ponraj
properties of wood-flour reinforced-PLA
Influence of low pressure plasma
the surface morphology and mechanical
biocomposites
E. Petinakis
(CSIRO, Australia)
15:15 - 15:45
15:45 - 16:30
Afternoon Tea (Gallery, see Deakin map)
Concluding remarks including awards, thank you gifts, and next GEM
announcement (room D2.193)
XVII
Conference and Catering Venues
Map of Geelong City
XVIII
Map of Deakin Waterfront Campus
XIX
Table of Contents
Welcome
I
The Committee
II
Sponsors
III
International invited Speakers
IV
Scope of GEM
VIII
Conference Programme
IX
Conference and Catering Venues
XVIII
Conference Abstract
2
National Group Representatives
12
Industrial Workshop
43
Past, Present, and Future
54
Three Best Students’ Abstracts
65
Oral Presentations
72
Posters
110
Conference Attendee list
125
Conference Abstracts
1
2
Gaseous Electronics Meeting GEM2016
Geelong, Australia, February 14-17, 2016
Advanced Plasma Polymer Deposition Processes – Progress and Prospects
D. Hegemann1, M. Vandenbossche1
1
Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Plasma & Coating,
St.Gallen, Switzerland
Email contact: [email protected]
Plasma polymer deposition proceeds via plasma activation of starting molecules (commonly named
“monomers”) that can be diluted in inert gases creating reactive intermediates yielding macromolecule
formation. Electron impact collisions are the primary processes for the activation of the plasma gas,
since the electrons take most of the delivered energy leaving the plasma “cold” (non-equilibrium
plasma). Due to the tail of the electron energy distribution function, excitation, dissociation and
ionization energies for all species present in the plasma are met. Despite of this complexity,
predominant chemical reaction pathways might exist strongly depending on the available energy per
particle in the gas phase (quasi-chemical equilibrium) [1,2]. On this basis, plasma polymer deposition
processes have been compared using both low pressure (LP) and atmospheric pressure (AP) conditions.
Critical energies have been identified determining the gas phase processes for monomers such as
hydrocarbons, oxygen- and nitrogen-containing organic monomers as well as siloxanes.
Beside the thus enabled control over gas phase processes, the actual film growth conditions at the
surface need to be considered, which are well governed by the energy delivered by the plasma per
condensing atom/molecule. Since also sticking probabilities affect the delivered energy, initial film
growth conditions might deviate from steady state plasma polymer deposition. In turn, this effect can
be used to deposit highly cross-linked and functional plasma polymer nanofilms. Similarly, vertical
chemical gradients can be applied for this purpose, which also reveal interesting subsurface effects
affecting, e.g., protein adsorption. Advanced applications, e.g., within aqueous media are thus
supported.
[1] D. Hegemann, in: Comprehensive Materials Processing, vol. 4, Elsevier, Oxford, UK 2014
[2] D. Hegemann, M. Vandenbossche et al., Plasma Process. Polym. 2015, DOI: 10.1002/ppap.201500078
3
Low-pressure plasma sterilization: from basic research to production
Katharina Stapelmann1, Marcel Fiebrandt2, Marina Raguse3, Benjamin Denis2, Jan-Wilm
Lackmann1,2, Ralf Moeller3, and Peter Awakowicz2
1
Biomedical Applications of Plasma Technology, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany
2
Electrical Engineering and Plasma Technology, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany
3
German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Radiation Biology
Department, Cologne (Köln), Germany
Cleaning, sterilization and decontamination of surfaces of various instruments are key processes in the
medical field and in pharmacological industry. Common sterilization methods suffer from certain
limitations, e.g. being not applicable for heat-sensitive materials or employing toxic chemicals. A
promising alternative is plasma sterilization. While efficiency of the process was already demonstrated
[e.g. 1-3], the inactivation mechanisms are not fully understood yet. Within this contribution, two lowpressure plasma sterilization systems are introduced, one capacitively coupled plasma (CCP) and one
double inductively coupled plasma (DICP). Since the CCP was developed for the sterilization of
medical instruments it is already designed to meet industrial needs. The discharge chamber is
composed of the high-performance polymer PEEK and shaped like a drawer to make sterilization
process as convenient as possible [2]. The DICP is designed to allow basic research, offering severa l
flanges for diagnostic purposes [3]. Plasma sterilization efficiency of different plasma reactors was
evaluated by various inactivation studies testing biomolecules, biological indicators (such as spores of
Bacillus subtilis, B. atrophaeus), and other bacteria. Details of inactivation mechanisms on a
macromolecular level [4] as well as sporicidal effects of the plasma discharges will be presented.
Based on the experiences in basic research, the first commercially available low-pressure plasma
sterilizer was brought into production [5]. The way from basic research to production is shown within
this contribution.
[1] von Keudell, A. et al. Plasma Processes and Polymers 7.3‐4 (2010): 327-352.
[2] Stapelmann, K. et al. Astrobiology 13.7 (2013): 597-606.
[3] Halfmann, H. et al. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 40.19 (2007): 5907.
[4] Stapelmann, K. et al. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 47.8 (2014): 085402.
[5] Denis, B. et al. Plasma Processes and Polymers 9.6 (2012): 619-629.
4
Plasma-surface interaction during plasma-enhanced ALD
W.M.M. Kessels1, H.C.M. Knoops1,2
1
Dept. Of Applied Physics, Eindhoven Univ. of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
2
Oxford Instruments, Yatton, Bristol, United Kingdom
Atomic layer deposition (ALD) is a deposition method based on alternating surface chemical
reactions in which the self-limiting growth behavior allows for the deposition of ultrathin
films with Ångstrom-level resolution and with a high uniformity and conformality on
demanding 3D surface topologies [1]. In plasma-enhanced ALD (Fig. 1), the use of plasma
species during one step of the cyclic deposition process allows for more freedom in
processing conditions and for a wider range of material properties compared with the
conventional thermally-driven ALD method [2]. As a matter of fact, due to its ability to
deposit high-quality films at low temperatures (<100 ºC), plasma-enhanced ALD holds
currently the largest market share for ALD processes in the semiconductor industry. In this
presentation, several important plasma-surface interaction effects during plasma-enhanced
ALD will be addressed, including plasma damage (ions, UV, etc.), ion-surface interactions
(e.g., by rf biasing), redeposition effects, etc.
[1] H.C.M. Knoops, S.E. Potts, A.A. Bol, and W.M.M. Kessels, chapter 27 in “Handbook of Crystal Growth” (T.
Kuech eds.), Elsevier (2015).
[2] H. B. Profijt, S. E. Potts, M. C. M. van de Sanden, and W.M.M. Kessels, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A. 29,
050801-1 (2011).
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Fig. 1: Schematic representation of the plasma-enhanced ALD process of Al2O3: (a) precursor (Al(CH3)3) dosing;
(b) purge; (c) O2 plasma exposure; and (d) purge. For thermal ALD, step (c) would typically consist of H2O
dosing.
5
Plasma Etch Technology Advancement for Meeting Conductor Etch
Process Challenges
Ganming Zhao1, Haiyang Zhang2, Ying Huang 1
1
2
Applied Materials China, Shanghai, China
Semiconductor Manufacturing International Corp, Shanghai, China
[email protected]
Plasma etching has played a critical precision material engineering (PME) role in
enabling semiconductor IC technology advancement.
With the increase of plasma etch
applications and new process requirements, plasma etch technology has evolved in etch
chamber architecture, plasma source generation, process chemistry, process tuning knobs and
endpoint control. In this presentation, plasma conductor etch technology evolution will be
reviewed and discussed to address the major challenges, such as etching profile control,
iso/dense loading, uniformity, LER (line edge roughness) and PID (Plasma Induced Damage).
Industry widely used plasma conductor etcher is based on ICP mode which performs
at higher plasma density and lower ion energy. For 28nm and beyond, it met some technical
limitations like PID and iso/dense loading. Some alternative technologies, such as RLSA,
Neutral Chemical Etch and Pulsed Plasma have been proposed and studied.
Pulsed plasma was developed to minimize plasma induced damage and other benefits
for advanced conductor etching. In such reactor, one RF for plasma generation and the other
additional RF for ion acceleration are pulsed in various modes: synchronously at various
frequencies with adjustable phase lags and duty cycles or independently, e. g. with one RF
generator in continuous wave mode or pulse mode. The advantage of pulsed plasmas has been
demonstrated in mass production and benefits showed in etch profile control, selectivity,
plasma induced damage, lower micro loading and lower LWR. Pulsed plasma technology has
been successfully used in latest advanced IC manufacturing in various applications.
As an example, 28nm HKMG dummy poly gate removal (DPGR) etch application
with synchronized pulsed plasma will be briefly discussed for TDDB improvement.
[1] Samer Banna and Ankur Agarwal, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 30(4), Jul/Aug 2012
[2] Shi-Liang Ji, Rui-Xuan Huang, Cheng-Long Zhang, 2015 ECS (to be published)
6
Ya. E. Krasik
Physics Department, Technion, Haifa 3200, Israel
Main features of underwater electrical discharges and underwater electrical explosion of wires and
wire arrays in microsecond and nanosecond timescales will be presented. Also will be discussed
generation and stability of strong converging shock waves generated by electrical explosion of
different wire array configuration including super-spherical geometry. Different applications of these
electrical discharges and explosions will be reviewed. Namely, electro-hydraulic forming, destruction
of rocks, low-inductance spark gap switches, treatment of pollutants in water and extracorporeal shock
wave lithotripsy will be discussed together with
research related to Equation of States and
conductivity models of different materials at extreme conditions and generation of fast cumulative
metal and water jets.
7
Nitrogen fixation by plasma – how can we make it energy efficient?
Q. Wang1, B. Patil1, A. Anastasopoulou1, V. Hessel1, J. Lang2
1
Laboratory of Chemical Reactor Engineering / Micro Flow Chemistry and Process
Technology, Chemical Engineering and Chemistry department, Eindhoven University of
Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
2
Innovation Management, Verfahrenstechnik & Engineering, Evonik Industries AG, HanauWolfgang, Germany.
Conventionally nitrogen is fixed with the Haber-Bosch process, which fixes nitrogen in the
form of ammonia by the reaction of nitrogen with hydrogen at high pressure and temperature.
The Haber-Bosch process, consumes almost 1-2% of the world’s total energy production and
~ 2% of the total natural gas output and emits more than 300 million metric tons of carbon
dioxide[1]. Another industrial scale nitrogen-fixation process by thermal plasma, BirkelandEyde process[2], was eventually abandoned by the industry because of the poor energy
efficiency as compared to the H-B process. Less than 3% of the supplied energy was utilized
for the reaction, while rest of the supplied energy (97%) was wasted in establishing conditions
suitable for the reaction to take place. Nitrogen fixation by non-equilibrium plasma presents
one of the alternative way for a greener and less energy consumption nitrogen fixation process
which aims to convert the renewable power to chemicals which is eas ier and better for
renewable energy storage. Nitrogen can be fixed using plasma with/without catalyst under
low temperature and atmospheric pressure. How to improve the energy efficiency within nonthermal plasma nitrogen fixation process? It is the main motivation for this study. In this
research, both DBD and GA reactors[3] were studied with/without catalyst, the energy
consumption and energy efficiency will be considered in process design for optimization and
followed by life cycle assessment for environmental profile study.
[1] a) G. R. Maxwell, Synthetic Nitrogen Products- A Practical Guide to the Products and
Processes, Kluwer Academic Publishers, New York, 2004. b) M. Appl, Ullmann’s Encycl. Ind.
Chem., 2012, 139–225. c) R. R. Schrock, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 2006, 103, 17087. d) E.
Cowling, J. Galloway, C. Furiness, M. Barber, T. Bresser, K. Cassman, J. W. Erisman, R. Haeuber,
R. Howarth, J. Melillo, W. Moomaw, A. Mosier, K. Sanders, S. Seitzinger, S. Smeulders, R.
Socolow, D. Walters, F. West and Z. Zhu, Sci. World J., 2001, 1, 1–9.
[2] a) Kristian Birkeland, Springer Netherlands, 1903, vol. 325, pp. 109–130. b) K. R. Birkeland,
Trans. Faraday Soc., 1906, 2, 98–116. c) G. J. Leigh, Nitrogen Fixation at the Millennium,
Elsevier Science, 2002.
[3] a) Patil B.S., Wang Q., Hessel V., Lang J., Catal. Today. 256-1 (2015) 49. b) Patil, B. S., Rovira
Palau, Joan, Hessel, V., Lang, J., Wang, Q., Plasma Chem. Plasma Proc. DOI :10.1007/s11090015-9671-4.
8
Plasma-induced oxidation of the phospholipid bilayer: Insights from
atomistic simulations
M. Yusupov, J. Van der Paal, E. C. Neyts and A. Bogaerts
Research group PLASMANT, Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp,
Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
The use of cold atmospheric plasmas (CAPs) in medicine gained substantial attention in
recent years [1]. The efficiency of CAPs, however, strongly depends on understanding the
processes occurring particularly on the surface of living organisms. Complementary to
experiments, computational techniques are ideally suited to solve these problems. By
applying atomistic simulations, one is able to determine and predict the role of the different
plasma species, in their interaction with biomolecules [2].
In this work, an overview is given of our recent simulation results on the role of various ROS
(i.e., O, OH, HO2, H2O2 and O3) on the modification (oxidation) of the phospholipid bilayer
(PLB), which is a simple model system for the eukaryotic cell membrane. To study the
interaction of ROS with the PLB we employ reactive molecular dynamics (rMD) simulations
based on the density functional-tight binding method [3], whereas to investigate long term
consequences of the oxidized (or modified) PLB we apply non-reactive MD (nrMD) based on
the united atom method using the GROMOS 43A1-S3 force field [4]. The results of our rMD
simulations show that among the various ROS only OH radicals are able to react with the
head group of the PLB and can lead to destruction of the structure. Further long term
simulations of the oxidized/modified PLB, using nrMD, show that depending on which part
of the head group is oxidized by OH radicals, this can eventually lead to either fluidization or
rigi dization of the PLB structure. We also found from nrMD simulations that oxidation of the
lipid tails results in the fluidization of the structure and eventually can cause the formation of
small pores.
[1] Th. von Woedtke, et al., Physics Reports 530 291 (2013)
[2] A. Bogaerts, et al., Plasma Process. Polym. 11 1156 (2014)
[3] M. Elstner, et al., Phys. Rev. B 58 7260 (1998)
[4] S-W. Chiu, et al., J. Phys. Chem. B 113 2748 (2009)
9
Experimental setup for time-of-flight mass spectrometry ion detection in
collisions of anionic species with neutral gas-phase molecular targets
J. C. Oller 1, 2, L. Ellis-Gibbings1, F. Ferreira da Silva3, P. Limão-Vieira3 and
G. García1,4
1
Instituto de Física Fundamental, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Serrano 113-bis,
28006 Madrid, Spain
2
Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas, Avenida Complutense 22,
28040 Madrid, Spain
3
Laboratório de Colisões Atómicas e Moleculares, CEFITEC, Departamento de Física, Faculdade de
Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
4
Centre of Medical Radiation Physics, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
We present a novel experimental setup for studying collision induced products resulting from
the interaction of anionic beams with a neutral gas-phase molecular target [1]. The precursor
projectile was admitted into vacuum through a commercial pulsed valve, with the anionic
beam produced in a hollow cathode discharge-induced plasma, and guided to the interaction
region by a set of deflecting plates where it was made to interact with the target beam.
Depending on the collision energy regime, negative and positive species can be formed in the
collision region and ions were time-of-flight (TOF) mass-analysed. Here, we present data on
O2 precursor projectile, where we show clear evidence of O– and O2– formation from the
hollow cathode source as well as preliminary results on the interaction of these anions with
nitromethane, CH3NO2. The negative ions formed in such collisions were analysed using
time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The five most dominant product anions were assigned to H–,
O–, NO–, CNO– and CH3NO2–. The fragmentation pattern is significantly different from that
obtained both in dissociative electron attachment and in alkali atom–molecule collision
experiments [2, 3]
[1] J. C. Oller, L. Ellis-Gibbings, F. Ferreira da Silva, P. Limão-Vieira and G. García, EPJ Tech Instrum. (2015)
2:13.
[2] E. Alizadeh , F. Ferreira da Silva , F. Zappa , A. Mauracher , M. Probst, S. Denifl , A. Bacher, T. D.
[3] Märk, P. Limão-Vieira, P. Scheier, Int. J. Mass Spectrom. (2008) 271, 15-21.
[4] R. Antunes, D. Almeida, G. Martins, N. J. Mason, G. Garcia, M. J. P. Maneira, Y. Nunes and P. LimãoVieira, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys (2010) 12: 12513-9.
10
Diagnostics of atmospheric pressure plasma jets and plasma needle and
their application in biology and medicine
Z.Lj. Petrović1,2, N. Puač2, G. Malović2, N. Selaković2, K. Spasić2, D. Maletić2, S. Živković3
1
2
3
Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Belgrade, Serbia
Institute of Physics, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”, University of Belgrade, Belgrade,
Serbia
In attempts to facilitate creation of non-equilibrium plasmas at atmospheric pressure usually
one of several possible tricks is employed that allows us to reduce the growth of ionization
and prevent the development of thermal (equilibrium) plasma. Also, a standard feature of
atmospheric pressure plasmas is to have a relatively small size bordering on micro discharges.
Therefore many diagnostics techniques had to be developed or adapted to suit the properties
of these plasmas. We shall discuss ICCD recorded spatial/temporal emission profiles, mass
spectrometry, Volt-Ampere characteristics and power measurement. The plasma sources that
we cover here are primarily atmospheric pressure plasma jet operating at 80 kHz and plasma
needle operating at 13.56 MHz. We discuss some features of such discharges, development
of ionization fronts and detected radicals and ions [1].
If one wants to understand the effect of plasma on living tissues/cells one needs to follow the
trail of active particles, mostly radicals (Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen species -RONS) and
we have been able to connect the radicals from the plasma through the liquid (water) to the
cell itself. Some long and short term responses to the plasma treatment have been observed
and explained through the kinetics of enzymes.
In practical terms plasmas are interesting for sterilization of bacteria and viruses (including
the resistant species), activation of growth, stem cell differentiation and many more. Apart
from effects in medicine we shall show also effects on plants, seeds and calli [2], effects on
multicellular living organisms and in addition we discuss the plasma toxicity.
[1] N. Puač, D. Maletić, S. Lazović, G. Malović, A. Đorđević, Z. Lj. Petrović, Appl.Phys.Lett. 2012, 024103.
[2] N. Puač, S. et al. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2014, 214106.
11
National Group Representatives
12
Professor John Howard
Professor John Howard is head of the Plasma Research Laboratory (PRL) at the Australian
National University and Director of the Australian Plasma Fusion Research Facility. After
obtaining his PhD degree in 1983 in the field of plasma physics at the University of Sydney,
Prof Howard worked in the Dept of Electrical Engineering at UCLA until his return to the
Australian National University in 1989. Professor Howard’s interests include plasma
diagnostics and physics of plasmas, and also encompass the broad area of remote sensing and
inverse methods with links into industry. He has published more than 100 papers in peer
reviewed journals, is a Fellow of the Institute of Physics and has served on various editorial
boards and international committees. Professor Howard invented “coherence imaging” optical
systems that are now installed on many of the world’s largest fusion devices. Based on this
work he was a finalist in the 2012 Australian Innovation Challenge.
13
The Australian contribution to the international experimental magnetic
confinement fusion program
John Howard
Research School of Physics and Engineering, Australian National University
Canberra 0200, ACT
Australia has been a significant contributor to the international experimental fusion effort for
many decades. Today, the Australian Plasma Fusion Research Facility (APFRF) at the ANU
is the major focus for Australia’s experimental fusion science program.
In this talk I will give an update on the status of our established areas of research strength and
indicate how they feed into the world program. These areas include
•
Stellarator and 3D magnetic confinement physics,
•
Plasma surface intreractions and fusion-relevant materials,
•
Advanced measurement and data anlysis systems underpinning an Australian
contribution to the ITER tokamak.
In light of the 2014 Australian Fusion Science Strategic plan, and in response to the
recommendations of the recent international review of fusion science at ANU, I will outline
future directions for the APFRF. A major near-term goal will be the construction of a high
power linear magnetized plasma device that will deliver an accessible national plasma science
facility for basic and applied plasma research. I will also describe our strategy for securing an
enduring Australian presence in fusion science as the ITER project draws closer to the
realization of nett fusion power generation.
14
Professor Christine Charles
Professor Christine Charles is Head of the Space Plasma, Power and Propulsion laboratory at
the Australian National University. Born in France, she has an engineering degree in applied
physics, a PhD in plasma physics, a French Habilitation thesis in materials science and a
Bachelor of Music degree in Jazz. For the past 25 years, she has been working on
experimental expanding plasmas and their applications to astrophysical plasmas, electric
propulsion, microelectronics, optoelectronics and hydrogen fuel cells. She is the inventor of
the Helicon Double Layer Thruster, a new electrode-less magneto-plasma thruster for space
use. She was the 2009 Australian Institute of Physics’ Women in Physics Lecturer and a
Finalist in both the 2011 Australian Innovation Challenge and the 2011 World Technology
Awards. In 2015 she won the Woman In Industry Excellence in Engineering Award. She has
published over 180 articles in various international peer-reviewed journals. She was elected a
Fellow of the American Physical Society in 2013 and a Fellow of the Australian Academy of
Science in 2015.
15
Centre for Plasmas and Fluids: From the oceans to the stars
C. Charles, M. Hole and M. Shats
Centre for Plasmas and Fluids
Research School of Physics and Engineering
The Australian National University
Canberra, ACT 2601
The Centre for Plasmas and Fluids is the newest department in the Research School of
Physics and Engineering at the Australian National University. Its research spans over
fundamental disciplines of physics of plasma and fluids. It comprises three separate but
complementary groups: Space Plasma, Power and Propulsion (SP3), Physics of Fluids (PoF),
and Plasma Theory and Modelling (PTM). Our broad spectrum of expertise and experience
have laid the foundations for a collaborative research environment embracing nanotechnology of fuel cells and the interaction of energetic plasmas with solid surfaces, through
to the energy transfer in the oceans and atmosphere of the earth, and to controlling the altitude
of satellites using plasma flow through nozzles, to the very basics of the genesis of the solar
wind, just above the surface of the Sun. To this we add the investigation of basic processes in
fusion that drives the Sun and is an important area of sustainable energy production on the
earth.
16
Professor Stephen Buckman
Prof. Stephen Buckman holds B.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees from Flinders University, Adelaide.
Following postdoctoral positions at the University of Manchester and the University of
Colorado, he joined The Research School of Physics and Engineering (RSPE) at the
Australian National University (ANU) in 1983. He was appointed Professor of Physics in
1999. He held a Fulbright Senior Fellowship at the University of California during 20002001. He was the Research Director of the ARC Centre of Excellence for Antimatter-Matter
Studies from 2006-2012, and was Director of RSPE from 2012-2015. He has published more
than 220 refereed journal articles and book chapters. In 2014 Prof. Buckman was awarded the
Member of the Order of Australia for significant service to science in the field of
experimental atomic physics as a leading researcher, academic and author. Prof. Buckman
recently retired as the Director of RSPE and is an Emeritus Professor at the ANU.
17
Positron Science at the ANU: Cross section measurements, reaction
dynamics, biomedical applications, materials analysis, and more …
Stephen J Buckman
Research School of Physics and Engineering, Australian National University
Canberra 0200, ACT
Electron, ion, and more recently, positron physics has been a strength at the ANU for more
than 50 years, and these activities have always been represented at GEM meetings, since their
inception. Traditionally the ANU group provided fundamental experimental data (and theory)
on electron transport and scattering cross sections, data that was relevant to modelling low
temperature discharges and plasmas.
In recent years the emphasis within the group has turned to the experimental study of positron
interactions with matter. The work is centred around major national infrastructure in the form
of two cold positron beamlines – one for atomic and biomedical studies and the other for
materials analysis. The beamlines were the core facilities for an ARC Centre of Excellence
which ran from 2006-2013, and the activities centred around them continue to be supported
by ARC funding. Present research focii are:
•
Absolute measurements of fundamental interactions between positrons and matter –
total cross sections, positronium formation, elastic and inelastic scattering, angular
distributions - for gaseous, liquid and solid targets, with an emphasis on biomolecules
•
Investigation of positron bound states and resonances and their potential role in
positron-driven chemistry
•
Applications of such measurements to imaging technologies such as Positron
Emission Tomography (PET)
•
Analysis of nanoscale open space, free volume, and defects in materials using Positron
Annihilation Lifetime Spectroscopy (PALS) and other positron spectroscopies
•
The development of new experimental techniques using positron and positronium
beams
A broad overview of the group’s work, recent highlights, and future prospects, will be given.
18
Dr. Tony Murphy
Tony Murphy is a Chief Research Scientist at CSIRO, where he has worked for 26 year. He
was a member of the team that developed the PLASCON waste destruction process, and has
worked on plasma modelling projects with several companies, including General Motors,
Boeing and Siemens. He has published about 200 journal articles, and was awarded the 2012
Harrie Massey Medal by the Institute of Physics and the Australian Institute of Physics, the
2008 Alan Walsh Medal for Service to Industry by the Australian Institute of Physics and the
2000 Pawsey Medal by the Australian Academy of Science. He is a Fellow of the UK and
Australian Institutes of Physics, and is Vice-President of the International Plasma Chemistry
Society. Tony is Editor-in-Chief of Plasma Chemistry and Plasma Processing, and is a
member of the Editorial Boards of Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics and Scientific
Reports.
19
A.B. Murphy, A. Bendavid, G.J.J.B. Degroot, Z.J. Han, J. Hong, S. Kumar1, J.J. Lowke,
A. Mai-Prochnow, P.J. Martin, K. Ostrikov1, L. Randeniya, D.H. Seo, E. Tam
CSIRO Manufacturing, Lindfield NSW, Australia
1
Current address: Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane QLD, Australia
Plasma research has a long history at CSIRO in Sydney, at least as long as the GEM
conference series. As well as substantial contributions to the understanding of the relevant
physics, chemistry and materials science, there have been some notable industrial successes,
such as the development of the PLASCON plasma waste destruction process and large-scale
PECVD deposition systems. There have also been some downturns, but the last 10 years has
seen plasma R&D regain its ʻrightfulʼ place as an important activity in CSIRO.
CSIROʼs current plasma R&D activities extend across a broad range. There is a strong
computational modelling effort that includes thermal plasmas, corona discharges and gas
breakdown. We have atracted substantial industrial funding to develop models for
applications including arc welding and lightning initiation, as well as for calculation of
thermophysical properties of thermal plasmas. Our experimental R&D uses mainly nonequilibrium plasmas. We apply low-pressure plasma sources, including PECVD, cathodic
arcs and magnetrons, to deposit thin films and nanostructured materials; these are used
industrially in applications such as those requiring low-friction and wear-resistant coatings.
We are developing several new processes, including deposition of carbon nanostructures for
energy storage, treatment of agricultural seeds and disinfection of biofilms using nonequilibrium atmospheric-pressure plasmas, and ammonia production using a discharge packed
with catalytic beads.
In this talk, I will provide an overview of the plasma R&D at CSIRO in Sydney, with
emphasis on technologies and capabilities that have proved useful to industry.
20
Dr. Helmut Thissen
Helmut Thissen obtained his PhD in Chemistry from the RWTH Aachen University in
Germany, where he also started to translate biomedical research into the clinic while working
at the Interdisciplinary Centre for Clinical Research. He is currently a Principal Research
Scientist and Team Leader at CSIRO Manufacturing in Melbourne, Australia. In addition he
is a Program Leader at the CRC for Polymers. His main interests are in the interdisciplinary
fields of biomaterials and regenerative medicine and here in particular in the control of
biointerfacial interactions. His academic achievements are reflected by more than 100 peerreviewed journal publications and book chapters and more than 50 invited conference
presentations. His industry focus is reflected by 7 patent families and the translation of
research results into successful commercial biomedical products. Awards for his
interdisciplinary research include the CSIRO Medal for Research Achievement and the
Newton Turner Award. His service to the fields of biomaterials and regenerative medicine is
reflected by his position as Vice-President of the Australasian Society for Biomaterials and
Tissue Engineering and frequent engagements as conference and symposium organiser and
chair.
21
Plasma based surface modification for applications in
biomaterials and tissue engineering
H. Thissen1,2
1
2
CSIRO Manufacturing, Clayton VIC, Australia
Australasian Society for Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, www.asbte.org
Helmut Thissen is currently Vice-President of the Australasian Society for Biomaterials and
Tissue Engineering (ASBTE, www.asbte.org). This society represents researchers from
academia and industry interested in new and improved biomedical devices for applications in
vitro and in vivo. In particular, plasma based methods are an important tool for this
community.
Examples for typical biomedical applications range from surface treatments that improve the
biocompatibility to coatings that provide adhesive interlayers in multilayer coatings
[1]
. The
fact that plasma polymer based coatings can be used to achieve excellent control over nonspecific protein adsorption has been exploited in medical device applications where
biofouling and microbial colonisation is undesired. This type of coating has been evaluated
e.g. on contact lenses in human clincal trials. In combination with additional processing steps,
this control over biointerfacial interactions also provides access to high resolution spatial
control over of cell attachment (Figure 1) [2]. Moreover, plasma polymer based coatings have
been produced in gradient and microarray formats for the high throughput screening of
cellular responses.
Figure 1: Patterned plasma polymer based surface coating before (A) and after (B) cell attachment [2] caused by
adsorbed protein (C) or alternatively the prevention of protein adsorption (D) [1].
[1] H. Thissen, in: Biosynthetic polymers for medical applications, Elsevier, Cambridge (2015) 129-144.
[2] H. Thissen et al., Smart Mater. Struct. 11 (2002) 792-799.
22
Professor David McKenzie
Professor David R McKenzie holds the chair of Materials Physics in the School of Physics.
He is Director of the University of Sydney Node of the Centre for Quantum Computation and
Communication Technology. Professor McKenzie has published widely in the field of plasma
processing of materials. Major achievements in this field have been the deposition of solar
absorbing coatings by magnetron sputtering that led to a major industry; the production of
highly tetrahedral amorphous carbon materials by deposition from cathodic arcs; and the
modification of polymers by plasma immersion ion implantation to achieve covalent binding
of biomolecules. Recently he has been working on HiPIMS, the new sputtering technique that
produces ions from the sputter target. Recent applications have been the production of
tetrahedral amorphous carbon from a HiPIMS source and the development of solid fuel
thrusters using the principles of HiPIMS and cathodic arcs.
23
Mixing the First (Solid) and the Fourth (Plasma) States of Matter
in Packed-Bed Plasma Reactors
D.R. McKenzie1, A.E. Ross1
1
School of Physics, University of Sydney, Australia
In packed-bed plasma reactors, dielectric pellets or beads mostly fill a gap between
conductive electrodes to which voltage is applied. We view this geometry as a generalized
form of dielectric barrier discharge, a term usually describing a parallel plate geometry in
which conductive electrodes are isolated from a gap containing a plasma by a coating or layer
of dielectric. Here we consider these discharges as a composite containing a solid (the first
state of matter) and plasma (the fourth state of matter). There are general principles
describing the electric field distribution in arrays of objects which are relevant to the
description of the distribution of plasma in a packed bed reactor. The short distances between
surfaces close to contact points result in regions of significantly higher electric field, with
respect to the mean value in the reactor [1, 2].
We report on experimental studies of the breakdown voltage as a function of pressure (usually
known as a Paschen curve) for various example geometries and classify the types of discharge
that have been reported. We also report on progress to develop a theoretical prediction of
such curves. A critical gap size can be identified for a given system, above which a surface
discharge becomes a single microfilament discharge [3]. There is evidence of a memory effect
where there is residual charge accumulation [3].
Applications of these discharges are many and varied. Packed-bed plasmas are widely used to
drive chemical reactions, often using catalysis, traditionally for environmental benefit.
Common applications include the production of atomic nitrogen radicals to help remove NOx
from engine exhaust gases [4], production of ozone to remove air pollutants [1], removal of
airborne formaldehyde [5], or benzene degradation [6]. More recent applications include the
modification of surfaces, as a packed-bed plasma reactor enables large areas of both
insulating and conducting materials to be placed in intimate contact with a plasma.
Bombarding species from the plasma have been used to create radicals in polymers to enable
cell adhesion and growth on the surfaces of polymers such as poly-ε-caprolactone, even inside
small pores [7]. These results have great promise in the area of regenerative tissue growth, as
poly-ε-caprolactone can serve as a scaffold for the tissue growth, but it has the ability to
biologically degrade over time, leaving behind a functional tissue [7].
[1] H. Chen, H. Lee, S. Chen and M. Chang, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2008, 2122.
[2] K. Takaki, J.-S. Chang and K. Kostov, IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation 2004, 481.
[3] X. Tu, H. Gallon and J. Whitehead, IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science 2011, 2172.
[4] H. Russ, M. Neiger and J. Lang, IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science 1999, 38.
[5] H. Ding, A. Zhu, X. Yang, C. Li and Y. Xu, J Phys D: Appl Phys 2005, 4160.
[6] O. Godoy-Cabrera, R. Lopez-Callejas, A. Mercado-Cabrera, S. Barocio, R. Valencia, A. Munoz-Castro, R.
Pena Eguiluz and A. de la Piedad-Beneitez, Plasma Sources Science and Technology 2006, 360.
[7] T. Jacobs, H. Declercq, N. De Geyter, R. Cornelissen, P. Dubruel, C. Leys and R. Morent, Surf. Coat.
Technol. 2013, 447.
24
Professor Marcela Bilek
Professor Marcela Bilek is Professor of Applied Physics at the University of Sydney and leads
the Applied and Plasma Research Group (APP). She holds a B.Sc. (Hons I) from the
University of Sydney, a PhD from the University of Cambridge, UK and an MBA from the
Rochester Institute of Technology, USA. Previous appointments include visiting Scientist at
the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, USA; visiting Professor at the Technische
Universitat Hamburg – Harburg, Germany; and Research Fellow, Emmanuel College,
University of Cambridge, UK. She has published over 260 refereed journal articles, 1 book, 4
book chapters and 8 patents. Among her prestigious appointments and prizes are the Malcolm
McIntosh Prize for Physical Scientist of the Year (2002); ARC Federation Fellowship (2003);
Australian Academy of Science Pawsey Medal (2004); Australian Innovation Challenge
Award (2011); ARC Future Fellowship (2012). She has been elected to the Fellowship of the
American Physical Society (APS) and the IEEE in recognition of her work on plasma
processing of materials.
25
Exploiting energetic ions: From Biologically Functionalized Structures for Medical
Applications to Space Propulsion
M. M. M. Bilek1, E. Kosobrodova1, E.A. Wakelin, A. Kondyurin1, G. Yeo1,2, Y. Yin1,
M. Santos1,2, B. Akhavan1, S.G. Wise3, A. Waterhouse2, R. Ganesan1, M. Hiob1,2,
P. Neumann1,4, D.R. McKenzie1, A.S. Weiss2
1
Applied and Plasma Physics Research Group. School of Physics, A28,University of Sydney,
NSW 2006, Australia
2
School of Molecular Biosciences, G08, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
3
Heart Research Institute, Sydney, NSW 2042, Australia
4
Neumann Space Ltd, Marrickville, NSW 2044
The Applied and Plasma Research Group at the University of Sydney focuses on utilizing
energetic ions in the surface modification and deposition of materials and more recently for
use in space thrusters. The energetic ions may be extracted from RF plasmas or background
gas using techniques such as plasma immersion ion implantation (PIII) or they may be created
in specialized discharges such as cathodic vacuum arcs or high powered impulse magnetron
sputtering (HiPIMS). This presentation will provide an overview of the group’s activities
including recent research highlights and new directions. Energetic ion implantation into
materials, using techniques based on plasma immersion ion implantation (PIII) including
plasma immersion ion implantation and deposition (PIII&D), produces collision cascades
under the surface with high local density of ion damage. These processes applied to polymeric
materials induce dehydrogenation and subsequent carbonization of ion implanted surface
layer. An important side effect of this surface restructuring is the entrapment of a high density
of unpaired electrons in dangling bonds. These represent highly reactive radicals stabilized on
pi conjugated carbon structures which can diffuse to the surface through the modified layer
and be used to covalently immobilize of a range of functional molecules to the ion implanted
surfaces [1]. This approach has proven to be very powerful and attractive in the context of
providing biologically functional surfaces. A range of processes have been developed to
enable surface functionalisation of implantable biomedical devices, such as cardiovascular
stents and orthopedic implants. Recent work has adapted these processes for surface
functionalisation of interconnected porous structures for tissue engineering and repair.
Plasma sources that generate especially high levels of ionized flux including depositing
species such as metal ions are of great interest for film forming. Our group has ongoing
research programs focusing on cathodic vacuum arcs (CVA) and high powered impulse
magnetron sputtering (HiPIMS) that explore the utility of energetic metal ions for interface
engineering and coating densification as well as for potential applications in space thrusters.
This presentation will provide a brief description of these plasma sources together with an
overview of our recent work on functional coatings, magnetic steering and space propulsion.
[1] M.M. Bilek, et. al., PNAS 108, 14405-14410 (2011)
26
Dr. Robert Carman
Dr Rob Carman has more than 30 years experience studying the physics of electrical
discharges, particularly relating to plasma-based light sources including high-power gas-lasers.
He has extensive experience in numerical (computer) modelling of multi-parameter, nonlinear complex systems in laser physics and discharge plasmas, including non-equilibrium
plasmas, and in experimental techniques in plasma spectroscopy for discharge kinetics studies.
His research has encompassed rare-gas/metal-vapour plasmas including high-power pulsed
lasers, dielectric barrier discharges (DBDs), DC glows, and microwave plasmas. For the last
fifteen years, he has led a research team at Macquarie University studying the fundamental
plasma kinetics issues in DBD plasma based Ultraviolet and Vacuum-Ultraviolet (UV/VUV)
light sources. The aim has been to develop high average-power, high-efficiency, table-top
UV/VUV sources 60<λ<300nm for a broad range of applications in materials processing of
dielectrics, semi-conductors, polymers and glasses; VUV lithography, surface cleaning, and
water sterilisation.
27
Topics in Plasma research at Macquarie University: coherent (laser) light
sources, incoherent (lamp) short-wavelength light sources, and
astrophysical plasmas
Robert J Carman
MQ Photonics Research Centre, Department of Physics and Astronomy,
Macquarie University, North Ryde, Sydney NSW 2109
Plasma-related research at Macquarie University began around 40 years ago, with early
research projects encompassing a broad range of studies of the plasma kinetics issues in
various types of high-power rare-gas/metal-vapor lasers. This research programme became
one of the major themes of the ARC Centre of Excellence: Lasers and Applications 19881996. The laser studies led to the subsequent establishment of a separate research programme
commencing in ~1998 to develop high-efficiency short-wavelength incoherent light sources
using low-temperature plasmas. These ultraviolet and vacuum-ultraviolet emitting light
sources rely on excimer molecule formation in high-pressure dielectric barrier discharges.
This research effort continues to the present day, supported in the most part through funding
from research partners in industry. In ~2002, a theoretical research programme was also
established at MQ to study astrophysical plasmas – for example the magnetohydrodynamic
shock waves in the densest parts of the interstellar medium, a weakly-ionized phase contained
in molecular clouds. More recent plasma projects also include the development of a remote
nitrogen plasma source for thin film growth and nitriding applications.
In this talk, a general overview of current plasma related research projects at MQ will be
presented. The ongoing challenges associated with securing industry funding for Universitybased research projects, in the current environment of increased competition for the
government funding schemes, will also be discussed.
28
Dr. Andrew Michelmore
Andrew studied Chemical Engineering at The University of Adelaide and completed his PhD
at the Ian Wark Research Institute (UniSA) on inorganic polymer adsorption and minerals
processing. After 5 years working in industry, Andrew returned to UniSA in 2008 where he
currently teaches materials science and is involved in research projects on understanding the
fundamentals of plasma polymerisation. He is also interested in the use of plasma
polymerisation in nanotechnology and healthcare delivery through the Cell Therapy
Manufacturing CRC.
29
Plasma Polymers for Biomedical Devices: Fabrication of Stable
Functionalised Surfaces
C. Daunton, J. Ryssy, G.T.S. Kirby, N. Rogers, L.E. Smith, J.D. Whittle, R.D. Short,
A. Michelmore
University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
Plasma polymer research at UniSA is focussed on biomedical applications, including
engineering surfaces for cell attachment and delivery, antibacterial and antifungal coatings,
and biosensors. A multi-disciplinary approach is used to understand the surface chemistry
required by the biological environment, and the chemistry and physics of plasma-surface
interactions to fabricate surfaces for specific applications.
One interesting class of plasma polymers are amine functionalised films due to their ability to
bind biomolecules. An issue with fabricating amine plasma polymers is the need to generate
sufficient primary amine density on the surface to enable binding, while simultaneously
maintaining the chemical and physical stability of the surface in aqueous media. Here, we
analyse the effect of power on the deposition of four amine containing precursors. The results
show that using low power results in high retention of primary amines, but also in poor
stability in aqueous solution, although precursor chemistry and the mechanism of deposition
also play a role[1].
Analysis of the plasma phase chemistry and energy density during
deposition show that cross-linking caused by ion bombardment increases plasma polymer
stability, but also converts primary amines (-NH2) to secondary (-NH) and tertiary (N)
amines[2]. Thus, understanding both chemical and physical processes during deposition are
required to fabricate stable, amine functionalised plasma polymers.
[1] Joonas Ryssy, Eloni Prioste-Amaral, Daniela F.N. Assuncao, Nicholas Rogers, Giles T.S. Kirby, Louise E.
Smithe, Andrew Michelmore, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2015, submitted
[2] C. Daunton, L.E. Smith, J.D. Whittle, R.D. Short, D.A. Steele, A. Michelmore, Plasma Process. Polym.,
2015, 12, 817-826
30
Professor Jamie Quinton
Jamie obtained his PhD from the University of Newcastle in 2001 working in the area of
organosilane coatings for corrosion protection of various metal oxide surfaces, focussing on
the mechanisms and oscillatory kinetics of self-assembly. From 2000-2001 he was a
Postdoctoral Research Fellow at the Laboratory for Surface Modification, Rutgers University
(NJ, USA) working with Professor Ted Madey, leading his group’s synchrotron research (at
Brookhaven National Laboratory) and collaborating with students and postdocs on various
surface science projects (primarily on faceting of atomically rough surfaces for catalytic
conversion applications). He then returned to Newcastle in 2002 to perform more research
and present some lectures as a casual academic, before being appointed as a Lecturer in
Nanotechnology/Physics/Chemical Physics at Flinders in 2003, promoted to Senior lecturer in
2006, Associate Professor in 2009 and Professor in 2014. As a Research Leader in the
Flinders Centre for Nanoscale Science and Nanotechnology, his research focus at Flinders is
in the area of surface modification to produce nanostructures, particularly with plasma
environments. He is a passionate, life-long learner who is pursuant of all aspects of Science –
Physics and Chemistry in particular – be it in teaching or research.
31
Plasma Surface Modification at Flinders University:
from Nanostructured Surfaces to Corrosion Protection Coatings
Jamie S. Quinton
Flinders Centre for NanoScale Science and Nanotechnology, School of Chemical and
Physical Sciences, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA 5049 Australia
Email contact:[email protected]
Surface modification has been an ongoing nanoscience research focus at Flinders over the
past 15 years. Our activities involve the use of plasma environments to alter the chemical
nature of surfaces, with recent focus on the native oxides of pure magnesium and aluminium;
as well as carbon materials from graphite (HOPG) to carbon nanotubes. Of particular interest
is the modification of these surfaces with organosilanes, which are used to impart a desired
chemical functionality to either passivate or provide chemically active species for subsequent
attachment of other molecules to the surface. To characterise the surfaces involved, a new
Scanning Auger Nanoprobe apparatus in our laboratory has been utilised to apply
spectromicrsocopy to study the efficacy of surface treatment. Figure 1 shows an aluminium
surface that was exposed to propyltrimethoxysilane.
Figure 1. Left: 20μm x 20μm SEM image of PTMS coated aluminium, 10keV, 10nA beam. Right:
Elemental surface maps of Al, C, O and Si over the same area.
These techniques combine composition and morphology and are quite valuable for revealing
how the surface changes. Understanding this, in addition to the influence of various
experimental plasma parameters upon the surface modification process, is highly valuable for
producing modified surfaces with optimal properties to suit their particular application.
32
Professor Ronald White
Ronald White is a Professor of Physics at James Cook University. His group is focused on the
modelling of transport of charged particles in gases, soft-condensed and disordered matter
under non-equilibrium conditions via multi-term solutions of Boltzmann’s equation, non-local
fluid models and Monte Carlo simulations. His talk will focus on recent work of the group
including: (I) the development of accurate and complete sets of cross-sections for electron
scattering from biomolecules using swarm techniques; (ii) transport of electrons and positrons
in liquid and soft-condensed matter, adapting and implementing fundamental scattering crosssections and accounting for both temporal and spatial correlations of the medium, (iii) A new
kinetic theory to describe transport of electrons/positrons via combined delocalized and
localized states, where localised states arise from a variety of mechanisms including bubble
formation and structural imperfections.
33
Gaseous electronics at JCU: From transport and cross-sections for charged
particles in gases, liquids and soft-condensed matter to essential oil based
plasmas
R.D. White1, G. Boyle1, D. Cocks1, W. Tattersall1, M. Casey1, D. Konvalov1, M. Jacob1, K
Bazarka1, M. J. Brunger2, S. J. Buckman3, J. de Urquijo4, G. Garcia5, R. McEachran3, and Z.
Lj. Petrovic6
1
College of Science, Technology and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville,
Australia
2
Research School of Physics and Engineering, ANU, Canberra, Australia
3
Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia
4
CSIC, Madrid, Spain
5
Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mor., Mexico
6
Institute of Physics, Belgrade, Serbia
Gaseous electronics/positronics research at James Cook University spans the fundamental
through to the applied. Fundamental research is at the interface of atomic/molecular physics
and transport theory/simulation, focussed on the understanding of charged particle transport
under highly non-equilibrium conditions. This finds application in many areas, from lowtemperature plasmas, to positron emission tomography, radiation damage and organic
semiconductors.
This presentation explores analytic framework and numerical techniques
for a multi-term solution of space and time dependent Boltzmann¹s equation for
electrons/positrons and ions, and associated fluid equation models, highlighting:
(i)
recent advancements in the testing/validation of complete cross-section sets for
electrons in biological molecules, including mixtures with noble gases;
(ii)
recent studies of electron and positron transport in liquids accounting for coherent
scattering effects and modifications to the scattering environment.
(iii)
temporal and spatial evolution of electrons and positrons in low temperature
plasmas and biological systems.
At the applied end, this presentation will highlight plasma polymerization techniques and
their use in thin film deposition of essential oils, through to development of graphene from
non-conventional sources using plasma enhanced chemical vapour deposition.
34
Professor Sally McArthur
Sally McArthur is a Professor of Biomedical Engineering in the Faculty of Science
Engineering and Technology at Swinburne University of Technology. Sally has obtained
approximately $10M in funding from research councils, industry and government in the UK
and Australia, including the $1.8M ARC Industrial Transformational Training Centre in
Biodevices launched at Swinburne in March 2015. She leads a team at Swinburne exploring
new ways to link industry and academia to create a new generation of entrepreneurial,
innovative and internationally connected graduates capable of driving the Medical and
Manufacturing sectors forward in Australia and internationally. Sally’s personal research
couples materials, surface engineering, physical science, analytical chemistry and
biochemistry. Using these tools, she creates novel interfaces capable of eliciting specific
physical and biological responses. These engineered surfaces enable the integration of biology
into new technologies including microfluidics, biological and environmental sensors, tissue
engineering and manufacturing processes. Sally’s group hosts the Australian National
Fabrication Facility Victoria (ANFF-Vic) Biointerface Engineering Hub, an open access
facility for academic and industry researchers to gain expert support to connect biology with
technology. Sally spent 6 years as a Lecturer and Senior Lecturer at the University of
Sheffield in the UK after completing her Post-Doctoral Studies at the University of
Washington in Seattle. She obtained her PhD from the University of New South Wales
working with contact lens manufacturer Ciba Vision and CSIRO. She obtained her MEng Sci
(Biomedical Engineering) and B.Eng (Materials Engineering) from Monash University.
35
Plasma Polymers: Dogma, Characterisation and Challenges
Sally L McArthur
Biointerface Engineering
Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology
Swinburne University of Technology
Hawthorn, VIC Australia
Email: [email protected]
Plasma polymers, the dogma tells us are densly cross-linked, pinhole free films that adhere to
virtually any dry surface. But when you are working at low power and trying to retain specific
functional groups within your films, is this still true? How does environment (pH, salt
concentration), deposition parameters and substrate characteristics effect film behavior and
what do these responses tell us about the nature of these films? This talk will explore methods
for studying the physicochemical behaviors of plasma polymer films and discuss how these
films can be manipulated address specific technology challenges.
36
Dr. Zhiqiang Chen
Zhiqiang received his PhD from Deakin University in 2013. His PhD thesis was “Plasma
functionalization of nanotubes and carbon Fibres for application in composites”. Since
graduated, he has been working as a researcher in Deakin Plasma Research Group on smart
plasma coatings for industrial projects. His research interests include: nanocomposites, smart
plasma coatings, and applications of plasma in liquid for waste water treatment and
nanofabrication.
37
Plasma Research at Deakin University: Diverse applications and team spirit
Xiujuan J. Dai, Zhiqiang Chen, Gayathri D. Rajmohan, David R. de Celis, Sri B. Ponraj,
Mohammad Maniruzzaman, Arun T. Ambujakshan, Xiao Chen, Peter R. Lamb, Kevin
Magniez, Ladge Kviz, Robert Lovett, Marion L. Wright, Xungai Wang
Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong Waurn Ponds
Victoria 3216, Australia
The plasma research group at Deakin University was established in 2009 and our new plasma
laboratory was officially opened in 2012. After six years development, plasma has become
one of the key research areas within the Institute for Frontier Materials (IFM) at Deakin, and
the plasma laboratory has also served as an enabling facility that supports many other research
activities. We have focused on gaining an improved fundamental understanding of plasma
processes and on developing new plasma technologies and methodologies for scientific and
industrial applications. Our research and industrial projects range across tailoring of
surface/interfaces, improving energy efficiency of solar cells and batteries, biomaterials,
sensors, and nano-composites, food sterilisation, agriculture, wastewater treatment, and
electronic textiles. The key technologies developed at Deakin include 1) a combined physical
vapour deposition (PVD) and plasma enhanced chemical vapour deposition (PECVD) system
for avoiding surface contamination thus producing new and higher quality thin films and
nano-materials; 2) a plasma gas bubble-in-liquid system to achieve high productivity and
selectivity of required reactive species; which has opened wide applications in areas such as
milk sterilization, enhanced plant growth, waste water treatment, and nano-material
fabrication; 3) a combined plasma and heat system to achieve controllable elemental doping
with nano-structure; 4) a stirring plasma system to achieve uniform and effective treatment of
nano-materials. We promote teamwork with different experts in harmonious collaboration.
38
Dr. Kateryna (Katia) Bazaka
Kateryna Bazaka is an ARC DECRA Fellow with Health and Biomedical Technologies,
Queensland University of Technology, Australia. Kateryna is a recipient of the Australian
Institute of Nuclear Science and Engineering Postgraduate Award, the Queensland
Government Smart Women Smart State Award, the Science and Innovation Awards for
Young People in Agriculture Fisheries and Forestry, two Endeavour Research Fellowships,
the Inaugural Advanced Manufacturing Cooperative Research Centre Student Prize, an
AINSE Gold Medal, and is an author of one monograph and 45 refereed journal papers. Her
research focuses on nanoscale processing of materials and living matter for biomedical and
electronic applications.
39
Sustainable Plasma-Enabled Natural-Precursor-Derived Nanocarbons
K. Bazaka1,2,3, M.V. Jacob2, K. Ostrikov1,3,4
1
Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
2
3
James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
CSIRO−QUT Joint Sustainable Materials and Devices Laboratory, Lindfield, Australia
4
School of Physics, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
Nanomaterials are highly-promising for most of energy, environmental, biomedical and other
applications that are critical for a sustainable future. However, most of the existing chemical
synthesis processes are often energy-inefficient and rely on toxic and non-renewable materials.
This is why sustainable, low-carbon-imprint production and processing of functional
nanomaterials is a highly-topical issue. Amongs many green chemistry approaches, few are
able to directly reform minimally processed, renewable natural resources, such as nonpetrochemical oils, grass, and waste materials into the high-quality functional materials.
The talk will discuss how distinctive effects of nonequilibrium reactive chemistries can
advance the integration of sustainable chemistry into nanotech product lifecycle – from
materials synthesis using natural resources to natural degradation of nano-devices after their
operational span is over.
Figure 1: Sustainable life cycles of carbon-based devices for electronics and energy
applications. Reprinted from ref. [1].
[1] K. Bazaka, M.V. Jacob, K. Ostrikov, Chem. Rev. DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00566
40
ITER, Australia and Burning Plasma Physics at the ANU
M. J. Hole, R. L. Dewar, B. Layden, M. Fitzgeralda, G. R. Dennis, S. R Hudsonb,
G. T. von Nessi
Res. School of Physics and Eng., Australian National University, ACT, Australia
a
b
EURATOM/CCFE Fusion Assoc., Culham Science Centre, OX14 3DB, UK
Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, PO Box 451, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA
For more than a decade, Australians have campaigned for a role in the next step fusion
experiment, ITER, principally through the Australian ITER Forum. In addition to significant
outreach, activities have included strategic planning conferences, and two strategic plans. The
Australian Fusion Science Strategic plan, “Powering Ahead: A National response to the Rise
of the International Fusion Power Program”, released in August in 2014 on behalf of the
Forum, the ANU and ANSTO, comprises several recommendations to develop Australia’s
fusion research capacity and secure ITER research engagement. Key components include
support for programmatic fellowships, the Australian Plasma Fusion Research Facility, and
participation in the International Tokamak Physics Activity (ITPA).
The ITPA, which
operates under the auspices of the ITER International Organisation, is the primary channel
through which fusion scientists share ideas and address physics and engineering problems
vital to the success of ITER. In this talk I will articulate how research in the ANU Plasma
Theory and Modelling group, an independent group within the Centre for Plasmas and Fluids,
complements the work of the ITPA. Together with other Australian activities, these credentials
support a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) between ITER and ANSTO under
negotiation. The MoU will enable Australian scientists to formally participate in the ITPA,
and be the foundation upon which wider activity is enabled. The research activity of the ANU
Plasma Theory and Modelling Group spans the topics of burning plasma science in fusion
plasmas, advanced models for fully three dimensional field configurations, and integrated
modelling of toroidal fusion and plasma experiments.
It features massive international
connections, with research embedded in the program of multiple large scale experiments. We
report on developments in adding the physics of flow and anisotropy to equilibrium and
stability treatments, the wave-particle drive of these modes and the modelling of continuum
and radiative damping effects, advances in multiple relaxed region MHD (MRxMHD) to
describe fully 3D configurations, and recent modelling work that describes cylindrical plasma
column of the converging field of a local ANU experiment.
41
Hydrogen-based plasma research on the MAGnetised Plasma Interaction
Experiment (MAGPIE)
C.S. Corr, C.M Samuell, J. Santoso, S. Cousens, M. Thompson, J. Chong
Plasma Research Laboratory, Research School of Physics and Engineering, The Australian
National University, Canberra ACT 0200
Hydrogen plasmas are important to a number of research fields including material
modification, negative ion sources, fusion energy and astrophysics. It is of great importance to
gain an understanding of the plasma dynamics and also its interaction with surfaces.
Spatially and temporally resolved non-intrusive plasma diagnostic techniques are employed
on MAGPIE [1] to determine particle densities and temperatures, which are important to
characterising erosion, sputtering, surface loss processes and particle generation at the surface.
The diagnostics include pulsed-induced fluorescence, tuneable diode laser absorption
spectroscopy, laser induced fluorescence and optical emission spectroscopy. The
experimental results are complimented with a global model of the plasma discharge to predict
particle densities and provide insight into the plasma chemistry.
[1] B. Blackwell, J. F. Caneses, C. Samuell, J. Wach, J. Howard and C. Corr, Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 21
42
Industrial Workshop
43
Plasma Etch Technology Advancement for Meeting Conductor Etch
Process Challenges
Ganming Zhao1, Haiyang Zhang2, Ying Huang 1
1
2
Applied Materials China, Shanghai, China
Semiconductor Manufacturing International Corp, Shanghai, China
[email protected]
(see the abstract in ‘International Invited Speakers’ session)
44
A.B. Murphy, A. Bendavid, G.J.J.B. Degroot, Z.J. Han, J. Hong, S. Kumar1, J.J. Lowke,
A. Mai-Prochnow, P.J. Martin, K. Ostrikov1, L. Randeniya, D.H. Seo, E. Tam
CSIRO Manufacturing, Lindfield NSW, Australia
1
Current address: Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane QLD, Australia
(see the abstract in ‘National Group Representatives‘ session)
45
Dr. Jason Whittle
Jason completed his PhD in Biomaterials Engineering at the University of Sheffield, UK.
After a short period as a post-doc, he co-founded Plasso Technology Ltd. in 2003, to develop
plasma polymerised coatings for life science applications. The company was VC funded for
several years, and launched one product before being bought by US medical giant Becton
Dickinson (BD). Following the buyout, he remained with BD to manage the UK R&D effort
to develop and launch a new range of tissue culture plastic (BD Purecoat). In 2010 he
accepted a research position at the Mawson Institute at the University of South Australia. He
is currently a senior lecturer and program director in Electrical Engineering at UniSA.
46
Commercial development of glycosaminoglycan binding surfaces for
investigating GAG-protein interactions
Jason D. Whittle1
1
School of Engineering, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5095
Treatment of biomaterials surfaces is one of the oldest commercial applications of low
temperature plasma. Early surface modification was limited to inert gas plasma treatments,
but since the late 1980s there has been significant interest in the tailoring of surface chemistry
to particular applications. UniSA hosts a large number of researches investigating the
properties and applications of plasma polymers. In our laboratory, we have two main areas of
interest; the deposition of novel plasma polymer coatings for applications in cell biology; and
the investigation of the physical and chemical plasma environment in order to enable
commercial application of these coatings.
In this presentation I will describe the development of a surface to bind glycosaminoglycans,
and the various stages of commercial scale-up which led to the sale of this product for use in
binding assays. I will highlight some of the challenges and pitfalls associated with making
changes to deposition systems, without fully understanding the chemistry and physics of these
complex systems.
47
Mr. Michael Williams
Michael Williams joined the Geelong Manufacturing Council in October last year taking up
the role of Industry Innovation Manager. Prior to that Michael worked in the automotive
industry in Geelong and Melbourne. Most of his experience was with Holden’s Engine plant
within the engineering department responsible for export sales of engines and project
management of new engine models into production. Michael also has experience in
automotive plastics and glass having worked for MHG in Melton and North Geelong. As
Industry Innovation Manager Michael assists local companies to gain business advantages
from collaborating with Deakin University.
48
Seeking Industry for Plasma Technology in Geelong
Michael Williams
Geelong Manufacturing Council, Geelong, Australia
(1) Introduce the Geelong Manufacturing Council and the vision of future industry through
the transformation of the region to higher technology industries in a global marketplace;
(2) How I work with Industry and Deakin University to achieve best outcomes for businesses
and the university through collaborative projects; and
(3) The great future prospects here in Geelong as the region attracts more people to set up
business and work here.
The Industry Workshop to be held as part of GEM 2016 can also include the topic of
‘Seeking Industry for Plasma Technology in Geelong. This will include a presentation from
Enterprise Geelong and Regional Development Victoria on the services they provide to assist
business setting up in Geelong.
49
Mr. James Carter
James started life in the vacuum/thin film industry as a young 17 year old apprentice for
Vacuum Generators in the UK. Training to become a Mechanical Engineer, James
manufactured UHV MBE Chambers for high end semiconductor manufactures including
Motorola. James then moved to Kurt J Lesker UK within the PVD thin film deposition
systems division (Sputtering, E-beam, Thermal and Organic Deposition). Major European
clients included major Universities (Oxford, Cambridge, TU Eindhoven, TU Dresden) and
Manufacturers (Siemens, Philips Lighting, Samsung). James took a great opportunity to work
in Australia with the John Morris Group as Divisional Manager for Vacuum and Thin
Film. At John Morris we are proud to work with exciting research groups including plasma
physics and associated fields and look forward to meeting with you at this prestige plasma
physics conference.
50
Working with Universities
J. Carter
(John Morris Scientific, Australia)
51
Mr. Andrew Rau
Having completed his Bachelor of Mechanical Engineering Degree, Andrew spent 5 years in
Research and Development of Domestic & Commercial Gas Appliances and was manager of
the Appliance Development and Approvals laboratories for Gas Technology Services. After 2
years in Asia, Andrew completed a Graduate Diploma in Management and a Masters of
Enterprise Innovation from the Swinburne Graduate School of Management. Andrew then
spent the next 8 years working in a variety of roles at Holden Ltd, including National
Marketing Manager of Small and Medium cars. After 8 years in corporate, Andrew then
purchased 2 Automotive Dealerships in regional Victoria, employing 37 staff with an annual
revenue in excess of $40M. Andrew commenced with Deakin in September 2013 and is
passionate about commercialising new ideas, technologies and processes. His role as Industry
Engagement & Commercial manager is to act as the conduit for industry and start-ups into the
University and to assemble Researchers who can deliver the outcomes required. This role also
assists in obtaining funding and developing business plans, IP protection and
commercialisation strategies.
52
Bridge between university and industry
A. Rau
53
Past, Present, and Future
54
Dr. John Lowke
John Lowke was appointed to CSIRO, 1980-88, as Chief of the Division of Applied Physics,
which then had a staff of ~400 people. He followed in research and management positions
until his formal retirement in 1999, but has continued to the present in CSIRO as an Honorary
Fellow. He has just completed being Principal Investigator (Scientific) of a three year contract
of CSIRO with Boeing of Seattle on “Lightning Attachment to Aircraft”. Prior to CSIRO
John spent 4 years on the staff of the University of Sydney, and 11 years as a Senior Physicist
with the Westinghouse Research Laboratories in Pittsburgh, USA, working on the physics of
circuit interruption, electrical breakdown and arc lamps. Prior to his PhD gained at the
Universities of Adelaide and ANU, John was a science teacher at Unley and Riverton High
Schools in SA, and then became a lecturer at the Adelaide Teachers College. John has had
many invitations to talk at overseas conferences, principally for his work on electron transport
theory, the physics of welding, the physics of lightning and his recent theory of Ball
Lightning. John was foundation chairman of GEM in 1980.
55
Gaseous Electronics – a personal view from GEM 1980 to GEM 2016.
J. Lowke,
CSIRO Manufacturing, Lindfield, Sydney, Australia.
[email protected]
Changes in our subject of Gaseous Electronics from 1980 to the present span several
aspects. (1) Theoretical methods, using algebra, for example in the mean free path analyses
of Huxley, are now largely superceded by intensive numerical computer calculations. (2) A
unity has developed in our subject extending from (a) basic quantum mechanical
calculations of particle collision cross sections, to (b) calculated plasma coefficients such as
ionization or conductivity coefficients, using these cross sections, to (c) particular
predictions using these plasma coefficients of specific behaviour of either glow, spark or
breakdown discharges. (3) Applications of these discharges, have astounding variation,
ranging from lighting bulbs, circuit breakers, discharges for coatings, arcs for mineral
processing, arcs for arc welding, lasers, solar plasmas and plasma TV screens. Now to cap
it off, in perhaps the most exciting of all, two invited lectures at the very recent sister
conference of ours, the GEC, or Gaseous Electronics Conference in the US, were on the
topic of dielectric barrier discharges being applied as a cure for cancer! My talk will
traverse my own personal career from high school teacher (3 yrs.), to lecturer at Adelaide
Teachers College (1 yr.), to physicist engineer at Westinghouse in the US (11 yrs.), to
Lecturer then Reader in Electrical engineering at the University of Sydney (4 yrs.), to
Chief of CSIRO Applied Physics (8 yrs.), and finally, to the most satisfying of all, research
as an Honorary Fellow in CSIRO!
56
Professor Rod Boswell
Rod Boswell is a Professor at the Australian National University in the Space Plasma, Power
and Propulsion group of the Plasma Research Laboratory. He is active in the fields of plasma
processing of surfaces for microelectronics and optoelectronics, plasma thrusters, fuel cells as
well as basic linear and non-linear processes in plasmas. Over the past 15 years he has
published over 100 papers in major international journals, been granted 7 patents, given about
50 invited lectures in international conferences and presented his group’s work to many
industrialists in many countries. He is interested in discovering interesting phenomena and
using them in practical ways. His helicon reactor is well known as a fascinating research
experiment and an effective processing tool in the microelectronics industry. In recent years
he has become interested in applying electric double layers to astrophysical phenomena and to
space propulsion. He is contributing to the hydrogen economy by deposition of nanoagregates of catalysts and new proton conducting membranes. He has been elected Fellow of
the Australian Academy of Sciences and has been awarded a Doctorate Honouris Causa by
the University of Orleans in France. Recently he was honoured with a Membership of the
Order of Australia. He is a keen skier and long board surfer and has been known to paddle a
canoe down very long rivers. Additionally, he is bass player in the cool west coast jazz group
Harmonic Propulsion. If you wish to contact him he will answer e-mails:
[email protected]
57
An overview of research and development in the Space Plasma Power and
Propulsion Laboratory
R. Boswell and the SP3 glee club
SP3, RSPE, ANU, Canberra, Australia
Established in the early 1980s, the SP3 laboratory has a long history of innovation, not only in
basic plasma science but also with industry. The research started with investigations into the
interaction of electron beams with plasma in the WOMBAT experiment (Waves on
magnetized beams and turbulence) and the development of Particle in Cell computer codes. A
powerful argon ion laser was developed in the 5 cm diameter BASIL system. An intense
period of plasma surface research followed with a resurgence in helicon experiments. More
recently, plasma sourced ions beams has lead to start up companies in the USA (Oregon
Physics) and Korea (SL Innovations). The primary research in the laboratory now centers
around thrusters for spacecraft, the basic physics of plasmas in diverging magnetic fields
modeling and simulation. New rf systems are being developed for spacecraft, especially the
nano-satellites called cubesats.
Some reflections on plasma physics in Australia from the 1960s may be indulged in.
58
Dr. Endre Szili
I am a Research Fellow at the University of South Australia working in the field of plasma
bioscience. My research is focused on the use of low-temperature, atmospheric-pressure
plasmas for biological and medical applications. My aim is to establish a firm scientific
knowledge of how plasma can be applied safely and effectively to tissue (human, meats, fruit
and vegetables). This new knowledge will help advance new medical therapies (wound
therapy, cancer therapy and regenerative medicine) and emerging food manufacturing
industries (meats, fruits and vegetables). Before moving into the field of plasma bioscience, I
completed a Bachelor of Biotechnology (Honours) in 2003 and PhD in Chemistry in 2008 at
Flinders University. Afterwards, I completed two post-doctoral positions at University of
South Australia working on the development of microplasmas for the localised
functionalization of surfaces and development of theranostic sensors for wound therapy.
59
Plasma interactions with soft tissue: a new generation of plasma
technologies
Endre Szili and Rob Short
University of South Australia
Non-thermal, atmospheric plasma has the potential to underpin new medical therapies for
wound healing/decontamination, tissue regeneration and cancer therapy. Considering that
plasma usually only modifies the uppermost surface of organic materials,1,2 it is difficult to
reconcile how plasma can have effects on many hundreds to thousands of µm into the tissue
subsurface (e.g. destruction of solid tumours and deactivation of biofilms on wounds).
Therefore, we have developed models of tissue and cells to study the mechanisms of plasma
in biology and medicine. In this talk, I will focus on the use of simple synthetic tissue models
(gelatin and agarose targets) and synthetic cell models (phospholipid membrane vesicles with
diameters of 100 nm to 2 µm) to study the penetration of plasma-generated reactive oxygen
and nitrogen species (RONS) into tissue. RONS are thought to have a major role in plasma
therapies.3 We observed that a non-thermal atmospheric plasma jet delivers RONS deep
within tissue (at least 4 mm) and the RONS are readily transported directly across cellularlike membranes, without the disruption of these membranes.4,5 Our results are important in
the context of wound therapy, cancer therapy, biotechnology, medicine, tissue regeneration,
decontamination and sterilization: plasma may be used in the future to directly intervene in
cell signaling processes deep within affected tissue to combat disease and regenerate tissue.
[1] Desmet G et al., RSC Adv. Vol. 3, p. 13437, 2013.
[2] Bryant PM et al., Surf. Coat. Technol. Vol. 204, p. 2279, 2010.
[3] Graves DB, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. Vol. 45, p. 263001, 2012.
[4]. Szili EJ et al., J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. Vol 48, pp. 202001, 2015.
[5] Hong et al., J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. Vol 47, pp. 362001, 2014.
60
Dr. Ben Muir
Ben Muir is a research scientist at CSIRO Manufacturing. He runs the Rapid Automated
Materials and Processing centre. A large part of his past research has been on the
development of functional thin films predominantly for life science applications. In this talk
he will provide an overview of the research he has conducted in the field of plasma polymer
science over the past 15 years.
61
Fundamentals and functional applications of plasma polymer films
B.W. Muir1,
1
CSIRO, Melbourne, Australia
In this presentation I will provide some highlights of CSIRO’s published research using
plasma polymer films over the last 15 years. The exact composition of plasma polymer films
and mechanisms of their formation is still an area which is not well understood. To this end
CSIRO has worked closely with ANSTO over the last ten years to investigate plasma polymer
using Neutron and X-ray reflectometry. In this talk I will provide an overview of the lessons
learned using these techniques to proble the composition, water uptake and the interphase of
the substrate between various plasma polymer films. In addition to this I will show the
outcomes of research conducted with a view to generate plasma polymer films for use in
various applications including biomaterial coatings, as barrier coatings and clickable
functional thin films. Finally I will present some more recent work where plasma polymer
films have been deposited over self assembled fibres enabling some very interesting
fundamental research to be conducted probing the interaction of cells with various
nanotopographical surfaces.
62
Dr. Joshua Machacek
Obtained his masters at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln studying super-excited state
dynamics via photo-fragmentation of molecular hydrogen and nitrogen. He did his PhD at the
Australian National University as part of the Centre for Antimatter-Matter Studies exploring
low-energy positron scattering. In addition to measuring the positronium formation cross
section for a number of atoms and molecules, he searched for the signatures of positron
binding. After his PhD, he took up a Caltech postdoctoral scholarship at the Jet Propulsion
Laboratory studying charge exchange between highly charged ions with atoms and simple
molecules. Currently, he is a Postdoctoral Fellow at the Australian National University
conducting low-energy positron scatting with biological molecules.
63
Regularities in Positronium formation from atoms and molecules
J. R. Machacek1
1
Research School of Physics and Engineering, Australian National University, Canberra
Positronium (Ps) formation in positron collisions with atoms and molecules is one of the most
dominant scattering processes in positron-matter collisions below 1 keV. The Ps atom is a
bound state between a positron and an electron. It has a binding energy half that of atomic
hydrogen. In positron scattering from atoms and molecules, the formation of Ps has a
threshold occurring at 6.8 eV below the ionization potential. The formation of Ps in collisions
with atoms and molecules is difficult to describe theoretically because the outgoing Ps atom
has internal structure which must be included for a complete description of the process.
Production of Ps is particularly important in applications where the emitted gamma rays are
used to locate the annihilation event. Positron Emission Tomography (PET) is a powerful tool
which uses the emission of back-to-back gamma rays to determine the location of the
annihilation event. Our understanding of positron transport in soft tissue has been limited by
the availability of fundamental positron scattering data for a wide range of molecules.
In an effort to aid the modelling of positron and positronium (Ps) transport in biological
media we have compiled recent experimental results for the total Ps formation in positron
scattering from atoms and molecules. A simple function was found to adequately describe the
total Ps formation cross section for both atoms and molecules. The parameters of this function
describe the magnitude and shape of the Ps formation cross section and are compared to
physical characteristics of the target atoms and molecules. A general trend in the magnitude
of the total Ps formation cross section is observed as a function of the target atom/molecule
dipole polarisability. The functional form may enable quick estimation of the Ps cross section
for molecules for which experimental measurements or theoretical estimates do not exist.
64
Three Best Students’ Abstracts
65
Mr. David Rubín de Celis Leal
David is nearing completion of a Materials Engineering PhD at Deakin University
investigating the capabilities of combining cold plasma and temperature for enhanced
semiconductors. Earlier he had begun a PhD at the IPICYT in Mexico studying the properties
of pillared graphene as a hydrogen storage material after collaborating with researchers at
Kassel University in Germany on the simulation of carbon 3D nanostructures as part of a
Physics degree. He is interested in improving the generation and storage of energy in order to
build a more sustainable ecosystem. He is also teaching to share this goal with the new
generations that might live in it.
66
Combining cold plasma and heat to produce N-doped nanostructured SnO2
D. Rubin de Celis1, P. R. Lamb1, D. G. McCulloch2, D. Calestani3, A. Du4, A. Sutti1, X. J. Dai1
1
Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
2
3
4
School of Applied Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
IMEM-CNR Institute, Universita degli Studi di Parma, Parma, Italy
School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of
Technology, Brisbane, Australia
A systematic study was conducted to investigate the effects of a combined plasma and heat
method on N-doped nanostructured SnO2. An RF plasma located inside a furnace (P+T
system) was used to treat SnO powder at temperatures from 380 to 470 °C. SnO2 with up to 8
at.% nitrogen and a polycrystalline nanostructure was detected in samples treated with N2
plasma [1]. The incorporation of nitrogen and the formation of nanocrystals were attributed to
both the ion bombardment from the plasma sheath and the heat. Changes in CathodoLuminescence (CL) spectra suggested a slight decrease in the Fermi level linked to the
acceptor role of N-doping. In order to better understand the doping and nanostructure
formation, SnOxNy thin films were produced in a PVD chamber with a heated substrate using
a Sn target and Ar, O2 and N2. Thin films were subsequently treated in the P+T system. SnO2,
with a columnar crystal structure, was only formed at substrate temperatures above 440 °C in
PVD. Around 2 at.% N was detected in all samples treated in the P+T system, indicating
surface doping. A flower-like nanostructure was observed in SnO2 films after P+T treatment
with N2 but not with Ar or Air. These results are consistent with the doping and
nanostructuring observed with the powders. Up to 20 at.% N was achieved using high N2/O2
ratios in PVD. These samples had a new CL peak at 2.0 eV, suggesting a new electronic level
is generated by bulk N-doping. The Vienna Ab-initio Simulation Package was used to
calculate the expected effects of N-doping on the electronic properties of SnO2. A decrease in
the Fermi level and new electronic states inside the band-gap were predicted, consistent with
the CL observations of bulk doped samples. The results are encouraging for this new method
of tailoring the electronic and structural properties of semiconductors.
[1] Rubín de Celis, D.; Chen, Z.; Rahman, M. M.; Tao, T.; McCulloch, D. G.; Field, M. R.; Lamb, P. R.; Chen,
Y.; Dai, X. J., Plasma Processes and Polymers 2014, 11, 897.
67
Ms. Rackel Reis
Rackel is in her 4th year of PhD between Victoria University and Deakin University. Her
research interests lie at the interface of the desalination and materials science fields. She
enjoys studying advanced surface chemical functionalization and learning about materials
behavior at the nanoscale world. She is working on the control of thin film composite
membrane design and alteration to understand the interactions between membrane surfaces
and contaminants in solution. Her project, involves Directed Energy Techniques to alter the
performance of commercially available membranes using plasma and irradiative techniques.
Such treatments allow for controllable physical and chemical surface properties and the
generation of uniform and functional thin-film coatings. Rackel has used advanced
modification and characterization techniques, including spatial analysis of functional groups
performed by the infrared beam line at the Australian Synchrotron. She recently received an
overseas funding program – The International Synchrotron Access Program (ISAP) from the
Australian Synchrotron, which will enable the access to IR s-SNOM beam line at the
Brazilian Synchrotron Light Laboratory (LNLS). This study aims at correlating chemical
groups distribution to physical roughness across membrane surfaces to evaluate, at the submicron scale, the link between surface texture and surface/foulants interactions.
68
Exploring plasma technique for tuning surface energy of thin film
composite membranes
R. Reis1,2, L. F. Dumée2, M. She, J.D. Orbell1, J. A. Schütz3, B. Winther-Jensen4 and Mikel C.
Duke1
1
2
Institute of Sustainability and Innovation, Victoria University, Victoria - Australia
Institute of Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria - Australia
3
4
CSIRO Manufacturing Flagship, Geelong, Australia
Department of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University, Tokyo
Surface modification of thin film composite (TFC) membranes has been widely explored as
one of the pathways to design fouling resistant membranes. Surface charge plays an important
role for selective contamiants rejection due to strong electrostatic interactions at the nanoscale
across the surface of the membrane materials. Plasma treatments are rapid and cost-effective
technologies to activate surfaces or induce polymerization. Such treatments lead to the design
of unique surfaces with cotrollable physical and chemical properties. Here, two different
routes using plasma tecnique were explored for tuning TFC surface. The first one was
performed by using reactant gases, such as argon, to chemically etch and modify the texture
of the membranes, while the second involved the plasma polymerization of monomers across
the surface to increase carboxylic and amine functional groups densities and therefore alter
surface charge. A simple argon plasma treatment largely increased water flux by up to 36%
without compromising salt rejection for low plasma powers. Also negative surface charge was
dramatically increased from -20 to -65 mV between 10 and 50 W. Likewise, plasma
polymerization of maleic acid monomers significantly increased negative charges reaching up
to -80 mV without compromising membrane performance. On the other hand, plasma
polymerization of 1-vinyl(imidazole) increased amine groups and therefore, positive charges
reached +30 mV and isoelectric point was formed around pH 7. Analysis of resultant film
homogeinity and thickness was performed by FTIR mapping at the Australian synchrotron.
Both films uniformity and thicknesses were increased with increasing process duration up to
15 min. This presentation demonstrates the potential of plasma as a fine tunning tool and
versitile technique to smartly design next generation of surface modified TFC membranes.
69
Mr. Andrew Lehmann
Andrew is a third year PhD student in Astronomy at Macquarie University in Sydney,
Australia. He studies the turbulent molecular clouds in the interstellar medium responsible for
all of the star formation in the Universe. In particular, his PhD thesis concerns explaining the
unusually high temperatures and strong turbulence of the clouds orbiting the centre of the
Milky Way Galaxy. To this end, he has modelled the shock waves typical to the partially
ionized molecular clouds. He has found key structural and observational differences in
different families of magnetohydrodynamic shock waves. Recently he has been searching for
these shock waves in high resolution three-dimensional simulations of magnetised molecular
clouds, with the hopes that the observational diagnostics gained from shock waves might
help solve the mysteries of star formation.
70
Magnetohydrodynamic shock waves in weakly ionized astrophysical clouds
Andrew Lehmann1, Mark Wardle1
1
Department of Physics and Astronomy, and Research Centre in Astronomy, Astrophysics
and Astrophotonics, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
The interstellar medium is a complex multiphase environment encompassing a wide range of
temperatures, densities and ionization states1. The densest and coldest phase, contained in
giant molecular clouds, is a weakly ionized, supersonically turbulent plasma hosting all of the
star formation in the Universe2. This turbulence dissipates via magnetohydrodynamic (MHD)
shock waves, which can be found in three distinct families: fast, intermediate and slow. By
solving the steady, plane-parallel two-fluid MHD equations, we show that fast and slow MHD
shocks in molecular clouds are structurally and observationally distinct3. A simple oxygen
chemical network is employed to follow the abundances and emission from dominant
coolants (Figure 1). In particular, estimates of line emission from CO show slow shocks
dominate the emission of rotational lines above J = 6-5. These slow shock signatures may
have already been observed in turbulent molecular clouds in the Milky Way galaxy4.
Figure 1: Temperature and cooling profiles of 3 km/s fast (left) and slow (right) MHD shocks.
[1] Field G. B., Goldsmith D. W., Habing H. J., 1969, ApJ, 155, L149
[2] Mac Low M-M., Klessen R. S., 2004, Rev. Mod. Phys., 76, 125
[3] Lehmann A., Wardle M., 2015, MNRAS, in press (arXiv:1507.02111)
[4] Pon A. et al., 2015, A&A, 577, A75
71
Oral Presentations
72
Topic: Basic studies and diagnostics of low-temperature plasmas
Laser Induced Fluorescence Measurements in the MAGPIE Plasma Device
S. Cousens1, C. Corr1
1
Plasma Research Laboratory, Research School of Physics and Engineering, Australian
National University, Canberra, Australia
[email protected]
It is of crucial importance to understand the complex interactions between a plasma and a
surface, since such interactions drive an enormous range of practical applications, from light
sources and lasers to surgery and making computer chips, among many others. In addition,
concerns over fuel inventory in plasma-facing materials for fusion devices, as well as material
erosion affecting machine integrity, necessitate a better understanding of the complex plasmamaterial interactions.
Neutral particles such as atomic hydrogen, as well as their temperature, play an important role
in basic plasma processes, since their density and temperature can greatly influence the
plasma dynamics and plasma chemistry. In this contribution a new laser induced fluorescence
(LIF) diagnostic has been installed on the Magnetised Plasma Interaction Experiment
(MAGPIE)[1] at the ANU. Laser induced fluorescence (LIF) is one of the most sensitive
methods of measuring atomic and molecular species in a plasma as well as gas temperatures.
It can provide excellent temporal and spatial resolution of densities in the gas phase,
temperature, surface loss probabilities, erosion, and deposition precursors. By varying the
laser wavelength different species can be selected. In this contribution densities and
temperatures of atomic hydrogen in MAGPIE will be presented along with a working
description of the laser induced fluorescence diagnostic.
[1] B. Blackwell, et al, Plasma Sources Sci. Techno. 2012, 21.
73
Parameters of Runaway Electron Beams at a Subnanosecond Breakdown of
Gases at Atmospheric Pressure
V.F. Tarasenko
Institute of High Current Electronics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences,
Akademichesky Ave. 2/3, Tomsk, 634055 Russia
E-mail: [email protected]
The generation of runaway electrons in gases at atmospheric pressure is a fundamental
physical phenomenon responsible, in particular, for the formation of diffuse discharges
without a source of additional preionization. Runaway electron beams in gases at atmospheric
pressure were studied in hundreds of works (see [1] and references therein). The aim of this
work is to determine the main parameters of runaway electron beams at a subnanosecond
breakdown of gases at atmospheric pressure from experiments performed with the highest
currently achieved time resolution. The set of the data obtained is unique and is presented for
the first time.Studies were performed with five experimental setups and three generators of
nanosecond pulses with the duration of the voltage pulse front from 0.1 to 1 ns and the
amplitude of the voltage pulse in the incident wave from 40 to 200 kV. Three variants of the
SLEP generator were used.
The generation of runaway electrons in gases at atmospheric significantly affects processes at
nanosecond discharges. It has been proven that the duration of the current pulse of the
runaway electron beam detected behind the foil of the gas diode in air and other gases at
atmospheric pressure was ~100 ps. It has been shown that the use of a collimator with a hole
with a diameter of 1 mm or smaller, short interelectrode gaps, and cathodes with a small area
of a sharp edge makes it possible to separate a fraction of runaway electrons of the beam and
to detect pulses with a FWHM of about 25 ps. It has been confirmed that the spectrum of the
runaway electron beam at a subnanosecond breakdown consists of two or three groups of
electrons with different energies. The number of electrons in the third group (electrons with
an anomalous energy) in the case of the optimal spherical cathode is no more than 10% of the
total number of electrons in the runaway electron beam. The number of e lectrons detected
behind the anode foil was 6.2 × 1010, which corresponds to a current amplitude of the
runaway electron beam of 100 A at a FWHM of the pulse of ~100 ps.
This work was supported by the Russian Science Foundation, project no. 14-29-00052.
[1] V.F. Tarasenko (editor) Runaway electrons preionized diffuse discharges. New York: Nova
Science Publishers, Inc., 2014.
74
Negative ion dynamics in the afterglow of an inductively coupled hydrogen
plasma source using different magnetic field configurations
S. Nulty1, C. S. Corr1
1
Plasma Research Laboratory. Research School of Physics and Engineering, The Australian
National University, Canberra, ACT 0200 Australia
[email protected], [email protected]
Low pressure, electronegative inductively coupled plasma sources (ICP's) have important
applications in high-energy beam sources for fusion energy [1,2], space plasma thrusters [3,4]
and industrial scale materials processing [5]. In this work we demonstrate efficient volume
production of hydrogen negative ions using magnetic field filters placed downstream of the
source antenna region. RF compensated Langmuir probe, probe based photodetachment and
optical emission spectroscopy are employed to provide spatially and temporally resolved
measurements of the electron energy probability functions, plasma densities, negative ion
fraction, plasma potential and electron temperature. Measurements are performed along the
axis of the ICP source both with and without a magnetic field. Enhanced negative ion
production is observed both with the application of the magnetic filter and also in the plasma
afterglow. This increase in negative ion production is correlated with electron cooling. The
experimental configuration provides a high-density negative ion source that may be beneficial
for next generation ion plasma sources.
[1] R. Gutser, et al. Negative hydrogen ion transport in RF-driven ion sources for ITER NBI. Plasma Phys.
Control. Fusion. 51 045005 (2009)
[2] U. Fantz et al. Physical performance analysis and progress of the development of the negative ion RF source
for the ITER NBI system. Nucl. Fusion. 49 (2009)
[3] Chabert P 2007 Patent Number WO 2007/065915 A1 “Propulseur á plasma èlectronegative”.
[4] Aanesland A, Meige A and Chabert P 2008 44th Journal of Physics: Conference Series 162 (2009) 012009
“Electric propulsion using ion-ion plasmas”.
[5] Camille Petit-Etienne, Maxime Darnon, Paul Bodart, Marc Fouchier, Gilles Cunge et al. “Atomic-scale
silicon etching control using pulsed Cl2 plasma”, Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology B 31, 011201
(2013)
75
Negative hydrogen ion production in the MAGPIE helicon plasma source
J. Santoso1, H. Willett2, C.S. Corr 1
1
Plasma Research Laboratory, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200,
Australia
2
York Plasma Institute, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DQ, UK
High-energy (>1 MeV) neutral beam injection (NBI) systems are set to be one of the primary
heating mechanisms for the ITER experimental fusion reactor and subsequent magnetically
confined fusion reactors. At high energies, NBI systems require a large, steady supply of
negative ions in order to operate. It is therefore a crucial step to develop high throughput
negative ion sources in order to supply the NBI systems. Due to their high power coupling
efficiency and high plasma densities, helicon devices may be able to reduce power
requirements and potentially remove the requirement for caesium when compared to existing
inductively coupled driver designs. In this work, we investigate negative ion production in a
high-power (20kW) helicon plasma source, MAGPIE, the MAGnetised Plasma Interaction
Experiment, at the ANU. The negative ion fraction is measured by probe-based laser
photodetachment, electron density and temperature are determined by a Langmuir probe. We
present axial profiles of these plasma properties in MAGPIE under various conditions, as well
as examining the effect of increasing supplied rf power. We show that a helicon device can
readily achieve similar plasma densities to ICP devices at significantly lower powers than
those specified for existing driver designs, as well as showing that it is possible to produce the
negative ion density required for NBI operation in a helicon device at 20kW without the need
for caesiation.
76
The mysterious arc cathode spots: what can we deduce from measurements
of the temperature and velocity of ions ejected from the spots
I. S. Falconer1, T Boele1, O Novak1,2, R. Ganesan1, M.M.M. Bilek1 and David. R. McKenzie1
1
School of Physics, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
2
Skoda Engineering, Pilsen, Czech Republic.
The cathode spots of cathodic arcs exhibit many bizarre characteristics. Most remarkably,
they eject ions of multiple charge states that are sufficiently energetic to reach the anode
against the potential between the electrodes. Measurements of the energy distribution of these
ions using both time-of-flight techniques and electrostatic measurements show that these ions
have temperatures of ~10 eV and directed energies of from 20eV for Li II to ~160 eV for U
IV.
We have used high-resolution spectroscopy to measure the shape of emission lines from
multiply-charged Al ions ejected from the cathode spots which, unlike electromagnetic
techniques, give information about the velocity distribution of ions at the surface of the dense
spot plasma. When viewed normal to the cathode surface, the line shapes for the Al III line at
466 nm corresponded to two well-separated gaussians, corresponding to ion temperatures
of ~10 eV, which appear to be moving apart with velocities of ~2 x104 ms-1. When viewed
parallel to the cathode surface there is little evidence for splitting and the ion temperature is
again ~ 10 eV. For the Al II line at 466 nm there is little evidence for splitting when viewed
either normal to, or side on to the cathode surface, and the gaussian line profiles correspond to
ion temperatures comparable with those for the Al III line. In this presentation I will compare
these observations with non-spectroscopic ion energy distribution measurements and relate
our observations to the physics of arc cathode spots.
77
Topic: Physics of laboratory and space plasmas
Plasma Transport in An Annular Helicon Thruster
Y. Zhang, C. Charles, and R. Boswell
Space Plasma, Power and Propulsion Laboratory,
Research School of Physics and Engineering,
The Australian National University
A newly configured annular helicon reactor, powered by an outer antenna at a constant radiofrequency (13.56 MHz) power, has been developed to study transport properties of charged
particles in a low pressure argon plasma. An ion beam generated by an annular double layer is
clearly identified in the diffusion chamber using a retarding field energy analyzer. Transport
of the annular ion beam in an expanding magnetic field is characterized by measuring both
the radial and axial profiles of beam potential and beam current. The annular beam merges
into a solid centrally peaked structure in the diffusion chamber and a reversed-cone plasma
wake is formed in the central region. Additionally, radial transport phenomena in low
temperature annular plasmas are investigated theoretically, for which three different situations
are considered: a low electric field (LEF) model, an intermediate electric field (IEF) model,
and a high electric field (HEF) model. The annular modelling is applied to an argon plasma
and the numerical results of density peak position, boundary loss coefficient and electron
temperature are given as functions of the annular geometry ratio and Paschen number.
[1] Y. Zhang, C. Charles, and R. Boswell, Phys. Plasmas 21, 063511 (2014).
[2] Y. Zhang, C. Charles, and R. Boswell, Phys. Plasmas 22, 073510 (2015).
78
Pocket Rocket experiments and plasma modelling
T. S. Ho1, C. Charles1, R. W. Boswell1
1
Space Plasma, Power and Propulsion Laboratory,
Research School of Physics and Engineering, Australian National University, Canberra,
Australia
Email contact: T. S. Ho ([email protected])
Pocket Rocket (PR) is a radio frequency electrothermal plasma microthruster currently under
development by the Space Plasma, Power and Propulsion Laboratory (SP3) in ANU. PR
features a cylindrical discharge volume 4.2 mm in diameter and 18 mm long; its small size
and low power requirements makes it ideal for applications in CubeSats and other
miniaturised satellites.
Typical operating conditions for PR is 100 SCCM Ar with 300 V at 13.56 MHz, sustaining a
1.5 Torr plasma with 5 W (post-match). PR is capable of performing over a wide range of
power from under 0.05 W to 50 W, corresponding to between 65 V and 1000 V peak
electrode voltage.
The plasma produced in PR is weakly ionised, with plasma density on the order of 1012 cm-3.
Through ion-neutral collisions, the background gas is heated from 300 K to 1000 K at
maximum power, increasing the thrust that can otherwise be obtained from a cold gas jet.
CFD plasma simulations offer a cross sectional view and internal access to PR which is not
possible with invasive experimental diagnostic instruments like Langmuir probes [1], and
provide a more detailed and accurate picture of the thermal properties of the Ar plasma than
optical emission spectroscopy techniques with 1% N2 addition [2].
We present CFD plasma simulations of PR that match very well with theory and experimental
data of phenomena and parameters such as slip flow, sonic surfaces, stagnation pressure, selfbias, plasma density, gas heating, and thrust.
[1] C. Charles & R. W. Boswell, Plasma Sources Sci. T. 2012, 10.1088/0963-0252/21/2/022002
79
New Research Avenues for the Pocket Rocket Electrothermal Thruster
A. Bennet1, C. Charles1, R. Boswell1
1
Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
With the increasing popularity of cubesats and small satellites as inexpensive avenues to
space, there is a growing demand for low mass, miniaturised electric propulsion systems.
“Pocket Rocket” is a miniaturised electrothermal thruster experiment currently being
researched at the Australian National University and is designed for use on cubesats and small
satellites [1]. The Pocket Rocket experiment has been described in the literature and thrust
measurements have validated its performance. The next step is to develop a self-contained
package, incorporating miniaturised gas and power subsystems, which could be used in a
cubesat.
A standalone miniaturised gas injection system has been created and tested, allowing for
Argon stored at high pressure to be injected into the Pocket Rocket plenum at pressures of ~1
Torr. This injection system and its limitations will be presented and future work in the area
discussed.
In other work conducted by our group, the computation fluid dynamics (CFD) package CFDACE has been used to model the plasma generation, gas heating and flow characteristics in
Pocket Rocket. The ability to incorporate the magnetic module of CFD-ACE into these and
future simulations could provide insight into plasma dynamics in the vicinity of solenoids
producing magnetic fields. Current work in this area will be presented and limitations
discussed.
[1] lodged Oct. 26, 2010 R. W. Boswell, “RF micro-thruster for space applications,” ANU Provisional Patent
Application
80
Electron impact processes involving OH in planetary atmospheres
L. Campbell1, M.J. Brunger1
1
School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
The hydroxyl radical (OH) is a minor constituent in planetary atmospheres, but is important in
both atmospheric processes and remote sensing. For example, it has been proposed that odd
hydrogen species, including OH, are produced by electron impact and take part in ozonedestroying processes in the Earth’s mesosphere, so providing the “missing driver” for the
Sun-Earth connection [1]. As reactions involving OH can proceed much faster if the OH is
vibrationally excited [2], it is also important to consider electron impact excitation of OH. In
anticipation of new measurements of electron impact on OH, we are investigating
atmospheric situations where such data will be applicable. It is particularly important to find
applications where the results of the modelling can be compared with measurements or other
models. This talk will describe the initial results of our search for such cases. An initial
candidate is the atmosphere of Jupiter, where oxygen is introduced by meteors into an
atmosphere dominated by hydrogen and methane. The oxygen proceeds downwards mainly as
a constituent of other interacting species, including OH. A previous model [3] of this
considers only photochemical processes, so we intend to investigate the effect of including
electron impact on OH in the modelling.
[1] Andersson, M. E., P. T. Verronen, C. J. Rodger, M. A. Clilverd and A. Seppälä, 2014, Nat. Commun. 5, 5197.
[2] von Clarmann, T., F. Hase, B. Funke, M. López-Puertas, J. Orphal, M. Sinnhuber, G. P. Stiller and H.
Winkler, 2010, Atmos. Chem. Phys. 10, 9953.
[3] Moses, J. I., T. Fouchet, B. Bézard, G. R. Gladstone, E Lellouch and H. Feuchtgruber, 2005, J. Geophys. Res.
110, E08001.
81
Topic: Complex and dusty plasmas
In-situ characterization of the dynamics of a growing dust particle cloud in
a direct-current argon glow discharge
L. Couedel1, S. Barbosa2, C.Arnas1, F. Onofri2, and S. Khrapak1
1
CNRS, Aix-Marseille-Université, Laboratoire PIIM, UMR 7345, 13397 Marseille, France.
2
Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, IUSTI, UMR 7343, 13453 Marseille, France.
The dynamics of a growing tungsten (W) nanoparticle (NP) cloud is investigated. NPs are
produced from the sputtering of a W cathode in a direct-current argon glow discharge initiated
between a 10 cm diameter W cathode and a grounded anode. An argon pressure of 0.6 mbar is
set during the experiments [1,2]. The dust particle size distribution (PSD) and the dust particle
number concentration (N) are measured by light extinction spectrometry (LES) at different
height above the anode. Electron microscopy measurements and Raman spectroscopy of NPs
collected at the centre of the anode are performed to study their shape, size and composition.
Light scattering at 90º of a vertical laser light sheet passing through the plasma is also used to
investigate the spatio-temporal dynamics of the dust cloud.
LES consists in passing through the NP cloud a collimated polychromatic beam with spectral
intensity I0(λi) and wavelengths λi. The measured transmission T(λi) is given by: T(λi)=
I(λi)/I0(λi)= exp(-τ(λi).L) where I(λi) is the measured transmitted intensity, L is the probing
distance and τ(λi) is the particle system turbidity, i.e. the product of N by the NP mean
extinction cross section. This cross section is an integral quantity depending on the properties
of each NP size class and its statistical weight in the NP cloud. The transmission spectra can
be inversed to recover N and the PSD. Inversion model details are given in Refs. [3,4].
It is found that while growing, the dust cloud is pushed towards the anode and the discharge
edge. A new NP generation can grow in the space freed by the first NP generation.
Continuous growth by agglomeration, below the LES scanning positions, explains the
apparent dissimilarities observed between the in-line optical and the off-line electron
microscopy analyses.
[1] Kishor Kumar K., L. Couëdel, and C. Arnas, 2013, Phys. Plasmas 20, pp 043707.
[2] L. Couëdel, Kishor Kumar K., and C. Arnas, 2014, Phys. Plasmas 21, pp 123703.
[3] F.R.A Onofri, S. Barbosa, O. Toure, M. Woźniak, C. Grisolia, 2013, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat.
Transfer 126, pp 160.
[4] S. Barbosa, L. Couëdel, et al., 2015, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys, submitted.
82
Waveform and defect evolutions in undulated dust acoustic wave from
particle-wave interaction view
Ya-Yi Tsai, Jun-Yi Tsai and Lin I
Department of Physics and Center for Complex Systems, National Central University, Jhongli,
Taiwan 32001
Dust acoustic wave is a low frequency density wave of negatively charged dust particles
longitudinally oscillating in the dusty plasma. Under a moderate steady drive, a self-excited
ordered plane dust acoustic wave becomes unstable, associated with the spatiotemporal
waveform undulation. Defects are generated at the vertices of pitchfork shaped crests or the
tips of single crests, where the wave amplitudes are null and phases are undefined. In this
work, an Eulerian-Lagrangian picture for the dynamical behaviors of topological defects and
associated waveform evolution through wave-particle interaction are experimentally
constructed, by correlating dust density evolution and individual dust particle motion in the
plane normal to the wave crest plane. It is found that, defect tends to move transversely
toward the open side of the pitchfork waveform, with the straightening of the leading front of
the pitchfork waveform, followed by the detachment of the strongly kinked pitchfork branch
and the longitudinal gliding of the defect with respect to the traveling wave. In the dust
acoustic wave, the force from the wave field on a negatively charged dust particle is against
the gradient of the dust density. In addition to the longitudinal forces, the transverse forces
caused by the tilted and the broken crests and the non-uniform density distribution along
crests, are the key factors affecting particle compression (accumulation) and rarefaction
(depletion) in the crest front and the crest rear respectively, which in turn lead to the above
observed defect and waveform evolutions.
83
Predator-prey dynamics stabilised by nonlinearity explain oscillations in
dust-forming plasmas
A.E. Ross1, D.R. McKenzie1
1
School of Physics, University of Sydney, Australia
Dust-forming plasmas are ionised gases that generate particles from a precursor. They are
ubiquitous throughout the universe, occurring around many types of objects from quasars to
comets [1]. In everyday life, candle flames containing soot particulates are a common
example of a dust-forming plasma [2, 3]. In the laboratory, they are valuable in generating
nanoparticles, with many uses in medicine and electronics [4, 5].
Dust-forming plasmas exhibit bizarre and thus far puzzling behaviour in which they oscillate
with long timescales: tens of seconds, often with diminishing amplitude [6-8]. Here we show
how the problem may be cast as a predator-prey problem, with electrons as prey and particles
as predators. The addition of a nonlinear loss term to the classic Lotka-Volterra equations [9,
10] not only stabilises the oscillations in populations of electrons and particles in the plasma
but also explains the more complex behaviour of the light emission, which is determined by
the populations of both species. The model explains the way in which the oscillation
frequency varies with the pressure of the dust-forming gas in the plasma. Our results
demonstrate the value of integrating into physics a successful model originating from ecology.
[1] D. A. Mendis and M. Rosenberg, Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 1994, 419.
[2] M. Charest, C. Groth and O. Gülder, Combustion Theory and Modelling 2010, 793.
[3] P. Agarwal and S. Girshick, Plasma Sources Science and Technology 2012, 055023.
[4] S. L. Xu, J; Sim, L; Diong, CH; Ostrikov, K, Plasma Process. Polym. 2005, 373.
[5] L. Boufendi, M. C. Jouanny, E. Kovačević, J. Berndt and M. Mikikian, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 2011,
174035.
[6] W. Stoffels, E. Stoffels, G. Kroesen and F. de Hoog, J. Appl. Phys. 1995, 4867.
[7] S. Hong, J. Berndt and J. Winter, Plasma Sources Science and Technology 2003, 46.
[8] S. Dap, D. Lacroix, F. Patisson, R. Hugon, L. de Poucques and J. Bougdira, New Journal of Physics 2010,
093014.
[9]A. Lotka, Elements of Physical Biology. Williams and Wilkins Company, 1925,
[10] V. Volterra, Nature 1926, 558.
84
Topic: Plasma processing, materials synthesis, surface/interface
Reactively sputtered crystalline TiO2 thin film at low temperature, as a
blocking layer in planar heterojunction perovskite solar cell
G.D. Rajmohan1, F.Z. Huang2, J. du Plessis3 and X.J. Dai1
1
2
Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China
3
RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
A new type of solar cells, in which perovskites have been used as light absorbing molecules,
has shown promising efficiency [1]. In a simple planar heterojunction architecture of
perovskite solar cells (PSC), a perovskite layer is sandwiched between a hole transport
medium (HTM) and a compact TiO2 thin film which is coated over the transparent conducting
oxide substrate (TCO). The TiO2 compact layer plays two major roles (i) it blocks the direct
contact between the hole transport medium or perovskite and TCO, which otherwise could
lead to charge recombination (ii) it serves as an electron selective contact that collects the
photo generated electrons from the perovskite layer [2]. So far, many methods have been
used for the synthesis of this blocking layer but all of them involve high temperature sintering
which limits the choice of substrate. Annealing at high temperature improves crystallinity but
impedes synthesis of a TiO2 blocking layer on heat sensitive substrates, such as flexible
plastic substrates. Therefore, the possibility of growing crystalline TiO2 thin films using
reactive sputtering with modest heating (150 ºC) of the substrate was studied. It was found
that the thickness of the blocking layer plays a crucial role in determining the electron
transport properties and that plasma pre-treatment of the TCO prior improves the adhesion of
the film. The optimum layer thickness lies between 58 and 110 nm, for the best performing
PSC, with a reactively sputtered TiO2 blocking layer. A 5 min plasma treatment of TCO was
found to give better efficiency. The efficiency of the PSC increased from 5.1% for untreated
FTO to 8.7% for a PSC with 5 min plasma treated TCO and a 76 nm thick blocking layer. This
synthesis method extends the possibility of using heat sensitive and flexible substrates.
[1] H.J. Snaith, The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters, 4 (2013) 3623-3630.
[2] M. Liu, M.B. Johnston, H.J. Snaith, Nature, 501 (2013) 395-398.
85
Amine functionalisation of octamethyl-POSS nano-particles using
sequential continuous wave and pulsed plasma
Xiao Chen1*, Zhiqiang Chen1, Ludovic F. Dumée1, Riccardo d’Agostino2, Xiujuan J. Dai1,
and Kevin Magniez1
1
2
Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds 3216, VIC, Australia
Institute of Nanotechnology, CNR, Department of Chemistry, University of Bari, via E.
Orabona 4, 70121 Bari, Italy
Polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (POSS) as cubic silicon nano-cages could offer a range
of versatile chemical functionalities allowing for tuned compatibility and interactions with
inorganic or organic matrixes which can be implemented into performant nano-composite
materials [1, 2]. Different chemical functionalities of POSS usually acquired by wet chemical
modification of the organic group attached to the silicon cage. This approach however
presents numerous drawbacks and limitations including lengthy process, low yield and
toxicity of the reagents [2].
In this work, with an ecofriendly approach, we successfully introduced primary amine on
octamethyl-POSS by using combined continuous wave (CW) and pulse (P) plasma with N2
and H2. According from XPS, FTIR and NMR analysis, the POSS cages remained intact after
plasma treatment, and the content of primary amine (-NH2) and amide (-CONH2) groups were
grafted on the octamethyl-POSS nano-particles. To optimise the plasma power and duty cycle,
a maximum amount of 4.3% primary amine groups were introduced on the surface of the
POSS particles. The added primary amine in the structure offers strong anchoring points for
neutralizing the carboxylic groups in nano-composite application [1]. Therefore, we believe
that our combined plasma approach offers a smoother, more environmental friendly and more
cost-effective route to the green functionalisation of POSS nano-particles.
[1]. C. HartmannThompson, Editor. 2011, Springer: Dordrecht. p. 1-420.
[2]. Cordes, D.B., P.D. Lickiss, and F. Rataboul, Chemical Reviews, 2010. 110(4): p. 2081-2173.
86
Kinetic modelling of NH3 production in an N2-H2 non-equilibrium
atmospheric-pressure plasma
J. Hong1, 3, E.Tam1, J.J. Lowke1, A. Greig2, S. Prawer3, A.B. Murphy1
1
2
CSIRO Manufacturing, Lindfield, Australia
School of Physics and Engineering, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
3
School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
Plasma catalysis has attracted much attention as an promising alternative for many chemical
production applications in recent decades, due to potential energy savings and the synergetic
interactions between the plasma and the catalyst [1-2]. Despite an enormous amount of
experimental research work, the understanding of the underlying mechanisms, especially in
atmospheric-pressure non-equilibrium discharges is still very limited, and more kinetic
modelling and theoretical efforts are required [3]. We have investigated the formation of
ammonia in an atmospheric-pressure nitrogen–hydrogen dielectric barrier discharge in the
presence of catalytic materials, both experimentally and using a chemical kinetic model. In a
low-pressure plasma, the surface adsorption of dissociated atomic species is considered to be
the first and essential step in ammonia synthesis [4-6]. However, taking account of the
relatively low electron energy distribution in an atmospheric-pressure plasma, we investigate
the important role of vibrationally-excited molecular species N2 (X, ν > 0) and H2 (X, ν > 0)
in combination with the dissociative adsorption reaction. The dependence on the different
process parameters, such as reduced electric field strength E/N, gas temperature and
composition, is presented with and without consideration of surface reactions.
[1] B. S. Patil, Q. Wang, V. Hessel, J. Lang, Catalysis Today 2015, 256, 49
[2] V. I. Parvulescu, M. Magureanu, P. Lukes, Plasma Chemistry and Catalysis in Gases and Liquids WileyVCH , Weinheim, Germany, 2012.
[3] E. C. Neyts and A. Bogaerts, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., 2014, 47, 224010
[4] B. Gordiets, C. M. Ferreira, M. J. Pinheiro and A. Ricard, Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 1998, 7, 363
[5] E. Carrasco, M. Jiménez-Redondo, I. Tanarro and V. J. Herrero, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2011, 13, 19561
[6] M. Sode, W. Jacob, T. Schwarz-Selinger and H. Kersten, J. Appl. Phys 2015, 117, 083303
87
DNA and Oligonucleotide Attachment to Plasma Immersion Ion
Implantation Treated Polystyrene
Alexey Kondyurin 1, Leo Phillips 2, Clara Thao Tran 1, Marcela M.M. Bilek 1, David R.
McKenzie 1
1
Applied and Plasma Physics, School of Physics (A28), The University of Sydney, Sydney,
NSW 2006, Australia
2
Bosch Institute, (F13) Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney NSW
2006, Australia
In recent decades, DNA biosensors and microarrays have become useful tools in medical
diagnostics and research. Biosensors have been developed, based on the detection of
hybridisation between an immobilized probe on a solid support and its complementary target
sequence due to the unique selectivity of the reaction. This binding event triggers a signal for
a readout device. Important medical applications of biosensors have been developed such as
for disease diagnosis, drug screening and DNA damage detection. A key requirement in
biosensor and microarray technologies is a strong and stable DNA immobilization with an
ability to hybridise complementary strands.
We describe the use of plasma immersion ion implantation of polystyrene in a nitrogen
plasma to activate the surface to enable covalent binding of single stranded DNA and single
stranded oligonucleotides. The DNA and oligonucleotide attachment was observed by Fourier
Transform Infrared Attenuated Total Reflection spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron
spectroscopy, UV-vis ellipsometry, Fourier Transform Infrared ellipsometry and dye
techniques. A strong washing protocol with an anionic detergent known to disrupt
physisoption was used to show that the attachment is covalent. The covalent attachment is
found for single stranded oligonucleotides and single stranded DNA. A mechanism for the
covalent attachment involving free radical reactions on the edges of graphitic planes with a
hydrocarbon part of the nucleotide molecule is proposed. Methods for maintaining the
hybridisation ability of the attached oligonucleotides and DNA are discussed.
88
Control feedback strategies for plasma processing: bioengineering
biocompatible and mechanically robust coatings for medical implants
M. Santos1,2, P. Michael2, J. Hung2, E. Filipe2, S.G. Wise2, M.M.M. Bilek1
1
Applied and Plasma Group, School of Physics, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
2
Applied Materials Group, Heart Research Institute, Sydney, Australia
The clinical performance of many medical implants remains hampered by the use of bioinert
materials including metallic alloys, ceramics and polymers. Despite encouraging
developments in coating technologies, a surface which addresses all physicochemical,
mechanical and biological demands for medical implants remains elusive. Here, we report a
single step plasma-assisted process for the deposition plasma-activated coatings (PAC) onto
medical-grade substrates. We simultaneously address blood compatibility, mechanical
stability under extreme implant deformation as well as implant surface biofunctionalization
with biomolecules. We combine a suitable macroscopic plasma description with optical
emission spectroscopy (OES) diagnostic tools and develop a process feedback control
strategy that facilitates accurate predictions of coating growth mechanisms. OES further
reveals that the time evolution of the plasma spectra during PAC deposition does not follow a
steady-state behavior and exhibits well-defined, periodic and long-time scale (10 s – 600 s)
oscillations. The frequency, amplitude and shape of the oscillations are readily modulated by
changes in the discharge parameters. Further analysis shows that the plasma ionization degree
changes significantly during an oscillation period. The thus observed fluctuations arise from
the growth and subsequent removal of carbon-based nanoparticles (plasma dust) formed in the
plasma volume. Our approach facilitates accurate predictions of coating properties and the
selection of ideal working conditions, enabling process optimization and industrial upscaling.
89
Reactive HiPIMS deposition of niobium oxide for resistive switching
memories
R. Ganesan1, B. Treverrow1, X. Dong1,2, A. E. Ross1, J. G. Partridge2, D.G. McCulloch2, D. R.
McKenzie1 and M. M. M. Bilek1
1
2
AApplied and Plasma Physics, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
Key Laboratory for Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education, School of
Physical Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, PR China
3
Applied Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
Owing to the excellent scalability, resistive memory is one of the most promising candidates
for next-generation nonvolatile memories [1]. The resistance switching characteristics of
stacked Nb2O5 / NbOx layers deposited on Pt coated silicon substrate by reactive high power
impulse magnetron sputtering (HiPIMS) of niobium target, were investigated for nonvolatile
memory application. The stoichiometry and composition of the films were precisely
controlled by the discharge pulse characterestics in HiPIMS. The fine control of oxygen
content in the deposited niobium oxide films was obtained by the use of smooth transitions of
the reactive HiPIMS discharge between the target convered with compouond layer on low
frequency voltage pulses and the metallic target obtained at high frequency voltage pulses
applied to the discharge[2]. Forthe bilayer stack of niobium oxides, the switching from high
resistance state (HRS) to low resistance state (LRS) is observed at 4 V, while HRS is restored
by inversing the voltage to -1.7 V. The stable retention behavior was observed for the period
of 7 x 105 s with the resistance ratio between HRS and LRS states maintained greater than
800. Different switching features were observed depending on the film composition, which
suggests the role of pulse characterestics in optimizing the film proerties.
[1] D. S. Jeong, R. Thomas, R. Katiyar, J. Scott, H. Kohlstedt, A. Petraru, et al., "Emerging memories: resistive
switching mechanisms and current status," Reports on Progress in Physics, vol. 75, p. 076502, 2012.
[2] R. Ganesan, B. J. Murdoch, B. Treverrow, A. E. Ross, I. S. Falconer, D. Xie, et al., "Influence of duty cycle
on the reactive HiPIMS of hafnium and niobium," Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, vol. (Submitted),
2015.
90
Pulsed magnetic field assisted deposition of low stress high sp3 carbon films
for electronics applications
R. Ganesan1, B. Treverrow1, I. S. Falconer1, A.E. Ross1, X. Dong1,2, N. Marks3, M. Tucker4,
J.G. Partridge5, D.G. McCulloch5, M.M.M. Bilek1 and David. R. McKenzie1
1
2
School of Physics, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
School of Physical Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University,
Chengdu 610031, China
3
Nanochemistry Research Institute, Curtin Institute for Computation and Department of
Physics and Astronomy, Curtin University, Perth WA 6102, Australia
4
Department of Physics and Astronomy, Curtin University, Perth WA 6102, Australia
5
School of Applied Sciences, RMIT University GPO Box 2476V,
Melbourne, VIC 3001 Australia
Amorphous carbon films with significant sp3 bonding (ta-C) exhibit excellent mechanical
properties, chemical inertness and optical transparency and are a promising candidate for
diverse applications in mechanical, chemical and aerospace industries, but are limited in their
application by the high stress exhibited in films deposited by conventional deposition
processes. Our group has deposited high sp3 amorphous carbon films exhibiting low residual
stress using a high power impulse magnetron sputtering (HiPIMS) system which incorporates
a pulsed magnetic field to guide the species sputtered from the target to the substrate. In this
presentation we will present the results of our experiments and discuss modelling which
suggests that the low residual stress is a consequence of the lower argon content in the films
resulting from the sputtered species striking the substrate with a wide range of angles of
incidence. The reduction in stress values are associated with slight reduction in sp3 content,
which confirms that necessity of stress to stabilize sp3 bonding in amorphous carbon films.
91
Robust plasma polymer films for the immobilization of bioactive molecules
B. Akhavan1, S. Wise2, M. Bilek1
1
Applied and Plasma Physics Group, Physics School, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
2
The Heart Research Institute, Sydney, NSW 2042, Australia
Zirconium-based alloys are promising materials for orthopedic prostheses due to their low
toxicity, superb corrosion resistivity, and favourable mechanical properties. The sub-optimal
biocompatibility of bare metal surfaces, however, often leads to adverse foreign body
responses, inflammation, or infection requiring additional medical interventions. The
integration of such bio-implantable devices with local host tissues can be strongly improved
by a plasma polymerized acetylene and nitrogen (PPAN) coating that covalently immobilizes
bio-active molecules. The stability of the plasma polymerized layer in body fluids is critically
important, and the coating must resist failure even when scratched. In this study, we present a
novel approach for the fabrication of chemically and mechanically robust films through
plasma polymerization of PPAN on biased zirconium substrates. A custom-made plasma
polymerization system consisting of a radio frequency (RF) electrode and a pulsed voltage
source was utilized for plasma polymer deposition. The chemical and mechanical stability of
the coatings in a simulated body fluid was examined by incubation of samples in Tyrode’s
solution at 37oC for durations of 1 week to 2 months. As evidenced by both X-ray
photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) data and scanning electron microscopy (SEM)
observations, the PPAN film resisted failure, and no delamination, cracking, or buckling was
observed after scratching and subsequent incubation in Tyrode’s solution. XPS results
revealed that excellent zirconium-PPAN adhesion is linked to the formation of metallic
carbide and carbonate bonds, induced by ion implantation, at early stages of film growth.
Such atomic interfacial mixing also resulted in the formation of a continuous smooth film
near the substrate as suggested by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and time of flight
secondary ion mass spectroscopy (ToF-SIMS) results. Deposition of PANN using this
technique holds great promise for the fabrication of robust bioactive surfaces on other
carbide-forming early transition metals such as titanium and niobium.
92
Enhanced visible light absorption of titania nanotubes via non-metal atom
RF plasma doping
Andrea MERENDA1, Jurg A. SCHUTZ2, Lingxue Kong1, Stephen Gray3, Bo Zhu3, and
Ludovic F. DUMEE1
1
Deakin University, Institute for Frontier Materials, Waurn Ponds - 3216 VIC, Australia
2
CSIRO, Waurn Ponds - 3216 VIC, Australia
3 Victoria University etc
Over the last decades titania has been captivating the attention of the scientific world as an
efficient photocatalytic material, however the slight absorbance in the visible light range
represents a technical limitation and a drawback for energy cost since an UV-light source is
necessary to take advantage of this property. Consequently, a significant enhancement in
visible light absorbtion is highly desirable and studies have been carried out on the possibility
of doping titania with transition metal cations to narrow the band-gap of this semiconductor,
determining however an increase in thermal instability and a decrease in carrier lifetime,
along with extra costs in terms of metal dope and its implantation protocol.
Here, an alternative, cost-effective and green route to the typical metal doping is presented,
resulting in a consistent shift towards the visible light absorption: anodized titania substrates
as flat sheets are treated on a radio frequency (RF) plasma rig with ammonia and carbon
dioxyde as a feed gas. The introduction of N and C atoms in the structure, creating non-metalTi bonds, has been showed to significantly enhance the photocatalytic activity in the visible
light region leading to an efficient protocol for industrial applications. Plasma parameters
such as pressure, power and exposure-time have been optimized to control the degree of
functionalization, which was eventually assessed via X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy
(XPS),Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS), Photo-Electron Spectroscopy in Air
(PESA) whilst the possibility of replacing amorphous titania with crystalline anatase during
the plasma treatment was evaluated via X-ray Diffraction (XRD). The UV-visible light
absorption finally demonstrated that a significant increase in the visible light region can be
obtained by this protocol opening the way to an enhanced photocatalytic efficiency and to a
further development of this promising technique.
93
Assessing temporal and physical stability of functional groups introduced
by surface plasma treatments across the outer shells of carbon nanotubes
Ludovic F. DUMEE1, Andrea MERENDA1, Kevin Magniez1, David CORNU2,
Jurg A. SCHUTZ3
1
Deakin University, Institute for Frontier Materials, Waurn Ponds - 3216 VIC, Australia
2
Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier, Université Montpellier II,
Montpellier -34000, France
3
CSIRO, Waurn Ponds - 3216 VIC, Australia
Plasma treatments are nowadays recognized as clean and effective methods to functionalize
and tune the surface chemistry and roughness of materials. The purpose of this study is to
assess the long term stability of surface functional groups introduced on the surface of
graphene based materials for a series of oxidative, reductive and neutral plasma gas treatment
conditions. Plasma treatments were performed across the surface of carbon nanotubes,
assembled as non-woven called bucky-papers, with oxidative and neutral feed gases in order
to evaluate the surface coverage density and the temporal stability of carboxylic and hydroxyl
groups. Both a plasma duration based exposure and a time decay experiment, where the
surface energy of the materials was evaluated periodically over a one-month period, were
carried out. The nature of the morphological changes generated across the graphitic plans of
the outer shells of the carbon nanotubes by the plasma treatment were assessed by scanning
and transmission electron microscopy and little damage were shown to occur in these smooth
plasma treatment conditions. On the other hand, the time dependence of the work function of
the material suggested that the density of polar groups decreased non-linearly over time after
plasma treatment prior to plateauing on average after 7 days post treatment. Raman
spectroscopy analysis confirmed that the time decay related to the work function could be
accounted to surface physical changes since Ig/Id ratio was found to be stable over time. The
efficiency of the plasma technique towards the functionalization and the related stability of
carbon nanotube surface chemistry are discussed in depth. Furthermore, the impact of the
different functional groups densities were also assessed for specific seeding of nano-scale
crystals, known as metal organic frameworks, with high catalytic activities and potential in
waste remediation.
94
Experimental study of n-dodecane in hydrogen production using steam
reforming in-liquid plasma method
Andi Amijoyo Mochtar1,2, Shinfuku Nomura1, Shinobu Mukasa1, Hiromichi Toyota1,
Kohji Kawamukai1 and Seitaro Furusho1
1
2
Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan
Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
Email contact: [email protected]; [email protected]
The purpose of this study is to produce the hydrogen from n-dodecane using in-liquid plasma
method. Steam reforming of natural gas is another method that has been commercially used
for generating large amounts of hydrogen [1-2]. A standard microwave generator at 2.45 GHz
is used as the medium for generating plasma. Two types different of a seven antennas were
positioned in a bottom pad of the reactor vessel, which are a straight and curve shaped. Inliquid plasma resulted in an improvement of hydrogen production by 1.3 times when bubbles
were created round the electrode. Previous research has indicated that hydrogen with a purity
of 66% to 81% can be created by using plasma to decompose organic solvents and waste oils
[3-4]. During hydrogen production, graphite forms in the generated gas, which has a negative
effect on the decomposition by plasma and the hydrogen ratio. The gas production rate can be
achieved up to 1.4 times by using the stream reforming method. The energy payback ratio
(EPR) of hydrogen production was also considered to define the efficiency of hydrogen,
methane, ethylene, and acetylene.
[1] Y. Bang, S. J. Han, J. Yoo, J. H. Choi, K. H. Kang, J. H. Song, J. G. Seo, J. C. Jung, and I. K. Song, Int. J.
Hydrogen Energy, vol. 38, no. 21, pp. 8751–8758, 2013.
[2] J. Román Galdámez, L. García, and R. Bilbao, Energy and Fuels, vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 1133–1142, 2005.
[3] S. Nomura, H. Toyota, S. Mukasa, H. Yamashita, T. Maehara, and A. Kawashima, J. Appl. Phys., vol. 106,
no. 7, pp. 1–4, 2009.
[4] S. Nomura, H. Toyota, M. Tawara, H. Yamashita, and K. Matsumoto, Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 88, no. 23, pp.
114–116, 2006.
95
Energetic deposition from plasmas for electronic devices
J. G. Partridge1, N. McDougall1, B. J. Murdoch1, E. L. H. Mayes1, M. Kracica1, H. L. N.
Tran2,
A. S. Holland2, R. Ganesan3, D. R. McKenzie3, M. M. M. Bilek3 and D. G. McCulloch1
1
2
The School of Applied Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3000
The School of Electrical & Computer Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3000
3
The School of Physics, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006
Depositing thin films from energetic plasmas facilitates greater control over their structure
and properties1. Energetic deposition has traditionally been employed for protective coatings
but recent work has shown its suitability for contacts and active layers in electronic devices2,3.
This presentation focuses on energetically deposited electronic device layers.
Due to their stability, flexibility and wide variety of electronic properties, potential device
applications for carbonaceous materials are numerous. Importantly, the structural and
electronic properties of carbon films depend strongly on their deposition energy and
temperature4,5, both of which are readily controlled in plasma deposition processes. We will
present electronic devices formed from energetically deposited carbon, including highly
rectifying, oriented graphite-Si Schottky contacts with ideality factors approaching unity.
Cross-sectional electron microscopy and electron energy loss spectroscopy has revealed the
interface regions of these devices that are crucial in determining electrical characteristics.
In addition, energetic fluxes have been used to deposit semiconducting layers. For
example, hexagonal boron nitride films have been deposited from alloyed or heated cathodes
in a filtered cathodic arc system. Growth processes and film characteristics will be discussed.
Finally, defects that influence the electronic and optical properties of these films have been
studied using experimental and theoretical methods6 and this work will also be presented.
[1] A. Anders, Thin Solid Films 2010, 518.
[2] E. L. H. Mayes, D. G. McCulloch et al., Applied Physics Letters 2013, 103.
[3] S. Elzwawi, H. S. Kim et al., Applied Physics Letters 2012, 101.
[4] D. W. M. Lau, D. G. McCulloch et al., Physical Review Letters 2008, 100.
[5] M. Kracica, C. Kocer et al., Carbon 2016, 98.
[6] N. McDougall, R. J. Nicholls et al., Microscopy and Microanalysis 2014, 20.
96
Influence of low pressure plasma modification and chemical modification
on the surface morphology and mechanical properties of wood-flour
reinforced-PLA biocomposites
E. Petinakis1, 2, G. Simon2, L. Yu3, Z. Chen4, X. J. Dai4
1
2
CSIRO Manufacturing, Melbourne Vic 3168, Australia
Department of Materials Engineering, Monash University, Melbourne VIC 3168, Australia
3
College of Light Industry and Food Sciences, South China University of Technology,
Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China
4
Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, VIC 3216
Physical methods involving plasma treatments have the ability to change the surface properties of
natural fibres by formation of free radical species (ions, electrons) on the surfaces of natural fibres.
During plasma treatment, surfaces of materials are bombarded with a stream of high energy
particles within the stream of plasma [1]. Properties such as wettability, surface chemistry and
surface roughness can be altered without the need for employing solvents or other hazardous
substances. Alternative surface chemistries can be produced with plasmas, by altering the carrier
gas and depositing different reactive species on the surfaces of natural fibres. This can then be
further exploited by grafting monomeric and/or polymeric molecules on to the reactive natural
fibre surface, which can then facilitate compatibilisation with the polymer matrix [2]. The
objective of the present work was to evaluate the efficacy of low pressure plasma treatment and
chemical modification for modifying the surface of a model wood veneer. The effect of treatment
parameters on the surface functionality of a wood veneer is evaluated through a variety of surface
characterisation techniques (XPS, CA, FTIR-ATR, AFM and SEM). The main findings of the
current investigation are to verify the potential to apply plasma-based techniques to the
modification of wood-flour particles to be used in the reinforcement of PLA.
[1] Bismarck A, Mishra, S. and Lampke, T. Plant Fibers as Reinforcement for Green Composites. In: Mohanty
AK, Misra, M., and Drzal, L.T., editor. Natural Fibers, Biopolymers and their Biocomposites. Boca Raton: CRC
Press; 2005.
[2] Gaiolas C, Costa AP, Nunes M, Silva MJS, Belgacem MN. Grafting of Paper by Silane Coupling Agents
Using Cold-Plasma Discharges. Plasma Processes and Polymers. 2008; 5(5):444-52.
97
Topic: Plasma nanoscience and nanotechnology
Interactions of Bacteria and Supported Lipid Bilayers with Plasma
Polymerised Surfaces
Karyn Jarvis, Martina Abrigo, Hannah Askew, Adoracion Pegalajar-Jurado, Sally McArthur
ANFF-Vic Biointerface Engineering Hub, Swinburne University of Technology, John Street,
Hawthorn, Victoria 3122
The ANFF-Vic Biointerface Engineering Hub at Swinburne University of Technology has a
suite of plasma reactors and surface characterization instruments which enables the
development of surfaces for a variety of applications. Recent projects have investigated the
interactions of bacteria and supported lipid bilayers with plasma polymerized surfaces.
Antibacterial plasma polymerised cineole films were produced and exposed to both S. aureus
and E. Coli bacteria which resulted in reductions in the number of bacteria by 63% and 99%
respectively. Plasma polymerised cineole films also reduced the growth of biofilm where less
than 1 % of the surface was covered after 5 days in comparison to 23 % for glass slides.
Plasma polymerised acrylic acid, allylamine, cineole and octadiene films were deposited onto
electrospun polystyrene fibers, a potential wound dressing material. The coated fibers were
exposed to E. Coli bacteria which resulted in the highest proportion of live cells on the
allylamine coated fibers while the cineole coated fibers had only minor bacterial cell
attachment. Plasma polymerised acrylic acid and allylamine films were deposited onto flat
surfaces and exposed to DOPC vesicles, to investigate the influence of surface chemistry on
supported lipid bilyer formation. Acrylic acid coated surfaces could be used to form lipid
bilayers by changing the pH from 4 to 7 after vesicle adsorption, while allylamine coated
surfaces produced immobile vesicular layers at pH 7. Plasma polymerisation is a versatile
technique that enables the modification of a variety of surfaces for a number of applications.
98
Geelong, Australia, February 14-17, 2016, pp. xxx-xxx
ANFF-Victoria and the Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication
Abu Sadek1,2, Lachlan Hyde1, Sean Langelier1, Paul Spizzirri1
1
2
Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication, Melbourne, Australia
Institute for Frontier Materials (IFM), Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
Email contact: [email protected]; [email protected]
The Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication (MCN) is Australia’s largest open-access
cleanroom facility, providing micro- and nanofabrication capabilities for Australian and
international researchers as well as industry partners. The MCN is the flagship facility within
the Victorian node of the Australian National Fabrication Facility (ANFF). The MCN became
fully operational in 2011 as a National Collaborative Research Infrastructure Strategy
(NCRIS) funded joint venture between 6 Universities and the CSIRO. The ANFF-Victoria
represents a $50million investment by these partners, designed specifically to provide a
comprehensive fabrication and characterisation suite as well as broad range of in-house
expertise. Each year, the MCN is host to > 10,000 hours of user activity from more than 200
researchers, and > 2,000 hours of fabrication/characterization and testing for industry clients.
Among the varied research activities taking place using MCN facilities, research using plasma
based tools are central of them. In this talk, an overview of the MCN capabilities and ANFF
network will be provided, along with some relevant case studies.
99
Topic: Plasma in/in contact with liquid and their applications
Plasma-treated water for sustainable agriculture
M. Maniruzzaman1, X. J. Dai1, D. M. Cahill2, H. I. Hussain2, A. J. Sinclair3, X. Wang1
1
2
School of Life and Environmental Science, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
3 School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
We report application of plasma-treated water on germination and seedling growth of wheat.
We used gas bubble discharge in water by nanosecond pulsed bubble generator with different
gases (argon and air). The needle point-to-plate electrode with chosen gas enables a higher
production and better selection of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. Hydrogen peroxide
was dominant species in argon plasma, while predominantly nitrate and nitrite were generated
in air plasma [1]. We then employed the treated water rich with reactive species to test
germination and seedling growth of wheat in soil (potting mix) and soil-free plant growth
system in a controlled growth cabinet. The plasma-treated water slightly increased
germination rate and significantly increased biomass production of wheat compared with the
control after 4 weeks of growth in both systems. Air plasma-treated water rich in nitrate
increased dry matter content of shoot, while argon plasma-treated water rich in hydrogen
peroxide enhanced dry matter content of root. This report provides direct evidence of
stimulatory effect of plasma-treated water on a major crop plant. The plasma-treated water
has the potential for sustainable agriculture.
Figure1: a representative picture of wheat seedling of 3 weeks old grown in control, and air and argon plasmatreated water.
[1] X. J. Dai, C. S. Corr, S. B. Ponraj, et al. Plasma Process and Polymers, 2015 DOI: 10.1002/ppap.201500156
100
Decomposition of Cellulose using RF In-Liquid Plasma at Atmospheric
Pressure for Future Sustainable Life
F. Syahrial1,2, S. Nomura1, S. Mukasa1, H. Toyota1, K. Tange1
1.
2.
Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, Ehime, Japan
Center of Advanced Research on Energy, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Malacca
Malaysia
Biomass is one of the most abundant renewable resources in nature and has been focused as
an alternative energy for future sustainable life [1]. It includes a wide range of organic
materials which are generally composed of cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, lipids, proteins,
simple sugars and starches [2]. Decomposition of cellulose, a major component of woody
biomass, for converting a biomass to energy has a great attention on these days. Radiofrequency plasma in liquid, a favorable for many advanced oxidation processes (AOP) due to
the reactive radicals produced and physical effects, was carried out to derive cellulose
suspension for intermediary products water-soluble products. Plasma, with electron
temperature between 4000 and 4500 K, is generated inside a bubble by the evaporation of
surrounding liquid that heated by plasma [3]. In addition, formation of H and OH radicals in
the liquid is supportive for higher reactions rate than those for conventional gas-phase plasma
[4]. The decomposition process was conducted by varying RF power input in order to observe
the effect on the decomposition products. The liquid and gas produced was analyzed by using
liquid chromatograph and gas chromatograph, respectively. It shows that conversion of
cellulose suspension produced glucose, 5- hydroxymethyl furfural (HMF) and gases products.
Plasma emission spectrum from multichannel spectral analyzer indicated that H and OH
radical appeared which was expected causing the scission of cellulose chain to produce
intermediary byproducts. This RF in-liquid plasma process has been shown to be suitable for
producing byproducts and energy from biomass for future life.
[1] M. Ni, D.Y.C. Leung, M.K.H. Leung, K. Sumathy, Fuel Process. Technol. 2006, 87.
[2] L. Zhang, C. Xu, P. Champagne, Energy Convers. Manage. 2010, 51.
[3] T. Maehara, H. Toyota, M. Kuramoto, A. Iwamae, A. Tadokoro, S. Mukasa, H. Yamashita, A. Kawashima, S.
Nomura, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 2006, 45.
[4] S. Nomura, H. Toyota, S. Mukasa, Y. Takahashi, T. Maehara, A. Kawashima, H. Yamashita, Appl. Phys.
Express. 2008, 1.
101
Formation of carbonaceous nano-structures via dissociation of ethanol in a
gas bubble-in-liquid nano-second pulsed discharge
M. Duchemin, K. Magniez, Z. Chen, N. Stanford and X. J. Dai
Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong.
Plasma enhanced chemical vapour deposition has been used as an effective method to
produce carbonaceous nano-materials such as carbon nanotubes, carbon nano-walls and
graphene often using plasma 1, 2. Very recently, it has been reported that dissociation of
ethanol vapour in a low pressure and low temperatures plasma system yielded buky diamonds
(consisting of a diamond core surrounded by a graphite-like carbon network) 3. Elsewhere, the
encapsulation of iron carbide nanoparticles by dissociation of ethanol using plasma discharge
in an ultrasonic cavitation field was demonstrated 4.
Here we explore the fabrication of carbonaceous nano-structures at atmospheric conditions by
dissociation of ethanol using nano-second pulsed discharge in gas bubble-in-liquid5. We will
show that a range of nano-structured carbon clusters varying in size (100 nm-2000 nm) and
shapes can be easily produced using this simple process. The nanoscale morphological
characterization of these carbonaceous nano-structures as well as their transformational
changes as a functional of the time of discharge, are examined. A growth mechanism,
collectively supported from XPS, XRD and Raman, SEM and TEM analysis, will be
proposed.
[1] M. Alexander, V. Roumen, S. Koen, V. Alexander, Z. Liang, T. Gustaaf Van, V. Annick and H. Chris Van,
Nanotechnology, 2008, 19, 305604.
[2] M. Chhowalla, K. B. K. Teo, C. Ducati, N. L. Rupesinghe, G. A. J. Amaratunga, A. C.
Ferrari, D. Roy, J. Robertson and W. I. Milne, Journal of Applied Physics, 2001, 90, 5308-5317.
[3] A. Kumar, P. Ann Lin, A. Xue, B. Hao, Y. Khin Yap and R. M. Sankaran, Nature Communications, 2013, 4,
2618-2618.
[4] R. Sergiienko, E. Shibata, Z. Akase, H. Suwa, T. Nakamura and D. Shindo, Materials Chemistry and Physics,
2006, 98, 34-38.
[5] X. J. Dai, C. S. Corr, S. B. Ponraj, et al. Plasma Process and Polymers, 2015 DOI: 10.1002/ppap.201500156.
102
Investigation of Bacterial Safety and Nutritional Quality in Liquid Plasma
treated Cow’s Milk
S.B. Ponraj1, J. Sharp1, K. Roy2, P.G. Stevenson3, J.L. Adcock3, J.R. Kanwar2, A.J. Sinclair2,
L. Kviz1, K.R. Nicholas4 and X.J. Dai*1
1
Institute for Frontier Materials, 2 School of Medicine and 3 Life & Environmental Sciences,
Deakin University, Geelong Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3216, Australia
4
Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
We report the application of liquid plasma decontamination to increase shelf life and maintain
nutrition in milk. Argon gas bubble discharge in de-ionised (DI) water operated by a
nanosecond pulsed generator produced a higher concentration of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)
than other reactive species [1]. H2O2 is well known for its bactericidal properties in milk. The
needle point-to-plate electrode was used to produce argon gas bubble discharge in milk and
the results of plasma treatment has allowed a comparison of pasteurized milk. The total
bacterial count 2.8 Log CFU/mL in raw milk was reduced to 2.2 and 1.9 Log CFU/mL after
pasteurisation and plasma treatment, respectively. The plasma treated milk stored at 4 °C
showed no significant changes in the bacterial count for six weeks. In contrast, after two
weeks, the post-pasteurised bacterial counts were significantly increased from ~2.2 to 4.2 Log
CFU/mL which suggests potential deterioration. To investigate the plasma mechanism to kill
bacteria, the plasma treatment (same conditions) was repeated in DI water, which produced a
dominant H2O2 (75 ppm) species. This concentration is regarded as sufficiently low to effect
bacterial killing, as 100 ppm pure H2O2 is usually reqired to inhibit bacterial growth in milk.
The total protein content was not changed in either milk type after treatment. High
performance liquid chromatographic analysis showed no significant changes in casein and
whey proteins in pasteurised milk, whereas a whey protein β-lactoglobulin (allergen), was
significantly reduced by 58 % in plasma treated milk. The total lipid content was not changed
after plasma treatment whereas it was significantly reduced from 4 to 2.2 % in pasteurised
milk. Hence, plasma treatment was effective in killing bacteria, increasing shelf life to at least
six weeks with minimal changes to proteins and lipids in milk.
103
Plasma interactions with cell membranes
S. Hong, E. Szili and R. S. Short
Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
Plasma ionized gas is a highly reactive chemical cocktail, consisting of many reactive species
including reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) that are important in the regulation of
biological function. The potential of plasma in various medical applications including wound
healing, wound decontamination and cancer therapy has been demonstrated. However, in
spite of these promising results, the underlying mechanisms of the plasma-cell interaction
remains elusive. Here we investigate the use of synthetic cell and cell membrane phospholipid
vesicles to obtain a better understanding of the mechanisms of plasma in medicine. We
discuss how the direct plasma delivery of RONS across phospholipid membranes could be a
useful strategy in medical treatment.
[1] Hong, S.-H., et al. Ionized gas (plasma) delivery of reactive oxygen species (ROS) into artificial cells,
Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics. 2014, 47.
[2] Szili, E. J., et al. On the effect of serum on the transport of reactive oxygen species across phospholipid
membranes, Biointerphases. 2015, 10.
[3] Szili, E. J., et al. The hormesis effect of plasma-elevated intracellular ROS on HaCaT cells, Journal of
Physics D: Applied Physics. 2015, 48.
104
Topic : Thermal plasmas: physics and industrial applications
Modelling lightning interaction to aircraft
E. Tam1, J. J. Lowke1 and A. B. Murphy1
1
CSIRO Manufacturing, PO Box 218, Lindfield NSW 2070, Australia
[email protected]
Aircraft are struck by lightning about once every year on average. In recent years,
manufacturers have been motivated to produce aircraft largely made out of carbon composite
materials rather than aluminium, due to the significant reduction in weight for comparable or
superior mechanical properties. These materials however, have significantly reduced electrical
conductivities and therefore require protection from lightning strikes, which adds extra weight
and increases the cost of manufacture.
In this presentation, the interaction of the lightning arc with the aircraft and its surroundings
once the arc has fully formed is examined. Here we model the C-wave component of a
lightning arc, for which standard electro-hydrodynamic equations can be used. A selfconsistent model that includes the solid aircraft material in the solution domain is used. This
is important for two reasons. First, the temperature of the surface of the aircraft will determine
how much damage the is sustained as a result of the lightning strike. Second, the temperature
determines the rate of vaporisation, and presence of vapour alters the properties of the arc
through changes in the transport properties.
The results that will be presented in this paper will allow for predictions on how much
damage lightning will cause on different surfaces when designing new planes.
105
Topic: Applications of gas discharges and atomic/ion processes: environmental, energy,
agriculture, biomedical, sterilization, manufacturing and security
Gram negative and Gram positive bacteria exhibit a different response to
cold atmospheric-pressure plasma treatment
A. Mai-Prochnow1, M. Clauson2, A. B. Murphy1
1
CSIRO Manufacturing, Sydney, Australia
2
ENSAIA, Nancy, France
Bacterial biofilms are a major cause for chronic infections and also contribute to
contaminations in industrial settings. Biofilms are particularly hard to eradicate with
conventional antibiotics, leading to the need for new antimicrobial agents such as cold
atmospheric-pressure plasma (CAP). Here we investigate the sensitivity of six different
bacterial species to plasma using the commercially available plasma jet “kINPen med“.
Bacteria were chosen from a variety of habitats and clinical significance, including three
Gram negative: Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1,Pseudomonaslibanensis, Enterobacter
cloacae and three Grampositive: Staphylococcus epidermidis, Kocuria carniphila and
Bacillus subtilis. Biofilms were grown on stainless steel coupons for 24 h followed by
treatment with argon plasma for 1, 3 or 10 min, respectively. Reduction in biofilm cell
numbers was assessed using standard colony plate counts.
The Gram negative bacteria tested exhibited a higher susceptibility to plasma and the Gram
positive bacteria appear to be more resistant to plasma, under the conditions tested. P.
aeruginosa biofilms were almost completely removed after 10 min treatment, whereas S.
epidermidis biofilm cells showed only a one log reduction under the same treatment
conditions.
Because bacteria often occur as co-cultures or mixed species biofilms in chronic infections,
we tested the effectiveness of plasma treatment using mixed biofilms of P. aeruginosa and S.
epidermidis.When mixed biofilms of P. aeruginosa and S. epidermidis were treated with
argon plasma, Gram negative bacteria (P. aeruginosa) still exhibited a higher log reduction
than the Gram positive (S. epidermidis). While this trend is similar to single species biofilms,
it appears the final log reduction is higher.
Our results demonstrate that the effectiveness of plasma assisted sterilisation depends on the
bacterial species and the presence of co-cultures. These investigations have implications for
the use of plasma as an antimicrobial agent.
106
Effect of conductive screens on the stabilization of plasma channels with
currents of hundreds kAmps
V.D.Bochkov1*, D.V.Bochkov1, S.I.Krivosheev2, Yu. E. Adamian2
1
2
Pulsed Technologies Ltd., Ryazan, Russia.
Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, Politechnicheskaya, Russia.
Based on experimental data, we analysed the results of the influence of external conductive
shield on stabilization of plasma channels in high-power pseudospark switches thyratrons
TDI-type. Both no-ferrous and ferrous shields have been tested. The preliminary calculation
of the magnetic field distribution is presented. This research is a part of a work on
improvement of switching capabilities of thyratrons used for transferring currents up to
hundreds kA with switching energy more than 50 kJ.
[1] V.D. Bochkov, Bochkov D.V., Diaghilev V.M., Panov P.V., Tereshin V.I. and Ushich V.G.,
"Powerful gas-discharge and vacuum devices for impulse Electrophysics. Current status", XIV
Khariton Topical Scientific Readings "Ppowerful Pulsed Electrophysics", Sarov, 2012, p.343-348.
[2] Bochkov V.D., Korolev Y.D., Pulsed gas discharge switching devices // Encyclopedia of LowTemperature Plasma, Ed. V.E.Fortov. An introductory Book 4, Section № XI.6, Moscow, "Science",
2000, s.446-459.
[3] J.Slough, C. Pihl, V.D. Bochkov, D.V. Bochkov, P.V. Panov, I.N. Gnedin, «Prospective Pulsed
Power Applications Of Pseudospark Switches», 17th IEEE International Pulsed Power Conference,
2009, Washington, DC, pp. 255-259.
[4] Yu.Chivel, et al, "ATMOSPHERIC ELECTROMAGNETIC PLASMADYNAMIC SYS-TEM FOR
INDUS¬TRIAL APPLICATIONS", 2012 IEEE International Power Modulator and High Voltage
Conference, San Diego, CA, USA, 2012, pp. 215-217.
107
Furfuryl Methacrylate Plasma Polymer Surface Characterization
H. Safizadeh Shirazi1*, A. Michelmoreb2, J. Whittleb2
1
Future Industry Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5095, Australia
2
School of Engineering, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5095, Australia
Furfuryl methacrylate (FMA) is a promising monomer for biomedical and cell therapy
applications. FMA Plasma polymer coatings were prepared with different powers, deposition
times and flowrates. Plasma polymer coatings were characterized using atomic force
microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy
(XPS) and Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (ToF-SIMS). AFM and SEM
results showed early growth of coatings and existence of particle aggregates on surfaces. XPS
results indicated no specific chemical differences between samples. ToF-SIMS analysis
demonstrate different amount of C5H5O (81 m/z) and C10H9O2 (161 m/z) species in
coatings which are related to furan ring structure of the monomer. The intensity of furan ring
peaks were higher on plasma polymer coatings with more particle aggregates. Through
judicious choice of plasma polymerization parameters the amount of particle aggregates was
reduced and plasma polymer coatings became uniform and smooth. Cell culture was
performed on surfaces which indicated better growth of cells on smooth and flat plasma
polymer coatings. Additionally, coatings with smaller particle aggregates show better cell
growth than coatings with larger particle aggregates.
108
Plasma-Catalytic Approach to Conversion of Renewable
Liquid Hydrocarbons into Synthesis Gas
Igor Fedirchyk1, Oleg Nedybaliuk1, Valeriy Chernyak1, Olena Solomenko1, Evgen Martysh1,
Vitalii Iukhymenko1, Iuliia Veremii1, Iryna Prysaizhnevych1
1
Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Faculty of Radio Physics, Electronics and
Computer Systems.
Kyiv, Ukraine
The goals of sustainable development require new advancements in the study of renewable,
environment-friendly, and affordable alternatives to traditional fossil hydrocarbon fuels.
Biofuels fit this description almost perfectly; however, existing chemical methods of biofuel
production compare unfavourably to the fossil fuel processing technology due to their high
cost and large amount of unusable or harmful wastes. Introduction of plasma can bring
significant improvements to this area. Dynamic plasma systems based on electric discharges
with gas flows, which are transverse to discharge channel, work as simple and effective
sources of active species that are capable of initiating and accelerating chemical conversion
reactions, including conversion of biofuels into the synthesis gas. Synthesis gas is an
advantageous intermediate product in biomass-to-energy production chain and a convenient
feedstock for the synthesis of liquid fuels and other valuable chemicals. Plasma-catalytic
approach to the conversion of renewable hydrocarbons features high reforming and energy
efficiency by using plasma for the generation of reactive species that have catalytic effect on
the chemical conversions. The achievement of optimal operating conditions requires the
understanding of both positive effect of plasma on the chemical conversions and negative
effect of chemical reactions on the degree of plasma non-equilibrium. The generation of nonequilibrium non-thermal plasma provides the highest efficiency and control over the
production of exactly those reactive species that initiate the chain reactions of hydrocarbon
reforming. Our research has shown that exothermal reactions that occur in the plasma of
electric discharge equalize the rotational and vibrational temperatures of plasma species;
therefore, our system features the separate injection of plasma-activated oxidant and fuel
mixture into the chemical reactor. We were able to conduct high-efficiency (85 %) reforming
of both ethanol and vegetable oil into synthesis gas in the system based on the rotating gliding
discharge. The ratio between lover heating value of reforming products and the electrical
power spent on plasma generation was approximately 100.
109
Posters
110
Topic: Elementary processes in ionized gases
Prediction of the critical reduced electric field strength for CO2-O2 mixture
with copper vapour from Boltzmann analysis
Xiaoxue Guo1,2, Xingwen Li1, Hu Zhao1, Anthony B. Murphy 2
1
State key laboratory of electrical insulation and power equipment, Xi’an Jiaotong University,
No. 28 XianNing West Road, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province 710049, China,
2
CSIRO Manufacturing Flagship, PO Box 218, Lindfield NSW 2070, Australia.
[email protected]
Mixtures of carbon dioxide and oxygen are possible replacements for SF6 in high-voltage
circuit breakers. In considering the dielectric breakdown properties of mixtures, it is important
to consider the influence of the arc that is formed when the circuit breaker operates. The arc
leads to high temperatures, high pressures, and contamination of the gas mixture by copper
vapour due to electrode erosion.
In this paper, the influence on dielectric breakdown properties of adding copper vapour to a
hot 90%CO2-10%O2 gas mixture is numerically analysed for the pressure range from 0.2 to
0.8 MPa and the temperature range from 300 to 4000 K. First, the equilibrium composition of
the 90%CO2-10%O2 mixture with different copper fractions is calculated using the technique
of minimisation of the Gibbs free energy. The next stage is devoted to computing the electron
energy distribution functions (EEDF) by solving the two-term Boltzmann equation. The
reduced ionisation coefficient, the reduced attachment coefficient, and the reduced effective
ionisation coefficient are then obtained based on the EEDF. Finally, the critical reduced
electric field (E/N)cr is obtained.
The results indicate that an increasing mole fraction of copper markedly reduces (E/N)cr of the
CO2-O2-Cu gas mixtures because of copper’s low ionization potential and large ionization
cross section. Additionally, the generation of O2 from the thermal dissociation of CO2
contributes to the increase of (E/N)cr of CO2-O2-Cu hot gas mixtures for temperatures from
about 2000 K to 3500 K.
Topic: Electron and positron transport
111
Third-order transport properties of electrons and positrons in electric and
magnetic fields
I. Simonović, Z.Lj. Petrović, S. Dujko
1
Institute of Physics, University of Belgrade, Serbia
Transport of a swarm of light charged particles, including electrons or positrons, in neutral
gases under the influence of spatially homogeneous electric and magnetic fields has been
studied thoroughly in the past, primarialy through the investigation of the drift and diffusion.
Third-order transport properties have not been measured systematically so far, and
consequently have been ignored in the interpretations of the traditinal swarm experiments.
However, recent Monte Carlo studies [1] have revealed that the spatial distributions of
electrons are not well described by a perfect Gaussian, particularly under conditions when
charged particle transport is greatly affected by non-conservative collisions. Moreover, it has
been demonstarted that the knowledge of third-order transport properties is required for the
conversion of hydrodynamic transport properties to those found in the steady-state Townsend
(SST) experiment [2].
In this work we investigate the structure and symmetries along individual elements of
the skewness tensor (transport coefficient of the third order) by applying the group projector
technique. Skewness components are calculated using a Monte Carlo simulation technique
and multi term solutions of Boltzmann's equation for electrons and positrons in model and
real gases. We extend previous studies [3] by considering explicit and implicit effects of nonconservative collisions (e.g. electron attachment and ionization for electrons and Positronium
formation for positrons) on various skewness components when both electric and magnetic
fields are present. In addition, sensitivity of the skewness components to postionization
energy partitioning is studied by comparison of three ionization energy partitioning regimes
for a range of electric fields.
[1] S. Dujko, Z.M. Raspopović, R.D. White, T. Makabe and Z.Lj. Petrović, Eur. Phys. J. D 2014, 68 166.
[2] S. Dujko, R.D. White and Z.Lj. Petrović, J.Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 2008, 41 245205.
[3] S.B. Vrhovac, Z.Lj. Petrović, L.A. Viehland and T.S. Santhanam, J. Chem. Phys. 1999, 110 242.
112
Is a set of cross sections for positron scattering in H2 complete?
S. Dujko1, A. Banković1, S. Marjanović1, R.D. White2, Z.Lj. Petrović1
1
2
Institute of Physics, University of Belgrade, Serbia
College of Science, Technology and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville,
Australia
In this work we present our recently compiled set of cross sections for positron scattering in
H2 [1]. Using this set of cross sections as an input in our Boltzmann equation analysis and
Monte Carlo simulations, we investigate the way in which the positron transport properties
are influenced by the electric and magnetic field strengths and the angle between the fields
under conditions when transport is greatly affected by Positronium (Ps) formation. Values and
general trends in the profiles of mean energy, drift velocity and diffusion tensor are reported.
Among many interesting phenomena we note the existence of runaway positrons for
electric fields higher than 100 Td (1 Td = 1×10-21 Vm2). The runaway phenomenon is a
consequence of decreasing probabilities of positron interactions with neutral molecules for
higher electric fields. Under these conditions, the positrons gain more energy than they can
lose in collisions and hence no steady-state can be reached. The threshold electric field for
runaway of electrons in H2 is much higher (more than a few thousands of Td) and this raises a
number of questions: Is a set of cross sections for positron scattering in H2 complete? Are all
relevant collision processes involved in the current set? If not, what is the nature of missing
processes and what are the implications of the fact that Positronium (Ps) formation is the
dominant inelastic process for energies between 10 and 50 eV? In this work we will try to
address some of these issues. Machacek et al. have reported the total inelastic cross section
that is significantly higher than the one used in our set which might be used to explain the low
threshold electric field for runaway of positrons with our original cross section set.
[1] A. Banković, S. Dujko, R.D. White, S.J. Buckman and Z.Lj. Petrović, Nucl. Instrum and Meth. B 279 (2012)
92.
[2] J.R. Machacek, E. K. Anderson, C. Makochekanwa, S.J. Buckman and J.P. Sullivan, Phys. Rev. E 88 (2013)
042715.
Topic: Basic studies and diagnostics of low-temperature plasmas
113
Generation of RF Glow-discharge Plasma by Phase Control
A. Sakamoto, T. Takguchi, T. Shimizu, S. Kouya, M. Motohashi
Engineering, Tokyo Denki University, 5 Senju-asahi-cho, Adachi-ku, Tokyo 120-8551, Japan
H2–N2 rf glow discharge plasma is useful for surface treatment of functional materials [1]. It
is commonly known that excited species, such as molecules, atoms and ions, play an
important role in this treatment. However, plasma control is difficult because the excitation
and decomposition processes of H2 and N2 are different. In particular, the control of highenergy species, such as N2 ions, is very important for the surface treatment. In some cases,
reduction of these species is required. We therefore developed a method for double-excited
plasma generation that uses two radio frequency power supplies [2]. In this study, we studied
the effect of rf power and the phase between the two power supplies on the plasma state.
The plasma chamber is a charge-coupled electrode type chamber. The phase between the rf
power supplies was varied using a phase-shift controller. The plasma was evaluated by optical
emission spectroscopy.
Optical emission intensities of N2 excited species (N2*, 2nd positive system) and N2 ions (N2+,
1st negative system) increased with increasing rf power. In contrast, the intensity of N2* was
changed to a sine wave with variation in the phase, whereas the intensity of N2+ was not
changed significantly. These results indicate that the excited state of the high-energy ion (N2+)
can be controlled by varying the phase.
[1] Danielle S. Trentin, et al., Surf. Coat. Technol., 245, 84-91, 2014.
[2] H. Nakada, et al., 39th IEEE International Conference on Plasma Science, 3P-130, 2012.
114
Variation in electron temperature for a hybrid plasma
source at low pressure
A. M. Hala
KACST, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
E-mail contact: [email protected]
Evidence of electron heating is manifested in a hybrid helicon-ECR plasma discharge. By
fixing the ECR power at 500 W and increasing the helicon power from 100 to 500 W, the
electrons were found to be heated in the range from 4 to 8 eV at a low pressure of 1 mTorr.
Future work will focus on measuring the electron density and temperature variation spatially
to determine the upstream and down stream electron temperature variation.
115
Topic: Plasma processing, materials synthesis, surface/interface
Surface Treatment by Phase Controlled H2-N2 Plasma
T. Taguchi, A. Sakamoto, T. Suzuki, M. Motohashi
Engineering, Tokyo Denki University, 5 Senju-asahi-cho, Adachi-ku, Tokyo 120-8551, Japan
Plasma processing is used for the surface treatment of materials such as optical and electrical
materials and biomaterials [1]. It is important to control the high-energy excited species and
ions in the plasma during plasma processing. We have previously reported on the evaluation
of the plasma generated by double excitation using two rf power supplies in order to control
the state of the high-energy species [2]. In this study, we attempted to control the plasma state
by using phase-controlled plasma. In addition, we treated the surface of some materials using
the phase-controlled plasma.
The plasma was generated by using source gases double excited electrode [2]. H2 and N2 gas
were used as the source gases. Plasma treatment was conducted by varying rf power (13.56
MHz) and the output voltage phase of the two rf power supplies. An acrylic plate was used as
material for surface treatment, and the contact angles were measured to evaluate the
hydrophilicity of the surface.
The contact angle decreased with increasing rf power. In addition, the contact angle decreased
with variation in the power supply phase. These results indicate that phase control is useful
for controlling the hydrophilicity of the surface. Finally, it was inferred that the low-energy
species in the plasma were related to the surface hydrophilicity.
[1] M. Kral, et al., Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., 46, 7470-7474, 2007.
[2] H. Nakada, et al., 39th IEEE International Conference on Plasma Science, 3P-130, 2012.
116
Plasma polymerization of cyanamide: a prebiotic-chemistry inspired
surface for biomedical applications
D.J. Menzies1, R. Randriantsilefisoa1, H. Thissen1, R. Evans1
1
CSIRO Manufacturing, Clayton, Melbourne
Prebiotic chemistry is associated with the chemical origin of life; how simple non-living
molecules formed amino acids, nucleic acids and proteins. Cyanamide is a compound of
prebiological interest due to its ability to act as an activator for peptide condensation [1] via
its tautomerization to carbodiimide. Recently, we published the first report of the application
of prebiotic chemistry to biomaterials science, expemplifying the rich, tailorable surface
chemistry obtainable and their highly cell adhesive and biocompatible properties. [2] This
current research is focused on the generation of prebiotic-chemistry inspired surfaces
deposited via the radio-frequency glow discharge plasma polymerisation of cyanamide
(CyPP).
The chemistry of the CyPP coatings was investigated using XPS and reflectance
mode-FTIR, highlighting a strong difference between the surface and bulk chemistry of the
films. CyPP surfaces facilitated excellent attachment of L929 mouse fibroblasts, resulting in
highly spread and viable cells, comparible to that of commercial tissue culture polystyrene
(TCPS), indicating promising implications of the CyPP surfaces for a variety of biomedical
applications.
Figure 1. (A) Top row; bright field images of L929 fibroblast attachment to Cypp coated TCPS and bottom row;
live/dead staining of attached cells (green represents alive cells, with red representing dead cells) (B) Si wafer
(top and CyPP coated Si wafer (bottom). Scale bars 100 µm
1. Powner, M.W., B. Gerland, and J.D. Sutherland, Synthesis of activated pyrimidine ribonucleotides in
prebiotically plausible conditions. Nature, 2009. 459(7244): p. 239-242.
2. Thissen, H., et al., Prebiotic-chemistry inspired polymer coatings for biomedical and material science
applications. NPG Asia Mater, 2015. 7: p. e225
117
Topic: Plasma nanoscience and nanotechnology
Analysis of BNNT(Boron Nitride Nano Tube) synthesis by using Ar/N2/H2
60KW RF ICP plasma
I Hyun Cho1, Hee Il Yoo1, Ho Seok Kim1, Se Youn Moon 1,2*, Myung Jong Kim3
1
. High Enthalpy Plasma Research Center, Chonbuk National University, Republic of Korea
2
. Department of Quantum System Engineering, Chonbuk National University, Republic of
Korea
3
. Soft Innovative Material Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology,
Republic of Korea
A radio-frequency (RF) Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP) torch system was used for boronnitride nano-tube (BNNT) synthesis. Because of electrodeless plasma generation, no electrode
pollution and effective heating transfer during nano-material synthesis can be realized. For
stable plasma generation, argon and nitrogen gases were injected with 60 kW grid power at
630 Torr. Varying hydrogen gas flow rate from 0 to 20 slpm, the electrical and optical plasma
properties were investigated. Through the spectroscopic analysis of atomic argon line,
hydrogen line and nitrogen molecular band, we investigated the plasma electron excitation
temperature, gas temperature and electron density. Based on the plasma characterization, we
performed the synthesis of BNNT by inserting 0.5~1 um hexagonal-boron nitride (h-BN)
powder into the plasma. We analysis the structure characterization of BNNT by SEM
(Scanning Electron Microscopy) and TEM (Transmission Electron Microscopy), also grasp
the ingredient of BNNT by EELS (Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy) and Raman
spectroscopy.
118
Topic: Plasma in/in contact with liquid and their applications
Effect of protein and oxygen on the plasma delivery of reactive oxygen
species into tissue
Nishtha Gaur1, Endre Szili1, Jun-Seok Oh2, Sung-Ha Hong1, David B. Graves3,
Robert D. Short1
1
Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
2
Kochi University of Technology, Tosayamada, Japan
3
University of California, Berkley, USA
Email contact: [email protected], [email protected]
This study reveals the influence of protein and molecular oxygen (O2) on the plasma delivery
of reactive oxygen species (ROS) into the tissue. A 1 mm thick gelatin target was used as
surrogate for real tissue and placed on top of a 96-well plate; the well contained a broad
spectrum ROS reporter dye (dichlorodihydrofluorescein, DCFH) dissolved in phosphate
bovine serum (PBS). The helium cold atmospheric plasma jet was compared in PBS with and
without bovine serum albumin (BSA) protein suspended in the solution, with plasma in direct
contact with the PBS or through the gelatin target. The results show that BSA suppressed the
generation of ROS in PBS with the plasma in direct contact with the solution. In contrast,
BSA enhanced the generation of ROS in PBS when the plasma indirectly treated PBS through
the gelatin target. In addition to ROS, the relative amount of O2 in PBS was measured.
Without the gelatin target, plasma treatment deoxygenated the PBS; but with the gelatin target,
the O2 concentration increased in the PBS underneath the target. These results indicate that
the protein and O2 concentration in the tissue fluid and tissue could significantly influence the
dosage of ROS delivered by plasma into tissue. These results have implications for plasma
medicine where it is important to quanitfy and control the dosage of ROS into tissue in order
to improve safety and effectiveness of the plasma therapy.
[1] Gaur, Nishtha, et al. "Combined effect of protein and oxygen on reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in the
plasma treatment of tissue." Applied Physics Letters 107.10 (2015): 103703.
[2] Szili, Endre J., James W. Bradley, and Robert D. Short. "A ‘tissue model’to study the plasma delivery of
reactive oxygen species." Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 47.15 (2014): 152002.
119
Synthesis of TiO2 nanotubes by anodization in plasma treated water
T.A. Arun1, A.Z. Sadek1, G.D. Rajmohan1, Rechana C.N 1, S. Mateti1, M. Field 3, E. Mayes 3,
J.M. Pringle1, C.S. Corr2, J. du Plessis3, Z.Q. Chen1, P.D. Hodgson1 and X. J. Dai *1
1
2
Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
3
RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
Plasma treated water is used as the environmental friendly electrolyte for the synthesis of
titanium dioxide nanotubes in an anodization process. The possible mechanism of the
nanotube formation in the process was studied. A gas bubble - in liquid plasma system
operated by nanosecond pulsed generator with different gases is used for the selective
production of reactive species such as hydrogen peroxide and nitric acid in de-ionized (DI)
water.[1] Hydrogen peroxide was selectively produced in DI water using argon plasma,
while nitric acid was selectively produced using air plasma. Argon followed by air plasma
was used to produce both nitric acid and hydrogen peroxide in DI water. Both the reactive
species were consumed for the growth of TiO2 nanotubes during anodization, together with
increase in pH and decrease in conductivity. It was proposed that the hydrogen peroxide
present in plasma treated water produces the oxide layer in metal surface and the nitric acid
present in plasma treated water forms pores on the oxide layer. These pores formed on the
oxide layer further grows into nanotubes by the consumption of more hydrogen peroxide.
The morphology, elemental analysis and crystallinity of TiO2 nanotubes were characterized
using SEM, TEM, XPS and XRD.
120
Fast and Efficient Synthesis of SixOyCz nano-particles using a plasma gas
bubble-in-hexamethyldisiloxane
Zhiqiang Chen, Kevin Magniez, Xiujuan J. Dai
Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong Waurn Ponds
Victoria 3216, Australia
Organic nanomaterials have found applications in a wide range of fields such as electronic,
photonic, or biotechnology [1]. In this work, as an alternative to conventional chemical
methods, we have explored the potential of a plasma gas bubble-in-liquid precursor method
for fast and efficient production of organic nanomaterials. The discharge is obtained by
applying pulse nanosecond high-voltages between the tip of a hollow needle and a plate
electrode both immersed in liquid [2]. Organosilicon nanoparticles can be produced by only a
few seconds discharge in liquid hexamethyldisiloxane. The nanoscale morphological
characterization of these nano-particles as well as their chemical compositions have been
confirmed by SEM and XPS, respectively. The investigation of the mechanism of this
approach is underway.
[1] R. Brayner, F. Fiévet, and T. Coradin, Synthesis of organic and bioorganic nanoparticles: an overview of the
preparation methods, in Nanomaterials: A Danger or a Promise? A Chemical and Biological Perspective, J.
Allouche, Ed., pp. 27–74, Springer, London, UK, 2013.
121
Topic: Thermal plasmas: physics and industrial applications
Three-Dimensional Simulation of the Cutting Process in Plasma Arc
Cutting
Hunkwan Park1,3, David J Osterhouse2, Emil Pfender1, Terrence W Simon1,
Jon W Lindsay2
1
Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455,
USA
2
Hypertherm Inc., Hanover, NH 03755, USA
3
CSIRO Manufacturing, PO Box 218, Lindfield NSW 2070, Australia
The metal cutting process with a plasma flow is analyzed by using numerical simulation. In
this research, we present a three-dimensional numerical simulation using a Local
Thermodynamic Equilibrium (LTE) plasma model combined with a melting process model. It
focuses on the work piece region near the location of arc attachment in plasma arc cutting.
The modeling includes the Volume of Fluid (VoF) method for capturing the interface of the
metal phase and plasma flow and the enthalpy-porosity method for calculating the melting
process along with the plasma model. The cutting process model is implemented in the open
source CFD software, OpenFOAM. Thermodynamic and transport properties, calculated by
kinetic theory of gases and statistical mechanics are implemented for more reasonable
simulation in the high temperature regions. The results of a first attempt simulation show the
unsteady cutting process including prediction of the interface of molten metal and plasma
flow as well as the melting process. The simulated kerf shape is compared to measured kerf
under the same operation conditions. Additionally, the temperature, velocity, and current
density distributions are discussed, leading to a better understanding of the physical
phenomena within the kerf region.
122
Topic: Plasma discharges under extreme and unusual conditions
Runaway Electrons Preionized Diffuse Discharges in SF6,
Argon, Air and Nitrogen
V.F. Tarasenko, D.V. Beloplotov, M.I. Lomaev, D.A. Sorokin
Institute of High Current Electronics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences,
Akademichesky Ave. 2/3, Tomsk, 634055 Russia
Formation of the diffuse discharge in an inhomogeneous electric field without using of
additional sources of the preionization during the breakdown in the atmospheric air and other
gases is possible due to the generation of the runaway electrons (RAE) and X-ray.
Objective of this work to study dynamics of intensity of discharge plasma radiation from
different regions of runaway electrons preionized diffuse discharge (REP DD) in initial stage
of breakdown and the formation of bright electrode spots on electrodes in an inhomogeneous
electric field and at high pressure of air, nitrogen, argon and SF6. For RAE beam that
registered behind the anode foil the term supershort avalanche electron beam (SAEB) was
used. Experiments were performed on unique setup. This setup was designed to study
discharges and SAEB generation in different gases and made it possible to measure several
relevant parameters simultaneously. Thus, the setup allowed us to register the voltage across
the discharge gap, current through the gap, current of SAEB and radiation of discharge
plasma from different gap regions in a single pulse. Moreover, the polarity of RADAN-220
pulser in the setup could be either negative or positive. With the time resolution of ~0.1 ns the
dynamics of intensity of the discharge plasma radiation from different regions of discharge
gap was obtained synchronously with the voltage across the gap and discharge current. It was
shown that the breakdown is occurred owing to the ionization wave, which starts from an
electrode with small radius of curvature at both polarities of voltage pulses. It was determined
that the ionization wave velocity decreases with increasing pressure of gases from 0.05 to 0.7
MPa. Formation of the bright spots on the electrodes at positive and negative polarity of
voltage pulses, and images of the discharge gap have been investigated. It was found, that in
air, nitrogen and argon at negative polarity of voltage pulses bright spots on the flat electrode
arise when conduction current changes its direction. It was shown, that at the positive polarity
of the electrode with a small radius of curvature bright spots on the flat electrode appear due
to the par ticipation of the dynamic displacement current in the gap conductivity.
This work was supported by the Russian Science Foundation, project no. 14-29-00052.
123
Topic: Applications of gas discharges and atomic/ion processes: environmental, energy,
agriculture, biomedical, sterilization, manufacturing and security
Cleaning and Modification of the Near-Surface Layers of
Metals Under The Action of Runaway Electron Pre ionized
Diffuse Discharge
V.F. Tarasenko 1, M.V. Erofeev1, M.A. Shulepov1
1
Institute of High Current Electronics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences
Tomsk, Russia
Electric discharges of different types as well as electron beams are now widely used for the
modification of near-surface layers of various materials. As is known, a volume discharge can
be generated using inhomogeneous electric field in air at atmospheric pressure. For this
purpose, high-voltage (~100 kV) pulses of nanosecond duration are applied to a gas filled
inter electrode gap. A specific feature of such discharges is the accompanying the formation
of the super short avalanches electron beams (SAEBs) and X-ray emission. A runaway
electron pre ionized diffuse discharge (REP DD) is easily realized in various gases and at
different pressures [1]. At the REP DD, the anode is influenced by the dense plasma of a
dense nanosecond discharge with the specific input power up to hundreds of megawatt per a
cubic centimeter, by the SAEB, shock wave and optical radiation from discharge plasma of
various spectral ranges, including UV and VUV. This allows forecasting the REP DD
application for modification and cleaning of metal surfaces in different technological
processes [2, 3]. We have studied the modification and cleaning of the near-surface layers of
niobium, steel, Al and copper plates and foils under the action of discharge plasma, which
was generated in nitrogen, CO2 and air at atmospheric pressure by nanosecond high voltage
pulses applied between the plane anode and cathode with a small radius of curvature. It is
established that the surface layer of the discharge treated the steel, AlBe, Al and copper plates
is cleaned from carbon contaminations. The oxygen penetrates up to a depth of about 50 nm
was obtained. It has been found that the treatment of a copper and steel surface by this type of
discharge increases the hardness of the surface layer of copper and steel.
[1] V. F. Tarasenko, E. Kh. Baksht, A. G. Burachenko, I. D. Kostyrya, M. I. Lomaev, D. V. Rybka, Plasma
Devices Oper., 2008, vol. 16, pp. 267-298.
[2] E. Kh. Baksht, A. G. Burachenko, I. D. Kostyrya, M. I. Lomaev, D. V. Rybka, M. A. Shulepov, V.
F. Tarasenko, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., 2009, vol. 42, 185201.
[3] A. V. Voitsekhovskii, D. V. Grigor’ev, A. G. Korotaev, A. P. Kokhanenko, V. F. Tarasenko, M. A.
Shulepov, Russian Physics Journal, 2011, vol. 54, pp. 1152-1155.
124
Conference Attendee List
First Name
Surname
Behnam
Akhavan
Lee
Affiliation
University of Sydney,
Australia
Email Address
Astheimer
Deakin University, Australia
[email protected]
Sri
Balaji Ponraj
[email protected]
Kateryna
Bazaka
Alex
Bennet
Marcela
Bilek
Victor
Bochkov
Rod
Boswell
Laurence
Campbell
Robert
Carman
Queensland University of
Technology, Australia
Australian National
University, Australia
Australia
Pulsed Technologies Ltd.,
Russia
Australian National
Flinders University,
Australia
Macquire University,
Australia
James
Carter
[email protected]
Christine
Charles
John Morris, Australia
Australian National
Xiao
Chen
[email protected]
Zhiqiang
Chen
[email protected]
I Hyun
Cho
Chonbuk National
University, Republic of
Korea
Australian National
CNRS, Aix-MarseilleUniversité, France
Australian National
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
Cormac
Corr
Lenaic
Couedel
Samuel
Cousens
Jane
Dai
[email protected]
Ludovic
Dumee
[email protected]
Arthur
Emmanuel
Ian
Falconer
Michelle
Flight
Mari-rahman enterprise,
Accra-Ghana
Australia
Enterprise Geelong,
Australia
Kat
Fortig
[email protected]
Rajesh
Ganesan
Gustavo
García
Nishtha
Gaur
Australia
Instituto de Física
Fundamental, Spain
University of South
Australia
Bree
Gorman-Holz
[email protected]
Xiaoxue
Guo
CSIRO, Australia
[email protected]
Ahmed
Hala
KACST, Saudi Arabia
[email protected]
125
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
Keelie
Hamilton
Bruce
Dirk
Harwood
Hegemann
Teck Seng
Ho
Peter
Hodgson
Matthew
Hole
Jungmi
Hong
Sung Ha
Hong
John
Howard
Lachlan
Hyde
Stephen
J Buckman
Karyn
Jarvis
Erwin
Kessels
Enterprise Geelong,
Australia
[email protected];
City of Greater Geelong
Empa, Switzerland
Australian National
[email protected]
Australian National
[email protected]
CSIRO, Australia
University of South
Australia
Australian National
Nanofabrication, Australia
Australian National
Swinburne University of
Eindhoven Univ. of
Technology, The
Netherlands
Australia
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
Alexey
Kondyurin
Yakov
Krasik
Technion, Israel
[email protected]
Peter
Lamb
[email protected]
Paul
Lasky
Monash University,
Australia
Macquire University,
Australia
Andrew
Lehmann
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
Robert
Lovett
[email protected]
John
Lowke
[email protected]
Joshua
Machacek
CSIRO, Australia
Australian National
Kevin
Magniez
[email protected]
Anne
Mai-Prochnow
CSIRO, Australia
[email protected]
Mohammad
Maniruzzaman
[email protected]
Sally L
McArthur
David
McKenzie
Swinburne University of
Australia
Donna
Menzies
CSIRO, Australia
[email protected]
Andrea
Merenda
[email protected]
Andrew
Michelmore
University of South
Australia
Andi
Amijoyo
Mitsuya
Mochtar
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
Ehime University, Japan
[email protected]
Motohashi
Tokyo Denki University
[email protected]
Ben
Muir
CSIRO, Australia
[email protected]
Tony
Murphy
CSIRO, Australia
[email protected]
126
Australian National
University of Minnesota,
USA
Stuart
Nulty
Hunkwan
Park
Jim
Partridge
RMIT, Australia
[email protected]
Kris
Pechotsch
[email protected]
Steven
Petinakis
[email protected]
Zoran
Petrovic
Jamie
Quinton
CSIRO, Australia
Serbian Academy of
Sciences and Arts, Serbia
Flinders University,
Australia
[email protected]
Rau
[email protected]
Ryan
Raybould
[email protected]
Rackel
Reis
Victoria University,
Australia
Christine
Rimmer
[email protected]
Annie
Ross
Australia
David
Rubin de Celis
[email protected]
Abu
Sadek
Hanieh
Safizadeh
Shirazi
Asuka
Sakamoto
Miguel
Santos
Jesse
Santoso
Nanofabrication, Australia
Australia
Tokyo Denki University,
Japan
Australia
Australian National
Jurg
Schutz
[email protected]
Robert
Short
Katharina
Stapelmann
Fadhli
Syahrial
Endre
Szili
Takatoshi
Taguchi
Victor
Tarasenko
CSIRO, Australia
University of South
Australia
University Bochum,
Germany
Graduate School of Science
and Engineering, Japan
University of South
Australia
Tokyo Denki University,
Japan
Russian Academy of
Sciences, Russia
Arun
Thandassery
[email protected]
Helmut
Thissen
[email protected]
Ya-Yi
Tsai
Qi
Wang
CSIRO, Australia
National Central University,
Taiwan
Eindhoven Univ. of
Technology, The
Netherlands
James Cook University,
Australia
[email protected]
Gayathri
Devi
Andrew
Rajmohan
Xungai
Wang
Ronald
White
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
127
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
Jason
Whittle
Michael
Williams
Marion
Wright
Maksudbek
Yusupov
Yunchao
Zhang
Haiyang
Zhang
Ganming
Zhao
University of South
Australia
Geelong Manufacturing
Council, Australia
[email protected]
[email protected]
University of Antwerp,
Belgium
Australian National
Semiconductor
Manufacturing International
Corp, China
[email protected]
Applied Materials, USA
[email protected]
128
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]

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