Environmental Impact Assessment Report

Environmental Impact Assessment Report Bajoli Holi H. E. Project (180 MW) Chamba, Himachal Pradesh February, 2010
Prepared by:
R. S. Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd. 402, Radisson Suites Commercial Plaza, Sushant Lok‐I, Block‐B, Gurgaon‐122 009 (Haryana) Ph. +91‐124‐4295383; www.rstechnologies.co.in On Behalf of
GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. Old Uddan Bhawan, IGI Air Port, Palam, New Delhi CONTENTS Page No. CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 GENERAL 1.1 1.2 PHYSIOGRAPHY 1.2 1.3 DRAINAGE 1.2 1.3.1 Tributaries in Headwaters Area 1.3 1.3.2 Tributaries downstream of Bara Bangahal 1.6 1.3.3 Tributaries downstream of Bajoli Holi Dam site 1.8 1.4 PROJECT DESCRIPTION 1.8 1.4.1 Project Background 1.9 1.4.2 Salient Features 1.10 1.4.3 Accessibility 1.15 1.5 LEGAL REQUIREMENT 1.16 1.16 1.5.1 EIA Notification, 2006 1.5.2 State Level Clearances 1.17 CHAPTER 2 INFRASTRUCTURE, CONSTRUCTION SCHEDULE &EQUIPMENT PLANNING 2.1 GENERAL 2.1 2.2 ACCESS TO THE PROJECT 2.1 2.3 INFRASTRUCTURAL SET UP 2.1 2.3.1 Rail Head Facilities 2.2 2.3.2 Road Transport Facilities 2.2 2.3.3 Owner’s and Contractor’s Colonies 2.2 2.3.4 Construction Plants 2.3 2.3.5 Repair Facilities 2.4 2.3.6 Storage Facilities 2.5 2.5 2.3.7 Construction Power Set Up 2.3.8 Telecom Set Up 2.6 2.3.9 Project Roads and Bridges 2.6 2.3.10 Muck Disposal Areas 2.7 2.3.11 Quarries/Borrow Areas 2.9 2.3.12 Explosive Magazines 2.10 2.3.13 Land Requirement for the Project 2.10 2.3.14 Construction Adits 2.12 2.4 CONSTRUCTION SCHEDULE OF INFRASTRUCTURAL 2.13 WORKS 2.13 2.5 PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION PHILOSOPHY 2.6
CONSTRUCTION METHODOLOGY DETAILS 2.6.1 Construction of Adits 2.6.2 Portal Construction 2.6.3 Diversion Works 2.6.4 Coffer Dams 2.6.5 Main Dam 2.6.6 Head Race Tunnel 2.6.7 Power House Complex CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY 3.1 ENVIRONMENT IMPACT ASSESSMENT 3.2 METHODOLOGY 3.2.1 Study Area 3.2.2 Scoping Matrix 3.2.3 Field Surveys 3.2.4 Physiography 3.2.5 Geology 3.2.6 Meteorology 3.2.7 Hydrology 3.2.8 Land use and Land cover 3.2.9 Soil 3.2.10 Water Quality and Aquatic Biology 3.2.11 Ambient Air Quality 3.2.12 Ambient Noise Levels 3.2.13 Forest Types and Forest Cover 3.2.14 Vegetation Structure/ Floristic 3.2.15 Faunal Elements 3.2.16 Demographic Characteristics 3.2.17 Infrastructure Facilities 3.2.18 Public Health 3.3 IMPACT PREDICTION 3.4 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN & COST ESTIMATES 3.5 DAM BREAK ANALYSIS & DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN 3.6 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAMME CHAPTER 4 GEOLOGY 4.1 REGIONAL GEOLOGY 4.1.1 Stratigraphy 4.1.2 Tectonic Setup 2.13 2.13 2.13 2.14 2.16 2.16 2.17 2.17 3.1 3.2 3.2 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.6 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.10 3.10 3.10 3.11 3.11 4.1 4.1 4.3 4.2
GEOLOGY OF PROJECT COMPONENTS 4.2.1 Diversion Structure 4.2.2 Head Race Tunnel 4.2.3 Power House Complex 4.3 SEISMO‐TECTONICS 4.3.1 Regional Seismo‐tectonic Environment 4.3.2 Seismic History 4.3.3 Seismic Zoning CHAPTER 5 HYDRO‐METEOROLOGY 5.1 GENERAL 5.2 ADOPTED CONVENTIONS 5.3 RIVER SYSTEM & BASIN CHARACTERISTICS 5.3.1 Project Catchment 5.3.2 Area under permanent snow cover 5.4 METEOROLOGY 5.4.1 Data Availability & Characteristics 5.4.2 Hydrological Characteristics 5.5 WATER AVAILABILITY STUDY 5.6 ESTIMATION OF DESIGN FLOOD 5.6.1 Design Flood Criteria 5.6.2 Estimation of Design Flood 5.6.2.1 Hydro Meteorological Approach 5.6.2.2 Frequency Analysis 5.6.2.3 Probability Distribution 5.6.3 Comparison of Results 5.6.4 Conclusion 5.6.5 Design Flood for River Diversion Works 5.6.5.1 Design Flood Criteria 5.6.5.2 Data Available 5.6.5.3 Probability distribution 5.6.5.4 Conclusion 5.7 SEDIMENTATION CHAPTER 6 ENVIRONMENTAL BASELINE DATA 6.1 INTRODUCTION 6.2 PROJECT LOCATION & STUDY AREA 6.3 SOIL 6.4 AIR QUALITY 6.4.1 Ambient NOX Levels 6.4.2 Ambient SO2 levels 4.4 4.4 4.6 4.6 4.7 4.7 4.8 4.8 5.1 5.2 5.2 5.3 5.3 5.5 5.6 5.9 5.11 5.24 5.25 5.25 5.24 5.28 5.30 5.31 5.31 5.32 5.32 5.32 5.33 5.34 5.34 6.1 6.1 6.2 6.7 6.9 6.10 6.4.3 Ambient SPM levels 6.4.4 Ambient RPM levels 6.4.5 Source and Types of Impacts 6.5 NOISE & TRAFFIC 6.5.1 Noise Level 6.5.2 Traffic Density 6.6 LAND USE/ LAND COVER 6.7 FOREST TYPES 6.8 ECOZONES 6.8.1 Sub‐tropical Zone 6.8.2 Temperate Zone 6.8.3 Alpine Zone 6.9 FLORISTICS 6.9.1 Vegetation Composition in Study Area 6.9.2 Community Structure 6.9.3 Rare and Endangered Flora 6.10 FAUNAL DIVERSITY 6.10.1 Study Area 6.10.2 Methodology 6.10.3 Zoo‐geographic Affinities 6.10.4 Mammals 6.10.5 Avifauna 6.10.6 Reptiles 6.10.7 Insects 6.10.8 Butterflies 6.10.9 Importance of the area from wildlife point of view 6.11 AQUATIC ECOLOGY 6.11.1 Methodology 6.11.2 Sampling of Benthic (Epilithic) Diatoms 6.11.3 Identification of Benthic (Epilithic) Diatoms 6.11.4 Sampling & Identification of macro‐invertibrates 6.11.5 Physico–chemical Characteristics 6.11.6 Biological Characteristics 6.12 FISH AND FISHERIES 6.12.1 Fish Distribution in Ravi river and migratory phenomenon 6.12.2 Fish Culture CHAPTER 7 SOCIO‐ECONOMIC ASPECTS 7.1 INTRODUCTION 6.10 6.11 6.11 6.13 6.13 6.14 6.14 6.20 6.22 6.22 6.22 6.23 6.24 6.24 6.33 6.56 6.57 6.59 6.62 6.64 6.64 6.67 6.72 6.73 6.74 6.76 6.77 6.78 6.78 6.79 6.80 6.82 6.82 6.92 6.92 6.93 7.1 7.1.1 Chamba 7.1.2 Kangra 7.1.3 Sub‐tehsil Holi 7.2 SOCIO‐ECONOMIC STATUS OF THE STUDY AREA 7.2.1 Demographic Profile 7.2.2 Educational Profile 7.2.3 Health Care Facilities 7.2.4 Transport Facilities 7.2.5 Sanitation and other Facilities 7.2.6 Economy 7.2.7 Key Observations 7.3 PUBLIC PERCEPTION ABOUT THE PROJECT CHAPTER 8 CDM BENEFITS 8.1 INTRODUCTION 8.2 CLEAN DEVELOPMENT MECHANISM (CDM) 8.3 CDM PROJECT CYCLE 8.3.1 Sustainable Development Indicator 8.4 KEY AREAS IN PROJECT DESIGN DOCUMENTATION 8.4.1 Methodology 8.4.2 Baseline Scenario 8.4.3 Calculation of Estimated Certified Emission Reductions from Bajoli Holi HEP 8.4.4 Establishing Additionality for Bajoli Holi HEP 8.5 CER REVENUE 8.6 CONCLUSION CHAPTER 9 ASSESSMENT OF IMPACTS 9.1 GENERAL 9.2 IMPACTS DURING CONSTRUCTION 9.2.1 Environmental degradation due to immigration of construction workers population 9.2.2 Construction of Head Race Tunnel 9.2.3 Quarrying Operations 9.2.4 Operation of Construction Equipment 9.2.5 Movement of Vehicle 9.2.6 Muck Disposal 9.2.7 Road Construction 9.2.8 Acquisition of Land 9.2.9 Impact on Water Quality 9.2.10 Impact on Terrestrial Flora 7.2 7.4 7.4 7.8 7.9 7.11 7.11 7.11 7.11 7.12 7.15 7.15 8.1 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.5 8.8 8.10 8.12 8.13 9.1 9.2 9.2 9.4 9.4 9.5 9.5 9.6 9.6 9.7 9.10 9.11 9.3
9.2.11 Impact on Terrestrial Fauna 9.2.12 Impact on Aquatic Ecology 9.2.13 Impact on Noise Environment 9.2.14 Impact on Air Quality 9.2.15 Impact of Socio‐economic Environment 9.2.16 Indirect and Cumulative Impacts on Natural Resourses IMPACTS DURING OPERATION PHASE 9.3.1 Impact on Water Resources 9.3.2 Acquisition of Forest Land 9.3.3 Terrestrial Fauna 9.3.4 Aquatic Ecology 9.12 9.13 9.15 9.18 9.20 9.22 9.22 9.22 9.27 9.28 9.28 PLATE Plate 1: Catchment area map of Bajoli Holi H.E. Project showing area under permanent snow cover PHOTOGRAPHS PHOTOGRAPHS i‐xviii LIST OF ANNEXURE ANNEXURE‐I Approval for pre‐construction activities by MoEF vide its letter dated J‐12011/86/2007‐IA.I dated February 11, 2008 ANNEXURE‐Ia MoEF approved vide letter regarding Change of power house Site no. J‐12011/86/07‐IA.I dated December 2, 2008 ANNEXURE‐ II Forest Notification for CAT Plan (notification no. FE‐B‐F‐(2)‐72/2004‐Pt‐IIdated August 03, 2009 ANNEXURE‐IIa Modified CAT Plan vide notification no. FFE‐B‐F‐(2)‐ 72/2004‐Pt‐II dated September 30, 2009 ANNEXURE‐III Department of Fisheries notification no. Fish‐F (5)‐1/2008 dated May 2, 2008 for the hydro power projects ANNEXURE‐IV Notification for minimum discharge for ROR projects ANNEXURE‐V Project Layout ANNEXURE‐VI Project Layout (Project Roads) ANNEXURE‐VIa Construction Schedule ANNEXURE‐ VII Geological Map of the Area around the site of the Proposed Diversion Structure ANNEXURE‐VIII Geological map of the diversion site indicates presence accumulation of loose debris on the left bank slope of the river upstream of dam axis ANNEXURE‐IX Geology Along the Alignment of HRT ANNEXURE‐X Geological Map of Powerhouse Complex ANNEXURE‐XI Certificate from Dhauladhar Wildlife Sanctuary ANNEXURE‐XII List of Plants Recorded from Study Area LIST OF TABLES Table No. Page No. Table 1.1: Salient features of Bajoli Holi H.E. Project 1.10 Table 2.1: Details of the quarry site proposed in the Bajoli Holi H.E. Project 2.9 Table 3.1: Scoping for EIA study 3.4 Table 3.2: Sampling Frequency for Various Environmental Parameters 3.6 Table 4.1: Geological Sequence of Chamba Area 4.1 Table 4.2: Seismic zones of India with corresponding MM (or MSK) scale 4.8 intensity and horizontal force Table 4.3: Some Earthquakes of Magnitude >4.5 and their effects 4.12 Table 5.1: Hypsometric detail at Bajoli diversion site 5.3 Table 5.2: Period of rainfall data availability 5.6 Table 5.3: Mean monthly rainfall of Ravi Basin 5.7 Table 5.4: Mean daily maximum and minimum temperature at Chamba 5.8 Table 5.5: Details of G&D site on River Ravi 5.9 Table 5.6: Relation between Kutehr and Bajoli 5.12 Table 5.7: 10‐Daily Flow Series of River Ravi at Bajoli Holi HEP: 1972‐90 5.13 (Approach‐I) Table 5.8: 10‐Daily Flow Series of River Ravi at Bajoli Holi HEP: 1990‐04 (Approach‐I) Table 5.9: 10‐Daily Flow Series of River Ravi at Bajoli Holi HEP: 2004‐08 5.14 5.17 (Approach‐I) Table 5.10: Relation between Kutehr and Bajoli 5.18 Table 5.11: 10‐Daily Flow Series of River Ravi at Bajoli Holi HEP: 1972‐80 5.19 (Approach‐II) Table 5.12: 10‐Daily Flow Series of River Ravi at Bajoli Holi HEP: 1980‐90 (Approach‐II) Table 5.13: 10‐Daily Flow Series of River Ravi at Bajoli Holi HEP: 1990‐00 5.21 (Approach‐II) Table 5.14: 10‐Daily Flow Series of River Ravi at Bajoli Holi HEP: 2000‐08 5.20 5.22 (Approach‐II) Table 5.15: Classification Criteria of Hydraulic Structures 5.24 Table 5.16: Synthetic Unit Hydrograph Ordinates 5.26 Table 5.17: SPF & PMF ordinates 5.27 Table 5.18: Details of Annual maxima flood peaks 5.28 Table 5.19: Different Return Period Floods, Bajoli diversion site 5.30 Table 5.20: Revised instantaneous flood peaks at Bajoli diversion site 5.31 Table 5.21: Detail of annual maxima non monsoon flow peaks 5.32 3
Table 5.22: 25 Year Return Period Floods (m /s) 5.34 Table 6.1: Soil series and their description in the study area and project catchment 6.4 Table 6.2: Location of Sampling sites in the study area 6.6 Table 6.3: Physical and chemical composition of soils 6.7 Table 6.4: Air quality monitoring at different locations in the project area 6.9 Table 6.5: National Ambient Air Quality Standard by Central Pollution Control 6.9 Table 6.6: Air quality observed at different locations 6.10 Table 6.7: Noise levels recorded in study area [dB(A)] 6.13 Table 6.8: Traffic density (per hr) in the study area 6.14 Table 6.9: List of medicinal plants found in the study area and 6.29 project catchment area Table 6.10: Characteristics of phytosociological sampling locations 6.34 Table 6.11: Tree Density at Sampling Sites 6.36 Table 6.12: Site I (Dam Site and Submergence Area) 6.37 Table 6.13: Site II (Near Nayagram village 1 km Downstream of Dam site) 6.39 Table 6.14: Site III (Near Deol village 5 km downstream of Dam site) 6.41 Table 6.15: Site IV (Power house Site Left bank of Ravi River 6.43 near Tayari village) Table 6.16: Site V (1 km upstream of Power house site) 6.45 Table 6.17: Site VI (500 m downstream of Power house site) 6.47 Table 6.18: Site VII (Near Urna village 500 m upstream of Dam site) 6.49 Table 6.19: Site VIII (5 km upstream of Dam site) 6.50 Table 6.20: Site IX (Near Dharadi village 10 km upstream of Dam site) 6.52 Table 6.21: Comparison of Importance Value Index (IVI) of different 6.54 plant species recorded from different locations/sites Table 6.22: Comparison of Species Diversity (H) and Evenness Index (E) 6.55 Table 6.23: List of mammalian species reported from study area based 6.65 upon secondary information Table 6.24: Species of large mammals hunted for various purposes 6.68 in the study area Table 6.25: List of birds recorded from in the project area 6.68 Table 6.26: Reptiles recorded from the project area 6.73 Table 6.27: Insects found in the project area 6.73 Table 6.28: Butterfly species recorded from the study area in different seasons Table 6.29: Physico‐chemical Characteristics of water of Ravi river at 6.75 6.85 different locations in the project area Table 6.30: Phytobenthos found in Ravi river 6.86 2
Table 6.31: Density of phytobenthos (cells/mm ) in Ravi river 6.89 Table 6.32: Species Diversity Index (H) and Evenness Index (E) 6.90 of Phytobenthos Table 6.33: Percentage composition of benthic macro‐invertebrates 6.90 in River Ravi Table 6.34: Macro‐invertebrates density (individuals/m2) in Ravi River 6.91 Table 6.35: List of fish species reported from Ravi river Table 7.1 Demographic profile of Chamba district vis‐à‐vis Himachal Pradesh state Table 7.2: Population structure in Chamba District Table 7.3: Population, child population in the age‐group 0‐6 of years and their sex‐ratio in sub‐tehsil Holi Table 7.4: Population Density & Demographic profile of sub‐tehsil Holi Table 7.5: Literacy rate in sub‐tehsil Holi and sub‐tehsil Multhan Table 7.6: Distribution of different amenities in villages and total population in sub‐tehsil Holi and sub‐tehsil Multhan Table 7.7: Occupation pattern in sub‐tehsil Holi and sub‐tehsil Multhan Table 7.8: Demographic Profile of the Villages in and around the project area Table 7.9: Number of educational institutions in the study area Table 7.10: Health care facilities in the study area Table 8.1: Calculations of Project Emissions from Bajoli Holi H.E. Project Table 8.2: Calculation of Electricity supplied to the grid by the Project activity EGy Table 8.3: Summary of Expected Annual Emissions Reduction Table 8.4: CDM benefit sharing in accordance with CER Rules Table 9.1: Construction Workers requirement for Project Construction Table 9.2: Total Migrant Population (Peak Time) Table 9.3: Details of Road Construction Table 9.4: Land Requirement for Proposed Project Table 9.5: Noise Levels due to Operation of Construction Equipment Table 9.6: Transmission Loss through Common Construction Materials Table 9.7: Noise generated due to drilling Table 9.8: Noise generated due to blasting 6.93 7.5 7.6 7.6 7.6 7.7 7.7 7.8 7.12 7.14 7.14 8.7 8.9 8.9 8.13 9.2 9.3 9.7
9.8 9.16 9.16 9.17 9.17 Table 9.9: Maximum Exposure Periods Specified by OSHA Table 9.10: Streams joining Ravi river downstream of Bajoli Dam and their flow contributions Table 9.11: Tree Density at Sampling Sites 9.18 9.25 9.27 LIST OF FIGURES Figure No. Page No. Figure 1.1: Location map of Bajoli Holi H.E. Project Figure 1.2: Cascade development in Ravi basin Figure 1.3: Drainage map of Bajoli Holi H.E. Project catchment Figure 2.1: General layout plan of Bajoli Holi H. E. Project showing different project components Figure 3.1 Map of Ravi River Catchment Area showing Study Area and Sampling Locations Figure 4.1: Regional geology of Chamba region Figure 4.2: Seismotectonic map of area in the vicinity of Bajoli Holi HE Project Figure 4.3: Seismic zoning map of India (Source: BIS, 2001, New Delhi) Figure 4.4: Bajoli Holi H.E. Project area super‐imposed on the iso‐seismal map of major earthquakes with tectonic elements in the region (Adapted from GSI, 1988‐89; Narula et. al., 1998; Mahajan, 1988) Figure 4.5: Micro‐seismicity map of Himachal Pradesh vis‐a‐vis Bajoli Holi H.E. Project Figure 5.1: Catchment area map of Bajoli Holi H.E. Project showing permanent snowline Figure 5.2: Hypsometric curve of project catchment Figure 5.3: Mean monthly rainfall for the Ravi Basin Figure 5.4: Mean daily maximum and minimum temperature at Chamba Figure 5.5: Long‐term averages percentage of 10‐daily observed flows Figure 5.6: 10‐Daily mean flow of Ravi at Bajoli Figure 5.7: Monthly flow percentages at Bajoli Figure 5.8: Unit Hydrograph Figure 5.9: Standard Project Flood Hydrograph Figure 5.10: Probable Maximum Flood Hydrograph Figure 5.11: Area Capacity Curve Figure 6.1: Study area map of Bajoli Holi HE Project showing sampling locations Figure 6.2: Soil map of study area and Bajoli Holi H.E. Project catchment Figure 6.3: Study area map of Bajoli Holi H.E. Project showing soil sampling locations Figure 6.4: Study area map of Bajoli Holi H.E. Project showing air, noise and traffic sampling locations Figure 6.5: FCC of the study area and Bajoli Holi H.E. Project catchment generated from IRS‐1D LISS III scene Figure 6.6: Flow diagram for land use/ land cover classification 1.4 1.5 1.7 2.19 3.3 4.2 4.11 4.14 4.15 4.16 5.4 5.5 5.7 5.8 5.9 5.10 5.10 5.26 5.27 5.28 5.34 6.2 6.5 6.8 6.12 6.17 6.18 Figure 6.7: Land use/ land cover map of study area and Bajoli Holi H.E. Project catchment Figure 6.8: Study area map of Bajoli Holi H.E. project vegetation sampling locations Figure 6.9: Number of plant species recorded at different locations Figure 6.10: IVI of dominant trees recorded at different locations Figure 6.11: IVI of dominant shrubs recorded at different locations Figure 6.12: Study area map of Bajoli Holi H.E. Project showing wildlife transects Figure 6.13: Percentage of bird species sighted seasonally Figure 6.14: Relative abundance of bird species Figure 6.15: Seasonal percentage sighting of butterflies species 6.19 Figure 6.16: Study area map of Bajoli Holi H.E. Project showing water sampling sites Figure 7.1: Map showing villages in the study area in Holi sub‐tehsil of Chamba district Figure 8.1: CDM process cycle Figure 9.1: Schematic sketch of river stretch downstream of dam showing the different streams that join the main river Ravi 6.35 6.53 6.54 6.54 6.63 6.72 6.72 6.76 6.81 7.10 8.2 9.25 GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1
GENERAL The state of Himachal Pradesh is located in the vicinity of Dhauladhar and Pir Panjal ranges of Western Himalaya and lies between 32° 22’ 40’’ to 33° 12’ 40’’ N latitudes and 75° 45’ 55’’ to 79° 04’ 20’’ E longitudes. It is bounded by Jammu & Kashmir in the north, Tibet (China) in the east, Uttarakhand in the south‐east and Punjab and Haryana in the south. The state has a geographic area of 55,673 sq km demarcated into 12 districts, 109 tehsils/sub‐tehsils and 57 urban areas with a human population of 60,77,248 persons as per 2001 Census. The geographic location and physiography of the state result in varying climatic conditions and diverse natural ecosystems. The variations in climatic conditions range from lower tropical regions to cold and alpine conditions in the upper regions. Many areas in the north and east in Himachal Pradesh are snow‐bound and glaciated. These glacial are the source of many perennial river systems in the state. The prominent rivers rising from these upland glacial areas are Sutlej, Beas, Parbati and Ravi – all south and southwest flowing rivers. The perennial availability of water and the conductive geographic terrain have allowed harnessing of energy from these rivers. The present project proposed by GMR Bajoli Holi Power Pvt. Ltd. is one such scheme in the state and the proposed Bajoli Holi H.E. Project is located in Chamba district (Figure 1.1). Bajoli Holi H.E. Project is one of the projects that are being developed in Ravi river basin (Figure 1.2). Chamera Stage‐III HE Project on Ravi River and Budhil H.E. Project on Budhil Nala are under construction while Kutehr HEP, and Bara Bangahal HEP are under investigations. The entire district of Chamba is mountainous with altitudes ranging from 559m to 6,200m. This district is comprised of 10 tehsils/sub‐tehsils, viz. Chamba, Dalhousie, Brangal, Brahmaur, Saluni, Sihunta, Chuari Khas, Tisa, Holi and Pangi with district headquarters located at Chamba town situated at an elevation of 996m on the right bank of Ravi river. There are three river valleys in the district, viz. Beas valley, Chenab or Pangi‐Chamba‐Lahaul valley and Ravi or Chamba valley. Ravi valley lies between Dhauladhar and Pir Panjal ranges of Himalaya. The climate varies from sub‐tropical in lower reaches of the valley to sub‐arctic conditions in the upper northern areas. Chamba district in Ravi RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report valley covers an area of 6,528 sq km with a human population of 4,60,499 (Census,2001). The district has a population density of 71 persons/sq km compared to 109 persons/sq km in the state and an average of 324 persons in India. Ravi River is the main natural drainage of the valley originating in its north and northeastern part covering a distance of 200 km before leaving Himachal. The river descends from an elevation of 4233m to about 1000m at Chamba traversing a distance of nearly 120 km. A drop of 3000m in 120 km stretch is quite significant from the point of view of hydro‐power generation. The project envisages diversion of Ravi River near Nayagram village through a Head Race Tunnel on the left bank of the river. The powerhouse is proposed upstream of Kee Nala with Ravi river with an installed capacity of 180MW. 1.2
PHYSIOGRAPHY Geographically the state of Himachal Pradesh has been divided into five major regions, viz. the Greater Himalaya, the Lesser Himalaya, the Outer Himalaya or Siwaliks, Piedmont plains and Flood plains. According to this classification Ravi river basin has been classified as being situated in the Lesser Himalayan region. Bajoli‐Holi H.E. Project area in the Ravi river catchment is bounded by Dhauladhar range on the south and Pir Panjal range in the north. However, according to the seismo‐tectonic setup, the region lies in the Greater Himalayan region as Main Central Thrust passes through south of Ravi river basin. According to the agro‐ecological zonation this region can be classified into ‘warm, dry sub‐humid, Greater Himalaya’ with length of growing period varying from 120‐180 days. The elevation gradually rises from 1,200 m near the proposed power house to 6,200 m in the upper Ravi catchment. Pir Panjal range is separated from the Great Himalayan range near the bank of Sutlej forming the water divide between Chenab River on one side and Beas and Ravi rivers on the other. Later it bends towards the Dhauladhar range near the source of Ravi River. Ravi catchment is marked by diversified relief with high rugged mountains having sharp ridges, deep narrow valleys, very steep slopes, escarpments and cliff faces, gorges, glaciers, snowfields and glacial lakes. The area has many prominent snow clad peaks.
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DRAINAGE Ravi river is one of the four major river systems of Western Himalaya in Himachal Pradesh, the other three being Sutlej, Beas and Chandra‐Bhaga (Chenab) rivers. It is a glacier‐fed river originating from the glaciated areas of Beas Kunderi Dhar, the water divide between Beas and Ravi rivers. Ravi is formed by the confluence of Bhadal Nala originating from Bhadal glacier, Rai Nala originating from Rai Ghar glacier and Tantgari Nala originating from RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report Tantgari and Karu glaciers (Figure 1.3). Bhadal and Rai Ghar Glaciers descend from the western slopes of Shikar Beh (6,200 m), Makar Beh (6,069 m) and Hanuman Tibba (5,932m). Shikar Beh incidently is the highest point in the Ravi basin. Tantgari and Karu glaciers descend from the southern and south‐
western slopes of Hanuman Tibba and Beas Kunderi Dhar. A pass north of Hanuman Tibba, known as Taintu ka Jot (5,300 m), connects Ravi and Beas valleys. After the confluence of Bhadal, Rai and Tantgari nalas, it is joined by Laluni Nala on its right bank and Kalihen Nala on the left bank near Bara Bangahal. This confluence is considered as the origin of Ravi River by the local people. The river flows generally in east‐west direction for a length of about 79 km from Bara Bangahal up to the proposed dam site. Along its course Ravi is joined by a number of small and big streams on both the banks. There is no large tributary on the left bank of Ravi. However, two major nalas, Kuarsi Nala and Sundarali Nala and a number of smaller streams join Ravi River on the left bank. The predominant drainage pattern in the Ravi catchment is dendritic. 1.3.1 Tributaries in Headwaters Area a) Bhadal Nala Bhadal Nala, constituting one of the source streams of Ravi River, originates from the Bhadal glacier at an elevation of about 4,600 m draining the slopes of Shikar Beh (6,200 m), the highest peak in the catchment. It flows in NE‐SW direction for a distance of about 9.4 km and is joined by two streams viz. Kudi Nala originating from Kudi Glacier and Dhundi Nala on the right bank. After their confluence Rai Nala and Tantgari Nala join Bhadal Nala on its left bank at 3,290m. b) Rai Nala Rai Nala originates from Rai Ghar glacier at about 4,000 m draining the western slopes of Makar Beh (6,069 m) and north and north‐western slopes of Hanuman Tibba (5,932 m). It flows generally in E‐W direction and is joined by Tantgari Nala at 3,730 m along its course on the left bank. Later downstream it is joined by Bhadal Nala at 3,290 m. It traverses a distance of about 8.6 km from its origin up to its confluence. c) Tantgari Nala Tantgari Nala is one of the source streams of Ravi River which originates from Tantgari glacier at 4,100m draining the western slopes of Beas Kunderi Dhar and Hanuman Tibba. It is joined by drainage from Karu glacier along its course on the right bank and ultimately it drains into Rai Nala. RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report Figure 1.1: Location map of Bajoli Holi H.E. Project RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report Figure 1.2: Cascade development in Ravi basin RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report d) Laluni Nala Laluni Nala is one of the significant streams joining Ravi on its right bank in upper region and receives drainage from a number of smaller streams originating from glaciers viz. Shah Nala from Shah glacier, Bathral Nala from Bathral glacier, Shau Nala from Shau glacier and Joshari Nala from Joshari glacier. Laluni Nala is also fed by Sili Laluni and Tapni Laluni glaciers. e) Nikora Nala Nikora Nala is a small stream with a short course that joins Ravi on the right bank downstream of the confluence of Laluni Nala with Ravi River. f) Kalihen Nala Kalihen Nala is the largest tributary on the left bank of Ravi. It originates from Guwale glacier at about 4,100m near Guwale ki Dhar. It is joined by a number of tributaries up to its confluence with Ravi River near Bara Bangahal at about 2,400m. Garthala Khol, Garthala Nala, Lambapar Nala, Tapni Ghamed Nala, Suni Nala and Chalah Nala are the right bank tributaries. Makori Nala, Pandon Nala coming from Barla glacier and Thamsar Nala from Thamsar glacier are major tributaries on the left bank. 1.3.2 Tributaries downstream of Bara Bangahal a) Paled Nala Paled Nala is a small tributary joining Ravi on the right bank. It rises at an elevation of about 4,600m and flows from north to south for a short course of about 2.5 km before it joins Ravi at 2,300m. b) Pher ka Nala Pher ka Nala joins Ravi River on the right bank downstream of the confluence of Paled Nala and Ravi River. Two streams, namely Khirala ka Nala and Ore ka Nala, rising from 5,113 m and 5,184 m, respectively, feed Pher ka Nala.
c) Raula ka Nala Raula ka Nala rises at 5,000m and flows generally from NW to SE for a distance of about 3.2 km, and joins Ravi river on its right bank at about 2,200m. d) Dera Nala Dera Nala is a small stream with a short course, which joins Ravi River on the left bank downstream of Raula ka Nala. e) Sundrali Nala Sundrali Nala originates as Jalsu ka Nala from Jalsu ka Jot (3,620m) and drains the open to dense deodar forests in the upper reaches. It joins Ravi River on its left bank at 2,000m near Thana Behl village. Along its course it is joined by Thanetar Gol on its left bank. RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report Figure 1.3: Drainage map of Bajoli Holi H.E. Project
RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report 1.3.3 Tributaries downstream of Bajoli Holi Dam site upto Power house Site a) Kunkali Nala Kunkali Nala rises at 4,500m and joins Ravi River on its right bank downstream of village Nayagram (2,064m). There are two other small streams namely Dug ka Nala and Luain Nala, which join Ravi upstream of Kunkali Nala on right and left banks, respectively. b) Kurhed Nala Kurhed Nala originates as Sarani ka Nala from Singhar Pass (4,300m) and joins Ravi on its left bank. On its way it receives drainage from a number of small streams viz. Bataula Nala, Gauka Nala, Wera ka Nala and Swail Nala. c) Gwari Nala and Kala Nala Two small streams namely Gwari Nala and Kala Nala join Ravi on its right bank, upstream of Holi (1,780m). Kala Nala rises from Kuja Jaranth glacier as Jail Khad and is later joined by Keshla Khad and Alusan ki Khad along its course. d) Holi Nala Holi Nala originates from Talang glacier and drains the slopes of Talang Pass (4,734m) and merges with Ravi river on its left bank near village Holi. e) Oi Nala Oi Nala rises from Drun Dhar and joins Ravi on its right bank near village Jarauta (1,760m). f) Kuarsi Nala Kuarsi Nala is one of the major tributaries of Ravi that joins it on its left bank. It is formed by the combined drainage of Tori Nala, Kundli Nala, Chate da Nala and Dawarduda Nala. 1.4
PROJECT DESCRIPTION The proposed Bajoli Holi HE Project is developed on Ravi River in Chamba district of Himachal Pradesh. The project is envisaged as a run‐of‐the‐river scheme in the upper reaches of Ravi with project area lying between longitudes 760 40’ 36” and 760 27’ 30” E and latitudes 320 16’ 49” and 320 20’ 37” N. The project is proposed to harness the head available between Bajoli and Holi villages upstream of the under investigation Kutehr H.E. (240 MW) project and is accessible via Chamba‐Holi road. The proposed diversion site is located between Bajoli and Nayagram villages and is about 15 km upstream of Holi, a large village in the area. The powerhouse site is located near Barola village, which is about 2 km downstream of Holi. RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report The project area is connected by a metalled road from Chamba, which itself is connected to Pathankot through National Highway 33. In the project area, the Chamba‐Holi‐Nayagram road runs on the left bank of Ravi River. As per a Pre‐Implimentation agreement between GMR Energy Ltd. (GEL) and the Government of Himachal Pradesh, concession for development of the project was awarded to GEL who intend to develop the project on Build, Own, Operate and Transfer (BOOT) basis. GEL had formed an SPV naming GMR Bajoli Holi Hydropower Private Limitated for excuation of this project. EIA‐ EMP study and preparation of Report is undertaken by R S Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd., Gurgaon. SNC‐Lavalin Engineering India Pvt. Ltd. (SLEI) to prepare a Detailed Project Report. 1.4.1 Project Background
Ravi is one of the major rivers in the Indus basin which is joined by four major tributaries in it’s head reach, namely Kalihan, Budhil, Tundah and Suil. The Bajoli Holi project is located just upstream Kutehr H.E.P (240 MW). Pre‐feasibility studies, followed by studies for preparation of Detailed Project Report, for Bajoli‐Holi project have been undertaken by Himachal Pradesh State Electricity Board in recent past (the Project Report is dated June 2007), wherein an installed capacity of 180 MW has been proposed by harnessing a gross head of about 288.5 m available in a 15 km stretch of river between Bajoli and Barola villages. The proposed scheme envisaged a right bank development with a powerhouse proposed at Barola village. The scheme proposed in the Project Report comprises: ƒ A diversion barrage located near Bajoli at an elevation of about 1972 m with upstream pond level (FRL) as 1996.5 m ƒ Underground desilting arrangement comprising 2 longitudinal chambers 250 m(L) x 13 m (W) x 19 m (H); ƒ 5.6 m diameter, modified horseshoe shaped HRT, 14.1 km long on the right bank of river culminating in an 88.48 m high 12 m diameter restricted orifice type surge shaft open to sky; ƒ About 400 m long, 4.25 m diameter pressure shaft trifurcating into three number 2.5 m diameter penstocks feeding three vertical axis Francis units; ƒ A pit‐type surface powerhouse 49.6 m (L) x 15 m (W) x 29.6 m (H) on the right bank of Ravi River with 3x60 MW units( refer Plates 2 and 3). (An underground powerhouse was envisaged in the pre‐feasibility stage); ƒ A RCC box‐type tailrace channel, 6m x 5m in size and about 100 m long was proposed to discharge the water back into Ravi. RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report Since the available Project Report was prepared in June 2007, it requires to be updated to suit the latest hydro policy guidelines of state and central governments. Moreover, the project costing has to reflect the current material and equipment costs so that a realistic estimate of project cost is available with the Owner. In the present study and DPR, the headwater and tailwater elevations have been adopted EL. 2018.25 and El 1706.75 m the project layout has been proposed for left bank development primarily because the accessibility of all project components becomes considerably simpler with the access road to and within the project area lying on the left bank of the river and of various geological and engineering reasons. TOR revalidation for left bank scheme is already taken from MoEF.
1.4.2 Salient Features The salient features of the proposed Bajoli Holi H.E. Project are given in Table 1.1. Table 1.1 Salient features of Bajoli Holi H.E. Project Project Location State Himachal Pradesh District Chamba River Ravi Vicinity Holi Village Hydrology Catchment area 902 km2 Area under snow 296.00 km2 Rain fed area 606.00 km2 Elevation of Snow Line 4500 m a.s.l. Probable Maximum Flood 7419 m3/s One Day PMP 38.92 cm Reservoir Full Reservoir Level (F.R.L.) 2018.25 m a.s.l. Minimum Draw‐down Level (M.D.D.L.) 2012.00 m a.s.l. Length of Reservoir at FRL 2.42 km Area of Reservoir at FRL 16.50 ha RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report Diversion Tunnel Nos. 01 5.6 m Diameter Modified Horse shoe 472 m Size (W x H) Length Coffer Dams Top Level Concrete faced with plum concrete core 1988.00 m a.s.l. Top width 5.50 m Length 100m Downstream: Type Random fill Top Level 1975.00 m a.s.l. Length 60m Dam‐Spillway Latitude 320 16’ 49” Longitude 760 40’ 36” Top of Dam 2020.0 m a.s.l. Stream Bed Level 1975 m a.s.l. Dam Foundation Level (Lowest) 1954.00 m a.s.l. Dam Height from Foundation Level 66.00 m Dam Length 178.0m Spillway Crest Elevation 1985.0 m a.s.l. Gate Type and Size (W x H) 4 Nos. Radial; 10.0 m x 15.21 m Twin Hydraulic hoist (4 sets, 2x150 MT) Vertical lift slide type, 10.0 m x 19.13 m (One set) Gantry Crane, 50 MT Upstream : Type Hoist Type and Capacity Stop log Type and Size (W x H) Hoist Type and Capacity Pier thickness Intake (On Left bank) Numbers 7.0 m Intake Crest elevation 2000 m a.s.l. Nominal Discharge 83.10 m3/s RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
02 nos 1.11
GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report Trash rack Size 8 Nos. 3.0 m x 7.5m Clear Opening between trash bars 100 mm Gate Type Vertical lift fixed wheel type Gate Size (W x H) 2 No., 3.5 m x 4.25 m Hoist Type and Capacity Rope Drum Hoist, 10 MT Feeder Tunnels Nos. Length Two nos. 3.5 m x 4.25 m Modified D‐
shaped 198.0m , 180.0m De‐sanding Chambers No. & Size (L x H x W) 2 Nos., 240m x 14.5m x 10.8 m Size of Particle to be Removed >0.2 mm Average Discharge for each Chamber 38.09 m3/s Flushing Discharge for two Chambers Flushing Duct Size (W x H) (U/S of gate chamber) Flushing Duct Size (W x H)(D/S of gate chamber) & length 13.85 m3/s Size (W x H) of each tunnel 1.2 m x 1.5 m Length 1.5 m x 2 m ( length, 119 m and 65 m) 2.5m x 3.0m (after two Flushing ducts combines), 428.7 m 4 nos, 1.2m x 1.5m Vertical lift slide type with bonneted cover Double acting Hydraulic Hoist, 65 MT 2 Nos. Modified D‐shaped 3.5m x 4.25m 110.7m , 90m Gate Type Vertical lift fixed wheel type Gate Size (W x H) 2 Nos 3.5m x 4.0m Hoist Type and Capacity Rope Drum Hoist, 8 MT Headrace Tunnel Excavated Shape Modified Horse shoe Silt flushing tunnel (W x H) & length Number & size of Gates Flushing Tunnel Gate Type Hoist Type and Capacity Link Tunnels Nos. and Size (W x H) RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report Lining type 5.6 m Diameter Modified Horse shoe Concrete lined Lining thickness 300 mm Length/Slope 15563 m; 1:255 Design Discharge Surge Shaft 69.25 m3/s El 1948.9 m (vertical cover about 54.5 m) El 1972.77 m ( vertical cover about 102 m) Type Open to sky gated Vertical Shaft Diameter 12 m Gate size 3 m (w) X 3.8m (H) HRT invert at surge shaft 1936.5 m a.s.l Surge shaft bottom 1944.50 m a.s.l. Surge Shaft Top 2056.00 m a.s.l. Total Height 111.50 m Up surge 2051.70 m Down surge 1977.30 m Surge Shaft gate Gate Type Vertical lift fixed wheel type Gate Size (W x H) 1 No., 3 m x 3.8 m Hoist Type and Capacity Rope Drum Hoist, 90 MT Pressure Shaft Number and Diameter 1 Nos., 3.8 m dia Thickness of Liner 22‐36 mm Type of Steel ASTM A517 GR‐F & A537 GR‐II Length of main Pressure Shaft Design Discharge through Pressure Shaft Intermediate Shaft after bifurcation 845.0 m( Vertical Reach 293.8 m) No. & Dia 1 Nos., 3.1 m Length 15 m Finished Size HRT Invert at Holi Nala HRT invert at Kurhed Nala RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
69.25 m3/s 1.13
GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report Unit Penstock No. & Dia Main Inlet Valve 3 Nos., 2.2 m 125.5 m ( 39 m to Unit‐I, 32.5 m to Unit‐II, 54 m to Unit‐III) Type Spherical Number 3 Axis elevation 1693.4 m a.s.l Diameter 1.75 m Surface Powerhouse Latitude 320 20’ 52” N Longitude 760 31’ 58” E Dimensions (W x H x L) 19 m x 43.6m x 82.5 m Turbine Type Vertical Axis Francis Turbine Number of Units 3 Turbine Setting Elevation 1693.40 m a.s.l. Rated Discharge per Unit 23.08 m3/s Turbine Speed 428.57 rpm Max./Min. Gross Head 318.95m / 305.23 m Rated Head 291.47 m Installed Capacity per Unit 60.0 MW Draft Tube Size 3 Nos. 6.25mx 2.86 m EOT Crane capacity 1 No. 160 T / 32 T Maximum Tail water Level 1706.77 m a.s.l. Minimum tail water level 1699.30 m a.s.l. Normal Tail Water Level 1700.70 m a.s.l. Generator Type Suspended type Number 3 Nominal speed 428.57 rpm Generator Voltage / Frequency 11 kV / 50Hz Tailrace Channel Combined Length RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report Length/Slope 48 m; 1:4 Shape Trapezoidal Tailrace Outfall Gate Type Vertical lift fixed wheel type Tailrace Outfall Gate Size (W x H) 3 No. 5 m (w) x 8.24 m(H) Hoist Type and Capacity By mobile crane Outfall weir sill elevation Switchyard 1698.70 m a.s.l Varying from 36.12 m to 19 m at outfall Type Out door Area (L x W) 35 m x 60 m Estimated Cost Civil works 912.24 Cr E & M works 252.70 Cr Total basic cost 1164.94 Cr Escalated cost for Civil and E&M works
Interest during construction & Financing Charges Lada & CAT Plan @ 4% of Project Cost
Total (Generation works excluding Transmission Line Cost) Cost per MW installed 1437.37 Cr Tranmission Line Cost 58.05 Cr Power Benefits 90% dep. Year Energy 782.41 MU 50% dep. Year Energy 888.65 MU Financial Aspects Levellised Tariff / Kwh Rs. 5.03 Construction Period 5 Years Width of channel 366.61 Cr 72.61 Cr 1876.14 Cr 10.42 Cr 1.4.3 Accessibility The project site is about 190 km from Pathankot and roughly 80 km from Chamba, which is the district headquarter of Chamba district. The nearest Broad Gauge railhead, as well as the nearest airport, is at Pathankot. RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report 1.5 LEGAL REQUIREMENT Under the Environment Protection Act (EPA), 1986, various rules have been promulgated to control pollution and manage environmental issues. EIA Notification, 2006 imposes certain restrictions and prohibitions on new projects or activities, or on the expansion or modernization of existing projects or activities based on their potential environmental impacts. These project categories are listed in the notification and clearance process defined based on their capacities to obtain prior environmental clearance. State Pollution Control Boards issue NOCs and “Consent” under Air and Water Act to various projects. Hydroelectric projects are considered as Red Category projects by HPPCB. Forest and Fisheries Department of Himachal Pradesh have also issued specific notification covering Catchment Area Treatment (CAT) and Fisheries management applicable on hydroelectric projects in state. 1.5.1 EIA Notification, 2006 180 MW Bajoli Holi HEP is a Category A projects (> 50 MW), as per item 1 (c) of Schedule attached to EIA notification of September 2006 and required environmental appraisal from the Ministry of Environment & Forests (MoEF), Government of India. The appraisal process involves three stages: 1. Scoping 2. Public Consultation 3. Appraisal Scoping: An application for scoping was submitted to MoEF in the month of November 2007 for issuance of Terms of Reference (TOR) to undertake EIA study. The application consists of Pre‐feasibility Report (PFR), Project Allotment Letter/MoU with State Government and duly filled in Form 1 with proposed TOR. On completion and submission of application, a technical presentation was made before the Expert Appraisal Committee (EAC) for River Valley and Hydroelectric Projects for scoping. Approval for pre‐construction activities was accorded by MoEF vide its letter dated J‐12011/86/2007‐IA.I dated February 11, 2008 (Refer Annexure I). Later on after investigations it was found that locating intake, head race tunnel, powerhouse and tail race tunnel on left bank of river would be advantageous instead of right bank which was proposed at the time of obtaining TOR and same was approved by MoEF vide letter no. J‐12011/86/07‐IA.I dated December 2, 2008 (Refer Annexure I a). On approval of Scoping EIA study was undertaken with extensive field data collection during three different seasons, data preparation and analysis, RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report impact assessment and preparation of Environmental Management Plan (EMP) as per the TOR. A draft report is prepared incorporating all the above for other two stages viz. Public Consultation and Appraisal. Public Consultation: On completion of draft EIA report and its executive summary, Public consultation will be conducted through stipulated public consultation process to be organized by Himachal Pradesh State Pollution Control Board (HPPCB). Outcome of the Public Consultation process in the form of report detailing the proceedings and video of the entire event will be submitted to MoEF by HPPCB. Appraisal: On completion of Public Consultation process, incorporation of suggestions, if any during the public consultation, final report will be prepared, submitted and presented to the Expert Appraisal Committee at MoEF for final approval. 1.5.2 State Level Clearances The Department of Environment & Scientific Technologies was set up in April, 2007 with objectives to improve the effectiveness of environmental management, protect vulnerable ecosystems and enhance sustainability of development. This department has mandate to consider the validity and facts contained in the Environmental Impact Assessment and monitoring of Environment Management Plan prepared by the Project Proponents. A committee constituted by the department with members from State Pollution Control Board, Forest Department, Fisheries Department, etc. review all the EIA reports before they go for Public Consultation as per EIA Notification of September 2006. Therefore, on completion of the draft report, first step is to submit the report to Department of Environment Science and Technologies for state level appraisal. Various state departments have also lately issues specific notifications to be taken into consideration by project developers in Himachal Pradesh. Relevant notification for Hydropower projects are: Notification on Catchment Area Treatment (CAT) Plan Department of Forest has issues a notification no. FFE‐B‐F‐(2)‐72/2004‐Pt‐II dated August 03, 2009 setting out the requirements of preparation of CAT plan and defining the minimum cost of this component as 2.5% of the project cost (Refer Annexure II). It was later modified vide notification no. FFE‐B‐F‐(2)‐
72/2004‐Pt‐II dated September 30, 2009 (Refer Annexure IIa). RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report Notification on Fisheries Department of Fisheries has come out with a notification no. Fish‐F (5)‐1/2008 dated May 2, 2008 specifically for the hydro power projects to specify the compensation to be paid by developers for various categories of Projects. (Refer Annexure III). As per the notification, Bajoli Holi HEP will fall under the category of Macro Project‐Run of the River Development and is liable to pay compensation @ Rs. 0.50 lakhs per MW power capacity and Rs. 0.50 lakhs per km from tailrace to weir of the project. Notification Regarding Minimum Flow Downstream of Project Department of MPP and Power, Government of Himachal Pradesh has issued a policy regarding the minimum flow requirement for Run‐of‐the‐River (ROR) Hydro‐electric projects in Himachal Pradesh on January 29, 2009. The notification says that in case of ROR projects, the company shall ensure minimum flow of 15% water downstream of diversion structure of the project throughout the year. For the purpose of determination of minimum discharge, the average discharge in the lean months i.e. from December to February shall be considered (Refer Annexure IV). RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report 2 INFRASTRUCTURE, CONSTRUCTION SCHEDULE & EQUIPMENT PLANNING 2.1
GENERAL
The setting up of the infrastructure works envisaged for the development of the project including the estimation of land required for the project, both for infrastructural set up and for permanent works, is outlined in this chapter. 2.2
ACCESS TO THE PROJECT
The project area is located about 190 km from Pathankot and 80 km from Chamba, the district headquarters of Chamba district in Himachal Pradesh. The nearest broad gauge rail head as well as airport are in Pathankot. The road from Chamba to the project site is an all weather metalled road. 2.3
INFRASTRUCTURAL SET UP
For the construction of Bajoli Holi H.E. Project, elaborate infrastructure works are required to be set up. Heavy equipment for the power house as well as heavy earthmoving machinery would have to be transported to the various sites which would require roads of adequate width and proper geometry. Plants of various kinds would be set up at appropriate locations to serve the requirements of the civil structures. The infrastructure works for the Bajoli‐Holi HEP would broadly comprise following: i. Rail Head Facilities, ii. Road Transport Facilities, iii. Owners’ and Contractors’ Colonies, iv. Construction Plants, v. Repair Facilities, vi. Storage of Material, vii. Construction Power Set Up, viii. Telecom System, ix. Project Roads leading to all sites, x. Muck Disposal Areas, xi. Borrow Areas/ Quarries, xii. Explosive Magazines Set Up, xiii. Acquisition of Land for the project, and RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report xiv. Construction adits. General layout plan of project infrastructure is given at Figure 2.1, however details of various project activities have been depicted in the project layout given at Annexures – V & VI. 2.3.1
Rail Head Facilities
The nearest broad gauge rail head is at Pathankot in Punjab which is about 200 km away from the project site. Bulk supplies of material would be transported through railway and unloaded at Pathankot station. A mobile crane of 40T capacity is also proposed to be provided to handle the heavy loads, which shall be taken on hire if required. 2.3.2
Road Transport Facilities
The material and machinery required for the project would be procured and transported from Pathankot railhead. The highway leading up to the site should be capable of allowing over‐dimensioned equipment, heavy machinery or any material, to be transported without hindrance and with complete safety. For this alI bridges/culverts en route to project site have been investigated and appropriate actions shall be taken wherever required. 2.3.3
Owner’s and Contractor’s Colonies
The colonies of the owners as well as the contractors who would construct the project are required to be located in a manner as would suit their requirements. Owner’s Colony
The owner’s colony would provide for residential as well as office accommodation to its staff, both for pre and post construction stages. In addition to residential purposes, the colony would also house facilities for medical aid, places of worship, fire fighting, educational and vocational facilities, banking and telecom facilities, shopping, mess/canteen, sports and recreational activities, material testing laboratory, etc. A small workshop or auto shop for up keep of automobiles in the post construction period would also be located in the colony. An area of 1.7 ha (Zone 6A) is proposed to meet the above requirements as shown in Annexure‐V. The planning of the owner’s colony would be carried out by professional town planners and architects to provide for all amenities in accordance with established norms and practices in respect of town planning and building architecture suitable for hilly terrain. Proper arrangements would be made for water supply and sanitation of the colony. RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report Contractors’ Colonies
Two separate colonies for the contractors are planned; one for the dam area and the other for the power house area shown as zones 2B and 6B, respectively (refer Annexure V). Their colonies would be temporary in nature and would provide for residences and offices, facilities for social activities like shopping, schooling, religious activities, medical aid, etc. An area of 1 ha in dam area and 2 ha in Power house area has been provided for them, respectively. 2.3.4
Construction Plants
Plants to produce coarse and fine aggregates for concrete production as well as concrete batching; and mixing plants to produce concrete for the civil structures, would be suitably located so that the approach to any site is optimum. Considering the large length of the project area, there would be two hubs of major activities i.e. the dam complex and the power house complex. Separate facilities have been planned for both of these major complexes. Aggregate Processing Plants
Broad requirement of concrete at both of these complexes is as below: Quantity of concrete requirement for various components Shotcrete (Sq m) Sl. No. Description Concrete 1. 50 mm 100 mm 1 Dam, Intake & Plunge pool 251800 11670 2 Feeder tunnels & link tunnels
5350
8000 600
3 D/Tunnel & cofferdam 13000 8200 4 Desanding Chamber 10700 23400 5 SFT & gate shaft 1420 6600 6 Adits 61900 6700
7 HRT 187400 75600 175300 8 Surge Shaft 5400 4800 9 Pressure Shaft & Branch Tunnel
17300
16200 10 Surface P/House & tail pool
32300
1700
11 Pot head yard 4000 Total Volume 528670 188170 212500 S/crete volume in (Cum) 9409 21250 Assuming 15 % rebound & wastage in 555103.5 10820 24438 shotcrete and 5 % in concrete Total Volume Total (cum) 555103.5 10820 24438 590361 Say 5.35 lac Two aggregate processing plants of 250 MT/Hr and 150 MT/Hr capacities to meet the above requirement are proposed for the dam site and power house RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report complexes respectively. The proposed location of these plants is shown in Zones 2A and 9A. Concrete Batching and Mixing Plants
Similarly, separate concrete batching and mixing plants are proposed to be set up near the areas of demand as below: S.No. 2 3 4 5 Zone 2A 3A 5A 7 8A 6 14 HRT and Surge shaft area (BM‐6) 45 7 10 Power house & lower limb of pressure shaft (BM‐7) 45 1 Component Capacity Cum/hr Main Dam (BM‐1) 120 HRT (BM‐2) HRT (BM‐3) HRT (BM‐4) HRT (BM‐5) 30 30 30 30 Remarks for all works thru Adit No.1 Thru Adit No.2 Thru Adit No.3 Thru Adit No.4 Thru Adit No.5 Thru Adit No.6, Surge shaft & Pressure shaft
Power house area The locations of these plants are shown in Annexure‐V. The construction of all the plants would be taken up after the land is acquired and the contract for construction of job facilities is also awarded. Proper terraces would be developed for locating the foundations of the plants. The erection works would start after the foundations are ready. 2.3.5
Repair Facilities
Given the layout of civil components, both the dam and powerhouse areas would be major hubs of construction activities throughout the implementation period of the project. Moreover, as they are not close to each other, it would be practical, and efficient that separate repair facilities of major nature are created near each of these work zones. Separate base workshops have been proposed for earth moving equipment, for concreting and drilling equipments near the dam and the powerhouse areas. The base workshop areas are shown in zone 2A for Dam Complex, zone 6C for HRT and zone 10 for Power house complex. However, to cater for day to day maintenance and running repairs, small shops would be set up outside each portal of the various adits. Since all the work would be highly mechanized, adequate and self sufficient repair and service facilities would be set up at the project site. There are no services or facilities of mechanical nature available near the project area. All mechanical repairs and servicing will be done in house by providing enough space for workshops, maintaining an adequate inventory and deputing skilled RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report manpower. Close monitoring of the inventories of spares (both fast and slow moving), consumables, and other materials would be done to ensure reduced downtime. Adequate and competent repair staff would be deployed in the field as well as in the shops to keep the construction fleet in top operational condition. Every workshop would have partly covered area in addition to open area. Equipment requiring major overhaul/repairs would normally be parked under cover. The open areas would provide parking space for the equipment under minor repair. A store to stock the spares for the equipment, an office and toilet facilities would be provided under the covered space. Layout and number of workshops will be finalized by the contractor. One first aid post would be provided at each work site which would also cater to the requirements of the workshop crew. 2.3.6
Storage Facilities
The storage of material and spares required for various activities of the project would be efficiently managed. Adequate material supply is the backbone of any job. Contractor will plan their storage facilities as per the construction planning and near their work area. A Central Warehouse would be established near the Power House complex which would receive all incoming supplies. Cement, reinforcement steel, explosives, and other job specific items of material could also be sent directly to the respective sites as per their demand. The ware house would stock electrical items separately. 2.3.7
Construction Power Set Up
The power requirement for construction activities is estimated about 9.0 MVA taking into consideration the capacity of electric driven equipments which are to work during the construction period and lighting. The power requirement would be met from DG sets. The likely peak requirement at different sites is as under: Dam & Diversion site 2.5 MVA Desanding Chamber complex 1.2 MVA HRT (six faces) 4.3 MVA Surge shaft 1.0 MVA Pressure shaft 0.6 MVA Power house 0.2 MVA Crusher plants 250 & 150 TPH capacity 2.0 MVA RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report Batching plants 120 (01 no.), 45 (02 nos.), 30 (04 Nos) Workshops, penstock fabrication yard, office, stores, colony and general lighting TOTAL PEAK REQUIREMENT Assuming 1.5 division factor between various load centers the maximum demand would be 2.3.8
0.8 MVA 0.8 MVA 13.4 MVA 8.94 MVA Say 9.0 MVA Telecom Set Up
To ensure efficient coordination of works at various sites, adequate and reliable telecommunication network is necessary. It is proposed to take 2‐3 dedicated lines from the nearest P&T exchange by BSNL by laying cables from the exchange to the project area. It is also proposed to provide an independent 100 line exchange for the project works. The lines from this exchange will be extended to all project camp and work sites. VSAT facility is already functional in owner’s site office. 2.3.9
Project Roads and Bridges
i) Roads A network of project roads would be constructed to approach the various work sites. These roads would be linked either to existing roads or to the project roads themselves. The abstract of the various roads planned for the project is as below: Road No. Description
Road Length (m)
R‐1 Road to dam site 2710
R‐2 Proposed road to dam top connecting Adit ‐ 1
1030
R‐3 Proposed road to upstream coffer dam connecting SFT
1180
R‐4 Proposed road to diversion tunnel outlet structure 130
R‐5 Proposed road from state highway to Adit‐2 portal
280
Proposed road from state highway to quarry/bank of 1200 R‐6 Kurhed nala R‐7 Proposed road from state highway to Adit‐3 portal
250
R‐8 Proposed road from state highway to Adit‐4 portal
390
R‐9A Existing road from state highway up to Gwarh village
5860
R‐9B Proposed road to Holi nala Adit‐5 portal
5160
R‐10 Proposed road to explosive magazine 400
Proposed road from state highway to aggregate 625 R‐11 processing plant Proposed road from state highway to surge shaft top 4000 R‐12 connecting adit to pressure shaft portals Proposed road from state highway to service bay of 310 R‐13 power house RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
2.6
GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report All the project roads have been shown in Annexure‐VI. While the road nos. R‐
1, R‐11 and R‐12 would be permanent others would be temporary. The permanent roads would be black topped after the commissioning of the project. ii)
Bridges
Since most of the civil works are situated on the left bank, they are approachable from the State Highway which runs on the left bank of the river along the entire length of the project area. However, to approach the Diversion Tunnels located on the right bank, the river channel would be crossed by making a temporary bridge across it. The location of the bridge is shown in Annexure‐VI. On the right bank, the project road would bifurcate after the bridge, one towards the inlet portals and the other towards the outlet portals. A Bailey bridge is proposed to be built as they are fast to erect and also to dismantle later on, when not required. iii)
Construction of Roads
The construction of roads would be done on priority as they are the first requirement of any job. Acquisition of the land would be done and any trees / houses / property falling in the road alignment would be dealt with in an environmentally sound manner. Bulldozers would be deployed to make a preliminary/ pilot cut about 5‐6 m wide. Minor drilling and blasting, if required, would also be carried out. After a lag of about 200 to 300 m, equipment would be deployed to complete the road section at the correct grade. The construction of the drainage system as well as the breast/retaining walls would follow to make the road fit for use. 2.3.10 Muck Disposal Areas
The spoil from various construction sites would be disposed off at designated areas in a controlled manner so that no problems are created to the people or the property near those areas. Most of the muck generated is proposed to be carried to the aggregate processing plants for aggregate production. The balance quantity or the one not fit for processing would be directed to the designated disposal sites. No disposal would be made in rivers or nalas. The toes of the disposal piles would be retained and protected by providing suitably designed gabion walls erected over concrete bases. Gabion walls would be preferred over conventional masonry or concrete toe walls because of various reasons. They RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report are easy to build with locally available stones/boulders from the muck itself. They do not require any setting/strengthening time as in the case of concrete/masonry walls. The different disposal areas are depicted in Annexure‐V and are enumerated below for ready reference Muck
Site
LAND
ZONE
Muck From Project
Components
Vol. of Muck to be
Disposed incl. swell
and excluding
usable quantity
(cum)
I
11
Pressure shaft and Power
house plus road construction
to surge shaft top
152,460
160,303
3.43
II
10
107,588
142,490
2.00
III
9A
491,957
645,413
4.30
IV
8B
HRT muck through Adit- V
59,540
161,200
2.50
V
5B
HRT muck through Adit- III
170,968
173,400
3.00
VI
3B
HRT muck through Adit- II
35,000
37,121
2.00
VII
1D
Dam, Intake, Diversion
tunnel, Desanding chambers
and Adit- I
215,000
211,218
8.90
1,232,514
1,531,145
26.13
HRT muck through Adit- VI
and Surge Shaft
HRT muck through Adit IV &
Balance portion of HRT
through Adit II & Balance
portion of 1D
GRAND TOTAL
Vol. of
Muck
Disposal
Area (cum)
Area of
Muck
Disposal
Site (ha)
The capacities of the various disposal sites were computed and in case the capacity of any disposal area is exhausted, the top surface would be leveled, graded and provided a gradual slope for efficient drainage. The surface so available would be put to some alternate use. Development of Disposal Areas
The development of the disposal areas would advance with the progress of the job which it is catering for. As the muck for disposal would be progressively received at the disposal site, it would be dozed and leveled in a manner as to gradually cover the RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report designated area. Measures to protect/retain the toe of the muck fill would be adopted before hand so that no loss or injury is caused to the public/ property and no muck roles into the river or other water bodies. 2.3.11 Quarries/Borrow Areas
Based on the concrete and shotcrete quantities, total coarse aggregate requirement is estimated to be 2.77 lakh cum, while total fine aggregate requirement is estimated to be 1.91 lakh cum. Total quantity of raw material for production of coarse aggregate and that for the production of crushed sand/natural river sand as 2.64 lakh cum. Therefore, requirement of total raw material = 6.47 lakh cum. Location of Quarries
To meet the requirement of coarse and fine aggregates for all components of the project, one in situ rock quarry and one slide material have been identified in the vicinity of the project. The quarry sites would lead to disturbance of 3.55 ha of forest land and 0.65 ha of private land. The details of quarry locations are given in Annexure‐V and Table 2.1. In addition to the above, the rock material expected to be available from excavation during construction of Desanding basin, Head Race Tunnel, surge shaft etc. might also be evaluated for its suitability for use as crushed coarse aggregate and crushed sand in concrete for later use. Table 2.1: Details of the quarry site proposed in the Bajoli Holi H.E. Project Quarry Location of Quarry Sites Area in ha Sites I In situ Rock Quarry as marked in Zone 4A 2.70 II Landslide Material Deposited on Ravi River Bed on 1.50 the right bank U/S of Holi Village – Zone 9B Total area to be restored 4.20 Quarrying Methodology
Before starting the excavation activities, the area would be cleared of all trees so that blasted material flows freely to the lifting platform proposed to be developed at a lower elevation. Drilling and blasting activities would be taken up from the top of cut and the blasted material would be dozed down for removal and carriage to the processing plant. The excavation of the quarry material would be done in a controlled and systematic way so that the abandoned site, after extraction of material, is safe and orderly. Benches 3 to 4 m wide, after every 15 m deep cut RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report would be left to provide stability to the excavated slopes. Protection measures to stabilize the cut slopes would be adopted for safety reasons. Lateral as well as longitudinal slopes would be provided to the benches to ensure efficient drainage of rain water and any overtopping of the benches by water would be avoided. For obtaining optimum efficiency in crushing and processing, endeavor would be to produce reasonably well‐fragmented material at the quarry. The drilling pattern and the explosive charge would be optimized by having a few trial blasts to achieve this aim as well as to control fly‐rock. Boulder blasting at the quarry site would be avoided as far as possible. 2.3.12 Explosive Magazines
The buildings of the explosive magazines would be constructed to meet out the explosive requirement and ensure requisite supply to work two explosive magazine of capacity of 20 MT each is proposed. The explosive magazine structure will be constructed as per the statuary requirement. As laid down in the Explosive Rules of 1983, a safe distance of 300 m is required to be maintained from public roads, etc. The location of the magazines has been indicated in Annexure V keeping the above in mind. The area around the magazines would be fenced and a strong gate would be provided which would be locked always except for the time to store or issue explosives. Explosive Magazine Structure The buildings of the magazines would be constructed to meet out the explosive requirement and ensure requisite supply to work. Explosive magazine of capacity of 20 MT each is proposed. The magazine structure will be constructed as per statutory requirement Security Arrangements The security of the magazines would be taken care of by developing armed guards of required strength. Round the clock security vigil would be maintained. 2.3.13 Land Requirement for the Project
Land would be acquired for two main purposes viz: i.
ii.
For construction of infrastructural facilities for the project, and For construction of the permanent components of the project. RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report Out of the total area of land to be acquired, major part would be acquired permanently while some would be obtained on lease basis for the construction period of the project. Infrastructure facilities like contractors’ colonies, workshops, stores, etc. would be located on land acquired on lease basis. All attempts would be made to restore such land to its original status as far as possible before returning it to the owners. The details of the land to be acquired have been worked out which are available from Annexures V and VI. However, the abstract of the total land required is given below: S. Description No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Zone as identified in layout Permanent Temp. Permanent 1A 190,000 1B 1C
13,100 15,000
1D 26,000 63,000 41,580
10,000 Reservoir area at EL. 2023 (5 m above FRL) Dam D/Tunnel outlet and d/s coffer Dam Construction Facility area for muck generated from Dam, Intake, Desilting and Adit‐I plus portal area for SFT, Adit‐ I and road to Dam top and further to D/Tunnel Inlet Portal. Aggregate Processing plant, Batching Plant, Main store & workshop area for Dam Complex Contractors Camp for Dam Complex Adit‐ II Portal including area for batching plant Construction Facility area for muck generated through Adit‐ II Open Quarry 4A Road to Quarry 4A Adit‐ III Portal with Batching Plant area and road to Portal Construction Facility area for muck generated through Adit‐ III & IV Owners establishment & colony Contractors camp for Power House & HRT areas HRT main store and workshop Adit‐ IV Portal with Batching Plant area and road to Portal Land for road construction, RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
Forest land (Sq m) 2A
Temp. (Lease) 2B 3A
4,500
3B 20,000 4A
4B 5A 4,000 20,500
14,000 6,500 1,500 1,000 30,000
5B
Private land (Sq m) 6A 6B 14,000 17,000 6,000 6C
7 12,000 10,000
3,000
8A 60,000 2.11
GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. S. Description No. Zone as identified in layout Batching, Office, Workshop for Holi nala (Adit‐V) 18 Land for Construction Facility of excavated muck from Adit‐V 19 Land for road construction and Area for Explosive Magazine 20 Land for road construction and aggregate processing plant for power house complex and HRT 21 Right bank slide deposit to be used as quarry material 22 Batching Plant, Main store & workshop area for Power House Complex 23 Construction Facility area for muck generated from Surface Power House Complex, Surge Shaft, Pressure Shaft, and Adit VI portal. Ferrule fabrication yard to be constructed over dump muck. Road to service bay 24 Area for surface power house including switch yard and pothead yard 24a Horticulture land (Nursery & Apple Garden)] 25 Surge Shaft road (length 4.1 km) and Surge shaft area along with one batching plant at Adit‐6 portal. 26 Area for underground works( Desilting Basins incl. Feeder and Connecting Tunnels, Flushing Tunnel, HRT, Surge Shaft, Valve Chamber, Pressure Shaft , Power house complex works and all adits) Total EIA Report Forest land (Sq m) Private land (Sq m) Permanent
Temp.
Permanent Temp.
(Lease) 8B 25,000 8C 5,000 9A 43,000 9B
15,000
10 20,000 11 32,000 2,300 12 6,000 1,200 12 9,000 14 48,000 24,000 52,500 61,580
Total
473,600
225,500
126,000 939,180 (sq m) or 93.92 ha 2.3.14 Construction Adits
Construction Adits of 5m W and 6 m H would be constructed to access the under ground construction sites, mainly the desanding chambers, HRT at different locations and pressure shaft. RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report The construction time required for any adit would depend up on its length. It is proposed to use modified D‐shaped section for the adits to have better head room cover for the construction equipments. Any loose deposits/ vegetation above the tunnel portals would be removed manually or mechanically and the tunnel face would be prepared for portal construction by blasting. The portal would be completed in 15 days time. 2.4
CONSTRUCTION SCHEDULE OF INFRASTRUCTURAL WORKS
The construction of some of the major components could be started even after partial infrastructural facilities are done. However, basic minimum facilities to sustain the work would be completed before the works start. Critical pre‐construction jobs like land acquisition, construction of access roads, setting up of explosive magazines and making available concrete and shotcrete materials would be completed on priority. The total construction period for the completion of the project has been worked out as 5 yrs, excluding the initial period of 2 years for pre‐construction activities. The bar‐chart depicting the construction schedule is attached at Annexure VIa, which also depicts the activities falling on the critical path. 2.5
PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION PHILOSOPHY
General construction practices have been adopted in framing the construction methodology of the project. The guidelines laid out in the Working Group Report of the Central Water Commission (CWC) have been followed. 2.6
CONSTRUCTION METHODOLOGY DETAILS
The construction methodology of the principle components of the project is described hereinafter. 2.6.1
Construction of Adits
The construction time required for any adit would depend up on its length. It is proposed to use modified D‐shaped section for the adits to have better head room cover for the construction equipments. 2.6.2 Portal Construction Any loose deposits/ vegetation above the tunnel portals would be removed manually or mechanically and the tunnel face would be prepared for portal construction by blasting. Then three or four steel arches would be erected in the open, butting with the exposed tunnel face. Forepoles/ Rock bolts 3 m deep at 60 to 75 cm spacing would be installed along the tunnel periphery to hold the rock from falling in the initial blasting operations. RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report All the rib sets and the rock bolts would be embedded in a 1 m thick canopy of cast in situ concrete so that a hood like structure is made. The ‘false portal’ or canopy would then have been completed. Face blast of the tunnel for 1 m pull would then be taken. Advances of 1 m would be gradually increased to 1.5 to 2 m and finally to 3 m to continue the tunnel excavation. The portal would be completed in 15 days time. 2.6.3
Diversion Works
To carry out the construction of the diversion structure i.e. the main dam, the river would be diverted through one diversion tunnel of 5.60m dia modified horseshoe shaped 472 m long on the right bank. Before the construction of the tunnel is taken up, protective dykes/bunds opposite the inlet and outlet portals would be constructed to keep out the river current. i)
Upstream Protective Guide Bund To approach the right bank for the construction of the diversion works, a temporary bridge would be built across over Ravi River along road R‐3. After crossing the bridge to the right bank, two access roads, one to the inlet portal (refer road R‐3) and the other to the outlet portal, (refer road R‐2) would be constructed. Adequate working area opposite the inlet portal to accommodate facilities like site store, small field repair shop, site office, first aid post, etc.; in addition to space for parking equipment and a dewatering sump would be provided for. The construction of the protective guide bund would be carried out with the spoil available from the open cut excavation of the inlet portal. The water face of the bund would be protected by providing a layer of boulder filled gabions/crates with a launching apron to mitigate the scouring effect of the river current. ii)
Downstream Protective Guide Bund The open cut excavation for the outlet portal would be taken up and the spoil would be used to make the guide bund opposite the portal. In this case also, the space enclosed by the bund would be sufficient for the same site facilities as on the inlet side. iii)
Open Cut Excavation of Tunnel Portals The top of cut for the excavation of portals would be laid out. The cut location would be approached from the access road by making local ramps with bull‐
dozers and loose overburden would be scrapped to expose rock, which would be removed by drilling and blasting. The blasted muck would be loaded and RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report carried to the guide bund site and laid in a systematic way to construct the bund. The protection of the cut slopes would be done concurrently by installing rock bolts and providing a shotcrete layer as per the designs. Drainage holes will also be drilled, as required. After the open cut excavation reaches the crown of the diversion tunnel, further excavation of the face would be done in a way as to excavate it in a slope of 1 horizontal to 10 vertical up to the invert of the tunnel so that the toe of the slope points outwards for safety. No overhangs or negative slopes would be provided. Quantities of excavation and the time required for both the ends would be as below: Sl. No. Location Qty of Excavation (cum) Time reqd. Upstream 5500
01 month 2. Downstream
3700 01 month 1. iv)
Portal Construction Once the tunnel face has been exposed, the construction of the tunnel portal would be done. Initially five steel ribs/arches of required dimensions would be erected in front of the face at about 60 cm c/c and held to each other by tie rods. The rib adjacent to the rock face would be fixed in a manner that it butts against the excavated rock profile as much as possible. A small trench may be required to be excavated in the face rock along the rib profile to achieve this. Rock anchors 3 m deep at 60 to 75 cm apart would be installed all along the periphery to hold the rock mass from falling whenever the first blast is taken. All the rib sets and the rock bolts would be embedded in a 1 m thick canopy of cast in situ concrete so that a hood like structure is made. The ‘false portal’ or canopy would then have been completed. Face blast of the tunnel for 1 m pull would then be taken. Advances of 1 m would be gradually increased to 1.5 to 2 m and finally to 3 m to continue the tunnel excavation. Total time considered in the schedule for portal construction is one month. v)
Tunnel excavation The full tunnel section would be achieved by excavating the overt portion and later on the small invert portion. This is necessary because a horizontal surface is needed to ply all equipment. In case this is not done, the curved road surface would damage the equipment traveling on it. RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. 2.6.4
EIA Report Coffer Dams
After the diversion of the river, the construction of the upstream and downstream coffer dams would be taken up. i)
Upstream Coffer Dam (Top elevation El. 1988m) The upstream coffer dam is proposed to be made of plum concrete in place of the conventional clay core‐shell structure. To begin with, the excavation of 0.5 m depth of the bed would be taken up to lay the bed concrete layer. The width of the coffer dam across river flow at the bed would be about 100 m. Cut‐off trenches on the downstream end would be excavated. The bed would be leveled and compaction carried out before laying the concrete. The concreting of the bed would be done with concrete pumps and transit mixers. Thereafter the concreting of the upstream and downstream walls to contain the boulders would be done up 1.5 m lifts. Boulders, which would be stock piled earlier, would then be carried in rear end dumpers and dumped manually in the concrete poured between the walls. All operations of the construction of the coffer dam including grouting would be completed in 90 (ninety) days time. After the coffer dam is constructed, if required, muck could be filled on the downstream stepped face to make the access to the river bed. ii) Downstream Coffer Dam (Top elevation El.1972m) The downstream coffer dam (quantity of random fill about 1500 cum) would be constructed with the muck available from the upstream coffer dam and the excavation /stripping of the main dam. The placement would be done in layers and compacted by the bulldozers working on the dam. The earthwork of the downstream coffer dam would be completed in 15 days time, including the road on its upstream face to the river bed. The downstream face would be provided with stone pitching. 2.6.5
Main Dam
The diversion structure would comprise of a concrete gravity dam 66 m high and having the deepest foundation at El. 1954.00m. The length at the top would be 178 m. The plunge pool excavation and concreting of the river bed downstream of the dam would be taken up in subsequent lean season and could be completed simultaneously with dam stage‐ II concreting (refer construction schedule at Annexure VI a). RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. 2.6.6
EIA Report Head Race Tunnel
One head race tunnel 15563 m long and having 5.60 m finished diameter, modified horseshoe in shape, will be constructed to carry a design discharge of 62.5 cumec to the surface power house for generation of power. Tunnel Excavation: The HRT section would be excavated full face by the conventional drill and blast method depending upon the classification of rock (except a small depth at the bed to maintain a horizontal surface for traffic movement). Open cut excavation to expose the tunnel portals would be done. Rock supports will be installed as per the geological conditions. Tunnel will be excavated from different Adits as per the details given in construction schedule. The cycle time, and hence the monthly advance rate, would depend on the type of rock through which the tunnel is excavated. 2.6.7
Power House Complex
Surface power house is proposed to be constructed about 2 km downstream of Holi town. i)
Surge Shaft with Gate A 12m diameter (finished) restricted orifice surge shaft, 110 m high would be constructed. As the diameter is large (average excavated 13.9 m dia), the excavation would be done in full face but the area would be divided into half to reduce the time cycle. The muck would be removed from the top of the shaft with the help of gantry crane. The rock support to the final profile would be installed side by side. ii)
Pressure Tunnels and Shafts The pressure shaft shall be excavated in a sequential manner following the conventional full face drill and blast method for the horizontal limbs, using 1‐
boom drill jumbo. The vertical drop shafts shall be excavated from bottom to top through the approach adits, using Alimak raise climbers and stoppers. The muck generated shall be removed using small‐sized excavators and tippers. Middle Horizontal limbs of the pressure shaft shall be taken up first for excavation as the road leading to Surge shaft top has been planned to pass through the portal. Depending on the availability of the access road to Adit 6 and the excavation of the power house up to EL. 1690.70m the other two horizontal portion of the shafts shall be started. After the excavation of the horizontal limbs, the vertical shafts shall be excavated from bottom to top. Initial few meters of vertical boring, as start RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report up, would be done manually, for the installation of the raise climber. Then continuous vertical boring would be carried out to excavate the shaft. The pre‐
fabricated steel liner ferrules in the vertical portion shall be lowered one by one from the top for installation and for the horizontal portion they would be carried by low level trailors to the point of erection. Backfill concrete in the vertical shafts and horizontal portion would be done concurrently. iii)
Surface Power House Structure: A surface power house 43.6 m high x 19 m wide x 82.5 m long would be constructed to house three turbines and generating equipment of 60 MW each as well as the transformers. The Powerhouse is located on left bank of Ravi River, upstream of the confluence of Kee Nala. The centre line of the machines is set at EL. 1693.40m and the foundation of the powerhouse is at EL. 1683.70m. The excavation of the power house would be done with the help of shovels/back hoes, rear end dumpers and bull dozers. Most of the earth to be excavated would be ordinary soil/river borne material. After attaining some depth, rock would be encountered on the hill side, which would require controlled drilling and blasting for its removal. The excavation would be carried out in successive layers leaving properly graded side slopes at the final profile locations. Ramps for plying the equipment would be made up to the lowest level. RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report Figure 2.1: General layout plan of Bajoli Holi H. E. project showing different project component (For details see Annexures V & VI) RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report 3 METHODODLOGY 3.1 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT The importance given to environmental considerations in order to achieve sustainable and successful development is increasingly gaining acceptance among various developmental experts and institutions. Understanding the consequences of development and forecasting its impact on the basic life support system ‐ land, water and air ‐ is referred to as the Environmental Impact Assessment or EIA. New dimensions have also been added to the EIA studies encompassing impacts on the ethnic diversity, socio‐cultural and socio‐economic aspects including displacement, resettlement and rehabilitation of human societies where developmental activities are undertaken. EIA is a location specific study; with a common basic structure of understanding the baseline status of relevant environmental components and impact prediction due to proposed development. However, the process varies from project to project based on the location, type and magnitude of operations. EIA studies give emphasis on the assessment and prediction of impacts of development on natural ecosystems and their species along with concentrating on geophysical features, which mostly cover reversible impacts. The main aim of having EIA studies carried out is to understand and prioritize the impact of development activity on the natural life support systems and processes with main emphasis on the continuation of ecosystem processes and functions, so that adequate remedial/mitigating measures are taken right from the design stage. . Typically in a hydro‐power scheme, whose sustenance and continuity largely depends on the quality of ecosystems in the catchment of its river and reservoir, biological health of the catchment will control not only the quality and quantity of water in the river but also the life of reservoir. There is only one way to generate hydro‐power on sustainable basis and that is by maintaining the natural ecosystems in the catchment. Hydro‐power is a direct benefit of natural ecosystem functions, which are controlled by the biodiversity. RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
3.1
GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. 3.2 EIA Report METHODOLOGY Standard methodologies of EIA were followed for conducting the CEIA study for the proposed Bajoli Holi HE Project. A brief account of the methodologies and matrices followed in the present study is given below under different headings. All the methods were structured for the identification, collection and organization of baseline environmental data, assessment of developmental component and their impacts on the baseline environment. The information thus gathered has been analyzed and presented in the form of a number of visual formats for easy interpretation and decision‐making. 3.3.1 Study Area Study area for environmental study has been delineated as: ƒ Project area or the direct impact area within 10 km radius of the main project components like dam, power house, etc. and also area within 10 km upstream of reservoir tail. ƒ Submergence Area ƒ Intermediate catchment between dam site and power house and the river stretch downstream of dam up to power house. ƒ Catchment area up to the dam site A map of the study area prepared based on the above criteria is given at Figure 3.1. RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
3.2
GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report Figure 3.1 Map of Ravi river Catchment Area showing Study Area and Sampling Locations
RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
3.3
GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report 3.2.2 Scoping Matrix Scoping is a tool which gives direction for selection of impacts due to the project activities on the environment. As part of the study, scoping exercise was conducted selecting various types of impacts which can accrue due to hydroelectric project. Based on the project features, site conditions, the scope of studies were approved by EAC at MoEF vide letter no. J‐12011/86/2007 dt. 11.2.2008 (Refer Annexure‐I). The approved Terms of Reference (TOR) specified various parameters to be covered during the EIA study. Based up on that a scoping matrix was and is presented in Table 3.1. Later on after investigations it was found that locating intake, head race tunnel, powerhouse and tail race tunnel on left bank of river would be advantageous instead of right bank which was proposed at the time of obtaining TOR and same was approved by MoEF vide letter no. J‐12011/86/07‐IA.I dated December 2, 2008 (Refer Annexure I a). Based on the Scoping matrix, the environmental baseline data have been collected and the project details superimposed on environmental baseline conditions to understand the beneficial and deleterious impacts due to the construction and operation of the proposed project. Table 3.1: Scoping for EIA study Aspects of Environment Land Environment Construction phase Likely Impacts • Increase in soil erosion • Pollution by construction spoils • Acquisition of land for construction works colonies • Solid waste from construction works colonies Operation phase • Acquisition of land for various project appurtenances
• Change of landuse Water Resources and Water Quality
Construction phase • Increase in turbidity of nearby receiving water bodies • Degradation of water quality due to disposal of wastes from construction works colony and construction sites Operation phase • Disruption of hydrologic regime • Sedimentation and siltation risks • Impacts on D.O. due to reservoir stratification • Risk of eutrophication • Reduced flow impacting downstream users Aquatic Ecology Construction phase • Increased pressure on aquatic ecology as a result of indiscriminate fishing. • Reduced productivity due to increase in turbidity RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. Aspects of Environment Operation phase Terrestrial Ecology Construction phase Socio‐Economic Aspects Construction phase •
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Operation phase EIA Report Likely Impacts and pollution of the river body • Impacts on migratory fish species • Impacts on spawning and breeding grounds • Degradation of riverine ecology Increased potential for reservoir fisheries
•
Operation phase •
•
•
Public Health Construction phase •
Operation phase •
Air Environment Construction phase •
Noise Environment Construction phase •
•
•
•
Increased pressure from construction works to meet their fuel wood and timber requirements Adverse impacts due to increased accessibility of the area Impacts on wildlife movement Loss of forest area Impact on RET species, if any
Improved employment potential during the project construction phase Development of allied sectors leading to greater employment Pressure on existing infrastructure facilities Friction between the construction works and the native population Loss of lands Loss of private properties Increased revenue from power generation Impacts due to disposal of untreated sewage from construction works camps Increased incidence of vector borne disease due to increase in water spread area. Emissions due to fuel combustion in construction equipment Increased vehicular movement Entrainment of fugitive emissions Increased noise level due to operation of various equipment Increased vehicular movement. 3.2.3 Field Surveys The field surveys commenced from April 2008 to September 2009 and were conducted in different seasons of the year i.e. winter, monsoon and pre‐
monsoon to collect data/ information on flora, fauna, forest types and ecological parameters as well as sociological aspects. In addition, surveys and studies were also conducted for understanding aquatic ecology and fish RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report diversity of Ravi river. Following seasons were covered for collection of baseline data in the study area (Table 3.2). Field surveys in the study area were also conducted for the purpose of ground truthing and augmenting the remote sensing data. For this purpose various attributes such as land features, rivers, forest and vegetation types were recorded on the ground. Table 3.2: Sampling Frequency for Various Environmental Parameters Parameters Pre Monsoon/ Summer Monsoon Winter/Lean
Vegetation sampling April‐May 2008
August 2008 November 2008
Faunal surveys April‐May 2008
August 2008 November 2008
Water sampling and Aquatic Biology Soil sampling April‐May 2008
August 2008 November 2008
April‐May 2008
August 2008 November 2008
Air environment November 2008
Noise & Traffic April‐May 2008
August 2008 November 2008
Socio‐economic survey of villages likely to be affected Socio‐economic survey of affected households/families April‐May 2008
August 2008 November 2008
September 2009
3.2.4 Physiography The spatial database on physiographic features like drainage, roads, settlements and villages, etc. was created from maps of topographic sheets and satellite data followed by data analysis with Geographic Information System (GIS) tools. Contours of study area including that of catchment area have been digitized from topo sheets to calculate slope category for the entire catchment. Percent area under various slope categories namely gently sloping, moderately sloping, strongly sloping, moderately steep to steep, steep, very steep and escarpments were also calculated for the entire catchment. 3.2.5 Geology The regional geology around the project area highlighting geology, stratigraphy and structural features were based on the existing information on these aspects contained in Detailed Project Report (DPR) of the project. In addition the important parameters of seismicity were assessed using published literature on seismic history and seismo‐tectonic nature of the regional rock types in the area. RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report 3.2.6 Meteorology Meteorological factors like precipitation, temperature and evapo‐transpiration are important, as they have a profound impact on the water availability, cropping pattern, irrigation and drainage practices, soil erosion and public health, etc. Meteorological data have been collected and analyzed as part of the DPR preparation and same have been used during the preparation of the EIA study. 3.2.7 Hydrology Hydrological data for river Ravi River as available in the Detailed Project Report was collected and suitably incorporated in the EIA study. 3.2.8 Land use and Land cover Land use and land cover maps of the study area as well as catchment was prepared from the latest satellite data. Digital data of IRS‐P6, LISS III Path/Row 94/47 of 26‐04‐2006 was used for the present studies and the project area was extracted from the full scenes. For the secondary data, topo sheets on 1:50,000 scale were referred for the preparation of base map and drainage map. For the collection of ground truth a reconnaissance survey was carried out in the study area during field visits. For the preparation of environment management plans like catchment area treatment, land use/ land cover maps and related thematic maps were prepared. Different forest density classes were identified and the degraded areas and scrubs were also delineated for the purpose of erosion mapping along with settlements and agricultural areas. The non‐forest land cover in the form of barren land, river, etc. was also delineated for the calculation and classification of erosion intensity. 3.2.9 Soil The soil samples were collected from various locations in the project study area. The monitoring was conducted at different locations during field visits. For the preparation of soil map of the catchment, free draining catchment and the project study area, soil map prepared by NBSS & LUP, Nagpur was referred to. 3.2.10 Water Quality and Aquatic Biology Water resources projects have beneficial as well as adverse impacts on fish production. The data on the prevailing fish species was collected from Fisheries Department of State Government and through literature review as well. Fishing was done at various sites in the project area and river stretches both upstream and downstream of the project site to ascertain the disposal RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report pattern of fish species. Identification and measurements of all the fish catch was done and an inventory of the fish species was also prepared. Various migratory species and the species to be affected due to conversion of lentic to lotic conditions as a result of commissioning of the proposed project were also identified. Water samples from Ravi river were also collected as a part of field studies. The density and diversity of phytoplankton, species diversity index and primary productivity etc. were also studied. The data on water quality has been collected to: • Assess the quantitative and qualitative nature of effluent discharges to river • Evaluate river water quality on upstream and downstream of the project site. The water quality was monitored for three seasons and analyzed for physico‐
chemical and biological parameters. 3.2.11 Ambient Air Quality The ambient air quality was monitored at two locations in the study area. Air quality monitoring in study area has been conducted for winter season. The frequency of monitoring in each season was twice a week. The parameters monitored were SPM, RPM, SO2, and NOx. SPM and RPM have been estimated by gravimetric method. Modified West and Gaeke method (IS‐5182 Part‐II, 1969) has been adopted for estimation of SO2. Jacobs Hochheiser method (IS 5182 Part‐IV, 1975) has been adopted for the estimation of NOx. 3.2.12 Ambient Noise Levels As a part of the EIA study sound levels were monitored at various locations in the study area during field visits. At each station, hourly sound levels was monitored using hand held digital sound level meter along with source of sound, 3.2.13 Forest Types and Forest Cover The details on forest types and forest cover in the catchment area were based on field surveys in the area supplemented with the working plans of the forest divisions of the study area. The major forest types, sub‐tropical, temperate, sub‐alpine and alpine, encountered in the area were described based on the classification of Champion and Seth (1968), Bharmaur Division Forest Working Plan. RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report 3.2.14 Vegetation Structure/ Floristic The detailed account of flora, floristic ecology and plant communities has been described based on the primary surveys in the catchment area of the project. These surveys were undertaken during different seasons of the year to account for most of the floral elements found in the area. Quadrats were laid for the analysis of distribution pattern of plants in the catchment. The data on vegetation were quantitatively analysed for abundance, density and frequency. The distribution pattern of different species was studied using the ratio of abundance to frequency (Whitford, 1956). Plant diversity was also analysed for the region using Shanon Wiener (1963) Index. The complete inventorisation of flora was carried out after consulting the existing literature on the flora of these areas. For the compilation floral accounts of the project area, data was collected from various secondary sources. 3.2.15 Faunal Elements Since observations of fauna and wildlife take long time, primary surveys were limited to field visits and direct and indirect sightings of animals. The presence of wildlife was also confirmed from the local inhabitants depending on the animal sightings and the frequency of their visits in the catchment area. In addition to these, secondary sources mainly literature was referred for preparing checklists and other analysis in the study of animals and wildlife in the region. 3.2.16 Demographic Characteristics The demographic and socio‐economic characteristics of the submergence area as well as the study area were compiled through field surveys as well secondary sources. Detailed socio‐economic census survey was conducted in all the villages likely to be affected by the proposed project. Collection of data was completed at two levels‐ at village and individual household level. The socio‐economic survey at the village level was aimed at finding out the status and extent of amenities and resources available in villages. Based on the assessment of demographic profile of Project Affected Families (PAFs), using guidelines and norms as per National Policy on Resettlement and Rehabilitation (2007) Resettlement and Rehabilitation Plan was formulated. 3.2.17 Infrastructure Facilities The present status of infrastructure facilities, status and availability of electricity, drinking water, communication and mode of transportation, commercial, educational and health facilities, veterinary services, etc. was collected using secondary data sourced from Census of India 2001. RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report 3.2.18 Public Health Development of water resources could have both beneficial and adverse effects on the health of the people in and around the project area. In order to assess the existing status of public health, the following data on public health status has been collected from Public Health Department: • prevalent vectors in the area • prevalence of malaria and other water and vector‐borne diseases in the area 3.3 IMPACT PREDICTION Prediction is essentially a process to forecast the future environmental conditions of the project area that might be expected to occur because of implementation of the project. Impacts of project activities have been predicted using overlay technique (super‐imposition of activity on environmental parameter). For intangible impacts qualitative assessment has been done. The environmental impacts predicted are as follows: • Loss of cultivable land and forests • Impacts on landuse pattern • Displacement of population, if any, due to acquisition of private and community properties • Impacts on hydrologic regime • Impacts on water quality • Increase in incidence of water‐related diseases including vector‐borne diseases • Effect on riverine fisheries including migratory fish species • Increase in air pollution and noise level during project construction phase • Impacts due to sewage generation from construction works camps • Impacts due to acquisition of forest land • Impacts on terrestrial and aquatic ecology due to increased human interferences during project construction and operation phases 3.4 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN & COST ESTIMATES Based on the environmental baseline conditions and project inputs, the adverse impacts were identified and a set of measures have been suggested as a part of Environmental Management Plan (EMP) for their mitigation. The management measures have been suggested for the following aspects: ƒ Biodiversity Conservation and Management Plan ƒ Action Plan for Catchment Area Treatment RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report ƒ Fisheries Conservation & Management Plan ƒ Public Health Delivery System ƒ Solid Waste Management Plan ƒ Muck Disposal Plan ƒ Landscaping and Restoration of Quarries and Construction sites ƒ Reservoir Rim Treatment Plan ƒ Green Belt Development ƒ Disaster Management Plan ƒ Resettlement & Rehabilitation Plan ƒ Mitigation Measures for Air, Noise and Water Environment ƒ Compensatory Afforestation Programme The expenditure required for implementation of R&R Plan, CAT Plan and other components of EMP shall be estimated and proposed as part of the study report. 3.5 DAM BREAK ANALYSIS & DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN The dam break analysis was carried out using DAMBRK model for this project in the following stages: • Developed inflow hydrograph for the reservoir at the time of failure • The hydrograph was routed through reservoir • Estimated the outflow hydrograph after the dam break. Model was developed to asses the movement of flood wave downstream its travel time, maximum water level etc. The Disaster Management Plan (DMP) to cater for the exigencies in case of a dam break has been suggested. It outlines the actions to be taken in the event of a dam break. 3.6 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAMME It is necessary to continue monitoring of certain parameters to verify the adequacy of various measures outlined in the Environmental Management Plan (EMP) and to assess the implementation of mitigative measures. An environmental monitoring programme including monitoring frequency for critical parameters has been suggested for implementation during project construction and operation phases. The staff, necessary equipment and agencies to be involved for implementation of the Environmental Monitoring Programme and costs have also been indicated. RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report 4 GEOLOGY 4.1 REGIONAL GEOLOGY The Chamba and Tandi basins lie in the SE extension of Bhadarwah basin of Jammu and Kashmir, which palaeogeographically links up with the Tethyan basin of Kashmir. Thus, Spiti‐Zanskar and Kashmir‐Bhadarwah‐Chamba‐Tandi are reported to represent two palaeogeographically separate and independent Tethyan basins (Srikantia and Bhargava, 1998). The geology of the Chamba region is discussed below. 4.1.1 Stratigraphy A thick sequence of Proterozoic and Upper Palaeozoic‐Mesozoic formations is exposed in the Chamba area between the Pir Panjal and the Dhauladhar ranges of NW Himachal Pradesh. These formations link up with similar rock types of Bhadarwah in Jammu and Kashmir in the NW. The Proterozoic rocks are the continuation of similar rocks of southwestern Lahaul. The geology of the Chamba region is shown in Figure 4.1 and the stratigraphic sequence with the characteristic lithology of formations is given in Table 4.1. Table 4.1: Geological Sequence of Chamba Area Kalhel Formation(Triassic) Greyish blue, grey and yellow limestone and dolomite with inter‐bedded grey orthoquartzite in the upper part. Grey calcareous shale with interbeds of limestone in the basal part.
Salooni Formation (Permian) Dark grey or black carbonaceous pyritous slates with thin lenticles of limestone at places. There are discontinuous bands of varying thickness of amygdaloidal and massive lava flows of basaltic to andesitic composition.
‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐Unconformity‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ Batal Formation (also called Black carbonaceous phyllite with interbeds of quartzite. Local limestone bed at the base with Katari Gali Fm.) (Terminal magnesite and scale of gypsum
Proterozoic) Manjir Formation Polymictic diamictite – poorly sorted, lithologically (Neoproterozoic) heterogeneous, laminated or banded ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐Unconformity‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ Chamba Formation (Salkhala Dark grey, thinly bedded laminated slates Group) (Mesoproterozoic) (Source: Srikantia and Bhargava, 1998)
RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report Figure 4.1: Regional geology of Chamba region a) Chamba Formation The Chamba Formation comprises a thick sequence of metagraywacke, slate and phyllite with strong flyschoid characteristics. The Chamba Formation is rimmed by the Manjir Formation which succeeds it along an unconformity followed by a broad belt of the Batal Formation The Batal Formation is named as Katari Gali Formation in Bhadarwah‐Bhallesh (Figure 4.1). RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report b) Manjir Formation The Manjir Formation is chiefly comprise lenticular thick bedded or massive diamictite together with subordinate sandstone and intercalated argillites. The matrix of the diamictite shows variation from sand, silt to clay. c) Batal Formation The Manjir Formation is succeeded by Batal Formation and is also infolded with the Batal and even occurs as imbricates. The Batal Formation, as described in the Tethyan belt of Lahaul‐Spiti‐Kinnaur basin, comprises dark grey carbonaceous slate and phyllite with interbeds of quartzite. d) Salooni Formation The Salooni Formation is infolded within the Batal Formation and it comprises black shales, slates, calcareous slates and lenticles of limestone. e) Kalhel Formation The Kalhel Formation overlies the Salooni Formation, which comprises mainly greyish blue, grey and yellow limestone and dolomites with interbedded grey quartzite in the upper part. Limestone contains ossicles of crinoids in the lower part. f) Quaternary Deposits In the Ravi drainage basin in Chamba, Quaternary is represented by valley fill deposits which are mainly preserved along a stretch of the course of the river Ravi. Such valley fill deposits are also seen in some of the tributaries of the river Ravi. In the Bajoli Holi H. E. project area, the general geological setup comprises rock type belonging to phyllites and its variants like quartzitic phyllites, carbonaceous phyllites with bands of quartzites belonging to Katarigali Formation, Manjir Formation and Chamba Formation. 4.1.2 Tectonic Setup Towards SW of the Central Crystalline Zone, along the NW border of Himachal Pradesh with Jammu & Kashmir in Chamba sector, it is observed that the Salkhala Formation, along with the cover rocks of Batal‐Manjir Formations, enclose outliers of Permian‐Mesozoic Salooni‐Kalhel Formations. The Salkhala Nappe is folded into synclines along NW‐SE direction. The Salooni Syncline in the SW links up with the Bhadarwah syncline of Jammu and Kashmir and are within the ambit of the Kashmir synclinorium of Tethyan sediments in the NW. In the SE direction this syncline links up with the Nagatibba‐Dhauladhar RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report syncline of the Salkhala nappe. These synclines are separated by a SE plunging anticline of the Chamba Formation (Figure 4.1). 4.2 GEOLOGY OF PROJECT COMPONENTS 4.2.1 Diversion Structure The diversion structure comprises a 66m high concrete gravity dam with Dam top at El. 2020m has been proposed at the site. This would lead to creation of storage that would be utilised for peaking purpose. The dam axis is located at the downstream end of slightly wider reach of the valley (320 16’ 49” N: 760 40’ 36”E). The river in the area flows in NW direction in general through a moderately wide valley. The dam axis is aligned in N250E – S250W direction. The width of river bed at dam axis is about 40m and the length of the dam at top is likely to be around 178m. It takes broad turn towards west upstream of the proposed dam axis and then again turns towards northwest through a broad curvature about 80m downstream of the dam axis (Annexure VII). Geological map of the area around the site of the proposed diversion structure (Annexure VII) indicates that the river Ravi takes a sharp turn towards right bank downstream of the confluence of Channi Nala. Downstream of the confluence, the river Ravi flows along almost a straight course for a length of about 700m downstream. A slight meander towards left in its course is observed around 800m downstream of confluence. Downstream of this, the river Ravi follows almost straight with slight meanders. The right bank slope is steeper as compared to that on the left bank. The bedrock is extensively exposed on right abutment upto 30m from riverbed at and downstream of dam axis. Above that the bedrock is covered with thin slopewash that supports sparse vegetation including grass. The bedrock exposed on the right abutment slopes comprise mainly interbanded sequence of phyllite and quartzite and its variants. A 50cm to 100cm thick band of carbonaceous phyllite has been observed about 100m downstream on right bank just along the river edge. It strikes almost parallel to the direction of flow of river. A few seasonal drainages with debris along their courses have also been observed on this abutment at dam site. The abutment slopes on the left bank at the site are gentler as compared to those on the right bank and are generally covered by slopewash deposits. Bedrock is exposed upstream of dam axis upto 20m above riverbed level. Above that, the slope is covered by thick overburden comprising slopewash RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report deposits. The isolated outcrops of bedrock surrounded by slopewash deposits are observed on the left bank hill slope. Bedrock outcrops are more frequent on the downstream side. It appears that left flank hill slopes have developed along the dip plane of foliation and are dip slopes. It is observed that phyllite is dominant rock type exposed on the left flank slopes. However, a few exposures of quartzite are also observed on this flank at higher elevations. In addition a few outcrops of carbonaceous phyllite are also observed on this bank (Annexure VIII). The rock exposures comprising alternate bands of quartzite and phyllite are also observed at higher elevations along the foot track that leads from Holi to diversion site. The bedrock comprising phyllite, quartzitic phyllite, phyllitic quartzite and quartzite is closely foliated and jointed. The foliation in general strikes in N700W – S700E and dips by 500 – 550 towards NE. The rock mass in the area is traversed by three major sets of joints including the most prominant joint parallel to foliation plane and two random set of joints. One major slide zone is present on left bank about 180m downstream of the diversion axis. The toe of the landslide is located at riverbed and crown about 130m above. Length of slide is about 200m and it is about 115m wide in middle and narrows down to about 90m near the toe region. Geologically the slide extends from crown located at El. 2110m to riverbed level (El. 1975m) for a length of about 200m. The slide mass includes mainly blocks of phyllite and quartzites with clayey and slity matrix. This slide appears to be in stable state as indicated by growth of vegetation within the slide mass. One more slide zone is present about 50m upstream of the foot bridge on the left bank of river Ravi. The toe of this slide is also located at riverbed level and crown at elevation of about 2115m. This slide is about 200m long and its width is about 40m in upper reaches which increases to about 90m in middle reaches and is of similar order in toe region. This slide is of similar nature as that of upstream slide. It appears from the growth of moderate vegetations on the slide scar that the slide has been stabilized to a great extent and reactivation is not expected. Geological map of the diversion site indicates presence accumulation of loose debris on the left bank slope of the river about 330m upstream of dam axis (Annexure VIII). Although this is located much upstream of any of the appurtenants of the project but it is located in the reservoir area adjacent to the dam about 20m above reservoir. The mass is about 80m long with crown located at around El. 2105m and toe at El. 2030m. The mass is about 30m wide in the crown region and its width reduces to about 20m in the toe RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report region. This has damaged the foot track going towards upstream for a length of about 20m. The left bank slope of the river in this area is steep and bedrock is exposed at riverbed level and about 25m above it. The hill slopes above bedrock are covered with 5‐10m thick slopewash deposits. It was observed that the muck generated as a result of road under construction at higher elevations has been dumped here. It appears to be small slide and could stabilse once the muck accumulated on the steep slopes is transported down. This mass is not expected to affect the reservoir rim stability and also does not have much impact on the reservoir. However, if required, its stability and impact on the project shall be reassessed during pre‐construction stage. 4.2.2 Head Race Tunnel A 15563m long and 5.6m finished diameter modified horse shoe shaped head race tunnel (HRT) with a view to convey 69.14 cumec of design discharge to powerhouse has been proposed on the left bank of the Ravi River. The head race tunnel, downstream of subsurface desanding chambers takes off at around El. 1999.50m and join surge shaft at El. 1936.5m and has been provided bed gradient of 1 in 255. The left bank of the Ravi River in the area has rugged topography all along that is dissected by some cross drainages that have incised deep valleys. Prominent among these are Ghado Nala, Kurhed Nala, Banthu Nala, Tuh Nala and Holi Nala. The slopes are moderate to steep in general and are covered by overburden that supports vegetation and cultivation. Rock outcrops are observed in the area in road and nala cuttings and on steeper slopes on the river bank. In the lower reaches, some isolated bedrock exposures are observed on the left bank of the river. The alignment of the HRT has been finalized keeping in view of the topography of the area, requirement of adequate cover at the crossings of drainages, avoiding presence of excessive cover over it as far as possible and need to provide intermediate construction adits for facilitating construction along this more than 15km long HRT. Considering the topographical constraints and construction requirement, the HRT had to be provided four Kinks in its alignment and in order to facilitate the construction activities, four intermediate construction adits in addition to one on each end have been planned along the HRT. The geology along the alignment of HRT is given in Annexure IX. 4.2.3 Power House Complex Powerhouse complex of the proposed Bajoli‐Holi Hydroelectric project includes 12m diameter and 111.5m high open to sky surge shaft with top located at El. 2056.00m and bottom at El. 1944.50, one 3.8m diameter and RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report 845m long steel lined pressure shaft with vertical reach of 293.8m and transition, 3.1m dia, 15m length, which trifurcates into three unit penstocks of 2.2m diameter each of total length 125.5m to feed three units; a surface powerhouse with installed capacity of 180 MW (3 units of 60MW each) measuring 82.5m (L) x 19m (W) x 43.6m (H) located on left bank terrace of the river Ravi upstream of confluence of Kee Nala with it. The tail race discharge is proposed to be conveyed to main river through 45.8m long tail race duct with maximum tail water level at El. 1706.77m and minimum at El. 1699.30m. For geological map of Powerhouse Complex refer Annexure X. 4.3 SEISMO‐TECTONICS The continuous northward movement of the Indian plate and its subduction beneath the Eurasian plate along the Himalayan chain is responsible for seismic activity and the associated neotectonic deformation in the region. Therefore, the seismicity aspect is an important component in the planning and development of any hydro‐electric project in this region. In this report, an attempt has been made to highlight the critical aspects of Himalayan seismicity in the vicinity of the proposed Bajoli Holi H.E. Project area. 4.3.1 Regional Seismo‐tectonic Environment Two distinct litho‐tectonic domains have been described by Narula et al. (1998) in the Himachal Himalaya (Figure 4.2). In the northeast the rock sequence of the Himalayan Orogenic Belt is exposed, while the remaining area in the south is covered by the Quaternary alluvial deposits of the Indo‐
Gangetic Plains. The litho‐tectonic pockets of the Himalayan Orogenic Belt are: i) poorly metamorphosed litho‐unit of the Tethyan Sequence, ii) high grade assemblages of the Central and other crystallines and low grade assemblages of the Lesser Himalayan belt along with granitoids, and iii) the basic volcanics. The southern fringe of the Himalayan belt is occupied by cover rocks of the frontal belt. Further south, the Quaternary cover is represented by alluvial fill along the foredeep and pericratonic fills on attenuated continental crust on northern and southern sides of the Delhi‐Sargodha Ridge, respectively. The Main Central Thrust (MCT) is the northernmost conspicuous structural element in the Himalayan belt and extends from Manali towards east throughout the Himalaya almost up to the eastern syntaxis, as a prominent tectonic surface. However, clear imprints of MCT are not visible northwest of Manali. Further south, within the Lesser Himalayan package, other important tectonic surface is the Vaikrita Thrust. Yet another prominent thrust, named Main Boundary Thrust (MBT), separates the Frontal Belt (comprising the Siwalik sequence) from the Lesser Himalaya. The southern limit of the frontal RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report belt is marked by a tectonic element, with its surface manifestations only at a few places, named the Main Frontal Thrust (MFT). Several subsidiary thrusts of considerable spatial extent (viz. Jwalamukhi Thrust and Drang Thrust) lie within the MBT and MFT. Evidences of neotectonic activity have been documented at several places along MBT and in western parts of Jwalamukhi Thrust (Narula et al., 1998). In addition to the structural discontinuities sub‐
parallel to the Himalayan trend, there are a number of faults/lineaments which are transverse to this fold‐thrust belt. 4.3.2 Seismic History The great earthquakes that have occurred in the Himalaya were responsible for extensive damage along the mountainous region up to 200 to 300 km in length and represent the most serious seismic hazards to which inhabitants of the region are exposed (Srikantia and Bhargava, 1998). Himachal Pradesh has experienced several earthquakes during the twentieth century. The most devastating earthquakes were the Kangra earthquake of April 4, 1905, the Kinnaur earthquake of January 19, 1975, the Dharamsala earthquake of June 14, 1978. Table 4.2 provides an account of some of the important seismic events in the region. 4.3.3 Seismic Zoning Seismic zoning map of India (BIS 1893: 2001), encompasses four zones named II, III, IV and V (Figure 4.3). The Mercalli scale intensity corresponding with seismic map zones of India are shown in Table 4.2. The area covered by Himachal Pradesh falls in IV and V zones (Figure 4.4). A site specifica seismic study was conducted by Departement of Eathquake Engineeing, IIT Roorkee. The recommended coefficients of earthquake are being used for the design of the structures. The Coefficients as proposed in the report are to be approved by the National Committee on Seismic Design. Table 4.2: Seismic zones of India with MM (or MSK) scale intensity Seismic Zone Hazard Intensity MM (or MSK) Scale Intensity II Low Damage Risk Zone
VI or less III Moderate Damage Risk Zone
VII IV High Damage Risk Zone
VIII V Very High Damage Zone
IX and above a) Iso‐seismal Zones of Major Earthquakes Figure 4.4 depics the epicentral regions and iso‐seismal zones of some earthquakes, with respect to MBT, MCT and other lineaments. The seismic events included in the project are: (i) Kangra Earthquake, (ii) Chamba Earthquake, (iii) Great Pamir Earthquake, (iv) Kinnaur Earthquake (19.1.1975; RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report M=7; iso‐seismals in M.M.Scale), (v) Dharamsala Earthquake, (vi) Kathua Earthquake, (vii) Dharamsala Earthquake, (viii) Uttarkashi Earthquake and (ix) Chamba Earthquake. Different iso‐seismal regions of some of these important earthquakes which fall in the project area are: (i) Isoseismal VIII of Kangra earthquake, 1905; (ii) Iso‐seismal V of Great Pamir earthquake, 1945; (iii) Iso‐seismal V and IV of Chamba earthquake, 1945; (iv) Iso‐seismal IV of Kinnaur earthquake,1975; (v) Iso‐seismal V and IV of Dharmasala earthquake, 1986; (vi) Iso‐seismal IV of Uttarkashi earthquake, 1991; and (vii) Iso‐seismal VIII and VII of Chamba earthquake,1995. The Kathua earthquake of 23rd August, 1980, a complex event with epicenters at Bhaddu‐Dudwara and Lohai‐Malar areas, had little effect in the Bajoli Holi H.E. Project area. It is evident from the figure that there are two prominent active seismic zones ‐ Zone I: lies about 20 km south of the project area (known as Dharamsala‐
Kangra zone), Zone II: lies about 30 to 40 km north of the project area where earthquakes of magnitude >5 have been felt in the past. In addition an earthquake of magnitude 7 occurred on 28.2.1908 about 40 km east of the project area. b) Microearthquake Surveys Epicenters of about 500 microearthquakes located between 75° and 79° E that were plotted on the tectonic map of the northwestern Himalaya are shown in Figure 4.4. Attempts were made to understand the tectonic control on the localisation of seismicity in the region (see Chatterjee and Bhattacharya, 1992; Verma et al., 1995; Kayal, 2001). It is clear from Figure 4.4 that the seismic activity is aligned almost parallel to the Main Boundary Thrust (MBT) and Main Central Thrust (MCT). Most interestingly in the epicentral region of the great 1905 Kangra earthquake a dense cluster of activity is observed between lat 32°‐33° N and long 76°‐77° E. Seismic activity is also concentrated in the northwestern sector around Chamba which represents part of the Kangra Seismic zone that continues towards north. Events having magnitude >4 <5 are prevalent in the area (Table 4.3). From this zone about 18 events out of the total of 20 were recorded to have magnitude >5. Out of 4 events of magnitude >6, 3 lie on MBT, which include the famous Kangra earthquake of 1905, and 1 event located on the surface trace of Sundernagar Fault (Narula et al., 1998). It appears that high stress is continuously accumulating in the region. Furthermore, it has been inferred that the high activity is associated with the MBT and with the two well marked lineaments (tear faults) in the region with most of the earthquakes having a focal depth (accuracy ±3 km) RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
4.9
GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report less than 10 km with a few occurring at >10km (Chatterjee and Bhattacharya,1992). It is, therefore, apparent that the earthquakes occur above the plane of detachment in the MBT zone in this part of Himalaya (Kayal, 2001). The fault plane solutions of seven seismic events are shown in Figure 4.5. Out of these seven events, five have dominant thrust component while one has significant strikeslip component (Narula et al. 1998). The fault‐
plane solution for the 1968 earthquake of magnitude 4.9, which had epicenter in the project area (see Figure 4.5) indicates that thrust component was dominant in the region. Moreover, the stress building up at the south of this region has the azimuth towards N40° E opposite to that measured at Nathpa Jhakri (Figure 4.5). This may lead to reactivation of NE‐SW trending faults in the region. Keeping in view of the high seismicity of the area, site specific design earthquake parameters for the designing purposes have been carried out by Department of Earthquake Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee (IITR). The studies are based upon regional geology, seismotectonic set up of the area and the historical earthquake data provided by India Meteorological Department (IMD), New Delhi. Based on the parameters like regional geology, seismotectonic set up, characteristics of various seismogenic sources present in the region and seismic history, the maximum probable earthquake that can occur in the area with peak ground acceleration by using different farmulae has been estimated. As per recommendations of the study, the site specific design earthquake parameter for MCE condition has been estimated by considering magnitude of 7.5 magnitude earthquake occurring at MBT. The Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) values for Maximum Credible Earthquake (MCE) and Design Base Earthquake (DBE) conditions are estimated to 0.31g and 0.16g respectively. Vertical acceleration spectral values shall be taken as 2/3 of corresponding horizontal values. The site specific seismic coefficient determined and communicated by IIT‐ Roorkee through their report will be incorporated in the designs of different appurtenants of the project. RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
4.10
GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report Figure 4.2: Seismotectonic map of area in the vicinity of Bajoli Holi HE project RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report Table 4.3: Some Earthquakes of Magnitude >4.5 and their effects Date Name Epicentre
M Depth Remarks (km) Lat Long
o
o
10.7.1947 Chamba 32.6 75.9 6.0 ‐ ‐ Earthquake 31o 7.4.1856 (Kangra) 77o 5 ‐ Damage was Simla greater in Earthquake Dehradun and Mussoorie Length of rupture 280 km from NW of Kangra to SE of Dehradun Raise of ground by 12.7 mm at Dehradun o
o
4.4.1905 Kangra 32.3
76.2 8.0 25 Toll of 20,000 Earthquake human lives Complete damage to buildings Numerous landslides and earth fissures o
o
28.2.1906 Kullu 32 77 7.0 ‐ ‐ Earthquake 36.5o 74o 21.11.1939 Great 6.9 ‐ ‐ Pamir Earthquake 22.6.1945 Chamba 32.5o 76o 6.5 ‐ Considerable Earthquake damage to property 10.7.1946 Chamba 32.6o 75.9o 6.0 ‐ ‐ Earthquake 33.74o 75.83o 5.5 88 17.6.1962 Felt at ‐ Bhuntar and Banihal 5.11.1968 Dharamsala 32.3o 76.5o 4.9 ‐ Caused minor Earthquake damage in Dharmasala area o
o
19.1.1975 Kinnaur 32.35 78.76 7.0 ‐ Ground cracks Earthquake subparallel to Kaurik‐Chango RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
Source
GSI IMD IMD GSI GSI IMD GSI GSI SB SB 4.12
GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report 14.6.1978 Dharamsala 32.23o 76.61o 5.0 Earthquake 6 24.8.1980 32.89o 75.55o Jammu Kathua 32.62o 5.4 Earthquake 75.32o 5.5 ‐ 26.4.1986 Dharamsala 32.15o 76.4 o 5.5 33 24.3.1995 Chamba 32.56o 75.99o 4.9 33 fault Destruction of 23 villages Loss of life of 42 persons
Development of cracks in a number of buildings in and around Dharamsala town
Considerable damage in these areas including loss of 12 human lives Minor landslides and earth fissures Epicentres at Bhaddu‐
Dudwara and Lohai‐Malar Toll of three human lives Considerable damage to buildings Development of earth fissures Damage in Chamba up to Bharmaur in the east
ISC SB ISC MJ ‐ data not available, IMD‐Indian Meteorological Department, ISC‐ International Seismological Centre,GSI‐1988‐89, SB‐ Srikantia and Bhargava, 1998, MJ‐Mahajan, 1998. M‐
Magnitude in Reichter Scale. RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report Figure 4.3: Seismic zoning map of India (Source: BIS, 2001, New Delhi) RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report Figure 4.4: Bajoli Holi H.E. Project area super‐imposed on the iso‐seismal map of major earthquakes with tectonic elements in the region (Adapted from GSI, 1988‐89; Narula et. al., 1998; Mahajan, 1988)
RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report Figure 4.5: Micro‐seismicity map of Himachal Pradesh vis‐a‐vis Bajoli Holi H.E. Project RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report 5 5.1
HYDRO‐METEOROLOGY GENERAL
Hydrological inputs play a vital role in planning, execution and operation of any water resources development project. Hydrological studies are carried out at all stages of project developments starting from the pre‐feasibility stage and are continued even during the operation of the project. Hydrological studies for a river valley project are carried out with a view to: •
Assess quantities of available water in the river for power generation and its variations with time. • Estimate design flood and diversion flood required for the hydraulic design of spillways and temporary diversion structure as well as for safety of the structure. • Determine reservoir capacity and the submergence area at FRL and MDDL • Assess reservoir sedimentation rate as well as its effect on the live storage with reference to life of the reservoir. The Bajoli Holi HE Project is a run of the river scheme proposed on the Ravi River in Chamba district of Himachal Pradesh. The project envisages construction of a concrete gravity dam approximately 950 m downstream of Channi nallah near Bajoli village. The diverted water shall be carried through a water conductor system planned on the left bank of Ravi River. A surface powerhouse is proposed on the left bank near Holi village. Pertinent details of project are as follows: State Himachal Pradesh District Chamba Location of Dam site Near Bajoli village Latitude 320 16’49” N Longitude 760 40’ 36” E River basin Ravi/Indus River Ravi Catchment area 902 km2 Installed capacity 180 MW RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
5.1
GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report 5.2
River bed elevation EL.1975 m Full Reservoir Level EL.2018.25 m Hydraulic structure for diversion Dam Height of dam from river bed 46 m ADOPTED CONVENTIONS The following conventions have been adopted for the hydrological assessment in this chapter: •
5.3
The hydrological year runs from June to May of the following calendar year; • The monsoon season is defined from June to September; • The non‐monsoon season is defined from October to May of the following calendar year. RIVER SYSTEM & BASIN CHARACTERISTICS Ravi River is a major river of Indus basin, originating from Bara Bangahal branch of Dhaula‐Dhar range at an elevation of 4229 m, approximately 75 km northeast of the Chamba town in Himachal Pradesh. Bara Bangahal comprises of snow covered peaks at heights ranging from 3000 m to about 6000 m elevation. Rivers Kalihan, Budhil, Tundha, Suil and Sewa are the important tributaries, contributing significant flow to Ravi River and all are perennial in nature. River Ravi flows generally in a North‐Westerly direction for most of its course. The Budhil and Tundah are the major tributaries joining it in its head reach. The Budhil Nallah has its origin on the slopes of mid Himalayas near Kugti pass. The Tundah nallah originates from Kalichtoh pass, flows through Tundah valley and joins Ravi near Ulans. Beyond this point, the river flows through a narrow gorge up to Chhatrari. After passing through Churi, Bagga, Mehla, Chamba and Udaipur, the river reaches Rajnagar. From Rajnagar to Sherpur it again flows through a narrow gorge. River Suil is the largest tributary which joins Ravi upstream of the Chaura bridge. The Sewa River flowing from the north joins Ravi near Khairi. Further downstream the minor bends to south‐
west and, striking the terminal spurs of the Dhaula Dhar range, separates Chamba from Jammu and finally leaves the territory of Himachal Pradesh near Mihl. RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
5.2
GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report 5.3.1 Project Catchment The entire project catchment comprises of mountainous terrain with steep hill slopes and is thinly populated. The catchment area of the proposed project lies between Longitude 76°35’15’’ E and 77°3’35’’ E and Latitude 32°10’20’’N and 32°28’7’’ N; the proposed diversion structure is located at Longitude 76°40’36’’ E and Latitude 32°16’49’’N. The total catchment area of river Ravi up to the proposed diversion site is 902 km2. The rain fed catchment area and the snowfed area for the snowline elevation at EL. 4600 is 659 km2 (73%) and 243 km2 (27%) respectively (see Figure 5.1). The shape of the catchment above the diversion site at Bajoli resembles an elongated leaf. Total length of the river from its origin upto its confluence with Indus River is nearly 720 km. The length of the river upto the proposed dam site is 40 km. The equivalent slope of the river upto dam site has been evaluated as 42 m/km. The river bed elevation at the diversion site is 1975.00 m. Figure 5.2 shows the hypsometric detail of the project catchment; the area‐ elevation data is shown in Table 5.1. Table 5.1: Hypsometric detail at Bajoli diversion site Elevation (m) Area (sq km) 1975 0 2400 10 2800 50 3200 124 3600 231 4000 372 4400 554 4800 769 5.3.2 Area under permanent snow cover Satellite imageries of last 5‐6 years for summer month were requested from NRSA for the study of area under snow cover in the project catchment. It is confirmed that satellite imageries for the monsoon months are not clear due to presence of cloud cover over the catchment area. Most of the images could not be processed to get desired information. However two satellite imageries for the month of April and October were procured and processed to delineate the snow line. The April image shows the entire catchment above 3500 m elevation under snow cover. In October image the snowline is found to be around 4600 m elevation. RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
5.3
GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report Figure 5.1: Catchment area map of Bajoli Holi H.E. project showing permanent snowline RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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850
800
750
700
650
600
550
500
450
400
350
300
200
150
100
50
250
HYPSOMETERIC CURVE
4975
4725
4475
4225
3975
3725
3475
3225
2975
2725
2475
2225
1975
0
ELEVATION (M)
GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report AREA BELOW ELEVATION (SQ KM)
Figure 5.2: Hypsometric curve of project catchment It is obvious that the Snowline shifts from 3500 m in April to 4600 m in October with the melting of snow in the summer. It again comes down with the fresh snowfall during winter (Nov‐Mar). 5.4
METEOROLOGY
The climate of Ravi basin is affected by the tropical weather systems during the summers and the cold weather systems known as Western Disturbances during winter and pre‐monsoon months. The western disturbances have their origins near the Mediterranean Sea and as mentioned above move in the westerly wind regime along Himalayan latitudes during the winter season. These disturbances may be in the form of a depression or a low‐pressure area formation or an upper air cyclonic circulation or a trough in lower isobaric levels. They shift to more northerly latitudes as the summer season approaches. Summer precipitation in the Ravi basin area is mainly associated with the Southwest monsoon which is dominant from June to September; most of the precipitation is in the form of rainfall. Extreme rainfall floods are mostly experienced during this season. Based on the information available from different sources, the project basin broadly gets affected by the following seasons: Winter Summer/Pre‐monsoon Monsoon Post‐monsoon/Autumn : : : : RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
Dec to Mar Apr to Jun Jul to Sept Oct to Nov 5.5
GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report 5.4.1 Data Availability & Characteristics i) Rainfall data There are 12 (Twelve) RG stations located in the Chamba district of Ravi River basin. The normal annual and annual rainfall records for most of the stations are available since 1960. The data availability of these RG stations, altitude and location of these stations are shown in Table 5.2. The rainfall data observed in all the stations are enclosed as Appendix‐I in Volume VIII of DPR). Further, all weather station (AWS) has been installed at site by M/s GMR in April’ 2009 and data recording is in progress. S. No. 1. Table 5.2: Period of rainfall data availability RG Station Elevation (m) Period Chamba 920 1960‐2000 * 2. Chhatrari 1800 1960‐1997 * 3. Bhandal 1750 1960‐2003 * 4. Chowari 1050 1960‐1998 * 5. Bathri 1350 1960‐1983 * 6. Kala top 2400 1960‐2007 * 7. Bharmour 2150 1960‐2005 * 8. Tissa 1550 1960‐2003 * 9. Bhanota 920 1960‐1989 * 10 Killar 2550 1961‐1989 * 11 Sahoo 1200 1981‐1998 * 12 Holi NA 1999‐2007 * 13 Holi NA 2009 – In Progress * With Gaps The average rainfall for Ravi basin is 1370 mm (Refer Table 5.3). Holi is the only rain‐gauge station close to the project area where rainfall data for a short period (1999 – 2000) and (2006‐2007) is available. Bharmour, a downstream RG station is nearer to the project catchment where long term (1960 – 2005) rainfall records are available. The annual rainfall of the station relevant to the project catchment is given in table below (Source: HPSEB DPR of Kutehr HEP). S. No. 1. Station Name Bharmour Annual Rainfall (mm)
1326
Remark
Located downstream Details of mean monthly rainfall [Generalized PMP Atlas of Indus Basin in India, CWC, 2007] for the Ravi basin are given below in Table 5.3 and plotted in Figure 5.3. RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report Table 5.3: Mean monthly rainfall of Ravi Basin Month Average Rainfall (cm) % of Annual Rainfall Jan 10.5 7.7 Feb 11.9 8.7 Mar 13 9.5 Apr 9.7 7.1 May 6.1 4.5 Jun 7.6 5.5 Jul 26.8 19.6 Aug 27.6 20.1 Sep 12.4 9.1 Oct 3.4 2.5 Nov 2.1 1.5 Dec 5.9 4.3 Total 137 The summary of rainfall characteristics of Ravi basin is given below. • The average annual rainfall for the basin is 1370 mm • The highest amount of rainfall is received in the month of August i.e. 20% of the average annual value • Significant amount of rainfall occurs during winter month of January to March i.e. 26% of the average annual value, which reflects the significant contribution of Western Disturbances 26.8
27.6
Aug
30
25
12.4
5
5.9
2.1
3.4
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7.6
13
Mar
9.7
11.9
10
Feb
15
10.5
20
Dec
Nov
Oct
Sep
Jun
May
Apr
0
Jan
RAINFALL (cm)
Jul
MEAN MONTHLY RAINFALL OF RAVI RIVER BASIN
Figure 5.3: Mean monthly rainfall for the Ravi Basin RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report ii) Temperature Temperature record nearest to the project basin is available at Chamba, which is located 75km downstream of the project. Details of mean daily maximum and minimum temperature during different months are given in Table 5.4 and Figure 5.4. Generally, humidity is above 80% during the South‐West monsoon season. In the post monsoon and winter seasons the humidity is comparatively less. Summer is the driest season of the year. Table 5.4: Mean daily maximum and minimum temperature at Chamba Month Mean Daily Max (°C) Mean Daily Min (°C) January 15.2 5.2 February 16.1 5.9 March 22.3 10.6 April 28.6 14.6 May 32.51 17.8 June 30.4 22.0 July 30.4 22.0 August 28.8 21.2 September 29.1 18.1 October 27.1 12.6 November 22.5 8.5 December 18.3 5.9 5
18.3
22.5
27.1
29.1
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8.5
12.6
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21.2
28.8
30.4
22
17.8
22
28.6
10.6
10
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15
15.2
20
16.1
25
14.6
22.3
30
5.2
TEMPERATURE (°C)
35
30.4
32.5
MEAN DAILY MAX. & MIN. TEMPERATURE AT CHAMBA
Dec
Nov
Oct
Sep
Aug
Jul
Jun
May
Apr
Mar
Feb
Jan
0
Figure 5.4: Mean daily maximum and minimum temperature at Chamba RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report 5.4.2 Hydrological Characteristics A gauge‐discharge (G&D) station on Ravi river was established at Bajoli in 1997 and measurements have continued since then. Then, eleven year of continuous observed flow data are available at project diversion site. Durgathi is the other G&D station near the project catchment where long term historic flow records are available (1972‐ 2000). The other G&D station located near the project site with short term flow records is at Kutehr (1995 – 2001). Both these G&D stations are located downstream of the proposed project site. Although the observed flow records of Kutehr, Bajoli and Durgathi share only a small common period, these common period flows have become useful for consistency check and verification of the basic data for finalization of flow series at the Project site. Details of the G&D stations to be utilized for the present studies and their data availability are shown in Table 5.5 below: Table 5.5: Details of G&D site on River Ravi Catchment Area (sq km) Period of Record Period Owner Agency Durgathi 2205 1972‐00 # 28 years HPSEB 2. Banthu 984 1971‐76 # 5 years HPSEB 3. Tiyari 1112 1986‐91 # 6 years HPSEB 4. Kutehr 1155 1995‐01 6 years HPSEB 5. Bajoli 902 1997‐08 11 years HPSEB S. No. G&D Station 1. # with gaps The percentages of long term average flow of river Ravi at various G&D sites are plotted below in Figure 5.5. The variation in the monsoon flow percentages may be attributed to the fact that the flow data of different G&D site used belong to different time periods. Nevertheless, the monsoon period variation of the flow percentages are in close range; in the non‐monsoon period the variation is indeed quite insignificant. ANNUAL FLOW DISTRIBUTION
10-DAILY FLOW (PERCENTAGE)
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
I
II III I
Jun
Bajoli
II III I
Jul
II III I
Aug
II III
Sep
Tiyari
I
II III I
Oct
II III
Nov
Bantu
I
II III I
Dec
II III
Jan
I
II III I
Feb
Kuther
II III
Mar
I
II III I
Apr
II III
May
Durgathi
Figure 5.5: Long‐term averages percentage of 10‐daily observed flows RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report In order to see over all flow patterns at Bajoli, average 10‐daily flow for the entire period of records and its monthly percentages are plotted in Figures 5.6 & 5.7. The typical flow regime of this river can be described as below: • A base flow regime is observed from November to February. During this period, water originates from soil drainage and limited snowmelt during warmer days from low altitude areas. • The flow progressively increases from March to May. It is generated by progressive snowmelt and glacier melt. The gradual increase in flow pattern is attributable to the increase in daily temperature. 10-DAILY FLOW DISTRIBUTION OF RAVI AT BAJOLI SITE (1997-08)
175
10-DAILY FLOW (CUMEC)
150
125
100
75
50
25
0
I II III I II III I II III I II III I II III I II III I II III I II III I II III I II III I II III I II III
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Figure 5.6: 10‐Daily mean flow of Ravi at Bajoli ANNUAL FLOW DISTRIBUTION OF RAVI AT BAJOLI SITE (1997-08)
24
22
10-DAILY FLOW (PERCENTAGE)
22
20
18
18
17
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2
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2
1
Dec
Jan
Feb
0
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Mar
Apr
May
Figure 5.7: Monthly flow percentages at Bajoli RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report 5.5
• The flow remains high during May to September. The high discharge in the river is contributed by snow and glacier melt, augmented by monsoon rain on the lower parts of the watershed. • The flow progressively decreases from October to November with few isolated event of high flow. The discharge in the river is contributed by delayed surface runoff and glacier melt along with post monsoon rain and delayed ground water contribution • February is the driest month of the year, having only 1.0 % of the total annual flow and minimum water balance carry over. WATER AVAILABILITY STUDY The flow series at the project site is computed from the long term observed flows available at Bajoli as well as from the observed flows available at nearby G&D sites. In the present chapter the flow series at the proposed diversion site of the Bajoli Holi HEP is derived by using two approaches: Approach‐I: Extending the observed flow series at Bajoli (1997‐98 to 2007‐08) using flow data from near by G&D sites. Approach‐II: Extending the observed flow series at Bajoli (1997‐98 to 2007‐08) by transferring the CWC approved flow series at Kutehr for the period 1972‐73 to 1996‐97 using seasonal correlation established between Bajoli and Kutehr flows. Details of the methodology adopted for extending the observed flow series at Bajoli (1997‐98 to 2007‐08) by both the approaches as well as the details of the developed flow series with 50% and 90% dependable years are explained in succeeding paragraphs. Approach‐I Extending the observed flow series at Bajoli (1997‐98 to 2007‐08) using flow data from nearby G&D sites. Step‐1: Tiyari G&D station is located in the vicinity of the Kutehr G&D site and the difference in the catchment area of both the sites is insignificant i.e. 43 km2 or 3.7 % of the catchment area of Kutehr site. Keeping this aspect in view, the observed flows of river Ravi at Tiyari (1986‐87 to 1990‐91) are transferred to Kutehr site based on catchment area proportion. It is assumed that there is no significant contribution of lateral flows in between the Tiyari and Kutehr sites as they are located very close to each other. RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report Step‐2: The transferred flows of Tiyari to Kutehr (1986‐87 to 1990‐91) site are pooled with the observed flows at Kutehr (1995‐96 to 1999‐2000). Step‐3: The available total (observed at Kutehr and transferred flows of Tiyari at Kutehr) flows at Kutehr are then transferred to Bajoli by using seasonal correlations developed in the previous paragraphs: Table 5.6: Relation between Kutehr and Bajoli S. No. Season Correlation Correl. Coeffi. 1. Monsoon (Jun‐Sept) QBAJ = 0.6795 * QKUT + 17.287 0.95 2. Non‐monsoon (Oct‐Feb) QBAJ = 0.9215 * QKUT – 1.7798 0.98 3. Snow‐melt (Mar‐May) QBAJ = 0.8254 * QKUT – 0.8037 0.99 Step‐4: The observed flow at Banthu G&D site for the period 1972‐73 to 1975‐76 are also transferred to Bajoli site in the catchment area proportion in view of the marginal difference in the catchment areas of both the site (which is only about 9%). It is also assumed that there is no significant contribution of lateral flows in between the Banthu and Bajoli sites as they are located very close to each other. Step 5: Missing flows in Bajoli flow series (extended by using Bhantu, Kutehr and Tiyari flows) are filled by using the correlation equation developed between Durgathi and Bajoli flows on yearly basis. Few gaps in the 10‐daily flow still left are filled with the average 10‐daily flow of Bajoli for the respective period. Step‐6: The generated flow series at Bajoli is combined with the observed flows at Bajoli site. The proposed 10‐daily series at the diversion site of the Bajoli Holi HEP is given in Table 5.7 below. RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report Table 5.7: 10‐Daily Flow Series of River Ravi at Bajoli Holi HEP (Approach‐I) Unit: Cumec Month Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr 1972‐
1973‐
1974‐
1975‐
1986‐
1987‐
1988‐
1989‐
73 74 75 76 87 88 89 90 10‐ Day I 63.3 111.9 37.0 84.1 55.9 73.9 57.6 136.8 II 76.3 185.8 36.3 153.3 103.5 79.5 56.6 124.2 III 90.8 150.1 48.9 165.0 135.0 87.9 78.7 51.3 I 141.4 85.6 175.4 175.4 122.6 89.6 59.3 76.4 II 115.7 91.2 96.1 261.0 100.5 89.2 98.8 86.4 III 79.6 79.4 86.4 191.6 99.2 91.7 91.7 114.4 I 153.8 122.6 141.9 141.9 99.9 92.8 108.7 98.2 II 70.0 110.0 156.4 157.0 87.8 86.3 63.5 85.1 III 70.4 122.5 72.1 141.7 81.4 86.4 47.1 91.4 I 64.7 76.4 61.1 99.3 77.0 83.6 41.3 70.7 II 63.2 61.8 39.1 104.8 31.0 73.8 36.4 65.0 III 47.5 48.8 28.3 93.7 28.1 57.3 60.2 59.9 I 28.2 42.4 16.7 54.4 23.5 39.2 34.0 45.1 II 25.6 38.3 12.6 44.4 16.8 28.9 31.6 37.4 III 25.7 36.0 13.4 40.2 13.3 20.3 23.1 33.4 I 21.8 28.8 23.9 35.8 9.1 16.7 21.9 27.0 II 20.7 28.3 22.6 34.1 8.7 16.0 19.0 25.0 III 20.9 7.1 19.9 30.0 7.3 14.8 15.9 22.1 I 20.8 21.5 17.3 26.0 7.2 13.5 13.0 18.9 II 20.8 21.8 17.4 24.7 7.4 12.4 10.8 17.0 III 18.3 4.2 14.7 23.4 7.3 10.9 13.7 15.7 I 16.5 3.9 16.6 14.8 7.1 9.1 13.5 13.9 II 16.5 3.6 15.7 9.9 7.0 8.0 12.8 12.8 III 12.5 6.6 14.5 10.7 7.2 7.5 13.3 12.8 I 14.6 3.5 21.3 9.6 7.2 7.0 13.2 12.5 II 15.0 3.6 20.1 9.6 6.9 6.8 12.8 12.1 III 14.3 4.8 21.4 10.2 7.4 7.5 13.3 11.4 I 20.1 5.2 22.5 11.5 9.6 9.6 14.0 11.7 II 24.0 5.9 26.2 11.5 11.1 13.8 14.0 16.9 III 26.3 9.3 31.9 14.9 16.4 15.0 22.8 25.3 I 44.3 9.6 37.2 24.5 20.8 33.1 27.8 26.6 II 60.0 10.4 46.1 28.5 25.7 58.3 29.5 25.6 III 85.6 13.3 62.2 42.2 45.3 51.1 42.0 38.4 Year RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
5.13
GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report 1972‐
1973‐
1974‐
1975‐
1986‐
1987‐
1988‐
1989‐
73 74 75 76 87 88 89 90 10‐ Day I 117.7 65.3 85.4 44.4 63.0 56.2 69.7 49.9 II 117.4 86.6 108.3 64.2 68.0 62.5 85.3 88.1 III 67.6 92.0 127.9 74.1 65.7 58.3 107.9 93.7 Annual (MCM) 1658 1583 1578 2169 1312 1379 1299 1546 Year Month May Table 5.8: 10‐Daily Flow Series of River Ravi at Bajoli Holi HEP (Approach‐I) Unit: Cumec Month Year Jun 10‐ Day I Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar 1990‐
91 1995‐
96 1996‐
97 1997‐
98 1998‐
99 1999‐
00 2000‐
01 2001‐
02 2002‐
03 2003‐
04 83.4 89.8 121.8
77.2
98.1
46.2
115.2
144.4 92.3 167.9
II 80.7 115.4 144.9
120.2
124.9
74.7
114.5
150.4 90 176
III 111.6 137.1 138.3
148.5
104.7
91
131.4
145.1 89 159
I 97.2 122.3 101.6
167.6
123.3
105.7
117.7
168.1 108.2 121.4
II 98.7 155.4 105.1
176.8
150.9
138
139.9
162.5 77.9 76.5
III 88.9 209 116.2
178
153
155
130.2
158.7 67.5 76.1
I 80.6 210.1 125.3
214.4
112.7
159.3
140.2
129.8 56.9 69.1
II 85 158.3 118.6
108.4
95.9
136.8
135.5
143.4 95.6 74.6
III 75.6 146.3 143
110.8
86.4
76.3
109.5
133.9 51.4 66.8
I 88.3 282.7 112.6
88.2
64.5
53.1
78.2
63.9 72 67.6
II 76.9 152.9 89.6
74.2
67
47.7
57.8
42.1 128.9 60.8
III 61.5 90.9 59.2
51.9
119.9
44.3
48.5
34.2 56.7 49
I 48.9 66.1 35.5
30.1
55.9
35.3
39.7
27 40.2 41.3
II 37.6 56.1 23.6
21.2
83.7
32.4
34.9
20.2 34.2 34.8
III 32.9 43.9 20.4
16
42
27.2
33.2
17.9 25.4 29.4
I 28.6 32.7 19.2
13.4
20.6
24.4
29.1
15.5 18.9 24.9
II 24.1 31 19.8
12.7
17.1
22.5
24.7
13.8 15.7 18.2
III 21 26.9 19.4
12.2
14.8
19.5
20.8
11.6 12.3 14.1
I 22.4 23.6 17.3
12.1
13.9
18
15.8
10.9 10.3 11.8
II 19.2 20.9 16.4
14.4
12.7
16.3
14.4
10.5 9 8.8
III 18.6 17.3 13.5
11.4
10.8
14.3
12.6
10 8.1 7.7
I 19 13.2 14
10.5
10.2
13.1
11
9.7 7.2 8.8
II 17.9 13.8 13.3
9.8
10
12.2
9.7
9.3 7 8
III 16.8 14.7 12.9
9.3
10.2
11.8
8.8
8.9 6.8 8.5
I 15.8 15.5 12.2
12.6
10
12.6
8.5
8.5 7.3 8.7
II 17 15.2 11.7
17.8
9.7
12.4
10.7
8.4 10 8.5
III 17.7 18.2 13.3
17.1
9.9
12.2
11.1
8.9 11.8 12.4
I 21.6 19.2 15.4
23
11.8
12.6
11.9
12 16.2 15.2
II 28.3 25.9 16.5
24.8
11.8
12.6
12.5
16.2 15.7 23.7
RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
5.14
GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May III 40.5 35.2 17.9
29.1
16.4
13.7
13.3
21.2 21.2 22.9
I 61.5 42.9 22.1
36.1
19.5
17.1
16.7
32 33 24.9
II 63.3 59.8 23.2
39.5
24.8
26.5
62.9
44.2 55.5 34.1
III 71.8 74.5 35.1
59.6
52.6
41.8
53.8
93.1 79.9 37.2
I 87.7 81.5 56.4
69.1
59
70.4
74.6
95.8 98.7 38.1
II 84 80.6 31.9
72.6
60.2
154.3
102.4
98.8 126.1 65.2
III 80.3 83.9 53.4
100.3
84.3
123.8
131.9
98.5 126.9 64.1
I 83.4 89.8 121.8
77.2
98.1
46.2
115.2
144.4 92.3 167.9
II 80.7 115.4 144.9
120.2
124.9
74.7
114.5
150.4 90 176
III 111.6 137.1 138.3
148.5
104.7
91
131.4
145.1 89 159
I 97.2 122.3 101.6
167.6
123.3
105.7
117.7
168.1 108.2 121.4
II 98.7 155.4 105.1
176.8
150.9
138
139.9
162.5 77.9 76.5
III 88.9 209 116.2
178
153
155
130.2
158.7 67.5 76.1
I 80.6 210.1 125.3
214.4
112.7
159.3
140.2
129.8 56.9 69.1
II 85 158.3 118.6
108.4
95.9
136.8
135.5
143.4 95.6 74.6
III 75.6 146.3 143
110.8
86.4
76.3
109.5
133.9 51.4 66.8
I 88.3 282.7 112.6
88.2
64.5
53.1
78.2
63.9 72 67.6
II 76.9 152.9 89.6
74.2
67
47.7
57.8
42.1 128.9 60.8
III 61.5 90.9 59.2
51.9
119.9
44.3
48.5
34.2 56.7 49
I 48.9 66.1 35.5
30.1
55.9
35.3
39.7
27 40.2 41.3
II 37.6 56.1 23.6
21.2
83.7
32.4
34.9
20.2 34.2 34.8
III 32.9 43.9 20.4
16
42
27.2
33.2
17.9 25.4 29.4
I 28.6 32.7 19.2
13.4
20.6
24.4
29.1
15.5 18.9 24.9
II 24.1 31 19.8
12.7
17.1
22.5
24.7
13.8 15.7 18.2
III 21 26.9 19.4
12.2
14.8
19.5
20.8
11.6 12.3 14.1
I 22.4 23.6 17.3
12.1
13.9
18
15.8
10.9 10.3 11.8
II 19.2 20.9 16.4
14.4
12.7
16.3
14.4
10.5 9 8.8
III 18.6 17.3 13.5
11.4
10.8
14.3
12.6
10 8.1 7.7
I 19 13.2 14
10.5
10.2
13.1
11
9.7 7.2 8.8
II 17.9 13.8 13.3
9.8
10
12.2
9.7
9.3 7 8
III 16.8 14.7 12.9
9.3
10.2
11.8
8.8
8.9 6.8 8.5
I 15.8 15.5 12.2
12.6
10
12.6
8.5
8.5 7.3 8.7
II 17 15.2 11.7
17.8
9.7
12.4
10.7
8.4 10 8.5
III 17.7 18.2 13.3
17.1
9.9
12.2
11.1
8.9 11.8 12.4
I 21.6 19.2 15.4
23
11.8
12.6
11.9
12 16.2 15.2
II 28.3 25.9 16.5
24.8
11.8
12.6
12.5
16.2 15.7 23.7
III 40.5 35.2 17.9
29.1
16.4
13.7
13.3
21.2 21.2 22.9
I 61.5 42.9 22.1
36.1
19.5
17.1
16.7
32 33 24.9
II 63.3 59.8 23.2
39.5
24.8
26.5
62.9
44.2 55.5 34.1
III 71.8 74.5 35.1
59.6
52.6
41.8
53.8
93.1 79.9 37.2
I 87.7 81.5 56.4
69.1
59
70.4
74.6
95.8 98.7 38.1
II 84 80.6 31.9
72.6
60.2
154.3
102.4
98.8 126.1 65.2
III 80.3 83.9 53.4
100.3
84.3
123.8
131.9
98.5 126.9 64.1
RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
5.15
GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report Month Year 1990‐
91 10‐ Day Jun I 83.4 II 80.7 Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May 1995‐
96 1996‐
97 1997‐
98 1998‐ 1999‐00 2000‐01
99 2001‐
02 89.8 115.4 121.8
144.9
77.2
120.2
98.1
124.9
46.2
74.7
115.2
114.5
144.4 150.4 92.3 90.0 167.9
176.0
2002‐
03 2003‐04
III I II III 111.6 97.2 98.7 88.9 137.1 122.3 155.4 209.0 138.3
101.6
105.1
116.2
148.5
167.6
176.8
178.0
104.7
123.3
150.9
153.0
91.0
105.7
138.0
155.0
131.4
117.7
139.9
130.2
145.1 168.1 162.5 158.7 89.0 108.2 77.9 67.5 159.0
121.4
76.5
76.1
I II III I II 80.6 85.0 75.6 88.3 76.9 210.1 158.3 146.3 282.7 152.9 125.3
118.6
143.0
112.6
89.6
214.4
108.4
110.8
88.2
74.2
112.7
95.9
86.4
64.5
67.0
159.3
136.8
76.3
53.1
47.7
140.2
135.5
109.5
78.2
57.8
129.8 143.4 133.9 63.9 42.1 56.9 95.6 51.4 72.0 128.9 69.1
74.6
66.8
67.6
60.8
III I II III I 61.5 48.9 37.6 32.9 28.6 90.9 66.1 56.1 43.9 32.7 59.2
35.5
23.6
20.4
19.2
51.9
30.1
21.2
16.0
13.4
119.9
55.9
83.7
42.0
20.6
44.3
35.3
32.4
27.2
24.4
48.5
39.7
34.9
33.2
29.1
34.2 27.0 20.2 17.9 15.5 56.7 40.2 34.2 25.4 18.9 49.0
41.3
34.8
29.4
24.9
II III I II III 24.1 21.0 22.4 19.2 18.6 31.0 26.9 23.6 20.9 17.3 19.8
19.4
17.3
16.4
13.5
12.7
12.2
12.1
14.4
11.4
17.1
14.8
13.9
12.7
10.8
22.5
19.5
18.0
16.3
14.3
24.7
20.8
15.8
14.4
12.6
13.8 11.6 10.9 10.5 10.0 15.7 12.3 10.3 9.0 8.1 18.2
14.1
11.8
8.8
7.7
I II III I II 19.0 17.9 16.8 15.8 17.0 13.2 13.8 14.7 15.5 15.2 14.0
13.3
12.9
12.2
11.7
10.5
9.8
9.3
12.6
17.8
10.2
10.0
10.2
10.0
9.7
13.1
12.2
11.8
12.6
12.4
11.0
9.7
8.8
8.5
10.7
9.7 9.3 8.9 8.5 8.4 7.2 7.0 6.8 7.3 10.0 8.8
8.0
8.5
8.7
8.5
III I II III 17.7 21.6 28.3 40.5 18.2 19.2 25.9 35.2 13.3
15.4
16.5
17.9
17.1
23.0
24.8
29.1
9.9
11.8
11.8
16.4
12.2
12.6
12.6
13.7
11.1
11.9
12.5
13.3
8.9 12.0 16.2 21.2 11.8 16.2 15.7 21.2 12.4
15.2
23.7
22.9
I II III I II 61.5 63.3 71.8 87.7 84.0 42.9 59.8 74.5 81.5 80.6 22.1
23.2
35.1
56.4
31.9
36.1
39.5
59.6
69.1
72.6
19.5
24.8
52.6
59.0
60.2
17.1
26.5
41.8
70.4
154.3
16.7
62.9
53.8
74.6
102.4
32.0 44.2 93.1 95.8 98.8 33.0 55.5 79.9 98.7 126.1 24.9
34.1
37.2
38.1
65.2
80.3 1691 83.9 2449 53.4
1681
100.3
1929
84.3
1738
123.8
1663
131.9
1836
98.5 1920 126.9 1566 64.1
1522
III Annual (MCM) RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
5.16
GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report Table 5.9: 10‐Daily Flow Series of River Ravi at Bajoli Holi HEP (Approach‐I) Unit: Cumec Month Year 2004‐05 2005‐06 2006‐07 2007‐08 10‐ Day Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr 10‐Daily 10‐Daily 10‐Daily Average Min Max I 60.3 68.3 39.1 79.3 86.5 37.0 167.9 II 69.5 96.9 30.8 221.2 110.2 30.8 221.2 III 53.7 230.7 51.9 302.9 122.8 48.9 302.9 I 56.3 340.5 98.7 251.9 132.1 56.3 340.5 II 51.9 260.6 110.7 159.2 127.4 51.9 261.0 III 44.6 211.1 137.5 97.7 120.8 44.6 211.1 I 59.6 186.6 149.7 97.2 125.1 56.9 214.4 II 40.4 160.3 92.9 104.0 107.5 40.4 160.3 III 89.1 126.2 80.5 49.6 93.5 47.1 146.3 I 31.7 114.4 65.9 26.8 81.1 26.8 282.7 II 32.3 117.3 33.4 16.4 66.9 16.4 152.9 III 19.6 72.4 20.0 13.9 53.0 13.9 119.9 I 30.5 47.7 15.5 10.9 36.7 10.9 66.1 II 22.7 38.9 13.6 10.4 31.8 10.4 83.7 III 15.3 25.7 12.5 9.0 25.3 9.0 43.9 I 13.7 19.8 11.2 8.7 21.2 8.7 35.8 II 13.2 11.5 9.8 8.1 18.9 8.1 34.1 III 12.7 9.6 9.2 7.9 15.9 7.1 30.0 I 11.7 8.9 9.0 7.6 15.1 7.2 26.0 II 11.0 8.2 8.5 7.9 14.1 7.4 24.7 III 10.9 7.9 8.2 7.6 12.1 4.2 23.4 I 11.6 8.8 8.1 8.0 11.3 3.9 19.0 II 9.8 8.3 7.7 9.5 10.6 3.6 17.9 III 10.6 8.0 7.7 8.3 10.4 6.6 16.8 I 9.9 8.1 7.9 7.6 10.6 3.5 21.3 II 11.9 8.5 8.6 8.0 11.2 3.6 20.1 III 10.1 9.1 9.8 10.0 11.9 4.8 21.4 I 13.8 9.7 12.7 13.2 14.2 5.2 23.0 II 20.4 11.4 19.7 13.1 17.1 5.9 28.3 III 22.8 13.1 23.5 9.7 21.0 9.3 40.5 I 21.1 8.8 22.4 8.8 26.9 8.8 61.5 RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
5.17
GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report May II 23.7 8.3 26.3 15.6 36.0 8.3 63.3 III 41.8 8.0 41.0 18.4 49.5 8.0 93.1 I 63.1 22.0 62.0 65.3 68.0 22.0 117.7 II 62.1 33.2 91.3 86.6 83.2 31.9 154.3 III 61.1 43.9 85.5 92.0 87.1 43.9 131.9 1009 2086 1276 1639 1660 629 3314 Annual (MCM) Approach‐II Extending the observed flow series at Bajoli (1997‐98 to 2007‐08) by transferring the CWC approved flow series at Kutehr for the period 1972‐73 to 1996‐97 using seasonal correlation established between Bajoli and Kutehr flow. Step‐I: The 10‐daily flow series at Kutehr on river Ravi approved by CWC/CEA for the period 1972‐1997 has been transferred to the diversion site of Bajoli Holi HEP for the period 1972‐73 to 1996‐97 by using seasonal correlations. The seasonal correlations used for transferring the Kutehr flow at Bajoli site are given in Table 5.10. Table 5.10: Relation between Kutehr and Bajoli S. No. Season Correlation Correl. Coeffi. 1. Monsoon (Jun‐Sept) QBAJ = 0.6795 * QKUT + 17.287 0.95 2. Non‐monsoon (Oct‐Feb) QBAJ = 0.9215 * QKUT – 1.7798 0.98 3. Snow‐melt (Mar‐May) 0.99 QBAJ = 0.8254 * QKUT – 0.8037 Step‐II: The generated flow series at Bajoli for the period 1972‐97 have been combined with the observed flow series of Bajoli for the period 1997‐98 to 2007‐08. The proposed 10‐daily series at the diversion site of the Bajoli Holi HEP is given in Table 5.11 below. RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
5.18
GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report Table 5.11: 10‐Daily Flow Series of River Ravi at Bajoli Holi HEP:1972‐80 (Approach‐II) Unit: Cumec Month Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr Year 1972‐73 1973‐74 1974‐75 1975‐76 1976‐77 1977‐78 1978‐79 1979‐80 10‐ Day I 98.3 115.6 75.5 95.1 104.6 82.6 98.3 86.5 II 90.4 169.9 74.7 109.3 95.1 70.0 90.4 113.2 III 102.2 143.9 91.2 132.9 84.1 104.6 102.2 152.6 I 129.0 124.2 205.3 118.7 109.3 121.1 129.0 133.7 II 114.0 125.0 154.1 173.8 115.6 131.3 114.0 127.4 III 106.7 104.5 141.7 128.1 105.2 105.2 106.7 106.7 I 100.7 123.5 142.3 127.4 122.7 136.0 100.7 104.6 II 101.4 114.0 139.2 151.0 104.6 103.8 101.4 92.8 III 95.2 122.4 122.4 132.4 90.2 85.2 95.2 79.5 I 77.8 102.2 107.7 74.7 88.9 84.1 77.8 76.3 II 70.0 82.6 78.6 131.3 79.4 93.6 70.0 67.6 III 63.7 69.2 64.5 80.2 70.8 73.1 63.7 58.2 I 22.8 41.9 40.9 67.5 38.7 47.3 34.5 32.3 II 20.6 30.2 33.4 53.7 34.5 41.9 32.3 30.2 III 18.6 21.5 35.1 41.9 30.2 31.2 28.3 25.4 I 15.3 16.4 29.2 40.9 28.1 28.1 24.9 22.8 II 17.4 13.2 26.0 31.3 26.0 26.0 23.8 20.6 III 15.3 12.1 23.8 22.8 18.5 22.8 23.8 20.6 I 18.5 11.0 22.8 20.6 17.4 20.6 21.7 17.4 II 14.2 11.0 21.7 22.8 17.4 18.5 19.6 16.4 III 11.8 8.9 19.6 20.5 16.6 18.6 17.6 15.7 I 12.1 8.9 18.5 19.6 14.2 16.4 17.4 16.4 II 11.0 8.9 15.3 14.2 11.0 16.4 16.4 14.2 III 10.8 10.8 17.6 15.7 10.8 13.7 14.7 12.8 I 11.0 8.9 22.8 14.2 12.1 14.2 15.3 13.2 II 13.2 8.9 31.3 14.2 12.1 14.2 15.3 12.1 III 20.9 10.2 38.2 16.9 11.6 16.9 16.9 15.6 I 18.3 9.7 42.2 15.4 11.6 18.3 24.0 14.5 II 25.9 10.7 52.7 15.4 13.5 22.1 25.9 15.4 III 27.0 13.1 61.7 18.3 17.4 24.4 33.1 19.2 I 39.3 13.5 90.9 25.9 24.0 26.9 39.3 25.0 II 46.0 14.5 92.8 29.8 21.2 42.2 39.3 28.8 RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
5.19
GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report May III 84.2 16.4 97.6 41.2 25.9 43.1 70.8 37.4 I 115.7 53.6 115.7 43.1 41.2 53.6 77.5 56.5 II 85.2 61.3 137.7 60.3 47.0 61.3 72.8 61.3 III 80.0 73.9 150.3 68.7 47.8 73.9 71.3 58.3 1672 1659 2317 1926 1511 1672 1693 1581 Annual (MCM) Table 5.12: 10‐Daily Flow Series of River Ravi at Bajoli Holi HEP:1980‐90 (Approach‐II) Unit: Cumec Year Month 10‐ Day Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan 1980‐81 1981‐
1982‐
1983‐
1984‐
1985‐
1986‐
82 83 84 85 86 87 1987‐88 1988‐
1989‐90 89 I 95.1 88.9 85.7 88.1 95.1 81.0 74.7 73.1 75.5 135.3 II 106.9 91.2 101.4 84.9 87.3 80.2 109.3 78.6 74.7 77.8 III 118.7 115.6 88.9 101.4 81.8 80.2 132.1 86.5 91.2 71.6 I 116.4 103.0 97.5 101.4 80.2 81.0 123.5 88.9 77.1 75.5 II 147.8 102.2 101.4 89.6 71.6 96.7 103.8 88.1 106.2 85.7 III 133.1 100.9 97.4 109.5 75.2 89.5 105.2 90.9 99.5 113.1 I 137.6 93.6 101.4 113.2 77.1 88.9 106.9 92.0 113.2 96.7 II 118.0 80.2 92.8 100.7 77.8 84.1 98.3 84.9 80.2 84.1 III 104.5 67.3 78.1 95.9 74.5 78.1 92.4 85.2 67.3 90.2 I 103.0 73.1 66.8 91.2 81.8 66.8 89.6 82.6 63.7 70.0 II 98.3 50.3 94.4 71.6 56.6 54.3 56.6 73.1 60.5 64.5 III 76.3 60.5 56.6 59.0 49.5 54.3 54.3 56.6 77.8 59.0 I 51.5 20.6 26.0 28.1 20.6 26.0 27.0 38.7 28.1 44.1 II 37.7 18.5 22.8 20.6 17.4 22.8 20.6 28.1 20.6 36.6 III 32.2 17.6 20.5 16.6 15.7 17.6 17.6 19.6 16.6 33.1 I 37.7 17.4 19.6 15.3 14.2 13.2 8.9 16.4 26.0 27.0 II 28.1 16.4 18.5 14.2 12.1 15.3 8.9 15.3 22.8 24.9 III 23.8 15.3 17.4 14.2 12.1 12.1 6.8 14.2 20.6 21.7 I 20.6 15.3 13.2 13.2 11.0 13.2 6.8 13.2 17.4 18.5 II 18.5 13.2 13.2 12.1 12.1 13.2 6.8 12.1 15.3 16.4 III 17.6 11.8 11.8 11.8 10.8 12.8 6.9 10.8 13.7 15.7 I 15.3 12.1 12.1 12.1 11.0 12.1 6.8 8.9 13.2 13.2 II 14.2 12.1 11.0 11.0 8.9 11.0 6.8 7.8 12.1 12.1 RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report Feb Mar Apr May III 13.7 15.7 11.8 9.9 9.9 8.9 6.9 6.9 12.8 12.8 I 16.4 17.4 11.0 10.0 10.0 8.9 6.8 6.8 13.2 12.1 II 20.6 14.2 11.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 6.8 6.8 12.1 12.1 III 22.2 14.2 16.9 12.9 10.2 11.6 7.6 8.9 12.9 11.6 I 24.0 17.3 18.3 12.6 10.7 11.6 9.7 9.7 13.5 11.6 II 23.1 21.2 23.1 13.5 10.7 15.4 10.7 13.5 13.5 16.4 III 38.3 26.1 26.1 16.6 13.1 14.0 16.6 14.8 22.6 25.3 I 30.7 33.6 30.7 18.3 13.5 17.3 20.2 32.6 27.9 25.9 II 47.9 37.4 32.6 20.2 17.3 25.9 25.0 54.6 28.8 31.7 III 62.2 47.0 43.1 26.9 23.1 53.6 45.1 47.9 34.5 37.4 I 68.0 58.4 53.6 35.5 31.7 52.7 62.2 52.7 68.9 48.9 II 64.2 50.8 64.2 40.3 35.5 52.7 67.0 57.5 84.2 87.1 III 80.0 55.6 58.3 65.2 62.6 59.1 64.3 54.8 106.0 92.1 1902 1411 1448 1380 1155 1271 1424 1347 1448 1510 Annual (MCM) Table 5.13: 10‐Daily Flow Series of River Ravi at Bajoli Holi HEP : 1990‐2000 (Approach‐II) Unit: Cumec Year Month 10‐ Day Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct 1990‐
91 1991‐92 1992‐
1993‐
1994‐
1995‐
1996‐
1997‐
1998‐
1999‐
93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 I 82.6 119.5 88.1 95.9 105.4 95.1 121.9 77.2 98.1 46.2 II 79.4 115.6 106.2 99.9 90.4 106.9 144.7 120.2 124.9 74.7 III 110.1 112.4 114.0 99.1 146.3 118.7 138.4 148.5 104.7 91.0 I 95.9 115.6 96.7 104.6 132.1 123.5 101.4 167.6 123.3 105.7 II 97.5 103.8 112.4 173.8 108.5 155.7 105.4 176.8 150.9 138.0 III 88.1 101.7 118.8 128.1 96.6 208.9 116.0 178.0 153.0 155.0 I 79.4 94.4 107.7 127.4 102.2 210.0 125.0 214.4 112.7 159.3 II 84.1 82.6 96.7 151.0 88.1 158.1 118.7 108.4 95.9 136.8 III 74.5 88.1 85.9 132.4 81.6 146.0 143.1 110.8 86.4 76.3 I 87.3 78.6 84.9 74.7 62.9 282.3 112.4 88.2 64.5 53.1 II 76.3 70.8 75.5 131.3 61.3 152.6 89.6 74.2 67.0 47.7 III 60.5 60.5 60.5 80.2 59.8 91.2 59.0 51.9 119.9 44.3 I 48.3 32.3 35.5 67.5 36.6 66.5 35.5 30.1 55.9 35.3 II 36.6 24.9 30.2 53.7 33.4 55.8 23.8 21.2 83.7 32.4 III 32.2 20.5 27.3 41.9 26.3 43.8 20.5 16.0 42.0 27.2 RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May I 28.1 16.4 22.8 40.9 22.8 32.3 19.6 13.4 20.6 24.4 II 23.8 15.3 21.7 31.3 20.6 31.3 19.6 12.7 17.1 22.5 III 20.6 14.2 19.6 22.8 20.6 27.0 19.6 12.2 14.8 19.5 I 21.7 13.2 17.4 20.6 17.4 23.8 17.4 12.1 13.9 18.0 II 18.5 12.1 15.3 17.4 16.4 20.6 16.4 14.4 12.7 16.3 III 18.6 11.8 14.7 16.6 15.7 17.6 13.7 11.4 10.8 14.3 I 18.5 11.0 15.3 15.3 16.4 13.2 14.2 10.5 10.2 13.1 II 17.4 13.2 15.3 14.2 14.2 14.2 13.2 9.8 10.0 12.2 III 16.6 14.7 13.7 13.7 12.8 14.7 12.8 9.3 10.2 11.8 I 15.3 15.3 13.2 13.2 13.2 15.3 12.1 12.6 10.0 12.6 II 16.4 17.4 16.4 14.2 12.1 15.3 12.1 17.8 9.7 12.4 III 16.9 15.6 16.9 15.6 14.2 20.9 12.9 17.1 9.9 12.2 I 21.2 15.4 14.5 14.5 14.5 19.3 15.4 23.0 11.8 12.6 II 27.9 20.2 19.3 16.4 15.4 25.9 16.4 24.8 11.8 12.6 III 40.0 29.6 24.4 22.6 19.2 34.8 18.3 29.1 16.4 13.7 I 60.3 29.8 23.1 35.5 25.0 43.1 22.1 36.1 19.5 17.1 II 62.2 36.5 33.6 25.9 28.8 59.4 23.1 39.5 24.8 26.5 III 70.8 47.9 56.5 31.7 37.4 74.7 34.5 59.6 52.6 41.8 I 86.1 48.9 67.0 72.8 56.5 81.4 56.5 69.1 59.0 70.4 II 76.6 62.2 57.5 67.0 103.3 80.4 31.7 72.6 60.2 154.3 III 73.9 60.0 74.8 105.2 81.7 84.3 53.9 100.3 84.3 123.8 Annual (MCM) 1655 1530 1595 1928 1590 2433 1681 1929 1738 1663 Table 5.14: 10‐Daily Flow Series of River Ravi at Bajoli Holi HEP : 2000‐08 (Approach‐II) Unit: Cumec Month Year 10‐ Day Jun Jul 10‐
10‐
Daily Daily Min Max 2000‐
2001‐
2002‐
2003‐
2004‐
2005‐
2006‐
2007‐
10‐Daily 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 Average I 115.2 144.4 92.3 167.9 60.3 68.3 39.1 79.3 92.9 39.1 167.9 II 114.5 150.4 90.0 176.0 69.5 96.9 30.8 221.2 103.3 30.8 221.2 III 131.4 145.1 89.0 159.0 53.7 230.7 51.9 302.9 117.5 51.9 302.9 I 117.7 168.1 108.2 121.4 56.3 340.5 98.7 251.9 123.4 56.3 340.5 II 139.9 162.5 77.9 76.5 51.9 260.6 110.7 159.2 122.5 51.9 260.6 III 130.2 158.7 67.5 76.1 44.6 211.1 137.5 97.7 116.3 44.6 211.1 RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May I 140.2 129.8 56.9 69.1 59.6 186.6 149.7 97.2 116.7 56.9 214.4 II 135.5 143.4 95.6 74.6 40.4 160.3 92.9 104.0 104.9 40.4 160.3 III 109.5 133.9 51.4 66.8 89.1 126.2 80.5 49.6 94.1 49.6 146.0 I 78.2 63.9 72.0 67.6 31.7 114.4 65.9 26.8 83.0 26.8 282.3 II 57.8 42.1 128.9 60.8 32.3 117.3 33.4 16.4 74.7 16.4 152.6 III 48.5 34.2 56.7 49.0 19.6 72.4 20.0 13.9 59.7 13.9 119.9 I 39.7 27.0 40.2 41.3 30.5 47.7 15.5 10.9 37.0 10.9 67.5 II 34.9 20.2 34.2 34.8 22.7 38.9 13.6 10.4 31.3 10.4 83.7 III 33.2 17.9 25.4 29.4 15.3 25.7 12.5 9.0 25.1 9.0 43.8 I 29.1 15.5 18.9 24.9 13.7 19.8 11.2 8.7 21.8 8.7 40.9 II 24.7 13.8 15.7 18.2 13.2 11.5 9.8 8.1 19.2 8.1 31.3 III 20.8 11.6 12.3 14.1 12.7 9.6 9.2 7.9 16.9 6.8 27.0 I 15.8 10.9 10.3 11.8 11.7 8.9 9.0 7.6 15.4 6.8 23.8 II 14.4 10.5 9.0 8.8 11.0 8.2 8.5 7.9 14.2 6.8 22.8 III 12.6 10.0 8.1 7.7 10.9 7.9 8.2 7.6 13.1 6.9 20.5 I 11.0 9.7 7.2 8.8 11.6 8.8 8.1 8.0 12.5 6.8 19.6 II 9.7 9.3 7.0 8.0 9.8 8.3 7.7 9.5 11.6 6.8 17.4 III 8.8 8.9 6.8 8.5 10.6 8.0 7.7 8.3 11.5 6.8 17.6 I 8.5 8.5 7.3 8.7 9.9 8.1 7.9 7.6 11.7 6.8 22.8 II 10.7 8.4 10.0 8.5 11.9 8.5 8.6 8.0 12.6 6.8 31.3 III 11.1 8.9 11.8 12.4 10.1 9.1 9.8 10.0 14.2 7.6 38.2 I 11.9 12.0 16.2 15.2 13.8 9.7 12.7 13.2 15.6 9.7 42.2 II 12.5 16.2 15.7 23.7 20.4 11.4 19.7 13.1 18.5 10.7 52.7 III 13.3 21.2 21.2 22.9 22.8 13.1 23.5 9.7 22.9 9.7 61.7 I 16.7 32.0 33.0 24.9 21.1 8.8 22.4 8.8 28.2 8.8 90.9 II 62.9 44.2 55.5 34.1 23.7 8.3 26.3 15.6 35.2 8.3 92.8 III 53.8 93.1 79.9 37.2 41.8 8.0 41.0 18.4 47.7 8.0 97.6 I 74.6 95.8 98.7 38.1 63.1 22.0 62.0 65.3 63.3 22.0 115.7 II 102.4 98.8 126.1 65.2 62.1 33.2 91.3 86.6 72.8 31.7 154.3 III 131.9 98.5 126.9 64.1 61.1 43.9 85.5 92.0 79.7 43.9 150.3 1836 1920 1566 1522 1009 2086 1276 1639 1637 659 3459 Annual (MCM) Conclusion CWC vide their letter no. Dir (P&A) North 2/HP/34/CEA/09‐PAC/1509‐11 dated 29.07.09 has approved the water availability series as recommended above in Approach‐ II. RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report 5.6
ESTIMATION OF DESIGN FLOOD 5.6.1 Design Flood Criteria As per the Manual on Estimation of Design Flood (CWC, 2001) as well as BIS: 11223‐1985, “Guidelines for Fixing Spillway Capacity”, the following criteria applies to determine the design flood of a spillway for a particular category of a dam: Table 5.15: Classification Criteria of Hydraulic Structures Gross Storage
(x 106 m3) Hydraulic Head (m) Small 0.5 ‐ 10 7.5 –12 100 year return period Intermediate 10 ‐ 60 12 –30 SPF Classification Inflow Design Flood Large > 60 > 30 PMF At Bajoli Holi, a concrete gravity dam is envisages with FRL 43.25 m above river bed level with gross storage as 3.77 x 106 Cum. This puts Bajoli Holi Dam under the category of Large Dam and consequently Inflow Design Flood for the project is to be the Probable Maximum Flood (PMF). 5.6.2 Estimation of Design Flood Following two approaches are commonly used for estimation of design flood: • Hydro‐meteorological approach. • Probabilistic approach (frequency analysis) 5.6.2.1 Hydro Meteorological Approach This method, preferably based on site specific information, is recommended for estimation of design flood for intermediate and large dams. In the present study, the absence of site specific short interval rainfall‐runoff records, the procedure for estimation of unit hydrograph given in “Flood Estimation Report for Western Himalayas‐Zone 7, Central Water Commission, 1994” is adopted. Physiographic parameters of the catchment a. Snowline Elevation: The average elevation of the snowline in different months based on two satellite imageries is worked out is tabulated below: RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report Snowline Elevation in the project catchment (m) April May June July August September October 3500 3683 3867 4050 4233 4417 4600 . b. Catchment Area : It was derived by delineating the project catchment area by using relevant toposheets. In the present case total catchment area upto project diversion site is 902 km2. c. River Length parameters of the Main Stream (L & Lc): This implies the longest length of the main river from the farthest watershed boundary of rainfed catchment (at 4600 m elevation) to the diversion site which for the present case is 40 Km (L). Length of the stream from C.G is 16 Km (Lc). d. Equivalent Stream Slope (S): This is one of the physiographical parameters used in the derivation of Synthetic Unit Hydrograph. For the present case it is 42 m/Km (S). e. Design Storm The 1‐day Probable Maximum Precipitation (PMP) and Standard Project Storm (SPS) for Bajoli Holi HEP have been evaluated by IMD as 40.6 cm and 32.5 cm respectively. f. Design Loss Rate As recommended in the CWC report, the design loss has been adopted as 0.25 cm/hr. g. Base Flow & Snow Melt The minimum daily flow in the month of July for each year has been considered as the flow contributed from snowmelt and base flow. The maximum value of the observed/computed minimum daily flow in the month of July for the year 1995 to 2007 is 144.9 cumec. RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report h. Derivation of 1-hour Unit Hydrograph
The 1‐hour Unit Hydrograph is obtained from the above parameters. The detail of ordinates of SUG is given below in Table 5.16 and Figure 5.8. Table 5.16: Synthetic Unit Hydrograph Ordinates Time (hr) 1‐hr SUG (cumec)
1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Time (hr) 1‐hr SUG (cumec) 2 0 40 90 200 544 325 200 140 1 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 2 100 70 50 35 20 10 0 Discharge (cumec)
Unit Hydrograph Bajoli Holi HEP
600
550
500
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Tim e (Hrs)
Figure 5.8: Unit Hydrograph Estimation of Flood Hydrograph The effective rainfall for design storm duration is to be applied to the unit hydrograph of a catchment and SPF and PMF have been computed as 6989 m3/s and 8595 m3/s. The ordinates of SPF and PMF as well as plots are shown below in Table 5.17, Figure 5.9 and Figure 5.10. RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report Table 5.17: SPF & PMF ordinates Time (hr) SPF (m3/s) PMF (m3/s) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 145 148 154 167 207 242 290 392 546 762 1025 1450 1749 1462 1199 1087 1370 1563 1764 145 150 163 190 269 330 399 531 724 992 1315 1836 2202 1853 1531 1395 1740 1976 2221 Time (hr) SPF (m3/s) PMF (m3/s) 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 2140 2693 3463 4398 5917 6989 5827 4558 3416 2339 1643 1173 825 558 365 235 179 154 145 2679 3354 4293 5434 7287 8595 7176 5622 4218 2874 2007 1423 990 660 419 259 188 156 145 STANDARD PROJECT FLOOD OF RAVI AT BAJOLI HOLI HEP
8000
SPF ORDINATES (CUMEC)
7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
0
2
4
6
8
10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32
TIME (Hr)
Figure 5.9: Standard Project Flood Hydrograph This SUG is convoluted to obtain the flood peaks and total flood for various return periods applying the storm depth corresponding to the return periods RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report and storm values. The autographic records for storm in India are indicative of a pattern of two bells per day of the storm with high intensity spells lasting for 9 to 12 hours. In the present study, 2 bells each of 12 hour duration have been used as per the CWC practice. PROBABLE MAXIMUM FLOOD OF RAVI AT BAJOLI HOLI HEP
10000
9000
PMF ORDINATES (CUMEC
8000
7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18 20
TIME (Hr)
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
36
Figure 5.10: Probable Maximum Flood Hydrograph 5.6.2.2 Frequency Analysis Frequency analysis is a statistical tool to derive the flood peaks corresponding to different return periods. Reliability of outcome of this approach depends upon the accuracy and length of observed flood peak series. In the present case, frequency analysis is done for annual maxima flood peak series. Table 5.18: Details of Annual maxima flood peaks ANNUAL FLOOD PEAKS YEAR 9/8/1973 8/8/1974 17/7/1975 8/8/1976 8/7/1977 14/7/1978 29/6/1979 DURGATHI KUTEHR (2205 sq km) (1155 sq km)
892.844 250.701 521.07 290.396 437.332 237.378 349.538 RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
BAJOLI (902 sq km) 456.7 128.2 266.5 148.5 223.7 121.4 178.8 5.28
GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report YEAR 14/7/1980 30/6/1981 5/8/1982 3/7/1983 20/7/1984 20/7/1985 25/6/1986 25/7/1987 3/8/1988 30/7/1989 26/6/1990 HPSB DPR 21/7/1992 9/7/1993 20/7/1994 28/7/1995 24/8/1996 4/8/1997 12/6/1998 20/7/1999 1/8/2000 14/8/2001 13/9/2002 9/6/2003 18/6/2004 7/7/2005 23/7/2006 8/7/2007 ANNUAL FLOOD PEAKS DURGATHI KUTEHR BAJOLI 882.451 451.4 263.168 134.6 252.2 129.0 243.37 124.5 215.95 110.5 252.31 129.1 340.1 174.0 192.39 98.4 575.95 294.6 413.36 211.4 290.64 148.7 367.04 187.7 321.56 164.5 359.05 183.7 390.8 199.9 1577.9 636.75 529.0 398.12 371.93 309.0 964.31 674.6 337.70 179.51 598.16 214.63 403.43 343.90 283.79 316.43 193.05 184.48 228.95 449.34 187.55 88.92 924.82 185.45 629.71 Flood peaks transferred from Durgathi
Flood peaks transferred from Kutehr
Observed Flood peaks of Bajoli
RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report Important aspects of above flood peaks are given below: a) The above observed flow peaks are derived from the observed flow data which was observed once in a day. Therefore above flood peaks are not instantaneous flood peaks b) No short interval water level and discharge data is available at any of the observation sites c) The Flood frequency analysis is based on 35 years of flood peaks data. The flood peaks have been derived from observed flow data at Durgathi site and Kutehr site. The same are presented in Table 5.19. 5.6.2.3 Probability Distribution In order to model the extreme hydrological flood event, Gumbel, Log Normal and Log Pearson Type‐III distributions are commonly used. In the present analysis Gumbel and Log Normal distributions have been used for modeling. Results obtained from applying these statistical distributions are shown in the Table 5.19 Table 5.19: Different Return Period Floods, Bajoli diversion site Return Period S. No. Log Normal
Gumbel (Year) 1. 25 620 609 2. 50 750 705 3. 100 890 800 4. 500 1258 1020 5. 10,000 2131 1429 Note: all values are in Cumec Above frequency analysis is based on the annual maxima flood peaks and not the instantaneous peaks. The annual flood values are computed based on the maximum annual flow value recorded at fixed time at the G&D site, where as the flood peak at the G&D site may pass any time in the day and the recorded maximum annual flow value may not represent the peak flood value. In absence of the instantaneous flood peaks data, the annual flood peaks are increased by 30%. The revised instantaneous flood peaks are given in Table 5.20. RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report Table 5.20: Revised instantaneous flood peaks at Bajoli diversion site Return Period (Year) Flood peak (m3/s) 25 806 50 975 100 1157 500 1635 10,000 2770 Note: all values are in Cumec 5.6.3 Comparison of Results The PMF value arrived for Bajoli Holi dam is 8595 m3/s and 10,000 year return period flood peak is 2,770 m3/s. The PMF value is approximately 3.0 times higher than 10,000 year return period flood peak value. The difference is significant and can be attributed to various reasons like, non‐availability of Instantaneous flood peaks and other constituent parameters. Further, as per Manual of Estimation of Design flood (CWC, March 2001) the Envelope of World Record Floods, the PMF values corresponding to three types of envelopes are: Upper envelope: Qu = 1585xA = 17,153 m3/s 0.425
Average line: Qav = 398xA = 7,175 m3/s 0.50
Lower envelope: Ql = 100xA = 3,003 m3/s Where Q is the PMF value in m3/s and A is the catchment area in km2. 0.35
5.6.4 Conclusion As observed above, there is a wide variation in the PMF value worked out by Hydro Meteorological approach and the 10,000 year return period flood peak calculated by frequency analysis. The high value of PMF worked out by Hydro Meteorological method can be attributed to the synthetic approach adopted. As the project lie in medium rainfall zone, the PMF value of 7175 m3/s corresponding to average line envelop worked out as per Manual of Estimation of Design flood (CWC, March’ 2001) can be considered for the planning of the project. Hence, for planning of the project, PMF of 7175 m3/s is proposed. The flood study was deliberated in detail with CWC, keeping in view the observed flow data which indicates that maximum flood occurs in the month of July and occasionally extends to end September/early October, it was suggested to the approving authority that the snowline be considered at EL. RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report 4500. This was also in line with downstream projects of Ravi Basin (Chamera – III H.E.P) where the snowline has been considered at EL.4500 for estimation of design flood. Based on the above philosophy the calculations for the revised flood value of 7336 Cumecs (PMF) was submitted to CWC with the revised SPS as 30.6 cm & PMP as 38.2 cm, as obtained from IMD. CWC vide their letter no. Dir (P&A) North 2/HP/34/CEA/09‐PAC/1509‐11 dated 29.07.09 have approved the design flood for a value of 7419 Cumecs (PMF) for the project. 5.6.5 Design Flood for River Diversion Works As mentioned earlier, the non‐monsoon season for planning has been taken from October‐May, May is a pre monsoon month having very good amount of rainfall activity and October is a first post monsoon month having good amount of flow magnitude in the river. To estimate the flood discharges in dry season at Bajoli Holi diversion site, the non‐ monsoon annual maxima flow peaks available at Durgathi, Kutehr and Bajoli have been used. 5.6.5.1 Design Flood Criteria As per BIS: 14815‐2000, “Design Flood for River Diversion Works ‐ Guidelines” the diversion flood for concrete dams is taken as, the higher of the following two values: a) maximum non‐monsoon flow observed at the diversion site; or b) 25 years return period flow, calculated on the basis of non‐monsoon yearly peaks 5.6.5.2 Data Available Presently, 35 years of non‐monsoon (Oct‐May) annual maxima flow peaks have been observed / derived at Bajoli site by using data of Durgathi and Kutehr G&D sites. The data is shown in the Table 5.21. Table 5.21: Detail of annual maxima non monsoon flow peaks YEAR NON‐MONSOON (OCT‐MAY) FLOOD PEAKS DURGATHI (2205 sq km) KUTEHR (1155 sq km) BAJOLI (902 sq km) 1972‐73 314 161 1973‐74 101 52 1974‐75 220 113 1975‐76 176 90 1976‐77 141 72 1977‐78 188 96 RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report 1978‐79 199 102 1979‐80 175 90 1980‐81 220 112 1981‐82 166 85 1982‐83 155 79 1983‐84 173 88 1984‐85 163 83 1985‐86 207 106 1986‐87 165 85 1987‐88 148 76 1988‐89 213 109 1989‐90 216 111 1990‐91 238 122 1991‐92 171 87 1992‐93 208 107 1993‐94 375 192 1994‐95 259 132 1995‐96 183 132 110 1996‐97 154 139 116 1997‐98 180 156 128 1998‐99 376 302 242 1999‐00 243 227 184 2000‐01 170 2001‐02 122 2002‐03 149 2003‐04 89 2004‐05 120 2005‐06 65 117 2006‐07 Non-monsoon flood peaks transferred from Durgathi
Non-monsoon flood peaks transferred from Kutehr
Observed Non-monsoon flood peaks of Bajoli
Table 5.21 shows that maximum observed annual flow during October‐May is 242 m3/s in the year 1998‐99. 5.6.5.3 Probability distribution For estimating the 25 year return period flood, Gumbel and Log Normal distributions have again been used to model the annual maxima non monsoon RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report flows in the present study. The results of the analysis are shown in table below: Table 5.22: 25 Year Return Period Floods (m3/s) S. No. Bajoli dam site Distribution Estimated 1. Gumbel 193 2. Log‐Normal 192 Observed 242 5.6.5.4 Conclusion The design flood for river diversion works based on the observed flow data of Ravi river is taken as 250 m3/s. Therefore the arrived value of 250 m3/s is rational and can be used for planning of diversion works during construction. CWC vide their letter no. Dir (P&A) North 2/HP/34/CEA/09‐PAC/1509‐11 dated 29.07.09 have approved the design flood for river diversion as 250 Cumecs for the project. 5.7
Sedimentation
The detailed silt load studies in case of diversion project are neither warranted nor necessary. Since the Bajoli Holi diversion dam is planned for diurnal storage only and is also having provision of low level sluice outlets for flushing out the deposited silt on regular basis, detailed sedimentation study has not been carried out. The Elevation‐Area‐Capacity detail for the dam is give as below at Figure 5.11. Area-Capacity Curve
Area (Hectare)
17.500
15.000
12.500
10.000
7.500
5.000
2.500
0.000
2020.00
2010
2010.00
2000
2000.00
1990
1990.00
1980
1980.00
1970
0
100
200
300
Capacity (Ham)
Figure 5.11: Area Capacity Curve RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
Elevation (m)
Elevation (m)
20.000
2020
1970.00
400
5.34
GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report 6 ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES BASE 6.1 INTRODUCTION The baseline survey for the EIA of proposed Bajoli Holi H. E. Project was carried out in three seasons viz. Pre monsoon (April‐May 2008), Monsoon (August 2008) and Winter (November 2008). During all three seasons the data on the following component are collected. ¾
¾
¾
¾
¾
6.2 Soil Air, Noise and Traffic Floristic Diversity Faunal Diversity Aquatic Ecology PROJECT LOCATION & STUDY AREA The proposed Bajoi Holi H. E. Project is located near the Nayagram village in the Chamba district of the hilly state of Himachal Pradesh. The proposed project falls under the Holi sub‐division of Bharmour Tehsil forest division. The dam site is located at latitude 32˚16’49” and longitude 76˚40’36” and the power house site at latitude 32˚20’52” and longitude 76˚31’58”, at altitudes respectively of 1975 m and 1700 m above mean sea level. The area around the proposed project is located in the Lesser Himalaya in Ravi Basin and is characterized by sharp crested ridges and deeply dissected valleys. The study area has been delineated as area within 10 km radius of the main project components like dam site, power house site and also area within 10 km upstream of reservoir tail, submergence area, the river stretch from downstream of dam to power house and catchment area of the river and its tributaries up to the dam site site. RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report Figure 6.1: Study area map of Bajoli Holi HE project showing sampling locations RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. 6.3 EIA Report SOIL At environmental level the soils can be defined as ‘natural bodies covering parts of earth surface that support plant growth and have properties due to the integrated effects of climate and organisms acting upon the parent material as conditioned by relief, over a time’ (Hans 1941). The definition shows that soil formation is dependent on various environmental factors and can be characterized by the formula: S = f (cl, o, p, r) where S = soil, f = function, cl = climate, o = organisms, p = parental material and r = relief These are the five environmental factors responsible for soil formation and final fertile soil is formed by the combined effects of these all factors. Thin dark covering on the surface, the functioning soil, is vital for the survival of organisms. An enormously diverse microbial community and millions of complex biochemical transformations within this structurally complex habitat recycle dead organic material, which is important for primary production. Besides biological properties, its physical and chemical characteristics affect ecosystems largely. Understanding the nature, characteristics, extent and distribution of different soils as well as their properties are helpful in the soil management and conservation. The knowledge of soils in respect of their extent, distribution, characterization and potential use is highly important for optimizing land use and safeguarding the area. The mineral and organic contents of the soil are influenced by climatic conditions, type of vegetation cover and a number of other factors. The type of soil cover in turn determines the nature of vegetation in a particular ecological zone. Soil is one of the major components of environment which will be directly affected by various construction activities of the projects like Bajoli Holi H.E. project. The soil of the region will be disturbed during road building, tunneling, and construction of dam, powerhouse, dumping of muck and due to quarrying. It will be very essential to assess the present status of the soil of the project area as well as of catchment region of the project with respect to physical, chemical and biological level. Soil surveys were also conducted to assess the soil types in the region which will be used for catchment area treatment, development of green belt, and rehabilitation of dumping sites and land fills. a) Soil Classification The soil map of Bajoli‐Holi H.E. Project area was prepared as per the classification of National Bureau of Soil Survey & Land Use Planning (NBSS & RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report LUP). A soil map of the project area is given in Figure 6.1 and the legend of different soil mapping units and their description is given in Table 6.1. Table 6.1: Soil series and their description in the study area and project catchment Unit No. 1 2 3 4 5 Soil Order Description
Rock outcrops covered with glaciers; associated with shallow,
Lithic excessively drained, sandy‐skeletal soils with sandy surface, Cryorthents severe erosion and strong stoniness
Rock outcrops associated with medium deep to shallow, Typic excessively drained, loamy‐skeletal calcareous soils on very Cryorthents steep slopes with loamy surface, severe erosion and moderate stoniness. Rock outcrops; associated with shallow to deep, well drained
Typic mesic, coarse loamy‐skeletal soils on very steep slopes with Udorthents loamy surface, severe erosion and strong stoniness. Shallow, well drained, mesic, loamy soils on steep slopes with
loamy surface, very severe erosion and severe stoniness
Lithic associated with medium to shallow deep, well drained, coarse‐
Udorthents loamy soils with loamy surface and severe to very severe
erosion. Deep, well drained, fine‐loamy soils on steep slopes with loamy surface and severe erosion; associated with deep
Typic Cryochrepts excessively drained, sandy‐skeletal soils with sandy surface, very severe erosion and moderate stoniness. b) Soil Characteristics It is very essential to assess the soil quality of the region for proper planning of a project, whether hydroelectric, road, construction and agricultural or afforestation. The soil quality can be defined as “capacity of a specific kind of soil to function”. It is generally assessed by measuring a minimum data set of soil properties to evaluate the soil’s ability to perform basic functions (i.e. maintaining productivity, regulating and partitioning of water solute flow, filtering and buffering against pollutants and storing and cycling nutrients). Evaluation of physical, chemical and biological characteristic is essential for measuring the soil quality of a particular region or area and it has also been done for the project area of Bajoli‐Holi H.E Project in Chamba district of Himachal Pradesh. RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report Figure 6.2: Soil map of study area and Bajoli Holi H.E. Project RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report c) Methodology The procedure and methodology followed for descriptions of the soil profiles are specified in soil survey manual of the All India Soil and Land Use Survey. Soil samples from respective soil profiles were collected layer wise for laboratory analysis. Soil samples were collected from the proposed project area using an auger. An upper temporary layer of soil measuring 5 or 6 cm was removed with the help of digger and then collected the samples at 10‐25 cm depth and about 5 sq cm areas. Soil samples were collected from the project area from 5 different sites given in Table 6.2 and Figure 6.3. Table 6.2: Location of Sampling sites in the study area Sampling Site Location in Study Area S1 Downstream of powerhouse site, Left bank S2 Tayari bridge, Right bank S3 Deol village, Left bank S4 Nayagram, Left bank S5 Submergence, Left bank The physical parameters analyzed included water holding capacity, bulk density, texture and conductivity. The soil samples were also analyzed for chemical characteristics such as pH, electrical conductivity, chloride, phosphate, nitrate and organic matter. Soil pH and conductivity were recorded with the help of a pH and EC probes (Hanna instruments HI 98130). d) Physical and Chemical Characteristics Little variation was observed in the bulk density of different sampling sites. The soil of Deol village contained 69.85% of sand and around 22.65% of clay (Table 6). The maximum percentage of clay was observed in the soil samples of S1 and S2 site. The water holding capacity was maximum in the soil samples of S4 site. The soil texture showed its correlation with bulk density. The percentage of clays in these soil samples varied from 4.8% to 7.5%. The soil samples collected from area downstream of powerhouse site (S1) were poor in organic matter contents (Table 6.3). Only the soil samples collected from Nayagram area (S4) were rich in organic matter. The dam site particularly the right bank is covered with grasses that come up during monsoon and get dried in winters and becomes part of soil. The right bank of dam site contained pine and deodar trees. However, the nitrate, phosphate and chloride were minimum in the soil samples collected from dam site than the samples of other sites. However, the range of phosphate, potassium content in the soil samples varied from 6.01 mg/kg to 13.21 mg/kg at all the sites and being maximum at site‐S2. The magnesium concentration in the soil RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report samples collected from various places varied from a low of 99.16 to 148.63 mg/kg. The soil samples were poor in nitrogen contents with concentration of nitrogen in the soil samples varying from 0.09% to 0.57% only. In this region use of chemical fertilizers in the field were minimum. Table 6.3: Physical and chemical composition of soils Parameter S1
S2
S3
S4 Physical parameters Bulk Density (gm/cc) 1.33
1.37
1.45
1.02 Water holding capacity, %w/w 34.16 37.59 25.26 77.58 Texture Sand, %w/w 44.52 57.90 69.85 38.28 Clay, %w/w 4.28
7.50 7.55 4.26 Silt, %w/w 51.20 34.60 22.60 57.46 E. Conductivity (µS/cm) 190
150
140
130 Chemical Parameters pH 6.2
5.7
6.3
5.4 Organic matter, %w/w 0.75
2.55
1.14
4.52 Nitrogen (as N),%w/w 0.09
0.11
0.15
0.57 Phosphate (as P), mg/kg 6.01
9.89 13.21 11.66 Potassium (as K), mg/kg 9.55 13.04
5.09 12.57 Magnesium (as Mg), mg/kg
146.46 116.21 99.16 116.84 6.4 S5 1.28 43.95 60.96 4.58 34.56 210 6.8 2.83 0.14 10.92 6.16 148.63 AIR QUALITY The study area is mainly comprised of rural environment. Sources of air pollution affecting the region currently are vehicular traffic, dust arising from unpaved village roads and domestic fuel burning. The air environment around project site is free from any significant pollution source. Therefore, ambient air quality is quite good in and around the project area. Ambient air monitoring has been was undertaken in the project area in the winter season during November 2008 at Holi and Nayagram (see Figure 6.4). Monitoring established that air quality parameters conform to the National Ambient Air Quality Standards for residential and rural areas. Maximum level of NOx and SO2 was observed as 9.4 μg/m3 and 7.1 μg/m3 respectively. SPM and RSPM were found to have maximum value of 105μg/m3 and 44 μg/m3 respectively (See Table 6.4). The National Ambient Air Quality Standard by Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) is presented in Table 6.5. RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report Figure 6.3: Study area map of Bajoli Holi H.E. project showing soil sampling locations RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report Table 6.4: Air quality monitoring at different locations in the project area S. No. NOx
SO2
RPM SPM
7.2
6.1
39
92
8.2
6.9
40
102
9.4
6.8
44
105
7.2
BDL
38
97
Holi 6.7
BDL
38
96
9.4
7.1
36
92
8
BDL
38
99
7.1
6.4
40
104
8.2
6.2
36
87
8.2
BDL
38
95
8.6
BDL
40
101
7.8
6.7
40
103
Nayagram
8.2
6.7
38
97
8.1
6.9
40
104
7.9
BDL
40
101
7.8
BDL
38
94
3
BDL: Below Detectable Limit (6 μg/m for SO2) 6.4.1 Ambient NOX Levels The highest average NOx value of 8.1μg/m3 was observed at Holi in winter season (se Table 6.6). The highest value of 9.4 μg/m3 too was observed at the same station. The NOx level as monitored by H. P. State Environment Protection & Pollution Control Board ranges from 5.24 to 26.34 μg/m3. The NOx level observed at various sampling stations in the project and the study area was much lower than the permissible limit of 80μg/m3, specified for residential and rural areas. Table 6.5: National Ambient Air Quality Standard by Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) Concentration in Ambient Air Residential, Time Sensitive Industrial Rural & Area Other Areas Sulphur Annual 15 µg m‐3 80 µg m‐3 60 µg m‐3 ‐3
‐3
24 hour 30 µg m‐3 Dioxide (SO2) 120 µg m 80 µg m ‐3
‐3
‐3
Oxides of Annual 60 µg m 15 µg m 80 µg m Nitrogen (NO2) 24hour 30 µg m‐3 120 µg m‐3 80 µg m‐3 ‐3
‐3
Suspended Annual 360 µg m 140 µg m‐3 70 µg m Particulate 24 hour 100 µg m‐3 500 µg m‐3 200 µg m‐3 Matter (SPM) Pollutants Weighted Average RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
Method of measurement Improved West and Greek Method Jacob Hochheiser Modified (Na‐
Arsenite) method High Volume Sampler (Average flow rate 3
not less than 1.1/ m minute) 6.9
GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. Respirable Particulate Matter (RPM), (Size < 103 m) Lead (Pb) Annual 24hour Annual 24 hour Carbon 8 hour Monoxide (CO) 1 hour EIA Report 50 µg m‐3 ‐3
75 µg m ‐3
0.5 µg m 0.75 µg m‐3 120 µg m‐3 60 µg m‐3 ‐3
‐3
150 µg m 100 µg m ‐3
‐3
1 µg m 0.75 µg m ‐3
‐3
1 µg m 1 µg m 1 mg m‐3 ‐3
2 mg m 5 mg m‐3 ‐3
10 mg m 2 mg m‐3 ‐3
4 mg m Respirable Particulate
matter sampler ASS method after sampling using EPM 2000 or equivalent filter paper Non dispersive infrared spectroscopy Table 6.6: Air quality observed at different locations Station Average Maximum Minimum Nitrogen Oxides Holi Nayagram Sulphur dioxide 8.1
7.8
9.4
8.6
6.7
7.8
Holi Nayagram Suspended Particulate Matter Holi Nayagram Respirable Particulate Matter Holi Nayagram 4.1
3.3
7.1
6.9
BDL
BDL
98.30
92.75
105
98
92
91
39.1
38.75
44
40
36
36
3
* Below Detectable Limit (BDL) for SO2 is 6μg/m * Average values have estimated excluding values Below Detectable Limit 6.4.2 Ambient SO2 levels 3
The maximum SO2 level of 7.1 μg/m was observed at Holi. Quite a few values 3
were observed to be below detectable limit (BDL) of 6 μg/m during the survey conducted in the winter season. The average SO2 levels as observed by HP State Environment Protection & Pollution Control Board ranges from 1.84 to 9.42μg/m3. The SO2 level observed at various stations was much lower than the permissible limit of 80μg/m3 specified for residential and rural areas. 6.4.3 Ambient SPM levels The maximum SPM level of 105µg/m3 was observed at Nayagram. At all the ambient air quality monitoring stations, the SPM level was much below the permissible limit of 200µg/m3, specified for residential and rural areas. RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report 6.4.4 Ambient RPM levels The average RPM levels as observed at the two stations in the study area ranged from 38.75 to 39.1 µg/m3 in winter season. The highest RPM level observed was 44 μg/m3. All the values of RPM monitored during the field survey were well within the permissible limit of 100 μg/m3 specified for residential and rural areas. 6.4.5 Source and Types of Impacts Vehicles and stationary equipment will impact air quality at various construction sites through emissions from the engines. In addition quarry site activities including operation of crushers, concrete batching plants, construction work and movement of vehicles along unpaved road will generate dust and gaseous emission and impact air quality. The burning of waste will also affect air quality. In absence of proper fuel, construction workers at the project site may use wood for fuel burning. This will impact air quality. RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report Figure 6.4: Study area map of Bajoli Holi H.E. Project showing Air, Noise and Traffic Sampling Locations RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. 6.5 EIA Report NOISE & TRAFFIC 6.5.1 Noise Level Noise, a Latin word, Nausea, is unwanted sound or sound that is loud or unpleasant or unexpected. It intrudes unreasonably into the daily activities of human beings and animals. Many times the impacts of noise on animals and human beings depend on time and season. Vehicles disturb the silence of the region. At the riverbank, near dam site average sound level ranged from a minimum of 66.1 to 73.98 dB(A) (day time observations, Table 6.7 & Figure 6.4). At the river bank, the sound level remained constant, whereas on the road the sound level ranged from 59.6 to more than 70.0 dB(A). During daytime in the small towns the sound level was around 59.0 to 73.0 dB(A). Small towns are generally located on the roadside so vehicles are the only source of noise in these towns. Nights are silent in the region. Even vehicles do not ply during nights. There is only river noise. The level of noise in the river was more during monsoon than the lean period. Table 6.7: Noise levels recorded in study area [dB(A)] S. Monitoring No. Location May, 2008 Range Average
August, 2008 Range November, 2008 Average
Range Average
1 Dam site 67.9 ‐ 69.8
68.77 73.2 ‐ 74.8
73.98 65.8 ‐ 66.9 66.10 2 Downstream of powerhouse site 65.7 ‐ 67.2
66.43
69.3 ‐ 71.6
69.81
61.5 ‐ 63.4 62.68
3 Tayari Bridge 73.6 ‐ 75.1
74.2
76.3 ‐ 78.9
77.98
62.7 ‐ 63.3 63
4 Tayari village (near roadside) 52.4 ‐ 60.8
59.2 56.3 ‐ 64.8
61.7 61..7 ‐ 62.8 62.3 5 Deol village (near 69.8 ‐ 73.4
river bank) 72.99 71.5 ‐ 74.2
71.1 59.1 ‐ 70.4 65.7 6 Deol village 51.8 ‐ 54.6
52.8 54.7 ‐ 59.1
57.2 53.1 ‐ 53.8 53.4 7 Nayagram (near river bank) 64.9 ‐ 69.1
66.02
68.1 ‐ 69.8
69.05
65.6 ‐ 66.6 66.1
8 Nayagram (Forest area) 50.2 ‐ 53.5
52.1
54.5 ‐ 56.8
55.7
51.4 ‐ 55.0 52.7
9 Nayagram (Bus Stop) 10 Seling bridge 52.9 ‐ 62.8
58.4
49.2 ‐ 58.9
55.2
41.2 ‐ 48.2 43.9
69.4 ‐ 73.3
70.45 74.2 ‐ 75.9
75.01 66.1 ‐ 68.0 67.2 11 Near Temple 42.1 ‐ 60.5
52.4 55.8 39.1 ‐ 61.8 49.3 RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
40.2 ‐ 66.8
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GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report 6.5.2 Traffic Density Major towns near the project area of Bajoli ‐ Holi H.E. project is Holi and Nayagram. Holi ‐ Nayagram is the main traffic route in the region. The traffic is seasonal, peak traffic is observed during August – September. During festivals, different types of vehicles ply on this road. Only local vehicles and few small trucks ply in the region (Table 6.8). Buses are also few and they ply in the morning and evening hours. Light vehicles are the main transport mode on the roads on the proposed hydro‐project area. Under heavy vehicle category buses are very few. Though all types of vehicles were observed, however majority were of small vehicles like Sumos, Jeeps and Maruti vans. Table 6.8: Traffic density (per hr) in the study area Monitoring Sites Month of Monitoring May, 2008 Holi August, 2008 November,2008 May, 2008 Nayagram August, 2008 November,2008 May, 2008 Tayari August, 2008 November,2008 6.6 Morning
Evening Morning Evening Morning Evening Morning Evening
Morning Evening Morning Evening
Morning Evening Morning Evening
Morning Evening Heavy Vehicles 4
8 6 8 4 6 4 3
5 6 3 3
3 2 5 2
4 3 Light Vehicles 10
12 14 17 9 12 8 7
6 8 5 6
7 5 6 8
7 6 Two Wheelers 8
10 8 12 10 12 6 6
5 5 6 7
8 5 8 5
6 4 LAND USE/ LAND COVER The objective of the study was to produce a detailed vegetation/ landuse map using hybrid digital classification technique. The study also aims to produce land cover data set appropriate for applications like erosion mapping, etc. Landuse and landcover mapping of the project area was carried out by standard classification techniques of remotely satellite data followed by RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report ground truth collection. Digital Satellite Data of IRS‐P6 L‐III, Path/Row ‐ 94/47 of date 26.04.2006 and Bands 2, 3 and 4 were used for this purpose. a) Methodology Before processing the image for image enhancement, transformation or classification, pre‐processing was done for band separation. Different bands were downloaded into the workstation using ERDAS IMAGINE 8.7. The image was checked for occasional shortcomings in the quality of radiometric and line dropouts. Band separation and windowing of the study area with the help of toposheets was performed. The registration of image was performed using the nearest‐neighbour resampling algorithm (Jensen, 1996). The scene was geometrically corrected with toposheets using proper identification of GCPs with a root‐mean‐square (RMS) error of 0.0002 to 0.003 pixels. IRS LISS III were radiometrically corrected using dark pixel subtraction technique. They were then co‐registered with toposheets using Lambert Conformal Conic projection. Geo‐referencing of the composite image was done using digital vector layer of drainage, road network, water bodies and other permanent ground features extracted from toposheets. Distinguishable Ground Control Points (GCPs) both on image and vector database were identified and using these GCPs the image was resampled and geo‐coded. Sub‐pixel image to map registration accuracy was achieved through repeated attempts. The image enhancement was performed by using different combinations for best image contrast for the full dynamic range for each band employing enhancement techniques like edge detection, filters, manipulation of contrast and brightness, histogram equalisation, etc. False Colour Composite (FCC) was prepared using enhanced data of Bands 2, 3 and 4 of LISS III, IRS‐ID (Figure 6.5). The image was interpreted digitally using various digital image processing techniques. The general procedure for classification involved the following important steps viz., enhancement of scene, rectification and classification technique, etc. is given in Figure 6.6. a) Classification Scheme With the objectives of preparation of environment management plan and catchment area treatment plan, the classification scheme adopted for the preparation of landuse/landcover maps and related thematic maps on 1:50,000 scale is as follows. Two forest density classes were interpreted for the forest cover mapping. The forests with >40% canopy cover were delineated as dense forests and between 10% and 40% crown density as open forest. Furthermore, degraded forests, grass covered slopes and scrubs were also delineated as scrubs. The non‐forest land cover in the form of barren/rockyland, agricultural land, settlements, etc. was also delineated. RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report b) Land use/ Land cover Land use/ Land cover map prepared for the study area as well as the entire project catchment is given at Figure 6.7. The region is characterized by extensive mixed coniferous and deodar forests. The study area especially the left bank being devoid of good vegetation cover is also prone to landslides and changes in landscape features. Area under different land use/ land cover categories in catchment as well as study is given below. Land use/Land cover Catchment
Study Area (sq km)
(%)
(%) River/Water Bodies 4.38
0.60
0.49 Open Areas
249.41
9.15
27.65 Agricultural Areas 33.63
7.43
3.73 Dense Vegetation 155.21
38.94
17.21 Light Vegetation 59.58
14.89
6.61 Shrubs/Bushes/Grasses 216.73
24.60
24.03 Snow Covered Areas 181.53
3.83
20.13 Settlement/Exposed rocks
1.53
0.56
0.17 Total 902.00
The land use/ land cover map of the study area shows that major portion of the catchment is under barren /rocky land. The dense and open mixed coniferous and deodar forest constiture major portion of total forest cover. Next major land use is scrub which comprises of slope grasslands, alpine grasslands temperate and sub‐temperate scrub grasslands. In this catchment agricultural landuse occupies very little percentage of the total catchment area and is restricted to lower elevations from 1200m to about 2400m. Sub‐temperate and temperate areas have vast areas under grasslands owing to felling of trees in the past and replacement of woodland by grasslands. These areas have since then been used as grazing lands by the villagers and their consistent use over long periods has ensured that woodland does not develop on these slopes. The low altitude grasslands therefore represent a seral community where climax has been arrested due to continuous disturbance in the form of grazing and other anthropogenic use. RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report Figure 6.5: FCC of the study area and Bajoli Holi H.E. Project catchment generated from IRS‐1D LISS III scene
RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report Raw Satellite Data
Downloading of Data
Translation of Data
Generation of FCC
Geometric Correction
Pre -Processing
Classification
A priori Knowledge
Radiometric Correction
Ground Truth
Using Hybrid classification
Transformation
model
Classified Output
(Landuse/ landcover classes)
Creation of
Mask Files
Image smoothening
(3x3 majority filter)
Watershed/
Sub-watersheds
Land use/land cover Map of
Bajoli Holi Project Study Area
Sub-watersheds in the catchment
of Bajoli Holi H.E. project
Figure 6.6: Flow diagram for land use/ land cover classification RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report Figure 6.7: Land use/ land cover map of study area and Bajoli Holi H.E. Project
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GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. 6.7 EIA Report FOREST TYPES Himachal Pradesh has legally classified forest area of 37,033 sq km, which is 66% of the total geographical area. Out of the area designated as forests, 12% area is under Protected Area Network. The per capita availability of forests in Himachal is 0.22 ha, against the national average of 0.06 ha. According to the reports of the Forest Survey of India, in Himachal Pradesh during the last few years has registered an increase of 1859 sq km in the forest cover. This increase is about 9% of the culturable forest area of the State. A small State like Himachal, which has only 1.7% of the geographical area of the country, has contributed a remarkable 4.5% of the net increase in the forest cover of the country. In addition the State has 32 wildlife sanctuaries and two National Parks. The State is a treasure house, both for plants as well as wildlife. The Bajoli Holi H.E. Project is located in the vicinity of Dhauladhar Wildlife Sanctuary which comprises mainly the upper catchment of Ravi River. However no part of the project falls within Dhauladhar Wildlife Sanctuary and nearest boundary is more 11 km from the project components (Refer Annexure XI). The forests present in the Bajoli Holi project area and adjoining area, have been grouped into different forest types following the classification of Champion & Seth (1968), Hajra & Das (1982), Negi, (1989, 1996), Hajra & Verma (1996), Srivastava (1998). The major forest types found in the study area and in catchment area are discussed below. i) 12/C1 Lower Western Himalayan Temperate Forest The lower western Himalayan temperate forest is further divided into following three sub‐types. a) 12/C1c Moist Deodar Forest Moist Deodar forests are dominant in the study area. The left bank of the Ravi River shows such type of forest at elevation varying from 1,700m to 2,500m. As the elevation increases the Cedrus deodara is found in pure patches. At places Blue pine (Pinus wallichiana) is also found mixed. At the lower elevations Deodar forest is found mixed with Quercus semecarpifolia, Populus ciliata, etc. Undergrowth consists of Coriaria nepalensis, Cotoneaster microphyllus, Daphne retusa, Desmodium elegans, Rabdosia rugosa, Rhamnus purpureus, Sorbaria tomentosa, Wikstroemia canescens, etc. b) 12/C1d Western Mixed Coniferous Forest These are Mixed coniferous forest comprised of Pinus wallichiana, Picea smithiana and Cedrus deodara. These types of forest occur between the RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report altitudinal zones of 2000m to 3500m. This type of forest is found in the catchment area from Urna to Dharadi village on the left bank slopes of Ravi river. Some of the deciduous species found interspersed in this forest are Aesculus indica, Juglans regia, Acer caesium, Celtis australis, Prunus padus, Morus serrata, Litsea sp., etc. c) 12/C1e Moist Temperate Forest Moist temperate forests are found from an elevation of 1,800m to 2,750m. Due to moist conditions the conifers species are not found in this area and are dominated by deciduous species. The predominant species are Aesculus indica, Corylus jacquemontii, Acer caesium, Juglans regia, Picea smithiana, Abies pindrow, etc. These types of forest are common near the roar side from Gharo to Deol village. ii) 12/C2 Upper Western Himalayan Temperate Forest 12/C2a Quercus semecarpifolia (Kharsu Oak) Forest This type of forest was mainly observed near the proposed power house area, from Deol to Holi villages and in catchment area near the Dharadi village on the right bank of the river. Quercus semecarpifolia is the dominant species, with some Pinus wallichiana, Cedrus deodara and Acer caesium. iii) 12/1S1 Alnus nepalensis Forest Alnus nepalensis occurs in pure patches especially near the banks of Ravi River, streams and nalas from about 1,000m to 3,000m altitude. The Alnus forest is mostly observed near the power house site and down stream to dam site near village Gharo, Deol and Holi. The associate species are Populus ciliata, Celtis australis and Quercus semecarpifolia. vii) 15 Moist Alpine Forest 15/C3 Alpine pastures Above the tree limit, lie the vast and extensive grasslands and pastures. The alpine pastures are common on the right bank of the Ravi River. This grassland is used for the grazing flocks by the local people. The common grasses found are Capillipedium parviflorum, Poa annua, Arundinella nepalensis, Microstegium nudum, Themeda anathera, etc. These grasslands harbours the number of important medicinal plants and herbs. The more significant of these plants are Jurinea macrophylla (Dhoop), Aconitum lycoctonum (Mohari), Aconitum heterophyllum (Patis), Picrorhiza kurroa (Karu), and Saussurea lappa (Kuth). Most of these species are now seen rarely as their populations are dwindling owing to exploitation and habitat loss. Viola odorata (Banafsha), Podophyllum hexandrum (Bankakri), RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report Valeriana wallichii (Mushkbala), Salvia moorcroftiana (Thuth) were found growing occasionally in the forests and alpine pastures. 6.8
ECOZONES 6.8.1 Sub‐tropical Zone The vegetation of this zone in the study area, starting from 1,500 m up to 2,500 m, is most pronounced in around the confluence of Budhil Nala with Ravi near Kharamukh and upstream areas right up to Holi. In these lower reaches the floral elements are comprised of Acacia catechu, Albizia chinensis, A. lebbeck, Bombax ceiba, Berchemia floribunda, Cassia fistula, Dalbergia sissoo, Toona ciliata, Schefflera venulosa, Melia azedarach, Toona serrata, Engelhardtia spicata and Grewia tenax among trees. Owing to severe biotic pressures the tree vegetation is greatly reduced and the trees are scattered over the slopes with a patchy distribution. The disturbance in these originally forested ecosystems has given rise to grassland type of vegetation. Consistent human interference has, therefore, not allowed development of woodland, which is a natural climax community in this area. Much of the disturbance in these areas comes from extensive agriculture as well as herding of domestic cattle, sheep and goats. The cattle destroy tree saplings by trampling as well as browsing, while the latter browse on leaves, young twigs and stems, therefore, inducing very high mortality in the tree species. The prominent among shrubs in this area are: Adhatoda zeylanica, Carissa opaca, Lantana camara, Woodfordia fruticosa, Zizyphus jujuba, Z. mauritiana, etc. Fraxinus micrantha, Mallotus philippensis, Pistacia chinensis, Rhus punjabensis, Sapium insigne, Terminalia tomentosa, etc. Among shrubs towards upper limits are found the species of Berberis, Callicarpa, Clerodendron, Rhus, Vitex, etc. Some common herbs constituting ground flora in this zone are Anagalis arvensis, Bidens pilosa, Boerhavia diffusa, Carpesium abortanoides, Cirsium wallichii, Conyza aegyptiaca, C. stricta, Euphorbia pilosa, Oxalis corniculata and Ranunculus sceleratus. The commonly occuring grasses in the region are the species of Apluda, Arthraxon, Arundinella, Bothriochloa, Chrysopogon, Cymbopogon, Digitaria, Heteropogon, Setaria, Sporobolus, etc. The common climbers are Abrus precatorious, Bauhinia vahlii, Cissampelos pariera, Clematis spp., Cuscuta spp., Dioscorea spp., Vitis spp., etc. 6.8.2 Temperate Zone The temperate zone in this catchment starts upstream of Holi. The topography of both banks of Ravi is extremely steep in lower reaches and show some moderation in the middle and higher reaches. The slopes throughout are RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report heavily cultivated except for some patches which are natural ecosystems having grasslands and forests. In general, temperate vegetation is comprised of tree species like Acer caesium, Aesculus indica, Alnus nepalensis, A. nitida, Betula alnoides, Carpinus viminea, Cedrus deodara, Cornus capitata, Lyonia ovalifolia, Myrica esculenta, Rhododendron arboreum, Pinus wallichiana, Pyrus pashia, Quercus dilatata, Q. leucotrichophora, Symplocos paniculata, etc. Berberis, Buddleja, Desmodium, Lonicera, Rubus, Sarcococca, etc. form understorey shrub layer and Ainsliaea aptera, Ajuga bracteosa, Anaphalis triplinervis, Aster molliusculus, Dipsacus inermis, Polygonum spp., Solidago virga‐aurea, Viola canescens, etc. are some of the important constituents of herbaceous ground flora. Among grasses are the species of Agrostis, Bothriochloa, Digitaria, Festuca, Helictotrichon, Koeleria, Phacelurus, Poa, etc. The climbers are not very common in these forests and some of the species observed are Clematis montana, Dioscorea deltoidea, Hedera nepalensis, Rubus biflorus, Smilax spp., Ampelocissus spp., Vitis spp., etc. 6.8.3 Alpine Zone The alpine type of vegetation commonly occurs with arborescent species such as Abies pindrow, Betula utilis, Cupressus torulosa, Prunus cornuta, Quercus semecarpifolia, Ribes alpestre, R. glaciale, Rhododendron campanulatum, Sorbus foliolosa, Taxus baccata, Viburnum mullaha, V. nervosum, etc. Above the timberline, the herbaceous flora dominates and makes a green carpet on the slopes, which are mostly glacial moraines. Herbaceous flora also colonises recently vacated areas by the melting snows and the glaciers. Most of these herbaceous species are perennials and propagate through vegetative underground tubers, bulbs, runners, suckers or rootstocks. Some permanent floral elements of alpine zone in this area are various species of Aconitum, Allium, Anemone, Corydalis, Cypripedium, Geum, Jurinea, Meconopsis, Pedicularis, Selinum, Silene and Saussurea. A number of small herbs form small communities on the boulders and rock crevices and are restricted in distribution. Most of these herbaceous species have very short life cycle and reproduce in 3‐4 months of spring and summer to set their seeds before onset of winter in late October or early November. Some perennial grasses and sedges form dense and robust tufts along the meadows in these zones of the catchment. Some of the floral elements of these communities are Festuca valesiaca, Calamagrostis pseudophragmites, Cyperus squarrosus, Stipa roylei, etc. RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. 6.9
EIA Report FLORISTICS The studies on the flora in the valleys of Himachal Pradesh have been conducted by several workers (Parkinson, 1934; Ram, 1940; Rau, 1976; Chowdhery & Wadhwa, 1984; Kapur, 1985; Aswal & Mehrotra, 1994; Dhaliwal & Sharma, 1999). Detailed studies on flora for Chamba district have been carried out by Sharma & Singh (1990, 1994, 1995, 1996) and its phytogeography by (Singh & Sharma, 1998). 6.9.1 Vegetation Composition in Study Area I.
Taxonomic Diversity From the study area 272 flowering plant species were recorded which include 28 trees, 48 shrubs, 10 climbers and 186 herbs (see Annexure‐XII). The Betulaceae and Pinaceae are the dominant families in the trees with four species each, shrubs layer is dominated by the Rosaceae, Fabaceae and Lamiaceae. The herbaceous vegetation was dominated by Poaceae, Cyperaceae and Asteraceae. Gymnosperms are represented by single family Pinaceae. II.
Vegetation Profile of Study Area i)
Dam Site and Submergence Area The moderate to steep right bank slopes being south facing receives maximum sunlight are covered with grassland. Tree canopy is almost absent on the right bank, the shrubs are sparse and only grows near the shaded slopes. The common grasses are Microstegium nudum, Capillipedium parviflorum, Poa annua, Arundinella nepalensis, Themeda anathera, etc. The vegetation cover on the left bank slopes on the other hand is good to very good because of north facing shaded areas and high moisture content. The right bank represented by the Moist Deodar Forest. The tree canopy is dominated by the Cedrus deodara with trees of Pinus wallichiana. The middle canopy was totally absent in this forest only the ground layer was represented by the shrubs and herbs. Coriaria napalensis, Cotoneaster microphyllus, Daphne retusa, Desmodium elegans, Rabdosia rugosa, Rhamnus purpureus, Sorbaria tomentosa and Wikstroemia canescens are the common among the shrubs. The herbaceous layer represented by Anaphalis triplinervis, Androsace sarmentosa, Cirsium arvense, Galium vernum, Mentha longifolia, Prunella vulgare, Salvia lanata and Viola pilosa. ii) Downstream of Dam Site The right bank remains covered with grass throughout the area. Left bank shows varied type of vegetation from Nayagram to Holi because of altitudinal gradient. RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report Cedrus deodara was frequent near the Nayagram village with some Pinus wallichiana, Aesculus indica, Lyonia ovalifolia, Pyrus pashia and Salix karelinii. Alnus nepalensis is observed only near the river banks. From Nayagram to Gharo the tree canopy is dominated by the Cedrus deodara at only higher altitude, near the river Alnus nepalensis was present along with Pinus wallichiana, Populus ciliata and Salix karelinii. As one moves down stream from Gharo to Deol the Moist deciduous forest is observed near the road side with some Cedrus deodara and Pinus wallichiana. Quercus semecarpifolia forest is observed near the Deol to Holi village and further up to the Tayari village interrupted by the Alnus nepalensis near the helipad area. iii)
Power House Area The proposed power house is on the left bank of the Ravi river and right bank of Kee nala near the Tayari village. This area is covered with the Ban oak forest dominated by Quercus leucotrichophora with few trees of Cedrus deodara, Pinus wallichiana. The Alder (Alnus nepalensis) forest is present only near the river side. Desmodium elegans, Wikstroemia canescens, Rabdosia rugosa, Deutzia compacta, Lonicera quinquelocularis, Sorbaria tomentosa, Cotoneaster microphyllus, Indigofera heterantha, etc. represent the shrub layer. The common herbaceous species found are: Anaphalis triplinervis, Echinops cornigerus, Salvia moorcroftiana, Poa annua, Mentha arvensis, Inula royleana, Campanula latifolia, Origanum vulgare, Phytolacca acinosa, Pimpinella acuminata, etc. iv) Parasitic Plants Two parasitic plants were recorded from the study area i.e. Cuscuta reflexa and Orobanche alba belonging to the Family Cuscutaceae and Orobanchaceae, respectively. The Cuscuta reflexa was growing on the wide range of host. Orobanche alba is a root parasite recorded from the right bank of the river near the Nayagram village. III. Economically Important Plants a) Ethnobotanical observations Most of the villagers in the survey area are agrarians and depend mostly on the rain fed crops such as maize (Zea mays), wheat (Triticum aestivum) and Rajmah (Phaseolus vulgaris). The villagers are dependent upon surrounding forests for fuel wood, timber and fodder. Overgrazing in some parts of the study area was evident from the low vegetation cover, preponderance of weeds and thorny shrubs. Besides, Gaddis and Gujjars pass through this area during summer and autumn alongwith large number of livestock on their way RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report to higher and lower altitudes, respectively. As a result, forest cover of this area has been reduced to sparse scrub cover except in inaccessible moist‐
shaded areas. Locals use Quercus leucotrichophora (Banj), Cornus macrophylla (Dog wood or Haleyu), Morus alba (Kru), Pyrus pashia (Kainth) and sometimes Ficus palmata (Phuguda) as fuel wood. Leaves of Q. leucotrichophora, Robinia pseudo‐acacia (Robina), Grewia oppositifolia (Suti), Celtis australis (Khad) and various grass species are used for fodder. Villagers residing in and around Chamba and in smaller towns prefer kerosene oil and LPG for cooking partly because of non‐availability of fuelwood and partly due to a changed lifestyle. The villagers prefer planting of species like Robina (Robinia pseudo‐acasia), Chir (Pinus roxburghii), and Deodar (Cedrus deodara). The villagers residing at higher elevations (up to 2500m and above) have easy access to deodar and lower elevation villagers would like to opt for Pinus roxburghii. Bharmour Forest Division organises regular sale of deodar and blue pine (Pinus roxburghii) throughout the region. As far as medicinal plant collection is concerned the villagers explore all the possibilities to find out the medicinal values of herbs, shrubs and trees found in their forests. Information collected from locals confirms the use of medicinal plants locally for various ailments. Generaly medicinal plants and other commercially valuable plant species such as Jurinea macrocephala (Dhoop), Valeriana wallichi (Muskbala), Aconitum heterophyllum (Patis), Salvia moorcroftiana (Tuth), Saussurea lappa (Kuth), Picrorhiza kurroa (Kaur) and Morchella esculenta (Guchhi) are also collected from the higher elevations of the Ravi valley but largely for the commercial purpose. All the medicinal plants and other commercial plants found in the higher elevation of these areas are collected by locals and sold to petty buyers who usually trade these plants to Amritsar. Local people also consume a few wild food plants such as Rumex hastatus (Amloda) as Chutney and Chenopodium album (Kasrod), Fagopyrum racemosum (Phafru) as vegetables. Zizyphus hydsurica locally called Ber, is frequently cultivated in this region. The use of various plant species by the local people is varies with the altitude and availability of resources in near by area and brief description of the same is given in the following paragraphs. i) Medicinal Plants Himachal Pradesh is rich in medicinal plants especially the alpine pastures are rich in medicinal plants such as Jurinea macrophylla (Dhoop), Aconitum lycoctonum (Mohari), Aconitum heterophyllum (Patis), Picrorhiza kurroa (Karu), and Saussurea lappa (Kuth). A list of medicinal plants commonly found in the vicinity of project area and project catchment along with their uses is given in RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report Table 6.9. ii) Food Plants Fruit farming is common in all over the study area and also in catchment area. Apples (Malus domestica) are grown by several orchard owners in the area. In addition to apple other fruit plants, namely pear (Pyrus communis), apricots (Prunus armeniaca), plums (Prunus domestica), loquat (Eriobotrya japonica) and walnut (Juglans regia) are also grown the region. iii) Fodder Plants Animal husbandry is the main profession in the study area and for the fodder they depend on naturally growing trees, shrubs, herbs and grasses. In the catchment area oaks are generally lopped for the fodder during winter season. While in the lower areas some of the species of grasses and cultivated trees are mostly used for this purpose. The details of fodder plants used in the study area have been described in the following paragraphs. a. Grasses and Herbs The grasses, which are frequently grazed by cattle and also collected for fodder in the lower dry areas by the inhabitants include species of Apluda mutica, Arthraxon spp., Aristida cynantha, Arundinella nepalensis, Bothriochloa spp., Chrysopogon sp., Cymbopogon spp., Digitaria spp., Eleusine indica, Pogonatherum paniceum, Pennisetum orientale, Sporobolus diander, Tripogon filiformis, etc., whereas in the upper catchment Agrostis munroana, A. stolonifera, Brachypodium sylvaticum, Briza minor, Bromus sp., Dactylis glomerata, Festuca sp., Muhlenbergia himalensis, Oryzopsis munroi, Pennisetum flaccidum, P. lanatum, Phacelurus speciosus, Poa sp. are the important composition of fodder plants. In addition to grasses a number of leguminous species, viz. Crotalaria medicaginea, Lathyrus aphaca, L. humulis, L. spharicus, Desmodium gangeticum, D. podocarpon, Medicargo sativa, Trifolium repens, Trigonella emodi, Vicia pallida, V. tenuifolia, etc., are used as fodder by the inhabitants. b. Trees and Shrubs The young twigs and leaves of a number of shrubs and trees are lopped for fodder. The important fodder yielding trees in the area are Acer caesium, Aesculus indica, Bauhinia malabarica, B. variegata, Celtis austalis, Debregeasia longifolia, Ficus palmata, F. carica, F. sarmentosa, Melia azedarach, Morus alba, Pyrus pashia, Ulmus wallichiana, etc. iv) Timber Trees and Fuel wood RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report The villagers living in the catchment use implements and goods for domestic purposes made from wood. The good quality timber is sometimes transported from higher to lower altitudes for various construction works. Among the commonly used timber the wood of Cedrus deodara is extensively used for its durability and quality. Pinus roxburghii is an important tree species known for timber, resin and fuel. The trees like Abies pindrow, Picea smithiana and Taxus baccata are generally used for rough furniture, internal building blocks, planks, etc. RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report Table 6.9: List of medicinal plants found in the study area and project catchment area Family Alliaceae Apiaceae Apiaceae Araceae Asparagaceae Plant species Allium humile Angelica glauca Bupleurum dalhousianum Arisaema jacquemontii Asparagus filicinus Local name Farn Chora Pillo Sarpani Sari Asteraceae Achillea millaefolium Gandara Asteraceae Ainsliaea aptera Satjalari Asteraceae Artemisia nilagirica Kunja Asteraceae Asteraceae Asteraceae Asteraceae Asteraceae Asteraceae Asteraceae Berberidaceae Berberidaceae Boraginaceae Cannabaceae Clusiaceae Artemisia parviflora Eclipta prostrata Eupatorium chinensis Jurinea macrocephala Saussarea costus Tagetes patula Tanacetum longifolium Berberis lycium Podophyllum hexandrum Arnebia benthemii Cannabis sativa Hypericum oblongifolium Seski Bhangra Kala bansa Dhoop Kuth Genda, Zandu Gugal Masholi Bankakri Balchhari Banf Vasanti RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
Part used Leaves, bulb Root Root, leaves Tuber Root Uses Digestive, stimulant Stomach ache and digestion Liver disorder Skin diseases Used as nervine tonic Cough and cold gastric troubles Entire plant Diarrhoea and dysentery and fever Root Stomach ache and gastric trouble Aromatic, locally used for children Leaves, twigs eye treatment Leaves, whole plant Wound healing and skin diseases Root, leaves Effective for hair growth Leaves Blood clotting Whole plant Cough and cold also as incense Root Cough and asthma, aphrodisiac Flower Piles, cuts Whole plant Incense material, cosmetics Bark, root Skin diseases Fruit, whole plant Cough and cold also useful in cancer Root Baldness also makes hair grey Leaves, seed Narcotic, also used for sting bite Whole plant Wound injuries 6.29
GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. Family Convallariaceae Convallariaceae Crassulaceae Dioscoreaceae Elaeagnaceae Ericaceae Ericaceae EIA Report Local name Mahamaida Mahamaida Pathar chatta Singli mingli Chharola Angyar Burans Part used Root Root Leaves Root Root, leaves Young lvs. Flower Uses Cough and asthma Cough and asthma Burning sensation Wound healing; dandruff Gastric trouble Skin diseases Heart diseases Kashmiri patta Leaves, twig Skin diseases Niru Bhootkeshi Kurroo Rakt jadi Vada Ber Leaves Stem, leaves Root, leaves Root Fruit, leaves Cough and cold Headache and stomach ache Fever, cough and cold Constipation Astringent, cuts Hippocastanaceae Aesculus indica Khanor Bark, lvs, seeds Gastric troubles Iridaceae Iris kemaonensis Chirchi Bulb Juglandaceae Juglans regia Akhrot Bark, fruit Lamiaceae Ajuga bracteosa Neel kanthi Root, leaves Lamiaceae Lamiaceae Lamiaceae Mentha longifolia Origanum vulgare Salvia moorcroftiana Pudina Ban tulsi Thoot Whole plant Whole plant Root Stomach disorder Tooth cleaning also for fungal infection Abdomen pain, cuts and gastric trouble Digestive, as a tonic Fever, cough and cold Vermifuge, cough and cold Ericaceae Ericaceae Fumariaceae Gentiaceae Geraniaceae Grossulariaceae Plant species Polygonatum multiflorum Polygonatum verticillatum Sedum rosulatum Dioscorea deltoidea Elaeagnus parviflora Lyonia ovalifolia Rhododendron arboreum Rhododendron campanulatum Gaultheria trichophylla Corydalis govaniana Gentiana kurroo Geranium wallichianum Ribes alpestre RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report Family Lamiaceae Menispermaceae Moraceae Oxalidaceae Papaveraceae Phytolaccaceae Plumbaginaceae Polygonaceae Polygonaceae Polygonaceae Polygonaceae Ranunculaceae Plant species Thymus linearis Cissampelos pareira Ficus palmata Oxalis corniculata Meconopsis aculeata Phytolacca acinosa Plumbago zeylanica Fagopyrum esculentum Polygonum amplexicaule Rheum webbianum Rumex acetosa Aconitum heterophyllum Local name Ban ajwain Pahari jard Fagu Khati‐booti Poppy Jharka Chitrak Phulwa Dora Dolu Almeru Patish Part used Whole plant Leaves, roots Latex, seed Leaves Root, flower Leaves, fruit Root Leaves, seed Leaves Root Leaves Tuber Ranunculaceae Actaea spicata Root Ranunculaceae Anemone rivularis Jakari Seeds Ranunculaceae Delphinium denudatum Nirbishi Root Ranunculaceae Thalictrum pedunculatum Mamiri Leaves, root Rosaceae Rosaceae Rosaceae Rubiaceae Potentilla nepalensis Prinsepia utilis Prunus cerasoides Rubia cordifolia Root, leaves Fruit Bark Leaves, seed RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
Dori Bhenkla Padam Mangistha 6.31
Uses Digestive, toothahe Skin diseases and diarrhoea Boils and wound treatment Ear ache Cold and cough Poisonous Abortive,diuretic Tonic, diuretic Skin disease Wound healing Digestive, diuretic and anaemia Purgative; also effective in gastric trouble Oil used in stomach ache and headache Wound, cuts and ulcer healing Leaves useful in herpes, root used for eye aolments Toothache Seed oil used in headache Bone injuries Eczima, skin diseases GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report Family Plant species Local name Part used Rutaceae Zanthoxylum armatum Tejbal Whole plant Sapindaceae Saxifragaceae Saxifragaceae Scrophulariaceae Taxaceae Thymelaeaceae Umbelliferae Urticaceae Urticaceae Urticaceae Violaceae Violaceae Violaceae Zingiberaceae Sapindus mukorossi Bergenia ciliata Bergenia stracheyi Picrorhiza kurrooa Taxus baccata Daphne papyracea Carum carvi Boehmeria rugulosa Girardinia diversifolia Urtica dioica Viola betonicifolia Viola biflora Viola serpens Hedychium spicatum Reetha Silphari Sabala Kutki Rakhal Gandari Kali jeera Kandli Bichhibooti Bichhu‐booti Banafsha Banafsha Banafsha Jungli haldi Fruit Root Root Whole plant Bark, leaves Roots, leaves Seed Leaves, root Leaves Young twig, lvs Flower, leaves Whole plant Whole plant Root RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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Uses Astringent, purgative, localy used for tooth As detergent also tonic for hair Cough and cold For injuries Liver disorders, fever Cough and cold, useful in cancer Fever Stimulant, digestive, and purgative Digestive,effective in paralysis Cough and cold Contraceptive and also for immunity Cough and cold, rejuvenation Cough and cold Cough and cold Liver disorder, strain GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report 6.9.2 Community Structure In order to understand the community structure, vegetation sampling was done at different locations like dam site and submergence area, power house site down stream to dam and power house site and in the catchment area of the Ravi River. The list and location of sampling locations is given in Table 6.10 and Figure 6.8. i) Methodology Nested quadrat sampling method was used for the study of community structure of the vegetation. The sampling consisted of randomly placed quadrats of 10m x 10m for trees, 5m x 5m for shrubs and 1m x 1m for herbs. The size and number of quadrats needed were determined using the species‐ area curve (Misra, 1968). The data on vegetation were quantitatively analyzed for abundance, density, frequency as per Curtis & McIntosh (1950). The Important Value Index (IVI) for trees was determined as the sum of relative density, relative frequency and relative dominance (Curtis, 1959). For the calculation of dominance basal area was determined by using following formula. Basal area = π r2 The index of diversity was computed by using Shannon Wiener Index (Shannon Wiener, 1963) as: H = ‐ Σ (ni/n) x ln (ni/n) Where, ni is individual density of a species and n is total density of all the species The Evenness Index (E) is calculated by using Shanon's Evenness formula (Magurran, 2004). Evenness Index (E) = H / ln(S) Where, H is Shannon Wiener Diversity index; S is number of species ii) Phytosociological Characteristics The study area was divided into three main parts i.e. i) dam site and submergence area, ii) power house site area, and catchment area. Maximum tree density was found in the downstream of dam site. The tree canopy was only present on the left bank of the Ravi River because of shaded area (north facing), soil on the hills and moisture content. The right bank remains covered with grasses and herbs because of sun facing gentle slope on the hills. RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report The density of trees varied from one location to other (Tables 6.11). The dam site and submergence area was dominated by the Cedrus deodara and Pinus wallichiana having density 170 and 130 plants ha‐1 and frequency 60% and 40%, respectively. Table 6.10: Characteristics of phytosociological sampling locations SITE Location Dam Site and Submergence Site I Area Near Nayagram village (1 km Site II downstream of Dam site) Near Deol village (5 km Site III downstream of Dam site) Power house Site (Left bank of Site IV Ravi River near Tayari village) 1 km upstream of Power Site V house site 500 m downstream of Power Site VI house site Catchment Area Near Urna village (500 m Site VII upstream of Dam site) Site VIII 5 km upstream of Dam site Site IX Near Dharadi village (10 km upstream of Dam site) Forest Types
Lat‐long N 32016’53” Moist Deodar Forests E 76040’45” N 32017’00.5” Moist Deodar Forests E 76039’36.1” Moist Deciduous, N 32018’00.6” E 76036’14.4” Moist Deodar Forests
N 32020’30.2” Ban Oak, Alnus Forests E 76032’00.4” Moist Deodar, Alnus, N 32020’22.8” E 76032’15.2” Ban Oak Forests N 32021’14” Ban Oak Forest E 76031’38.3” Grass lands and Moist Deodar Forest Moist Deciduous, Moist Deodar Forests Ban Oak Forest N 32017’26.7” E 76041’09.7” N 32018’26.7” E 76042’35.3” N 32018’57.9” E 76042’18.1” Altitude (m)
2175 2003 1979 1747 1709 1680 2280 2100 2327 In the stretch downstream of dam site the dominant trees are Pinus wallichiana and Cedrus deodara near the Nayagram village the tree density was 180 and 140 plants ha‐1, respectively. Other common trees are Alnus nepalensis, Salix karelinii, Lyonia ovalifolia, Aesculus indica and Pyrus pashia. Near the power house area tree strata was dominated by the Quercus leucotrichophora on the lower altitude and Cedrus deodara on higher altitude. The density and frequency of Q. leucotrichophora was 90 to 280 plants ha‐1 and 35 to 80%, respectively. Cedrus deodara has density of 60 to 120 plants ha‐1 and frequency 20 to 40%. The other tree species found in this area are Alnus nepalensis, Pinus wallichiana, Engelhardtia spicata and Celtis australis. Upper reaches of catchment of the Ravi river remain covered with snow. The areas immediately below the snowline are characterised by the grasslands and alpine pastures. The shaded areas from 2200 m to 3000 m, are mostly RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report Figure 6.8: Study area map of Bajoli Holi H.E. project vegetation sampling locations RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report Table 6.11: Tree Density at Sampling Sites SITE Location Trees (No./ha) Dam Site and Submergence Area
Site I Dam Site and Submergence Area
330 Near Nayagram village (1 km downstream 480 Site II of Dam site)
Near Deol village (5 km downstream of 385 Site III Dam site) Power house Area Power house Site (Left bank of Ravi River 355 Site IV near Tayari village)
Site V 1 km upstream of Power house site
415 Site VI 500 m downstream of Power house site
420 Catchment Area Near Urna village (500 m upstream of Dam 150 Site VII site) Site VIII 5 km upstream of Dam site 340 Near Dharadi village (10 km upstream of 390 Site IX Dam site) comprised of Moist Deodar, Mixed Coniferous and Kharsu Oak (Quercus semecarpifolia) forest. The tree layer is dominated by Cedrus deodara, Quercus semecarpifolia and Pinus wallichiana followed by Salix denticulata, Acer caesium, Populus ciliata, etc. Detailed description of phytosociological data collected at different locations is given in the following paragraphs. i)
Dam Site and Submergence Area Under this three sites were covered and phytosociological characteristics of them are discussed below. Site I (Dam Site and Submergence Area) The dam site and submergence area was dominated by the Cedrus deodara and Pinus wallichiana having density 170 and 130 plants ha‐1 and frequency 60% and 40%, respectively. Cedrus deodara and Pinus wallichiana records the highest basal cover at this site i.e. 98.82 and 82.40 m2. The middle strata was almost non‐existent and was represented mainly by the shrubs. The shrub density ranged from 520 to 40 plants ha‐1. Dominant shrubs were Rabdosia rugosa (520 plants ha‐1), Coriaria nepalensis and Desmodium elegans, followed by Sorbaria tomentosa, Wikstroemia canescens and Daphne retusa. RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report The seasonal variation in composition was recorded in the herbaceous layer. Herbs were represented by the Anaphalis triplinervis, Mentha arvensis, Echinops cornigerus, Galium vernum, Geranium wallichianum, Oxalis acetosella, Viola pilosa, Origanum vulgare, Prunella vulgare, Plantago himalaica, Taraxacum officinale, Phytolacca accinosa, etc. being more dominant. The density varied seasonally from 13750 to 2500 in pre‐monsoon, 15000 to 2500 in monsoon and 12500 to 1000 during winters. Most frequent herb encountered during pre‐monsoon and monsoon seasons was Galium vernum while it was Anaphalis triplinervis in winter season. The details of vegetation structure are shown in Table 6.12. Table 6.12: Site I (Dam Site and Submergence Area) Scientific Name TREES Alnus nepalensis Cedrus deodara Pinus wallichiana Total SHRUBS Coriaria nepalensis Cotoneaster microphyllus
Daphne retusa Desmodium elegans Rabdosia rugosa Rhamnus purpureus Sorbaria tomentosa Wikstroemia canescens Total Density (per ha) Frequency
(%) Basal Cover (sq m) 30 170 130
330 20 60 40
0.28 98.82 82.40 340 40
100 360 520 40
120 100 1620
30 10
50 10 15 30
20 5 0.33 0.0004 0.002 0.36 0.05 0.001 0.01 0.001 HERBS Density (per ha) Scientific Name Amaranthus hybridus Anaphalis triplinervis Androsace sarmentosa Arisaema intermedium Bidens pilosa Cerastium cerastioides Chenopodium album Cirsium arvense Clinopodium vulgare Pre Monsoon ‐ 3750 2500 ‐ ‐ 5000 ‐ 3750 ‐ RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
Frequency (%) Monsoon
Winter ‐ ‐ ‐ 2500 ‐
‐ 3750
2500 6250 4000 12500 ‐ ‐ 2000 ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐
Pre Monsoon ‐ 25 19
‐ ‐
25 ‐ 19 ‐
Monsoon
Winter ‐ ‐ ‐ 13 ‐ ‐ 25 13 25 10 30 ‐ ‐ 5 ‐ ‐
‐ ‐ 6.37
GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report HERBS Density (per ha) Scientific Name Cynoglossum glochidiatum Echinops cornigerus Elsholtzia ciliata Fragaria nubicola Galium verum Geranium wallichianum Impatiens brachycentra Inula royleana Lactuca lessertina Mentha arvensis Mentha longifolia Origanum vulgare Oxalis acetosella Phytolacca acinosa Pimpinella acuminata Plantago himalaica Poa annua Prunella vulgare Salvia lanata Scorzonera virgata Silene edgeworthii Stellaria media Taraxacum officinale Trigonotis rotundifolia Urtica dioica Viola pilosa Pre Monsoon ‐ ‐ ‐ 2500 13750
3125 10000
‐ ‐ ‐ 6250 3125 8750 8125 ‐ 10625
‐ 7500 6250 ‐ ‐ 3750 8750 ‐ ‐ 3750 Frequency (%) Monsoon
Winter 3750
‐ 5000
5000
15000
11250
‐ ‐ 2500
‐ ‐ 8750
7500
5000
3750
‐
‐ 7500
3750
‐
‐ 5000
‐
‐ ‐ 7500
‐
8000
‐ 1000
‐
‐
‐ 4000
‐ 12500
‐ ‐
‐ ‐
6000
‐
‐
5000
2500
‐
‐
5000
4000
‐
Pre Monsoon ‐
‐ ‐ 19 44 19 38 ‐ ‐ 25
‐ 19 38 31
‐ 38 ‐ 25
25 ‐
‐ 19 38 ‐ ‐ 25 Monsoon
Winter 19 ‐ 25 25 50 38 31 ‐ 13 ‐ ‐ 38 25 25 25 ‐ ‐ 31 25 ‐ ‐ 31 ‐ ‐ ‐ 25 ‐ 25 ‐
5 ‐ ‐ 10 ‐ ‐
25 ‐ ‐ ‐
‐ ‐
15 ‐
‐ 15 5
‐ ‐
15 10
‐ Site II (Near Nayagram village 1 km Downstream of Dam site) The dominant and frequently found trees at this location were Pinus wallichiana and Cedrus deodara with a density of 144 and 112 plants ha‐1, frequency (%) of 60 and 40, respectively. The basal area of Pinus wallichiana and Cedrus deodara ranged between 84.41 m2 and 49.32 m2, respectively. Other common trees were Alnus nepalensis, Salix karelinii, Lyonia ovalifolia, Aesculus indica and Pyrus pashia. The density of shrubs at this site was 2420 per ha. Rabdosia rugosa, Desmodium elegans and Coriaria nepalensis were the dominant and most frequent shrubs followed by Wikstroemia canescens, Berberis angulosa, Rhamnus purpureus, Prinsepia utilis and Cotoneaster microphyllus. RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report The herbaceous layer showed variation in density and diversity in pre‐
monsoon season where it ranged from 17500 (Galium verum) to 2500 per ha (Anaphalis triplinervis), during monsoon season 28750 (Geranium wallichianum) to 1875 per ha (Achyranthes bidentata) and in winter season 15714 (Mentha arvensis) to 2143 (Amaranthus hybridus). Galium verum, Geranium wallichianum, Hypericum elodeoides, Impatiens brachycentra, Plantago himalaica, Mentha arvensis, Pimpinella acuminata, etc. were most dominant herbs followed by Cerastrium cerastioides, Origanum vulgare, Phytolacca accinosa, Stellaria media, Taraxacum officinale, Cirsium falconeri, Inula royleana in the area. The details of vegetation structure are given in Table 6.13. Table 6.13: Site II (Near Nayagram village 1 km Downstream of Dam site) Scientific Name TREES Aesculus indica Alnus nepalensis Cedrus deodara Lyonia ovalifolia Pinus wallichiana Pyrus pashia Salix karelinii Total SHRUBS Desmodium elegans Wikstroemia canescens
Rabdosia rugosa Berberis angulosa Rhamnus purpureus Daphne oleoides Coriaria nepalensis Sorbaria tomentosa Prinsepia utilis Cotoneaster microphyllus
Total HERBS Scientific Name Amaranthus hybridus Anaphalis triplinervis Density (per ha)
Frequency
(%)
Basal Cover (sq m) 32 96 112 32
144 24 40 480 20
20
40
20
60
10
20
520
140
680
120
60
140
440
200
60
60
2420
30
10
50
10
10
15
30
20
10
5
3.41 3.76 49.32 1.20 84.41 0.25 0.70 0.430 0.002 0.430 0.004 0.004 0.005 0.310 0.020 0.002 0.002 Density (per ha)
Pre Monsoon Winter Monsoon ‐ ‐ 2143 2500 ‐ 5714 RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
Frequency (%)
Pre Monsoon Winter
Monsoon ‐ ‐ 10 25 ‐ 30 6.39
GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. HERBS Scientific Name Androsace sarmentosa Achyranthes bidentata Cerastium cerastioides Chenopodium album Cirsium arvense Cirsium falconeri Clinopodium vulgare Cynoglossum glochidiatum Echinops cornigerus Elsholtzia ciliata Fragaria nubicola Galium verum Geranium wallichianum Hypericum elodeoides Impatiens brachycentra Inula royleana Lactuca lessertina Mentha arvensis Mentha longifolia Origanum vulgare Oxalis acetosella Phytolacca acinosa Pimpinella acuminata Plantago himalaica Prunella vulgare Salvia lanata Scorzonera virgata Silene edgeworthii Stellaria media Taraxacum officinale Thalictrum elegans Urtica dioica Viola pilosa EIA Report Density (per ha) Pre Monsoon Winter Monsoon 3750 ‐ ‐ ‐ 1875 ‐ 5000 ‐
‐
‐ 5000 ‐ 3750 3250 ‐ ‐ ‐ 5000 ‐ 5000 ‐ ‐ 7500 ‐ ‐ ‐ 3571 ‐ 8750
‐
3750 5625 5714 17500 12500 ‐ 3750 28750 ‐ ‐ 3750
‐
13750 8750 ‐ ‐ ‐ 5714 ‐ 2500 ‐ ‐ ‐
15714
7500 ‐ ‐ 5625 11250 ‐ 11250
23125
8571
7500 5000 ‐ ‐ 11250 ‐ 13125 2500 ‐ 8750 5000
‐
‐ 3750 ‐ ‐ ‐ 2857 ‐ ‐ 4286 8750 7500
‐
10000 ‐ ‐ ‐ 2500 ‐ ‐ ‐
2857
5000 3750 ‐ Frequency (%) Pre Monsoon Winter
Monsoon 19 ‐ ‐ 13 ‐ ‐ 5 ‐
‐ 25 ‐ ‐ 25 ‐ ‐ 19 13 ‐ ‐ 25 ‐ 19 ‐ ‐ 25 ‐ ‐ 25 ‐ ‐
19 25 5 50 ‐ ‐ 38 ‐ ‐ 31 ‐ ‐
‐ 10 ‐ ‐ 13 ‐ 25 ‐ ‐ 25 ‐
‐ 19 38 ‐ 38 25 ‐ 31 25 ‐ 25 ‐ ‐ 38 ‐ ‐ 15 ‐ ‐ 25 31 25 25 15 ‐ ‐ 5 ‐ ‐ 19 31 ‐ 38 ‐ ‐ 15 ‐ ‐ 10 ‐
‐ ‐ 25 ‐ Site III (Near Deol village 5 km downstream of Dam site) The trees and shrub desnity was 385 and 2771 per ha near the the Deol village in the downstream of the dam site (Table 6.14). The dominant trees was Quercus semecarpifolia with density of about 110 plants per ha with 50% RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report frequency and 98.65 m2 basal area, followed by Cedrus deodara, Alnus nepalensis, Juglans regia, Pinus wallichiana, etc. The shrub layer was dominated by Desmodium elegans with highest density of 800 per ha followed by Rabdosia rugosa, Wikstroemia canescens, Elsholtzia fruticosa, etc. During summers (pre‐monsoon) and monsoon Oxalis acetosella and Impatiens brachycentra were dominant, whereas in winter season Mentha arvensis was dominant. Other commonly occurring species were Anaphalis triplinervis, Chenopodium album, Fragaria nubicola, Origanum vulgare, Salvia lanata, Viola pilosa, etc. Table 6.14: Site III (Near Deol village 5 km downstream of Dam site) Scientific Name TREES Alnus nepalensis Cedrus deodara Juglans regia Pinus wallichiana Albizia julibrissin Quercus semecarpifolia
Salix denticulata Total SHRUBS Daphne retusa Desmodium elegans
Elsholtzia fruticosa Indigofera heterantha
Rabdosia rugosa Sorbaria tomentosa
Wikstroemia canescens
Total HERBS Scientific Name Anaphalis triplinervis Androsace sarmentosa Cerastrium cerastioides Chenopodium album Cirsium arvense Density (per ha)
Frequency (%)
Basal Cover (sq m) 60
90
40
40
15
110
30
385
25
40
20
30
10
50
20
2.753 64.398 23.010 9.081 0.948 98.650 1.102 286
800
343
229
429
314
371
2771
28.57
57.14
35.71
14.29
35.71
28.57
28.57
0.01 0.92 0.15 0.05 0.35 0.06 0.05 Density (per ha)
Pre Monsoon Winter Monsoon 7500 ‐ 7857 2500 ‐ ‐ 3750 ‐ ‐ ‐ 7500 ‐ 6250
‐
‐
RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
Frequency (%)
Pre Monsoon Winter Monsoon 126 ‐ 36 34 ‐ ‐ 65 ‐ ‐ ‐ 19 ‐ 172 ‐ ‐
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GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. Cynoglossum glochidiatum Echinops cornigerus Elsholtzia ciliata Fragaria nubicola Geranium wallichianum Hypericum elodeoides Impatiens brachycentra Inula royleana Lactuca lessertina Mentha arvensis Mentha longifolia Origanum vulgare Oxalis acetosella Phytolacca acinosa Pimpinella acuminata Prunella vulgare Salvia lanata Salvia moorcroftiana Scorzonera virgata
Thalictrum elegans Urtica dioica Viola pilosa ii)
‐
‐
‐
7500
1875
‐
9375 ‐ ‐ ‐ 8750 6250 18125 ‐ ‐
2500
12500
‐
‐
‐
‐
6250
EIA Report 5000
‐
6250
‐
6250
4375
11250 ‐ 5625 ‐ ‐ 6875 12500 2500 7500
‐
‐
‐
‐
3750
‐
3125
‐
8571
‐
‐
‐
‐
‐ 7143 ‐ 17857 ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐
‐
‐
5714
5714
‐
3571
‐
‐
‐
‐
110 42 ‐
267 ‐ ‐ ‐ 232 134 244 ‐ ‐
37 312 ‐
‐
‐
‐
105 13 ‐ 19 ‐ 13 6 25 ‐ 13 ‐ ‐ 19 19 6 13 ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ 6 ‐ 13 Power house area In this area three sites were surveyed. Site IV (Power house Site Left bank of Ravi River) The tree strata were dominated by the Quercus leucotrichophora and Alnus nepalensis at the lower altitudes and Cedrus deodara and Pinus nepalensis at higher altitudes. Highest density and frequency was recorded for Q. leucotrichophora with 125 plants ha‐1 and 35 %, respectively followed by Alnus nepalensis, Pinus wallichiana and Cedrus deodara. The shrub density in this region was quite low as compared to the other sampling sites i.e. 1200 plants per ha. The shrub layer was represented by Desmodium elegans, Sorbaria tomentosa, Daphne retusa and Indigofera heterantha. The number of herbaceous species varied from 20 in pre monsoon, 18 in monsoon to 11 in winter season. Most dominant herbs in premonsoon season were Fragaria nubicola, Galium verum, Rumex hastatus, Stellaria media, Viola pilosa, etc, whereas in monsoon season the dominant herbs were Pilea umbrosa, Polygonum glabrum, Galium verum, Cynoglossum glochidiatum, Oxalis acetosella, etc. and in winter season these were Poa annua, Mentha arvensis, Echinops cornigerus, etc. The details of vegetation structure are given in Table 6.15. RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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‐
29
‐
‐
‐
‐ 21 ‐ 57 ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐
‐
‐
14
14
‐
7
‐
GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report Table 6.15: Site IV (Power house Site Left bank of Ravi River near Tayari village) Scientific Name TREES Alnus nepalensis Cedrus deodara Pinus wallichiana Quercus leucotrochophora
Total SHRUBS Daphne retusa Desmodium elegans Elsholtzia fruticosa Indigofera heterantha
Rabdosia rugosa Rubus foliolosus Sorbaria tomentosa Wikstroemia canescens
Total HERBS Scientific Name Ajuga parviflora Anaphalis triplinervis Amaranthus hybridus Bidens pilosa Campanula latifolia Cerastium cerastoides Chenopodium album Cirsium arvense Clinopodium vulgare Conyza stricta Cynoglossum glochidiatum Cynoglossum lanceolatum Echinops cornigerus Eriophorum comosum Fragaria nubicola Galium verum Geranium wallichianum Impatiens brachycentra Density (per ha) Frequency
(%) Basal Cover (sq m) 100
60
70
125
355
25
20
25
35
143
286
114
143
86
143
200
86
1200
14.29
28.57
21.43
21.43
7.14
14.29
21.43
7.14
10.347 32.166 27.367 84.096 0.002 0.070 0.011 0.013 0.007 0.015 0.010 0.005 Density (per ha)
Pre Monsoon
‐ ‐ ‐ 6250 1250 7500 5000 2500 ‐ ‐ ‐ 6250 ‐ ‐ 13750
10000 8750 7500 RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
Frequency (%)
Monsoon
Winter 5000 ‐ 2500 5000
‐ ‐ 2500 ‐ 4375 4375 8750
‐ ‐ 6250 ‐
10000 ‐ 5500 ‐ 4000 5000 ‐
‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ 6500
‐ 7000 ‐ ‐
‐ ‐ ‐ Pre Monsoon ‐ ‐ ‐ 25
6 31 31 19 ‐ ‐ ‐
25 ‐ ‐ 44
38 38 50 Monsoon Winter
19 ‐ 13 13 ‐ ‐ 13 ‐ 13 13 25 ‐ ‐ 13 ‐ 31 ‐ 25 6.43
‐ 10 15 ‐
‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ 15
‐ 20 ‐ ‐
‐ ‐ ‐ GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. Inula royleana Malva verticillata Mentha arvensis Micromeria biflora Origanum vulgare Oxalis acetosella Phytolacca acinosa Pilea umbrosa Pimpinella acuminata Poa annua Poa nemoralis Polygonum glabrum Prunella vulgare Rumex hastatus Salvia moorcroftiana Scorzonera virgata Solanum nigrum Stellaria media Thalictrum elegans Verbascum thapsus Viola pilosa ‐ ‐ ‐ 5000 8750 11250
5000 ‐ 3750 ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ 10000
‐ ‐ 3750 11250 2500 5625 13750
‐ 5000 ‐
6250 9375 10000
‐ 16250 8750 ‐ ‐ 11250 5625 ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐
‐ ‐ ‐ ‐
EIA Report 4000 ‐ 10500
‐ ‐ 4000
‐ ‐ ‐ 12500
7000 ‐
‐ ‐ 5000 3500 ‐
‐ ‐ ‐ ‐
‐ ‐ ‐
‐ 38 38
‐ 25 ‐ 25
‐ ‐
‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ 25
38 13 31 44
‐ 13 ‐ 19 25 31 ‐ ‐ 38 25 ‐ ‐ 31 25 25 ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ 5 ‐ 20
‐ ‐ ‐
5 ‐ ‐ ‐
15 5 ‐ ‐
20 5 ‐
‐ ‐ ‐ ‐
Site V (1 km upstream of Power house site) Tree and shrub density at this site was 415 and 1543 per ha, respectively. The dominant tree is Cedrus deodara with a density of 120 plants ha‐1 and frequency of 40%. Other tree species found in this area are Alnus nepalensis, Pinus wallichiana, Engelhardtia spicata and Celtis australis. Shrub layer was represented by Sorbaria tomentosa, Desmodium elegans, Wikstroemia canescens and Indigofera heterantha. Herbaceous layer was represented by 19 species in pre‐monsoon and monsoon and 8 species in winter season. Among the herbs Mentha arvensis, Poa annua, Echinops cornigerus, Galium verum, Viola pilosa, Fragaria nubicola, Stellaria media, Oxalis acetosella, Rumex hastatus, Cerastrium cerastioides, Polygonum glabrum and Pilea umbrosa were found with high density followed by Cynoglossum glochidiatum, Ajuga parviflora, Origanum vulgare, Impatiens brachycentra, Micromeria biflora, etc. The details of vegetation structure are given in Table 6.16. RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report Table 6.16: Site V (1 km upstream of Power house site) Scientific Name Density (per ha) Frequency (%) Basal Cover (sq m) TREES Alnus nepalensis Cedrus deodara Celtis australis Engelhardtia spicata 60 120
30 45 20 40
20 30 4.266 94.765 1.612 6.026 Pinus wallichiana 70 25 33.134 Quercus leucotrichophora 90 35 98.65 Total 415 SHRUBS Desmodium elegans 429 35.71 0.24 Indigofera heterantha 343
28.57
0.06 Sorbaria tomentosa 629 50 0.11 Wikstroemia canescens 143 21.43 0.02 Total 1543 HERBS Scientific Name Density (per ha) Frequency (%) Pre Monsoon
Monsoon
Winter Pre Monsoon Monsoon Winter
Ajuga parviflora ‐
5020
‐
‐
19 ‐
Anaphalis triplinervis ‐ ‐ 8571 ‐ ‐ 21 Artemisia capillaris ‐ 2200 ‐ ‐ 6 ‐ Arundinella nepalensis Bidens pilosa ‐ 6250 ‐ 5080 5715 ‐ ‐ 19 ‐ 25 14 ‐ Campanula latifolia 1450 ‐ ‐ 6 ‐ ‐ Cerastrium cerastioides 7100 ‐ ‐ 19 ‐ ‐ ‐ 2500 ‐ ‐ 6 ‐ 2550 ‐ ‐ 6 ‐ ‐ Clinopodium vulgare ‐
4475
‐
‐
13 ‐
Conyza stricta ‐
4575
‐
‐
19 ‐
Cynoglossum glochidiatum ‐ 8710 ‐ ‐ 25 ‐ Echinops cornigerus Eriophorum comosum ‐ ‐
‐ 7250
5714 ‐
‐ ‐
‐ 25 7 ‐
13050 5500 ‐ 9500 ‐ ‐ 31 13 ‐ 31 ‐ ‐ Chenopodium album Cirsium arvense Fragaria nubicola Galium verum RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. HERBS Scientific Name EIA Report Density (per ha) Frequency (%) Pre Monsoon
Monsoon
Winter
Pre Monsoon Monsoon
Winter
Geranium wallichianum 8150 ‐ ‐ 19 ‐ ‐ Impatiens brachycentra 7400 5510 ‐ 13 19 ‐ Inula royleana Mentha arvensis Micromeria biflora Origanum vulgare ‐
‐ 5050 8750 ‐
‐ 6450 9400 5714
12857 ‐ ‐ ‐
‐ 6 19 ‐ ‐ 13 31 14
29 ‐ ‐ Oxalis acetosella 11050 10500 ‐ 25 13 ‐ Phytolacca accinosa 5200 ‐ ‐ 13 ‐ ‐ ‐ 16150 ‐ ‐ 31 ‐ 3700 8850 ‐ 13 19 ‐ Poa annua Poa nemoralis ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ 15000 7143 ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ 29 21 Polygonum glabrum ‐
10050
‐
‐
19 ‐
‐ 10500 5825 ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ 25 13 ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ 2100 ‐ ‐ 6 ‐ Solanum nigrum 3750 ‐ ‐ 13 ‐ ‐ Stellaria media Thalictrum elegans 11150 2500 ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ 13 6 ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ Urtica dioica Verbascum thapsus ‐ 5225
2231 ‐
4286 ‐
‐ 13
6 ‐ 14 ‐
Viola pilosa 13050 ‐ ‐ 31 ‐ ‐ Pilea umbrosa Pimpinella acuminata Prunella vulgare Rumex hastatus Salvia moorcroftiana Site VI (500 m downstream of Power house site) Downstream of the power house site the tree and shrub density was 420 and 1743 per ha, respectively. Here the dominant tree was Quercus leucotrochophora with density of 280 trees ha‐1, frequency of 80% with basal area of 117.65 m2. Other tree species found in this area were Alnus nepalensis, Pinus wallichiana and Celtis australis. Shrub layer was represented by seven species like Desmodium elegans, Sorbaria tomentosa, Indigofera heterantha, Wikstroemia canescens, etc. Herbaceous layer was represented by 19 species in pre‐monsoon and 20 species in monsoon and 11 species in winter season. Among the herbs Oxalis RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report acetosella, Rumex hastatus, Stellaria media, Viola pilosa, Fragaria nubicola, etc. were dominant in pre‐monsoon season. Galium verum, Oxalis acetosell, Polygonum glabrum, etc. were dominant in monsoon season. Artemisia capillaries, Echinops cornigerus, Poa annua, Mentha arvensis, Poa annua, etc were dominant in winter season. The details of vegetation structure are given in Table 6.17. Table 6.17: Site VI (500 m downstream of Power house site) Scientific Name Density Frequency
(per ha) (%) TREES Alnus nepalensis 70
20
Cedrus deodara 40 20 Pinus wallichiana 30 30 Quercus leucotrochophora 280 80 Total 420
SHRUBS Desmodium elegans 514 35.71 Indigofera heterantha
257
28.57
Rubus foliolosus 143 14.29 Wikstroemia canescens 229 21.43 Sorbaria tomentosa 343 21.43 Lonicera cyanocarpa 114
7.14
Daphne papyracea 143 14.29 Total 1743 Basal Cover (sq m) 0.478 5.096 2.408 117.65 0.35 0.02 0.01 0.05 0.12 0.02 0.01 HERBS Scientific Name Anaphalis triplinervis Artemisia capillaris Arundinella nepalensis Bidens pilosa Campanula latifolia Cerastrium cerastioides Cirsium arvense Clinopodium vulgare Conyza stricta Cynoglossum glochidiatum Echinops cornigerus Eriophorum comosum Fragaria nubicola Galium verum Geranium wallichianum Density (per ha) Frequency (%) Pre Monsoon Winter Pre Monsoon Winter Monsoon Monsoon ‐
2320
5714
‐
‐ 21
2200 15000 ‐ ‐ 36 1200 ‐ 5715 33 ‐ ‐ 6200 5080 84 13 1450 ‐ ‐ 23 ‐ ‐ 7100 ‐ ‐ 119 ‐ ‐ 2150 ‐ ‐ 27 ‐ ‐ ‐ 4475 ‐ ‐ 13 ‐ ‐ 4575 ‐ ‐ 19 ‐ ‐ 8710 ‐ ‐ 25 ‐ ‐ ‐ 12850 ‐ ‐ 29 ‐
7250
‐
‐
19 ‐
8050
1290
‐
130
6 ‐
5500
9500
‐
98
13 ‐
8150
‐
‐
136
‐ ‐
RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report HERBS Scientific Name Impatiens brachycentra Inula royleana Mentha arvensis Micromeria biflora
Origanum vulgare Oxalis acetosella Phytolacca acinosa Pimpinella acuminata Poa annua Poa nemoralis Polygonum glabrum Prunella vulgare Rumex hastatus Salvia moorcroftiana Scorzonera virgata Solanum nigrum Stellaria media Thalictrum elegans Viola pilosa Density (per ha)
Frequency (%)
Pre Monsoon Winter Pre Monsoon Winter Monsoon Monsoon 7400 5570 ‐ 186 13 ‐ ‐ 3440 5714 ‐ 6 ‐ ‐‐ 5440 12143 ‐ 13 29 5050
6450
‐
84
19 ‐
8750
9400
‐
158
19 ‐
11050
10500
3571
113
19 ‐
5250
‐
‐
‐
‐ 7
3200
8850
‐
85
‐ ‐
‐
‐
17857
47
13 ‐
‐
7143
‐
‐ 36
‐ 10050 ‐ ‐ 19 ‐ ‐ 5825 ‐ ‐ 13 ‐ 10500 ‐ ‐ 174 ‐ ‐ ‐ 2100 4286 ‐ 6 14 ‐ ‐ 7143 ‐ ‐ 14 3720 5400 ‐ 77 31 ‐ 11150 ‐ ‐ 130 ‐ ‐ 2500 ‐ ‐ 29 ‐ ‐ 11250
‐
‐
141
‐ ‐
iii)
Catchment area Upper reaches of catchment of the Ravi river remain covered with snow. The areas immediately below the snowline are dominated by the grasslands and alpine pastures. The shaded slopes from 2200m to 3000m, are mostly covered with Moist Deodar, Mixed coniferous and Kharsu Oak (Quercus semecarpifolia) forest. Site VII near Urna village (500 m upstream of Dam site) The area is comprised of Moist Deodar forest. The tree layer was dominated by Cedrus deodara and Pinus wallichiana with density of 120 and 30 trees, respectively. Shrub layer was dominated by the Artemisia roxburghiana with density of 440 plants ha‐1, Sorbaria tomentosa was common with density of 280 plants ha‐1. Other commonly occuring shrubs were Cotoneaster microphyllus, Indigofera heterantha, Wikstroemia canescens, Desmodium elegans, etc. The herbaceous layer in this area was dominated by grasses like Capillipedium parviflorum, Poa annua, Arundinella nepalensis, Microstegium nudum, Themeda anathera, etc. in addition to herbs like Anaphalis triplinervis, Inula royleana, Amaranthus hybridus, Mentha arvensis, Echinops cornigerus, Urtica RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report dioica, Geranium nepalensis, etc. The details of vegetation structure are given in Table 6.18. Site VIII (5 km upstream of Dam site) The tree layer was dominated by Salix denticulata, Acer caesium and Populus ciliata at lower elevations and Cedrus deodara and Pinus wallichiana fat higher elevations. Table 6.18: Site VII (Near Urna village 500 m upstream of Dam site) Scientific Name TREES Cedrus deodara Pinus wallichiana Total SHRUBS Artemisia roxburghiana Cotoneaster microphyllus Indigofera heterantha
Desmodium elegans Sorbaria tomentosa Wikstroemia canescens Total Density (per ha) Frequency
(%) Basal Cover (sq m) 120 30 150
440 240 200
160 280 200 1520
80 20 36.19 1.76 0.26 0.05 0.06 0.11 0.02 0.06 30 20 15
15 25 20 HERBS Scientific Name Density (per ha)
Frequency (%)
Pre Monsoon Winter Pre Monsoon Winter
Monsoon
Monsoon Agrostis pilosula ‐ ‐ 12857 ‐ ‐ 21 Amaranthus hybridus 5200 5000 ‐ 13 31 ‐ Anaphalis busua 7220 7500 ‐ 19 25 ‐ Anaphalis triplinervis ‐ ‐ 1429 ‐ ‐ 7 Arundinella nepalensis ‐ ‐ 14286 ‐ ‐ 29 Aster himalaicus 5200 6250 ‐ 13 25 ‐ Capillipedium parviflorum ‐
1220
20000
‐
‐ 29
Cerastium fontanum 8550 8750 ‐ 19 38 ‐ Chenopodium album 4500 7500 ‐ 6 31 ‐ Cichorium intybus 4550 8750 ‐ 13 38 ‐ Cirsium falconeri 6700
‐
5714
13
‐ 14
Echinops cornigerus 4500 ‐ 3571 13 ‐ 7 Erysimum hieraciifolium 5800 5000 ‐ 19 31 ‐ Geranium nepalensis 8900
10000
‐
25
31 ‐
Impatiens edgeworthii 7115 7500 ‐ 19 38 Inula royleana ‐ ‐ 2857 ‐ ‐ 7 RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. Lespedeza juncea Microstegium nudum Poa annua Polygonum glabrum Pteracanthus alatus Silene edgeworthii Solanum nigrum Themeda anathera 11225 ‐ 1120 6580 5500 6560
4850 ‐ EIA Report 10625 6700 ‐ 8125 5625 6250
4375 ‐ ‐ 15000 17857 ‐ ‐ ‐
‐ 10000 25 ‐ 6 19 13 13
19 ‐ 50 ‐ ‐ 25 25 25 19 ‐ ‐ 21 29 ‐ ‐ ‐
‐ 21 Shrub layer was dominated by the Desmodium elegans with density of 720 plants ha‐1, Ephedra gerardiana, Sorbaria tomentosa were common with density of 640 and 600 plants ha‐1, respectively. Other commonly occuring shrubs were Indigofera heterantha, Elsholtzia fruticosa, Wikstroemia canescens, etc. The ground layer was dominated by grasses such as Capillipedium parviflorum, Poa annua, Arundinella nepalensis, Microstegium nudum, Themeda anathera, etc. Other commonly found herbs were Anaphalis triplinervis, Inula royleana, Amaranthus hybridus, Mentha arvensis, Echinops cornigerus, Urtica dioica, Geranium nepalensis, etc. The details of vegetation structure are given in Table 6.19. Table 6.19: Site VIII (5 km upstream of Dam site) Scientific Name TREES Acer caesium Cedrus deodara Pinus wallichiana Populus ciliata Salix denticulata Total SHRUBS Desmodium elegans Indigofera heterantha
Elsholtzia fruticosa Wikstroemia canescens Ephedra gerardiana Sorbaria tomentosa Rubus foliolosus Total HERBS Scientific Name Density (per ha) Frequency
(%) Basal Cover (sq m) 80 60 40 80 80
340 720 160
400 200 640 600
160 2880 40 50 30 40 50
50 20
40 30 30 50
20 3.510 7.246 2.071 1.834 5.752 4.34 0.19 0.26 0.06 0.46 0.05 0.01 Density (per ha) RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
Frequency (%) 6.50
GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. Anaphalis triplinervis Arisaema concinnum Bidens pilosa Chenopodium album Cirsium verutum Clinopodium vulgare Cynoglossum glochidiatum Echinops cornigerus Elsholtzia ciliata Fragaria nubicola Galium verum Geranium wallichianum Impatiens edgeworthii Inula royleana Lactuca lessertina Mentha arvensis Origanum vulgare Oxalis acetocella Phytolacca acinosa Pimpinella acuminata Poa annua Prunella vulgare Salvia moocroftianna Scorzonera virgata Silene edgeworthii Stellaria media Urtica dioica Viola pilosa Pre Monsoon
‐ 1500 ‐ 1460 600 2250
3050 ‐ 3200 5000 5200 9250
4550
‐ 1300
‐ 2750
3500
3400
3990 ‐ 3400 3350 ‐ 1100 2500 ‐ 4500 EIA Report Monsoon Winter
‐ 2500 ‐ 3750 2500 6250
3750 ‐ 5000 5000 15000 11250
6250
‐
2500
‐
8750
7500
5000
3750 ‐ 7500 3750 ‐ ‐ 5000 ‐ 7500 Pre Monsoon
14286 ‐ ‐ 6 7143 ‐ ‐ 6 ‐ 6 ‐
13
12857 ‐ 5000 ‐ ‐
‐
8571
‐
7143
‐
‐
‐
‐ 12143 ‐ ‐ 2857 3571 5714 13 ‐ 13 25 25 25
19
‐
13
‐
6
13
13
13 ‐ 19 19 ‐ 6 13 ‐ 19 Monsoon Winter
‐ 6 ‐ 6 6 19 36 13 ‐ 13 19 31 31 25 ‐ 13 ‐ 25 19 13 13 ‐ 19 13 ‐ ‐ 19 ‐ 25 ‐ 43 ‐ 14 ‐ ‐
‐
21
‐
21
‐
‐
‐
‐ 29 ‐ ‐ 7 14 ‐ 14 ‐ 29 ‐ ‐ ‐
Site IX near Dharadi village (10 km upstream of Dam site) The tree layer was dominated by Quercus semecarpifolia with density of 150 per ha and frequency of 80%, followed by Pinus wallichiana, Cedrus deodara, Salix denticulata, Acer caesium, Populus ciliata, etc. Shrub layer was dominated by the Desmodium elegans with density of 640 plants ha‐1. Other commonly occuring shrubs were Indigofera heterantha, Elsholtzia fruticosa, Wikstroemia canescens, Rubus foliolosus, Ephedra gerardiana, Daphne retusa, etc. The ground layer was covered with grasses such as Capillipedium parviflorum, Poa annua, Arundinella nepalensis, Microstegium nudum, Themeda anathera, etc. are most dominant in catchment area with some herbs like Anaphalis RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report triplinervis, Inula royleana, Amaranthus hybridus, Mentha arvensis, Echinops cornigerus, Urtica dioica, Geranium nepalensis, etc. The details of vegetation structure are given in Table 6.20. Table 6.20: Site IX (Near Dharadi village 10 km upstream of Dam site) Scientific Name TREES Quercus semecarpifolia
Cedrus deodara Pinus wallichiana Acer caesium Salix denticulata Total SHRUBS Desmodium elegans
Indigofera heterantha
Elsholtzia fruticosa Wikstroemia canescens
Daphne retusa Artemisia roxburghiana
Sorbaria tomentosa
Total HERBS Scientific Name Amaranthus hybridus Anaphalis triplinervis Artemisia capillaris Bidens pilosa Bulbostylis barbata Capillipedium parviflorum Chenopodium album Cirstum falconeri Conyza stricta Cynoglossum glochidiatum Echinops cornigerus Eriophorum comosum Fragaria nubicola Galium verum Impatiens brachycentra Inula royleana Mentha arvensis Density
(per ha) Frequency
(%) Basal Cover (sq m) 150
40
40
30
30
290
80
40
30
20
20
24.859 4.336 3.468 0.351 0.191 640
240
400
160
200
440
280
2360
60
25
50
20
20
25
20
10.35 0.90 1.47 0.11 0.08 0.13 0.10 Density (per ha)
Frequency (%)
Pre Monsoon Winter
Pre Monsoon Winter
Monsoon
Monsoon ‐ ‐ 5000 3125 ‐
‐
2500
‐
2500
13750 ‐
3125
‐ 6250 12500 ‐ ‐ RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
7500 8750 ‐ 2500 ‐
5000
‐
‐
‐
‐ 13125
‐
2500 ‐ ‐ 6250 9375 2800 4000 ‐ 3200 2000
4000
‐
1600
‐
‐ 4800
‐
4000 ‐ ‐ 3200 3200 ‐ ‐ 19 13 ‐
‐
6
‐
6
31 ‐
6
‐ 13 31 ‐ ‐ 19 31 ‐ 6 ‐ 6 ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ 31 ‐ 6 ‐ ‐ 19 19 6.52
8 16 ‐ 8 4
12
‐
4
‐
‐ 12
‐
8 ‐ ‐ 8 8 GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. HERBS Scientific Name Origanum vulgare Oxalis acetosella Oxalis corniculata Pilea umbrosa Pimpinella acuminata Plantago himalaicum Poa annua Polygonum glabrum Rumex hastatus Scorzonera virgata
Solanum pseudo‐capsicum Themeda anathera Urtica dioica EIA Report Density (per ha)
Frequency (%)
Pre Monsoon Winter
Pre Monsoon Winter
Monsoon
Monsoon 5000 17500 ‐ 11250 5000
‐
‐
6250
‐
‐
‐
‐
‐ ‐ 12500 6250 ‐ ‐
‐
9375
‐
3125
5000
‐
‐
6250 ‐ ‐ 6400 ‐ ‐
2000
8000
‐
1600
4000
800
1600
2800 6 19 ‐ 19 13
‐
‐
13
‐
‐
‐
‐
‐ ‐ 19 6 ‐ ‐ ‐ 19 ‐ 13 13 ‐ ‐ 19 ‐ ‐ 8 ‐ ‐
4
16
‐
4
12
4
4
4 iii) Diversity & Dominance a) Importance Value Index Maximum numbers of plant species were rceorded at sites II & IV and herbaceous diversity
was maximum at sites IV, V and I (see Figure 6.9). While the IVI of Cedrus deodara was
highest at site VII, Quercus leucotrichophora was most dominant at sites IV and VI whereas
Q. semecarpifolia was most dominant at site IX (see Figure 6.10). Amongst the shrubs
Desmodium elegans was most dominat species at almost all the sampling sites (see Figure
6.11). Importance Value Index of all the plant species found at all the sites is given at Table
6.21.
Figure 6.9: Number of plant species recorded at different locations RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report Figure 6.10: IVI of dominant trees recorded at different locations Figure 6.11: IVI of dominant shrubs recorded at different locations Table 6.21: Comparison of Importance Value Index (IVI) of different plant species recorded from different locations/sites SITES TREES Acer caesium Aesculus indica Alnus nepalensis Cedrus deodara Celtis australis Engelhardtia spicata I 26 156 RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
II 20
33 79 III 30
10 76 IV 59 57 V 28 92 20 31 VI 30 27 VII 255 VIII IX 60 22 77 48 6.54
GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. SITES Juglans regia Lyonia ovalifolia Pinus wallichiana Populus ciliata Pyrus pashia Quercus semecarpifolia Salix denticulata Salix karelinii SHRUBS Artemisia roxburghiana Berberis angulosa Coriaria nepalensis Cotoneaster microphyllus Daphne retusa Desmodium elegans Elsholtzia fruticosa Ephedra gerardiana Indigofera heterantha Lonicera cyanocarpa Prinsepia utilis Rabdosia rugosa Rhamnus purpureus Rubus foliolosus Sorbaria tomentosa Wikstroemia canescens I II EIA Report III 32 IV V VI VII VIII IX 30 61 45 29 45 36 52 40 104 19
123 84 214 18 118 10
76
169 21
19 98 82 8 36 76 47 20 21 9
11
60 5 14 73 8 90 8 20 11
31 41 23 112 37 24 97 34 110 18
37
57
53 18 27 29
34 40 16
104 30
20 115 38
15 20 55 36
43 36 127 35 43 18
43 40 14 43 21
18 133 51 28
22 17
b) Species Diversity (H) and Evenness Index (E) The lowest species diversity was recorded from 500m upstream from the Dam site in catchment area i.e. 0.50 and the highest from down stream of the dam site near Deol village i.e. 1.78. The highest species diversity in shrubs was recorded from power house site (2.00) and the lowest was from 1 km upstream from the power house site (1.27), in catchment area it ranges from 1.73 to 1.84. Evenness index was ranges from 0.71 to 0.98 for trees, 0.84 to 0.97 for shrubs. The comparison of Species Diversity Index (H) and Evenness Index are given in Table 6.22.
Table 6.22: Comparison of Species Diversity (H) and Evenness Index (E) Sampling Habit Location Site I Trees Shannon‐Weiner Diversity Index Evenness Index (E) (H’) Pre Monsoon Monsoon Winter Pre Monsoon Monsoon Winter 0.93 0.93 0.93 0.84 0.84 0.84 RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. Site II Site III Site IV Site V Site VI Site VII Site VIII Site IX Shrubs Herbs Trees Shrubs Herbs Trees Shrubs Herbs Trees Shrubs Herbs Trees Shrubs Herbs Trees Shrubs Herbs Trees Shrubs Herbs Trees Shrubs Herbs Trees Shrubs Herbs 1.75 2.71 1.74 1.96 2.76 1.78 1.86 2.39 1.35 2.00 2.89 1.70 1.27 2.81 0.98 1.82 2.79 0.50 1.73 2.77 1.58 1.78 2.84 1.36 1.84 2.37 1.75 2.82 1.74
1.96 2.80 1.78
1.86 2.47 1.35 2.00
2.84 1.70 1.27 2.8
0.98 1.82 2.8
0.50 1.73 2.67 1.58
1.78 2.82 1.36 1.84
2.6 EIA Report 1.75 2.29 1.74
1.96 2.23 1.78
1.86 1.82 1.35 2.00
2.31 1.70 1.27 1.99
0.98 1.82 1.95
0.50 1.73 2.09 1.58
1.78 2.29 1.36 1.84
2.82 0.84 0.94 0.89
0.85 0.95 0.92
0.96 0.93 0.97 0.96
0.95 0.95 0.92 0.96
0.71 0.93 0.95
0.72 0.97 0.97 0.98
0.92 0.94 0.84 0.95
0.92 0.84 0.96 0.89 0.85 0.91 0.92 0.96 0.96 0.97 0.96 0.97 0.95 0.92 0.95 0.71 0.93 0.97 0.72 0.97 0.98 0.98 0.92 0.96 0.84 0.95 0.96 0.84 0.92 0.89
0.85 0.93 0.92
0.96 0.94 0.97 0.96
0.96 0.95 0.92 0.96
0.71 0.93 0.94
0.72 0.97 0.91 0.98
0.92 0.93 0.84 0.95
0.96 6.9.3 Rare and Endangered Flora Perusal of the literature on the rare, endangered and threatened plants of India (Nayar & Sastry 1987‐90) reveals that none of the species recorded within the project area falls under any of the Red Data Book (RDB) categories of Indian plants. However, Aswal & Mehrotra (1982) collected a rare species, Delphinium uncinatum Hk. f. & T. (Ranunculaceae), from a patch of Quercus ‐ Rhododendron forest (ca. 1500 m asl) which has been listed under "Indeterminate" category of India's Red Data Book. During the investigations that were limited to study area, this species could not be located within the project area. It is possible that in the event of project the forest patches at higher slopes would come under heavy pressure. Hence, rare species growing in higher altitudes may become rarer due to increased pressure. Similarly, Purohit & Panigrahi (1983) also reported a new species, Spiraea chambaensis Pur. & Panigr (family ‐ Rosaceae) from Satrundi (elevation ‐ 3100 m) in Chamba district, away from the present project area. Conservation status and threats to this species could not be ascertained within RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report the study area. In general, the study area does not constitute a distinct phytogeographic unit. However, it represents a transition zone between warm temperate belt to warm temperate zone of Western Himalaya. 6.10 FAUNAL DIVERSITY The Indian Subcontinent bioregion covers most of India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan, and Sri Lanka. The Hindu Kush, Karakoram, Himalaya, and Patkai ranges bound the bioregion on the northwest, north, and northeast; these ranges were formed by the collision of the northward‐drifting Indian subcontinent with Asia beginning 45 million years ago. The Hindu Kush, Karakoram, and Himalaya are a major biogeographic boundary between the subtropical and tropical flora and fauna of the Indian subcontinent and the temperate‐climate Palearctic ecozone. The great variety of ecological conditions thus prevailing allows this landmass to support a great diversity of wild life, including hot desert forms like the wild ass and cold desert forms like the Tibetan antelope, animals of open scrubland like the black buck and of grassy swamps like the rhinoceros, animals of deciduous forest like the Gaur and of tropical rain forest like the lion‐tailed macaque. Conservation of natural resources now requires a prospective that stretches well beyond the boundaries and incorporates National as well as International Policies and programmes involving resource dependent communities. Due to wide variation in altitude and climate, India is home to a wide variety of flora and fauna. India is one of the twelve mega diversity countries which hold about 14% of the World’s fauna and 32% of the World’s flora (about 45,000 species including 17500 flowering plants). Besides this, wide variety of bird species 1200+ is found in it. Many areas have been declared as National Parks and Wildlife Sanctuaries for the conservation of wildlife which should really be seen as tools for the development that respect both nature and people, capable of meeting the needs to today’s need without sacrificing the potential for tomorrow. Protected area network apart from cultural assets protect the catchments besides meeting livelihood needs of the local people and generate employment in sustainable ways. About 4.70% (4.76% as on July 2004, by National Wildlife Database) of the total geographical area is covered under protected area network in the country. In India, there are 92 National Parks, 492 Wildlife Sanctuaries and 13 Biosphere Reserves and 2 Conservation Reserves. Himachal Pradesh has legally classified forest area of 37,033 sq km, which is 66% of the total geographical area. Out of the area designated as RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report forests, 12% area is under Protected Area Network. The per capita availability of forests in Himachal is 0.22 ha, against the national average of 0.06 ha. According to the reports of the Forest Survey of India, Himachal Pradesh during the last few years has registered an increase of 1859 sq km in the forest cover. This increase is about 9% of the culturable forest area of the state. A small State like Himachal, which has only 1.7% of the geographical area of the country, has contributed a remarkable 4.5% of the net increase in the forest cover of the country. In addition the State has 32 wildlife sanctuaries and two National Parks. The state has a varied topography; climate and forest cover which has resulted in making the state a very rich repository of wild fauna and flora. The rugged terrain and clearly distinct agro‐climatic/ physiographic zones in the state harbour area specific animals and plants. The animals like Snow Leopard, Ibex, Blue sheep and Snow cock are found in cold deserts, while the cold temperate regions of the state comprise the natural habitat of Musk deer, Himalayan tahr, Brown bear, Monal and Western tragopan. The lower reaches of the state are rich in populations of Sambar deer, Barking deer, Wild boar, Goral and Leopard amongst the mammals and Cheer and White Crested Kaleej, among the pheasants beside the Western Tragopan which has been bred in captivity for the first time in the world in Homachal Pradesh. The state also has rich repository of more than 3,500 flowering plants, many of which are endemic to the region and many form the basis of local health traditions. Habitat destruction aided by developmental activities, encroachment over forestland, over grazing, soil erosion, poaching and floods have caused extensive damage to wildlife and natural resources. The main of degradation and depletion of forests and wildlife are the human activity in one side and on the other side population explosion, over exploitation of forest resources, urbanization, unscientific management, encroachment of forestland, illicit felling, lack of regeneration and large of livestock graze in the forested areas. Ever growing human and cattle population is having harmful impact on our precious wildlife population. Realizing this grave danger, the Government of Himachal Pradesh has taken the lead in this direction to take safe guard and to save its wilderness, wild animals and their habitat along valuable forests. Although there is total ban on hunting of wild animals since 1972 and strictly followed from 1982 in Himachal Pradesh but there is no denying of the fact that wildlife habitat is RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report shrinking rapidly which causing conflicts between wild animals and the human beings. The common leopard are turning into man‐eater and Himalayan Black bear turning into regular raider of the crop field and mauled humans. 6.10.1 Study Area The study area starts from 10 km downstream of Holi town and stretches upto 10 km periphery of Nayagram village. Up to Nayagram the area is much of a small town in terms of modern facility like connectivity etc., gradually turning to remote villages towards Bara Bangahal and Baijnath which is again a small town (about 30 km), which is the only village without a postal code. The sampling sites comprises of the left and right banks of the river Ravi. The right bank represents open hilly slopes as well as cushion like grassy lands. This side was more difficult to access owing to the difficulties posed by the rugged terrain. This area comprises bare rocks and rocky cliffs for the first few kilometers along the track parallel to Ravi river. This type of habitat changes slowly to moist deodar type randomly interspersed with bare rocks patches which again advancing further up to the catchment area, sub alpine types of cold desert vegetation comes to sight. The left bank of the river represents moist sandy slopes which are covered by pure chir‐pine dominating forest (from the dam site to village Nayagram) and mixed pine‐ broad leaved forests (from Nayagram to a little before Holi). However, coming downstream the vegetation gradually changes to mixed ‐oak forest and pure Alnus forest up to the power house site (1,744m). Based on the forest types the habitat types were categorized accordingly. So far as faunal survey for the present study is concerned, two more habitat types were classified for convenience. These are bare rocks along rivers and rocky cliffs. So, a total of seven habitat types were considered for the present study, viz. Mixed pine broadleaved forest Moist deodar forest Pure Chir‐pine forest Sub‐alpine types of the cold desert vegetation Mixed Oak forest Bare rocks and rocky cliffs Pure Alnus forest The areas where sampling and transects were analysed for wildlife surveys are
as follows:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Down stream of power house Power house Down stream of dam site Dam site Submergence area RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
: : N 32˚21’14” E 76˚31’38.3” N 32˚20’20.1” E 76˚32’25.1” : N 32˚16’49” E 76˚40’10.9” 6.59
GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report 6. Catchment area The characteristics of sampling areas are given below.
a) Downstream of Power house site Open forest with a clear cut rectangular patch of Alnus napalensis along the river bank until, after about a kilometer it changes more or less to open shrub type vegetation with very sparse dotted trees of Ban oak. The main tree species include Ban oak (Quercus semecarpifolia), Alnus nepalensis, etc. while Elaeagnus conferta, Artemisia roxburghiana and Indigofera heterantha, etc represents shrub layer. There is a very good herb layer cover in this area which includes species like Amaranthus hybridus, Anaphalis busua, Inula royleana, etc. This area is especially rich in entomofauna. Some of the insects found are Spider hunter robber fly, Sorrel sapphire, Small copper, Pale grass blue and Grasshoppers etc. b) Power House site Near Tayari up to Kee Nala area river velocity is generally low and water spread over both left and right flank, which promotes the growth of pure Alnus and Oak Forests, the domonant tree species are Alnus nepalensis, Aesculus indica, Lyonia ovalifolia, Quercus semecarpifolia, Salix alba, etc. Due to the occurrence of deciduous forests, the area with low rain falls, low humidity, good soil quality and suitable sun intensity. The ground vegetation is well developed, following shrubberies and herbaceous elements like Artemisia spp., Cotoneaster bacillaris, Desmodium spp., Spiraea spp., Urtica dioica, Agrimonia pilosa, Androsace sp., Galium spp., Phytolacca acinosa, Rumex spp., Viola spp. The wild life of this area mainly consists of birds and entomofauna which are encountered frequently. Avian fauna includes Rock bunting, Eurasian blackbird, Plumbeous water redstart, etc. and Indian cabbage white, blue banded bee, common hawker etc. represent entomofauna. c) Down stream of dam site This site is located down stream of Dam site. Common Tree species are Alnus nepalensis, Aesculus indica, Cedrus deodara, Pinus wallichiana, Populus ciliata, Salix alba. The common shrubberies include Coriaria nepalensis, Buddleja paniculata, Daphne retusa, Deutzia compacta, Rabdosia rugosa and Spiraea canascens, and the herbaceous elements are Agrimonia pilosa, Amaranthes viridis Cichorium intybus, Cynoglossum glochidiatum, Geranium spp., Impatiens spp., Origanum vulgare and Solanum spp., etc. Dam site shows comparatively more diversity for entomofauna than the other sites sampled. Common five ring, Common wall, Common satyr, Red admiral, etc. represents Lepidopteran diversity while Parasitic wasp, Spider predator robber fly and RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report Apis sp. represents other entomofauna. A single species of mammal represents the mammalian fauna of this area namely Himalayan langur (Presbytis entellus). Avian fauna includes Oriental turtle dove, Pale blue flycatcher, House sparrow, Blossom headed parakeet, Long tailed minivet, Black bulbul and Rock bunting, etc. d) Dam site The vegetation at dam site shows distinct characteristic difference between left and right bank (see Plate 1). Left bank consists of thick canopy with tall cedrus and pine trees while Left bank shows open grassland with sandy banks due to the land slides. The main tree composition of the dam site are: Cedrus deodara, Pinus wallichiana and Alnus napalensis while Desmodium elegans, Rabdosia rugosa, Wikstroemia canescens, Deutzia compacta and Sorbaria tomentosa, etc. represents shrub layer. Small group of plants like Galium sp., Geranium sp., Stellaria sp., Origanum vulgare form the herb layer. The only mammal encountered in this area is Macaca mulatta. This area is a paradise for birds, among them worth noting are Common kestrel, Himalayan griffon, Pale blue flycatcher and yellow billed blue magpie etc. For butterflies Common five ring, Common wall, Painted lady, Red admiral, Common satyr etc. besides other entomofauna while Kashmiri rock agama represents reptilian fauna. e) Submergence area from Nayagram village up to Khurdu The vegetation is undisturbed at this place and the upper canopy is distinctly identified which mainly composed of Cedrus deodara, Pinus wallichiana and Alnus nepalensis. The shrub layer is with Coriaria nepalensis, Desmodium elegans and Rabdosia rugosa are most dominant which followed by Daphne sp., Rhamnus sp., Sorbaria tomentosa, etc. The herbaceous layer dominated by Galium sp., Geranium sp. and Prunella vulgare. This area represents the only trail where a single species of mammal was encountered viz. Rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta). Black bulbul, Yellow billed chough, Yellow breasted greenfinch, Black drongo, White wing water redstart, etc. comprises the avian fauna. Common wall, common satyr, Himalayan five ring and Pallid Argus, etc. forms entomofauna, and Kashmiri rock agama represents reptiles of the area. f) Catchment area from Khurudu upto Bara banghal (right bank) The area is represented by a mixture of forest intertwined alternatively, with moist deodar forest on the way from Bara banghal to Khanari, Bare rocks and RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report cliffs, Alpine pasture on the way from Khanari to Dhari, Alnus dominated forest patch near the river bed running almost parallel to the Ravi river. The fauna of the area consist of Grey breasted prinia, Greenish warbler, Rock pigeon, Black bulbul etc. for avian fauna; Common brimstone, Small copper, Pallid argus, Plain tiger, Striated satyr, Painted lady, Indian fritillary, etc. for Lepidoptera; Kashmiri spotted agama for reptile and Honey bee besides lepidopterans, for entomofauna. 6.10.2 Methodology The study area was divided into different strata based on vegetation and topography. Sampling for habitat and animals was done in different strata. As the normal systematic transects for mammals and birds were not possible in this study area due to difficult terrain, therefore mostly trails were used for faunal sampling. In addition to the field sampling secondary data/ information was also collected as follows. RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report Figure 6.12: Study area map of Bajoli Holi H.E. Project showing wildlife transects
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GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report a. The Forest Working Plans or Management plans of the Forest Divisions falling in the project area for wildlife of the area. b. Direct sighting and indirect evidences such as calls, signs and trophies of mammals were recorded along the survey routes taking aid from Prater (1980). c. Interviews with local villagers for the presence and relative abundance of various animal species within each locality. d. Data collection on habitat condition, animal presence by direct sighting and indirect evidences by forest personnel and villager e. Checklist of birds was prepared based upon direct sighting and evidences using Ali & Ripley (1983), Grimmeth and Flaming et al. (1984) as field guides for the birds. In the survey other animal evidences and general composition of the habitats were also recorded. f. Interaction with Shepard’s and past hunters to understand the man animal conflict. 6.10.3 Zoo‐geographic Affinities Ecologically and bio‐geographically the Indian subcontinent is one of the most fascinating regions in the world. The fauna of Himachal Pradesh and also the study area consists mostly of species with zoogeographic affinities of palaearctic, Indo‐malayan and indigenous represented by musk deer (Moschus chrysogaster), brown bear (Ursus arctos), Marten (Martes flavigula), Asiatic black bear (Ursus thibetanus) and Barking deer (Muntiacus muntjak). The prposed project study area falls in the North‐West Himalaya (2A) Biotic Province of the Biogeographic zone Himalaya and covers the middle and higher elevation habitats of the Pir Panjal range. 6.10.4 Mammals Endemism is low, especially among the better‐known higher taxonomic groups, because the Himalayas have a relatively recent origin. But, despite the low overall endemicity, the region harbors several species Himalayan brown bear, Himalayan black bear, Indian porcupine, Bonnet macaque etc. and a diverse ungulate assemblage that includes blue sheep (Pseudois nayaur). The Himalayan tahr is restricted to this region only. Out of Twenty‐three species of large mammals and Galliformes present in the study area, 18 of which were hunted around at least one village. Of special concern were several threatened species that were hunted around most villages where they occurred (“Hunting of large mammals and pheasants in RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report the Indian Western Himalaya” Rahul Kaul ,Hilaluddin, J.S. Jandrotia and Philip J.K. McGowan). Mamalian species sighted during the field surveys are listed below in a table below. Mammalian seasonal data
Common name Scientific name Himalayan tahr Rhesus macaque Serow Bonnet macaque Himalayan langur Hemitragus jemlahicus Macaca mulatta Capricornis summatraensis Macaca radiata Preshytis entellus Pre Monsoon Winter
Monsoon
+ ‐ ‐ + ‐ ‐ + ‐ ‐ + ‐ ‐ + ‐ ‐ + Shows the direct sighting season Mammalian species reported from the study area and the project catchment are listed in Table 6.23. Table 6.23: List of mammalian species reported from study area based upon secondary information Common Name Barking deer Scientific name
Muntiacus muntjac Schedule III Blue sheep Pseudois nayaur Bonnet macaque Macaca radiata
Schedule I Schedule II Flying squirrel Hylopetes sp.
Schedule II Fox Vulpes Vulpes Nemorhaedus goral Schedule I Schedule III Selenarctos thibetanus Schedule II Himalayan brown bear Ursus arctos Schedule I Himalayan langur Preshytis entellus
Schedule II Himalayan palm civet Himalayan pine marten Paguma larvata Schedule II Martes flavigula Schedule II Himalayan tahr Hemitragus jemlahicus
Schedule I Himalayan weasel Hoary‐bellied Himalayan Squirrel Mustela sibirica Callosciurus pygerythrus Schedule II NA Indian bush rat Indian porcupine Goluda ellioti
Schedule V Hystrix indica
Schedule IV Jackal Canis aureus Schedule II Jungle cat Leopard Felis chaus Schedule II Panthera pardus Long tailed marmot Marmota caudata Schedule I Schedule II Goral Himalayan black bear RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
WPA schedule 6.65
GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. Common Name EIA Report Scientific name
WPA schedule Musk deer Moschus chrysogaster Orange‐bellied Himalayan Squirrel Dremomys lokriah Schedule I NA Pika or Himalayan mouse Rhesus macaque Ochotona roylei Schedule II Macaca mulatta Royle's vole Alticola roylei Schedule II Serow Capricornis summatraensis
Schedule I Siberian ibex Capra sibirica Schedule I Snow leopard Uncia uncia Schedule I Urial Ovis orientalis
Schedule I Wolf Canis lupus
Schedule I a) Distribution pattern The area can be divided into three altitudinal zones for the purpose of studying the altitudinal distribution of the fauna: upper cold desert, middle temperate to sub‐alpine and lower foothills. The habitat areas of musk deer, snow leopard and Himalayan ibex overlap and no specific study on magnitude of overlapping area and altitude has been done systematically. Himalayan tahr, Musk deer, Ibex and Serow are restricted to the upper reaches of Ravi catchment (2,800 – 4,000m) and occupies the upper cold desert layer. Naemorhaedus goral (Goral) and Muntiacus muntjak (Barking deer) are most common ungulates in this region. These animals are distributed in the temperate to sub‐alpine forests in elevations between 2,400 and 2,800m. Among the Primates, Macaca mulatta (Rhesus macaque) and Presbytis entellus (Langur) apart from other animals like squirrel, jackal, leopard and porcupine etc. are found to inhabit the same ecological niche from the lower parts to upper parts of the hills (1,400‐3,400m). Further down to lower foothills layer comprises of squirrel, jackal, macaque, leopard and porcupine etc. The villagers of the study area practice hunting. As a tradition they used to hunt for wild animals in and around Dhauladhar Wildlife Sanctuary. Inspite of the strict vigil and tougher law being enforce hunting in small scale continues in this area (short communication with villagers) and list of large mammals which are frequently hunted in the area is given in Table 6.24. During the survey a total of seven individuals of four species were observed macaque was the one species with highest individual of four. The diversity index shows a good diversity in spite of the data structure. This may be due to RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report the insufficient data, as was hard to observe during the field survey (time constraint). The mammalian data shows a species evenness value 2.76. a) Threatened and endangered mammals Few of the mammalian species found in this area are listed in the threatened and endangered categories. Snow leopard which inhabits the higher reaches of the catchment area and Urial (from forest dept. data) falls into endangered category while red fox and leopard falls into threatened category. Other species like Goral, Himalayan black bear, Himalayan brown bear, Himalayan tahr, Jackal, Musk deer, Serow and Wolf falls into vulnerable category. 6.10.5 Avifauna Among all the faunal elements found in this area birds show the maximum diversity with a diversity index of 4.59585449 and species evenness index value of 0.956668. A total of 122 species were observed and 356 individuals were recorded with species richness index of 122, this area is a paradise for avian fauna (Table 6.25). During the survey pre‐monsoon data shows the highest sighting season with 82 species followed by monsoon with 57 species and post monsoon with 25 species respectively (Figure 6.25). The diversity of the avian species is mainly due to the altitudinal variation, coupled with variety of forest types, grasslands and micro‐habitats such as bamboo stands, moist deodar deciduous etc., which provides a good habitat for birds. Figure 6.10 shows species abundance, only two species of Grey hooded warbler with 11 species and Rock pigeon with 14 species was falling out of the congregation of other species due to higher number of individuals sighted. There was a decrease in species richness as we ascend to the higher altitude (field observation). The decrease in species richness with increasing elevation is a widely recognized pattern. However, recent work has shown that there is variation in the shape of the curve was such that both negative monotonic or unimodal patterns occur, influenced by a variety of factors at local and regional scales. a) Altitudinal migration Migration is among the best studied of animal behaviors, yet few empirical studies have tested hypotheses explaining the ultimate causes of these cyclical annual movements. Fretwell's (1980) hypothesis predicts that if nest predation explains why many tropical birds migrate uphill to breed, then predation risk must be negatively associated with elevation. The proportion of nests depredated by different types of predators differed among elevations. RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report These results imply that over half of the altitudinal migrant bird species in this region migrate to safer breeding areas than their non‐breeding areas, suggesting that variation in nest predation risk could be an important benefit of uphill migrations of many species (Boyle, 2008). Wagtails are the best example for this area, during the monsoon these birds go to the higher altitudes and by December there was a sharp decline in population migrating to intermediate elevation (1200m to 2000m). b) Birds Restricted to Himalaya Endemism among birds in this region is higher than among mammals. The Western Himalaya EBA (Endemic bird area) has 11 species restricted to it, including the Himalayan quail as well as the cheer pheasant (Catreus wallichii, VU) and the Western tragopan (Tragopan melanocephalus, VU). Table 6.24: Species of large mammals hunted for various purposes in the study area Common name
Himalayan tahr (V) Musk deer (L) Himalayan monal Goral (L) Barking deer Himalayan brown bear
Indian wildboar Leopard Himalayan black bear (V) Indian porcupine Himalayan langur
Serow (V) Scientific name
Hemitragus jemlahicus Moschus chrysogaster Lophophorus impejanus Nemorhaedus goral Muntiacus muntjak Ursus arctos Sus scrofa Panthera pardus Selenarctos thibetanus Hystrix indica
Presbytis entellus Capricornis sumatraensis
* V, L Species categorized as Vulnerable and Lower Risk/near‐threatened, respectively, on the 2003 IUCN Red List (IUCN, 2003). (Oryx Vol. 38 No 4, October 2004 “Hunting of large mammals and pheasants in the Indian WesternHimalaya” Rahul Kaul, Hilaluddin, J.S. Jandrotia and Philip J.K. McGowan) Table 6.25: List of birds recorded from in the project area Common name Ashy Drongo Ashy Wood Pigeon Bank Myna Barn swallow Bay‐backed shrike Black Bulbul Black Drongo Black Francolin Scientific name Dicrurus leucocephaeus
Columba pulchricolis Acridotheres ginginianus Hirundo rustica
Lanius vittatus Hypsipetes leucocephalus
Dicrurus macrocerus Francolinus francolinus
RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
Pre Monsoon Monsoon Winter +
+ ‐ + ‐ ‐ + ‐ ‐ +
‐ ‐ + ‐ ‐ +
+ ‐ ‐ + ‐ +
‐ ‐ 6.68
GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. Common name Black‐billed Magpie Black‐Hooded Oriole Black‐throated Tit Blossom‐headed Parakeet Blue fronted redstart Blue Whistling Thrush Blue‐capped Rock Thrush Blyth's Leafy Warbler Brown Dipper Chestnut‐shouldered petronia Citrine Wagtail Common Raven Common Babbler Common Hoopoe Common Kestrel Common Kingfisher Common Myna Common Rosefinch Common Wood shrike Crested kingfisher Dark‐sided Flycatcher Dusky Warbler Eurasian Blackbird Eurasian Golden Oriole Eurasian Treecreeeper Eurassian Hobby European Goldfinch Great Barbet Great tit Green‐backed Tit Greenish Warbler Grey Bushchat Grey Treepie Grey Wagtail Grey‐breasted Prinia Grey‐capped Pygmy Scientific name Pica pica Oriolus xanthornus Aegithalos concinnus
Pisttacula roseata EIA Report Pre Monsoon Monsoon Winter + ‐ ‐ + ‐ ‐ +
‐ ‐ + + ‐ ‐
+ + + ‐ ‐ + ‐ ‐ ‐ + ‐ Cinclus pallasii
Petronia xanthocollis +
‐ + + ‐ ‐ Motacila citreola Corvus corax
Turdoides caudatus Upupa epops
Falco tinnunculus Alcedo atthis Acridotheres tristis
Carpodacus erythrinus Tephrodornis pondicerianus Megaceryle lugubris
Muscicapa sibiraca + ‐
+ +
+ + +
+ ‐ + ‐ + + ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ + ‐ ‐ +
‐ ‐ + + ‐ Phylloscopus sindianus
Turdus obscurus Oriolus oriolus
‐
‐ + + ‐ + + ‐ ‐ ‐ + + ‐
‐ + +
‐ ‐
‐ +
+
+ +
+ + ‐ + + + + ‐ + + ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ + + ‐ ‐ ‐ + ‐ ‐ Phoenicurus frontalis
Myophonus caeruleus Monticola cinchlorhynchus
Phylloscopus reguloides Certhia familiaris Falco subbuteo
Carduelis carduelis Megalaima virens Parus major
Parus monticolus Phylloscopus trochiloides
Saxicola ferrea Dendrocitta formosae
Motacila cinerea
Prinia hodgsonii Dendrocopos canicapillus
RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. Common name Woodpecker Grey‐headed Canary Flycatcher Grey‐headed Woodpecker Grey‐hooded warbler Hill Partridge Hill pigeon Himalayan Griffon Himalayan Bulbul Himalayan Woodpecker House bunting House Crow House Sparrow House Swift Hume's Warbler Indian Cuckoo Jungle Babbler Kalij pheasant Large Grey Babbler Large Wood shrike Large‐Billed Crow Lemon‐rumped Warbler Lesser spotted Eagle Little Pied Flycatcher Long‐tailed Minivet Long‐tailed Shrike Mountain chiffchaff Orange‐headed thrush Oriental Skylark Oriental Turtle Dove Oriental White‐eye Pale Blue Flycatcher Pied Thrush Plain Mountain Finch Plain Prinia Plumbeous Water Redstart Purple Sunbird Red‐billed Chough Scientific name Culicicapa ceylonensis EIA Report Pre Monsoon Monsoon Winter ‐ + ‐ + ‐ ‐ ‐ + + Arborophila torqueola
Columba rupestris Gyps fulvus
Pycnonotus jocosus Dendrocopos himalayensis +
+ +
+ ‐ ‐ + + ‐ ‐ + ‐ + + ‐ Emberiza striolata Corvus splendens
Passer domesticus Apus affinis
Phylloscopus humei Cuculus micropterus
Turdoides striatus Lophura leucomelanos Turdoides malcolmi
Tephrodornis gularis Corvus macrorhynchos Phylloscopus chloronotus + +
+ +
+ +
+ + +
+ + ‐ ‐ + ‐ + + ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ + ‐ + ‐ Aquila pomarina Ficedulla westermanni Pericrocotous ethologus
Lanius schach Phylloscopus sindianus
Zoothera citrina + + +
+ ‐
‐ ‐ + + ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ + + ‐ ‐ Alauda gulgula Streptopelia orientalis Zosterops palpebrosus
Cyornis unicolour Zoothera wardii
Leucosticte nemoricola + + ‐
‐ +
‐ + + + ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ + ‐ Prinia inornata Rhyacornis fuliginous ‐ + ‐ + + + + ‐
‐ + ‐ ‐ Picus canus Seicercus xanthoschistos
Nectarinia asiatica Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax
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GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. Common name Red‐billed Leiothrix Red‐headed Bullfinch Red‐Vented Bulbul Rock Bunting Rock Pigeon Rufous treepie Russet Sparrow Scaly‐bellied Woodpecker Scarlet Minivet Small Minivet Spot winged tit Spotted dove Spotted Nutcracker Streaked laughing Thrush Striated Babbler Tawny eagle Westren Crowned Warbler White Wagtail White winged Redstart White‐breasted Kingfisher White‐capped Bunting White‐capped Water Redstart White‐eared bulbul White‐naped Tit White‐throated Tit Yellow billed blue magpie Yellow Wagtail Yellow‐billed Chough Yellow‐breasted Greenfinch Yellow‐crowned Woodpecker UID Cuckoo Shrike UID Juv. Flycatcher UID prinia Scientific name Leiothrix lutea Pyrrhula erythrocephala EIA Report Pre Monsoon Monsoon Winter + ‐ ‐ + ‐ ‐ Pycnonotus cafer Emberiza fucata Columba livia
Dendrocitta vagabunda Passer rutilans
Picus squamutus + + +
+ ‐
‐ + + ‐ + ‐ + + ‐ ‐ + ‐ ‐ Pericrocotus flammeus Pericrocrotus cinnamomeus Parus melanolophus Streptopelia chinensis
Nucifraga caryocatactes Garrulax lineatus + ‐ ‐ + ‐ ‐ ‐ +
+ ‐ ‐ ‐ + ‐ ‐ ‐ + ‐ Turdoides earlei
Aquila rapax Phylloscopus occipitalis +
+ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ + ‐ Motacila alba Phoenicurus erythrogaster Halcyon smyrnensis + ‐ + + + ‐ + ‐ ‐ + + ‐ + ‐ + + ‐
+ ‐ + ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ + + + + ‐
‐ + ‐ + ‐ + ‐ + ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐
+ + + ‐ ‐ ‐ Emberiza stewarti Chaimarrornis leucocephalus Pycnonotus leucotis Parus nuchalis
Aegithalos niveogularis Urocissa flavirostris Motacilla flava Pyrrhocorax graculus
Carduelis spinoides Dendrocopos mahrattensis
Coracina ?? ‐ ‐ RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. Common name UID warbler UID warbler UID warbler UID warbler UID Woodpecker UID woodpecker UID flower pecker UID green small bird Scientific name ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ EIA Report Pre Monsoon Monsoon Winter ‐ + ‐ ‐ ‐ + ‐
‐ + ‐ + ‐ ‐ ‐ + ‐
+ ‐ ‐ ‐ + ‐
‐ + Figure 6.13: Percentage of bird species sighted seasonally Figure 6.14: Relative abundance of bird species 6.10.6 Reptiles Very few species of reptiles were sighted during all the three season survey which is listed in Table 6.26. Due to the insufficient data no meaningful information could be retrieved except their presence in the study area. Kashmiri spotted Agama was recorded in all the three seasons both in the RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report lower part of the project area (2000 msl) and upper part towards the catchment area (3000 msl). Table 6.26: Reptiles recorded from the project area Common Name Zoological Name Kashmir Agama Toad Agama Snake skink Gray’s Rat Snake Laudakia tuberculata
Phyrnocephalus theobaldi Lygosoma punctatus Argyrogena ventromaculatus Pre monsoon +
+ + + Monsoon Winter + ‐ ‐ +
‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ 6.10.7 Insects All the entomofauna except butterflies sighted in this area during monsoon season were absent during the winter survey. This might be by the influence of chilled winter season weather which forces them to migrate and hibernate. Insects have a variety of methods for surviving the coldness of winter. Hibernation is a well known natural phenomenon among insects. In general, insects are able to survive cold temperatures easiest when the temperatures are stable, not fluctuating through alternate thaws and freezes. Many insects can gain shelter and nourishment through the winter in a variety of micro‐
habitats. Among these niches are under the soil, inside the wood of logs and trees, and even in plant galls. Overwintering into different stages larvae, nymphs, eggs, pupae, or as adults of insect life is very common. Many large wasps seek shelter in the eaves and attics of houses or barns. Tree holes, leaf litter, and under logs and rocks are common shelters for overwintering adult insects. Honeybees have been studied during the winter and are found to remain semi‐active in hollow trees through the generation of body heat provided by the oxidation of honey. Only a few species especially orthopterans migrate to lower elevation to survive the winter cold. A list of insects recorded from the project area is given at Table 6.27. Table 6.27: Insects found in the project area Common name Blue banded bee Brown prionid Bumble bee Burying mantid Caleda Cicada Common long winged beefly Seasonal data of other entomofauna
Scientific name Pre Monsoon Amegilla cingulata
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Orthosoma brunneum
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Bombus sp.
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Sphodropoda sp.
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Caleda captiva
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Cicadidae ‐ family
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Complosia sp.
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GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report Seasonal data of other entomofauna Common name Scientific name Pre Monsoon Eastern golden haired blowfly Calliphora stygia? ‐ Flower feeding marsh fly Scaptia auriflua sp. ‐ Froggatt's buzzer Froggattina austratis ‐ Green shield bug Palomena prasina ‐ Honey bee Apis sp.
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Jewel beetle Chrysochroa sp. ‐ Largid bugs Largidae ‐ family ‐ Longhorn moth Nemophora sp. ‐ NA moth Archips sp.
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NA moth Tortricidae ‐ Parasitic wasp Ichneuminidae ‐ family ‐ Potter wasp Delta sp. ‐ Robberfly Promaschus ruficeps
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Robberfly Laphria sp. ‐ Spider feeder robber fly Leptogaster sp. ‐ Spider predator robber fly Ommatius sp.
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UID black ant ‐ ‐ UID caterpillar ‐ ‐ UID house spider ‐ ‐ UID katydid ‐
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UID moth Wave moth? ‐ UID locust ‐ ‐ UID snail ‐ ‐ Vinegar fly Drosophila sp.
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Wasp spider ?? ‐ Yellow winged locust Gastrimargus musicus ‐ Monsoon Winter
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+ ‐ + ‐ 6.10.8 Butterflies Butterflies are perhaps the most conspicuous and colorful of insects. They make excellent subject for naturally history observation and scientific studies as they can reared at home and can easily observe various stages of the development of organisms. During the three season data collected for each survey season there was a marked decline in the number of species recorded during winters (Table 6.28). a) Distribution Earlier butterflies classified into smaller families and India alone had 9 families. However, many of the older families are now merged into the family Nymphalidae, finally maintaining only 5 families across the world, all of which are represented in India. Not a very recent estimate (Gaonkar, 1996) of the RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report number of butterfly species in India is 1,501. The diversity of Holy blues is the highest in Western Himalaya which include the study area. Table 6.28: Butterfly species recorded from the study area in different seasons Common name Scientific name Azure sapphire Common banded peacock Common brimstone Common castor Common cerulean Common five ring Common satyr Common seargent Common straight swift Common tit Common three ring
Common wall Great satyr Himalayan black vein Himalayan five ring Holy blue Indian cabbage white Indian fritillary Indian tortoiseshell Meadow brown Painted lady pale blue Pale grass blue Pallid argus Plain tiger Punchinello Red admiral Small copper Small heath Small satyr Small white Sorrel sapphire Striated satyr UID butterfly UID yellow butterfly Yellow castor Heliophorus androcles moorei Papilio crino Fabricius Gonepteryx rhami napalensis
Ariadne merione assama
Jamides celeno
Ypthima baldus baldus
Aulocera swaha swaha
Athyma perius
Pamara Guttata
Hypolycaena erylus
Ypthima pandocus corticaria
Pararge schakra
Aulocera padma padma
Aporia leucodice
Ypthima sakra sakra
Celastrina argiolus
Pieris canidia
Argyrius hyperbius hyperbius
Nymphalis kaschmirensis
Maniola jurtina
Vanessa Cynthia
Polyommatus icarus
Pseudozizeeria maha
Callerbia scanda opima
Danaus chrysippus
Zemeros flegyas
Vanessa atalanta
Lycaena phlaeas
Coenonympha pamphilus
Aulocera swaha swaha
Pieris rapae
Heliophorus sena
Aulocera saraswati
‐ ‐ Pareba vesta
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GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report During the survey a total of 35 species with 108 total individuals were encountered of which two species could not be identified Table 6.22). Sighting was very good during the monsoon season survey than the other two survey seasons (Figure6.11). Not a single species was recorded during pre monsoon, 30 species in monsoon and 15 species in winter survey respectively. A diversity index of 3.469285 shows a good diversity of species. Due to migration and hibernation there was a sharp decrease in population and diversity during winter season survey. 6.10.9 Importance of the area from wildlife point of view Dhauladhar Wildlife Sanctuary is the nearest sanctuary in the vicinity of the project area. The Dhauladhar Wildlife Sanctuary is contiguous to Manali, Kugti, Tundah and Nagru Wildlife Sanctuaries which form a unique bio‐
geographic location (Western, North‐Western and Trans‐Himalayan Ranges). This area is very important from ecological, geomorphological and Figure 6.15: Seasonal percentage sighting of butterflies species geographical point of view and qualifies to be declared as World Heritage site under UNESCO’s recognition. The wide range of altitudinal variations and gradual precipitous slopes combine together makes it very rich in flora and fauna. Moreover, many perennial rivers forming tributaries flowing into the River ravi which originates from this sanctuary. Rich in scenic beauty, lush green forests, endless landscape, snow clad peaks and panoramic views changes from place to place are paradise for the nature appreciators and adventure loving people. The area is rich in medicinal herbs like Karu, Patish, Ban Kakri, Dhoop, Banksa and Hathpanja which are one of the sources of income for the local inhabitants. Due to wide range of variation in altitude and habitat variety of animals are found in the Dhauladhar Wildlife Sanctuary and are discussed below: RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report Goral (Naemorhaedus goral), Himalayan tahr (Hemitragus jamlahicus), Himalayan ibex (Capra ibex), Musk deer (Moschus chrysogastor), Serow (Capricornis sumatraensis), Common leopard (Panthera pardus), Himalayan Black bear (Selenarctos thibetanus), Brown bear (Ursus arctos), Snow leopard (Uncia uncia) are the common mammals. Among pheasants, Monal (Lophophorus impejanus), Koklas (Pucrasia macrolopha), Kaleej (Lophura leucomelana), Western tragopan (Tragopan melanocephalus), Cheer pheasant (Catreus wallichii), Chukor (Alectrois chukor), Snow cock (Tetraogallus himalayensis), Common Peafowl (Pavo cristatus), Black Francolin (Francolinus francolinus), Snow partridge (Lerwa lerwa), Hill Partridge (Arborophilla torqueola) are some of them. A large number of avian fauna both indigenous and migratory comprising over 250 species are found in this sanctuary. So far no detailed survey has been done to asses the status of different wild animals found in the Dhauladhar Wildlife Sanctuary. A systematic documentation of wild animals and their distribution at present is lacking. Issues & Concerns A rich fauna still persists in Himalaya, although this region has suffered heavily from deforestation and destruction of wildlife. It can be attributed to its unique location at the conjugation of three bio‐geographic zones, viz. Western, Trans and Northwestern Himalaya. In addition, geological, climatic and altitudinal variations in the hotspot, as well as topographic complexity, contribute to the biological diversity of the mountains. The diversity of habitats in Bajoli‐Holi project area and surrounding areas, its remoteness and relatively difficult terrain further add to the richness of the area. However, increasing use of resources and excessive livestock grazing, in due course of time, are likely to affect the population status of medicinal plants (Sanjay Kr. Uniyal, Amit Kumar, Brij Lal and R. D. Singh, 2000) and animals. It is to be noted that annually more than 1, 80,000 livestock visit the Dhauladhar Wildlife Sanctuary (Gupta, unpublished). The fauna is predominantly Indo‐Malayan with Palaearctic elements such as Hangul or Kashmir stag restricted to west. Other notable Himalayan forms include Snow leopard and clouded leopard, both threatened with extinction, the Brown bear, The Himalayan black bear, the Himalayan tahr and Goral, etc. 6.11 AQUATIC ECOLOGY To study various physico‐chemical and biological characteristics of Ravi River, survey and sampling was carried out at 7 different sites in the proposed hydro‐electric project study area. Water samples during three seasons were RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report collected viz. pre‐monsoon, monsoon and post–monsoon. The samples were taken in replicates at each site of the river. The average value was calculated for the result. Physico‐chemical and biological parameters were analyzed. The sites at which sampling was done are as follows and also given in Figure 6.16: R1 Dam site, Left Bank R2 Downstream of Powerhouse site, Left Bank R3 Power house site (Tayari Bridge), Right Bank R4 Deol village, Left bank R5 Nayagram, Left Bank R6 Submergence, Left bank 6.11.1 Methodology Several physico – chemical parameters of water necessary for the ecological studies were measured in the field with the help of different instruments. At each sampling site, pH, temperature, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids and dissolved oxygen were measured in the field. The water temperature was measured with the help of graduated mercury thermometer. The pH, conductivity and total dissolved solids were recorded with the help of a pH, EC and TDS probes (Hanna instruments HI 98130) in the field. The water samples were collected in polypropylene bottles from the different sites in the field and brought to the laboratory for the further analysis. The two parameters such as, total silicates and nitrate were analyzed at the Spectro Analytical Labs Limited, Okhla, New Delhi. Total alkalinity, total hardness and phosphate (PO4 – P) were measured as per APHA (1992) and Adoni (1980). For the analysis of turbidity, water samples were collected from the different sampling sites and brought to the laboratory for analysis. The turbidity was recorded with the help Digital Turbidity meter. Dissolved oxygen was measured with the help of Digital DO meter (Eutech ECDO 602K) in the field. 6.11.2 Sampling of Benthic (Epilithic) Diatoms Sampling was performed across the width of the stream at the depth of 15 ‐ 30 cm. The samples were taken from the accessible banks only. The cobbles (64 ‐128 mm size) usually 4 ‐ 5 in number, were picked from the riffle and pools, in apparently different flows such as stones above and below gushing waters, swift flow and slow flow conditions so as to obtain a representative sample. Diatom samples were collected by scratching the cobbles with a brush of hard bristles in order to dislodge diatoms from crevices and minute cavities on the boulder surface from an area of 3 x 3 cm2, using a sharp edged razor. RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report The scrapings from each cobble were collected in 25µ sieve and transferred to storage vials. Samples were preserved in 4% formaldehyde solution. Acid treatment according to Reimer (1962) method adopted earlier also (Nautiyal & Nautiyal 1999, 2002) was followed to process the samples for light microscopy. The treated samples were washed repeatedly to remove traces of acid. Samples with high organic content were treated with hydrogen per oxide to clean the diatom frustules. The permanent mounts were prepared in Naphrax for further analysis. They were examined using a BX‐40 Trinocular Olympus microscope (x10 and x15 wide field eyepiece) fitted with Universal condenser and PLANAPO x100 oil immersion objective under brightfield using appropriate filters to identify the species.
For preparing permanent mounts from the treated samples, the slide was first smeared with Mayer’s albumen. The sample was then agitated to render it homogeneous. Quickly a drop of known volume (0.04 ml) of processed material was placed on the slide and heated gently till it dried. It was dehydrated using 95% and 100% alcohol, consecutively. The dehydrated material was transferred to Xylol twice before finally mounting in Euparol. 6.11.3 Identification of Benthic (Epilithic) Diatoms The permanent mounts were then subjected to analysis under a phase contrast binocular microscope using an oil immersion lens of x100 magnification. For identifying the various diatom species, varieties and forms, the morphological characteristics used included length, width (µm), number of striae, raphe, axial area, central area, terminal and central nodules. Identifications were made according to standard literature (Schmidt 1914 ‐
1954, Hustedt 1943, Hustedt 1985, Krammer & Lange ‐ Bertalot 1986, 1991, 1999, 2000 a & b, Lange ‐ Bertalot, H. Krammer, K. 2002, Metzeltin & Lange ‐ Bertalot 2002, Krammer 2000, 2003, Lange Bertalot et al., 2003, Werum & Lange ‐ Bertalot 2004., Metzeltin et al., 2005). Sarode & Kamat (1984), Prasad (1992) and Gandhi (1998) were also consulted for the Oriental species. The permanent mounts have been adequately stored at the Aquatic Biodiversity Lab, Department of Zoology, H. N. B. Garhwal University, where the work was undertaken. a) Density (Individuals mm‐2) = Total count of cells × cover glass size/length of visual field of microscope × counted rows × total sample volume (ml)/observed sample / sampled area RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report b) Species diversity Index (Shannon & Wiener 1963): The Shannon diversity indices were determined on the basis of counts (500 ‐ 600 valves). Shannon‐Wiener Diversity Index H = ‐ Σ (ni/n) x ln (ni/n) where, pi is the proportion of total number of species made up of the ith species c) Evenness Index (Shannon & Wiener 1963) Evenness Index (E) = H / ln(S) where, H is Shannon Index of general diversity and S is Number of species 6.11.4 Sampling & Identification of Macro‐invertebrates Macro‐invertebrate samples were collected from 1ft2 area by lifting of stones and sieving of substratum from the wadable portion of the river. The material was sieved through 125 µm sieve and preserved in 70% ethyl alcohol. Standard keys were used for the identification of macro invertebrate samples (Pennek 1953; Edmondson 1959; Macan 1979, Edington and Hildrew 1995). Crude density = total no. of individuals in each quadrate/ total quadrats × 11 RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report Figure 6.16: Study area map of Bajoli Holi H.E. project showing water sampling sites
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GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report 6.11.5 Physico–chemical Characteristics The water current velocity is directly related to the water discharge. Temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen and water current velocity are important ecological factor which play an important role in the distribution of aquatic organisms especially macro‐invertebrates and fish distribution. The temperature of the river water ranged from 4.0 – 150C.The temperature of river water was observed to be lower during the post –monsoon season. Turbidity was recorded during monsoon season. The pH is one of the prominent factors for the assessment of water quality (Chakrabarti and Sharma, 1991) and it has been shown to influence the biotic communities of the same ecosystem (Welcomme, 1985). The pH of the river water depends on the geology of catchment area. There was no such variation observed in the pH of all the sampling sites. The pH at all sampling sites was observed to be alkaline. The pH of the Ravi River was ranged from 7.3 – 7.8. Dissolved oxygen in water depends on the temperature and concentration of various ions. It is important to aquatic fauna. Usually, it shows negative correlation with temperature. The dissolved oxygen of the river water ranged from 9.6 – 12.5 mg/l. It lowers during monsoon season when temperature was high. In the sampling sites of the proposed hydro – project, turbidity was not found in the samples. The maximum alkalinities were recorded during post monsoon season. Total alkalinity comprised of bicarbonates. Higher alkalinity, conductance and dissolved solids in post‐ monsoon season are directly related the dilution factor of water and release of compounds previously locked up in frozen mud (Clifford, 1974). River water is soft; total hardness ranged from 40 to 80 mg/l. The chloride concentration was ranged from 6 – 12 mg/l. The total dissolved solid ranged from 23 – 98 mg/l. During monsoon season, varying amount of phosphates wash from farm soils into nearby waterways. The phosphate was not detected in the samples collected from various sites of the proposed hydro‐electric project. A detail of parameters is given in Table 6.29. 6.11.6 Biological Characteristics Rock surfaces, plant surfaces, leaf debris, logs, silt and sandy sediments and all other spaces in the stream provide habitats for different organisms. According to these habitats, organisms are divided into plankton, benthos, nektons and neuston. River water was rich in all biotic richness. Phybenthos were represented by 53 species which could be identified from different sampling sites of the proposed hydroelectric project (Table 6.30). The density of phytobenthos ranged from 36 to 1342 individual/mm2 at various sites (Table 6.31). The density of phytobenthos was observed to be low in monsoon season due to highly turbulent water and turbidity, as compared to pre‐
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GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report monsoon and post ‐ monsoon season. Achnanthidium, Cocconeis, Cymbella, Gomphonema and Nitzschia were the dominant genera and were present throughtout the year. In the diatom community Achnantihidium biasolettiana, A. minutissima, Cocconeis placentula, Diatoma mesodon, Encyonema minutum, E. silisiacum, Gomphonema minutum, Reimeria sinuta and Synedra ulna were pre‐dominant at different sampling sites in all the three seasons. Achnanthidium minutissima is the most common fresh water diatom species in the world. Few species viz. Cymbella australica, C. tumida, Frustulia weinholdii, Gomphonema angustum, G. parvulum var. elliptica, Navicula radiosafallex, N. symmetrica, Sinuta tabellaria and Tetracyclus rupestris were found only at one site Diversity and Evenness Index (Shanon & Weiner 1964) for phytobenthos have been worked out and are presented in Table 6.32. Macro‐ invertebrates are widely used to determine biological conditions and acts as an in‐line monitoring system for pollution. They are important part of food chain especially for fish. Macro–invertebrate fauna comprised of families Heptageniidae, Baetidae, Ephemerillidae, Leptophlebiidae, Hydropsychidae, Rhyacophilidae, Brachycentridae, Limnephilidae, Perlidae, Chironomidae, Rhagionidae and Polycentridae (Table 6.33). During monsoon season, densities of macro‐invertebrates were observed to be less as compared to pre‐monsoon and post‐monsoon. The density of macro–invertebrates was ranged from 55 to 484 individual/m2 (Table 6.34). Heptageniidae and Baetidae were found to be present in all the sampling sites. These two families of Ephemeroptera showed the highest percentage composition than the other families. The biological monitoring working party (BMWP) procedure was employed for measuring water quality using species of macro‐invertebrates as biological indicators (http://www.nethan‐valley.co.uk/insectgroups.doc). A higher BMWP score is considered to reflect a better water quality. BMWP score for these rivers ranged from 14 to 59 while ASPT score varied from 5.3 to 10. No serious stress was observed in this river. Among the biological characteristics, majority of the taxa were pollution intolerant. The abundance of pollution sensitive species such as Achnanthidium minutissima and Reimeria sinuata were recorded from all the sampling sites of the proposed hydro‐electric project. Achnanthidium minutissima, a common diatom associated with scouring or extreme flows (Stevenson and Bahls, 1999). Pollution tolerant species, Gomphonema parvulum was also found but were present only in few sampling sites. During the construction phase of the hydroproject, sedimentation load increase in the river which may affect the RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report total density, taxonomic richness and total biomass of the phytobenthos and macro‐invertebrates. These are the important components of the food chain. Total coliforms Total coliform were found to be absent at all the sampling sites. The presence of coliforms depends on the thickness of human population in the vicinity of the river and sewage outfall in the river system. The present result can be attributed to the thin human population and unpolluted state of the river. Total coliforms were absent at the most of the sites. RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report Table 6.29: Physico‐chemical Characteristics of water of Ravi River at different locations in the project area PARAMETERS R1 Pre‐Monsoon R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R1 R2 Monsoon R3 R4 R5 R6 R1 Post‐monsoon R2 R3 R4 R5 5.0 7.5 R6 4.0 Physical Parameters Water temperature (0C) Electrical Conductivity (µS/cm) Turbidity (ntu) 8.6 7.0 7.3 10.7 11.0
7.2 12.6 13.3 14.0 12.0 15.0 12.7 60 60 77 70 90 50 87 70 70 70 77 60 170 160 174 153 182 110 1 1 Nil 1 Nil Nil 9 8 8 13 12 Nil Nil Nil 8.8 Nil 8.0 Nil 5.0 Nil Nil Chemical Parameters pH DO (mg/l) TDS (ppm) 7.7 7.4 7.4 7.6 7.6 7.8 12.3 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.5 12.5
30 40 40 40 40 30 7.8 10.1 37 7.3 9.6 40 7.4 9.6 30 7.4 10.7 30 7.5 10.5 23 7.6 9.8 30 7.1 7.3 7.8 7.4 7.3 7.8 11.4 10.2 10.7 10.4 11.4 11.1 85 98 87 68 93 56 Total Hardness (mg/l) 56 56 52 56 60 44 44 56 56 56 40 48 80 64 64 64 56 56 Total alkalinity (mg/l) 60 70 60 60 60 70 70 50 70 50 50 70 100 100 80 80 80 100 Chloride (mg/l) 8 7 6 6 7 8 10 8 9 9 10 6 12 8 10 10 12 0.09 0.06 0.02 0.02 0.07 Nitrate (mg/l) 0.08 0.01 0.05 0.08 0.06 0.05
Phosphate (mg/l) ND Silica (as SiO2), mg/l 2.49 2.7 2.28 2.49 2.49 2.28
ND ND ND ND 3.12 6.76 3.95 3.74 ND – Not detectable R1 ‐ R6 = Sampling Sites RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
0.02 0.06 0.02 0.04 0.04 0.06 0.05 ND <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04
3.95 6.85
12 ND ND ND ND ND ND 3.64 2.14 2.45 2.09 2.57 2.74 2.05 GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report Table 6.30: Phytobenthos found in Ravi River TAXA Achnanthidium biasoletiana v. biasolettiana A. biasolettiana v. subatomus A. minutissima v. minutissima A. subhudsonis R1 + Pre‐monsoon R2 R3 R4 R5 + + ‐ + R6 ‐ R1 + Monsoon R2 R3 R4 R5 + + + + Post‐monsoon R6 R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 + + + + + + R6 + ‐ + ‐ ‐ + ‐ ‐ + + ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ + + ‐ + ‐ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ + + ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ + + + Adlafia muscora Caloneis spp. ‐ ‐ + ‐ + ‐ ‐ ‐ + + + ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ + ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ + + ‐ + ‐ Ceratoneis arcus ‐ + ‐ + + + ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ + + ‐ + + ‐ + C. arcus v. recta C. arcus v. amphioxys Cocconeis placentula C. pediculus C. placentula v. euglypta C.placentula v. lineata Cymbella ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ + + + ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ + + ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ + + + + ‐ + ‐ + + + + + + ‐ + + + + ‐ + + + + ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ + + ‐ + ‐ + ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ + ‐ + + + ‐ + ‐ ‐ ‐ + ‐ + + + ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ + ‐ ‐ ‐ + + ‐ ‐ ‐ + ‐ + ‐ + ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. TAXA R1 EIA Report Pre‐monsoon R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R1 Monsoon R2 R3 R4 R5 Post‐monsoon R6 R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 australica C. excisa C. kolbei C. leavis C. tumida ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ + + ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ + + + ‐ ‐ + + ‐ + ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ + ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ + ‐ + ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ + ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ + ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ + ‐ + ‐ + ‐ Denticula spp. ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ + ‐ ‐ ‐ + ‐ + + ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ + + Diatoma tenue ‐ ‐ ‐ + ‐ + ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ + ‐ ‐ + D. mesodon Dydmosphenia geminata Encyonema minutum E. silisiacum Encyonopsis leei + ‐ + + + ‐ + + + ‐ + + + ‐ + ‐ + ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ + + + ‐ + + + ‐ + + + ‐ + + + + + + + + + + ‐ + + ‐ + + ‐ + + + ‐ ‐ + + + + + ‐ + + + ‐ + ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ + ‐ ‐ ‐ + ‐ + + + ‐ ‐ ‐ + ‐ Fragilaria capucina F. capucina v. vaucheria Frustulia weinholdii Gesslaria decussis ‐ + ‐ ‐ ‐ + ‐ + ‐ ‐ ‐ + ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ + + ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ + + ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ + ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ + ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ + ‐ + + + ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ Gomphonema angustum ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ + ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. TAXA G. clevei G. legenula G. minutum G. parvulum R1 ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ EIA Report Pre‐monsoon R2 R3 R4 R5 ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ + ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ + + ‐ ‐ R6 ‐ + + + R1 + ‐ + ‐ Monsoon R2 R3 R4 R5 ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ + + + + ‐ ‐ ‐ + Post‐monsoon R6 R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ + + + + + ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ + ‐ ‐ R6 + ‐ + + G. parvulum v. elliptica G. pumilum v. rigidum G. olivacium ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ + ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ + ‐ + + ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ + + + ‐ + ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ + ‐ + + + ‐ Luticola mutica ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ + + ‐ + + ‐ ‐ + ‐ ‐ + ‐ Navicula radiosafallex N. cryptotenelloides N. symmetrica ‐ + ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ + ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ + ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ + ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ + ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ N. notha Nitzschia fonticola N. frustulum ‐ ‐ ‐ + ‐ + ‐ ‐ ‐ + ‐ + + ‐ ‐ ‐ + ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ + ‐ + ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ + ‐ + + + ‐ + + ‐ + + ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ + ‐ + ‐ + N. palea ‐ + ‐ ‐ + + ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ + + N. capitellata ‐ + ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ + ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ + + ‐ ‐ ‐ RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. TAXA N. dissipata R1 ‐ EIA Report Pre‐monsoon R2 R3 R4 R5 ‐ ‐ ‐ + R6 ‐ R1 + Monsoon R2 R3 R4 R5 ‐ + ‐ ‐ Post‐monsoon R6 R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 ‐ + ‐ ‐ + + R6 + N. linearis Planothidium lanceolata Reimeria sinuata Sinuata tabellaria ‐ ‐ + ‐ ‐ ‐ + ‐ + ‐ + ‐ ‐ + ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ + + + + + + ‐ ‐ ‐ + + + + + ‐ + ‐ + + + ‐ + ‐ + ‐ + ‐ + ‐ + ‐ + ‐ + ‐ + ‐ + ‐ + ‐ + ‐ + ‐ + ‐ + ‐ + ‐ Synedra ulna ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ + + + + + ‐ ‐ + + + + + + + Tetracyclus rupestris Total ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ + ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ 6 23 14 13 32 30 20 12 12 6 11 20 17 22 24 30 19 16 + Present; ‐ Absent, R1 ‐ R6 = Sampling Sites Table 6.31: Density of phytobenthos (cells/mm2) in Ravi River Sites Pre‐monsoon Monsoon Post‐monsoon R1 781 53 947 R2 1240 61 1106 R3 1089 49 1302 R4 932 36 884 R5 1342 47 1711 R6 1198 50 1293 R1 ‐ R6 = Sampling Sites RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report Table 6.32: Species Diversity Index (H) and Evenness Index (E) of Phytobenthos Pre‐monsoon
Sites R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 Monsoon
Post‐monsoon
H E H E H E 2.98 3.10 3.19 3.03 3.23 3.18 0.53 0.60 0.61 0.58 0.64 0.61 2.80 2.46 2.40 1.83 2.33 2.83 0.60 0.52 0.53 0.43 0.52 0.62 2.72 2.87 2.98 3.10 3.01 2.98 0.61 0.68 0.63 0.54 0.62 0.53 R1 ‐ R6 = Sampling Sites Table 6.33: Percentage composition of benthic macro‐invertebrates in River Ravi Order Family Pre‐monsoon R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R1 Ephemeroptera Heptageniidae 12 75 70 40 94 79 26 Baetidae 88 25 30 53 ‐ 14 ‐ Ephemerillidae ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ Trichoptera Leptophlebiidae ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ 9 Hydropsychidae ‐ ‐ ‐ 8 6 7 4.3 Rhyacophilidae ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ 4 Brachycentridae ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ 26 Plecoptera Limnephilidae ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
R2 6.3 19 13 ‐ 19 ‐ 6 ‐ Monsoon R3 R4 14 60 ‐ ‐ 43 ‐ 14 40 ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ 14 ‐ 14 ‐ 6.90
R5 R6 80 33 20 ‐ ‐ 33 ‐ 11 ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ 11 ‐ ‐ R1 33 19 ‐ ‐ 19 11 ‐ ‐ Post‐monsoon R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 23 9 50 36 23 36 70 31 36 36 ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ 18 ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ 9 12 ‐ ‐ 9 ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ 5 ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. Order Diptera Family Perlidae Chironomidae Rhagionidae Polycentridae Total BMWP Score ASPT Score R1 ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ 100 14 7.0 EIA Report Pre‐monsoon Monsoon Post‐monsoon R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ 22 ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ 11 19 18 9 19 27 ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ 31 ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ 14 ‐ ‐ ‐ 9 ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ 9 ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐
‐
‐
‐
‐
‐
6
‐ ‐
‐
‐
‐
‐
‐
‐
‐
‐ 100 100 101 100 100 100.3 100.3 99 100 100 99 101 100 100 100 99 100 14 14 19 15 19
59
37
47 20
14
50
36 41 26 19 21 38 7.0 7.0 6.3 7.5 6.3 8.4 5.3 9.4 10.0 7.0 10.0 7.2 8.2 6.5 6.3 7.0 6.3 R1 ‐ R6 = Sampling Sites Table 6.34: Macro‐invertebrates density (individuals/m2) in Ravi River Sites Pre‐monsoon Monsoon Post‐monsoon R1 374 253 297 R2 176 176 242 R3 253 77 473 R4 440 55 121 R5 187 55 484 R6 154 132 198 R1 - R6 = Sampling Sites RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report 6.12 FISH AND FISHERIES The significance of water resource in any region is not only for the developmental projects, irrigation and drinking water supply but also productivity of that water resource is also of great concern. The fish composition of water body is the most important part of the productivity and directly related to human population. The fishes are not only the best sources of food and animal protein for the human population but provide a source of income for the local inhabitants. Therefore, fishery development is closely associated with the river valley projects. Although, entire Himalayan region has a vast potential of lentic waters and good network of fluvial system, not many pisciculture and aquaculture projects have come up in hilly areas with exception of a few government fish farms and hatcheries. There are a couple of such facilities in the Ravi catchment, but this river system needs to be harnessed for fishery as it provides one of the best habitats for propagation of many fish species. 6.12.1 Fish Distribution in Ravi River and migratory phenomenon A total of 13 fish species are known to inhabit the Ravi River (Table 6.35). In addition to these a few species, viz. Barilius spp. and Puntius spp. are found in different brooks and khads of Ravi River. These fishes are known to perform local migration from these brooks to main channel, but do not undertake long migration. Two exotic species namely brown trout (Salmo trutta fario) and rainbow trout (Salmo gairdnerii gairdneri) have been introduced in the Ravi River. The rainbow trout propagation has become more successful as compared to that of brown trout. These species are more frequent and abundant in the upstream of dam. An indigenous species, snow trout (Schizothorax plagiostomus), is distributed abundantly with others below the proposed dam site. Some of the other species, which are found near the proposed dam site and upstream of Chamba, are Labeo dero, Labeo dyocheilus, Garra lamta and Barilius bendelisis. No migratory fish species were observed in this river during the course of investigation. Though, according to fishermen of the region mahseer (Tor putitora) occasionally comes in the fish catch of Ravi River near Chamba. However, this species is well distributed in the reservoir of Chamera H.E. Project Stage‐I (downstream of Chamba) along with a few Indian major carp (Labeo rohita, L.calbasu, Cirrhinus mrigala, etc.). It is likely that mahseer may have ascended upstream from the reservoir area of the Chamera Stage‐I H.E. project to Chamba region. These reports, however, need further detailed investigations and confirmation. RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report 6.12.2 Fish Culture The right of exploitation of water bodies lies with Fisheries Department of Himachal Pradesh. Fishery activities in this state are well developed as compared to other hill states. However, most of the activities for fisheries development have been taken up by government agencies and common man still has not been able to take economic benefit from fish farming. The fish culture activities on a commercial scale were not observed in the Ravi River and its tributaries. The capture fishery was limited around Chamba town and it was totally absent in the upstream of proposed dam. A fish farm has been established at Chamba where some species of Indian major carp and minor carp are being cultured. Another fish farm with a small hatchery for trout was under construction at Holi (upstream of proposed dam). From this centre the trout species have been introduced in the Ravi River. Table 6.35: List of fish species repoted from Ravi River Sl. No. Scientific Name Common Name 1 Barilius bendelisis Baril 2 Barilius spp. Baril 3 Puntius spp. Spotfin Barb 4 Salmo trutta fario Brown trout 5 Salmo gairdneri gairdneri Rainbow trout 6 Schizothorax plagiostomus Snow trout 7 Labeo dero Kalabans 8 Labeo dyocheilus 9 Garra lamta Lamta garra 10 Tor putitora Mahseer 11 Labeo rohita Rohu 12 Labeo calbasu Orange fin labeo 13 Cirrhinus mrigala Mrigal RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report 7 SOCIO‐ECONOMIC ASPECTS 7.1 INTRODUCTION Development projects are planned based on the availability of utilizable natural resources and on commissioning they act on growth foci. This attracts flow of finances, investments, jobs and other livelihood opportunities, which brings in people from different cultural and social background. Such planned activities not only provide impetus to the local economy but also bring about a multi‐
dimensional economic, social and cultural change. Most often it has been observed that such development projects are commissioned in economically and socially backward areas, which are inhabited by some of the indigenous populations. Commissioning of development project invariably brings about a number of desired and undesired impacts along with it. Himachal Pradesh has one of the highest per capita incomes states in India. Due to the abundance of perennial rivers and having hydroelectric power plants, it sells electricity to other states such as Delhi, Punjab and Rajasthan. The economy of the state is mainly dependent on three sources like hydroelectric power, tourism and agriculture resources. Himachal Pradesh is surrounded by Jammu & Kashmir on north, Punjab on west and south‐west, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh on south, Uttarakhand on south‐east and by Tibet on the east. The literal meaning of this state is region of snowy mountains. The state of Himachal Pradesh lies between 32o 22’ 40’’ to 33o 12’ 40’’ N latitudes and 75o 45’ 55’’ to 79o 04’ 20’’ E longitudes. The state has geographic area of 55,673 sq km demarcated into 12 districts, 109 tehsils/sub‐tehsils and 57 urban areas with a human population of 6,077,248 (Census of India, 2001). The district Chamba comprises 10 tehsils/sub‐tehsils viz. Chamba, Dalhousie, Brangal, Bharmaur, Saluni, Sihunta, Chuari Khas, Tisa, Holi and Pangi with district headquarters located at Chamba town situated at 996m. This district covers an area of 6,528 sq km with a human population of 4,60,499 (Census,2001) and population density of 71 persons/sq km (109 persons/sq km in the state and 324 persons All India average). RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report The state is divided into twelve districts (Bilaspur, Chamba, Hamirpur, Kangra, Kinnaur, Kullu, Lahaul & Spiti, Mandi, Shimla, Sirmaur, Solan and Una). The districts are further sub‐divided into sub‐divisions, tehsils and sub tehsils. The people are predominantly Hindus (95.43%) with sprinkling of muslims (1.97%), Christians (0.13%), Sikhs (1.19%), Buddhist (1.25%) and jains (0.02%). The population presents an admixture of Gaddis, Gujjars, Kinnars, Lahaulis and Pangawals. Hinduism is the predominant religion followed in this state. According to the 2001 census, the population of Himachal Pradesh is 60.8 lakh, in which the male population has 30.9 lakh and the female is 29.9 lakh (Table 3.32). The population of Scheduled Tribes and Scheduled Castes is 2.4 lakh and 15 lakh, respectively. The total inhabited villages in state are 17,495 whereas number of towns and cities is 57 only. The state has 12 districts, 51 sub‐divisions, 75‐ tehsils, 34 sub‐ tehsils and 75 blocks. The prominent rivers arising from mountainous areas of Himachal are Sutlej, Beas, Parbati and Ravi – all south and southwest flowing rivers. The perennial availability of water and the geographic terrain have allowed harnessing of hydro‐energy from these rivers. The present project proposed by GMR is one such scheme in the state. The Bajoli Holi H.E. Project is located on Ravi River in district Chamba with proposed dam near village Bajoli. The total catchment area of the Ravi River is about 902 sq km up to dam site. The river is proposed to be diverted through a head race tunnel on the left bank from dam to the power house near Kutehr to generate 180 MW of electricity. For making an assessment of the socio‐economic status of the area field surveys were conducted in the villages around the proposed project. This information was supplemented with secondary sources like Primary Census Abstracts and Statistical Handbook of District Chamba. 7.1.1 Chamba District Chamba town, the district headquarters, is connected by a metalled road of about 120 km from Pathankot via Bannikhet. Chamba town is connected to the proposed project site near Nayagram village via Kharamukh and Holi. According to the 1991 census, total human population of district Chamba was recorded to be 3,93,286 persons. Of this population 51.3% are males and 48.6% females. The district population has, however, increased to 4,60,499 (Census, 2001) with a decadal growth of 17.09% (Tables 7.1 & 7.2). The rural population of the district accounts for 92.4%, while the urban population is only 7.6%. The literacy rate in RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report the district is low (63.73%) as compared to other districts of Himachal Pradesh (Average for the state ‐ 77.13%), but it is higher than other neighbouring Himalayan states. The population structure of district Chamba shows that the population is predominantly Hindu (92.31%), followed by Muslims, Sikhs, Christians and Jains. The Hindu population comprises Brahmins, Rajputs, Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes. The Scheduled Castes population constitutes 19.75% of the total human population while Scheduled Tribes constitute 28.35% of the total population of the district. Gaddi, Gujjar and Pangwal are the Scheduled Tribes in the district. Gaddis are found mainly in Bharmaur tehsil and foothills of Dhauladhar in Kangra district. In addition to their primary occupation of priesthood, they have also taken to agriculture. Gujjars are notified as Scheduled Tribes in the state and they lead a pastoral life, migrating from high altitudes to low hills in winters. Their main occupation is grazing cattle and supply of milk, ghee, etc. to people in towns. Pangwals are also Scheduled Tribes in the state mainly in Pangi valley with agriculture as their main occupation. Chambiali is the main spoken language of the district in rural areas while in urban areas Hindi, Urdu and Punjabi is spoken commonly. Maize and wheat are the staple food of the people here in addition to millets that are consumed in Bharmaur and Pangi tehsils. Besides agriculture, livestock rearing is an important occupation of villagers which plays an important part in their economy. Cows, buffaloes, sheep, goats, etc. are the common animals reared by the rural communities for milk, ploughing of fields, dung, meat and wool. The district is entirely mountainous with altitudes ranging from 600 m to 6,200 m. The climate varies from sub‐tropical to sub‐arctic. Forests and forest produce along with tourism sustain the economy of the district. Horticulture also plays an important part in the economy of the district with production of temperate fruits like apple, citrus fruits, nuts and dry fruits. The project study area is spread across two districts viz. Chamba and Kangra. Majority of the project study area falls within Holi Sub‐tehsil of Chamba district. The Chamba is the second largest (6,528 sq km) among the twelve districts of Himachal Pradesh having the population of 4,60,887 persons according to Census 2001. The sex‐ratio is 959. The density of population in the district is 71 persons per sq km. It consists of 6 sub‐divisions, 7 tehsils and 3 sub tehsils namely Bhaillai, Sihunta and Holi. There are 270 gram panchayats in the district. It has 6 development blocks. The population of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report are 92,359 and 1, 17,569 respectively. Total literacy rate in the district is 62.9% in which male has76.4% and female has 48.8%. 7.1.2 Kangra District Dharmshala is the headquarters of District Kangra. Kangra is spread over an area of the 5,739 sq km. Total population of district is 1339030 persons according to Census 2001. The sex ratio is 1025. Population density in the district is 233 persons/sq km. Kangra district consists of 8 sub – divisions, 16 tehsils, 4 sub – Tehsils and 15 development blocks. Major river of the district is Beas. Only a small portion of the project area, mainly the catchment upstream of dam site falls within Multhan sub‐tehsil of Kangra district. 7.1.3 Holi Sub‐tehsil Most of the study area of the proposed Bajoli Holi H.E. Project lies within the Sub‐
tehsil Holi, which covers an area of about 1793.30 sq km while only the upper catchment falls within Multhan sub‐tehsil of Kangra district. Holi is the headquarters of the sub‐tehsil and is located about 80 km away from Chamba town. The area is bounded by Chamba tehsil in west, sub‐tehsil Multhan of district Kangra in east, tehsil Tisa in north‐west and district Lahul and Spiti in northeast. Total number of villages in Bharmaur and Holi tehsils is 252 of which only 99 are inhabited with 6611 households. Holi tehsil has population density of 13.82 persons/sq km. a) Demographic Profile Total population of Holi has increased to 14514 in 2001 with only 3.9% decadal increase. The sex ratio of male to female is 928. The age group of 0‐6 years constitutes only 18.3% (6,225) of the total population. The proposed project and its components fall in the sub‐tehsil Holi. Its development block is Bharmour which has 29 panchayats. Total population of Holi sub‐tehsil is 14,514 which belong to 3,032 households (Tables 7.1 & 7.4). The population of Scheduled Castes (SC) and Scheduled Tribes (ST) is 2,500 and 10,880 respectively. The population in the age group of 0‐6 years accounts 2,049. RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report Table 7.1 Demographic profile of Chamba district vis‐à‐vis Himachal Pradesh state Himachal Pradesh Total District Chamba Total Rural Urban Sub‐Tehsil Multhan of Sub‐Tehsil Holi Total Rural Kangra District Rural Urban Urban Total Rural Urban 14,514 14,514 ‐ 7498 7498 ‐ Total 60,77,900 54,82,319 POPULATION 5,94,581 4,60,887 4,26,345 34,542 Male 30,87,940 27,56,073 3,31,867 2,35,218 2,16,704 18,514 7,525 7,525 ‐ 3809 3809 ‐ Female 29,89,960 27,26,246 2,63,714 2,25,669 2,09,641 16,028 6,989 6,989 ‐ 3689 3689 ‐ Pop. (0‐6 yrs) SC 7,93,137 7,30,628 62,509 69,579 65,902 3,677 2,049 2,049 ‐ 1137 1137 ‐ 15,02,170 14,03,050 99,120 92,359 86,150 6,209 2,500 2,500 ‐ 985 985 ‐ ST 2,44,587 2,37,060 7,527 1,17,569 1,15,701 1,868 10,880 10,880 ‐ 0 0 ‐ Total 40,41,621 35,67,456 LITERACY 4,74,165 2,46,169 2,18,546 27,623 7,592 7,592 ‐ 4266 4266 ‐ Male 22,78,386 20,04,134 2,74,252 1,52,533 1,37,067 15,466 4,609 4,609 ‐ 2815 2815 ‐ Female 17,63,235 15,63,322 1,99,913 93,636 81,479 12,157 2,983 2,983 ‐ 1454 1454 ‐ Lit. Rate (%) 76.5 75.1 88.9 60.6 89.5 60.9 60.9 ‐ 56.9 56.9 ‐ 62.9 SEX RATIO Total Pop. SC 968 989 795 959 967 866 929 929 ‐ 939 939 ‐ 968 976 864 968 976 864 973 973 ‐ ‐ ST 996 1002 809 996 1002 809 946 946 ‐ ‐ RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. No. of HH 12,21,589 10,79,797 EIA Report 1,41,792 87,029 79,618 7,411 3,032 3,032 ‐ ‐ Source: Census, 2001 Table 7.2: Population structure in Chamba District Population
Decadal Growth (%)
District/State Total
Male
Female
1991‐2001
Total 460,499
234,812
225,687
+7.09
Chamba Rural 425,981
216,393
209,588
+17.22
Urban 34,518
18,419
16,099
+ 15.49
Total 6,077,248
3,085,256 2,991,992
+17.53
Himachal Pradesh Rural
5,482,367
2,754,251 2,728,116
+16.11
Urban 594,881
331,005
263,876
+32.43
Table 7.3: Population, child population in the age‐group 0‐6 of years and their sex‐ratio in sub‐tehsil Holi Population Year 1991 2001 Total 13966 14514 Male 7278 7526 Sex ratio Female 6688 919 6986 928 Child population in the age‐group of 0‐6 yrs Total Male Female – – – 2049 1036 1013 Sex ratio of child population – 978 (Source: Census, 2001) Table 7.4: Population Density & Demographic profile of sub‐tehsil Holi Sub‐tehsil No. of No. of inhabited No. of Area Population density villages villages households (ha) (persons/sq km) 1991 140
47
2,816
105,044 13.30
2001 140
47
3,032
105,044 13.82
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GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report b) Education and other amenities The literacy rate in sub‐tehsil Holi is about 60.9%. In Multhan sub‐tehsil it is 56.9% only. Table 7.5: Literacy rate in sub‐tehil Holi and sub‐tehsil Multhan Literacy Rate (%) No. of Educational Institutions Total Male Female PS MS SS SSC Colleges
Chamba District 62.9 76.4 48.8 852 290 128 44 2
Holi Sub‐tehsil 60.9 71.2 49.8 40 10 3 3 0
Kangra District 80.1 87.1
73 2026 749 344 141 9
Multhan Sub‐tehsil 56.9 73.9
39.4 137
51
21 6 1
PS=Primary School, MS=Middle School, SS=Secondary School, SSC=Senior Secondary School (Source, Census of India 2001) There is only one Primary Health Centre located in the entire Holi sub‐tehsil while there is one allopathic hospital each in the 2 sub‐tehsils. There is only one ayurvedic hospital in Holi and no homeopathic hospitals (Table 7.6). There are 7 Primary Health Sub Centers, only one Child Welfare Centre located in the village Kuarsi. Table 7.6: Distribution of different amenities in villages and total population in sub‐tehsil Holi and sub‐tehsil Multhan Sub‐tehsil Hospitals
Health Centers
Allopathic Ayurvedic Homeopathic PHC PHSC CWC
Holi Sub‐ tehsil 1 0
0
1 7 1
Multhan Sub – 1 1 0 5 26 1 tehsil PHC= Primary health centre, PHSC= Primary health sub centre, CWC= Child welfare centre. (Source: Census, 2001) c) Occupation Pattern Agriculture has traditionally been the major feature of Himachal Pradesh’s economy. Besides this the economy of the villages in the area depends mainly on the government and non‐government services. The major cash crops like paddy, maizes, rajmas, potato, apple, etc., are found in this area. About 40% of the total population falls in the main workers category in Holi sub tehsil (Table 7.7). Marginal workers contribute 19% of the total work force, dominated by females. About 42% of the total population is in the non‐worker category. RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report Table 7.7: Occupation pattern in sub‐tehsil Holi and sub‐tehsil Multhan Sub ‐ tehsil Work Force Main Workers Marginal workers Non workers T M F T M F T M F T M F Holi 8524 4514 4010 5771 3775 1996 2753 739 2014 5990 3011 2979
Multhan 4454 2184 2270 3849 1927 1922 605 257 348 3044 1625 1419
(T = Total, M = Male, F = Female (Source: Census, 2001) a) Houses and Equipment In the area, majority of houses are single storeyed, the roofs are sloping designed for the snowfall resistance and made of slates or shingles. The walls of houses are generally built of stone and wood. The timber mainly comprises of Toon, Kail and Deodar. Proper modern designed houses have also seen in Holi village. Charpais (cots), mats of paddy straws, Kharchas and Asans are the common items of household furniture in the interior villages. Wooden boxes and steel trunks are found in each house for valuable things and clothes. However, these items are nowadays being replaced by chairs, tables and sofa sets. b) Places of Religious Importance and Tourist Interest Bharmaur is located at an altitude of 2,195m, where snowfall occurs during the winter season. Due to snowfall and beautiful landscape it provides an aesthetic place for the tourists. Chaurasia temples (84 shrines) in Bharmaur also attract the pilgrims and tourists. Moreover, Bharmaur is a base for the Manimahesh Yatra, which is an important place of pilgrimage located at a distance of about 35 km from Bharmaur. People from Himachal and adjoining states visit Manimahesh in the month of August and September for the main pilgrimage yatra. 7.2 SOCIO‐ECONOMIC STATUS OF THE STUDY AREA The main objective of the present study was to assess the socio‐economic status of the villages located in the study area i.e. within 10 km radius of various project components. It is based upon information collected from the primary and secondary sources (Figure 7.1). Secondary data/information has collected from published sources mainly from Census of India – Census Data, 2001 and also from district gazetteers and statistical handbooks. Primary data was also collected from Gram Panchayat Records and by Village level survey conducted using a customized questionnaire for the purpose. Interactions with the local people especially with the village Pradhan and eminent persons was undertaken to collect first hand information RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report and response to the project. It mirrors the present social and economic status of the people living in and around the project area and their perspective towards the project. The different perceptions of people towards the project have also been collected and documented. Not just that, a number of suggestions for the improvement and enhancement in the availability of the amenities to people were also collected and discussed. The project study area is spread across 5 panchayats namely Holi, Kuleth, Deol, Nayagram and Bajol which incudes 38 villages falling under the Holi sub‐tehsil. A census survey of the population residing in the vicinity villages of the project area was carried out. This section deals with the overall village summary of the socio‐economic standards and the amenities available to the local people living therein. 7.2.1 Demographic Profile The numbers of households are 1741 and the total human population of these villages is 9278 of which 927 belong to Scheduled Castes and 8306 belong to Scheduled Tribes; which constitutes the maximum population. The maximum number of households is in Sutkar village under Holi panchayat having the total population of 836 and the least number of households is in Deoshar Village. The number of BPL families in the study area is 545. The Table 7.8 shows the demographic profile of villages in study area. i)
People and Culture The people living in the villages are predominantly Hindus. They are generally co‐
operative to each other and the society is characterized by simplicity and egalitarian values. Women enjoy a high status and old people are given due respect and reverence. Fairer skin and hazel‐colored eyes are commonly seen among the people. The maximum of the people are Gaddi tribe.Their main languages are a mixture of Hindi and Pahari, also known as Gaddi language. The word Gaddi is a generic name and under it included Brahmins, Rajputs, Khatris, Thakurs and Rathis. Generally, Gaddis are mainly inhabitants of Bharmaur, Chamba and Kangra district. The most agreed interpretation is that the name Gaddi derive from the Sanskrit word Gadar which means Sheep. Gaddis are very simple and honest people. They are God fearing people. Thus, crimes like murder, abduction and theft are rare in the study area. RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report Figure 7.1: Map showing villages in the study area in Holi sub‐tehsil of Chamba district RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report The culture of the people is same as the Hinduism culture. As fairs and festivals symbolizes the whole meaning of life, even in the toughest condition of existence people forget all their worries and tensions to make most of the festivity. Especially in the mountainous region festival adds extra charm and beauty to nature. A large number of fairs and festivals are organized in the Holi Valley. Apart from the regular Indian festivals the people of this place celebrate some of the famous local festival based on their local gods and goddesses namely Kulleth jatra, Lohary, Shaar, Gontari, etc. 7.2.2 Educational Profile The educational profile of the people in the study area is average. There are 18 primary schools, 5 middle schools; only one senior secondary schools (Holi Village) in the entire study area. There is no college in the entire study area. The average literacy rate in the study area is 48%; Banoon village has the highest literacy rate. Table 7.9 shows the educational profile of villages in study area. 7.2.3 Health Care Facilities Health care facilities are few in numbers in the study area. Local people are forced to travel long distances for their basic medical needs. Commonly the seasonal diseases like colds, cough, thyroid problems and certain respiratory diseases are reported in the area. There are no allopathic, ayurvedic, homeopathic hospitals and Child Welfare Centre in the study area (Table 7.10). There is only one Primary Health Centers (PHC) in Kuleth village and 3 Primary health sub centre (PHSC). 7.2.4 Transport Facilities The Chamba to Holi roads are metalled road, but the villages roads are kuchha roads. Mostly the roads of the villages in the Bajoli and Nayagram panchayat are long foot track routes. The nearest railway station and airport is in Pathankot, which is in 235 km from Holi. There is only one helipad in Holi. 7.2.5 Sanitation and other Facilities People use the spring water source in all household purposes and are independent from the river, as their domestic water source. Every house does not have own septic tank. All the villages are electrified; however, there is shortage of electricity especially in the winter season. There are 5 veterinary dispensaries, 4 co‐operative societies in the study area. In Holi, there is only one PWD circuit house. There are two Bank Branches namely PNB (Punjab National Bank) and Himachal Pradesh State Co‐operative Bank. RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report 7.2.6 Economy a) Agriculture Terrace farming was the common agricultural practice in the study area, due to hilly terrain region. The region is covered with patches of barren land. The local economy of the people depends mostly on the agriculture. The villagers grow various types of crops for both subsistence and for selling it to the local markets. The commercial crops grown are mainly maize, wheat, barley, rajmah, rice, soya beans etc. And the main horticulture crops are apple, walnut, etc. All the villages were practicing organic farming. Cultivation of medicinal plants like Dhoop (Jurinea macrocephalla), kuth (Saussurea lappa), Ban Kakru (Podophyllum emodi), Kaur (Picrorhiza kurroa), etc. are commonly practice in the study area mostly in the catchment area. b) Animal husbandry Animal husbandry is one of the major occupations which support the main income of the study area. Livestock include sheep, cows, goats and mule. Among them goats and sheep is the main economic support for them. They are used for wool, milk products and meat also. An adult goat is selling around Rs. 1,800 to Rs. 2,000. Mules are commonly used for carrying loads. A mule can carry about 75 kg maximum load. Other occupations like working in government services and sectors, crafts and weaving are also recorded. Mostly in the winter‐season, people especially women weave rugs, carpets, clothes and bags from the locally produced wool. Table 7.8: Demographic Profile of the Villages in and around the project area Population Panchayat/ Village Holi Prakhella Channi Jhund Awas Sutkar Kinala Jarauta Gusal HH 17 13 15 29 160 11 62 60 Total Scheduled Tribes M F T
M
F
T
39 41 39 88 460 37 152 140 37 42 37 70 376 38 108 119 76
83
76
158
836
75
260
259
39
41
39
57
299
‐
152
140
37
42
37
41
267
‐
108
119
76
83
76
98
566
‐
260
259
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Scheduled Castes M
F T 0
0
0
31
161
37
‐
‐
0 0 0 0 0 0 29 60 109 270 38 75 ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ BPL Families 3
3
2
9
55
5
15
20
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GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report Population Scheduled Total Scheduled Tribes BPL Castes Families M F T M F T M F T Holi 20 51 60 111 29 33 62 22 27 49 3 Majharan 49 135 109 244 95 88 183 40 21 61 18 Hailli 41 102 94 196 48 37 85 54 57 111 16 Banoon 58 167 143 310 167 143 310 ‐ ‐ ‐ 24 Kuleth Kuleth 119 330 285 615 276 247 523 54 38 92 29 Guwahla 80 231 216 447 231 216 447 ‐ ‐ ‐ 12 Guwad 150 349 250 599 349 250 599 ‐ ‐ ‐ 12 Tilla 40 119 93 212 119 93 212 0 ‐ ‐ 11 Tuh 26 65 64 129 50 48 98 15 16 31 5 Bantooh 40 86 100 186 74 88 162 12 12 24 7 Deol Kinhur 24 66 45 111 66 45 111 0 ‐ ‐ 15 Deoshar 4 9 10 19 9 10 19 ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ Birnting 20 67 63 130 67 63 130 ‐ ‐ ‐ 5 Deol 133 397 321 718 351 277 628 46 44 90 55 Dhograhra 30 45 34 79 ‐ ‐ ‐ 45 34 79 13 Nayagram Nayagram 75 261 236 497 261 236 497 ‐ ‐ ‐ 23 Garoh 74 216 206 422 216 206 422 ‐ ‐ ‐ 34 Nauvie 19 67 65 132 67 65 132 ‐ ‐ ‐ 10 Dhogi 19 52 55 107 52 55 107 ‐ ‐ ‐ 10 Chuner 37 157 131 288 157 131 288 ‐ ‐ ‐ 16 Surei 30 140 101 241 140 101 241 ‐ ‐ ‐ 13 Thaneter 16 53 41 94 53 41 94 ‐ ‐ ‐ 5 Urna 58 248 185 433 248 185 433 ‐ ‐ ‐ 9 Bajoli Bajoli 80 246 224 470 230 210 440 16 14 30 30 Sindi 25 75 65 140 75 65 140 ‐ ‐ ‐ 9 Dhardi 20 55 45 100 55 45 100 ‐ ‐ ‐ 10 Garaunda 34 80 70 150 80 70 150 ‐ ‐ ‐ 18 Gwari 22 60 50 110 60 50 110 ‐ ‐ ‐ 10 Trangri 12 34 31 65 34 31 65 ‐ ‐ ‐ 3 Khinar 19 54 46 100 54 46 100 ‐ ‐ ‐ 8 TOTAL 1741 5013 4265 9278 4480 3826 8306 533 439 972 545 HH = Households, M= Male, F= Female, T= Total, (Source: Gram Panchayat Record, Nov. 2008) Panchayat/ Village HH RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report Table 7.9: Number of Educational Facility in the Study Area* Panchayat/ Villages Primary School Middle School Senior Sec. School Colleges
Holi Awas 1 ‐
‐ ‐
Sutkar 1 ‐
‐ ‐
Holi 1 1
1 ‐
Banoon 1 ‐
‐ ‐
Kuleth Kuleth 1 1
‐ ‐
Guwad 1 ‐
‐ ‐
Tuh 1 ‐
‐ ‐
Deol Kinhur 1 ‐
‐ ‐
Deol 1 1
‐ ‐
Nayagram Nayagram 1 1
‐ ‐
Garoh 1 ‐
‐ ‐
Chuner 1 ‐
‐ ‐
Surei 1 ‐
‐ ‐
Urna 1 ‐
‐ ‐
Bajoli Bajoli 1 1
‐ ‐
Sindi 1 ‐
‐ ‐
Garaunda 1 ‐
‐ ‐
Gowari 1 ‐
‐ ‐
Total 18 5
1 0
(Source: Gram Panchayat Record, Nov. 2008) Table 7.10: Health care facilities in the study area* Villages Holi Kuleth Deol Nayagram TOTAL Hospitals
Health Centers
Allopathic Ayurvedic Homeopathic PHC PHSC CWC
‐ ‐
‐
‐
1 ‐
‐ ‐
‐
1
‐ ‐
‐ ‐
‐
‐
1 ‐
‐ ‐
‐
‐
1 ‐
0 0
0
1
3 0
PHC= Primary Health Centre, PHSC=Primary Health Sub Centre, CWC=Child Welfare Centre (Source: Gram Panchayat Record, Nov. 2008) *Abovementioned Specific facilities are available only in those villages which are tabulated in Tables 7.9 & 7.10. RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report 7.2.7 Key Observations Some of the observations found in the field survey are mentioned as follows; 7.3 i)
The people interviewed were mostly belonged to Scheduled Castes. ii)
All the surveyed villages availed of the regular supply of electricity while some faced occasional power cuts in the winter season due to heavy snowfall. iii)
In general all the villages follow organic farming. iv)
Most of the people use wood for cooking purposes and only a few of them use LPG. v)
The villages are equiped with regular drinking water supply. People are also satisfied with the quality of the drinking water. vi)
The health care facilities are not very satisfactory in the surveyed villages. The villagers have to walk nearly 15 km to the nearest Primary Health Centre located at Kuleth for medical aid. vii)
The educational facilities are average with 18 primary schools located in different villages. However, there is need for more senior secondary schools and college which is badly felt by the villagers. viii)
Most of the households in surveyed villages don’t have their own septic tanks. However, few of the villages have the facilities for safe disposal of waste. PUBLIC PERCEPTION ABOUT THE PROJECT The socio‐economic survey team visited the villages located in the project area and collected the data regarding public perception and awareness of the project by direct interaction with local people in the villages on the basis of the structured questionnaires. The source of information about the project was mostly visual and the opinions were generally good. Several discussions were held with both the educated youth and the Panchayat members of the villages. In general, people welcome the project as it will bring infrastructural development and progress in the area. Most of the respondents in the project area have a positive outlook towards the construction of the project. The educated youth in the area are looking forward to employment opportunities during construction and operation and hence have positive mindset about the development. RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report It was observed that out of the surveyed villagers, all the young respondents feel that due to this developmental project they will get more employment, which is the basic need for sustaining their livelihood. Infrastructure in terms of educational, transportation and medical facilities will also improve. The people believe that the area can emerge as a tourist spot by the construction of this project leading to further improvement in infrastructure and development in the area. People were equally concerned about the adverse impacts due to project related activities and are aware of the loss of their agricultural lands due to acquisition. They understand that this development will lead to influx of migratory population leading to change in their social attitude. They are also concerned about environmental impacts especially leading to more landslides and loss of their natural water resources lying in the project area. The above findings and observations reveal that most of the people are in favour of the construction of this project. However efforts need to be made by the project developer and the administration that the indigenous people should not suffer but benefit from this developmental project. RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report
8 CLEAN DEVELOPMENT MECHANISM 8.1
INTRODUCTION In the techno‐economic evaluation, apart from the investment risk Bajoli Holi H.E. Project is likely to face several barriers such as Government policies, regulatory risk and other externalities etc. and to overcome these barriers during project implementation and operation, GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Limited is conceptualizing the project under consideration as Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) project. 8.2
CLEAN DEVELOPMENT Mechanism (CDM) CDM is established and developed under Kyoto Protocol to reduce Greenhouse Gases (GHGs) emission. At the 1992 Rio Earth Summit, countries agreed to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in response to growing evidence that human activity was contributing to global warming. The UNFCCC contained a non‐binding commitment by industrialized countries (listed in Annex I of the Convention) that they would reduce their emission of GHGs to 1990 levels by the year 2000. But soon it became clear that this wasn’t enough to avoid dangerous climate change. Therefore in 1995, at the first Conference of Parties (COP) after the Convention entered into force, parties began to negotiate a Protocol that would set tighter and legally binding targets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Subsequently, in 1997 at the 3rd COP to the Convention in Japan, Parties agreed on a Protocol that set binding targets for industrialized countries (Annex‐1 countries) to reduce their emissions by an average of 5.2% below 1990 levels in the period 2008‐2012, The Protocol was given the name of the city in which it was negotiated – Kyoto Protocol. For assisting Annex‐1 countries in reducing emissions up to specified level and helping them in reducing cost of such reduction a marketing mechanism was developed called as Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) on the ground that the emission reduction at any place across the globe will benefit the global environment equally. Under CDM, Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) are allotted to the projects in Non‐Annex 1 countries (developing countries) which RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report
result in reduction of GHGs emission. Buyers in Annex‐1 countries to meet their reduction targets can buy these credits from these developers in Non Annex‐I countries. Various agencies have been authorized and specified for governing the whole procedure. Any project in India, which results in GHGs emission reduction can be, a potential CDM project. The energy generated from Bajoli Holi HEP will be exported to Northern Eastern Western North‐Eastern grid (NEWNE) grid thereby replacing equivalent amount of power that would have been generated by mainly thermal mix. Thus Bajoli Holi H.E. Project can be a potential CDM project. CDM process cycle is detailed in forthcoming paragraphs. 8.3
CDM Project CYCLE GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Limited is executing Bajoli Holi H.E. Project in India. To overcome barriers during project implementation, owner conceptualized this project as CDM project and hence the same is included in this project Report. Various steps involved in CDM cycle are given in Figure 8.1. Figure 8.1: CDM process cycle As a next step, GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Limited shall draft Project Design Document (PDD) by selecting appropriate baseline and monitoring methodology and submit the same to India Designated National Authority (DNA), where the project is located, for Host Country Approval (HCA). In case, if methodology is not approved for mentioned project case by UNFCCC, then Project Proponent (PP) shall propose new methodology to register his CDM project activity with UNFCCC. Since Bajoli Holi H.E. Project is RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report
a hydro electric project, the approved methodology ACM0002 (ACM stands for Approved Consolidated Methodology) shall be used. PP shall carry out validation process in parallel with filing project for Host Country Approval. PP shall appoint Designated Operational Entity (DOE) to carry our validation process. DOE will webhost PDD in their dedicated UNFCCC interface for Global Stakeholder Comment for 30 days. After the comment period, DOE shall carry out validation site visit and prepare Draft Validation Report (DVR)1. PP shall prepare replies with necessary reference documents and submit the same to DOE. Upon closure of all queries, DOE will submit project for requesting registration to UNFCCC EB. In the mean time, PP may receive HCA and shall submit the same to DOE which is necessary requirement for requesting registration. PP should submit registration fees to UNFCCC based on the scale and quantum of emission reductions. After successful registration of the project, PP shall monitor emission reductions and appoint DOE for verifying the same to facilitate issuance of CERs for the entire crediting period (10 years or 7 years renewed twice i.e. a total of 21 years). Apart from emission reductions, the CDM projects should lead to sustainable development in the context of the project activity to ensure that the project contribute to sustainable development. 8.3.1 Sustainable Development Indicators It is the prerogative of the host country (India) to confirm whether a clean development mechanism project activity assists in achieving sustainable development and should also be oriented towards improving the quality of life of the poor from the environmental standpoint. Following indicators should be considered while designing CDM project activity: • Social well‐being • Economic well‐being • Environmental well‐being • Technological well‐being i) Social well being: The CDM project activity should lead to alleviation of poverty by generating additional employment, removal of social 1
DVR is Draft Validation Report from DOE which has set of findings/queries based upon validation site visit and PDD submitted for Global Stake holder comment. RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report
disparities and contribution to provision of basic amenities to people leading to improvement in quality of life of people. The Bajoli Holi H.E. Project activity will bring infrastructural development and progress in the area. The preliminary survey conducted amongst the local populace during the EIA studies reveals that most of the respondents from the project area have a positive outlook towards the construction of the project. The educated youth in the area are looking forward to employment opportunities during construction and operation and hence have positive mindset about the development. They consider it as a positive step towards the path of development for the area as a whole. It was observed that out of the total surveyed population, all the young respondents feel that due to this developmental project they will get more employment, which is the basic need for sustaining their lives. Infrastructure in terms of educational, transportation and medical facilities will improve. The people believe that the area can emerge as a tourist spot by construction of this project leading to further improvement in infrastructure and development in the area. ii) Economic well being: The Bajoli Holi H.E. Project activity brings investment consistent with the needs of the people. iii) Environmental well being: This aspect has been dealt in detail in EIA/EMP report and the measures of mitigation have been proposed. These include discussion of impact of the project activity on resource sustainability and resource degradation, due to proposed activity; bio‐diversity friendliness; impact on human health; reduction of levels of pollution. iv) Technological well being: The CDM project activity should lead to transfer of environmentally safe and sound technologies that are comparable to best feasible practices in order to assist in up‐gradation of the technological base. The transfer of technology can be within the country or from other countries. The latest technological options are being considered for the Bajoli Holi HEP and will be incorporated in relevant chapters of DPR. 8.4
KEY AREAS IN PROJECT DESIGN DOCUMENTATION Identification of suitable Methodology, baseline scenario and establishing additionality are the major key areas in Project Design Documentation. RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report
8.4.1 Methodology As mentioned before, the applicable approved methodology for Bajoli Holi HEP is “ACM0002. Consolidated baseline methodology for grid‐connected electricity generation for renewable sources2”. 8.4.2 Baseline Scenario The Baseline for a CDM project activity in the Host Country is the scenario that reasonably represents the GHG emissions that would occur in the absence of the proposed project activity. i)
Baseline Scenario for Bajoli Holi HEP: Since, GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt Limited is proposed to export 100% power generation from Bajoli Holi H.E. Project in India to India, preferably to NEWNE grid which is predominantly fossil fuel based and proposed project displaces fossil fuel based electricity in grid mix, the appropriate baseline would be generation of equivalent amount of power from fossil fuel. Hence emission factor of NEWNE grid shall be considered as baseline emission factor for this project. ii) Methodological choices in Calculation of Emission Reductions: Bajoli Holi H.E. Project mainly reduces carbon dioxide through displacement of grid electricity generation with fossil fuel based power plants by renewable energy based electricity. The emission reduction ERy by the project activity during a given year y is the difference between baseline emissions (BEy), project emissions (PEy) and emissions due to leakage (Ly), as follows: iii)
ERy = BEy ‐ PEy ‐ Ly (1) Baseline Emissions: According to the consolidated methodology ACM0002 version 10, baseline emissions include only CO2 emissions from electricity generation in fossil fuel fired power plants that are displaced due to the project activity, calculated as follows: BEy = (EGy ‐ EGbaseline) * EFgrid,CM,y (2) where: BEy 2
= Baseline emissions in year y (tCO2e/yr). EGy (MWh). = Electricity supplied by the project activity to the grid http://cdm.unfccc.int/methodologies/PAmethodologies/approved.html RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report
EGbaseline = Baseline electricity supplied to the grid in the case of modified or retrofit facilities (MWh). For new power plants this value is taken as zero. EFgrid,CM,y = Combined margin CO2 emission factor for grid connected power generation in year y calculated using the latest version of the “Tool to calculate the emission factor for an electricity system. Since the project activity is the installation of a new grid‐connected renewable power plant, EGbaseline = 0 Thus, iv)
BEy = EGy * EFgrid,CM,y (3) Project activity emissions: According to the chosen baseline methodology ACM0002 Version 10, for hydro power project activities that result in new reservoirs and hydro power project activities that result in the increase of existing reservoirs, project proponents shall account for project emissions, estimated as follows. a) If the power density (PD) of power plant is greater than 4 W/m2 and less than or equal to 10 W/m2: (4) Where, = Emission from reservoir PEy
expressed as tCO2e/year = Default emission factor for emissions from ESRes reservoirs, and default value (as per EB 23) is 90 Kg CO2e /MWh. = Total electricity produced by the project activity, TEGy including the electricity supplied to the grid and the electricity supplied to internal loads, in year y (MWh). b) If the power density of the project is greater than 10 W/m2: PEy = 0. The power density of the project activity is calculated as follows: (5) Where: PD = Power density of the project activity, in W/m2. = Installed capacity of the hydro power plant after the CapPJ implementation of the project activity (W). RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report
CapBL = Installed capacity of the hydro power plant before the implementation of the project activity (W). For new hydro power plants, this value is zero. = Area of the reservoir measured in the surface of the APJ water, after the implementation of the project activity, when the reservoir is full (m2). = Area of the reservoir measured in the surface of the ABL water, before the implementation of the project activity, when the reservoir is full (m2). For new reservoirs, this value is zero. For the project activity: Power Density = 1083 W/m2 Since the Bajoli Holi H.E. Project activity is a run‐of‐river hydro project that results in a new reservoir with power density of 1083 W/m2, (greater than the threshold value of 10 W/m2 as calculated below), hence according to the chosen baseline methodology ACM0002 Version 10, project emissions on account of power density are nil. However, as per methodology, backup power project emissions for renewable energy power plants should be calculated in accordance with equation 10, where PEFC,j,y represents the CO2 emissions due to fossil fuel consumption in the year y for the operation of the backup power equipment. PEy = PE FC, j,y where: PEy = Project Emissions in year y (tCO2/yr) PEFC,j,y = CO2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion in the process j during the year y (tCO2/yr) Table: 8.1: Calculations of Project Emissions from Bajoli Holi H.E. Project Total Design Energy 782
GWh Design Energy in Monsoon ‐‐ @ 62% of 'X'
484.8
GWh Design Energy in Non‐ Monsoon ‐‐ @ 38% of 'X'
297.2
GWh Aux Consumption during Non‐Monsoon @ 0.7% of 'Y'
2.08
GWh Based on the approved hydraulic series 43 % of the time during non‐monsoon all units will be in shut down condition Aux power consumption from DG sets ‐‐‐ @ 43% of 'Z' 894451.6
kWh Diesel Consumption by DG sets @0.226 litre/kwh
202146.06 Litres/annum
Calorific Value of the diesel 9800
Kcal/litre
IPCC diesel emission factor (74.6), conversion factor for energy from Joule to Tonnes of CO2 (4.18) Project Emissions 618
tCO2/annum
RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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X
Y
Z
GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report
Leakage: According to ACM0002 Version 10, the main emissions potentially giving rise to leakage in the context of electricity sector projects are emissions arising due to activities such as power plant construction, fuel handling (extraction, processing, and transport), and land inundation (for hydro electric projects). Project participants do not need to consider these emission sources as leakage in applying this methodology. Project activities using ACM0002 Version 10 shall not claim any credit for the project on account of reducing these emissions below the level of the baseline scenario. Thus, the leakage emissions are nil. 8.4.3 Calculation of Estimated Certified Emission Reductions from Bajoli Holi HEP Thus Expected Emission Reductions from Bajoli Holi HEP shall be calculated in accordance with equation 1, Where: ERy = BEy = PEy = Ly = ERy = BEy ‐ PEy – Ly Emission reduction (tCO2) in the year y Baseline emissions (tCO2) in the year y Project Emissions (tCO2) in the year y Leakage emissions (tCO2) in the year y Project activity emissions (PEy) The project activity is a run‐of‐river hydropower project, according to ACM0002, version 10, greenhouse gas emissions from the project activity are zero. Hence PEy = 0 Leakage (Ly) According to the methodology (ACM0002, version 10), the leakage of the proposed project is not considered. No leakage is expected. Therefore, Ly = 0. Hence: ERy = BEy Baseline emissions shall be calculated as given in equation (3): BEy = EGy * EFgrid,CM,y Where: = Electricity supplied by project activity to the grid (MWh) EGy in the year y Combined margin CO2 emission factor for grid connected EFgrid, CM, y = power generation in year y calculated using the latest version of the “Tool to calculate the emission factor for an electricity system”. (tCO2 / MWh) EFgrid, CM, y is calculated using the following relation: EFgrid, CM, y = wOM.EFgrid, OM, y + wBM .EFgrid, BM, y RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report
Where: = Operating Margin weight, which is 0.5 by default wOM Operating Margin emission factor (tCO2/MWh) in the year EFgrid, OM, y = y = Build Margin weight, which is 0.5 by default wBM Build Margin emission factor (tCO2/MWh) in the year y EFgrid, BM, y = EFgrid, CM, y is calculated as mentioned in section 4.4 above using the values given in CEA database Combined Margin Emission factor is found to be 0.80 tCO2/MWh. Table 8.2: Calculation of Electricity supplied to the grid by the project activity EGy S. No. Description Value 1 Electricity Generation for a 90% dependable year with a plant availability of 95% (MWh) 2 Total Auxiliary Consumption, TACy 0.7% 3 Transformation Losses3, TLy 0.5% 4 Project Emissions as calculated in Table ‐1 5 Electricity supplied to the grid post transformational and auxiliary losses (MWh) 782000 MWh 618 tCO2/annum 772643 MWh Table 8.3: Summary of Expected Annual Emissions Reduction Baseline Emission factor (tCO2/MWh) Project Emission Baseline activity Leakage Reductions Emissions emissions (tCO2) (tCO2) (tCO2) (tCO2) Year Electricity Generation (MWh) Dec‐ 16 772643 0.803 620,709 618 0 620091 2017 772643 0.803 620,709 618 0 620091 2018 772643 0.803 620,709 618 0 620091 2019 772643 0.803 620,709 618 0 620091 2020 772643 0.803 620,709 618 0 620091 2021 772643 0.803 620,709 618 0 620091 3
As per CERC tariff order no. L‐7/25(5)/2003‐CERC dated 26 March 2004 Transformation Losses are losses due to conversion from generation voltage to transmission voltage (0.5%) of energy generated RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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2022 772643 0.803 620,709 618 0 620091 2023 772643 0.803 620,709 618 0 620091 2024 772643 0.803 620,709 618 0 620091 2025 772643 0.803 568,983 618 0 620091 Total 7726430 6,207,087
6177 0 6200910 Total number of crediting years 10 Annual average over the crediting period of estimated reductions (tonnes of CO2e) 620091 8.4.4 Establishing Additionality for Bajoli Holi HEP Concept of Additionality Additionality is a principal condition for the eligibility of a project under the CDM. It is the requirement that the greenhouse gas emissions after implementation of a CDM project activity are lower than those that would have occurred in the most plausible alternative scenario to the implementation of the CDM project activity. This alternative scenario may be the business‐as‐usual case (that is, the continuation of current emission levels in the absence of the CDM project activity), or it may be some other scenario which involves a gradual lowering of emissions intensity. As such to satisfy the additionality test, project developer may need to demonstrate that without the CDM, project would not have been implemented due to financial, technological or other barriers. An abstract of additionality argument for Bajoli Holi HEP CDM project activity has been presented below Indian National Grid Scenario The Indian National Grid has a substantial shortage of power of 10.5% in off‐
peak hours and 13.5% during peak hours4. The project activity being undertaken by Owner will aid in bridging this gap in demand and supply. The Indian grid is currently dominated by fossil fuel based modes of power generation, with thermal sources of power contributing 63.3%5 of the total power generation capacity. The additionality justification of the project is listed below. 4
http://www.cea.nic.in/power_sec_reports/Executive_Summary/2008_10/1‐2.pdf 5
http://www.cea.nic.in/power_sec_reports/executive_summary/2008_10/8.pdf RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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(a) Investment barrier: High capital cost: This is a risk which has far reaching consequences on the viability of hydro projects, which in any case are subject to greater technological, geological, hydrological risks, and have higher installed capital cost per MW electricity generated than thermal stations. The construction time for hydro projects is also generally longer than for thermal projects. Though the operating cost is low for hydropower projects, raising finance for the project to the extent specified above is difficult due to the risks associated with hydro power projects such as low plant load factor, irregular monsoons, and uncertainty with regard to the availability of discharge in the River, etc. The regulatory mechanism in India forces the developer to sell power from the Hydro Project through ‘Competitive tariff based bidding’ where the Hydro Projects are at a distinct disadvantage specially in the initial 10 years of operations, since the cost of generation of power from Hydro Power Projects is high (due to high dept services costs), given its high capital cost per unit generated, low PLF, inferior financing terms (given higher risk profile of Hydro Projects w.r.t other fossil fuel based projects). (b) Technological Barriers: It is well known fact that the Himalayan Rivers carry heavy silt load, as a result the power generating equipment wears out and this leads to break down frequently. This aspect needs to be addressed by providing de‐silting chambers on the inlets to the projects, suitable coating system and making provisions for replacement of damaged part with spares which involves additional expertise and cost. The fragile geological features and uncertainties on hydrological data introduce some degree of uncertainty and risks. High sediment load in rivers in India is a natural phenomenon, aggravated by man‐
made interventions. Young geology combined with glacial silt introduces huge quantities of sediment into the rivers, posing serious challenges to the various uses of the river water, including hydropower. However, well planned dams with proper management of sediment can control flood and regulation. (c) Barrier due to prevailing practice: Thermal power plants are predominant in the Indian power sector, due to availability of fossil fuel and vast experience in this technology. Whereas the lack of experience of private sector in hydro power projects make them less common. RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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(d) Lack of Infrastructure: Due to remoteness of hydropower project sites, lack of adequate access, transport facilities, transmission grid for power evacuation and other infrastructures, the cost of hydropower development is likely to be higher in certain sites in India. (e) Cost of generation: Generally the cost of production of hydro‐electricity in India is influenced by the followings: • Lack of adequate infrastructure to access hydropower sites; • Geological condition; • Limited availability of construction materials in the country; • Multilateral financing, generally high cost of capital; • Involvement of International consultants and contractors; • Currency risk by Fluctuation in Foreign exchange rates. 8.5
CER REVENUE This project has a net potential to generate 772643 MWh of power which results in emission reductions of approximately 620091 tCO2 per year. Looking at the present scenario, (one CER equivalent is traded around 12 Euros, in the carbon market and exchange rate Rs. 64/‐ per Euro), the Bajoli Holi H.E. Project shall generate revenue of about Rs. 47,62,29,876.00 (~ 48) Crores per year throughout the crediting period. Central Electricity Regulatory Commission (CERC) has stipulated CDM sharing benefits between developer and beneficiary in the recently released tariff order (2009‐2014). CER revenue sharing between GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Private Ltd (Project Developer) and beneficiary (Power Purchaser) is given below. The proceeds of carbon credits from approved CDM projects shall be shared in the following manner, namely a) 100% of the gross proceeds on account of CDM to be retained by the project developer in the first year after the date of commercial operation of the generating station or the transmission system, as the case may be; b) In the second year, the share of the beneficiaries shall be 10% which shall be progressively increased by 10% every year till it reaches 50 %, whereafter the proceeds shall be shared in equal proportion, by the generating RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report
company or the transmission licensee, as the case may be and the beneficiaries. Table 8.4: CDM benefit sharing in accordance with CER Rules Y1 Y2 Y3 Y4 Y5 Y6 Y7 Y8 Y9 Y10 Y11 CER generated 62.01 62.01 62.01 62.01 62.01 62.01 62.01 62.01 62.01 62.01 (lacs/yr) 50 50 50
50
50
50
50
50 50
50
Total CER revenue (Rs. in. Cr) 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 50% 50% 50% 50% GMR Hydro Share of CER revenue (According to CERC Guidelines) 0% 10.0% 20.0% 30.0% 40.0% 50.0% 50.0% 50.0% 50.0% 50.0%
Beneficiary share of CER revenues 8.6
CONCLUSION The Bajoli Holi H.E. Project in India is a one of the unique project with respect to various parameters as mentioned above. Considering the positive effect it would have on the developmental activities in India, harnessing untapped hydro potential in India and contributing both to India and India’s sustainable development, the effective implementation of this project will be a milestone. However, GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Limited would have to defy boundaries, barriers to implementation and risks to profit from the project. Considering an inventory of barriers that are associated with the implementation of the project, CDM revenues would help in alleviating the risks, both financial and technical, associated with the project. Successful registration of the project would also help to strengthen hydropower sector and attracting foreign investment in India. The proposed of Bajoli Holi H.E. Project would result in the sustainable development to the local community in India through CDM benefits by socio‐
economic well being, environmental well being and technological well being. RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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9 ASSESSMENT OF IMPACTS 9.1 GENERAL Generally many significant impacts are observed during the construction of hydropower projects. In addition to impact on biodiversity and wildlife of the region, most of the construction activities will have some impact on water and air quality and will also generate noise. The proposed Bajoli Holi HE Project would lead to generation of number of environmental impacts owing to the activities that would be undertaken during the construction of various project appurtenances, e.g. concrete dam, drilling and blasting, construction activities like roads, construction of permanent and temporary housing and construction workers colonies, quarrying for construction material and dumping of muck generated from various project activities. The likely impacts have been considered for various aspects of environment, including physico‐
chemical, ecological and socio‐economic aspects. Invariably there are two types of impact occur due to construction of hydroelectric projects viz. permanent which generally lead to loss of plant species, decrease in downstream flow, etc. and temporary which may be minimized and managed during the operation of projects if appropriate mitigation measures are adopted during the construction phase and operation phase as well. Therefore more attention need to be paid to minimize the permanent impacts adopting possible alternatives that are environmentally sound with comparatively lesser negative impacts and adopting environmentally strict procedures and techniques during construction with tight vigil maintained during execution of various labour intensive and risk enhancing tasks like blasting and drilling, etc. The vigil can be enforced through inclusion of relevant clauses in the contract not only for the main contractors but making its inclusion for sub‐contractors also. In addition cooperation of Village Level Committees may also be sought to ensure all safeguards and environmental degradation if minimized during important construction events. Based on the project details and the baseline environmental status, potential impacts as a result of the construction and operation of the proposed Bajoli Holi HE Project have been identified. Wherever possible, the impacts have been quantified and otherwise, qualitative assessment has been undertaken. RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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This Chapter deals with the anticipated positive as well as negative impacts during the construction as well as operation phase of the proposed Bajoli Holi hydro‐electric project. 9.2 IMPACTS DURING CONSTRUCTION Majority of the environmental impacts attributed to construction works are temporary in nature, lasting mainly during the construction phase and often do not extend much beyond the construction period. However, as the construction phase of Hydroelectric Projects is fairly large and extend into several years (5 years in case of Bajoli Holi HEP), if these issues are not properly addressed, the impacts can continue even after the construction phase for longer duration. Even though the impacts due to construction are temporary in nature, they need to be reviewed closely as they could be significant due to the nature and intensity of the impacts. Impacts can be discussed in terms of projects activities with their magnitude and potential impacts on environmental resources or alternatively resource wise in terms of impact on each environmental resource e.g. Ambient Air Quality and potential impact on this resource from various project activities. However, as some of the project activities are quite critical and it is important to understand them along with their impacts on environmental resources, therefore, they are briefly discussed below to be followed by impacts on resources. 9.2.1 Impacts due to immigration of Construction Workers At the time of peak construction work in the project, maximum of 350 persons may be engaged, most of these will be from the local population. Around 100 nos. of the work force, which will include technical, non‐technical and service class, will come from outside. In the first and fifth year 60% of the peak force will be required and in the second to fourth years 80% of the peak force will be required as given in Table 9.1. Majority of the Construction workers force will migrate into the area. Table 9.1: Construction Workers requirement for Project Construction Years Number of Number of Total Labourers Technical Staff 1st
210
60
270 2nd 280
80
360 3rd 280
80
360 4th 280
80
360 5th 210
60
270 RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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To calculate the human pressure during the peak construction of the project the following assumptions have been considered. (i)
family size is assumed as 5; and 80% of labors and technical staff are married (ii)
Out of total workforce, 80% will be such that both husband and wife will work (iii) 50% of technical staff will come with their families and only husband will work (iv) 2% of total migrating population are assumed as service providers, and (v) 50% of service providers will have families. Based on these assumptions the peak migrant population has been calculated as 1282 persons (Table 9.2). This population is expected to reside in the project area at any given time. Table 9.2: Total Migrant Population (Peak Time) A. Migrant Population of Laborers
Total labor force 350 Married laborers (80% of 350)
280 Single laborers (20% of 350)
70 Husband and wife both working Labour (80% of 280)
224 Number of families where both husband and wife work (224/2) 112 Number of families where only husband work (20% of 280) 56 Total number of laborers families (112 + 56)
168 Total Migrant Population of Laborers (168 x 5 + 70)
910 B. Migrant Population of Technical Staff
Total technical staff
100 Married technical staff
50 Single technical staff
50 Total migrant population of technical staff (50 x 5 + 50)
300 Migrant Workforce (Labor plus Technical)
1210 C. Service Providers Total service providers (2% of total migrant workforce)
24 Married service providers (50 % as assumed) 12 Single service providers
12 Total migrant population of service providers (12 x 5 + 12) 72 Total Migrant Population
1282 RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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Immigration of such a large population for a long duration in remote area can cause serious impact on various environmental resources including socio‐
economic profile of local population. The congregation of large number of construction workers during the peak construction phase is likely to create problems of sewage disposal, solid waste management, tree cutting to meet fuel requirement, etc. Appropriate mitigating measures have been suggested in EMP, which needs to be implemented to minimize such impacts. 9.2.2 Construction of Head Race Tunnel Excavation of the head race tunnel up to the Power House complex will involve movement of vehicles, use of excavating equipment, explosives and other construction machinery. A primary Impact of this construction will be placement of spoils removed from the tunnel. The clearing of the area and muck disposal will be source of impact. A total of 12.32 lakh cum of muck will be generated from dam intake, diversion tunnel and HRT, about 75% of this will be disposed off in muck dumping sites. The concrete batch plant will be used to mix the concrete necessary for lining the tunnel and for the lining of the surge chambers. Placement of the concrete for the lining of the tunnel and surge chamber will require movement of vehicles to the various locations. Installation and operation of the concrete batch plant will have impacts associated with air quality, water quality and noise. Movement of vehicles bringing aggregate to the batch plant from the quarry will also create some similar impacts. 9.2.3 Quarrying Operations Opening of the quarries will cause visual impacts because they remove a significant part of the hills. Other impacts will be the noise generated during aggregate acquisition through explosive and crushing, which could affect wildlife in the area, dust produced during the crushing operation to get the aggregates to the appropriate size and transport of the aggregates, and transport of materials. The total quantity of coarse aggregate required for concreting and masonry in the proposed dam is about 6.47 lacs cum. To meet the requirement of coarse and fine aggregates for all components of the project, 1 nos. in situ rock quarries & 1 no. slide material have been identified in the vicinity of the project. The quarry sites would lead to disturbance of 3.55 ha of forest land and 0.65 ha of private land. The quarrying operations will be semi‐mechanized in nature. Normally, in a hilly terrain like Himachal Pradesh, quarrying is done by cutting the hill face, RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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and this leaves a permanent scar, once the quarrying activities are over with the passage of time, rock from the exposed face of the quarry under the action of wind and other erosion forces, slowly gets weathered and they become a potential source of landslide. Thus, it is necessary to implement appropriate slope stabilization measures to prevent the possibility of soil erosion and landslides at the quarry sites. 9.2.4 Operation of Construction Plant and Equipment During the construction phase, various types of equipment will be brought to the site and construction plants and repair workshops will be set up. These include crushers, batching plant, drillers, earth movers, rock bolters, etc. The siting of these construction equipments would require significant amount of space. In addition, land will also be temporarily acquired, i.e. for the duration of project construction; for storage of the quarried material before crushing, crushed material, cement, rubble, etc. These construction plant and repair workshops will have impact on ambient air quality due fugitive emissions associated with operation and operation of DG sets to meet the power requirements; impact on water quality due to wastewater generation and impact on soil due to solid waste generation. Management of such impacts with operation control and appropriate pollution control equipment is essential to minimize their effect on surrounding environment including local population and wildlife and same is discussed in EMP. Additionally, proper siting of these facilities can also reduce the impact due to their location. Their locations have been identified during the preparation of Detailed Project Report, keeping in view the technical and economic criteria; however, same can be further refined during set up, keeping in view: •
Proximity to the site of use •
Sensitivity of forests in the nearby areas •
Wildlife, if any, in the nearby area •
Proximity from habitations Predominant wind direction •
•
Natural slope and drainage 9.2.5 Movement of Vehicles There will be increased vehicular movement during construction phase and large quantity of dust is likely to be entrained due to movement on unpaved roads. Additionally, loose construction material loaded on trucks in open condition also adds to air pollution in the area. Movement of vehicles also generates noise. As the construction phase is large, substantial increase in RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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traffic in otherwise calm area will have serious impacts on air and noise environment. Sufficient mitigation measures, are discussed in the EMP. 9.2.6 Muck Disposal About 12.32 lac cum of muck is expected to be generated as a result of construction of dam, head race tunnel, power house and other appurtenant works. The project proposes to utilize about 25% of the muck to be generated as construction material in various project structures. Therefore, most of the muck is proposed to be dumped at pre‐identified locations. Muck, if not securely transported and dumped at pre‐designated sites, can have serious environmental impacts, such as: • Muck, if not disposed properly, can be washed away into the main river which can cause negative impacts on the aquatic ecosystem of the river. • Muck disposal can lead to impacts on various aspects of environment. Normally, the land is cleared before muck disposal. During clearing operations, trees are cut, and undergrowth perishes as a result of muck disposal. • In many of the sites, muck is stacked without adequate stabilisation measures. In such a scenario, the muck moves along with runoff and creates landslide like situations. Many a times, boulders/large stone pieces enter the river/water body, affecting the benthic fauna, fisheries and other components of aquatic biota. • Normally muck disposal is done at low lying areas, which get filled up due to stacking of muck. This can sometimes affect the natural drainage pattern of the area leading to accumulation of water or partial flooding of some area which can provide ideal breeding habitat for mosquitoes. A detailed Muck Disposal Plan has been prepared to minimize the impact and is given in Environmental Management Plan. 9.2.7 Road Construction The topography of the project area has steep slopes, which descend rapidly into narrow valleys. The conditions can give rise to erosion hazards due to downhill movement of soil aggregates. The project construction would entail significant vehicular movement for transportation of construction material and heavy construction equipment. Most of the roads in the project area would require widening apart from the new roads proposed to be constructed for this project. The details of the roads proposed to be constructed and improved are given at Table 9.3. RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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Table 9.3: Details of Road Construction Road No. R‐1 R‐2 R‐3 R‐4 R‐5 R‐6 R‐7 R‐8 R‐9A R‐9B R‐10 R‐11 R‐12 R‐13 Description Road Length (m)
Road to dam site 2710
Proposed road to dam top connecting Adit ‐ 1
1030
Proposed road to upstream coffer dam connecting SFT 1180
Proposed road to diversion tunnel outlet structure 130
Proposed road from state highway to Adit‐2 portal
280
Proposed road from state highway to quarry/bank of Kurhed Nala 1200
Proposed road from state highway to Adit‐3 portal 250
Proposed road from state highway to Adit‐4 portal 390
Existing road from state highway up to Gwarh village
5860
Proposed road to Holi Nala Adit‐5 portal 5160
Proposed road to explosive magazine 400
Proposed road from state highway to aggregate processing plant 625
Proposed road from state highway to surge shaft top connecting 4000
adit to pressure shaft portals Proposed road from state highway to service bay of power house 310
Approximately 13.8 km of new roads are proposed to be constructed as a part of the proposed Bajoli Holi HE Project. The major impacts likely to accrue as a result of construction of the roads are: • Loss of forest and vegetation by cutting of trees • Geological disturbance due to blasting, excavation, etc. • Soil erosion as the slope cutting operation disturbs the natural slope and leads to land slips and landslides. • Interruption of drainage and change in drainage pattern • Disturbance of water resources with blasting and discriminate disposal of fuel and lubricants from road construction machinery • Siltation of water channels/ reservoirs from excavated debris • Effect on flora and fauna • Air pollution due to dust from debris, road construction machinery, etc. The indirect impact of the construction of new roads is the increase in accessibility to otherwise undisturbed areas, resulting in greater human interference and subsequent adverse impacts on the ecosystem. Appropriate management measures required to mitigate adverse environmental impacts during road construction have been recommended. The details of the same have been covered in Environmental Management Plan. 9.2.8 Acquisition of Land Hydroelectric projects are location specific and require land to be acquired for various project activities. Total land required for the construction of Bajoli Holi H.E. Project activities is approximately 93.92 ha with a component of 82.51 ha of forestland including horticulture land (Table 9.4). Out of which, 46.46 ha land will be permanently acquired, 22.55 ha land taken on lease and 12.6 ha RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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will be utilized for underground works. Total land required for the construction of Bajoli Holi H.E. Project activities is given in Table 9.4. Table 9.4: Land Requirement for Proposed Project S. Description No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 Reservoir area at EL. 2023 (5 m above FRL) Dam D/Tunnel outlet and d/s coffer Dam Construction Facility area for muck generated from Dam, Intake, Desilting and Adit‐I plus portal area for SFT, Adit‐ I and road to Dam top and further to D/Tunnel Inlet Portal. Aggregate Processing plant, Batching Plant, Main store & workshop area for Dam Complex Contractors Camp for Dam Complex Adit‐ II Portal including area for batching plant Construction Facility area for muck generated through Adit‐ II Open Quarry 4A Road to Quarry 4A Adit‐ III Portal with Batching Plant area and road to Portal Construction Facility area for muck generated through Adit‐ III & IV Owners establishment & colony Contractors camp for Power House & HRT areas HRT main store and workshop Adit‐ IV Portal with Batching Plant area and road to Portal Land for road construction, Batching, Office, Workshop for Holi nala (Adit‐V) Land for Construction Facility of excavated muck from Adit‐V Land for road construction and Area for Explosive Magazine Land for road construction and aggregate processing plant for power house complex and HRT Right bank slide deposit to be used RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
Zone as identified in layout Forest land (Sq m) Private land (Sq m) Temp.
Permanent 1B
1C
Perma
nent 190,00
0 13,100
15,000
1D 26,000
63,000 1A Temp.
(Lease) 2A
41,580
2B 10,000 3A 4,500 3B 20,000 4A
4B 5A 4,000 20,500
14,000 6,500 1,500 1,000 30,000
5B
6A 6B 14,000
17,000 6,000 6C 7 12,000
10,000 3,000 8A
60,000
8B 8C
5,000
9A 43,000 9B 15,000
25,000 9.8
GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. S. Description No. Zone as identified in layout as quarry material 22 Batching Plant, Main store & workshop area for Power House Complex 23 Construction Facility area for muck generated from Surface Power House Complex, Surge Shaft, Pressure Shaft, and Adit VI portal. Ferrule fabrication yard to be constructed over dump muck. Road to service bay 24 Area for surface power house including switch yard and pothead yard 24a Horticulture land (Nursery & Apple Garden)] 25 Surge Shaft road (length 4.1 km) and Surge shaft area along with one batching plant at Adit‐6 portal. EIA Report
Forest land (Sq m) Private land (Sq m)
Perma
nent Temp. Permanent Temp. (Lease) 10 20,000
11 32,000
2,300 12
6,000
12 9,000 14 48,000
24,000 52,500 61,580
26 Total
Area for underground works( Desilting Basins incl. Feeder and Connecting Tunnels, Flushing Tunnel, HRT, Surge Shaft, Valve Chamber, Pressure Shaft , Power house complex works and all adits) Total 1,200 473,60 225,500
0 126,000 939,180 (sq m) or 93.92 ha Consolidated Land Requirement for Bajoli Holi H.E. Project S. No. Classification of required Land 1. Forest Land a Permanent Requirement (excluding horticulture) 46.46 b Temporary Requirement/ Lease for construction Facility 22.55 c Area for Underground Works 12.60 Total Forest Land 2. Horticulture land (Nursery & apple Garden) Total Horticulture Land 81.61 0.90 0.90 3. Private land a Permanent Requirement 5.25 b Temporary Requirement/ Lease for construction Facility 6.16 Total Private Land Area (ha) Grand Total Land RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
11.41 93.92 9.9
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Major impact of land acquisition is permanent change of landuse, and this cannot be avoided. Additionally, land acquisition has impacts on local population by way of loss of their agriculture land and hence livelihood and also impact on flora and fauna by way of loss of forest land and clearing of vegetation on acquired land. These impacts will be mitigated by implementing R & R plan, Biodiversity Conservation and Forest Management Plan, as discussed in EMP. Impact of various degrees on different environmental resources is discussed in ensuing paragraphs resource wise. 9.2.9 Impact on Water Quality The major sources of water pollution during project construction phase are as follows: • Sewage from Construction work camps/colonies • Effluent from Construction Plants and Workshops • Disposal of muck a)
Sewage from Construction worker Camps The project construction is likely to last for a period of 5 years. As mentioned earlier, about 910 workers and 300 technical staff are likely to work during project construction phase. Most of the employees/workers during construction phase are likely to be employed from outside the project area. The construction phase, also leads to mushrooming of various allied activities to meet the demand of immigrant Construction Worker population in the project area. Additionally drivers and labour associated with transportation of material will also stay in the area on temporary basis. The domestic water requirement for the construction worker and the technical staff migrating into the project area is of the order of 141 cum/day @ 110 lpcd. Assuming that about 80% of the water supplied will be generated as wastewater/sewage. The BOD load contributed by domestic sources will be about 28 kg/ day, assuming 250 mg/l of BOD in wastewater. If the human waste and refuse is directly drained into the river channel, the coliforms and other disease causing micro‐organisms will increase leading to water borne diseases. This is one of the negative impacts, which will not only lead to human health hazard, but also increase pollution levels in the water and bringing about changes in the natural biotic diversity of the aquatic ecosystem of the river. Therefore, project authorities would be taking appropriate measures to check such disposal into the river. In order to avoid any deterioration in water quality and subsequent changes in the aquatic biota, RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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project authorities propose to have a proper sewage disposal system in and around various construction worker colonies to check the discharge of waste and refuse into the river. In absence of such measures there is bound to be deterioration in water quality and the subsequent changes in the aquatic biota. Effluent from Construction Plants and Workshops b)
As discussed earlier, two major construction plants viz. aggregate processing and concrete mixing and two major repair workshops will be established, apart from minor workshops and other construction equipment. Water is used in these construction plants and wastewater generated with high suspended solids. Similarly from workshops, major pollutant will be oil and grease. Discharge of untreated wastewater will have serious impact on water quality of receiving water body. Turbidity and oil & grease levels will increase substantially in small tributaries, especially, in lean season. To minimize the impact, such effluent needs to be treated in situ before discharge to any water body or for land application. c)
Disposal of Muck The major impact on the water quality arises when the muck is disposed along the river bank. The project authorities have identified suitable muck disposal sites which are located near the river channel. The muck will essentially come from the road‐building activity, tunneling and other excavation works. The unsorted waste going into the river channel will greatly contribute to the turbidity of water continuously for long time periods. The high turbidity is known to reduce the photosynthetic efficiency of primary producers in the river and as a result, the biological productivity will be greatly reduced. Therefore, the prolonged turbid conditions would have negative impact on the aquatic life. Therefore, muck disposal has to be done in line with the Muck Disposal Plan given in EMP to avoid any negative impact. 9.2.10 Impact on Terrestrial Flora The direct impact of construction activity for any water resource project in a mountainous terrain similar to that of proposed project is generally limited in the vicinity of the construction sites only. As mentioned earlier, a large population (1283) including technical staff, workers and other group of people are likely to congregate in the area during peak project construction phase. It can be assumed that the technical staff will be of higher economic status and will live in a more urbanized habitat, and will not use wood as fuel, if adequate alternate sources of fuel are provided. However, workers and other population groups residing in the area may use fuel wood, if no alternate fuel RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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is provided There will be an increase in population by about 1,283 of which about 1026 (80%) are expected to use fuel wood. On an average, the fuel wood requirements will be of the order of 1 kg per person per day. Therefore, for 1026 persons it works out to be 374,490 Kg/annum or 535 m3 (taking average density of wood as 700 kg/m3). The wood generated by cutting one tree is about 2.5‐3.0 m3. Thus, about 214 trees will be cut every year to meet the fuel wood requirements, which mean every year on an average about 0.60 ha of forest area (with average tree density of about 350 trees/ha) will be cleared for meeting fuel wood requirements, if no alternate sources of fuel are provided. Hence, to minimize such impacts, it is proposed to provide alternate fuel for cooking e.g. Kerosene, LPG to the construction workers. The other alternative is to provide community kitchens on a cooperative basis by the contractor. The details of the same have been covered in Environmental Management Plan. Other major impact on the flora in and around the project area would be due to increased level of human interferences. The workers may also cut trees to meet their requirements for construction of houses, furniture. Normally in such situations, lot of indiscriminate use or wastage of wood is also observed, especially in remote or inaccessible areas. Thus, it is necessary to implement adequate surveillance to mitigate the adverse impacts on terrestrial flora during project construction phase. 9.2.11 Impact on Terrestrial Fauna a)
Disturbance to Wildlife During the construction period, large number of machinery and construction workers shall be mobilized, which may create disturbance to wildlife population in the vicinity of project area. The operation of various equipments will generate significant noise, especially during blasting which will have adverse impact on fauna of the area. The noise may scare the fauna and force them to migrate to other areas. Likewise siting of construction plants, workshops, stores, labour camps etc. could also lead to adverse impact on fauna of the area. During the construction phase, accessibility to area will lead to influx of workers and the people associated with the allied activities from outside will also increase. Increase in human interference could have an impact on terrestrial ecosystem. The other major impact could be the blasting to be carried out during construction phase. This impact needs to be mitigated by adopting controlled blasting and strict surveillance regime and the same is proposed to be used in the project. This will reduce the noise level and vibrations due to blasting to a great extent. RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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Forest cover in the vicinity of proposed project working sites and their immediate vicinity is comprised of open to dense forest at places to degraded scrub forest near the habitations. However no major wildlife population is found in the immediate vicinity of these sites due to encroachment and habitations in the influence zone. Only stray incidents of wildlife are reported from these areas. However the area has a good bird and butterflies population. Therefore adequate measures will be required during the construction phase not to cause any adverse impact on avifaunal and butterflies population. Blasting during construction may cause adverse impacts. Hence it is recommended that delayed blasting techniques as already stated above would be utilized to minimize the impact, as a result of noise and vibration generated due to blasting. b)
Impacts on Migratory Routes The faunal species observed in the project area are not migratory in nature. The proposed submergence area is not the migratory route of wild animals. The construction of the proposed Bajoli Holi H.E. Project will form a reservoir of about 16.5 ha, which is also not reported to be on the migratory route of any major faunal species. 9.2.12 Impact on Aquatic Ecology The physico‐chemical and biological water quality of Ravi River in the project area is very good. The dissolved oxygen is high in the river. The reason for good quality can be ascribed to high water discharge, low temperature and absence of any industrial activity. Fecal contamination is below detectable limits. Major sources of construction related impacts on water quality will be from erosion of the disturbed area required for the construction activities (construction sites, concrete batch plants, material storage areas, vehicle maintenance areas, disposal areas), from waste water discharge from the construction labour camps and from contaminated water (oil, grease, petro chemicals, cement and chemicals) resulting from various construction activities. The primary impact will be the potential for introducing sediments and pollutants to the adjacent river body during the period of construction, thereby affecting aquatic habitats, fishes and water source for residents and wildlife downstream of the construction areas. a)
Impacts due to excavation of construction material from river bed During construction phase, a large quantity of construction material like stones, pebbles, gravel and sand would be needed. It is proposed to extract construction material from the river bed. The extraction of construction RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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material may affect the river water quality due to increase in the turbidity levels. This is mainly because the dredged material gets released during one or all the operations mentioned below: o Excavation of material from the river bed. o Loss of material during transport to the surface o Overflow from the dredger while loading o Loss of material from the dredger during transportation. The cumulative impact of all the above operations is increase in turbidity levels. Good dredging practices can however, minimize turbidity. It has also been observed that slope collapse is the major factor responsible for increase in the turbidity levels. If the depth of cut is too high, there is possibility of slope collapse, which releases a sediment cloud. This will further move outside the suction radius of dredged head. In order to avoid this typical situation, the depth of cut may be restricted to: γ H/C < 5.5, where, γ ‐ Unit weight of the soil H ‐ Depth of soil C ‐ Cohesive strength of soil The dredging and deposition of dredged material may affect the survival and propagation of benthic organisms. The macro‐benthic life which remains attached to the stones, boulders etc. gets dislodged and is carried away downstream by turbulent flow. The areas from where construction material is excavated, benthic fauna get destroyed. In due course of time, however, the area gets decolonized, with fresh benthic fauna. The density and diversity of benthic fauna will however, be less as compared with the pre‐dredging levels. The second important impact is on the spawning areas of fishes. Almost all the cold water fish breed in the flowing waters. The spawning areas of these fish species are found amongst pebbles, gravel, sand etc. The eggs are sticky in nature and remain embedded in the gravel and subsequently hatched. Any disturbance of stream bottom will result in adverse impacts on fish eggs. Even increase in fine solids beyond 25 ppm will result in deposition of silt over the eggs, which would result in asphyxiation of developing embryo and also choking of gills of young newly emerged fry. Thus, if adequate precautions during dredging operations are not undertaken, then significant adverse impacts on aquatic ecology are anticipated. RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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b)
Impacts due to discharge of sewage from Construction Worker camp/colony The proposed hydro‐power project would envisage construction of temporary and permanent residential colonies to accommodate Construction Worker and staff engaged in the project. This would result in discharge of sewage which is usually discharged into the nearby water body. However, to avoid negative impact on the receiving water, it is proposed to treat the domestic sewage before its disposal in to the river. Septic tanks have been proposed and overflow will go to soak pits to avoid any pollution of river. Therefore, no adverse impacts on water quality are anticipated due to discharge of sewage from Construction worker camp/colony, as long as wastewater is treated. c)
Impacts due to human activities Accumulation of Construction Work force in the project area might results in enhancement in indiscriminate fishing including use of explosives. The use of explosive material to kill fishes in the river in the project area would result in complete loss of fishes and other aquatic life making river stretch completely barren. Indiscriminate fishing will reduce fish stock availability for commercial and sport fishermen. These aspects have been adequately covered in the Environmental Management Plan (EMP) report. 9.2.13 Impact on Noise Environment Sources of noise will be the vehicles and equipment for excavation and stationary equipment, including concrete batch plant located at the construction sites. Other sources of noise will be the use of explosives for blasting purposes for construction activities, drilling machines and quarrying and crushing activities. a)
Noise due to Construction Equipment Under the worst case scenario, considered for prediction of noise levels during construction phase, it has been assumed that all these equipment generate noise from a common point. The increase in noise levels due to operation of the different construction equipment are given in Table 9.5. However, such noise levels will only affect the operators and construction workers only who will be in the vicinity of the noise generating equipment and they should always be using PPEs to ward off any negative impact due to exposure to high noise levels. As the distance from the source increases the noise levels decrease by 6 dB(A) for every doubling of distance in the absence of any noise barrier. Additionally, there is a reduction in noise level as the sound wave passes through a barrier. The transmission loss values for common construction materials are given in Table 9.6. RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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It is expected that there will be significant attenuation due to various factors, e.g. absorption by construction material, air absorption, atmospheric non homogeneities, and vegetation cover, hence any serious impact on nearby residents is not expected. However, even a small increase in noise levels in otherwise calm area is annoying especially during nighttime and necessary precautions, as detailed in EMP needs to be taken up by project developer through its various contractors to control excessive noise during the construction phase. Table 9.5: Noise Levels due to Operation of Construction Equipment Equipment
Noise level Equipment Noise level dB(A) dB(A) Earth Moving Material Handling
Compactors 70‐72
Concrete mixers
75‐85 Front loaders 72‐82
Movable cranes
82‐84 Backhoes 70‐92
Tractors 76‐90
Scrappers, graders 82‐90
Truck 84‐90
Others
Vibrators 69‐81
Saws
74‐81 Table 9.6: Transmission Loss through Common Construction Materials Decrease in noise Material Thickness of level dB(A) construction material (inches) Light concrete 4
38
6
39
Dense concrete 4
40
Concrete block 4
32
6
36
Brick 4
33
Granite 4
40
b)
Noise Generated due to Drilling: The noise levels monitored at a 10m distance from the source and operator’s cabin is given in Table 9.7. The noise levels during various construction activities have been compared to various standards prescribed by Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), which are being implemented in our country through rules framed under Factories Act. It can be observed that for an 8 hour duration, equivalent noise level exposure should be less than 90 dB(A). The Director General of Mines Safety in its Circular number DG(Tech)/18 of 1975, has prescribed the noise level in RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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mining operations for workers in 8 hour shift period with unprotected ear as 90 dB(A) or less. This norm can be adopted for construction phase of the proposed project as well. The workers who are expected to be exposed to noise levels greater than 90 dB(A), should work in these areas up to 6 to 8 hours. In addition, they also need to be provided with ear plugs. Thus, increased noise levels due to drilling are not expected to adversely affect the workers operating the drill or involved in other mining activities closely. Table 9.7: Noise generated due to drilling Noise level at Equipment source dB(A) Standing idle (inside cabin)
70‐72
Standing idle (10 m radius)
72‐74
On load (inside cabin)
78‐80
On load (10 m radius)
82‐84
c)
Noise Generated due to Blasting Noise generated by blasting is instantaneous in nature. Noise generated due to blasting is site specific and depends on type, quantity of explosives, dimension of drill hole, degree of compaction of explosives in the hole and rock. Noise levels generated due to blasting have been monitored at various sites and the results have been summarized in Table 9.8. Table 9.8: Noise generated due to blasting No. of Total charge Maximum Distance Noise level holes (kg) charge/delay (kg) (m) dB(A) 15 1500 100
250
76‐85 17 1700 100
250
76‐86 18 1800 100
250
74‐85 19 1900 100
400
70‐75 20 2000 100
100
76‐80 It can be observed from Table 9.8 that noise level due to blasting operations are expected to be of the order of 75‐86 dB(A). Since, the nearest settlement is at least 1 km away, the incremental noise due to blasting is expected to be 50‐60 dB(A). As the blasting is likely to last for 4 to 5 seconds depending on the charge, noise levels over this time would be instantaneous and short in duration. Considering attenuation due to various sources, even the instantaneous increase in noise level is not expected to be more than 60 dB(A). Hence, noise level due to blasting is not expected to cause any significant adverse impact. RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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i)
Impacts due to Ground Vibrations: The explosive energy generated during blasting sets up a seismic wave within the surface, which may affect the structures and cause discomfort to human population. When an explosive charge is fired in a hole, stress waves traverse in various directions, causing the rock particles to oscillate. Blasting also generates ground vibrations and instantaneous noise. Various measures have been recommended to minimize the adverse impacts due to blasting: • Proper design of blast hole to be developed. • Use of noiseless trunk delays to minimize the noise due to air blast. • Use of non‐electric system of blasting for true bottom‐hole initiation. • Use of muffling mats to arrest the dust and fly rock. Noise in and around the construction site will likely affect the wildlife and residents in the nearby areas. Wildlife in the area will likely to move away from the noise and eventually return to the area when construction is complete. However, there is no major wildlife observed in and around the construction site and hence this may not be a significant issue. d)
Impacts on Labour The affect of high noise levels on the operating personnel has to be considered as this may be particularly harmful. It is known that continuous exposures to high noise levels above 90 dB(A) affects the hearing ability of the workers/operators and hence, should be avoided. To prevent these effects, it has been recommended by Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) that the exposure period of affected persons be limited as in Table 9.9. Table 9.9: Maximum Exposure Periods Specified by OSHA Unprotected exposure period Maximum per day for 8 hrs/day and 5 equivalent days/week continuous noise level dB(A) 90 8
95 4
100 2
110 ½
120 ¼
9.2.14 Impact on Air Quality The project area comprises rural environment. Sources of air pollution affecting the region currently are vehicular traffic, dust arising from unpaved village roads and domestic fuel burning. The air environment around project site is free from any significant pollution source. Therefore, ambient air quality RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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is quite good in and around the project area. Vehicles and stationary equipment will impact air quality at the construction site through emissions from the engines and equipment, fugitive emissions due to material handling, etc. Additionally quarry site activities including operation of crushers, concrete batch plants, construction work and movement of vehicles along unpaved road will generate dust & gaseous emission and impact air quality. The burning of waste will also affect air quality. In absence of proper fuel, construction workers at the project site may use wood for fuel burning. This will impact air quality. In a water resources project, air pollution occurs mainly during project construction phase. The major sources of air pollution during construction phase are: • Pollution due to fuel combustion in various equipment • Emission from various crushers and other construction plants • Fugitive emissions from material handling and transportation. a)
Pollution due to fuel combustion in various equipments The operation of various construction equipments requires combustion of fuel. Normally, diesel is used in such equipment. The major pollutant which gets emitted as a result of combustion of diesel is SO2. The SPM emissions are minimal due to low ash content in diesel. Depending upon the fuel quality and quantity and rating of DG sets and other equipments, it is important to provide adequate stack height for emission to be dispersed in the atmosphere to have minimum increase in Ground Level Concentrations (GLCs). b)
Emissions from various crushers and other construction plants The operation of the crusher and other construction plants during the construction phase is likely to generate fugitive emissions, which can plant area and surrounding area as well depending on wind direction. Such fugitive emissions comprising mainly the suspended particulate will be generated. Various measures have been recommended to control such emissions and further reduce their impacts on workers and locals in the EMP. c)
Fugitive Emissions from material handling and transportation During construction phase, there will be increased vehicular movement. Lot of construction material like sand, fine aggregate are stored at various sites, during the project construction phase. Normally, due to blowing of winds, especially when the environment is dry, some of the stored material can get entrained in the atmosphere. Although it is very difficult to completely eliminate such impact, it is possible to reduce its intensity by implementing RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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various measures as recommended in the EMP. 9.2.15 Impact on Socio‐economic Environment A project of this magnitude is likely to entail both positive as well as negative impacts on the socio‐cultural fabric of area. a)
Positive Impacts on Socio‐Economic Environment One of the main reasons for promoting hydroelectric schemes is their environmentally friendly character. This form of energy, unlike the energy from other conventional sources, entails no discharges of wastes or emission of toxic gases. It is virtually free from pollution and thus can be looked as “technology of the future” for the rural and remote areas. The following positive impacts are anticipated on the socio‐economic environment of the local people of villages of project area during the project construction and operation phases: i)
A number of marginal activities and jobs would be available to the locals in the project improves the job opportunities during construction phase. Developer bringing large scale investment to the area will also invest in ii)
local area development and benefit will be reaped by locals. Education, medical, transportation, road network and other infrastructure will improve. iii)
The availability of electricity to the rural areas will reduce the dependence of the locals on alternative energy sources namely forest. iv)
With increased availability of electricity, small‐scale and cottage industries are likely to come up in the area. v)
The proposed project site is well connected by road. Efforts to be made to develop eco‐tourism, which could earn additional revenue. b)
Negative Impacts on Socio‐Economic Environment Such projects, in addition, to positive impact on socio‐economic environment may also bring certain negative impact due to influx of outside population. Workforce will reside in that area for around five years and also there will large influx of drivers and other workers on temporary basis. This influx of people in otherwise isolated area may lead to various social and cultural conflicts during the construction stage. Developers need to take help of local leaders, Panchayat and NGOs to ensure minimum impact on this count. c)
Increased incidence of Water Related Diseases The construction of a reservoir will convert the riverine ecosystem into lacustrine ecosystem. The vectors of various diseases breed in shallow water areas not very far from the reservoir margins. The magnitude of breeding sites RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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for mosquitoes and other vectors in the impounded water is in direct proportion to the length of the shoreline. The construction of the reservoir would increase the shoreline by many times as compared to the pre‐project shoreline of river Ravi under submergence. Thus, the construction of the proposed reservoir would enhance the potential breeding sites for various diseases vectors. There are chances that incidence of malaria may increase as a result of the construction and operation of the proposed project. In addition to the construction of the reservoir, the following factors too would lead to the increased incidence of malaria in and around the project area: o aggregation of Construction Worker o excavation, and o inadequate facilities in Construction Workers camp i) Aggregation of Construction Worker About 1210 laborers and technical staff will congregate in the project area during peak construction phase. The total increase in population is expected to be of the order of 1283. Most of the Construction Worker would come from various parts of the country. The laborers would live in dormitories provided by the contractor. Proper sanitary facilities are generally provided. Hence, a proper surveillance and immunization schedule needs to be developed for the Construction Worker population migrating into the project area. ii) Excavations The excavation of earth from borrow pits etc. is one of the major factor for the increase in prevalence of malaria. After excavation of construction material, the depressions are generally left without treatment where water gets collected. These pools of water, then serves as breeding grounds for mosquitoes. However, in the present case, the borrow areas are within the river bed, which in any case remain under water. Thus, no additional habitat for mosquito breeding is created due to excavation. The flight of mosquito is generally limited up to 1 to 2 km from the breeding sites. Since, no residential areas are located within 1 km from the reservoir, periphery, increased incidences of malaria are not anticipated. However, Construction Worker camps, etc. could be vulnerable to increased incidence of malaria, if proper control measures are not undertaken. iii) Inadequate facilities in Construction Worker camps Improperly planned Construction Worker camps generally tend to become slums, with inadequate facilities for potable water supply and sewage treatment and disposal. This could lead to outbreak of epidemics of water‐
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borne diseases. Adequate measures for supply of potable water and sewage treatment have been recommended as a part of Environmental Management Plan. iv) HIV/AIDS Risk Level Large scale activity in the area due to the proposed project may become a cause of spread of HIV/AIDS in the project area due to following reasons: •
•
Project requires long‐term input of labour from outside the area. Project requires that significant numbers of project employees be separated from their families for long periods of time • Project involves the creation of large, temporary construction camp(s). • Increases mobility of people in and out of the area (job seekers, formal and informal service providers). • Requires participation / resettlement of the local population. 9.2.16 Indirect and Cumulative Impacts on Natural Resources The improved year round access to the whole project area from new and upgraded roads will enable people to settle in the area. Use of the improved access will enable movement from one area to another. This translates into the development of roadside villages, and a potential increased pressure on the natural resources in the vicinity of the roads. The increased pressure will include uncontrolled logging, hunting, and fishing, wildlife and non‐timber forest product collection, livestock husbandry, the shifting cultivation in forest areas and forest fires. These impacts are expected during the economic development of the Ravi basin, and are expected to be managed by the basin level catchment area treatment plan, and the proposed Environmental Master Plan for the state. 9.3
IMPACTS DURING OPERATION PHASE 9.3.1 Impact on Water Resources a) Impact of reduction in downstream flow The construction of dam and diversion of water to HRT for power generation would lead to the reduction in water discharge in the river stretch downstream of dam up to tail race discharge from power house near Kee Nala. There are 34 villages which are located on the downstream of the dam till the proposed Power House of Bajoli Holi H.E. Project. Most of these villages are located at a distance of more than 2‐3 km away from the main Ravi River. Only 3 villages namely Nayagram, Jhikri and Bajol are located within 500m of Ravi River. None of these villages are directly dependent upon Ravi River for RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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their water use requirement. They all either have water supply connection to use tap water for their drinking purposes and other daily needs. Additionally, all the villages also use stream water for drinking and agriculture. During the field surveys following observations were made: i)
There are no fishermen as fishing is allowed only on the basis of licence @ Rs 100/day. ii)
None of the villages use the river water for irrigation purpose they usually depend on rain water for the crops. People are looking forward to Sprinkler method for irrigation purpose being introduced by Government of Himachal Pradesh iii)
Most of the Shepherd’s move to higher reaches with their livestock and stay there for days together for grazing of livestock and the livestock is dependent on stream water only. iv)
Some of the villages use river for cremation of dead bodies on its banks. In view of the above observations, no significant impact is foreseen downstream of the dam on the water requirement of the people living in this stretch. However, adequate arrangements are being made to address the issue of water required for cremation and bathing in the Environmental Management Plan. b) Minimum Environmental flow Requirement The state government has declared its policy regarding ensuring minimum flow of water in HEPs vide notification no. MPP‐F(2)‐16/2008 of Department of MPP and Power, Government of Himachal Pradesh (Refer Annexure III, EIA Report). As per the policy, the ROR projects shall ensure minimum flow of 15% water immediately downstream of the diversion structure of the project throughout the year. For the purpose of determination of minimum discharge, the average discharge in the lean months i.e. from December to February shall be considered. The developer is committed to provide this minimum discharge at all times on account of ecology and environment and to address issues concerning riparian rights, drinking water, health, aquatic life, wildlife, fisheries, silt and even to honor the sensitive religious issues like cremation and other religious rites, etc. on the river banks. i)
Estimation of Lean Season Flows in downstream reach There are 9 streams that drain into Ravi river between dam and power house RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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stretch of the river which have been shown in the form of line diagram as Figure 9.1 and Table 9.10. As per Hydrology section of DPR, water discharge for 90% dependable year is 8.9 cumec. As per Himachal Pradesh Pollution Control Board (HPPCB) notification cited above, a mandatory release of 1.335 cumec is required to be made during the lean season to sustain the essential aquatic ecological functions of the river and also other downstream consumptive use of the river, if any in this stretch. As discussed above there is no such consumptive use of water and whatever little needs people will have will be taken care of as a part of social obligation under the implementation of Environmental Management Plan. Releases along with contributions of individual streams and intermittent catchment have been given in Table 9.10 below providing flows available at various confluences. It can be seen from the table that under the worst case scenario only 1.335 cumec will be available immediately downstream of dam during lean season. It would be augmented by contribution from 4 small streams that join Ravi on both banks within a distance of about 4km. However, Kurhed Nala contributes significantly to the flow where the cumulative discharge becomes 2.75 cumec. Therefore it is first 5‐6 km during operation of the project that will become comparatively dry in the lean season. However as stated above this being the worst case scenario i.e. taking into account flow of 90% dependable year that too the minimum flows that were recorded in certain years. RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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Flow
1.5 km
Dug Ka Nala (CA: 465ha)
0.9 km
Padhri Nala (CA: 232ha) 1.35 km
Kunkal Nala (CA: 1523ha) 0.2 km
Luain Nala (CA: 757ha) 1.6 km
Kurhed Nala (CA: 4679ha) 0.8 km
Nala (CA: 258ha) 3.0 km
Gwari Nala (CA: 614ha) 3.3 km Kala Nala (CA: 3873ha) 0.2km
Roli Nala (CA: 4674ha) Figure 9.1 Schematic sketch of river stretch downstream of dam showing the different streams that join the main river Ravi. Table 9.10 Streams joining Ravi river downstream of Bajoli dam and their flow contributions S. Streams meeting River Distance Catchment Flow at the Cumulative confluence Flow plus Area (ha) No. river d/s of dam bank
from min of the dam releases stream (km) from dam (m3/s) (m3/s) Immediate d/s of Dam 8.90* 1.335**
1 Dug Ka Nala Right 1.50 465
0.10 1.435
2 Padhri Nala Left 2.40 232 0.21 1.545
3 Kunkal Nala Right
3.75
1523 0.52 1.855
4 Luain Nala Left 3.95
757 0.73 2.065
5 Kurhed Nala Left 5.55 4679 1.41 2.745
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GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. 6 7 8 9 Nala Gwari Nala Kala Nala Roli Nala Total before Tail Race discharge Right Right Right Left 6.35
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12.85 258 614 3873 4674 1.57 1.77 2.35 3.02 3.02 EIA Report
2.905
3.105
3.685
4.355
4.355
*Minimum lean season discharge at dam site in 90% dependable year **Mandatory 15% of minimum lean season discharge In actual scenario the average of average discharge over the period of time is higher than the lean season in Ravi River and its small tributaries as well. Therefore the impact of reduced flow may not as significant as envisaged under worst case scenario. Notwithstanding the impact of reduced flow, the project developer is required to compensate for the reduced flow and impact on aquatic ecosystem by the Fisheries Department also. c) Impact on Water Quality The self purifying capability of running water is directly related to its current velocity and water discharge. The regulated flow results in alteration of ecological characteristics including its purifying capacity. The creation of a reservoir would lead to desiltation, therefore, water in the downstream section would be less turbid with much lower water current velocity as compared to the normal velocity. The shallowness of the water in this section during the lean season would also lead to increase the water temperature, thereby affecting the dissolved oxygen contents adversely. Dilution of organic pollutants, if any, also decreases and results in increase in concentration of pollutants in the river channel. Due to decrease in the discharge and change in water quality, the population of microorganisms will be affected. Algae like Achnanthidium minutissima, which is characteristic of fast flowing and clean river waters would be affected due to decreased discharge. The species like Synedra ulna and Nitzschia sp. will become abundant in the stretch between dam site and powerhouse site as these species prefer shallow waters. The various aspects covered as a part of impact on water quality during project operation phase are: o Effluent from project colony o Impacts on reservoir quality o Eutrophication risks i)
Effluent from Project Colony During the operation phase, due to absence of any large scale construction RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
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activity, the cause and source of water pollution will be much different. Since, only a small number of O&M staff will reside in the area in a well designed colony with sewage treatment plant and other infrastructural facilities, the problems of water pollution due to disposal of sewage are not anticipated. The treated sewage will be reused for gardening and green belt around the colony. ii)
Impacts on Reservoir Water Quality The flooding of previously forest and agricultural land in the submergence area will increase the availability of nutrients resulting from decomposition of the vegetative matter. Phytoplankton productivity can supersaturate the euphotic zone with oxygen before contributing to the accommodation of organic matter in the sediments. Enrichment of impounded water with organic and inorganic nutrients will be the main water quality problem immediately on commencement of the operation. However, this phenomenon is likely to last for a short duration of few years from the filling up of the reservoir. iii)
Eutrophication Risks Another significant impact observed in the reservoir is the problem of eutrophication which occurs mainly due to the disposal of nutrient rich effluents from the agricultural fields. The fertilizer use in the project area is negligible, hence, runoff at present does not contain significant amount of nutrients. Even in the post‐project phase, the use of fertilizers in the project catchment area is not expected to rise significantly. Thus, in the post‐project phase, problems of eutrophication, which is primarily caused by enrichment of nutrients in water, are not anticipated. 9.3.2 Acquisition of Forest Land The total land required for the project is 93.92 ha of which 81.61 ha is the land owned by the Forest Department excluding horticulture land, with or without forest cover. The tree density at various sampling stations is given in Table 9.11. SITE Site I Site II Site III Site IV Table 9.11: Tree Density at Sampling Sites Location
Trees (No./ha)
Dam Site and Submergence Area
330 Near Nayagram village (1 km downstream 480 of Dam site)
Near Deol village (5 km downstream of 385 Dam site)
Power house Site (Left bank of Ravi River 355 near Tayari village)
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Site V 1 km upstream of Power house site
415 Site VI 500 m downstream of Power house site
420 Catchment Area Near Urna village (500 m upstream of Dam 150 Site VII site) Site VIII 5 km upstream of Dam site 340 Near Dharadi village (10 km upstream of 390 Site IX Dam site)
The tree density at various sampling sites in the land to be acquired for the project varies from 150 to 480 trees/ha with an average density of 364 trees/ha. Normally in dense forest, the tree density is of the order of 450‐500 trees/ha. Thus, the tree cover in the project area varies from degraded to dense forest at places in the projects area. Compensatory afforestation has been recommended as a part of EMP. 9.3.3 Terrestrial Fauna During project operation phase, the accessibility to the area will improve due to construction of roads, which in turn may increase human interferences leading to marginal adverse impacts on the terrestrial ecosystem. Since significant wildlife population is not found in the region, no major adverse impacts are anticipated on this account. 9.3.4 Aquatic Ecology a) Impacts due to damming of river The damming of river Ravi near village Nayagram will result in creation of 16.5 ha of submergence area. The dam will change the fast flowing river to a quiescent lacustrine environment. The creation of a pond will bring about a number of alterations in physical, abiotic and biotic parameters both in upstream and downstream directions of the proposed dam site. The micro and macro benthic biota is likely to be most severely affected as a result of the proposed project. The positive impact of the project will be the formation of a water body which can be used for fish stocks on commercial basis to meet the protein requirement of region. The commercial fishing in the proposed reservoir would be successful, provided all tree stumps and other undesirable objects are removed before submergence. The existence of tree stumps and other objects will hinder the operation of deep water nets. The nets will get entangled in the tree stumps and may be damaged. The reduction in flow rate of river Ravi especially during lean period is likely to increase turbidity levels downstream of the dam. Further reduction in rate of RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
9.28
GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report
flow may even create condition of semi‐dessication in certain stretches of the river. This would result in loss of fish life by poaching. Hence, it is essential to maintain minimum 15% flow required for sustenance of riverine fisheries. b) Impacts on migratory fish species The obstruction created by the dam would hinder the migration of certain commercial species especially Schizothorax sp. These fishes undertake annual migration for feeding and breeding. Therefore, fish migration path may be obstructed due to high dam and fishes are expected to congregate below the dam wall. Under this situation poaching activities may increase in the area. Most of the species will shift to the section of the river where they find favorable environment for breeding since the dam is 66m high, the construction of fish ladder is not feasible in the proposed dam. However, it is proposed that the artificial seed production in hatchery may be adopted which can be stocked in the river stretches downstream and upstream of the proposed dam. The Schizothorax species are steno‐thermal. During winter months, they migrate from headwaters to flood plains in search of suitable feeding and breeding grounds. The sampling in river Ravi both on upstream and downstream of the proposed dam site for macro‐benthic life gave 2 units/sq m of fry of Schizothorax sp. This observation further strengthens the fact that Schizothorax sp. migrates during winter months. With the onset of summer season, these species migrate upstream. These species during project construction phase are likely to congregate in the reservoir. It is expected that in due course of time these species will adapt themselves to the changed habitat. RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
9.29
PLATE 1
GMR Bajoli Holi Hydropower Pvt. Ltd.
GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report Dam site & Submergence Area RS Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
i GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report Deodar forest near dam site (Top) and Nayagram (Below) R S Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd. ii GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report Landslides on the right of Ravi river near dam site R S Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd. iii GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report Steep slopes in the catchment of Ravi river R S Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd. iv GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report Forest on left bank (Top) and Grassland vegetation on the right bank (Below) R S Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd. v GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report Deodar forest downstream of Nayagram (Top) and contrasting vegetation cover of left and right banks of Ravi river (Below) R S Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd. vi GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report Sampling for soil and water R S Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd. vii GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report Water sampling for phytobenthos near power house and dam site R S Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd. viii GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report Wildlife and Vegetation sampling R S Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd. ix GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report Bajol village (Top) and a flour grinder in a village (Below) R S Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd. x GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report Socio‐economic survey being conducted in Nayagram R S Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd. xi GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report White capped rock bunting (Top) and Black bulbul (Below) R S Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd. xii GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report Himalayan Bulbul (Top) and Large billed crow (Below) R S Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd. xiii GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report Yellow‐breasted greenfinch (Top) and Eurasian Blackbird (Below) Sheep grazing near Dharari R S Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd. xiv GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report Butterfles ‐ Small copper and Common castor, and an insect ‐ Squash bug R S Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd. xv GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report Himalayan Griffon, Himalayan Woodpecker and Long‐tailed Shrike R S Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd. xvi GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report Typical sheep trail and grazing R S Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd. xvii Annexure - I
ANNEXURE - Ia
Annexure - II
ANNEXURE - IIa
Annexure - III
Annexure - IV
Appendix 11.1
ID
Task Name
Duration
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
Bajoli Holi HEP
DPR Submission
TEC Cleareance from CWC
Infrastructure Works
Land Acquisition
Tendering & Award of Infrastructure Works
Award
Mobilization
Constuction of Project Roads
R-1 Widening of dam top road
R-2 Proposed Road to Dam Top through Adit-1
Temporary Bridge
R-3 Propsed road to U/S Coffer Dam
R-4 Proposed road to D/T Outlet Structure
R-5 Proposed road to Adit-2 Portal
R-6 Proposed road to Quarry U/S of Kurhed Nala
R-7 Proposed road to Adit-3 Portal
R-8 Proposed road to Adit-4 Portal
R-9A Proposed widening of road to Gwarh Village
R-9B Proposed road to Holi Nala Adit-5 Portal
R-10 Proposed road to Explosive Magazine
R-11 Proposed road to Agg. Processing plant in PH Area
R-12 Proposed road to Surge Shaft top
R-13 Proposed road to Service Bay
Tendering and Setup of Infrastructure for main civil works
Lot-1 (From Dam upto HRT Adit-2)
Award
Mobilization
Lot-2 (From HRT Adit-3 to Powerhouse)
Award
Mobilisation
Setting Up of 2 No. Aggregate Processing Plant
Civil Works for Crusher-1
Erection & Commissioning
Civil works for Crusher-2
Erection & Commisioning
Setting up of B/M Plants
Near Dam Site (2 Nos.- 30, 90 cum/hr)
Near Adit No. 2 (30 cum/hr)
Near Adit No. 3 (30 cum/hr)
Near Adit No. 4 (30 cum/hr)
Near Adit No. 5 (30 cum/hr)
Near Adit No. 6 (45 cum/hr)
At Powerhouse Area (45 cum/hr)
Setting up of Explosive Magazine
Approval of Site
Building
License
Setting up of Workshops
Setting up of Stores
Construction Power Setup
Construction Of Civil Works
Diversion Works
Open Cut Exc. U/S & D/S & Dyke Construction
Portal Construction
Tunnel Excavation
Concreting & Grouting
Intake for DT
Gate Erection & Commissioning
River Diversion
Coffer Dam
U/S Coffer Dam
D/S Coffer Dam
Main Dam
Excavation
Abutment Excavations upto El.1977
Excv. Below El.1977
Excv. Of Bal. Bed & Plunge Pool
Concreting
Foundation Treatment & Consolidation Grouting
2642 days
0 days
240 days
1034 days
540 days
150 days
120 days
30 days
339 days
82 days
63 days
90 days
100 days
15 days
24 days
105 days
21.5 days
34 days
175 days
310 days
24 days
40 days
240 days
12 days
796 days
176 days
180 days
60 days
264 days
180 days
60 days
152 days
120 days
30 days
120 days
30 days
288 days
90 days
60 days
60 days
60 days
60 days
60 days
90 days
212 days
30 days
60 days
90 days
45 days
30 days
45 days
1151 days
242 days
30 days
15 days
90 days
100 days
60 days
30 days
0 days
90 days
90 days
15 days
839 days
414 days
240 days
60 days
80 days
515 days
20 days
Project: Bajoli Holi Construction Schedu
Date: Nov 10 '09
Start
Oct 1 '09
Oct 1 '09
Oct 2 '09
Jul 10 '10
Jul 10 '10
Aug 4 '11
Aug 4 '11
Dec 2 '11
Dec 5 '11
Jan 1 '12
Jan 1 '12
Dec 5 '11
Mar 4 '12
Mar 4 '12
Jan 1 '12
Jan 1 '12
Jan 1 '12
Jan 1 '12
Jan 1 '12
Jan 1 '12
Mar 31 '12
Jan 1 '12
Jan 1 '12
Jan 1 '12
Mar 5 '11
Jul 5 '11
Jul 5 '11
Jan 25 '12
Mar 5 '11
Mar 5 '11
Jan 25 '12
Mar 25 '12
Mar 25 '12
Nov 24 '12
Mar 25 '12
Nov 22 '12
Mar 25 '12
Mar 25 '12
Mar 25 '12
Mar 25 '12
Mar 25 '12
Mar 10 '13
Dec 29 '12
May 24 '12
Nov 2 '11
Nov 2 '11
Apr 24 '12
Jun 25 '12
Mar 25 '12
Mar 25 '12
Mar 25 '12
Mar 1 '12
Oct 12 '12
Oct 12 '12
Nov 13 '12
Nov 28 '12
Feb 26 '13
Mar 13 '13
May 12 '13
Oct 10 '13
Oct 11 '13
Oct 11 '13
Dec 25 '13
May 11 '12
May 11 '12
May 11 '12
Oct 11 '13
Dec 10 '13
Nov 30 '13
Dec 10 '13
Finish
Dec 25 '16
Oct 1 '09
May 29 '10
May 8 '13
Dec 31 '11
Dec 31 '11
Dec 1 '11
Dec 31 '11
Mar 9 '13
Mar 22 '12
Mar 3 '12
Mar 3 '12
Oct 11 '12
Mar 18 '12
Jan 24 '12
Apr 14 '12
Jan 22 '12
Feb 3 '12
Oct 24 '12
Mar 9 '13
Apr 23 '12
Feb 9 '12
Dec 28 '12
Jan 12 '12
May 8 '13
Mar 24 '12
Dec 31 '11
Mar 24 '12
Mar 24 '12
Dec 31 '11
Mar 24 '12
Dec 23 '12
Nov 23 '12
Dec 23 '12
Nov 21 '12
Dec 21 '12
May 8 '13
Oct 24 '12
May 25 '12
May 25 '12
May 25 '12
May 8 '13
Feb 28 '13
Dec 22 '12
Sep 22 '12
Dec 2 '11
Jun 24 '12
Sep 22 '12
May 10 '12
Apr 24 '12
May 10 '12
Dec 25 '16
Oct 10 '13
Nov 12 '12
Nov 27 '12
Feb 25 '13
Oct 5 '13
May 11 '13
Oct 10 '13
Oct 10 '13
Jan 8 '14
Jan 8 '14
Jan 8 '14
Dec 28 '15
Feb 27 '14
May 7 '13
Dec 9 '13
Feb 27 '14
Dec 28 '15
Dec 29 '13
Progress
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
SO N D J FMAM J J A S O ND J FMA M J J A S OND J F MAM J J A SO ND J FMAM J J A SO N D J FMAM J J A SO N D J FMA M J J A S OND J F M AM J J A S O ND J
9
123 4 5 67 8 9
123 4 5 67 89
1 2345 67 8 9
123 456 7 8 9
123 45 6 78 9
1234 5 67 8 9
12 3 45 67 8 9
1
1000 m/month
500 m/month
job
350 m/month
350 m/month
350 m/month
350 m/month
350 m/month
350 m/month
1000 m/month
500 m/month
500 m/month
500 m/month
500 m/month
500 m/month
1155 cum/day
2310 cum/day
1155 cum/day
Task
Milestone
Rolled Up Critical Task
Split
Group By Summary
Critical Task
Summary
Rolled Up Milestone
External Tasks
Deadline
Progress
Rolled Up Task
Rolled Up Progress
Project Summary
Page 1
11-66
Appendix 11.1
ID
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
Task Name
Duration
Erection of Tower Cranes at El. 1954 (U/S and D/S)
Concreting Stage-1 upto El. 1971
Re-erection of tower cranes
Concreting Stage-2
Concreting in plunge pool
Hydromechanical Installation
Intake
Open Cut Exc.
Feeder Tunnels
Feeder Tunnel Portal
Excavation of Tunnel No. 1
Excavation of Tunnel No. 2
Concreting of Tunnel-1
Concreting of Tunnel-2
Intake Concreting
Adit to bottom of desanding chamber
Desanding Basin-1
Pilot Tunnel
Widening
Benching Stage 3 & 4
Stage 5 (Prespliiting)
Gantry Erection and Concreting upto stage 4
Grouting
Mucking of stage 5 & Benching Stage 6
Concreting for stage 5 & 6
Grouting
Desanding Basin-2
Pilot Tunnel
Widening
Benching Stage 3 & 4
Stage 5 (Prespliiting)
Gantry Erection and Concreting upto stage 4
Grouting
Mucking of stage 5 & Benching Stage 6
Concreting for stage 5 & 6
Grouting
Head Race Tunnel Excavation
From Adit no.1
Adit-1 Portal
Adit-1 Excavation
HRT Excavation U/S of Adit-1
HRT Excavation D/S of Adit-1
From Adit no.2
Adit-2 Portal
Adit-2 Excavation
HRT Excavation U/S of Adit-2
HRT Excavation D/S of Adit-2
From Adit no.3
Adit-3 Portal
Adit-3 Excavation
HRT Excavation U/S of Adit-3
HRT Excavation D/S of Adit-3
From Adit no.4
Adit-4 Portal
Adit-4 Excavation
HRT Excavation U/S of Adit-4
HRT Excavation D/S of Adit-4
From Adit no.5
Adit-5 Portal
Adit-5 Excavation
HRT Excavation U/S of Adit-5
HRT Excavation D/S of Adit-5
From Adit no.6
Adit-6 Portal
Adit-6 Excavation
HRT Excavation U/S of Adit-6
HRT Excavation D/S of Adit-6
Concreting of HRT
U/S of Adit-1 upto Link tunnel
D/S of Adit-1
Project: Bajoli Holi Construction Schedu
Date: Nov 10 '09
30 days
150 days
30 days
270 days
120 days
200 days
793 days
60 days
425 days
30 days
35 days
30 days
40 days
35 days
120 days
100 days
587 days
60 days
60 days
120 days
60 days
80 days
30 days
80 days
60 days
30 days
587 days
60 days
60 days
120 days
60 days
80 days
30 days
80 days
60 days
30 days
716 days
713 days
15 days
130 days
40 days
560 days
716 days
15 days
203 days
490 days
415 days
643 days
15 days
130 days
491 days
350 days
503 days
15 days
112 days
370 days
350 days
532 days
15 days
161 days
175 days
350 days
632 days
15 days
75 days
535 days
30 days
807 days
20 days
245 days
Start
Nov 30 '13
Dec 30 '13
Aug 28 '14
Oct 1 '14
Feb 28 '14
Feb 5 '15
May 11 '12
May 11 '12
Nov 9 '12
Nov 9 '12
Dec 9 '12
Dec 9 '12
Mar 4 '14
Apr 4 '14
May 10 '14
Oct 10 '12
Mar 5 '13
Mar 5 '13
May 5 '13
Nov 3 '13
Mar 4 '14
May 4 '14
Nov 24 '14
Dec 24 '14
Mar 15 '15
May 15 '15
Apr 4 '13
Apr 4 '13
Oct 4 '13
Dec 4 '13
Apr 4 '14
Oct 4 '14
Dec 24 '14
Jan 23 '15
Apr 14 '15
Oct 14 '15
May 11 '12
May 11 '12
May 11 '12
May 26 '12
Feb 3 '13
Feb 3 '13
May 11 '12
May 11 '12
May 26 '12
Apr 19 '13
Apr 19 '13
May 11 '12
May 11 '12
May 26 '12
Feb 3 '13
Feb 3 '13
May 11 '12
May 11 '12
May 26 '12
Jan 16 '13
Jan 16 '13
Mar 10 '13
Mar 10 '13
Mar 25 '13
Jan 4 '14
Jan 4 '14
Nov 14 '12
Nov 14 '12
Nov 29 '12
Feb 14 '13
Feb 14 '13
Mar 16 '13
Mar 16 '13
Apr 28 '15
Finish
Dec 29 '13
May 28 '14
Sep 30 '14
Oct 29 '15
Oct 27 '14
Dec 28 '15
Nov 12 '15
Nov 8 '12
May 9 '14
Dec 8 '12
Jan 12 '13
Jan 7 '13
Apr 12 '14
May 9 '14
Jan 7 '15
Jan 17 '13
Oct 13 '15
May 4 '13
Nov 2 '13
Mar 3 '14
May 3 '14
Nov 23 '14
Dec 23 '14
Mar 14 '15
May 14 '15
Oct 13 '15
Nov 12 '15
Oct 3 '13
Dec 3 '13
Apr 3 '14
Oct 3 '14
Dec 23 '14
Jan 22 '15
Apr 13 '15
Oct 13 '15
Nov 12 '15
Apr 27 '15
Apr 24 '15
May 25 '12
Feb 2 '13
Mar 15 '13
Apr 24 '15
Apr 27 '15
May 25 '12
Apr 18 '13
Apr 27 '15
Feb 10 '15
Feb 13 '15
May 25 '12
Feb 2 '13
Feb 13 '15
May 24 '14
May 27 '14
May 25 '12
Jan 15 '13
May 27 '14
May 5 '14
Apr 24 '15
Mar 24 '13
Jan 3 '14
Oct 30 '14
Apr 24 '15
Apr 8 '15
Nov 28 '12
Feb 13 '13
Apr 8 '15
Mar 15 '13
Aug 27 '16
Apr 4 '13
Apr 29 '16
Progress
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
SO N D J FMAM J J A S O ND J FMA M J J A S OND J F MAM J J A SO ND J FMAM J J A SO N D J FMAM J J A SO N D J FMA M J J A S OND J F M AM J J A S O ND J
9
123 4 5 67 8 9
123 4 5 67 89
1 2345 67 8 9
123 456 7 8 9
123 45 6 78 9
1234 5 67 8 9
12 3 45 67 8 9
1
22500 cum/month
16875 cum/month
29000 cum/month
6 m/day
6 m/day
150 m/month
150 m/month
135 m/month
135 m/month
5 m/day
9 m/day
135 m/month
5 m/day
135 m/month
117 m/month
117 m/month
135 m/month
117 m/month
112 m/month
135 m/month
112 m/month
112 m/month
135 m/month
112 m/month
107 m/month
135 m/month
107 m/month
112 m/month
135 m/month
112 m/month
112 m/month
250 m/month
250 m/month
Task
Milestone
Rolled Up Critical Task
Split
Group By Summary
Critical Task
Summary
Rolled Up Milestone
External Tasks
Deadline
Progress
Rolled Up Task
Rolled Up Progress
Project Summary
Page 2
11-67
Appendix 11.1
ID
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
Task Name
Duration
U/S of Adit-2
D/s of Adit-2
U/S of Adit-3
D/S of Adit-3
U/S of Adit-4
D/S of Adit-4
U/S of Adit-5
D/S of Adit-5
U/S of Adit-6
From Surge shaft to Adit-6
Grouting of Tunnel
Cleaning & Plugging of HRT
Surge Shaft
Open Excavation
Excavation of Surge shaft
Concreting
Grouting, cleaning and finishing works
Pressure shaft
Excavation of Adit to top of Pressure Shaft
Excavation of Top Horizontal Portion
Excavation of Middle Horizontal Portion
Excavation of Top Vertical Portion
Excavation of Bottom Horizontal Portion
Excavation of Bottom Vertical Portion
Installation of Top Horizontal Liner and Backfill
Installation of Middle Horizontal Liner and Backfill
Installation of Top Vertical Liner and Backfill
Installation of Bottom Horizontal Liner and Backfill
Installation of Bottom Vertical Liner and Backfill
Power House
Excavation upto El. 1689.7
Excavation upto El.1683.7
Foundation Concrete upto El.1685.7
Concreting upto El.1690.7
Concreting of beams, columns and walls
Erection & Commissioining of EOT
Erection of Unit-1
Installation of Draft Tube and Barrel
Erection of TG Set
Concreting of Unit-1
Erection of Unit-2
Installation of Draft Tube and Barrel
Erection of TG Set
Concreting of Unit-2
Erection of Unit-3
Installation of Draft Tube and Barrel
Erection of TG Set
Concreting of Unit-3
Concreting of Erection Bay
Concreting of Control Block
Backfill Concreting for Transformar Erection
Transformer Erection & Cabling
Erection & Commissioning of Draft Tube Gates
Tail Pool
Excavation
Concreting of tail pool weir and stop log erection
Pot Head Yard
Development of Pothead Yard
Pot Head Buildings & Erection of Towers
Cabling and Commissioning
Filing and Testing of Water Conductor System
Testing & Commisioning
Unit-1
Unit-2
Unit-3
Project: Bajoli Holi Construction Schedu
Date: Nov 10 '09
245 days
205 days
205 days
160 days
160 days
115 days
115 days
200 days
200 days
30 days
365 days
90 days
731 days
30 days
300 days
365 days
30 days
792 days
25 days
10 days
112 days
320 days
20 days
175 days
35 days
671 days
190 days
86 days
104 days
938 days
80 days
15 days
30 days
180 days
150 days
75 days
703 days
60 days
200 days
200 days
734 days
60 days
200 days
200 days
763 days
60 days
200 days
200 days
60 days
100 days
120 days
60 days
90 days
143 days
20 days
120 days
394 days
180 days
180 days
30 days
30 days
90 days
30 days
30 days
30 days
Start
Apr 28 '15
Feb 14 '15
Feb 14 '15
May 28 '14
May 28 '14
Oct 31 '14
Oct 31 '14
Apr 25 '15
Apr 25 '15
Nov 30 '15
May 26 '15
May 30 '16
Dec 29 '12
Dec 29 '12
Jan 28 '13
Mar 26 '14
Nov 30 '15
Mar 1 '12
Nov 29 '12
Dec 24 '12
Mar 1 '12
Dec 24 '12
Nov 29 '12
Mar 1 '12
Jan 3 '13
Oct 22 '12
Mar 13 '14
Feb 2 '14
Dec 24 '12
May 11 '12
May 11 '12
Dec 19 '12
Jan 3 '13
Apr 3 '13
Feb 2 '14
Nov 4 '14
Feb 2 '13
Feb 2 '13
Jan 18 '15
Feb 17 '15
Feb 17 '13
Feb 17 '13
Mar 4 '15
Apr 3 '15
Mar 4 '13
Mar 4 '13
Apr 18 '15
May 18 '15
May 5 '14
Mar 8 '14
Apr 29 '14
Feb 6 '16
Jan 3 '15
Apr 3 '15
Apr 3 '15
Apr 23 '15
Dec 30 '14
Dec 30 '14
Oct 29 '15
Apr 29 '16
Aug 28 '16
Sep 27 '16
Sep 27 '16
Oct 27 '16
Nov 26 '16
Finish
Apr 28 '16
Jan 9 '16
Jan 6 '16
Mar 6 '15
Mar 5 '15
Feb 22 '15
Feb 22 '15
Mar 14 '16
Mar 11 '16
Dec 29 '15
May 29 '16
Aug 27 '16
Dec 30 '15
Jan 27 '13
Mar 25 '14
Nov 29 '15
Dec 30 '15
May 2 '15
Dec 23 '12
Jan 2 '13
Oct 21 '12
Mar 12 '14
Dec 18 '12
Dec 23 '12
Feb 6 '13
May 2 '15
Jan 20 '15
Apr 28 '14
Apr 7 '13
Apr 5 '16
Nov 28 '12
Jan 2 '13
Feb 1 '13
Feb 1 '14
Nov 3 '14
Jan 17 '15
Jan 6 '16
Apr 2 '13
Dec 8 '15
Jan 6 '16
Feb 21 '16
Apr 18 '13
Jan 22 '16
Feb 21 '16
Apr 5 '16
May 3 '13
Mar 7 '16
Apr 5 '16
Nov 3 '14
Nov 3 '14
Dec 29 '14
Apr 5 '16
Apr 2 '15
Dec 23 '15
Apr 22 '15
Dec 23 '15
May 28 '16
Oct 28 '15
Apr 28 '16
May 28 '16
Sep 26 '16
Dec 25 '16
Oct 26 '16
Nov 25 '16
Dec 25 '16
Progress
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
SO N D J FMAM J J A S O ND J FMA M J J A S OND J F MAM J J A SO ND J FMAM J J A SO N D J FMAM J J A SO N D J FMA M J J A S OND J F M AM J J A S O ND J
9
123 4 5 67 8 9
123 4 5 67 89
1 2345 67 8 9
123 456 7 8 9
123 45 6 78 9
1234 5 67 8 9
12 3 45 67 8 9
1
250 m/month
250 m/month
250 m/month
250 m/month
250 m/month
135 m/month
6 m/day
6 m/day
1.65 day/0.5 m
6 m/day
1 day/0.5m
25 m/month
25 m/month
25 m/month
25 m/month
25 m/month
1150 cum/day
600 cum/day
3000 cum/month
1500 cum/month
450 cum/month
450 cum/month
450 cum/month
1155 cum/day
Task
Milestone
Rolled Up Critical Task
Split
Group By Summary
Critical Task
Summary
Rolled Up Milestone
External Tasks
Deadline
Progress
Rolled Up Task
Rolled Up Progress
Project Summary
Page 3
11-68
ANNEXURE - VII
ANNEXURE - VIII
ANNEXURE - IX
ANNEXURE - IX
ANNEXURE - X
Annexure - XI
GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report Annexure‐XII List of Flowering Plants Recorded Trees S. No. Family Botanical Name 1 Aceraceae Acer caesium 2 Anacardiaceae Rhus javanica 3 Betulaceae Alnus nepalensis 4 Betulaceae Alnus nitida 5 Betulaceae Betula utilis 6 Betulaceae Corylus jacquemontii 7 Cupressaceae Cupressus torulosa 8 Ericaceae Lyonia ovalifolia 9 Fagaceae Quercus leucotrichophora 10 Fagaceae Quercus semecarpifolia 11 Juglandaceae Juglans regia 12 Juglandaceae Engelhardtia spicata 13 Meliaceae Toona serrata 14 Mimosaceae Albizia julibrissin 15 Moraceae Ficus pumila 16 Moraceae Morus serrata 17 Oleaceae Fraxinus micrantha 18 Pinaceae Abies pindrow 19 Pinaceae Cedrus deodara 20 Pinaceae Pinus wallichiana 21 Rosaceae Pyrus pashia 22 Salicaceae Populus ciliata 23 Salicaceae Salix denticulata 24 Sapindaceae Aesculus indica 25 Ulmaceae Celtis australis 26 Ulmaceae Ulmus villosa R S Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd. i GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report Shrubs/ under shrubs S. No. 1
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5
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7
8
9
10
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13
14
15
16
17
18
19
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23
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Family Agavaceae Acanthaceae Acanthaceae Amaranthaceae Asteraceae Asteraceae Berberidaceae Buxaceae Cannabaceae Caprifoliaceae Caprifoliaceae Coriariaceae Elaeagnaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Hydrangeaceae Hypericaceae Hypericaceae Lamiaceae Lamiaceae Lamiaceae Loganiaceae Lythraceae Oleaceae Oleaceae Philadelphaceae Rhamnaceae Rhamnaceae Rosaceae Rosaceae Rosaceae Rosaceae Rosaceae Rosaceae Rosaceae Rosaceae Rosaceae Rubiaceae R S Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd. Botanical Name Agave americana Barleria cristata Pteracanthus alatus Cyathula tomentosa Artemisia roxburghiana Saussurea albescens Berberis angulosa Sarcococca saligna Canabis sativa Abelia triflora Lonicera quinquelocularis Coriaria nepalensis Elaeagnus parvifolia Astragalus chlorostachys Desmodium elegans Desmodium multiflorum Indigofera heterantha Lespedeza juncea Deutzia compacta Hypericum uralum Hypericum perforatum Elsholtzia ciliata Elsholtzia fruticosa Rabdosia rugosa Buddleja asiatica Woodfordia fruticosa Jasminum humile Jasminum sp. Philadelphus tomentosus Rhamnus virgatus Rhamnus purpureus Cotoneaster bacillaris Cotoneaster microphyllus Prinsepia utilis Sorbaria tomentosa Spiraea canescens Rosa brunonii Rubus ellipticus Rubus foliolosus Rubus niveus Leptodermis lanceolata ii GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. S. No.
42
43
44
45
46
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48
Family Rutaceae Saxifragaceae Solanaceae Thymelaeaceae
Thymelaeaceae
Urticaceae Urticaceae EIA Report Botanical Name
Zanthoxylum armatum
Deutzia compacta
Datura stramomium
Daphne oleoides
Wikstroemia canescens
Girardinia diversifolia
Urtica dioica
Climbers S. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Family Araliaceae Cucurbitaceae Cuscutaceae Dioscoreaceae Fabaceae Moraceae Ranunculaceae Rubiaceae Smilacaceae Vitaceae Botanical Name Hedera nepalensis Solena heterophylla Cuscuta reflexa Dioscorea deltoidea Vigna vexillata Ficus hederacea Clematis connata Rubia cordifolia Smilax aspera Vitis parviflora Herbs, Sedges and Grasses S. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Family Acanthaceae Amaranthaceae Amaranthaceae Amaranthaceae Apiaceae Apiaceae Apiaceae Apiaceae Apiaceae Araceae Araceae Araceae Asclepiadaceae Asteraceae Asteraceae Asteraceae Asteraceae Asteraceae Asteraceae R S Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd. Botanical Name Peristrophe speciosa Achyranthes bidentata Amaranthus hybridus Chenopodium album Bupleurum falcatum Carum carvi Heracleum canescens Pimpinella acuminata Selinum vaginatum Arisaema concinnum Arisaema intermedium Typhonium diversifolium Vincetoxicum hirundinaria Adenocaulon himalaicum Ammi majus Anaphalis contorta Anaphalis triplinervis Arctium lappa Bidens pilosa iii GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. S. No.
20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 Family Asteraceae Asteraceae Asteraceae Asteraceae Asteraceae Asteraceae Asteraceae Asteraceae Asteraceae Asteraceae Asteraceae Balsaminaceae
Balsaminaceae
Balsaminaceae
Boraginaceae
Boraginaceae
Brassicaceae
Brassicaceae
Campanulaceae
Campanulaceae
Caryophyllaceae
Caryophyllaceae
Caryophyllaceae
Caryophyllaceae
Caryophyllaceae
Caryophyllaceae
Crassulaceae
Crassulaceae
Cyperaceae
Cyperaceae
Cyperaceae
Cyperaceae
Cyperaceae
Cyperaceae
Cyperaceae
Cyperaceae
Cyperaceae
Cyperaceae
Cyperaceae
Cyperaceae
Cyperaceae
Cyperaceae
R S Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report Botanical Name
Bidens pilosa
Cichorium intybus
Cirsium arvense
Conyza stricta
Erigeron alpinus
Inula cuspidata
Lactuca lessertina
Senecio chrysanthemoides Tagetes minuta
Taraxacum officinale
Youngia sp.
Impatiens brachycentra Impatiens glandulifera Impatiens sulcata
Cynoglossum glochidiatum Cynoglossum lanceolatum Arabis amplexicaulis
Erysimum hieraciifolium Campanula colorata
Campanula latifolia
Arenaria griffithii
Cerastrium cerastioides Cerastrium dahuricum Silene edgeworthii
Silene viscosa
Stellaria media
Rosularia rosulata
Sedum multicaule
Bulbostylis barbata
Carex alpina
Eriophorum comosum Kobresia laxa
Kylinga sp.
Scripus setaceus
Carex atrata
Carex cruenta
Carex filicina
Carex foliosa
Carex notha
Carex nubigena
Carex polyphylla
Carex psychrophila
iv GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. S. No.
62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 Family Cyperaceae
Cyperaceae
Cyperaceae
Cyperaceae
Cyperaceae
Dipsacaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Fabaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Gentianaceae
Geraniaceae
Geraniaceae
Hypericaceae
Hypericaceae
Lamiaceae Lamiaceae Lamiaceae Lamiaceae Lamiaceae Lamiaceae Lamiaceae Lamiaceae Lamiaceae Lamiaceae Lamiaceae Lamiaceae Lamiaceae Malvaceae Nictaginaceae
Onagraceae
Onagraceae
Orchidaceae
Orobanchaceae
Oxalidaceae
Oxalidaceae
Phytolaccaceae
Plantaginaceae
Poaceae Poaceae R S Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report Botanical Name
Carex remota
Cyperus nutans
Cyperus alulatus
Cyperus flavidus
Kobresia nepalensis
Dipsacus inermis
Euphorbia hirta
Astragalus chlorostachys Lespedeza juncea
Lotus corniculatus
Trifolium repens
Trigonella corniculata Swertia angustifolia
Geranium lucidium
Geranium wallichianum Hypericum elodeoides Hypericum perforatum Ajuga parviflora
Clinopodium vulgare
Elsholtzia ciliata
Elsholtzia fructicosa
Mentha longifolia
Micromeria biflora
Nepeta clarkei
Nepeta laevigata
Origanum vulgare
Prunella vulgare
Salvia lanata
Salvia mocrotianna
Thymus linearis
Malva verticillata
Boerhavia diffusa
Epilobium parviflorum Oenothera rosea
Spiranthes sinensis
Orobanche alba
Oxalis acetosella
Oxalis corniculata
Phytolacca acinosa
Plantago himalaica
Andropogon controtus Apluda mutica
v GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. S. No.
104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 Family Poaceae Poaceae Poaceae Poaceae Poaceae Poaceae Poaceae Poaceae Poaceae Poaceae Poaceae Poaceae Poaceae Poaceae Poaceae Poaceae Poaceae Poaceae Poaceae Poaceae Poaceae Poaceae Poaceae Poaceae Poaceae Poaceae Poaceae Poaceae Poaceae Poaceae Poaceae Poaceae Poaceae Poaceae Poaceae Poaceae Poaceae Poaceae Poaceae Poaceae Poaceae Poaceae R S Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report Botanical Name
Cynodon dactylon
Paspalum paspaloides Andropogon munoi
Arthraxon lancifolius
Bothriochloa kuntzeana Bothriochloa pertusa
Capillipedium assimile Capillipedium parviflorum Chrysipogon echinulatus Chrysipogon fulvus
Chrysipogon gryllus
Chrysipogon serrulatus Cymbopogon distans
Cymbopogon martinii
Microstegium nudum
Miscanthus nepalensis Phacelurus speciosus
Sorghum halepense
Digitaria cruciata
Digitaria stricta
Echinochloa crusgalli
Oplismenus compositus Oplismenus undulatifolius Panicum miliaceum
Pennisetum lanatum
Pennisetum orientale
Setaria intermedia
Setaria italica
Setaria viridis
Agrostis canina
Agrostis munroana
Agrostis pilosula
Agrostis stolonifera
Aristida cyanantha
Arundo donax
Bromus mollis
Bromus japonicus
Acrachne racemosa
Eleusine coracena
Eragrosis cilianensis
Eragrosis pilosa
Dactylis glomerata
vi GMR Bajoli Holi Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd. S. No.
146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 Family Poaceae Poaceae Poaceae Poaceae Poaceae Poaceae Poaceae Poaceae Poaceae Poaceae Poaceae Poaceae Poaceae Poaceae Poaceae Polygalaceae
Polygonaceae
Polygonaceae
Polygonaceae
Polygonaceae
Polygonaceae
Primulaceae
Ranunculaceae
Ranunculaceae
Ranunculaceae
Ranunculaceae
Ranunculaceae
Ranunculaceae
Rosaceae Rosaceae Rosaceae Rosaceae Rubiaceae Saxifragaceae
Scrophulariaceae
Scrophulariaceae
Solanaceae Solanaceae Urticaceae Violaceae Violaceae R S Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd. EIA Report Botanical Name
Eremopoa persica
Festuca valesiaca
Lolium temulentum
Poa alpina
Poa augustifolia
Poa annua
Poa nemoralis
Poa nepalensis
Poa polycolea
Poa sterilis
Poa supina
Poa trivialis
Oryzopsis aequiglumis Oryzopsis microcarpa
Oryzopsis munroi
Polygala arvensis
Fagopyrum dibotrys
Fallopia pterocarpa
Polygonum glabrum
Rumex hastatus
Rumex nepalensis
Androsace sarmentosa Anemone obtusifolia
Anemone vitifolia
Aquilegia pubiflora
Delphinium denudatum Ranunculus laetus
Thalictrum elegans
Agrimonia pilosa
Fragaria nubicola
Fragaria vestita
Potentilla utilis
Galium verum
Bergenia ciliata
Euphrasia himalayica
Verbascum thapsus
Solanum nigrum
Solanum pseudo‐capsicum Pilea umbrosa
Viola betonicifolia
Viola pilosa
vii