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Why Intercultural Management?
Globalization Competencies p Intercultural Management Lecture by Melanie Hiller Faculty of Mathematics and Economics University Ulm polymundo - Consultancy for Globalization Intercultural Management University of Ulm Summer Program Melanie Hiller 1 Content 1. Globalization and Culture?! 1 2 Culture – What is that? 2. 3. Intercultural Management! g Intercultural Management University of Ulm Summer Program Melanie Hiller 2 Remember our lessons yesterdayy and y two days ago! Intercultural Management University of Ulm Summer Program Melanie Hiller 3 Intercultural Management University of Ulm Summer Program Melanie Hiller 4 World Production World Trade World Market Dimensions of Globalization World Communication Economy y World Information World Standards Technique Environment Environmental Consciousness Ecology Environmental Crisis World Politics Politics World Society y World Culture Intercultural Management University of Ulm Summer Program Melanie Hiller 5 Definition Globalization "Globalization is the continuous interlinking process of different worldwide happening occurrences in the fields of economy, technique politics, technique, politics culture and social aspects of nations with interlinked interdependencies and consequences. consequences “ Stehr, C. (2003), p. 47 Intercultural Management University of Ulm Summer Program Melanie Hiller 6 Multi-dimensional Process Economy Politics Ecology Technique Social Culture Cp: Teusch, U. (2004) Intercultural Management University of Ulm Summer Program Melanie Hiller 7 The cultural Process? Cultural Homogenization? Æ World culture? Cultural heterogenization? Clash of civilizations? Cp: Featherston, M. (1990); Varwick, J. (2004); Huntington, S. (1996) Intercultural Management University of Ulm Summer Program Melanie Hiller 8 Cultural Glocalisation Global homogenization Local heterogenization Glocalisation „Think globally, act Locally“ Cp: Roland, R. (1998) Intercultural Management University of Ulm Summer Program Melanie Hiller 9 Summary Forms of globalization! Cultural form of globalization! Global heterogenization L Local l homogenization h i ti ((Cultural)) g glocalisation! Intercultural Management University of Ulm Summer Program Melanie Hiller 10 Content 1. Globalization and Culture?! 1 2 Culture – What is that? 2. 3. Intercultural Management! g Intercultural Management University of Ulm Summer Program Melanie Hiller 11 Culture - Definition (I) „Culture is communication and communication is culture.“ Hall, E. (1990), p. 186 Intercultural Management University of Ulm Summer Program Melanie Hiller 12 Culture – Definition (II) “Culture is the collective programming i off the th human h mind i d that distinguishes the members of one human group from those of another. Culture in this sense is a system of collectively held values.” H f t d G Hofstede, G. (2004), (2004) p. 2 Intercultural Management University of Ulm Summer Program Melanie Hiller 13 Culture - Definition (III) „Culture is a shared system of meanings It dictates what we pay meanings. attention to, how we act and what we e value. al e C Culture lt re organi organizes es s such ch values into what Geert Hofstede calls ll „mental t l programs“.“ ““ Trompenaars, F./Hampden-Turner C. (1997), p. 13 Intercultural Management University of Ulm Summer Program Melanie Hiller 14 Culture as a collective system X X X Enables individuals and groups to deal with each other and the outside world Shared values, beliefs, norms, assumptions and perception Transmitted by rituals, behavior, symbols, comm nication artifacts, communication, artifacts art and Ttchnology Æ Cultural standards Intercultural Management University of Ulm Summer Program Melanie Hiller 15 Culture – Values and Practices www.managingchange.co Intercultural Management University of Ulm Summer Program Hofstede, G. (2004) Melanie Hiller 16 Individual and Culture Specific to Individual Learned and Inherited Personality Specific to group or category Universal Learned Culture Human Nature Inherited Hofstede, G. (2004) Intercultural Management University of Ulm Summer Program Melanie Hiller 17 Culture Shock Based on Oberg, K. (1960) and Gullahorn, J. T./Gullahorn, J. E. (1963) Intercultural Management University of Ulm Summer Program Melanie Hiller 18 Summary Values, norms, beliefs, assumptions, perception rituals, symbols, behavior and communication artifacts, art, technology Intercultural Management University of Ulm Summer Program Melanie Hiller 19 Content 1. Globalization and Culture?! 1 2 Culture - What is that? 2. 3. Intercultural Management! g Intercultural Management University of Ulm Summer Program Melanie Hiller 20 Why Intercultural Management? Ecology Culture Globalization Technique Social Politics Economy Politics / Law Economy Social Technique Geography/ Nature International Management Culture „Think globally, act Locally“ Intercultural Management University of Ulm Summer Program Melanie Hiller 21 External Factors Mead, R. (1998) Intercultural Management University of Ulm Summer Program Melanie Hiller 22 Worst Case Example Intercultural Management University of Ulm Summer Program Melanie Hiller 23 Intercultural Management Skills Understand: nature of culture, its influence on behavior (in the workplace) X Knowledge: about specific cultures X Recognizing: differences between cultures X Implementation of structures X Intercultural Management University of Ulm Summer Program Melanie Hiller 24 Intercultural Competencies Cognitive Affective Conativ Knowledge: K l d - Countries - Culture - Cultural Systems Social S i l Skill Skills: - Sympathy - Empathy - Tolerance - Open Minded IImplementing: l ti C Communication i ti - Language - Behavior Intercultural Management University of Ulm Summer Program Melanie Hiller 25 How to measure Culture? Intercultural Management University of Ulm Summer Program Melanie Hiller 26 Relativve Freque ency How to compare Cultures? 1:00 pm 1:30 pm 2:00 pm 2:30 pm 3:00 pm 3:30 pm Time/Accuracyy Based on Barmeyer, Ch. (2000) Intercultural Management University of Ulm Summer Program Melanie Hiller 27 Cultural Dimensions Cultural Standards Cultural Dimensions (Values and Behavior) Extreme 1 Intercultural Management University of Ulm Summer Program Extreme 2 Melanie Hiller 28 Three Concepts X 4-D-Concept from Hall X 5-D-Concept p from Hofstede X 7DC 7-D-Concept t ffrom T Trompenaars Intercultural Management University of Ulm Summer Program Melanie Hiller 29 4 Dimensions - Hall X Context-orientation X Space-orientation X Time-orientation X Message Intercultural Management University of Ulm Summer Program Melanie Hiller 30 Context-Orientation Low-Context Messages/information g are explicit, direct and unambiguous Values: individualism Direct verbal interaction less nonverbal expressions Intercultural Management University of Ulm Summer Program High-Context message g is p part of the context / indirect information Values: group sense Indirect verbal interaction more nonverbal expressions Melanie Hiller 31 High-Context vs. Low-Context www.genderwork.com Intercultural Management University of Ulm Summer Program Melanie Hiller 32 High-/Low-Context Cultures High-Context vs. Low Context Austrian www.genderwork.com Intercultural Management University of Ulm Summer Program Melanie Hiller 33 5 Dimensions - Hofstede X Power distance X Individualism vs. collectivism X Masculinity vs vs. femininity X Uncertainty y avoidance X Long term vs. short term orientation Intercultural Management University of Ulm Summer Program Melanie Hiller 34 Power Distance Power distance focuses on the degree of equality or inequality between people in the country or society. bb Intercultural Management University of Ulm Summer Program b b Melanie Hiller 35 High/Low Power Distance Low PDI High PD Value People’s Equally Respect for status Inequality Minimized Needed Key Element Decentralization Centralization rights Equal Power holders entitled to Privileges powerful people Try to look less powerful Try to look as powerful as possible older people Not respected Respected Hofstede, G. (2004) Intercultural Management University of Ulm Summer Program Melanie Hiller 36 PD - Index http://businesscoaching.typepad.com - Based on Hofstede, G. (2004) Intercultural Management University of Ulm Summer Program Melanie Hiller 37 Uncertainty Avoidance Uncertainty avoidance focuses on the level of avoidance or tolerance for uncertainty and ambiguity within the society ? ? ? ? ?? ? Intercultural Management University of Ulm Summer Program Melanie Hiller 38 High vs. Low UA High UA Low UA Value Certainty Exploration Distinction True or false g or not Urgent Key Element What is different What is is dangerous different causes curiosity Hofstede, G. (2004) Intercultural Management University of Ulm Summer Program Melanie Hiller 39 UA - Index http://businesscoaching.typepad.com - Based on Hofstede, G. (2004) Intercultural Management University of Ulm Summer Program Melanie Hiller 40 Long vs. short term orientation Time-orientation focuses on the d degree the th society i t embraces b longl or short-term devotion to traditional or forward thinking values. ¡ Intercultural Management University of Ulm Summer Program Melanie Hiller 41 Long/short term orientation Long term Value Long term benefits Distinction Serve goals Key element Tradition and history Short term Saving face Proper or not Quick results are expected Hofstede, G. (2004) Intercultural Management University of Ulm Summer Program Melanie Hiller 42 LTO - Index http://businesscoaching.typepad.com - Based on Hofstede, G. (2004) Intercultural Management University of Ulm Summer Program Melanie Hiller 43 7 Dimensions - Trompenaars X U i Universalism li vs. particularism ti l i X Individualism vs. collectivism X Neutral vs. emotional X Defuse vs. specific X Achievement vs vs. ascription X Human-time relationship X Human-nature relationship Intercultural Management University of Ulm Summer Program Melanie Hiller 44 Individualism vs. Collectivism This dimension focuses on the degree the society reinforces individual or collective achievement and interpersonal relationships. b b b b bb b bb bb b Intercultural Management University of Ulm Summer Program Melanie Hiller 45 Individualism and Collectivism Individualism Collectivism V l Value IIndividual di id l freedom G Group harmony h Distinction Me/others In/out group K element Key l t Th The task t k is i important Relationship R l ti hi iis important Trompenaars, F./Hampden-Turner, C. (1997) Intercultural Management University of Ulm Summer Program Melanie Hiller 46 No Index by Trompenaars IDV – Index ? USA Individualism Canada Individualism Individualism Great Britain Individualism G Germany I di id li Individualism Mexico Brazil Indonesia Collectivism Collectivism Collectivism C ll ti i Collectivism Trompenaars, F./Hampden-Turner, C. (1997) Intercultural Management University of Ulm Summer Program Melanie Hiller 47 Cultural Dimensions – Critique? X Qualitative insights rather than quantitative data X Useful U f l iin understanding d t di off different diff t cultures, situations and relationships Oi Orientation i Intercultural Management University of Ulm Summer Program Melanie Hiller 48 Summary Intercultural competencies Intercultural management Cultural dimension (H ll Hofstede, (Hall, H f t d Trompenaars) T ) Orientation Intercultural Management University of Ulm Summer Program Melanie Hiller 49 Summary 1. Globalization and Culture?! 1 2 Culture – What is it? 2. 3. Intercultural Management! g Intercultural Management University of Ulm Summer Program Melanie Hiller 50 Thank you for your attention Intercultural Management University of Ulm Summer Program Melanie Hiller 51 Sources (I) X X X X X X X Barmeyer, Ch. (2000): Interkulturelles Management und Lernen – Studierende und Führungskräfte in Frankreich, Deutschland und Quebec, Quebec Frankfurt/ Main Main, 2000 2000. Gullahorn, J. T./Gullahorn, J. E. (1963): Gullahorn, J. T., and Gullahorn, J. E. (1963) An extension of the U-curve hypothesis. Journal of Social Issues 19 (1) (1), 33-47 33 47. Featherston, M. (1990), Global Culture: Nationalism, Globalization, and Modernity, London et al., 1990. H ll T Hall, T. (1990) (1990): H Hall, ll Ed Edward dT T., Th The Sil Silentt L Language, N New York, 1990. Huntington S. (1996): Huntington, Samuel P., Clash of Ci ili ti Civilizations and d th the remaking ki off world ld order, d N New Y York, k 1996 1996. Hofstede, G. (2004): Hofstede, Geert, Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind, London et al., 2004. Mead, R. (1998): Mead, Richard. International Management: Cross cultural dimensions, Blackwell, 1998. Intercultural Management University of Ulm Summer Program Melanie Hiller 52 Sources (I) X X X X X X X Robertson, R. (1998): Robertson, Roland, Globalization – Social Theory and Global Culture, London et al., 1998. St h C. Stehr, C (2003): (2003) St Stehr, h Christopher, Ch i t h Globalisierung Gl b li i und d Destabilisierungstendenzen innerhalb des Internationalen Systems: eine Indikatorenanalyse für ausgewählte Nationalstaaten, Berlin, 2003. Teusch, U. (2004): Teusch, Ulrich, Was ist Globalisierung? – Ein Überblick, Darmstadt, 2004. Trompenaars, p , F./Hampden-Turner, p , C. (1997): ( ) Trompenaars, p , Fons/ Hampden-Turner, Charles, Riding the Waves of Culture: Understanding Cultural Diversity in Global Business, New York et al., 1997. Ob Oberg, K K. (1960) (1960): Ob Oberg, K Kalervo, l C Culture lt shock: h k Adj Adjustments t t tto new cultural environments. Practical Anthropology. 4, 177-182 Varwick, J. (2004): Varwick, Johannes, Globalisierung, in: Woyke, Wichard (Hrsg.), (Hrsg ) Handwörterbuch Internationale Politik Politik, Bonn Bonn, 2004. . Intercultural Management University of Ulm Summer Program Melanie Hiller 53
