Digital Atlas of Indian Towns - Pacific Neighborhood Consortium

Identifying Indigenous
Communities:
Digital Atlas of Indian Towns
Presented by: Caverlee Cary
GIS Center, UC Berkeley
Dorothy Tanck de Estrada
El Colegio de México
__
“Culture and Intellectual Property in the Global Community”
Pacific Neighborhood Consortium Annual Conference
University of Hawaii, Manoa, November 1, 2005
Outline
“Devotional Landscapes” collaborative project
between UC Berkeley GIS Center, El Colegio de
Mexico, and El Colegio Mexiquense
Defining an Indian town in New Spain
Creating a base map for New Spain
Creating a gazetteer of Indian towns using
available digital sources
Additional sources for locating towns
Historic maps
Digital Project inspired by:
Atlas ilustrado de los pueblos de indios
de la Nueva España en 1800
(Illustrated Atlas of the Indian Towns of
New Spain in 1800), published fall 2005
by
Dorothy Tanck de Estrada
El Colegio de México
Jorge Luis Miranda
El Colegio de Mexiquense
“Devotional Landscapes: Mapping the
Shrines and Saints of New Spain”
Demonstration of On-line GIS for the Humanities
Selected aspect of book research: Imprint of
imported Catholicism on the colonized territories
Aspect with contemporary significance: continued
importance of religion in Mexico and Mexican
diaspora
Potential for linkage through GIS with similar
projects on saints and shrines
Made possible by a grant to the GIS Center at UC
Berkeley from the University of California Mexus
Program
Devotional Landscapes: Workshop,
Tutorial, and Digital Project
Workshop: Bring participants together
Tutorial: Introduce Mexico participants
to ESRI products and TimeMap
Digital Project: Map submitted data
using GIS
Author’s data base includes
patron saint of each Indian town
Identification number of the state
Identification number of the municipality
Identification number of the place
Present name
Population
Longitude
Latitude
Altitude
Saint’s name
Town’s “last name”
Source
Subdelegation
Intendancy
Reference
Saints Images
Drawn from
nineteenth century
“holy cards” collection
of the Soumaya
Museum, Mexico City
Example: San Francisco
Attribute table
Digital project follows book premises
and definitions
Time frozen circa 1800
Gazetteer of Indian towns (mapped in TimeMap)
Officially defined Indian towns only (not Spanish towns,
mining camps, villas)
Only within the Intendencies and three military
government districts (not inner and outer territories)
Patron saints
of Indian towns
San Mateo Tila, Chiapas
Official definition:
What is an Indian town?
360 Indian inhabitants
What is an Indian town?
Communal lands
What is an Indian town?
Consecrated Church
What is an Indian town?
Corporative entity
recognized by the
government
Indian municpal
authorities elected
annually
Municipal treasury
(“caja de comunidad”)
Map showing churches and
community building
Illustrations of community buildings in Indian Towns
Creating the Base Map: Intendencies,
military districts, subdelegations
Peter Gerhard’s
polygons
(“Geographic History
of New Spain” and
other works) were
traced using a
digitizer to create a
preliminary digital
map of New Spain,
showing the
intendancies and 231
subdelegations
Intendancies and government districts assembled
in MapInfo by combining subdelegations
Creating the Gazetteer of
Indian Towns
Digital government data (96.4% of Indian
town locations)
Printed archival sources (2%)
Detective work: seeking information from
individuals, on contemporary maps, through
site visits (1.6%)
Geographic regions in the Atlas
Intendancies and
Military
Governments
Intendancies and
Military
Governments
16
Subdelegations
231
Indian Towns
4,493
Number of
Indian
Towns
Number of
Subdelegations
México
1,251
43
Puebla
742
23
Michoacán
257
29
Yucatán
224
12
Oaxaca
873
21
Veracruz
160
11
Guadalajara
240
25
Guanajuato
40
5
San Luis Potosí
42
6
Zacatecas
40
9
Durango
172
24
Sonora-Sinaloa
138
7
Chiapas
106
11
Tlaxcala
114
1
Nayarit-Colotán
36
1
Tabasco
58
1
Digital sources used in the project
ITER (Integración Territorial),
2000. (INEGI)
SISTEMA PARA LA CONSULTA
DE INFORMACION CENSAL
(SCINCE). XI CENSO GENERAL
DE POBLACION Y VIVIENDA,
1990. (INEGI)
AREAS METROPOLITANAS.
INFORMACION ESTADISTICA Y
CARTOGRAFICA (INEGI)
CARTA TOPOGRAFICA. SERIE I.
ESCALA 1 : 1 000 000. (INEGI)
SOMBREADOS DE LOS MODELOS
DIGITALES DE ELEVACION.
ESCALA 1:250 000. (INEGI)
Process for locating the Indian towns in
computer programs
List of the Indian towns in primary sources
Search for the towns in INEGI
If town is not found
Search for the towns in other sources
If town is found
Locating the town in GIS
and registering the information in
the data base
Designing the final version of the map
Steps for locating a town, using
INEGI programs
Two layers are
displayed on the
screen:
Places in the INEGI
program
corresponding to
Yucatan
Projection of the
subdelegations of
Yucatan
Steps for locating a town, using
INEGI programs
The places within a given
subdelegation are selected
Steps for locating a town, using
INEGI programs
The places within the
subdelegation are
displayed in
alphabetical order
A search is made for
the name of the town;
when found, it is
marked
Steps for locating a town, using
INEGI programs
The town selected is
displayed on the map
with a red circle
The location of the
town is transferred to
the cartograhic base
The information
concerning the town
is registered in the
data base
Intendencias y gobiernos Pueblos
militares
de indios INEGI
CHIAPAS
DURANGO
GUADALAJARA
GUANAJUATO
MEXICO
MICHOACAN
NAYARIT y COLOTLAN
OAXACA
PUEBLA
SAN LUIS POTOSI
SONORA-SINALOA
TABASCO
TLAXCALA
VERACRUZ
YUCATAN
ZACATECAS
Total
(Porcentaje)
109
167
251
41
1248
254
34
871
731
45
138
53
110
152
224
40
101
159
242
41
1195
248
34
847
704
41
129
53
107
150
214
39
Fuente
Otra
Aproximado
fuente
6
2
6
2
8
1
0
0
17
36
6
0
0
0
13
11
12
15
4
0
7
2
0
0
2
1
0
2
9
1
1
0
4468
4304
91
(100%) (96.4%) (2.0%)
73
(1.6%)
Contemporary sources
Historical sources used in locating the
Indian towns, 1746
First Atlas of Independent Mexico
by A. García Cubas: 1858
A. García Cubas’Atlas
Geographic and Historical
Dictionary, 1888
Locating Primary Sources
Example of a Primary Source
Financial Documents
State of Yucatan, 1858
Selection of illustrative historic
maps
San Juan Teotlalco, Chiautla, Puebla, 1742
San Pedro Tonayan, Xalapa, Veracruz, ca. 1680
Santa María Guelaxé, Zimatlán, Oaxaca, 1690
San Nicolas Tenazcalco, Chietla, Puebla, 1715
San Miguel Talea y San Juan Tabaa, Villa Alta, Oaxaca, 1754
CD to accompany print publication,
including Indian towns gazetteer
Inquiries:
[email protected]
[email protected]
Indian Towns in New Spain in 1800:
4,493 Pueblos de Indios
Mapped Indian towns
Supplementary data
Longitude and
latitude
Legend shows source
for town location:
• Subdelegation
names
Steps for locating a town, using
INEGI programs
A legend is made for
each map containing:
Scale
Territorial divisions
Symbols for Indian
towns, according to
source of information
Indian population
Geographic reference
of intendancy in
relation to New Spain
Development of visualization:
Chiapas
Second experiment, showing
elevation: Chiapas
Elevation data:
Chiapas
Lightening topographic
layer
Fifth variation: combining beige and
gray layers
Initial research on indigenous populations in New
Spain, including dynamics of religion, government,
and education, by History Professor Dorothy Tanck
de Estrada
Map of the provinces, or Intendancies, used in
the book on education
Intendancies and Subdelegations of New
Spain
Proceso
Se crea un mapa
esquemático con :
Simbología Básica
Simbología Temática
Pueblos de indios
Población
indígena
Escala
Referencia
geográfica dentro de
la Nueva España
Steps for locating a town, using
INEGI programs
Example of a completed map: the 224 Indian towns of Yucatan
The 231 subdelegations of New
Spain in 1800
Intendencias y gobiernos Pueblos
militares
de indios INEGI
CHIAPAS
DURANGO
GUADALAJARA
GUANAJUATO
MEXICO
MICHOACAN
NAYARIT y COLOTLAN
OAXACA
PUEBLA
SAN LUIS POTOSI
SONORA-SINALOA
TABASCO
TLAXCALA
VERACRUZ
YUCATAN
ZACATECAS
Total
(Porcentaje)
109
167
251
41
1248
254
34
871
731
45
138
53
110
152
224
40
101
159
242
41
1195
248
34
847
704
41
129
53
107
150
214
39
Fuente
Otra
Aproximado
fuente
6
2
6
2
8
1
0
0
17
36
6
0
0
0
13
11
12
15
4
0
7
2
0
0
2
1
0
2
9
1
1
0
4468
4304
91
(100%) (96.4%) (2.0%)
73
(1.6%)
Indian towns in Puebla
Structure of the data base
Identification number of the state
Identification number of the municipality
Identification number of the place
Present name
Population
Longitude
Latitude
Altitude
Saint’s name
Town’s “last name”
Subdelegation
Intendancy
Source
Reference