robust

Technology Road Map for High Performance
Engine System with High Fuel Robustness
JPEC
The Fifth Asian Petroleum Technology Symposium
January 23-25, 2007
Jakarta Indonesia
by
Professor Masataka ARAI
Department of Mechanical System Engineering
Gunma University
Tenjin-cho 1-5-1, Kiryu Gunma, 376-8515 Japan
Tel. +81-277-30-1522, Fax. +81-277-30-1521
E-mail: [email protected]
Technology Road Map for High Performance
Engine System with High Fuel Robustness
Contents
1. Introduction
2. Robustness of the System
3. Robustness of Fuel Supply and Engine System
4. Available Technologies to improve Fuel
Robustness of Engine System
5. Summaries
1.
Introduction
Harmonized Solution of Tri-lemma 3Es Problem
Environment
Environment
Energy
Energy
Economy
Tri-lemma Progress State
of Human Society
Economy
Harmonized Progress State
of Human Society
Road Map to Harmonized Society
Harmonized Society among
Energy, Economy and Environment
Energy Free
Dream Energy
Source http://www.tanken.com/chokanzu.html
Energy Security
Greenhouse Gas
Economic Development
Friendly Vehicle for Environment
Fuel Resources
High Performance Vehicle
Tri- lemma Society among
energy, economy and environment
5
Road Map, Route and Milestones
To develop more advanced technologies for overcoming
the energy and fuel problems, technology road map is
needed to find out an effective way of technology
promotion.
There are many kinds of routes to reach the destination
such as harmonized society among energy, economy and
environment.
As like as mountaineering, we have to prepare the map of
high accuracy, check the present and destination
locations, pre-investigate the route map to find out the
best route for climbers, and decide the places where
milestones should be built on.
6
Sustainable Development of the Society
Tri-lemma Problem among 3Es
（Energy, Economy and Environment）
Optimum and Robustness Routes on Technology Road Map
Route-1: Harmonized Development of Energy Utilization
Optimum Utilization of Energy
for Economic Development without Environmental Regression
Route-2: Energy Utilization with High Robustness
High flexibility Utilization of Energy
for Economic Development without Environmental Regression
2. Robustness of the System
Robust: Dictionary Definition
1 a : having or exhibiting strength or vigorous health
b : having or showing vigor, strength, or firmness <a robust debate> <a robust
faith>
c : strongly formed or constructed : STURDY <a robust plastic>
d : capable of performing without failure under a wide range of conditions <robust
software>
2 : ROUGH, RUDE <stories...laden with robust, down-home imagery -- Playboy>
3 : requiring strength or vigor <robust work>
4 : FULL-BODIED <robust coffee>; also : HEARTY <a robust dinner>
5 : of, relating to, resembling, or being a relatively large, heavyset australopithecine
(especially Australopithecus robustus and A. boisei) characterized especially by
heavy molars and small incisors adapted to a vegetarian diet -- compare
GRACILE 3
synonym see HEALTHY
- ro·bust·ly adverb
- ro·bust·ness /-'b&s(t)-n&s, -(")b&s(t)-/ noun
Source: Merriam-Webster On-Line, 1999
9
System and Robustness
Input
Noise
Output
System
Control Parameters
Source
10
Primary Energy Robustness
Crude Natural
Oil
Gas
Coal
Nuclear
Energy
Natural
Energy
Solar
Energy
Biomass
Supply Resource
○
◎
◎
×
×
△
△
Stability of Supply
○
◎
◎
○
×
△
△
Storage
◎
○
◎
△
×
×
△
Flexibility of Utility
◎
○
○
×
×
△
△
Conveyance
◎
○
◎
△
×
×
○
Safety for Disasters
○
△
◎
×
◎
◎
◎
Cost
◎
○
◎
△
△
△
△
Environment Pollution
△
○
×
△
◎
◎
△
Green-House Problem
△
○
×
△
◎
◎
○
Secondary Energy Robustness
Electricity
LNG
CNG
H2
LPG
Coal
Petroleum
Stability of Supply
◎
◎
◎
△
○
◎
×
Storage
×
○
×
×
○
◎
◎
Flexibility of Utility
◎
×
△
×
○
×
◎
Conveyance
×
×
×
×
◎
○
◎
Safety for Disasters
○
×
×
×
○
◎
◎
Life Line of Energy
△
×
×
×
○
△
◎
Convenience
◎
×
△
×
◎
×
◎
Transportation Use
×
×
○
△
○
×
◎
Industrial Use
◎
◎
◎
×
○
△
○
Domestic Use
◎
×
◎
×
◎
×
○
Cost of Energy
○
○
○
×
○
◎
◎
Environment Pollution
◎
◎
◎
◎
○
×
△
Green-House Problem
◎
◎
◎
◎
○
×
△
Performance Trade-off of Optimum and Robustness
Robustness improvement
with degradation of optimum
Trade-off curve of grade-up system
Robustness
Improvement of
optimum and robustness
Trade-off curve of system
Optimum improvement
with degradation of robustness
Optimum
Road Map for the Development of Harmonized Utilization of
Energy
Route-1: Energy Utilization with High Efficiency
Optimum Utilization of Energy
for Economic Development without Environmental Regression
Optimum and Robustness Route： P⇒O⇒(R)⇒H
Fuel Efficiency
Route-2: Energy Utilization with High Robustness
High flexibility Utilization of Energy
for Economic Development without Environmental Regression
Robustness and Optimum Route： P⇒R⇒(O)⇒H
H
O
H
R
P
R
Operation Range
H: harmonized State
O: Optimum State
R: High Robustness State
P: Present State
Operation Range of Engine
Engine revolution speed
Load
Fuel Properties
etc.
3. Robustness of Fuel Supply and Engine System
Refinery System and Robustness
Fuel resource and security
Stability of supply and market movement
Disasters
Crude Oil
*****
*****
Natural Gas
*****
Coal
*****
Biomass
*****
*****
*****
Noise
Robustness for noise
Input
Refinery Complex
System
Output
Sensitiveness for
control parameter
Control Parameter
Demand of energy
Quality and quantity of product
Cost effective production
Air pollution and greenhouse gas
Automotive fuel
*****
*****
Marine fuel
*****
Industrial fuel
*****
Industrial
raw material
*****
LPG
CNG
Bio-ethanol
*****
Bio-diesel
*****
Hydrogen
16
Robustness of Vehicle Engine
Item
Robustness
Fuel grade
Engine performance Insensible to fuel properties
Fuel switching
Easy modification of engine
Multi-fuel
Flex-fuel engine
Engine torque
Flat torque
Engine output
Low fuel consumption at partial load operation
Engine revolution
Wide range operation
Emission
Low emission characteristic in any mode of operation
Auxiliary system
Long life use, Insensibility for fuel (After-treatment system)
Maintenance
Engine performance insensible to a slight system damage
Durability of engine
Long life use, Full load durability
Cost
Low initial and low maintenance costs
Variation of fuel
Refinery and Automobile for Fuel Robustness
Automotive vehicle with
high fuel robustness
Refinery process with
high fuel robustness
Fuel Improvement and homogenizing Process
Crude Oil
*****
*****
Natural Gas
*****
Coal
*****
Biomass
*****
*****
*****
Refinery Sector
Refinery plant for multiresources of fuel
Refinery plant for
specialized crude oil
GTL plant
Bio-fuel plant
Refinery plant for
low grade crude oil
Fuel storage
Automobile Sector
On board fuel
Improver
On board fuel adjust
control by ECU
Engine insensible
to fuel properties
Flex-fuel engine
18
4. Available Technologies to improve Fuel
Robustness of Engine System
4.1 Automotive Fuel
4.2 Total Engine Technology
4.3 Variable Geometry Engine
4.4 Injector
4.5 Injection Control with Auxiliary Kit
4.6 On-board Improver
4.7 On-board Sensor
4.8 High Sulfur resistance Catalyst
Robustness in Automotive Fuel Production
Robustness for stable supply of high quality fuel
Robustness for low grade fossil fuel
High sulfur crude oil
Oil sand and other fossil resources
Robustness for stable supply of primary resources
Robustness for alternative fuels
Bio-fuel
GTL, BTL
CNG
Other new fuels
Robustness for utility
Stable supply
SuperCetane Research Pilot Plant (BTL)
Canola Oil
Soya Oil
Yellow Grease
Animal Tallow
Tall Oil
(by-product of kraft
pulping process)
Feed
Hydrogen
Fuel gas
By product
Reactor
Reactor Process
Hydrocracking
(breaking apart of large molecules)
Hydrotreating
(removal of oxygen)
Hxdrogenation
Separator
(saturation of double bonds)
with
Conventional refinery hydrotreating
catalyst and hydrogen
Gas recycle
stream
Low sulphur
High cetane
Diesel blending
Stock
(SuperCetane)
Distillation
column
Liquid product
stream
Water
Waxy paraffinic residue
The CANMET Energy Technology Centre (CETC), Natural Resources Canada, has
developed a novel technology that can convert these materials into a high cetane, low
sulphur diesel fuel blending stock called SuperCetane.
21
http://www.canren.gc.ca/tech_appl/index.asp?CaId=2&PgId=1083
Advanced Power Train Technologies for SI engine
Robustness of engine
Trade-off curve of future engine system
C
with high mechanism
A
B
Trade-off curve of
present system
Environmental optimum performance
Fuel Efficiency
http://www.toyota.co.jp/en/tech/environment/powertrain/engine/index.html
H
O
H
R
P
R
22
Operation Range
On-board dia.
Trade-off curve of future engine system
C
with high mechanism
Variable Comp. ratio
Variable valve timing Urea-SCR
GTL
Multi-stage injection
Super-charge
LT-comb.
Low-sulfur fuel
EGR DPF
DOC-DPF
Ultra-high press. injection
PCCI-comb.
Fuel-born Cat.
LNT
HCCI-comb.
Robustness of engine
Bio-diesel fuel
A
B
Trade-off curve of
present system
DPNR
Cat.-DPF
Environmental optimum performance
Environmental optimum performance
Fuel Efficiency
Engine Robustness　for Fuel
Advanced Power Train Technologies for CI engine
H
O
H
R
P
R
23
Operation Range
VCR (Variable Compression Ratio ) Mechanism
(Nissan Motor CO, LTD )
Variable Geometry Engine
(VCR and VVT Engine)
Nominal CR = 16
2 Points Reduced CR = 14
2 Points Reduced CR = 12
David Gerard, Shunichi Aoyama, Kenshi Ushijima, Katsuya Moteki, Ben Hadj Hamouda Hedi, Steven Croguennec,
Marc Thomine, Anne-Marie Doisy, Diesel VCR (Valiable Compression Ratio) Engine Development using Multi-link
Mechanism, FISITA, F2006P331, 2006.
Electromagnetic VVT Structure
Spyder's 1ZZ-FE engine VVT-i (Variable Valve Timing - intelligent)
(Toyota USA)
(Honda R&D Co.,Ltd.)
Macro illustration of
the phasing actuator
Compression Ratio
CR = 10.0 with regular-grade unleaded gasoline
CR = 11.5 with premium unleaded gasoline
Junichi Takahashi, Moriyoshi Awasaka, Takashi Kakinuma, Masanobu Takazawa, Yasuhiro Urata, A Study
of a Gasoline HCCI Engine Equipped with an Electromagnetic VVT Mechanism – Increasing the Higher Load
Operational range with the Inter-Cylinder EGR Boost System, FISITA F2006P360, 2006.
Spyder's 1ZZ-FE engine VVT-i continuously variable
intake-valve timing with VVT-L, a Honda VTEC-like variable
valve-lift mechanism on both intake and exhaust valves
http://www.spyderchat.com/enginedetail.htm#topofpage
24
Improving Robustness of Spray Guided DI Combustion Systems
The Air-Assisted Approach
High Pressure Fuel Single Injection
Sensitive to Injection Press. and Timing
(Orbital Engine Company Pty.Lid. Austria)
Air Assisted Injection with low fuel supply press.
Insensitive to Injection Press. and Timing
Improving the robustness of DI combustion of SI engine
(Fuel metering)
(Fuel injection)
25
Geoffrey Cathcart, Don Railton, Improving Robustness of Spray Guided DI Combustion Systems:
The Air-Assisted Approach, 2001 JSAE Spring Convention, 186, 2001
Improving Robustness of Diesel Spray
High Pressure Injection of Diesel Spray
Injection Timings of Diesel Spray for Various Purpose
Injection Timings of Diesel Sprays for Various Purpose
Pre-mixed Comb.
Partial Oxidation
Low Temp. Main Comb.
Post Comb.
Pressure
Heat Release Rate
TDC
Injection Timing
Post Injection
Early Injection
Late-early Injection
After Injection
Pilot Injection
Split Main Injection
Advanced Technologies in Diesel Engine
Total Engine Control with ECU
Yuzo Aoyagi, Hideaki Osada, Masahiro Misawa, Tomoaki Hirosawa, Matsuo Odaka, Akira Noda, Yuich Goto,
Low NOx Diesel Combustion using High Boosted Cooled and Wide Range EGR System, FISITA F2006P298,
2006
Cold EGR
Super Charging
After-treatment System
NOx, PM, HC, CO
Variable Valve Control
Exhaust Gas Temp. Control
Low Sulfur Fuel
Fuel Control
High Pressure Injection
Multi-Stage Injection
Soot
Pre-mixing Combustion
NOx
Low Temp. Combustion
26
Flex-Fuel System for E85
Fuel Flex Gold
http://www.fullflex.com.br/fullflex/ingles/modelos.asp
Full Flex
http://www.thefuelman.com/flexfueldiagram.html
27
On-Board Fuel Improver
On-Board Generation of a Highly Volatile Starting Fuel
to Reduce Automotive Cold-Start Emission
OBDS: On-Board Distillation System
OBDS Fuel Compositions, Mass Fractions by Carbon Number
Catalyst Reformer for Gasoline
（POx System: Partial oxidation System）
Narcus D. Ashford, Ronald D. Matthews, On-Board Generation of a Highly Volataile Starting Fuel to Reduce
Automotive Cold-Start Emissions, Environmental Science & Technology, Vol.40 No.18,5770-5777, 2006
John E.Kirwan, Ather A.Quader, M.James Grieve, Fast Start-UP On-Board Gasoline Reformar for
Near Zero Emissions in Spark-Ignition Engines, SAE Paper No. 2002-01-1011
28
On-Board Pressure Sensor and Injection Control
Yuichi Shimasaki, Mamoru Hasegawa, Satoshi Yamaguchi, Makoto Kobayashi, Hideki Sakamoto, Naoto
Kitayama Tomohiro Kanda, Study on Ignition Timing Control for Diesel Engines using In-cylinder Pressure
29
Sensor, FISITA F2006P371, 2006
High Sulfur Resistance Catalyst
PM Oxidation: NAC+DPF System (Desulfurization)
Diesel Oxidation Catalysts with High Sulfur Resistance
Test fuel (350ppmS) : Base Fuel (0.6ppmS)+Sulfur Doping Compounds
2006-01-0423
Desulfurization Effects on a Light-Duty Diesel Vehicle NOx Adsorber Exhaust Emission Control System
Marek Tatur, Dean Tomazic and Heather Tyrer (FEV Engine Technology, Inc.), Matthew Thornton (National
Renewable Energy Laboratory), Joseph Kubsh (Manufacturers of Emission Controls Association)
T50 of CO and C3H8 befor and after
sulfation under lean conditions for Pt
powder catalysts over zirconia
materials doped with base metal M
T50: Oxidation efficiency of 50%
2006-01-0031
Doped Zirconia with High Thermal Stability, for High Sulfur Resistance Diesel Oxidation Catalysts
S.Verdier and V.Harle (PHODIA Research and echnologies), A.Huang, E.Rohart, O.Larcher and M.Allain
(RHODIA Electronics and Catalysi
30
5. Summaries
Technology Road Map for High Performance Engine System with High Fuel Robustness
1. High performance engine system with high fuel robustness is
necessary for harmonized development of the society.
2. There are many advanced technologies for high-performance
engine. However, these technologies have not enough robustness.
3. Trade-off relationship between optimum and robustness is
important. It should be used as a fundamental concept of the
technology road map.
4. On the technology map, there are two ways to go to the destination.
One way is the route of first priority on optimization. The other is
the route of first priority on robustness.
5. Variable geometry engine, flex-fuel engine, on-board fuel reformer,
new fuel injection equipment and high sulfur resistance aftertreatment system, etc are the candidates of elemental technologies
for high fuel robustness of engine system.
6. Fuel robustness is a key technology of future development of
engine system.
7. New technologies to improve the fuel robustness should be
developed.
31
Thank you for your kind attention
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