Towards a Danish Spatial Information Infrastructure

TOWARDS A DANISH SPATIAL INFORMATION
INFRASTRUCTURE - WHAT CAN THE DANISH
AUTHORITIES OFFER THE CITIZENS TODAY?
Brande-Lavridsen, H.
GIM – Geo Information and Media Technology. Department of Development and Planning,
Aalborg University, Fibigerstraede 11, DK-9220 Aalborg Oest, Denmark. E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
The information society, the network technology, the EU co-operation and the growing globalisation are only some of
the elements that already have left and increasingly will leave their stamp on Denmark in the years to come. It is both a
privilege and a challenge to us all to be part of such a "century of change". One of the perceptible consequences of the
transformation not only in Denmark, but also all over the world is that many public sectors and private enterprises
undergo great changes to be able to comply with the developmental demands of this transformation. One of the
mentioned changes is e-government.
In the report “The Digital Denmark - adaptation to the network society” published in November 1999 by the Ministry of
Research the new IT strategy of the Danish government is first formulated. The strategy includes the objective that
citizens and enterprises shall be able to use and profit by society’s investments in public information resources
(including spatial information1) in new ways. Some of the advantages mentioned include the possibility of unlimited
reuse of electronically stored data and the possibility of quick and cheap access and distribution of data by electronic
means, for example via the Internet.
This and other follow up policy statements are very general so they do not contain any element that might be regarded
as a development plan for a National Infrastructure for Spatial Information (NSDI). In the absence of a political strategy
we are left to implement the infrastructure through a bottom-up approach.
The latest IT action plan from the Danish government suggests various self-service solutions including applications to
the public authorities via the Internet. One of the purposes of this is to bring down the public spending and hereby
prevent increased taxation. To enable the citizens to use the self-service option (e.g. for building licence applications)
the government has recently decided that access to own data (maps as well as registers) shall be open and mainly free of
charge for public authorities and the citizens. Commercial companies, however, still have to pay for some of the
services. To encourage the citizens to participate in public debates (for examples a new plan for the local district or the
alignment of a new motorway) more and more plan proposals are published via the Internet (participation democracy).
In my presentation I will present and discuss five spatial-information services (maps as well as registers) already
available to the citizens. The discussion will take place from a NSDI point of view. The services will be:
-
The Public Information Server (public property registers)
The Map Service (topographic and cadastral maps)
The Plan Information System (municipality plans, local plans)
The North Jut land Information Geodata Service (environmental-maps, regional plans, 3D orthophoto model)
The Active Aalborg Map (large scale maps, orthophoto maps, plans, demographic data etc.)
The services offer the citizens all the maps and spatial data they can ask for and many people use the services to obtain
information primarily about their own property. But the question is: are the citizens ready for participation democracy
and self-service? I have my doubts. Even if the available Internet pages with spatial information have very different
levels of ambition (from scanned paper maps via click maps to proper GIS solutions) I think many of them contain too
many data/too much information and are too complex for non-professional users.
1
Spatial data/spatial information is often used as synonym of geographic data/geographic information or geodata/geo-information.
Proceedings of the 21st International Cartographic Conference (ICC)
‘Cartographic Renaissance’
ISBN: 0-958-46093-0
Durban, South Africa, 10 – 16 August 2003
Hosted by The International Cartographic Association (ICA)
Produced by: Document Transformation Technologies
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1.
INTRODUCTION
The information society, the network technology, the EU co-operation and the growing globalisation are only some of
the elements that already have left and increasingly will leave their stamp on Denmark2 in the years to come. It is both a
privilege and a challenge to us all to be part of such a "century of change". One of the perceptible consequences of the
transformation not only in Denmark, but also all over the world is that many public sectors and private enterprises
undergo great changes to be able to comply with the developmental demands of this transformation. One of the
mentioned changes is e-government.
During the last ten years the Danish government has prepared various action plans and reports that lay down goals for
the further development in Denmark within the IT field. The objective of them all has more or less been the wish to
enhance the efficiency of the public administration and management
The subject spatial information/data3 is treated in detail for the first time in the action plan "The information society for
all - the Danish model" from 1996. In this plan are described the first thoughts about a new distribution system for at
first public property registers, but later also for digital base maps.
In the report “The Digital Denmark - conversion to the network society” published in November 1999
(www.detdigitaledanmark.dk) the new IT strategy of the Danish government is first formulated. The strategy includes
the objective that citizens and enterprises shall be able to use and profit by society’s investments in public information
resources (including spatial information) in new ways. Some of the advantages mentioned include the possibility of
unlimited reuse of electronically stored data and the possibility of quick and cheap access and distribution of data by
electronic means, for example via the Internet.
Several action plans and reports have followed the above-mentioned. Common to them all is that they suggest various
self-service solutions including applications to the public authorities via the Internet. One of its purposes is to bring
down the public expenditure and hereby prevent increased taxation. To enable the citizens to use the self-service option
(e.g. for building licence applications or planning discussions) the government has recently decided that access to own
data (maps as well as registers) shall be open and mainly free of charge for public authorities and the citizens.
Commercial companies, however, still have to pay for these services.
It does, however, form part of the policy of the government that the legal rights of the citizens in relation to the public
authorities have to be strengthened, and that greater openness and transparency in the civil service has to be ensured.
This implies among other things an improvement of the access of the citizens to follow own cases via the Internet and to
get acquainted with the use of own data (www.e.gov.dk). In that context and for the purpose of self-service, etc. in
connection with applications to the public authorities the issue of digital signatures for the citizens has been started in
spring 2003, based on the common public OCES standard.
We find the latest initiative in the recently published government’s report, "New consumer policy", from January 2003
(www.oem.dk). It describes the goal of the government that the consumer policy shall support renewal and development
and promote new possibilities for both consumers and enterprises.
For the first time maps and geodata are mentioned in a consumer-political initiative. The stage is set for all planning
information to be placed on the Internet via a common consumer portal for the benefit of all the citizens of the country.
On the new consumer portal it shall be possible to get answers to questions like: "Which school is my child going to
attend, if I buy a house in that area?" or "Is the soil of the property that I would like to buy registered as polluted or are
there other bindings?". The initiative of the government is realistic and within reach, and I will return to that under the
presentation of the "Plan Information Service".
So the ambition across state, county, and municipal government is to use the potentials of an e-society to structure the
public sector in a more flexible and efficient way and with higher quality for citizens. The core of a new e-government
is among others to create better and more efficient solutions to administrative tasks through the use of information
technology. Also business makes use of digital technologies and the possibilities of the network society to improve
competitiveness in an increasingly globalised world.
2
With an area of 43,080 sq. km Denmark is the smallest of the Scandinavian countries. The great majority - about 85%
- of the country's 5,3 million inhabitants lives in towns or urban areas, and approximately one third of the total
population lives in the metropolitan region of Copenhagen.
3
Spatial data/spatial information is often used as synonym of geographic data/geographic information or geodata/geoinformation. Spatial means here the physical space used to describe the geometry and characteristics of different objects
and related attributes. Data is raw facts (numbers, letters etc.). Information is adapted and structured data.
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1 September 2003 is fixed as e-day for all public authorities. From that day all authorities in the state, the counties and
the municipalities will have a right to send letters and other documents digitally to other authorities. Correspondingly,
public authorities will have a right to demand that other authorities send documents digitally to them (www.e.gov.dk).
2.
TOWARDS A DANISH SPATIAL INFORMATION INFRASTRUCTURE
The above-mentioned policy statements are very general so they do not contain any element that might be regarded as a
development plan for a National Infrastructure for Spatial Information (NSDI). In the absence of a political strategy we
are left to implement the infrastructure through a bottom-up approach.
At the end of 1999 the Minister of Housing and Urban Affairs established an advisory body: The Map and Geodata
Council. The members of the council came both from the public and the private sector as well as the academic world
and represented both users and producers of spatial information/data. Unfortunately, the council was abolished at the
end of 2001 in connection with the retrenchment policy of a new government. Some of the core areas of the council,
however to a smaller extent, are carried on by The Digital Task Force4, which was established in the summer 2001
provisionally only with representatives from the public sector.
In the autumn 2001 the Task Force carried out an analysis of the spatial data/spatial information field. The conclusion
of the analysis was, not surprisingly, ambiguous: on one hand Denmark is in a strong position and has good conditions
of using geodata offensively in digital management. The reason is that a number of basic registers are in place and that
large investments have been made in the digitising of map products. On the other hand, it is stated ”that the existing cooperation structures in the field are too informal to achieve the most expedient utilisation and production of spatial data
across authorities and that it has not been possible, to an adequate extent, to give priority to the different wishes and
needs in the field". The report thus calls attention to some of the barriers, which prevent an efficient utilisation of spatial
data/information like duplicate data sets, lack of common data models, common standards and interoperability as well
as obscure price policies - barriers that had been advanced previously, among others by the writer / 6,7/.
The stakeholders in the field have now agreed that there is a need to strengthen and rethink the co-operation within the
framework of a service community, which should replace the existing co-operation forums in the field. In the spring
2002 the Task Force therefore has established a binding “Geodata Service Community” which is going to replace
existing co-operation forums and secure the drive in the spatial data/information field. (www.xyz-geodata.dk).
The service community has just published the following visions for the geodata field:
•
•
•
•
Geodata are to constitute a natural tool for citizens, enterprises and the public administration
Geodata are to be harmonised, standardised, easily accessible and cheap
Geodata are to be a common basis for the digital administration
Geodata are to create value growth for society.
The general goal is that data flow freely between the various levels (state, county and municipality) and various fields
of responsibility.
In spite of its short life the service community has managed to initiate many projects, which eventually may result in an
officially adopted Danish Infrastructure for Spatial Information. As examples the following can be mentioned: project
on basic data, project on plans at the Internet, project on standards for exchange formats for geodata at the Internet
(XML, GML, WFS, etc.), project on conversion of existing geodata for a new reference system "System 2000" and use
of "The Danish Grid Net".
3.
THE DANISH DEVELOPMENT IN THE MAP AND GEODATA/GEOINFORMATION FIELD
The Danish society is one of the most mapped and registered societies in the world. Over the past two decades analogue
maps and geo-referenced registers have been converted to a digital form, and new data have been created to fill the
gaps. Therefore Denmark seems to be in a favourable position concerning spatial data/ spatial information. At the same
time the use of GIS (Geographic Information Systems) in the public and semi-public sectors and in private business is
growing thanks to the initiatives, which will be described briefly in the following /1/.
4
The Digital Task Force, which is financed by the Danish government, is brought into the world for a three-year period to be catalyst
of the development of digital management (e-government) in Denmark.
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Figure 1. The most important building blocks to a Danish Infrastructure for Spatial Information (DAISI).
A better quality diagram is available at www.gim.dk/uk_version/personer/hanne
3.1 Public and private digital maps (see DAISI, left/green side)
Digital mapping in Denmark started seriously in the 1970s in connection with the introduction of natural gas. Today
digital maps are produced for use in the state, county and municipality for different purposes and with different degrees
of detail. Besides the public authorities utility owners, supply enterprises and enterprises within transportation and
distribution are important users of digital maps. Apart from public map producers a number of private map companies
exists. A detailed list of Danish map series, among other things, may be seen at the address: www.ddl.org/thedanishway
publication no. 9 /3/.
We can conclude that within Denmark there are reasonably well functioning digital map series and specifications for the
production of these maps with possibility of description of quality and quality checks. But we must also conclude that
so far no co-ordination has taken place between the different stakeholders in the map market. As mentioned earlier,
however, actions are on their way.
3.2 Public Digital Registers (databases) (Figure 1, right/red side)
Since the late 60s Denmark has established a wide range of digital public registers, many of them with contents of
textual spatial information. The responsibility for the spatial information registers is distributed among different public
authorities at the state level as well as at the county and municipal level. The registers can be linked by common
identifiers, which are maintained in the Cross-Reference Register (see later). A detailed list of Danish geo-related
registers, among other things, may be seen at the address: www.ddl.org/thedanishway publication no. 9 /3/.
It is characteristic of the Danish registers that they are not planned for providing data for other purposes than those
which were laid down at the establishment of the register. In that sense the registers only offer limited possibility of
flexible data use and therefore only slightly support a development towards e-government. In contrast to the digital
maps it must be concluded that at present there are only well functioning specifications for few registers.
3.3 Keys and geo-references (Figure 1, left/green and right/red side)
A condition for combination of data from different data collections is that common keys exist in the registers. To ensure
this an independent key register - the Cross-Reference Register - has been established. The register exclusively contains
common keys as well as the relations between these keys (e.g. parcel no., property identification and geo-referenced
addresses).
Fundamental to the registers was the standardization of addresses in connection with the establishment of the Central
Population Register (CPR). Later it has been widely accepted that the address issue is of great importance when talking
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about spatial information as the address can link data from registers containing personal, property and enterprise data
sets. As all addresses in Denmark have a co-ordinate to the front door, all register data can be geo-coded to a digital
map series.
3.4 Data models (Figure 1, bottom/blue)
Until today data have been in focus, but an important condition of utilising spatial data across public institutions and
sectors (and the whole geo-data business) is that the different data can "interact", as otherwise full benefit cannot be
derived from the possibilities offered by technology. In this context modelling has been recognised as an essential tool.
The Danish spatial data are traditionally organized as maps and registers (geo-referenced attribute files), some of them
with a very long history. In the conversion process these maps and registers have been maintained with their separate
product specifications, which means that we still have a cadastral map, a topographic map, technical maps etc. All
public authorities have been encouraged to draw up logical data models for those administrative functions for which
they are responsible. Thus today we have data models for property data as well as planning and environmental data.
3.5 Metadata (Figure 1, bottom/blue)
One of the barriers to a better utilisation of spatial data information often mentioned is lack of documentation and
metadata. If other Danish initiatives shall be emphasised, one must be Geodata-info.dk the Danish meta- database
available on the Internet. The meta-database is a catalogue describing the digital maps and other collections of georelated data (among others the earlier mentioned public registers) in Denmark. (www.geoinfo.dk). The meta-database
gives a short overview of each data set, the data set owners or producers and where to get further information about the
data set. In its first version the database has been implemented according to the CEN standard and will eventually be
developed further to comply with the ISO TC211 standard.
4.
WHAT SERVICES CAN THE DANISH AUTHORITIES OFFER THE CITIZENS TODAY?
A majority of the Danish population already participates actively in the information society that influences aspects of its
social life. Many citizens are accustomed in using the Internet for providing information, for self-management and for
coming business. At the same time the citizens are increasingly demanding better service from the public sector by way
of more information and greater transparency in all the mentioned administration tasks (participation democracy).
In the future, we will also see that the use of spatial information is spread among far more categories of users than
today, including the business world and citizens. It is also foreseeable that these new users will have quite different
expectations on the spatial data/information of which they will be buyers or users. In the future spatial information will
be a product on equal terms with other consumer products in society. The development will imply that very soon there
will be demand for relevant, topical and reliable spatial information in electronic form available 24 hours a day and in
standards which are usable to all /1,4,5/.
The value of spatial data/spatial information whether for common information or solution of problems is directly
proportional to the accessibility of the same. In the following I shall therefore present five public services, which are
relevant to citizens, and which are accessible via the Internet:
•
•
•
Three services offered by the central authorities (state level5)
One service offered by a regional authority (county level) and
One service offered by a local authority (municipal level)
Due to limited space in the paper only selected examples from the concerned services are shown. Other examples will
be shown as PowerPoint presentations in connection with the presentation of the paper. After the conference the PPpresentations will be available from my homepage www.gim.dk/uk_version/personer/hanne. Otherwise I refer to the
homepage addresses mentioned under each of the services.
I will start from the area (Gug) – Figure 2 - and the city (Aalborg) I live in myself. But first I will give an introduction
to the access to these services.
Almost everything in Denmark has a number. All persons have a personal identification number (the CPR number). All
persons have a duty to inform the public authorities where they live, and this means that at all times all persons are
connected to a specific address. As previously mentioned, all addresses have a geographic co-ordinate to the front door.
5
There are three levels of governmental administration in Denmark: central government, county authorities and
municipal authorities. Municipalities and counties are both headed by politically elected councils and function partly on
the basis of local political decisions, partly in accordance with legislation passed by the “Folketing” (Parliament). Local
authorities are responsible for more than half of the public spending
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All properties in Denmark have besides an address a cadastral number (from the cadastral system) and a property
number (from the Building and Dwelling Register). All businesses have a number, the farmers' livestock has numbers
and so on. This information acts as entry key to the services I shall mention.
Figure 2. My local area Gug – a suburb to Aalborg, Topographic map /National Survey and Cadastre/,
Orthophoto /COWI A/S/
5.
THE PUBLIC INFORMATION SERVER
The “Public Information Server” (Offentlige InformationsServer”) (www.ois.dk) was launched in August 2001. For the
present the Information Server gives only access to geo-related register information (Figure 1, right and Figure 3 left),
but in the course of time it is the intention to attach maps. The service is based on the open standard XML.
Both citizens and enterprises can use the citizen access free of charge to find information at OIS. The system
distinguishes between "owners of real property" and "others" (without real property). For property owned by yourself
you can get access to all information according to the legislation for disclosure of data. Citizens and enterprises, who do
not own real property, have the same limited access to OIS data (Figure 3 right).
A distributor is a private or public enterprise, who subscribes to extracts and services comprising many properties
against payment, primarily for the purpose of resale and/or improvement of data products (maps, forms, etc.). The
extracts for example may be defined geographically or temporally.
The citizen can get some of the same information from the service NetBorger.dk (http://ejendomsfakta.netborger.dk).
To this service a national orthophoto map series is connected. The entry key to this information is an address like for the
Public Information Server.
Figure 3. The public Information Server (OIS) concept and a draw out from the service.
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Even though the Land Registry is also a digital register, none of the mentioned web-services contain information on it,
yet.
6.
THE MAP SERVICE
In April 2002 the National Survey and Cadastre launched the “Map Service” (“Kortforsyningen”)
(http://kortforsyning.kms.dk). The Map Service (Figure 4) is a web-based service that offers access to the national map
series, i.e. the topographic map database, the cadastral map database (vector maps) and a number of small-scale
topographic maps and historical maps (raster maps). The service is mainly based on the OGC Web Map Service (WMS)
standard (special raster approximation).
Figure 4. The Map Service concept /after 2/ and a draw out from the service
For the time being the Map Service is financially based on full payment. It means that one need a customers number
and password to be able to use the service. However, many of the maps are available from municipal and county
services free of charge.
7.
THE PLAN INFORMATION SERVICE
Electronic documents, digital maps and the Internet are today common tools in physical planning. The Plan Information
Service (www.planforsyningen.dk) is a new service for the citizens, which at present (April 2003) is being built up. The
service is therefore described as a pen, where the WMS-technology is tested in connection with the showing of plans
taken from local servers in different places in the country. The service shows - on the basis of different types of basic
maps, historical maps and orthophotos, which are primarily taken from "The Map Service" - partly adopted plans (local
plans and district plans), partly written information about the contents of the single plans. The service is expected to be
fully functional in 2004 (Figure 5 left).
Figure 5. Examples from the Plan Information System (left) and Area Information System (right)
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In the course of time the intention is that the service shall help strengthen the public debate on planning proposals, as
the citizens will get the opportunity of proposing alternative planning proposals via the Internet.
If you feel like knowing a little about your local environment, or if you wish to participate in the public debate on
natural and environmental conditions, you can visit the Danish Area Information System (http://ais.dmu.dk) (Figure 5
right).
8.
LOCAL SERVICES
Today the Internet swarms with examples of the maps and digital plans of Danish municipalities and counties as well as
other citizen services. These are all local solutions, where often large resources are used for systems development and
data adjustments.
I have chosen to present two services from my local area, one from my county, the County of Northern Jutland, and one
from my municipality, the Municipality of Aalborg. They both participate in a large-scale three-year governmentsupported development project called The Digital Northern Jutland. As part of the previously mentioned IT-strategy
"The Digital Denmark - conversion to the network society" the government selected Northern Jutland as national ITlighthouse in December 1999. This means that in the period 2000-2003 170 million DKK (~24 million $) are invested
in the Northern Jutlandic project. Add to this local co-financing from public and private enterprises of 340 million DKK
(~48 million $).
9.
THE NORTH JUTLAND GEODATA INFORMATION SERVICE
The counties in Denmark have registered much information about property in the open country, registrations, which
among other things imply a reduction of the right of disposal of the owner. Typically these registrations are not entered
into the Land Registry or other official documents, but the single plot owner and other interested persons now have the
possibility of having all registrations and restrictions connected to a geographic position shown by means of maps and
orthophotos (Figure 6 left). It is possible to find a specific area via address, cadastral number, property number or a
place name. It is also possible to zoom freely in random areas in the county. The regional planning can be found also on
the Internet (www.nja.dk/Serviceomraader/Regionplan/KortOgLuftfoto).
The latest innovation is that you can fly around in Northern Jutland in a three-dimensional perspective
(http://212.88.77.105). Digital orthophotos are used as basis, and all buildings have been raised based on building
information from the digital topographic map TOP10DK and building heights (number of stores) indicated in the
Building and Dwelling Register (Figure 6 right). I can see the place where I live myself, and I can find cycle paths,
nature tours and windmill parks. For the time being I can find alternative proposals for a new motorway link.
Figure 6. Examples from The North Jutland Information Service
10. THE ACTIVE AALBORG MAP
As mentioned earlier The Active Aalborg Map (www.detaktiveaalborgkort.dk) is a development project under The
Digital Northern Jutland. The project aims at establishing an Internet service for the citizens in the Municipality of
Aalborg, where new information can be obtained, where it is possible to serve yourself, and where you can get into
dialogue with the municipality and its politicians. One of the goals of the project is a new Internet access with
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information on population, institutions and trade, and on own and neighbour's property. The intention is that on the
basis of a map and other spatial data the citizens shall be able not only to read this information, but also to be able to
make own analyses and inquiries to the system (Figure 7).
Figure 7. The Active Aalborg Map concept/COWI A/S/ and an out draw from the service
Two years after the start of the project - they have gone far. "The Guide" (www.aalborg.dk/vejviser) offers the
possibility to see many map types of the municipality, such as the large scale (technical) maps, topographic maps,
cadastral maps and orthophotos, but also historical maps are accessible. At the same time it is possible to see a large
number of local subjects and get information about them via the map. It is possible for example to see all the schools in
a certain area and by clicking the school’s logo on the map to get information on its name, address and much more.
The plan of Aalborg for the development of the municipality in the next 12 years has recently become accessible at the
homepage of the municipality, too (www.aalborg.dk/kommuneplan). The plan deals with future habitation, trade and
service functions, with traffic services, with green areas and much more.
11. OTHER MAP AND GEODATA SERVICES
If other citizen services shall be mentioned it must first of all be StatBank Denmark. This service offers the citizens
detailed statistical information on the Danish society. The database is free of charge and data can be presented as
diagrams or maps (www.statistikbanken.dk). The StatBank contains more than 300 different subjects, from crimes via
health to charges for childcare.
Another very much used citizen service is on-line traffic information on both public transport, for example
(www.dsb.dk/byens_puls/ByensPuls) and the traffic on the roads (www.trafikken.dk).
12. FINAL REMARKS
Denmark is a country in the middle of a transformation to an e-society based on the network society. One of the
challenges is e-government. The ambition across state, county and municipal government is to use the potentials of an
e-society to structure the public sector in a more flexible and efficient way and, as they say, with higher quality for the
citizens.
There is no doubt that there is a growing demand for spatial data/spatial information to be able to carry through egovernment - not only at a local level but also at regional and global levels. Denmark has not yet a politically adopted
Infrastructure for Spatial Information, but the building stones are nearly into place.
The Danish Internet pages today swarm with examples of governmental, municipal and county spatial information, etc.
like digital maps, orthophotos, planning data and demographic data. The intentions are at first that all citizens get access
to all data of their own property and of their neighbourhood.
The next step is that in the near future the citizens shall have the opportunity of suggesting for example alternative
planning proposals via the Internet. Later the citizens shall have the opportunity of applying on-line for building
licences, land-use changes, etc. As mentioned earlier one of the reasons is, the wish to reduce the public expenditure. In
principle, the citizens can have good use of such facility, but a disadvantage might be that the possibilities become so
overwhelming that the citizens find it too difficult to take advantage of them.
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So are the citizens ready for participation democracy and self-service? I doubt it. Even if the available Internet pages
with spatial information have very different levels of ambition (from scanned paper maps via clickable maps to proper
GIS solutions) I think many of them contain too many data/too much information and are too complex for nonprofessional users.
Let me finish with the following quotation from the Danish newspaper "Information": The knowledge disciples are
speaking in tongues about the easy access to information that we have never had before. Let us turn it around for a
moment. Never before has information had so easy access to us. Several thousand times a day we are forced to take
position, put into context and make conclusions. This is a challenge.
13. REFERENCES
[1] Brande-Lavridsen, Hanne: The Spatial Information Marked in Denmark, paper, GSDI 6 Conference – From Global
to Local, Budapest, Hungary 2002
[2] Daugbjerg, Poul: Addressing the Spatial Data Market – Implementation of the OGC Web Map Service Standard,
paper, 8th EC-GI&GIS Workshop, Dublin, Ireland, 2002
[3] Brande-Lavridsen, Hanne: Spatial Information Management in Denmark, Publication No. 9, The Danish
Association of Chartered Surveyors, Copenhagen, 2002
[4] Daugbjerg, Poul & Simonsen, Arne & Brande-Lavridsen, Hanne: Danish Spatial Data Infrastructure, paper,
International Conference on Spatial Information for Sustainable Development, Nairobi, Kenya, 2001
[5] Brande-Lavridsen, Hanne & Daugbjerg, Poul: Infrastructure for Spatial Information – Danish initiatives, paper,
International Cartographic Conference, Beijing, China, 2001
[6] Daugbjerg, Poul & Brande-Lavridsen, Hanne: Infrastructure for Spatial Information - Danish Research Initiatives,
paper, FIG workshop, Athens, Greece, 2000
[7] Brande-Lavridsen, Hanne & Hulegaard Jensen, Bent: Infrastructure for Spatial Information - Danish Research
Initiatives, paper, GI-Norden Conference, Reykjavik, Iceland, 2000
Links (not mentioned in the text)
Info-Society 2000, 1994, www.fsk.dk
Project E-government, 2001-2002, www.e.gov.dk
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TOWARDS A DANISH SPATIAL INFORMATION
INFRASTRUCTURE - WHAT CAN THE DANISH
AUTHORITIES OFFER THE CITIZENS TODAY?
Brande-Lavridsen, H.
GIM – Geo Information and Media Technology. Department of Development and Planning,
Aalborg University, Fibigerstraede 11, DK-9220 Aalborg Oest, Denmark. E-mail: [email protected]
Hanne Brande-Lavridsen
Associate Professor, M.Sc. in Surveying, Planning and Land Management.
Member of the research unit GIM (Geo Information and Media Technology), Department of Development and
Planning, Aalborg University, Denmark.
Reader in GIS and Geo-communication (Cartography).
Board member of the Danish Association of Chartered Surveyors.
Author of several articles and reports on Map policies, GIS and Map Design.
Co-editor of “Geoforum Perspektiv”, periodical on geographic information.
Address: GIM, Dept. of Development and Planning, Aalborg University, Fibigerstræde 11, DK 9220 Aalborg Øst,
Denmark. E-mail: [email protected]
1638