Dr Gary O`Donovan Prof Chris Riddoch

Transcription

P H Y S I C A L A C T I V I T Y F O R H E A LT H
Type 2 diabetes
The University of Pennsylvania Alumni Study and the ACLS provide
compelling evidence that vigorous activity and aerobic fitness are
more effective in preventing type 2 diabetes than moderate activity.
Vigorous activity is probably more effective in preventing type 2
diabetes because of its effect on insulin action. Insulin action is only
increased with exercise of sufficient intensity to deplete muscle
glycogen. It is noteworthy, therefore, that muscle glycogen makes no
discernible contribution to low-intensity exercise. In contrast, muscle
glycogen is increasingly used at 50%, 65% and 85% of one’s aerobic
.
capacity (VO2 max). In fact, the rate. of muscle glycogen usage at 85%
.
of VO2 max is twice that at 65% of VO2 max (Romijn et al., 1993).
Cardiovascular disease
Figure 3 shows the results of a meta-analysis of 23 studies cited in
the US Surgeon General’s report on physical activity and health.
Notice that the dose-response relationship between leisure-time
physical activity and cardiovascular disease risk is linear, producing a
gradual reduction in risk with increasing levels of physical activity. In
contrast, the dose-response relationship between physical fitness (the
product of vigorous activity) and cardiovascular disease risk is nonlinear, demonstrating a dramatic reduction before the 25th percentile.
Beyond the 25th percentile, the reduction in risk associated with
physical fitness is significantly greater than that associated with
physical activity.
Fitness and health
The distinction between ‘physical activity for health’ and ‘exercise for
fitness’ is misleading because it ignores the fact that (1) low aerobic
fitness is a powerful predictor of mortality and (2) no amount of
moderate activity will confer a high aerobic capacity. The concept of
‘metabolic fitness’ is perhaps the most misleading outcome of the
distinction between fitness and health. In his review paper, Coyle
(2000) reiterates that moderate activity provides little metabolic,
hormonal or cardiovascular stress and is, therefore, unlikely to bring
about meaningful morphological or biochemical changes.
It is often suggested that the genetic component of cardiorespiratory
fitness undermines its ability to predict disease. However, the Heritage
Family Study has shown that vigorous exercise increases
cardiorespiratory fitness regardless of age, gender, race and initial
fitness level. Furthermore, the Copenhagen Male Study has shown that
‘naturally fit’ individuals are rare and do not enjoy protection from
disease in the absence of exercise training.
The nature of the dose-response relationship
The dose-response relationships described in Figure 3 have been
disputed. There is greater agreement that the dose-response
relationship described in Figure 4 is correct. Indeed, data from the
ACLS have consistently shown that the greatest health benefits occur
when the least fit become moderately fit. The promotion of moderate
activity is a misinterpretation of these data, however, because physical
fitness is the product of vigorous activity. In fact, a closer examination
of the exercise test protocol used in the ACLS reveals that an aerobic
capacity of at least 10 METs in middle-aged men and 8 METs in
middle-aged women was required to enjoy any protection from
disease.
Many of the large studies that are cited to suggest that moderate
activity is sufficient to confer protection form disease have solely
investigated women, including the Nurses’ Health Study, the Women’s
Health Study, and the Women’s Health Initiative Observational Study
that Chris cited. Large studies of middle-aged individuals suggest that
men require vigorous activity to derive protection from disease,
including the Caerphilly Study, the British Civil Servants Study, the
Harvard Alumni Health Study, and the Health Professionals’ Follow-Up
Study. For these reasons, the expert panel that will produce a BASES
consensus statement on physical activity in the prevention of chronic
disease in 2007, which will consider gender-specific guidelines.
Implications for policymakers
US physical activity guidelines acknowledge the fact that, for most
people, vigorous activity offers greater health benefits than moderate
activity. By solely endorsing moderate activity, Britain’s policymakers
do not meet their obligation to equip the public to make fully informed
decisions about physical activity and health. ■
www.bases.org.uk
Figure 3. Relative risk for cardiovascular disease in 7 physical fitness studies
(312,195 person-years of follow-up) and 16 physical activity studies
(1,012,809 person-years of follow-up) cited in the US Surgeon General’s
report on physical activity and health. Meta-analysis by Williams (2001).
Figure 4. Age-adjusted all-cause and cardiovascular death rates per 10,000
man-years of follow-up by physical fitness groups (least fit in quintile one).
Data from Blair et al. (1989).
References
Blair, S. N., Kohl, H. W., Paffenbarger, R. S. J., Clark, D. G., Cooper, K. H. &
Gibbons, L. W. (1989). Physical Fitness and All-Cause Mortality: A Prospective
Study of Healthy Men and Women. Journal of the American Medical Association,
262, 2395-2401.
Coyle, E. F. (2000). Physical activity as a metabolic stressor. American Journal of
Clinical Nutrition, 72(2 Suppl), 512-520.
Romijn, J. A., Coyle, E. F., Sidossis, L. S., Gastaldelli, A., Horowitz, J. F.,
Endert, E. et al. (1993). Regulation of endogenous fat and carbohydrate
metabolism in relation to exercise intensity and duration. American Journal of
Physiology, 265, E380-391.
Williams, P. T. (2001). Physical fitness and activity as separate heart disease risk
factors: a meta-analysis. Medicine ad Science in Sports and Exercise, 33(5), 754-761.
Prof Chris Riddoch
Chris is Professor of Exercise Science and Head
of the London Sport Institute at Middlesex
University, London. Chris was senior scientific
editor of the 2004 Chief Medical Officer’s report
on Physical Activity and Health and holds a
number of governmental advisory positions.
Dr Gary O’Donovan
Gary is a BASES Accredited Sport and Exercise
Scientist (Physiology – Scientific Support) at
Brunel University. Gary’s main research interest is
the effect of exercise intensity on cardiovascular
disease risk factors.
Issue 10 l Dec 2006 l The Sport and Exercise Scientist l 17
SPORT AND EXERCISE SCIENCE
Debate: Can Inclusion be Anything Other than an Illusion in Sport?
There is a wide range of government policy that focuses on sport as a means of promoting social inclusion. Dr Kay Biscomb, Pat McCarthy, Dr
Mark Groves and Gerald Griggs consider how successful this policy has been and ask can inclusion be anything other than an illusion in sport?
“It is often argued that sport can
lead to an increased sense of
community cohesion, enhanced
social inclusion and give
opportunities for the personal
growth.”
Since the 1970s British Governments
have focused on sport as a tool to
tackle inequality and social exclusion
via such mechanisms as ‘Sport for All’,
the Policy Action Team 10 report and
Gameplan. In this article we have taken
some time to consider this government
policy and have considered the extent
to which it has been successful, or
otherwise, in promoting the integrative
potential of sport.
Sport can be inclusive
This more interventionist approach
began in 1973 when the Cobham Report
‘Sport and Leisure’ urged the then
Conservative government to place
greater emphasis on the broader
category of ‘recreation’ as opposed to
the more traditional – and elitist –
conception of ‘sport’. The Labour
government’s 1977 White Paper ‘A Policy
for the Inner Cities’ moved policy
towards the goal of achieving wider
social objectives. Until the mid-1990s
policy was directed largely towards mass
participation initiatives. Indeed, it could
ART EXPLOSION
Social exclusion is a shorthand term for
what can happen when people or areas
suffer from a combination of linked
problems such as unemployment, poor
skills, low incomes, poor housing, high
crime, bad health and family
breakdown. This type of exclusion is
often manifested in sport and is often
economically driven (Collins, 2004)
although persistent barriers to
participation can also occur socially
(e.g., gender differences) and culturally
(e.g., ethnic differences). Yet, despite
the exclusion and inequality often seen
in a sporting context, western
governments have tended to utilise
sport to actually address the issue of
social exclusion. It is argued that
policies that promote participation in
sport will contribute to social inclusion
by bringing individuals together from a
wide variety of backgrounds; by
providing a sense of belonging to a
variety of organisations; by giving
opportunities for the personal
development of competencies; and by
developing ‘social capital’ within the
community through increased
community cohesion (Bailey, 2005).
Sport for all
be argued that the Thatcherite 1980s
entrenched the idea of sport provision as
a tool for social integration, particularly
after the ‘race riots’ of the mid-1980s and
the disintegration of working class
communities with the demise of the
traditional industries! Rojek (2005)
argued that leisure (sport) performs the
functions of representation, identity,
control and resistance for social groups
within society that contribute to the
dynamics of order and change. Sport
reflects the shifting balance of power
relations between individuals and groups
and whilst it does not necessarily
function to enhance the social system it
does act as a mechanism for managing
aggression. Indeed, he argues that it
acts as the primary regulative
mechanism in advanced developed
societies. This view not only supports the
logic of state usage of sport as a tool for
social inclusion, but it builds upon
arguments that see sport as a means of
social integration.
‘New’ Labour policy remains focused
upon social inclusion. For example, the
PAT 10 report argues that the role of
sport must be: “…to engage people in
poor neighbourhoods, particularly
those who may feel excluded such as
young people and people from ethnic
minorities.” In addition, the government
has modified the previous neo-liberal
policies of the Thatcher era through the
introduction of ‘Best Value’ that is
aimed at modernising local services
including sport and recreation, and has
also put social inclusion at the heart of
Education (which includes PE) by
making a statutory ‘inclusion statement’
in the National Curriculum. The
government’s commitment to these
goals can be further identified in the
18 l Issue 10 l Dec 2006 l The Sport and Exercise Scientist
policies of non-governmental (NGOs)
and quasi-non-governmental
organisations (QUANGOs). In 2002 the
Central Council for Physical Recreation
(CCPR) said that it saw “…the role of
sport as a means of combating social
exclusion.” And again in 2004 they
noted that it was their intention “...to
use sport and recreation to combat
crime, social exclusion and poor health
and educational attainment.” A year
later UK Sport argued that they were
minded to “…promote the highest
standards of sporting conduct and
explore its wider social applications.”
The government actually utilises these
inclusive policies as part of a twin-track
approach aimed at both increasing
participation in sport and physical
activity whilst at the same time
endeavouring to develop a sustainable
improvement in success in international
competition. It believes that elite
sporting success can act as a
motivational key to engaging
participation at the grassroots - a top
down approach, which inspires the
masses. It sees this as being
particularly important as this
government believes that sport offers
(or can/could/should offer) a distinctive
contribution in tackling not only all
aspects of social exclusion but also
acting as a tool for bringing those
excluded citizens into the community.
Does this policy work?
We might argue that these government
policies for sport are demonstrably
engaging and strengthening local
communities. Despite this, however,
there is some debate as to whether the
use of sport to promote inclusion has
been successful and there are those
who would argue that ‘Sport for All’
www.bases.org.uk
SPORT AND EXERCISE SCIENCE
“Some would argue that ‘Sport for
All’ polices have done little to
overcome the inequalities and
exclusion present at the start of
the campaign.”
polices have done little to overcome
the inequalities and exclusion present
at the start of the campaign. Indeed,
McIntosh and Charlton’s (1986) initial
report on the effectiveness of ‘Sport for
All’ explained that sports centres with
excellent facilities had been built, but
they were either under used or
patronised by groups who already had
a high participation ratio. More recently,
Hylton and Totten (2001) have argued
that the concept of ‘Sport for All’ and
the use of sport as a means of bringing
excluded individuals into the
community will always be an ideal
rather than a realisable objective.
There are a number of potential
reasons why this might be the case.
Firstly, we might focus on ‘New’
Labour’s desire to adopt a twin track
approach of increasing participation in
sport and physical activity and
developing sustainable improvement in
success in international competition.
We could argue the message of ‘winner
takes all’ that emerges from elite sport
development and the concept of ‘Sport
for All’ are actually mutually exclusive
and therefore represent a contradictory
policy being utilised for political
currency. Additionally, we might ask
whether large groups within the
population miss out if both policy and
resources are aimed exclusively at
either end of the sporting spectrum.
Secondly, there are examples from
governing bodies, which demonstrate
some difficulties in policy compliance.
For example, in December 2000
Achieving Racial Equality: a Standard
for Sport was launched. This standard
represents the work of Sporting Equals,
a partnership between the Commission
for Racial Equality and Sport England
and has helped to put policies in place,
which aim to address social exclusion
and achieve racial equality within sport.
However, Spracklen (2003) examined
the way in which this policy was
implemented and was able to highlight
the difficulties that governing bodies
had experienced in fully implementing
the standard. For example, Spracklen
explained that the Badminton
Association of England (BAE) had been
unable to ensure that the standard had
been fully adhered to across the whole
sport. He also noted that at the British
Canoe Union (BCU) the standard was
the responsibility of senior
management, but that the
implementation of the policy was
www.bases.org.uk
delayed as a result of the ‘other work
commitments’ of this senior
management team, while at the English
Table Tennis Association (ETTA) the
dedicated equity officer focused more
on disability, which resulted in
difficulties when endeavouring to
deliver this racial equality policy
(Spracklen, 2003). These examples are
highlighted in this article not to
embarrass the governing bodies
concerned, but to illustrate the inherent
problematic nature of the issue.
Finally, it is possible to argue that the
policy documentation itself might be
one reason why the concept of ‘Sport
for All’ continues to remain an ideal
rather than a coherent realisable
objective (Hylton & Totten, 2001).
Collins (2004) has argued at length that
poverty is at the core of social
exclusion but there is little
acknowledgement of this within the
documentation. Moreover, strategies of
inclusion, as identified in some of our
initial examination of this policy
documentation, appear to represent a
structural attitude to the issue with very
little engagement with agency. In other
words, there is still too much emphasis
on places, buildings and endorsement
from the highest levels and not enough
focus on people in terms of time,
energy, resources and training.
“Sport for All’ is an ideal rather
than a coherent realisable
objective.”
Conclusions
If we were to ask ‘can sport be
inclusive?’ and ‘is sport inclusive?’ then
we might arrive at two very different
conclusions. Government policy of the
last 30 years certainly suggests that
sport can be inclusive and has focused
heavily upon the functionalist
arguments that see sport as a means
of social integration. This has resulted
in a wide range of policy that has
focused on sport as a tool to tackle
inequality and social exclusion.
However, there are clearly doubts as to
whether this approach has been
successful and we have been able to
highlight some of the difficulties that
arise in implementing such policy.
However, perhaps most intriguing is the
suggestion that it is the inclusive policy
itself that is preventing the concept of
‘Sport for All’ from becoming a
realisable objective. As a result, we
have recently initiated a research
project that focuses on this inclusive
policy. Through content analysis of the
inclusive documentation that has been
published by the major drivers of sports
development in the UK we aim to find
whether the mechanisms used to
construct inclusive practices through
sport in this country actually promote or
hinder the integrative potential of sport.
In other words, we aim to ask, “can
inclusion be anything other than an
illusion in sport?” ■
References
Bailey, R. (2005). Evaluating the Relationship between
Physical Education, Sport and Social Inclusion.
Educational Review, 57, 71-90.
Collins, M. (2004). Sport, physical activity and social
exclusion. Journal of Sports Sciences, 22, 727-740.
Hylton, K. & Totten, M. (2001). Developing “Sport for
All?” Addressing inequality in sport. In Sports
development: Policy, process and practice (edited by K.
Hylton, P. Brabham, D. Jackson and M. Nesti), pp. 37-56.
London: Routledge.
McIntosh, P. & Charlton, C. (1986). The impact of the
‘Sport for All’ policy, 1966-1984. Sports Council: London.
Rojek, C. (2005). Leisure Theory: Principles and
Practice. Basingstoke: Palgrave MacMillan.
Spracklen, K. (2003). Setting a standard?: Measuring
progress in tackling racism and promoting social inclusion
within sport. In Sport, Leisure and Social Inclusion (edited
by A. Ibbetson, B Watson & M. Ferguson), pp. 41-57.
Eastbourne, UK: LSA.
Dr Kay Biscomb
Kay is Head of Sport Studies
Department at the University
of Wolverhampton. She
originally trained in secondary
PE but she moved into HE
because of her interest in
sport sociology.
Gerald Griggs
Gerald is a Senior Lecturer in
Sports Studies, University of
Wolverhampton and has a
background in physical
education and research
interests in PE and the
Sociology of Sport.
Pat McCarthy
Pat is a Principal Lecturer in
Admissions & Collaborative
Links. His main research
interests involve the Political
Economy of Sport & Leisure,
with a particular focus on
socio-cultural barriers to
social inclusion and their impacts upon access to
sport.
Dr Mark Groves
Mark is a Lecturer in Sports
Sociology at the University of
Wolverhampton. His work as
part of this research team has
helped to develop his interest in
the use of sport as a means of
addressing social exclusion.
SPORT SCIENCE
Division of Sport and Performance
Prof Kevin Thompson, Chair of the Division provides an overview of the aims of the Division for the next 12 months
COURTESY OF BARNEY WAINWRIGHT
Barney Wainwright – recently awarded I will begin with my reflections on the
BASES High Performance Sport 2006 BASES Annual Conference at the
Accreditation University of Wolverhampton. A personal
highlight was the keynote session
outlining the multidisciplinary sports
science support to the England Squash
programme followed immediately by the
symposium on Caffeine. Both were
excellent examples of what the new
format can deliver and were of a standard
that would stand out in any conference of
this type around the world. I am looking
forward to next year’s Annual
Conference as I know that Dr Keith
Stokes and colleagues at the University of
Bath are well on with its organisation.
The Division of Sport and Performance AGM highlighted the need for a clear
BASES communication strategy. I am pleased to report that some of the issues
raised regarding communication are already beginning to be addressed. For
example, a BASES communication strategy was an agenda item at the first
meeting of the new BASES Council in Leeds in November. I can formally
announce that Paul Dent (Sport and Performance Workshop Representative) has
volunteered to direct media enquiries regarding Sport and Performance toward
the appropriate BASES members and I am confident this will allow the Division to
better interact with the media. However, I have also asked the BASES Strategic
Management Team (SMT) to consider whether the Association should nominate
members to officially act as spokespersons on BASES behalf. Often media
requests are on such tight timelines that unless a person is immediately available
and willing to be contacted the opportunity is lost and with it a valuable shop
window for the Association.
Of particular interest this year is how the Division of Sport and Performance will
interact and support the newly formed BASES London 2012 Steering Group.
Presently I am undertaking an audit of BASES members who are providing sports
science support to Olympic sports. This is a good example of how we can
harness the networks we have with our partners to benefit the Association and
avoid duplication of work. In some key areas the Division of Sport and
Performance representatives and BASES SMT have already achieved notable
successes such as the Home Country Institutes embedding BASES Accreditation
into their job descriptions and the BASES High Performance Sport Accreditation
going live this year, which further enhances the role of BASES as the professional
body quality assuring in sports science support. The developing workshop and
Conference programme in partnership with UK Sport is also extremely
encouraging. The area of applied research funding is one where we have not
made progress, however I am aware that UK Sport have recently revamped their
research funding programme and this may be an area the BASES London 2012
Steering Group will be more active in than the Division representatives. I guess
that brings me back to communication again and certainly a coherent and well
thought out BASES communication strategy, which clearly tasks particular
members with developing key partnerships will achieve so much more and be far
less confusing to the Association’s members and our external partners. I shall end
then with a plea for Sport and Performance members to utilise the e-newsletter
and The Sport and Exercise Scientist to enhance the communication, which will
keep BASES vibrant.
Conference Representative
1. Gain views of members and Interest Groups regarding the Annual Conference.
2. To investigate if the Division Conference representative can be part of the Conference
Organising Committee.
3. To liaise with the Annual Conference organisers to consider keynotes and a multidisciplinary
symposium for the Sport and Performance day.
4. Complete the HPSA scheme documentation to allow it to be launched by 2006. Thereafter, to
act as BASES point of contact for the scheme.
5. Together with the Conference organisers to approach a number of other professional bodies to
explore the possibility of them embedding workshops/symposia within the conference, and the
running of workshops/science forums the day before (as the EIS did this year).
Workshops Representative
1. To liaise with the Interest Groups with regard to them establishing workshops or providing
expertise for BASES Workshops.
2. To liaise with UK Sport with regard to the High Performance Workshops that BASES are
delivering.
3. Continue to review workshops to ensure viability, appropriate content and coherence with
regard to accreditation pathways.
4. Develop contact with the Biomechanics Interest Group re: workshops.
5. To act as the Divisional contact for external media enquiries.
Research Representative
1. Position Statements – to explore with other Division representatives and BASES SMT how BASES
can coordinate, invite, approve (via a submission process) and provide a suitable outlet in
terms of publication for position statements.
2. To establish how position statements might be released to the media.
3. To encourage one or two good quality statements to be communicated at the 2007 BASES
Annual Conference, if appropriate.
Student Representative
1. Explore ways of increasing student membership.
■ Prof Kevin G. Thompson, English Institute of Sport.
Aims of Sport and Performance Division Elected Representatives Chair
1. To communicate discussions held at Divisional meetings to Division of Sport and Performance
members.
2. To encourage Interest Group convenors to publish their activities in The Sport and Exercise
Scientist, on the BASES website and e-newsletters.
3. Liaise with BASES SMT and support/influence with regard to a coherent BASES communications
strategy.
4. Determine how the Chair of the Division of Sport and Performance can best interact and support
the BASES London 2012 Steering Group, SMT and Council to maximise the effectiveness of the role,
particularly with regard to raising the profile of BASES with regard to external partners.
5. Undertake an audit of BASES members supporting Olympic sports.
6. Continue to develop key links with UK Sport with regard to BASES Conference and also to
explore the areas of position statements and research funding where appropriate.
7. Explore with BASES SMT whether it would be beneficial for BASES to link with the EIS
Communications team with regard to media releases.
www.bases.org.uk
PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT
BASES High Performance Sport Accreditation
The BASES High Performance Sport Accreditation Scheme (HPSA) has now been launched. Dr Ken van Someren and
Dr Richard Davison, who have been lead figures in the development of the HPSA, answer some of your questions.
FACTFILE OF BASES HPSA
Country Sports Institutes as the highest quality assured accreditation available
in the high performance sector.
• BASES High Performance Sport Accreditation (HPSA) is a specialist route to
BASES accreditation for those individuals providing sport science services to
high performance sport programmes.
• The HPSA scheme has evolved from the pilot World Class Guarantee
Accreditation Scheme (WCGAS) that was developed by BASES and the UKSI
with funding support from UK Sport.
• HPSA is targeted at those with extensive experience and a track record of
providing successful, structured and ongoing scientific support to high
performance athletes.
• HPSA forms part of a hierarchical accreditation structure relevant to members
of the Division of Sport and Performance Division (i.e., a progression from
BASES Sport and Exercise Scientist Accreditationto HPSA).
• HPSA is a BASES scheme and is recognised by the British Olympic Association
(BOA), the British Paralympic Association (BPA), UK Sport and the Home
Q Where did the competencies for HPSA come from?
The HPSA competencies were initially identified through a rigorous audit of the
skills and competencies required in high performance sport. They were further
developed through consultation with key stakeholders, including UK Sport,
BOA, the HCSIs and representatives from professional sports.
Q How long does HPSA last for?
HPSA is for a 2 year term. During this time you will also hold BASES Sport and
Exercise Scientist Accreditation. Biennial re-licensing will be required to maintain
HPSA.
Q Why is there now more than one level of BASES accreditation?
A hierarchical model of accreditation has been developed to provide a scheme
that is not only specific to high performance sport but also of a higher standard.
HPSA therefore provides a professional pathway for practitioners and a higher
level of quality assurance for employers.
COURTESY OF BASES
Dr Ken van Someren and Dr Richard Davison
Q Who is High Performance Sport Accreditation (HPSA) for?
www.bases.org.uk
Dr Chris Harwood, Prof Andrew Jones, Dr Carl Payton and Dr Louis Passfield
pilot testing the scheme
COURTESY OF BASES
HPSA is for sport scientists working in high performance sport. The purpose of
the scheme is to provide quality assurance of sport science support to
employers in high performance sport. In addition, it provides a pathway for
professional development for sport scientists working in, or wishing to work in,
high performance sport.
Q Is HPSA a BASES scheme?
Yes, it is. BASES established and is responsible for running of the HPSA scheme.
BASES consulted with a number of key stakeholders in the development of
HPSA, including UK Sport, the British Olympic Association (BOA) and the
Home Country Sport Institutes (HCSIs).
Q What is the benefit of having HPSA?
HPSA is widely recognised as the highest level of sport science support quality
assurance within high performance sport. As such, HPSA confers many
employment and progression benefits. In addition, HPSA provides a
professional development pathway for those working in this sector.
Q What is involved in applying?
Applications are assessed against the 10 HPSA competencies. Applicants must
demonstrate evidence of achieving all competencies through a combination of
the following four methods of assessment:
1. A portfolio application form
2. References from four referees nominated by the applicant
3. Observation of practice by an assessor
4. Interview by an assessor.
It is important to note that HPSA is awarded based upon the achievement of all
of the 10 HPSA competencies and that in order to achieve these, applicants will
normally be expected to have at least 5 years of experience of providing
structured and on-going scientific support to high performance athletes as a
BASES Accredited Sport and Exercise Scientist.
The cost of application is £300 – the HPSA scheme is a not for profit
accreditation scheme; fees cover the cost of assessing applications and
administering the scheme. Further application guidelines are provided in the
Applicant Guidelines and Portfolio Application Form, which is available on the
BASES website, www.bases.org.uk
Q How will my application be assessed?
HPSA is a competency-based scheme – your application, references, observation
and interview will be assessed for evidence of the HPSA competencies. The
assessment process will be carried out by BASES HPSA assessors, who have
undergone formal training specific to this scheme. Once the information in the
portfolio application form and the supporting references has been assessed, the
applicant will be informed by the BASES Office whether or not the application
may progress to the next stage of the observation and interview.
Q How does HPSA differ from becoming a BASES Accredited
Sport and Exercise Scientist?
Because HPSA has been produced to meet the requirements of high
performance sport, it is assessed in a different way to BASES Sport and Exercise
Scientist Accreditation. HPSA draws on a number of sources to assess evidence
of the HPSA competencies in a more appropriate way for the high performance
sport sector.
Q If HPSA is necessary to work in a high performance
environment, then how do those without HPSA gain sufficient
experience to gain HPSA?
Because HPSA is competency-based, it is the attainment of these that is
essential to gain HPSA. Whilst some of these can only be developed whilst
working in high performance sport, others can be developed in other sport
environments. Prospective applicants are advised to use the HPSA
competencies to plan their continuing professional development (CPD) and to
find a mentor who can provide guidance and direction in such development.
Q If I am interested in applying, then what should I do?
Applicants should download the ‘BASES High Performance Sport Accreditation
(HPSA) Applicant Guidelines and Portfolio Application Form’ from the BASES
website. Applications must be submitted by to the BASES Office by one of the
following quarterly deadlines: 1 January, 1 April, 1 July, 1 October. ■
Acknowledgements to the BASES HPSA Working Party: Dr Ken van Someren (Chair),
Dr Richard Davison, Dr Claire Hitchings (nee Palmer), Prof Andy Jones, Prof Ian Maynard,
Dr Carl Payton, Prof Kevin Thompson and Dr Sarah Rowell, UK Sport.
For more information visit www.bases.org.uk/newsite/accredwcg.asp
OBITUARY
Dr Mark Harries, Original Founder of the British Olympic Medical Centre, Dies
I am very sad to report that Dr Mark Harries died
recently at the relatively young age of 61 years. Mark
was diagnosed with melanoma in June 2005 and died
on 1 August 2006.
COURTESY OF THE BRITISH OLYMPIC ASSOCIATION
Mark Harries and Prof Craig Sharp
were the founders of the British
Olympic Medical Centre (BOMC),
the British Olympic Association’s
(BOA) Department of Sports
Science and Sports Medicine. The
BOMC was the first sports science
and medicine facility in the UK and
catered predominantly for elite
athletes. Mark told me that the
Centre’s founding had followed a
conversation he had had in 1984 at
the Los Angeles Olympics with Seb
Coe, who bemoaned the fact that
other nations had a science and
medicine support structure that
was not seen in the UK at that
time. Subsequently, Mark
approached the BOA and Craig
and he were charged with the
responsibility of setting up the
Centre, which was finally achieved
in October 1987. Mark always
refused to be paid by the BOA
always preferring to be
‘independent’ and for those of us who knew him reasonably
well, this was not surprising. ‘He was extremely outspoken
and opinionated but invariably right in his rantings.’ This we all
knew and these words were spoken in a eulogy given by his
brother at his funeral in Truro on 8 August, 2006.
Mark was an extremely complex but highly accomplished
individual and could be ‘disarmingly charming or downright
rude.’ Again, comments from his brother that ring true. It
seems that few people really knew Mark that well as it is
apparent that he led a number of parallel lives with little
crossover between them. That said, I liked Mark. I found him
extremely exasperating at times but he was almost paternal in
the pride he took in the fact that I was the first individual to
achieve a PhD through the BOMC. In 1999 a number of us
attended the American College of Sports Medicine
Conference in Seattle and I had the (dubious) honour of
sharing a hotel room for the week with Mark. Refusing to
recognise our jet lag he would throw open the curtains at
3.30am on the first couple of mornings with the immortal
words, ‘Get up you lazy bastard.’ Fortunately, I was able to
convince him not to wake me until 5am on subsequent days
when he insisted we run for an hour each morning.
Mark was an excellent editor and in 1998 had me write a
chapter for the ABC of Sports Medicine. He returned an early
draft to me with my word-processed text barely visible for the
red pen he had used to critique my work. Subsequently, I
asked him to read a number of my writings prior to
publication and I believe my writing skills improved
dramatically as a result. Mark was ‘old school’ in the
professional standards of action and knowledge he expected.
In many ways he was an academic snob and his ‘preference’
for and deference to the long established stone-built British
universites was rarely hidden.
His accomplishments are many. He was instrumental in
having the Royal Colleges of Medicine recognise Sports
Medicine as a discipline in its own right (he sat as Chair of the
Intercollegiate Board on Sports Medicine). He was an editor
www.bases.org.uk
of the Oxford Textbook of Sports Medicine and The ABC of
Sport Medicine. His interest in sport began with surfing and
surf life-saving in his native Cornwall. He competed in the
surfing World Championships at
Dr Mark Harries
Huntington Beach, California in
1970 and he was Medical Officer
to the Surf Life-saving Association
of Great Britain. He attended
numerous Olympic Games as a
Medical Officer to the GB team
and was a Medical Officer to the
British Amateur Gymnastics
Association for many years. His
research interest was in asthma
and exercise-induced asthma and
he had numerous publications in
that area and in many more
including exercise and public
health, physiology/pathology of
drowning and in acute medicine
generally. He also wrote the
medical manual for airline crew
that many airlines carry as
standard today.
At 9am on Tuesday mornings he
would often visit us at the BOMC
prior to his bronchoscopy clinic (he
was first and foremost a consultant
chest physician) joking that the
hideous multicoloured tie he wore was perfect for the phlegm,
which would soon be coughed onto it. He hated that clinic as
he often had ‘to give some poor bastard and his wife the
worst news they had ever had’…that it was lung cancer. Ironic
that Mark too should die of cancer.
Mark’s barbeques were legendary; he regularly had friends
and work colleagues to his house where he would cook in his
small garden across the road from his house on the river at
Chiswick, providing nothing but meat and limitless volumes of
alcohol. He often had a party on the day of the boat race, and
guests could watch the race on his large flat screen TV and
catch a glimpse as we crowded by the windows when the
crews passed directly by the house. Just as the boat race
was an annual event so too was spending that day with Mark.
There are many of us who will miss him; those of us whom he
allowed close enough to get a sketchy glimpse of the real
man. He will be missed for his social company, his intellect
and his razor sharp and ascerbic wit. Few people have the
courage to stand up and point out when something is wrong,
he did and perhaps more of us should follow his example. He
was a complex person who had his flaws, as we all do.
However, there are few days which pass when I don’t wish for
the opportunity to ask Mark’s opinion, to hear one of his jokes
or to, very occasionally, read the latest short story he has
written. Or simply to share his company, a whisky and some
quiet chat. Sadly those days are gone. ■
Dr Richard Godfrey
Richard is the former Chief
Physiologist of the British Olympic
Medical Centre where he worked for
12 years. He is currently a Senior
Lecturer at Brunel University.
REVIEWS
A SNAPSHOT OF SOME OF THE LATEST SPORT AND EXERCISE SCIENCE BOOKS
Field’s Anatomy Palpation
and Surface Markings
Genetics and Molecular Biology
of Muscle Adaptation
Authors: Derek Field & Jane Owen
Hutchinson
Publisher: Elsevier
ISBN: 0750688483
Edition: Fourth
Editors: Neil Spurway & Henning
Wackerhage
Publisher: Elsevier
ISBN: 0443100772
Edition: First
I decided to review this book chiefly out of
fascination: the combination of diagrams, colour
photos, six anatomically structured and
subdivided main sections, self-assessment
questions throughout, and use of colourised bold
text to highlight key terms render this a very
enjoyable and comprehensible text. The authors are both seemingly
well-established physiotherapists, and the book is therefore understandably targeted at
students in physiotherapy. I am a psychologist first and foremost, but my ongoing oneto-one physical training of private clients has fuelled my interest in the ‘hands on’
knowledge this book imparts.
The first chapter in this new edition contextualises not only the book’s evolution over
four editions in relation to emergent knowledge (indeed, the prefaces for each edition
are included beforehand), but also palpation’s role as a treatment modality within the
biopsychosocial model of disability. It also specifies the spatial accuracy of sensory
neurons in the fingertips, and discourages the presence of hand cream when making
manual assessments; such is its level of detail in places!
On the con side, one is required to leaf through later sections to determine the precise
location of an anatomical reference point that is needed in order to palpate another
nearby structure; this was a little time-consuming and would have been improved with
one or two additional diagrams and/or words on the same page(s) to identify those
reference points.
Coming from a discipline where the kinaesthetic sense is considered a vital component
of imagery, this book captured my imagination. If your professional role would benefit
from a fuller appreciation of the geographic interrelationships of soft tissue structures,
bones, nerves and blood vessels, then buy this book. If you’re a physiotherapy student,
I imagine that you already have it.
In the opening ‘Preface to students’ the
authors write, “This book breaks new ground.
Whether it does so well or badly will be for
you to judge.” I had been looking forward to
reviewing this text for some time, and after
carefully reflecting on each chapter, I can
safely say that my opinion is most certainly of
the former. As a researcher and lecturer whose
academic obsession is in the ‘plasticity’ of
muscle, I think that this book is both timely and extremely effective in hitting its
targeted audience of Level 3 undergraduate and postgraduate students. The authors
should be sincerely congratulated for their writings.
The chapters are presented in a logical sequence, are excellently sourced and deal
with complex signalling pathways (as they are often viewed in the eyes of the
undergraduate student) in a simplistic and reader-friendly approach. Particular
strengths were the consistent reference to biochemical and molecular laboratory
techniques throughout the main text. The appendix section subsequently goes on to
explicitly detail step-by-step methods regarding modern day techniques.
In the modern scientific community, we live in a world that is dominated by
competitive grant applications and the need to achieve the necessary impact factors.
For those researchers interested in the physiology of exercise, I have no doubt in my
mind that molecular research is the future. Within the sport and exercise science
domain, it is therefore essential that the scientists of tomorrow (me included) are
trained in such areas. This book is certainly a step in the right direction.
In closing my review, I would like to state that the book has left me with a strange
dilemma: do I store it on the office shelf along with my other physiology texts or do I
keep it on the bedside table? Need I say any more?
■ Dan Bishop BSc (Hons), MSc, Book and Resource Review Editor,
■ James Morton, Lecturer and Researcher in Exercise Physiology,
Liverpool John Moores University.
9
The Sport and Exercise Scientist.
10
Injection Techniques in Orthopaedics and
Sports Medicine: A Practical Manual
for Doctors and
Physiotherapists
Handbook of Soccer Match Analysis:
A Systematic Approach To Improving
Performance
Authors: Christopher Carling, Mark
Williams & Thomas Reilly
Publisher: Routledge
ISBN: 041533909X
Edition: First
Authors: Stephanie Saunders & Steve
Longworth
Publisher: Elsevier
ISBN: 0443074984
Edition: Third
Injection Techniques in Orthopaedics and Sports
Medicine is an excellent resource manual for
practitioners involved in providing pain relief for
musculoskeletal disorders. It provides a systematic
procedure for the use of injection therapy when
treating soft tissue and joint complications. The
book is well written, clear and concise with up-to-date references.
Improvements to this edition include a more comprehensive selection of guidelines and
procedures, better images to help the practitioner identify and locate injection sites, a
wider array of joints to inject, and a new chapter on spine and jaw injection techniques.
This new edition includes a very comprehensive CD-ROM, which provides site-specific
guidelines for safe injection procedures (however, two movie clips did not work).
The first section provides the reader with important guidelines and procedures,
explaining the variety of corticosteroids and local anaesthetics used, along with
contraindications and complications. The ensuing chapters outline the injection
procedures, which are presented on a joint-to-joint base and are thoroughly described
and complimented with anatomical pictures and photographs of injection site
landmarks, which really facilitates understanding.
This book is a valuable tool for both current practitioners well versed in injection
techniques, and undergraduates or graduates with an interest in learning how to safely
and effectively provide pain-relieving injections. It is extremely well written, is easy to
follow and I thoroughly recommend it.
■ Dale Cannavan, BSc (Hons), MSc, Certified Strength &
Conditioning Specialist and PhD student, Brunel University.
10
10
9
10
The Handbook of Soccer Match Analysis offers the
practitioner, scientist and student a well-written
overview of some of the most relevant applied
issues in performance analysis in football. The
major contribution of this book to the scientific and
applied community is that it gives the reader an
insight into the technologies used in elite football
by managers, coaches and scientists and the
issues, which are accompanied by this new era of scientific performance analysis.
The book provides a good overview, and more importantly an illustration of the forms
of data available to the performance analyst, which includes both physiological and
tactical information. The book also provides a historical overview of the evolution of
performance analysis and notional analysis methods.
Of particular interest to those who do not work in elite football will be the diagrams
and figures, which illustrate the computer software packages such as Sport Universal
Process AMISCO Pro, which is used by top Premiership clubs and managers such as
José Mourinho at Chelsea, Rafa Benítez at Liverpool and Martin Jol at Tottenham
Hotspur. This insight into this technology is rare to the outsider, as these technologies
are often out of the price range of non-elite clubs.
Importantly, scientific principles regarding performance analysis are also addressed,
such as reliability and validity of the data. Whilst other very good books exist on the
topic of notational analysis, (e.g., Hughes & Franks, 1997; 2004) I highly recommend
that this is the first soccer performance analysis book that you read.
■ Ryan Groom, BSc (Hons), MPhil, 1st Team Performance
Analyst, Tottenham Hotspur FC.
9
10
www.bases.org.uk
WORKSHOP REVIEWS
‘‘
WORKSHOP REVIEWS
What did delegates think of the recent BASES Workshops?
Gold Medal Psychology – Performance
Lessons for the Sport Psychologist
Kinanthropometry
COURTESY OF OF DR ANNA WATERS
Presenters: Dr Chris Shambrook & Ben
Hunt-Davis
This workshop provided a refreshingly
open and honest
examination of some of the issues facin
g
sport psychologists when providing
support at the highest level in the build
up to and during the Olympic Games.
The joint delivery of the workshop
between practitioner and performer
provided a real ‘value added’
perspective to the day. Delegates at the
workshop were challenged to consider
what makes a good sport psychologist
Ben Hunt-Davis.
and to draw the distinction between ‘doin
g’ sport psychology and
‘being’ a sport psychologist as the chall
enges to effective performance
were examined. Interactive tasks were
used to provoke thought and
discussion surrounding performance lows
and highs particularly.
Analysis of the developing dynamics betw
een coach-athletepractitioner over time provided an inter
esting insight into the
requirements for effective major even
t psychology support work which
will, no doubt, have raised awareness
to some potential pitfalls.
Emotional Intelligence was explored whe
n considering ‘psychology for
the sports psychologist’ and participan
ts conducted a self-evaluation of
strengths and weaknesses against iden
tified performance criteria. Peer
discussions were used to encourage dele
gates to agree a plan of action
with a view to applying the awareness
raised during the day to
continued professional development after
the end of the workshop.
The workshop was thought provoking
and insightful and easily
recommendable to others.
OVERALL RATING (a mark out of 10)
9
Jane Lomax, University of Chichester.
ue and Power
Measurement of Joint Torq
Dynamometers
(Dynamic Strength) Using
ves
Baltzopoulos & Dr Neil Ree
Presenters: Prof Vasilios
lectures
of
hop was run as a series
The first part of the works
experimental
y,
etr
om
am
kground to dyn
covering the theoretical bac
applications of
and interpretation, and the
procedures, data analysis
rk and
wo
owed by practical group
dynamometry. This was foll
there was
and
red
ive
ures were well del
lect
e
Th
s.
sion
ses
ion
uss
disc
stions and
the participants to ask que
plenty of time available for
ll run and
we
s
wa
rk
wo
al
ctic
pra
The
clarify their understanding.
cedures that
pro
al
to put the experiment
provided the opportunity
ticipants had
par
all
t
No
e.
rning into practic
had been learnt in the mo
and it would
operating the equipment
the chance to have a go at
I understand
r
been arranged, howeve
have been good if this had
ometer! As a
am
dyn
one
group and only
this is difficult with a large
e a much greater
this workshop I feel I hav
consequence of attending
how to
and
behind dynamometry
understanding of the theory
lied
app
an
m
data generated. Fro
appropriately interpret the
ed by
rov
imp
be
ld
cou
the workshop
practitioner point of view,
ometry,
am
practical applications of dyn
nce,
spending more time on the
scie
rts
spo
lied
text it is used in app
i.e., when and in what con
uld
wo
I
t
tha
hop
rks
a well run wo
however overall this was
.
ers
oth
to
recommend
out of 10)
OVERALL RATING (a mark
itute of Sport.
Natalie Dunman, English Inst
www.bases.org.uk
8
lly & Prof Roger Eston
Presenters: Prof Tom Rei
is
rview of the theoretical bas
The course provided an ove
monly used
com
ds
tho
me
ic
etr
anthropom
and conduct of a range of
face
sur
ntists. Methods included
by sport and exercise scie
impedance
somatotyping), bioelectrical
ing
anthropometry (includ
) and
XA
(De
y
etr
tiom
x-ray absorp
analysis (BIA), dual energy
ropriate
app
an
at
red
ive
del
s
wa
course
hydrodensitometry. The
question
and
t
rac
e for students to inte
level, allowing sufficient tim
erlying the
und
ns
ptio
um
ass
principles and
the presenters about the
The
s.
y during the practical session
various methods, particularl
John
ool
erp
Liv
port staff available at
facilities, equipment and sup
providing
e,
ativ
rm
info
y
ver
e course was
Moores were excellent. Th
to
isons be
allowing statistical compar
17 complete datasets and
new ‘gold
the
is widely regarded as
made against DeXA, which
ss
kne
thic
tinue to use skinfold
standard’. Whilst I will con
jects, I will
sub
ong
am
ity
pos
nges in adi
measurements to assess cha
to the four
)
ers
rement (and possibly oth
certainly add a thigh measu
more
ch
mu
ly
app
tly use. I will also
upper body sites we curren
m skinfold
fro
fat
y
bod
e
tag
cen
ividual’s per
caution in estimating an ind
and
al
ion
e course was very profess
that
and BIA measurements. Th
one
any
to
dly
ommend it unreserve
enjoyable and I would rec
ir
the
ing
dur
is
bas
r
ds on a regula
uses anthropometric metho
port work.
sup
nce
scie
rts
spo
research or
9
out of 10)
OVERALL RATING (a mark
ntific Advisor,
Dr James Bilzon, Senior Scie
Division.
g
inin
Army Recruiting and Tra
E-Learning and Assessment in Sport
and Exercise Sciences
Presenters: Dr Martin Sellens, Nicola
Bryan, Dr Caroline Angus &
Dominic Micklewright
This workshop addressed the use of on-li
ne resources to aid
teaching and assessment in sport and
exercise sciences and related
academic areas. The workshop started
with a very interactive
session where the issue was debated
of whether e-learning was an
asset or a liability for student engagem
ent. This was a good
exchange of people’s ideas and opinions
of the use of on-line portals
for teaching and assessment. There was
good advice about how to
make such e-learning resources engaging,
effective and useful for
both student and lecturer. The SPRInTA
team, led by Dr Martin
Sellens, provided an interesting overview
of the project itself. This
included the development of a compres
sive bank of multiple choice
questions for formative and summative
on-line assessment, and the
university ’s online academic skills web
-pages, a variety of resources
relating to scientific writing, plagiarism,
spelling and grammar and
data analysis and interpretation. After
a plentiful lunch we were able
to try the SPRInTA e-learning portal for
ourselves, and have an
interactive on-line discussion about its
usefulness and effectiveness.
Finally, we were given the opportunity
to ‘play ’ with a Personal
Response System - a ‘who wants to be
a millionaire’ style individual
keypad and software system. Dr Caro
line Angus gave us an insight
of her experience with using the syste
m and how they can easily
make teaching large numbers a more
interactive experience.
OVERALL RATING (a mark out of 10)
7
Dr Emma Ross, Lecturer in Sport and Exer
cise Physiology,
Brunel University.
APPLIED PRACTICE
Accreditation Case Study: An Example From Sport Science Support (Physiology)
Helen Weavers provides a summary from her BASES accreditation case study
• Lower Body Power
and Strength
Both vertical and horizontal
power are essential for
badminton. A countermovement vertical jump can
be used as a measure of
anaerobic power. The lunge
jump is also a test of
explosiveness as the ability
to quickly complete a lunge
and return to the start or
move off in another direction
is critical for success.
• Flexibility
The sit and reach test is a
valid test of hamstring
flexibility. Lunging towards
the net is a regular
occurrence, with a knee extension and further hip
extension to follow resulting in a muscle strain or
even muscle rupture if the flexibility of the
hamstrings is not great enough.
Aim and Intervention
The client was to receive four physiological tests
strategically placed throughout the year. However,
due to illness this was reduced to three tests.
During the baseline measures, the client became ill
during the multistage fitness test and was forced to
Helen Weavers, a recently BASES Accredited Sport
Scientist (Physiology – Scientific Support) outlines
her case study used as part of her accreditation
submission. The case study describes support for
an elite badminton player who was diagnosed with
glandular fever in the early stages of the
programme.
Needs Analysis
An initial meeting with the client and her coach was
organised to look at detail into the client’s needs.
This process involved completion of a performance
profile by both the client and her coach. Performance
profiling entails devising a list of qualities that would
constitute a top performance and rating these
qualities on a scale from 1 (not very good) to 10
(very good). Performance profiling is an effective way
of identifying the client’s strengths and weaknesses.
Performance profiling results and a thorough literature
review on physiological requirements for badminton
contributed to assessing and monitoring the following
qualities: Speed, agility, speed endurance, aerobic
fitness, upper body power, lower body power and
flexibility. Following in-depth discussions with the
coach, a testing protocol that was specific to
badminton, both singles and doubles, was
developed. The needs analysis and testing plan
including the protocol were approved by the client
and coach and then the implementation phase began
with the assessment of baseline levels. As some tests
were developed specifically for badminton they
warrant an explanation even if the concepts tested are
routinely assessed by physiologists.
COURTESY OF UNIVERSITY OF DUNDEE AND THE TAYSIDE AND FIFE INSTITUTE OF SPORT
• Speed and Acceleration
Research indicates that acceleration and the
capability to brake and change direction are
important factors for badminton performance. A
timed sprint that involved running forwards,
backwards and laterally was conducted to assess
speed and acceleration around the court.
• Agility
Agility is crucial to good court movement and
correct positioning on the court. A doubles specific
agility test was developed using both the back and
front of the court following discussions with the
coach and client. This can be seen in the diagram.
• Speed Endurance
Repeated push-offs from the corners and playing in
the centre can place great demands on the dynamic
endurance of the leg muscles of badminton. The
client and her coach identified that during a ladies
double game, the rallies can be long with little rest
in between. The agility test was conducted, but
repeated with specified rest and power decrement
calculated.
• Cardiovascular Fitness
Cardiovascular fitness is fundamental to the
performance of a badminton player. The multistage
shuttle run test was used to assess cardiovascular
fitness. It should be noted that the Scottish
Badminton national squad programme uses this test
as part of their selection procedures and therefore
both the client and coach felt it was important to
use this test.
• Upper Body Power and Strength
A medicine ball throw was used to assess the
strength of muscles that rotate shoulder muscles,
which are reported to be an important physiological
factor needed for striking the shuttle.
Helen testing for speed and acceleration
withdraw. Within approximately 2 weeks she was
diagnosed with glandular fever. At this point I liaised
with our Sports Doctor, for advice and he told me
that glandular fever is a viral infection, which causes
extreme fatigue and it may be aggravated by
exertion and therefore the client was advised to
avoid physical activity for approximately 4 weeks. I
also contacted the Dietician to gain advice on
immune boosting nutrition and she had direct
contact with the client to advise her on this area to
ensure she recovered as quickly as possible.
After the initial 4 weeks of rest, the main aim was to
work on developing aerobic fitness. This involved
training at an intensity of no higher that 70-80% of
age predicted HRmax and also flexibility work.
Weight training was not advised until the client’s
aerobic fitness was significantly improving. At this
point, the client’s aerobic fitness had considerably
decreased with even brisk walking around the hall
increasing heart rate the recommended level at the
beginning. This involved working even more closely
with the client and her coach to ensure she did not
over exert herself and, therefore, consisted of careful
monitoring.
The client’s second assessment was 4 months after
her first and the results ranked her as average but
most areas had decreased due to her illness. We
decided to add some higher intensity work and to
start with weight training again. This was to start
working towards developing her badminton fitness.
The third assessment was again 4 months after the
previous assessment and the results showed she
had improved on all areas, which was very positive.
By this point she was playing competitively and
performed well and was showing signs of gaining
her match fitness back. At this point, following
discussion with medical staff, we advised her to
maintain the quality and quantity of sessions and to
keep working on what she had been doing
previously.
Evaluation
This case study demonstrates the type of work that
occurs in practice; there are typically unexpected
hurdles to overcome. It emphasises the importance
of being adaptable to different situations, such as
athlete illness and how an integrated approach
should be adopted. I would recommend if an athlete
gets such an illness, then it is firstly important to
get advice from a doctor. The athlete should be
monitored carefully and it is important to work
closely with the medical team, the coach and the
athlete before suggesting changes to training. The
athlete must be aware of how s/he feels and must
not over do it as the glandular fever could then
progress to chronic fatigue syndrome, which could
have long term health implications. ■
Helen Weavers
Helen is the Sports Science
Officer for the University of
Dundee and the Tayside and Fife
Institute of Sport. Helen was
recently accredited for scientific
support in physiology and
provides physiological support
to a range of sports across
Scotland.
www.bases.org.uk
APPLIED PRACTICE
Supervised Experience and Accreditation: Reflections from a BASES
Accredited Sport and Exercise Scientist (Physiology - Scientific Support)
Dr Glyn Howatson offers his reflections on the Supervised Experience process
experiences should be
documented (topic and
broad content) in order to
provide evidence of further
CPD for your portfolio. It is
important to write
reflections on how you can
use the scientific
principles, skills and
knowledge learned in these
sessions to applied
settings. In addition,
BASES workshops offer an
excellent vehicle to
broaden your knowledge. It
is advisable to attend a
range of workshops and
attend the ones in which
you have an interest, or ones which may fill gaps
in your knowledge. For instance, I had
demonstrated good reliability values for
determining body composition using basic
anthropometric equipment; however, I did not
have the opportunity to experience or use DEXA
and hydrostatic weighing during SE. The BASES
Kinanthropometry workshop was an excellent
opportunity to fill the gaps in knowledge and
broaden my experience. Below are a few ‘top
tips’, which may help you in preparing for
accreditation during SE.
COURTESY OF DR GLYN HOWATSON
Dr Howatson overseeing sport-specific tests
Accreditation demonstrates an ability to provide
research and/or scientific support to the sport and
exercise community and can form an essential
part of Continuing Professional Development
(CPD). This process commenced with Supervised
Experience (SE), which was an excellent
opportunity to build upon a number of skills and
knowledge that are acquired during undergraduate
and postgraduate study. Successful completion of
SE should mean the applicant has the necessary
skills and knowledge to apply to become an
accredited sport and exercise scientist. This
article highlights some key areas that applicants
may like to consider before submitting their
portfolio.
My SE programme was with a small team
involved with a number of sport science support
programmes. The supervisor was leading
physiological support for a World Class
Programme and I was able to initially observe,
assist, and eventually lead support and
intervention work. Through observation of my
supervisor, I also learned how to communicate
with coaches and provide feedback to athletes. I
learned how data from tests, such as lactate
profiling and performance tests that are routinely
conducted in the laboratory, could be tailored
specifically (with scientific rationale) to provide
support for elite athletes to determine training
intensities. This also involved monitoring fieldbased training sessions to examine the efficacy of
the laboratory recommendations and thereby
ascertaining the external validity of the
intervention.
In addition to applied work, I sought to develop
my research and laboratory skills. PhD studies
and involvement with a small research team
helped to develop my subject-based knowledge. I
was also involved in preparing the laboratory for
accreditation, a process that helped strengthen
my knowledge of laboratory equipment; in
particular it developed my ability to assess the
reliability, validity and sensitivity of instruments
used to assess athletes and be aware of their
limitations; I would wholeheartedly encourage
people to volunteer to gain laboratory experience.
I regularly attended ‘in-house’ workshops with my
supervisor and others who were on SE to learn
skills and techniques that were not experienced
during everyday support and project work. These
www.bases.org.uk
down to you to decide which may best reflect this
process and your ability and competence as an
applied sport and exercise scientist. The key
issue with the case study is to provide the
Accreditation Committee with evidence-based
and reflective practice that can be supported by
scientific theory and research.
The compilation of the portfolio can seem like a
daunting and onerous process, but in reality
should only involve gathering evidence that you
already have in your possession. A common
misconception is that completion of SE will lead
to accreditation; this is not true, although it would
be true to say that any individual having
successfully completed SE should have the skills
and knowledge to become Accredited.
Remember, a single case study is unlikely to be
sufficient to demonstrate all the competencies
that are desirable as a sport and exercise scientist
or covered in SE. Therefore, you must
demonstrate this outside of the case study by
showing evidence of your competencies and
autonomy through CPD, scholarly activity,
training, scientific communications and so on.
Highlighted below is a summary of the items that
may be useful to include within your portfolio.
• Summary of conferences, workshops, training
and other CPD attended
• Training and presentations provided to clients
• Shadow supervisor or others in applied settings
• Scientific presentations and publications
(non-/peer reviewed publications)
• Get involved with research and laboratory
operations to broaden knowledge
• Applicant overview, work ethos/philosophy
• Conduct (or get involved with) ‘in house’
workshops with supervisor and others on SE
• Get together with others on SE and
discuss/conduct seminars and workshops to
develop skills and knowledge
• Brief overview of competencies and where and
how each competency was gained
• Overview of client groups with letters of support
where possible
• Case study
• Participate in BASES workshops, conferences
and other CPD
• Appendices containing certificates, letters of
endorsement, publications and so on.
• Implement your own support and research
projects – volunteer your services
NB: Read the BASES guidelines; ensure that you
provide everything required.
• Document progress to provide evidence in your
portfolio (certificates, abstracts, letters of
endorsement, etc.). You should also provide
evidence of skills development, application and
how this has been gained for each competency.
Accreditation is an important qualification for
academics and applied sport and exercise
scientists. I would urge applicants to diversify and
get involved with other activities in order to
become a well-rounded applicant. The process of
compiling an application for accreditation is
relatively straightforward; however, the key
elements should be 1) documented with
evidence-based practice, 2) underpinned by
scientific rationale and literature, and 3)
demonstrated through reflective practice and selfappraisal. ■
The portfolio requires the applicant to submit a
case study. It should be relatively straightforward
to recruit a willing participant who would like
sports science support…especially if it costs
next-to-nothing! This is likely to require you to
work without payment, but the outcomes are
worthwhile. It will provide valuable experience to
identify the demands of the event/sport, carry out
a SWOT analysis of the athlete, implement a
baseline assessment, apply a scientifically-based
intervention, assess the outcome of the
intervention and finally reflect, objectively upon
the efficacy of the whole process and how it may
be developed in the future. The case study should
demonstrate a critical review of the support
process; retrospectively examining the pros and
cons of the assessment, the intervention and your
skills as a practitioner. Over the course of SE it is
possible to compile a number of projects; it’s
Dr Glyn Howatson
Glyn is a Lecturer at St Mary’s
College (accredited for
physiology support). Support
work is based around the
Endurance Performance Centre
and his research interests
include exercise-induced muscle
damage.
A C C R E D I TAT I O N A N D R E - A C C R E D I TAT I O N
BASES ACCREDITATION AND RE-ACCREDITATION
THE FOLLOWING INDIVIDUALS WERE AWARDED EITHER BASES ACCREDITATION OR RE-ACCREDITATION IN JULY 2006
Name
Prof Sheldon Hanton
Institution
UWIC
Psychology Pathway
Re-Accreditation Research & Scientific Support
Prof Lew Hardy
University of Wales, Bangor
Prof Andy Lane
University of Wolverhampton
Dr Adrian Taylor
University of Exeter
Re-Accreditation - Research
Katherine Bond
University of Chichester
Re-Accreditation Scientific Support
Dr Elizabeth Partington Newcastle University
Dr Sarah Partington
Newcastle University
Jane Townsend
Self Employed
Dr John Wang
Nanyang University
Dr Joanne Thatcher
University of Wales, Aberystwyth Accreditation - Research
John Clubb
Middlesborough Football Club Accreditation - Scientific Support
Jonathan Bint
Self Employed
Accreditation - Scientific Support
Thomas Bisig
University of Northampton
Dr Joanne Butt
Sheffield Hallam University
Clare Churchman
University of Birmingham
Louise Deeley
Roehampton University
David Fletcher
UWIC
Peter Lindsay
Sheffield Hallam University
Dr Caroline Marlow
Roehampton University
Paul McCarthy
Staffordshire University
Sion Thomas
University of Greenwich
Matthew Thombs
Liverpool Hope University
Dr Jenny Tranfield
Lane 4 Management
Dr Kylie Wilson
Edgehill University
Name
Dr Joanne Fallowfield
Prof Steve Bird
Dr Marie Murphy
Prof William Bell
Dr John Buckley
Institution
Institute of Naval Medicine
Sunshine Hospital
University of Ulster
UWIC
Lifestyle Fitness
Dr Audrey Duncan
University of Dundee
Michael Hughes
UWIC
Dr Valerie Gladwell
Michael Kingsley
Dr Liam Kilduff
Dr Helen Dawes
Nick Morgan
Dr Emma Hawkes
Nicholas Diaper
Neil Gibson
Dr Craig Williams
Rhona Blair
Dr John Dickinson
Dr David Bailey
Dr Michael Peyrebrune
University of Essex
University of Wales, Swansea
University of Wales, Swansea
Oxford Brookes University
Glaxo Smithkline Beecham
Brunel University
English Institute of Sport
Heriot-Watt University
Bisham Abbey NSC
Loughborough University
Physiology Pathway
Accreditation - Research
Name
Dr Diane Crone
Dr Patrick Partington
Institution
University of Gloucestershire
Southampton City Council
Interdisciplinary Pathway
Name
Dr Sharon Dixon
Institution
University of Exeter
Biomechanics Pathway
Re-Accreditation Research
Please complete and send to BASES.
MEMBERSHIP INFORMATION Please tick only one of the following categories.
Professional Membership (£100 accessing on-line journals)
Open to anyone who possesses a bachelor's, master's or doctoral degree in a field related to sport and exercise science;
OR, anyone who possesses at least a bachelor's degree in another area, but is working in sport or exercise science.
Student Membership (£30 accessing on-line journals)
Open to any undergraduate or postgraduate studying in a field related to sport and exercise science.
Expected date of graduation and eligibility for Professional Membership: M M Y Y
Affiliate Membership (£50 not accessing on-line journals; £80 accessing on-line journals)
Open to anyone with an interest in sport and exercise science, but does who not possess at least
a bachelor's degree and does not qualify for any other category of membership.
Overseas Membership (£50 not accessing on-line journals; £80 accessing on-line journals)
Open to anyone who qualifies for Professional Membership but lives outside of the UK.
BASES offers a rolling membership so you can become a member at anytime throughout the year.
The membership renewal date is 12 months after the first day of the month of joining e.g., join 10 Nov 2006 - renewal date 01 Nov 2007.
MEMBER DETAILS
Gender: (Male/Female)
Title: (Prof/Dr/Mr/Mrs/Ms/Miss)
Forename(s):
Surname:
Mailing address:
Postcode:
By signing below I agree to the following:
1. I confirm that to the best of my knowledge and belief, the
information I have given is correct.
2. I meet the requirements for the membership category I have
chosen.
3. I have read and agree to abide by the Association’s Code of
Conduct.
4. I understand that accepted applications are non-refundable.
Signature:
Tel No:
E-mail:
Institution:
Divisions of interest:
Sport and Performance Physical Activity for Health
Education and Professional Development
Pathways of interest: Biomechanics
Interdisciplinary Physiology Psychology
Membership of other professional bodies: (e.g., BPS, ACSM)
TOTAL DUE £
Date:
PAYMENT OPTIONS
Please tick one of the following:
Cheque: I enclose a cheque made payable to BASES. Please
write your full name on the back of the cheque.
Invoice: Please provide purchase order number:
and address details;
Credit/Debit Card: (Please indicate type of card)
Ethnic background (optional):
Visa Mastercard Maestro Solo Visa Electron
Who recommended you to join BASES?
Credit/Debit Card Number:
Do you have a disability? (optional) Yes No
If yes, please describe and provide RDP if applicable:
Y YNo:
Expiry Date: M M Issue
Security Code:
NOTES: Photocopies of the Direct Debit Form cannot be accepted.
Credit/Debit card details will be destroyed as soon as payment is
made. The Inland Revenue recognise BASES annual membership
subscriptions as an allowable expense.
(Debit only)
(last 3 digits on the back of your card)
Direct Debit: I have completed the ‘DIRECT DEBIT FORM’ below.
I wish to pay Yearly Monthly*
*Costs for monthly direct debits: Professional Membership = £9 per month (£108 per annum); Student
Membership = £3 per month (£36 per annum); Affiliate and Overseas Membership = £7 per month
accessing on-line journals (£84 per annum) or £4.50 per month not accessing journals (£54 per annum).
Originator’s Identification Number
DIRECT DEBIT FORM
Name and full postal address of your Bank or Building Society
To: The Manager
(Debit only)
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Banks and Building Societies may not accept Direct
Debit Instructions from some types of account
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Instruction to your Bank or Building Society:
Please pay The British Association of Sport and
Exercise Sciences Direct Debits from the account
detailed in this Instruction subject to the
safeguards assured by the Direct Debit Guarantee.
I understand that this Instruction may remain with
The British Association of Sport and Exercise
Sciences and, if so, details will be passed
electronically to my Bank/Building Society.
Customer Reference Number (office use only)
Signature(s):
Date:
BASES Leeds Metropolitan University, Carnegie Faculty of Sport & Education, Fairfax Hall, Headingley Campus, Beckett Park, Leeds LS6 3QS
✃
B A S E S A N N U A L M E M B E R S H I P A P P L I C AT I O N
www.bases.org.uk
References
Hardie, D.G. (2004). AMP-activated protein kinase: a key
system mediating metabolic responses to exercise. Medicine
and Science in Sports and Exercise, 36, 28-34.
Jordan, B.D. (2000). Chronic traumatic brain injury associated
with boxing. Seminars in Neurology, 20, 179-185.
WADA (2005). WADA gene doping symposium reaches
conclusions and recommendations. World Anti-Doping Agency.
www.wada ama.org/en/newsarticle.ch2?articleId= 3115229
Wolfarth, B., Bray, M.S., Hagberg, J.M. et al. (2005). The
human gene map for performance and health-related fitness
phenotypes: The 2004 update. Medicine and Science in Sports
and Exercise, 37, 881-903.
Yang, N., MacArthur, D.G., Gulbin, J.P. et al. (2003).
ACTN3 genotype is associated with human elite athletic performance. American Journal of Human Genetics, 73, 627-631.
Dr Alun Williams & Dr Henning Wackerhage
Alun works at Manchester Metropolitan
University, Cheshire, in the Department of
Exercise and Sport Science and the IRM
(research institute). His main research interest
is the genetics of human performance.
■ [email protected]
Henning is a Senior Lecturer in Molecular
Exercise Physiology and degree convener for a
new MSc in Molecular Exercise Physiology at
the University of Aberdeen.
■ [email protected]
Division of Education and Professional
Development Chair l Dr Rhys Thatcher
[email protected]
Division of Physical Activity for
Health Chair l Dr John Buckley
[email protected]
Division of Sport and Performance
Chair l Prof Kevin Thompson
[email protected]
Agency (WADA) has discouraged the use of genetic
information to select for or discriminate against athletes
(WADA, 2005). However, WADA’s recommendation does
not extend to legitimate medical screening or research.
Several controversial issues arise from the WADA statement,
quite apart from the fact that they have simply ‘recommended’
something be avoided rather than prohibit it per se. Firstly,
medical research into the genes that regulate muscle size, for
example, has enormous potential applications in various
disease states and the ageing population. Genotyping of elite
athletes may provide clues regarding which genes are
important for muscle growth and repair and may thus itself be
classified as a branch of medical research. Research at this
(elite) end of a notional ‘muscle performance continuum’ may
provide insights regarding physiological mechanisms at the
other (diseased) end of the continuum, and vice-versa.
Constraining medical research that has even just a small
chance of ultimately contributing to improved health is
obviously difficult to justify.
Secondly, some genotypes may predict risk of serious
injury during sport. For example, the apolipoprotein E
(APOE) gene appears to influence severity of brain injury
(Jordan, 2000). Similarly, sudden cardiac death during
exercise is linked to genes that can be determined quite
easily in the laboratory. For such genes, a clear ethical
argument against the use of genotyping of athletes (for the
athletes’ own welfare) may be difficult to sustain.
Thirdly, what about the issue directly addressed by the
WADA statement? Is genotyping in sport for selection of
athletes necessarily a bad thing? To what extent does this
differ from traditional fitness testing of athletes? In fact,
performance in a traditional fitness test such as maximal
rate of oxygen uptake is itself dependent on a combination
of environmental and genetic factors. Yet no one is
seriously suggesting that tests of aerobic power are banned.
Thus, we have identified several issues where a BASES
position stand would provide a useful consensus of opinion
at this time, and our aim is to do just that. ■
Chair l Dr Richard Davison
[email protected]
Treasurer l Dr Ray White
[email protected]
Secretary l Prof Edward Winter
[email protected]
Executive Officer l Dr Claire Hitchings
[email protected]
Drs Alun Williams and Henning Wackerage provide an update on developments
The Molecular Exercise Physiology (MEP) Interest Group
currently has 45 members and communicates via newsletter.
Our two current projects are to prepare a BASES MEP
workshop in central England and to develop a position stand
on ‘genotyping in sports and exercise science’. This article
gives an update on MEP and the activities of this group.
Where is MEP in 2006?
We would like to start this article by asking, “Where is MEP
in 2006?” Many of the leading ‘classical’ exercise
physiologists (for example C. Bouchard, J.O. Holloszy and
B. Saltin) now regularly publish MEP research. On the other
side, some leading biochemists and molecular biologists
such as D. G. Hardie have started to move into the sport
and exercise field because the target of their studies (AMPactivated kinase (AMPK) in D.G. Hardie’s case) happened to
have a major exercise-related function (Hardie, 2004). So
MEP is doing well at the top but many exercise
physiologists seem to hesitate when it comes to either
introducing students to MEP or using the powerful MEP
techniques for their own research. The MEP Interest Group
can remove barriers - for example by offering ‘hands on’
MEP workshops. We ran such workshops at Dundee and
Aberdeen and we are currently discussing offering another
workshop on genetic testing in sports and exercise sciences
in 2007 at Oxford Brookes University.
Is MEP practically relevant?
In the second part of this article we wish to respond to the
sometimes encountered comment that MEP research is not
practically relevant. We respond by giving two practically
relevant examples. The first example is research regarding
the ACTN3 genotype. It has been shown, as convincingly as
it can be with one paper, that certain variations of the
ACTN3 gene occur in the general population but not in elite
speed and power athletes (Yang et al., 2003). This
knowledge allows us to perform a relatively simple genetic
test in order to identify some individuals that are unlikely to
become either top sprinters or power athletes. It is a ‘brave
new world’ test and ethical questions arise (see below) but
predicting performance outcomes is already an important
goal for many applied exercise physiologists.
The second example concerns the aforementioned AMPK.
AMPK is activated by AMP particularly during endurance
exercise and inhibited by glycogen via a glycogen-binding
domain. Activated AMPK stimulates mitochondrial
biogenesis among other things but also inhibits protein
synthesis. This suggests that training low on glycogen may
favour mitochondrial growth whereas training high on
glycogen may result in greater muscle hypertrophy. This is
important information for endurance athletes and
bodybuilders and should be used, if it can be verified in
training studies, to further improve the training and nutrition
practices of athletes.
Update on the BASES position stand on ‘genotyping in
sports and exercise science’
In the third part of this article we provide an update on the
position stand on genotyping in sports and exercise science,
which is a major activity of our group. We have now
established a working party to consider practical and ethical
issues in this respect. The working party consists of
physiologists and a bioethicist: Drs Henning Wackerhage,
Alun Williams, Hugh Montgomery, Andy Miah and Prof Roger
Harris. We have had preliminary discussions about some
issues, and a meeting is scheduled for December 2006. We
intend to produce a BASES Position Stand on the topic.
Research into the genetics of human performance has been
gathering pace in recent years (Wolfarth et al., 2005).
Nevertheless, the science is still at an early stage as many
of the genes identified to date have shown contradictory
research findings. Interestingly, the World Anti-Doping
BASES, Leeds Metropolitan University,
Carnegie Faculty of Sport and Education,
Fairfax Hall, Headingley Campus,
Beckett Park, Leeds LS6 3QS
Tel/ Fax: +44 (0)113 283 6162/63
■ www.bases.org.uk
Office Manager l Jane Bairstow
[email protected]
Administrative Assistants l Marsha Stankler
■ [email protected] /
Jane Gillott ■ [email protected]
From the Molecular Exercise Physiology Interest Group
THE BRITISH ASSOCIATION OF SPORT AND EXERCISE SCIENCES - the UK professional body for all those with an interest in the science of sport and exercise
I N T E R E S T G R O U P U P D AT E

Dr Gary O`Donovan Prof Chris Riddoch

Transcription

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