Gewalt und Krieg Konflikt und Frieden

Transcription

Werner Wintersteiner
Universität Klagenfurt
Gewalt und Krieg
Konflikt und Frieden
Violence and War
Conflict and Peace
nasilje in vojna
konflikt in mir
violenza e guerra
Conflitto e pace
Hard to imagine peace?
Is this a world of peace?
Is peace really a world …
in perfect harmony?
without any conflict?
Is conflict only bad?
Is harmony always good?
The ideal:
A nonviolent society, not a conflict free
society!
Conflicts
Necessary element of our life
can be negative or positive
negative is violent way of dealing with
conflict
non violent conflict transformation
democracy = institutionalising conflict
transformation
The meanings of violence
Distinguish
violence
power
violenza
potere
nasilje
moč, sila, oblast
Gewalt
Macht
Three major forms of violence
(Johan Galtung)
direct violence
structural violence
cultural violence
War as the extreme form
of violent conflict
What is war?
Picasso: War and Peace
A classic definition of war
organised, violent conflict with use of
weapons
between states (state war) resp.
between social groups of the
population of a state (civil war)
a certain length and duration
a certain degree of victims
Historic change of war
Forms of war depend on purposes,
social relationships, technical standards
“War is not merely a political act, but
also a real political instrument, a
continuation of political commerce, a
carrying out of the same by other
means“
Von Clausewitz
War among states: preconditions
Since 1648 (Peace of Westphalia)
For the first time: The sovereign rules
over a geographically delimited territory
State monopoly of warfare
War as a legal status between states:
„inter pacem et bellum nihil est
medium“ (Grotius)
Enemy as „iustus hostis“
War among states I
„Diplomatic wars“ („Kabinettskriege“)
18th C. (instead of disastrous wars of 17th
C.)
„Gehegter Krieg“ = fostered and
contained war
Standing armies – professional military
culture
Barracks as „schools of the nation“
War among states II
Republican people‘s war
(„Volkskrieg“) since French Revolution
„democratized“ war (levée en masse)
Militarisation of society
National enthusiam as resource in war
= background of Napoleon‘s success
War among states III
Total war (concept of Ludendorff)
Racial-national justification: next war
(after WW I) will be the war for national
survival
Censorship and police for „inner peace“
Centralisation of power; president =
highest commander
War of aggression as apokalyptic „final
battle“
Nuclear war
A new kind of war?
Still a kind of war?
The end (= impossibility) of war?
„Is the frightening threat of today just a
war? Can we still call it war? After the
total annihilation there will be nobody
left to lament or to start again.“
Austrian cardinal König
The nuclear threat
The nuclear danger can just be
contained, but never be canceled
„The possibility of our final
annihilation is the final annihilation of
our possibilities“
(Günther Anders)
Civil war
„intrastate“ war
„violent conflict,
no international character“
long lasting, massively violent action,
strategically planned by organisations
basically in „weak states“, failed states
Two thirds of all armed conflicts after
1945 are civil wars
Guerrilla war
Archetype of violent conflicts
Asymmetric power constellation
Unconventional warfare: not abolition
of the enemy, but breaking its political
will
Partisan war; guerrilla-tactic, terror
irregular forces – mixed up with
civilians
„New wars“
Reprivatisation
of violence
Asymmetric wars
Unpolitical wars: robbery
Barbarisation of violent actions
Identity politics
Retrograde ideologies – post-modern
character of war
„Armament mania“
Doubling military budgets
1997-2007
2007: + 6% to 858 Mrd €
USA 350 Mrd €
EU (25) 160 Mrd € =
Russia, China, Middle East,
Africa & Latin America
desaster of armament
control
War as a business
The biggest export nations
Europe 7.821 mill. U$
USA 7.101 mill. U$
Russia 5.771 mill. U$
Quelle: SIPRI 2006
The military expenses of the
industrial states are higher
then the foreign depths of all
developping countries together
Nuclear armament
10.200 nuclear warheads
8 states: USA, Russia, China, England,
France, India, Pakistan, Israel
Preventive strikes > wish of nuclear
armament in order to protect themselves
Risk of proliferation into potentially
dangerous hands
A new attempt to
abolish nuclear weapons
Achieving the goal of a world free of
nuclear weapons will require effective
measures to impede or counter any
nuclear-related conduct that is
potentially threatening to the security of
any state or peoples.
Henry A. Kissinger, Sam Nunn, William J. Perry,
George P. Shultz, 2007
Barbarisation of war
World War I
85-90% victims =
soldiers
Today
85-90% victims =
civilians
Africa today

Source:
Emergency ( 2005)

7 % victims =
soldiers
93 % victims =
civilians
35 % victimes =
children
Privatisation of War
PMCs (Private Military
Companies): Blackwater
Private-Public-Partnership
Rumsfeld Doctrine
A very dynamic business: 2/3 of USsecret service spending for private firms
They are allowed to do what regular
forces are not allowed!
Without legal or democratic control
„War“ against terror?
Is WAR an appropriate term?
Is this a kind of counter-terror?
Geostrategic aims under the pretext of
fighting against terror
A today‘s war balance
1990 -2003: 4 million war
deads, 90 % civilians
18 million refugees
Consequences: poverty and illness
3 billion people (more than 50% of
humanity ) less than2.- €/day
45 million deads/year by hunger and
malnutrition
Europ. Security Strategy 2003
Regional partition of wars
Today‘s types of war
Reasons of war I
Reasons of war II
(3 levels)
Reasons for war III (State level)
The „democratic peace“ theory
Mistaken assessments, loss of control
of the elites (Misperception theory)
Distraction of inner difficulties of a
society (Substitution theory)
Conscious calculation: distribution of
lacking material or ideal goods (theories
of interest , of imperialism, revolution,
ideology)

Dieter Lutz
Reasons for war IV
(Deep culture)
„Identity wars“
Ethnic or religious
Motivated wars
Reactivation of
myths or traumata: e.g. battle of Kossovo
Connected to interests of domination
War and patriarchy: is war a male thing?
Wars – since ever?
Ninive,
Assyrian War
chariot, 7th C.
b.c.
Campaigns up
to 500 km
Speed
unequaled until
20th Century
Is it possible to abolish war?
War – in the nature of humankind?
War – in the logic of (unjust) systems of
power?
War – anarchy internat. Relations
War – a historic phenomenon

Compare to slavery
Compare to apartheid
Examples Switzerland, Sveden, Post-War
Germany
What is Peace I: a state
A positive utopia, a regulative idea
What ist peace II: a process
From war to peace
Definitions of peace
Pace, peace > pactum
Frieden > friends
Mir (russ.) world, community
Salaam, shalom > including inner
peace, peace with god (the universe)
Eirene > (goddess): koiné eiréne as
stable peace
„Negative“ versus „Positive“ Peace
War
>
Absence of War
Injustice
>
exploitatation
structural violence
cultural violence
Justice
equity
democracy
culture of peace
„Negative“ peace
Absence of war
„Peace prevails in an international
system, if its conflicts are continuosly
solved or at least dealt with without the
use of organised military violence.“
Ernst-Otto Czempiel
Disarmament:
Fact of
disarmament:
No arms
Process of
Disarmament:
culture
of peace
Way to positive peace
Peace is more
than non-war
On the way to a
culture of peace
„Positive“ peace
“A culture of peace will be achieved when
citizens of the world understand global
problems, have the skills to resolve conflicts
and struggle for justice non-violently, live by
international standards of human rights and
equity, appreciate cultural diversity, and
respect the Earth and each other. “
Hague Appeal for Peace, Global Campaign for Peace Education
War-Peace-continuum
war/violence
peace
Culture of peace:
Peace begins where violence stops
and cooperation starts
Historical Steps
towards Peace
Civilisation of War:

Hague Convention respecting the Laws
and Customs of War on Land (1899)
(= ius in bello)
Proscription of war:

League of nations (between WW I and WW II)
UNO founding documents
Peace politics:

UNO-Charter Collective Security
„Agenda for Peace“
Peace through the rule of law
Jurisdiction as peaceful form of conflict
management/settlement
Nonviolence and justice
Delegitimation
of violence
Peace does not mean
„abolition of violence“
Peace means: „Violence is not legal
anymore!“
„It is an absolute utopia that nobody will
kill, but:
That the murder is not anymore legal, is
a much more realistic utopia.“
Albert Camus
League of nations
Mutual respect of sovereignty
War only as ultima ratio
Each war regards all member countries

Article 11.1
Briand-Kellog-Pact 1928/29

Renouncement of war as a means of
politics
Renouncement of war of aggression
„Copernican turn“
UN-Charter: Prohibition not only of war
but also of use of military violence
All members shall refrain in their
international relations from the threat
or use of force against the territorial
integrity or political independence of
any state, or in any other manner
inconsistent with the purposes of the
United Nations.
(Art. 2, 4)
Peace through organisation
System of collective security
Abbé
de
Saint-Pierre (1658-1743): Union of States
Renouncement of violence and peace
only through cooperation
Conflicts between members states =
impulse to reduce violence
Special institutions for conflict
management
The UN-System
Abolition of war as final goal
linking peace through justice with
peace through organisation with
culture of peace (UNESCO)
Peace strategies
Individual
Education
Society
Democratisation
International System
Collective security
From negative
War
to
positive peace
reducing violence, increasing justice
peace
Agenda for peace
Boutros Ghali 1992
preventive diplomacy
peace keeping
peace making
peace building
Peace missions
Peace through peace movement
Since 19th C.
Peace Movement
Peace Education
Peace studies
catalysator for political and cultural
change
Promotor of a culture of peace
Success of non violent
movements
The Hague Peace Conference
1899
Independence of India
Foundation of UN
End of Vietnam war
End of Apartheid South Africa Ahimsa =
Active
Peaceful separation
nonviolence
Czech Republic – Slovakia
Abolition of the
institution of war
From Utopia to the
political agenda
Peace als the more
intelligent solution
„La guerra non può essere umanizzata,
la guerra può solo essere abolita“
Gianni Strada, Emergency