Konsep Sistem Informasi

Transcription

17/04/2010
Agus Sumaryanto, S.Kom
[email protected]
http://learning.mas-anto.com
1
• Prasyarat : Pengantar Teknologi Informasi
• Tujuan :
– memahami dan menguasai konsep sistem
informasi,
– dapat menjelaskan peranan informasi dalam suatu
organisasi,
– struktur dari suatu sistem informasi,
– dukungan komputer terhadap suatu sistem
informasi, dan
– nilai informasi bagi pengambilan keputusan
2
1
17/04/2010
Materi :
1. Pengertian data dan informasi
2. Konsep dasar sistem dan sistem informasi
3. Konsep organisasi dan manajemen dalam
kaitannya dengan suatu sistem informasi
4. Struktur sistem informasi: komponen, aktivitas,
peran, dan tujuan pembangunan sistem
informasi
5. Jenis-jenis sistem informasi berbasis komputer
6. Peran sistem informasi untuk pengambilan
keputusan
3
• Buku Referensi :
1. Couger, J.D. and Mc Fadden, F.R., "Introduction to Computer- Based
Information Systems", John Willey & Sons, Inc., New York, 1976.
2. McLeod Jr., Raymond, “Management Information System  A Study of
Computer-Based Information System”, Macmillan Publishing Company,
New York, 1990.
3. Laudon, Kenneth C. dan Laudon, Jane P., “Management Information
System  A Contemporary Perpective”, Macmillan Publishing
Company, New York, 1990.
4. Laudon, Kenneth C. dan Laudon, Jane P., “Management Information
System  Management The Digital Firm, Seven Edt.”, PrenticeHall,New Jersey, 2002.
5. Turban-McLean-Wetherbe, “Information Technology For
Management,Second Edition”, John Wiley & Sons, USA, 1999.
6. Steven Alter, “Information Systems Foundation of E-Business, 4Ed”,
Prentice Hall, New Jersey,2002.
4
2
17/04/2010
 Pengertian
5
Data dan Informasi
• Data :
“Streams of raw facts representing events occurring in
organizations or the physical environment before they
have been organized and arranged into a form that
people can understand and use”, 4.p8-9).
(adalah aliran dari fakta yang direpresentasikan melalui kejadian dalam
organisasi atau lingkungan fisik sebelum diorganisasi dan di susun ke dalam
bentuk yang dapat dimengerti dan digunakan oleh user).
• Data adalah fakta / sebagian fakta yang mengandung arti berupa
angka, huruf, symbol khusus atau gabungan darinya.
6
3
17/04/2010
 Informasi
(1)
• “Data have been shaped into form that is
meaningful and useful to human beings”.
(Informasi adalah data yang disusun kedalam bentuk yang dapat dimengerti
dan bermanfaat bagi user) atau.
• Informasi adalah “hasil dari kegiatan pengolahan data
yang memberikan bentuk yang lebih berarti berupa suatu
informasi” atau
• Informasi adalah data yang mempunyai nilai (berarti) bagi
penerimanya dan dapat digunakan untuk dasar
pengambilan keputusan.
 Data
7
vs Informasi
8
4
17/04/2010
 Informasi(2)
• Untuk menjadi informasi,umumnya data perlu
mengalami proses pengolahan.
Data
Process
Informasi
• Sifat informasi dapat perfect (sempurna, tidak
mengandung unsur ketidakpastian) dan dapat
pula imperfect (tidak sempurna, mengandung
unsur ketidakpastian).
9
 Informasi(3)
• Sumber Informasi :
– Pengamatan lapangan (observasi)
– Kuesioner
– Kejadian / event (pencatatan, perekaman
ataupun penangkapan sinyal digital
secara langsung).
– Pemodelan (forecasting, econometric,
operational research, simulation,
heuristic, dsb).
10
5
17/04/2010
 Informasi(4)
• Karakteristik (kualitas) Informasi yang baik :
– Timeliness (informasi harus tepat waktu,
tersedia manakala dibutuhkan)
– Accuracy (informasi harus akurat / teliti)
– Reduced Uncertainty (informasi
ketidakpastiannya harus ditekan /
diminimize/diperkecil)
– Element of Surprise (informasi tidak
mengandung unsur / elemen kejutan)
11
 Informasi(5)
• Informasi disampaikan kepada pengguna (user) dapat
direpresentasikan dalam media :
– Kertas/hardcopy
– Tampilan/display-monitor/video
– Suara/audio
• Informasi yang dibutuhkan manajemen umumnya dalam
bentuk laporan. Ada banyak variasi dan tipe laporan
antara lain :
–
–
–
–
–
Loran Periodik
Laporan Indikator Kunci
Laporan berdasarkan permintaan (on-call report)
Laporan Khusus
Laporan Penyimpangan (exception report)
12
6
17/04/2010
 Informasi(6)
• Laporan dapat di representasikan dengan berbagai
bentuk, antara lain yang umum digunakan :
–
–
–
–
–
Narasi
Tabel
Grafik dan Gambar
Kombinasi
Kertas/hardcopy
13
• System ?
“A group of elements or parts that are integrated and coordinated
for the purpose of achieving a goal”
(Sekumpulan komponen atau bagian yang terintegrasi dan dikoordinir untuk
maksud mencapai suatu tujuan / gol)
System
Input
Output
Feedback
14
7
17/04/2010

information system
An information system (IS) is an arrangement of people,
data, processes, and information technology that
interact to collect, process, store, and provide as output
the information needed to support an organization
15
What is a System?
Environment
Feedback
Signals
Feedback
Signals
Control
Signals
Control by
Management
Control
Signals
Input of
Raw Materials
Manufacturing
Process
Output of
Finished Products
System Boundary
Other Systems
16
8
17/04/2010
The Internetworked -Business
The Internet
Suppliers and Other Business Partners
Company
Boundary
Extranets
Procurement, Distribution, and Logistics
Engineering &
Research
Manufacturing
and
Production
Accounting,
Finance, and
Management
Intranets
Advertising
Sales
Customer Service
Extranets
Consumer and Business Customers
17
A Federation of Information Systems
18
9
17/04/2010
Information System Applications
19
Focuses for Information Systems
• Knowledge — the raw material used to
create useful information.
• Process — the activities (including
management) that carry out the mission of
the business.
• Communication — how the system
interfaces with its users and other
information systems.
20
10
17/04/2010
The CMM Process Management Model
Capability Maturity Model (CMM) – a standardized framework for
assessing the maturity level of an organization’s information system
development and management processes and products. It consists of
five levels of maturity:
– Level 1—Initial: System development projects follow no prescribed process.
– Level 2—Repeatable: Project management processes and practices are
established to track project costs, schedules, and functionality.
– Level 3—Defined: A standard system development process (sometimes called a
“methodology”) is purchased or developed. All projects use a version of this
process to develop and maintain information systems and software.
– Level 4—Managed: Measurable goals for quality and productivity are
established.
– Level 5—Optimizing: The standardized system development process is
continuously monitored and improved based on measures and data analysis
established in Level 4.
21
Capability Maturity Model (CMM)
22
11
17/04/2010
Types of Information Systems
Information Systems
Operations
Management
Support
Support
Systems
Systems
Transaction
Process
Enterprise
Management
Decision
Executive
Processing
Control
Collaboration
Information
Support
Information
Systems
Systems
Systems
Systems
Systems
Systems
23
A transaction processing system (TPS) is an information system
that captures and processes data about business transactions.
A management information system (MIS) is an information system
that provides for management-oriented reporting based on
transaction processing and operations of the organization.
A decision support system (DSS) is an information system that
either helps to identify decision making opportunities or provides
information to help make decisions.
24
12
17/04/2010
An expert system is an information system that captures the
expertise of workers and then simulates that expertise to the
benefit of nonexperts.
A communications and collaboration system is an information
system that enables more effective communications between
workers, partners, customers, and suppliers to enhance their
ability to collaborate.
An office automation system is an information system that
supports the wide range of business office activities that provide
for improved work flow between workers.
25
Other Categories of Information
Systems
Expert Systems
Knowledge Management Systems
Functional Business Systems
Strategic Information Systems
Cross-Functional Information Systems
26
13
17/04/2010
The Information Systems Development Process
27
Management Challenges of the E-Business Enterprise
•Business Strategies
•Business Processes
•Business Needs
•IS Human Resources
•IS Development
•Customer Relationships
•Business Partners
•Suppliers
•Business Customers
•IT Infrastructure
•IS Performance
Ethical Considerations
Potential Risks?
Potential Laws?
Possible Responses?
•Organization Structure
•and Culture
•User Acceptance
28
14
17/04/2010
Chapter Summary
• Information Systems play a vital role in the
efficient and effective operations of E-Business, ECommerce and enterprise collaboration.
• The business professional must know:
–
–
–
–
Foundations (fundamentals) of IS
Information Technologies
Business Applications
Development Processes; and
– Managerial Challenges
29
Chapter Summary (cont)
• A system is a group of interrelated components working
toward the attainment of a common goal by accepting
inputs and producing outputs in an organized
transformation process.
• An information system uses the resources of people,
hardware, software, data, and networks to perform
input, processing, output, storage and control activities.
30
15
17/04/2010
•
IS Resources:
–
–
–
–
–
•
Hardware Resources
Software Resources
People Resources
Data Resources
Network Resources
Products:
–
–
–
–
–
–
Paper Reports
Visual Displays
Multimedia Documents
Electronic Messages
Graphics images
Audio Responses
31
• Information systems perform three vital roles in
business firms. They support:
– Business processes and operations,
– Business decision making; and
– Strategic competitive advantage
• Major application categories of information systems
include:
– Operations Support Systems; and
– Management Support Systems
32
16
17/04/2010
 Data
: Tipe Data
Lima tipe utama data pada sistem informasi yang sekarang yaitu :
6.p132-177)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
predefined data item,
images,
text,
audio, dan
video
Pada sistem informasi tradisional hanya berisi predefined data item dan
text. Pada saat ini, akibat pesatnya kemajuan ilmu pengetahuan dan
teknologi IT data dapat dibuat dalam bentuk gambar, suara dengan
menggunakan teknik seperti digitization, voice messaging dan video
conference
33
Predefined data item
• Predefined data item tediri dari numeric atau
alphabetical item, yang mempunyai arti dan
format khusus yang jelas dan selanjutnya
digunakan untuk mengendalikan kalkulasi dan
transaksi yang menggunakan data. Sebagai
contoh credit card number, transaction date,
purchase account, dan merchant ID.
34
17
17/04/2010
Text
• Text terdiri dari letters, numbers, dan
karakter lainnya yang pengertiannya
dikombinasikan tidak hanya bergantung
pada bentuk yang ditentukan (prespecified
format) atau definisi dari item individual
(defined of individual items).
35
Images
• Images adalah data dalam bentuk gambar,
baik dalam bentuk photographs, gambar yang
dibuat tangan (hand-drawn pictures), atau
grafik yang dihasilkan dari data numerik.
Images dapat disimpan, dimodifikasi, dan di
kirim (transmitted) dalam banyak cara yang
sama seperti text.
36
18
17/04/2010
• Audio
– Audio adalah data dalam bentuk suara.
• Video
– Video adalah kombinasi gambar dan suara yang
ditampilkan secara bersamaan. Penggunaannya
misalnya melalui video conference.
37
Satuan Data
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Bit
satuan terkecil data
Byte
satu karakter=8 bit
Word
satu kata=2 byte=16 bit
Double Word satu kata=4 byte=32 bit
Data
satu data=beberapa byte yang punya arti
Record
satu baris data
Field
satu lajur/kolom data
Table
satu table data (baris dan kolom)
Library
satu kumpulan file data
Database
satu bank data (kumpulan semua data)
38
19
17/04/2010
Evolution of DB Systems
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Flat files - 1960s - 1980s
Hierarchical – 1970s - 1990s
Network – 1970s - 1990s
Relational – 1980s - present
Object-oriented – 1990s - present
Object-relational – 1990s - present
Data warehousing – 1980s - present
Web-enabled – 1990s - present
39
Basis Data (Database)
• Elemen Basis Data
– Terdapat 3 elemen basis data yaitu : User, Isi Data
dan Tempat Penyimpan (memori) data.
– Dalam elemen user terdapat 3 golongan yaitu :
– Operator yang memerlukan fasilitas ‘Query’ atau
paket program yang sudah jadi
– Programmer yang memerlukan bahasa
pemrograman DBMS
– DBA (database administrator) yang memerlukan
data dictionary system (DDS)
40
20
17/04/2010
Pengertian Basis Data
• Basis Data adalah kumpulan dari data yang
saling berhubungan (berinteraksi) satu
dengan yang lainnya, tersimpan di
perangkat keras computer dan digunakan
perangkat lunak untuk memanipulasinya.
• Penerapan database dalam sistem
informasi di sebut database sistem.
41
Pengertian Sistem Basis Data
• Sistem Basis Data adalah suatu sistem informasi yang
mengintegrasikan kumpulan dari data yang saling
berhubungan satu dengan yang lainnya dan membuatnya
tersedia untuk beberapa aplikasi yang bermacam-macam
di dalam suatu organisasi.
• Software yang digunakan untuk mengatur (manage) data
adalah DBMS (Data Base Management System). Contoh
DBMS : Excell, Access, FoxBase, FoxPro, Oracle, Informix,
Sybase, dll
42
21
17/04/2010
Kenapa perlu konsep Basis Data
• Dalam pendekatan pengolahan data
tradisional sumber data ditangani sendirisendiri oleh masing-masing bagian untuk tiap
aplikasi.
• Sedangkan dalam konsep database,
pengolahan data dilakukan secara terintegrasi
dalam sebuah database, dimana tiap-tiap
orang atau bagian dapat memandang
database dari sudut pandangan yang berbeda.
43
Organisasi File Basis Data
• Organisasi data secara konvensional dirasakan kurang,
karena berorientasi pada file, artinya data cenderung
hanya berhubungan dengan data yang lainnya dalam satu
file saja, kurang ada hubungan dengan data lain yang
berada di file lain.
• Oleh karena itu dikembangkan jenis organisasi data yaitu
:
– Hirarki (berjenjang),
– Network (jaringan) dan
– Relasional (hubungan).
44
22
17/04/2010
Organisasi Hirarki (1)
• Organisasi Hirarki / berjenjang atau disebut juga struktur
data poon (tree). Suatu pohon dibentuk dari beberapa
elemen grup data yang berjenjang, disebut dengan node.
Node yang paling atas disebut root (level-1), tiap node
dapat bercabang ke node-node yang lain. Dengan
ketentuan setiap pohon hanya mempunyai satu root saja
dan tiap-tiap node kecuali root hanya dapat mempunyai
sebuah orang tua (parent) saja tetapi tiap-tiap node
dapat mempunyai beberapa anak (child).
45
Organisasi Hirarki (2)
46
23
17/04/2010
Organisasi Network(1)
• Pada Organisasi pohon tiap node tidak dapat
mempunyai leih dari satu orang tua, maka
pada strukur data jaringan tiap-tiap node
dapat mempunyai lebih dari satu orang tua.
47
Organisasi Network(2)
48
24
17/04/2010
Organisasi Relasional (1)
• Hubungan di dasarkan pada field kunci (yaitu
field yang unik / tidak ada duanya), contoh file
MHS dan file NILAI dihungkan melalui field
kunci NPM.
49
Organisasi Relasional (2)
50
25
17/04/2010
Relasi Data
51
Data, Informasi dan Sistem Informasi
(..catatan tambahan)


SI sudah merupakan bagian dari perusahaan untuk
mendukung usaha dengan CBIS (Computer Base Information
System)
Resources : 5M + I
 Man
 Machine
 Money
 Material
 Method and
 Information
52
26
17/04/2010
Kenapa SI perlu dimenej?, karena resources terbatas, karena
terbatas maka perlu di optimalkan pemanfaatannya
Sistem pasti mempunyai tujuan, komponen sistem apa saja,
tergantung sistem apa, bisa metode, barang, dll


Karakteristik sistem :

1.
Transformasi input ke output (retrieve, update, representation)
Representasi : Text,suara,gambar, dll
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Interdisiplinair yang tergabung dalam satu kesatuan
Holistik (menyeluruh)
Dapat dibedakan dengan yang lainnya (lingkungannya)
Sinergi
Hierarki
Ada aturan (regulasi)
Harus punya tujuan (objective)
53
Information Systems Architecture
(ISA)
• Overall blueprint for organization’s information systems
• Consists of:
–
–
–
–
Data (Enterprise Data Model – simplified ER Diagram)
Processes – data flow diagrams, process decomposition, etc.
Data Network – topology diagram (like fig 1.8)
People – people management using project management tools
(Gantt charts, etc.)
– Events and Points in Time (when processes are performed)
– Reasons for events and rules (e.g. decision tables)
54
27
17/04/2010
Information Engineering
• A data-oriented methodology to create and maintain
information systems
• Top-down planning approach.
• Four steps:
– Planning
• Results in an Information Systems Architecture
– Analysis
• Results in functional specifications…i.e. what we want
– Design
• Results in design specifications…i.e. how we’ll do it
– Implementation
• Results in final operational system
55
Information Systems Planning
• Strategy development
– IT Planning to meet Corporate strategy
• Three steps:
1. Identify strategic planning factors
2. Identify corporate planning objects
3. Develop enterprise model
56
28
17/04/2010
Identify Strategic Planning Factors
(table 2.1)
• Organization goals – what we hope to
accomplish
• Critical success factors – what MUST work in
order for us to survive
• Problem areas – weaknesses we now have
57
Identify Corporate Planning
Objects (table 2.3)
• Organizational units
• Organizational locations
• Business functions – these might become the
users
• Entity types – the things we are trying to
model
• Information (application) systems
58
29
17/04/2010
Develop Enterprise Model
• Decomposition of business functions
– See figure 2.2
• Enterprise data model
– See figure 2.1
• Planning matrixes
– See figure 2.3
59
Enterprise Data Model
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
First step in database development
Specifies scope and general content
Overall picture of organizational data, not specific design
Entity-relationship diagram
Descriptions of entity types
Relationships between entities
Business rules
60
30
17/04/2010
Informasi
Data yang mempunyai nilai (berarti) bagi penerimanya dan
dapat digunakan untuk dasar pengambilan keputusan
Untuk menjadi informasi umumnya data perlu mengalami
proses pengolahan
Sifat informasi :



1.
2.
Perfect (tidak mengandung unsur ketidakpastian)
Imperfect (mengandung unsur ketidakpastian)
INPUT
PROSES
OUTPUT
Proses
Informasi
Data
61
- Bisa sangat simple
- Bisa dapat complicated
• Suatu data jika akan menghasilkan informasi yang baik, maka
datanya harus bersih.
• prosesnya meliputi :
1. Verifikasi
2. Validasi
3. Duplication data
62
31
17/04/2010
Macam-macam atribut suatu data :

Identifier (sebagai identifikasi)
Locater (sebagai penunjuk lokasi)
Temporal
Classifier
Relational
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Faktor yang mempengaruhi ‘nilai suatu informasi’ :

Tepat ISI dan TELITI (accuracy)
Tepat WAKTU (timeliness)
Tepat GUNA (relevancy)
Tepat SAJI (presentation)
1.
2.
3.
4.
63
Manfaat Informasi



Terhadap Proses :
1.
Menghemat Tenaga
2.
Meningkatkan Efisiensi
3.
Mempercepat Proses
4.
Perbaikan Dokumentasi
5.
Pencapaian Standar
6.
Perbaikan Keputusan
Terhadap Produk :
Peningkatan “feature”
2.
Perubahan Karakteristik
3.
Peningkatan Fasilitas Penyampaian Produk
4.
Inovasi Produk barang atau jasa
1.
64
32
17/04/2010

Terhadap Kualitas :
Peningkatan kualitas proses (JIT,Feedback, dsb)
2.
Peningkatan kualitas produk (standarisasi produk, peningkatan
pelayanan, dsb)
1.

Komponen SI :
1.
Technoware (S/W,H/W, Jaringan)
2.
Infoware (Database)
3.
Organware (Organisasi dan Prosedur)
4.
Brainware (humanware)


65
Technoware (S/W,H/W, Jaringan)

Merupakan sistem komputer dan jaringan
Infoware (Database)
DBMS (Data Base Management System)

DBA (Database Administrator)

Kegagalan DBMS pada umumnya pada updating karna faktor SDM

Jika data tidak diupdate, maka cutomer kecewa, ini akan sangat
berbahaya. Oleh karena itu perlu dijaga kedisiplinan agar data
tetap up-to-date.

66
33
17/04/2010

Organware (Organisasi dan Prosedur)
Mencakup Organisasi dan Prosedur

Prosedur :

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Prosedur Penyiapan Data
Prosedur Perekaman Data
Prosedur Pemrosesan Data
Prosedur Pengamanan Data
Dsb
Jika sistem sudah “menyimpang terlalu jauh”, maka perlu di “ReDesign”
Dengan adanya prosedur baru, terdapat cara kerja baru dan ini harus
disosialisasikan
Kalau mau mengembangkan SI harus mengacu kepada rencana induk
perusahaan
Dulu EDP sekarang IT Division atau IS Division





67
Brainware
Mengatur Brainware paling sulit dibandingkan dengan 3 komponen
yang lainnya

Contoh job dalam bidang IT:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Operator Perekam Data
Teknisi Perangkat Kerja dan Jaringan
Pemrogram APlikasi Sistem (Programmer)
Analis Sistem (Analyst)
Administrator Database (Database Administrator)
Perancang Sistem (System Designer)
Perekayasa Perangkat Lunak (S/W Engineering)
Perekayasa Jaringan (Network Engineering)
Pengelola Proyek SI (IS Project Manager)
68
34
17/04/2010
Karakteristik Sistem
Environment
Sub Sistem
Sub Sistem
Output
Input
Goals
Sub Sistem
Boundary
(batas sistem)
Sub Sistem
Interface
(penghubung)
Input
Process
Output
69
Siklus Pengolahan Data
PROSES
(Model)
OUTPUT
(Informasi)
ENTRI DATA
BASIS DATA
USER
(Penerima)
CAPTURING
DATA
HASIL
TINDAKAN
KEPUTUSAN
TINDAKAN
70
35
17/04/2010
Understanding Systems from
Business Viewpoint

Amazon.com : An Evolving Business Models
The Need for Frameworks and Models
The Work System Framework
Work System Principles
Relationships Beetwen Work Systems and IS
The Principle Based Systems Analysis Method
Measurement Work System Performance

Clasification Related to






71
Amazon.com : An Evolving Business
Models
(Work System Snapshot, Amazon.com provides a different
way to shop for books)
72
36
17/04/2010
The Work System Framework








The Customer
The Product and Services
The Business Process
The Participant
The Information
The Technology
Context
Infrastructure
73
The Customer
 People
who use and
receive direct benefit
from the products and
services
74
37
17/04/2010
The Product and Services

The combination of physical
things information and
services that the work system
produces for to customer
75
The Business Process

The sets of the steps or
activities that are performed
within the work system
76
38
17/04/2010
The Participant

People who perform the
work step in the business
process
77
The Information

The information used by
the participants to perform
their work
78
39
17/04/2010
The Technology

The hardware, software
and the other tools and
equipment used by the
participants
79
Context

The organizational,
competitive, technical and
regulatory realm within
which the work system
operates
80
40
17/04/2010
Infrastructure

Is share human and
technical resources that the
work system rellies on even
through these resources
exist and are managed
outside of it.
81
CUSTOMER



People who purchases books
Whosellers that supply the books
Amazon.com Shipping departement
PRODUCTS AND SERVICES



Information about books that might be purchased
information describing cash book order
books that are eventually delivered
BUSINESS PROCESS






Purchaser log on www.amazon.com
Purchaser identifies desired books or gives search criteria
Purchaser looks at book related information and desides what
to order
Purchaser enter order
Amazon.com finds the books in it inventory and packs thm fpr
dhipping, if the book are no in its inventory, Amazon order
them from a wholeseller and ships them to the customer after
they arrive at the Amazon werehouse
Shipping departement packages order and sends it to the
purchaser
PARTICIPANTS



People interested in
purchasing books
order fullfillment
department of
wholeseller
Shipping department
Amazon.com
TECHNOLOGY
INFORMATION



Order for books
price and other
information about each
book
purchase hidtory and
related information for
each customer



Personel computers
used by purchaser
computers and
networks use by
Amazon.com for order
processing
the internet
(infrastructure)
Work System Snapshot
Amazon.com provides a different way to shop for
books
82
41
17/04/2010
Data and Knowledge Management (KM)
I.
Data Management :
1. A Critical Success Faktor (CSF)
2. Data Life Cyle Process and Knowledge
Discovery
3. Data Source and Collection
4. Data Quality (DQ)
5. Multimedia and OO Databases
6. Document Management
83
II. Data Warehousing, Mining and
Analysis :
1. Transaction Vs Analytical Processing
2. Data Warehousing and Marts
3. Knowledge Discovery, Analysis and
Mining
84
42
17/04/2010
III. Data Visualization and Technology
1. Data Visualization
2. Multidimensionality
3. GIS
85
IV. Marketing Databases in Action
1. The Marketing Transaction Database
2. Implementation in Example
V. KM
1. Knowledge Base and Organizational
Learning
2. Implementing KM Systems
86
43
17/04/2010
I.
I.
Data Management
A Critical Success Faktor (CSF)
– The Difficulties
•
•
•
•
•
The Amount of data increases exponentially
Collected by many individuals, using several methods
and devices
Organization’s data are relevant for specific decision
Raw Data my be stored in different computing
systems, databases, formats, and human and
computer languages
Data Security, Quality, and integrity
87
– These difficulties and the critical need
for
•
•
Timely and Accurated information
Search effective and efficient
– Data management
•
•
•
•
Support TPS
Relational Databases
Client/Server Environment
Finding Data Quiqly and Easly
– Creation of Data Warehouse
88
44
17/04/2010
2.
Data Life Cyle Process and Knowledge
Discovery
•
•
•
Trace how and where data flows in
organization
Business do not run on data, They run
on information and their knowledge of
how to put that information to uses
successfully.
The transformation of data into
knowledge mybe accomplished in
several ways
89
Converting Data to Knowledge
Data Warehousing
Collection
Data
Source
Selection
Data Sorage
Preprocessing
Transformation
Data Analysis
Data
mining
Interpretation /
Evaluation
iMac
Target Data
Preprocessing Data
Transformed Data
Patterns
Use
Knowledge
Storage,
Knowledge
Base
90
45
17/04/2010
3. Data Source and Collection
•
The Data life cycle begins with the
acquisition of data from data sources.
• Data can include :
– Documents
– Pictures
– Maps
– Sound and
–
–
–
–
–
91
Animation
Concepts
Opinions
Raw or
Summarized or extrated data
– Data Source :
– Internal Data
– Personal Data
– External Data
92
46
17/04/2010
– Internal Data :
– are organizational internal data are
stored in one or more places
– About : people, product, services, and
processes
– Personal Data
– IS user or other coorporate employees
by creating personal data
93
– External Data :
– Data are available on :
» CD-ROM
» Internet Server (film, music or voice)
» Pictures (diagram, atlases)
» Television
– Large amounts of external data are available
on the internet.
– The internet and commercial databases
services -> Electronic Data Interchange (EDI)
94
47
17/04/2010
– Methods For Collection Raw Data
– Can be collected :
» Manually or
» Instruments or sensors
» Scanned or
» Transferred Electronically
– Manual Data Collected :
» Time studies
» Surveys
» Observations and
» Constributions from experts
95
4. Data Quality (DQ)
•
Data are frequently found to be :
» Inaccurate
» Incomplete
» Ambiguous
– The economical and social damage
from poor quality data costs billions of
dollars
96
48
17/04/2010
•
Problem Data :
–
DQ Problem divide into four catagories
and dimension :
1. Instrinsic DQ :
» Accuracy, objectivity, believability, reputation
2. Accessability DQ :
» Accessability and security
3. Contextual DQ :
» Relevance, Value Added, timeliness,
completeness, amount data
4. Representasion DQ:
» Interpretability, ease of understanding, concise
representation, consistent representation
•
97
Problem Data (cont..):
– Data are not correct
– Data are not timely
– Data are not measured or index
properly
– Needed data simply do not exist
• One of the major issues of DQ is
DATA INTEGRITY
98
49
17/04/2010
•
•
•
OOD are sometimes referred to as
multimedia databases and are
manage special Multimedia Databases
Management Systems (MDMS)
These manage data in variety of
formats in additional to standard text
or numeric fields.
The formats include Images such as
digitized photographs or forms of bitmapped graphics
99
6. Document Management (DM)
•
•
•
Document Management Systems (DMS)
provide information to decision makers in an
electronic format
DM is the automated control of electronic
document, page images, spreadsheet, word
processing document, and complex,
compound documents through their entire life
cycle within an organization, from initial
creation to final archiving.
DMS usually include computerized imaging
systems
100
50
17/04/2010
II. Data Warehousing, Mining and
Analysis :
I.
Transaction Vs Analytical Processing
– Data processing in organizations can be
viewed either as transactional or analytical
– Transactional Processing, in the routine daily
processing of the transactional of the
organizations such as ordering or billing
101
• A good data delivery system
therefore should be able to
support :
» Easy data access by the end users
themselve
» Quicker decision making
» More accurate and effective decision
making
» Flexible decision making
102
51
17/04/2010
• This improved option of analytical
processing involves three concepts
:
1. A business representation of data for end
users
2. A client/server enviroment that gives the
user query and reporting capabilities
3. A server-base repository, the data
warehouse, that allows centralized security
and control over the data
103
2. Data Warehousing and Marts
•
Data Warehouse, benefits :
1. To reach data quickly
2. To do it easly
• The purpose of data warehouse is to establish
a data repository that makes operational data
accessable in a form rapidly acceptable for
analytical processing activities such as decision
support, EIS, and other user application.
104
52
17/04/2010
• Data Warehouses allow for the
storage of metadata, which include
data summaries that are easier to
index and search, especially with
web tools
Data Warehouse Framework and Views
Replication
Legacy
Select
Metadata
Reposition
OLTP
Transform
Integrate
Maintain
External
Preparation
Target
Database(s)
(RDB, MDDB)
Access
Application
EIS / DSS
Custom-Built
Application
(4GL Tools)
Flat screen
Data Mart
Marketing
Extract
Enterprise
Data
Warehouse
105
Data Mart
Risk
Management
Opeparational
System / Data
Data Mart
A
P
I
S
M
I
d
l
e
w
a
r
e
Production
Reporting
Tools
Flat screen
Relation
Query Tools
Flat screen
OLAP /
ROLAP
Flat screen
Web Browses
Flat screen
Data Mining
Engineering
Flat screen
106
53
17/04/2010
– Characteristic of Data Warehousing
1. Organization :
» data are organized by detailed subject,
containingly information relevant for
decision support
2. Consistency
» Data in different operational databases
my be encoded differently, e.g gender
data ‘0’, ‘1’ or ‘m’, ‘f’ and consistent
manner
107
3. Time variant
» The data are kept for 5 to 10 years so
they can be used for trends,
forecasting and comparisons over time
4. Nonvolatile
» Once entered into the warehouse,
data are not update (Tdk dpt diubah)
108
54
17/04/2010
5. Relational
» Typically the data warehouse uses a
relational structure
6. Clent/Server
» The data warehouse uses the
client/server architecture mainly to
provide the end user an easy access to
its data
109
• Data Marts is a replicated subset of
the data warehouse and is
dedicated to a functional or regional
area.
110
55
17/04/2010
•
Summary of strategic Uses
of Data Warehousing
Industry
Functional Area of Use
Strategic Use
Airline
Operations and Marketing analysis of route
profitability
Banking Product Development,
Customer service,
operation and marketing
trend analysis, product
and service promotion.
Reduction of IS
expenses
Healt Care
Operation
reduction of operational
expenses
111
3. Knowledge Discovery, Analysis and
Mining
•
•
The program of extracting useful
knowledge from volumes of data is
known as knowledge discovery in
databases (KDD) or just knowledge
discovery.
KDD’s objective is to identify valid, novel,
potensially usefull, and ultimatelly
understandable patterns in data
112
56
17/04/2010
•
KDD support by three technologies :
1. Massive data collection
2. Powerfull multiprocessor computers
3. Data Mining Algorithms
•
Tools and Techniques of KDD
•
KDD tools over time can be divided into four
major stage :
1.
2.
3.
4.
Data Collection (1960s)
Data Acess (1980s)
Data Warehousing and Decion Support (1990s)
Intelligence Data Mining (l-1990)
113
– The problem with the data collection
and access techniques is that they are
not suitable for a large volume of data,
nor can they be used effectively by
end user.
– Even though Structured Query
Language (SQL) use is becaming more
user friendly.
114
57
17/04/2010
•
OLAP
(On Line Analytical Processing)
• OLAP refers to such end-user activities
as DSS modeling using spreadsheets and
grahics, which are done online.
• Unlike online transaction online
processing (OLTP) application.
•
115
Data Mining
• Data mining derives is name from the
similarities between searching for
valuable business information in a large
database and mining a mountain for a
vein of valuable are.
116
58
17/04/2010
IMPACT OF IT ON ORGANIZATIONS,
INDIVIDUALS AND SOCIETY
I.
II.
III.
Impact on Organizations
Impact on Individuals at Work
Societal Impacts and The
Internet Community
I.
1.
2.
3.
4.
117
IMPACTs ON
ORGANIZATIONS
Structure
Authority
Power and
Job Content
118
59
17/04/2010
II.
1.
2.
3.
IMPACTs ON INDIVIDUALS
AT WORK
Job Satisfaction
Dehumanization and
Psychological Impacts
Impacts On Health and Safety
III.
SOCIETAL IMPACTS AND THE
INTERNET COMMUNITY
1.
Opportunitis For People With
Disabilities
Quality of Life Improvements
Other Impacts
2.
3.
119
120
60
17/04/2010
IMPACTs ON ORGANIZATIONS
1.1. Structure
Structure,Authority,Power and Job Content

a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
Flatter Organizational Hierarchies
Staff-To-Line Ratio
Special Units
Centralization of Authority
Power and Status
Job Contens
Role Ambiguity and Conflict
121
A. Flatter Organizational
Hierarchies (FOH)



Increased Productivity and increased span of
control
Decreased number of experts
FOH result from :



reduction in the total number of employees,
reengineering of business process, and
ability of lower-level employee to perform higher –level
job
122
61
17/04/2010
B. Staff-To-Line Ratio

The number of professional and specialists
could decline in relation to the total
number of employees in the organizations.
123
C. Special Units




Creating a technology centre
Internet/electronic commerce unit
Decision support system departement
Intelligent system departement
124
62
17/04/2010
D. Centralization of Authority


Because of the trend toward smaller and
flatters organizations, centralization
become more popular.
Example : introduction of expert systems in
general electric’s maintenance area
increased the power of the desentarlization
units because they become less dependent
on the companys headquarters.
125
E. Power and Status



Knowledge is power
Changing the power structure within
organization
Example : expert system may reduce the
power of certain professional group,
becaise their knowledge will be in the
public domain.
126
63
17/04/2010
F. Job Contens

Job Conten is important not only because it is

related to organizational structure, but also
becase it is interrelated with employee
satisfaction, compensation, status, and
productivity.
Changes in job content occuur when work is
redesigned.
Example : when BPR (Business Process
Reenginerring) is attempted or when electronic
commerce changes the marketing system.

127
1.2. Personnel Issues




Employee Career Ladders
Changes in Supervision
Other Considerations
The Manager’s Job
128
64
17/04/2010
1.3. The Manager’s Job





Automation of routin decision
Less expertise required for many decisions
Less reliance on experts to provide support to
top executive
Power distribution among managers
Electronic support of complex decision
(intelligent agents, DSS)
129
Impacts On Health and Safety




Job Stress
Repetitive Strain Injuries
Lessening The Negative Impact on
Health and Safety
Other Impacts
130
65
17/04/2010
Dehumanization and Psychological Impacts

Dehumanization :


Negative effect on people’s individuality,
such : many people feel loss of identity.
Expert systems or artificial intelligence are
increasingly replacing people in the creative
arena.
131
Dehumanization and Psychological Impacts(2)

Psychological Impacts :


Isolating influence : depression and
loneliness
Distance learning : lack of social impact.
132
66
17/04/2010
IS and Individual
Department
Store
Drug Store
Hotel
Reservation
Theater and
Entertainment
Supermarket
Money Card
Real Estate
Stocks
Integrated
Financial
Database
Consumer
System
Financial
System
Laisure Time
System
Travel
Reservation
E-funds transfer
Library
The
Individual
The Individual
Educational
and Adm
Record
Computer
Assisted
Education
Education and
Medical System
e-Commerce
Accounting
and Legal
Home
Informatio
n System
Hospital
Adm and
treatment
Centre
Medical
Database
Entertainment
business and
education
Environment
and
application
Police
and Fire
Public and
Private Service
System
Insurance
and
Brokerage
Security
133
67

Konsep Sistem Informasi

Transcription

Similar documents

PENGGUNAAN MULTI AGEN DI DALAM PERLOMBONGAN DATA

ATAC SPA: the Rome Mobility Agency for the sustainable

Six Monthly Report — October 2013 – March 2014

By Giovanni Di Folco Civil Engineer 5

Children`s books fall 2016

toolbox

Architetture di sistemi per la videosorveglianza

Berita Buku - Shakespot Sdn Bhd

Narrative Label

Business Intelligence: un caso di studio nel settore

Presentation-1

UU Minerba: Mengejar Nilai Tambah

Jakarta International Expo Kemayoran, Jakarta - Indonesia

The Awaited Imām

Rivista "Pace, diritti dell`uomo, diritti dei popoli" anno I, n. 3/1987

絵本館蔵書一覧