National Report Germany english

IEE-Project
FABbiogas
BIOGAS PRODUCTION AND BIOGAS POTENTIALS
FROM RESIDUES OF THE EUROPEAN
FOOD AND BEVERAGE INDUSTRY
GERMANY - NATIONAL SITUATION
The sole responsibility for the content of this report lies with the authors. It does not necessarily reflect the
opinion of the European Union. Neither the EASME nor the European Commission are responsible for any
use that may be made of the information contained therein.
Table of contents
1
Introduction .................................................................................................................... 1
2
Methodology................................................................................................................... 3
3
Task 1 ............................................................................................................................ 3
3.1
Map showing national biogas plants using FAB industry waste and anaerobic
wastewater plants in the food and beverage industry ......................................................... 3
3.2
4
5
TASK 2..........................................................................................................................12
4.1
Maps showing national waste streams of different FAB industry branches .............12
4.2
Basic characteristics of waste streams ...................................................................15
TASK 3..........................................................................................................................18
5.1
6
Basic characteristics of existing biogas plants and anaerobic wastewater plants .... 4
Description of the barriers ......................................................................................18
5.1.1
For biogas plant operators...............................................................................18
5.1.2
For food and beverage producers ...................................................................18
References ....................................................................................................................20
NATIONAL REPORT OF GERMANY
This report was written in the frame of the IEE project FABbiogas, which is supported by the
Intelligent Energy Europe Programme. The aim of this report is to give an overview of the
biogas market in Germany, to evaluate the potential of renewable energy sources from waste
in the food and beverage industry (FAB), including the identification of the production of
biogas from organic waste, and the untapped potential of organic waste in various industries
of food and beverages and to identify non-technological barriers that prevent development
and use of renewable energy potential.
1
Introduction
The Federal Republic of Germany is located in Central Europe, bordered by the Netherlands,
Belgium, Luxembourg and France to the west, Switzerland, Austria to the south and Poland
and the Czech Republic to the east and the North and Baltic Sea and Denmark to the north.
The total area of Germany is around 357,000 km2 with a population of over 80 million
people.
For administrative purposes Germany is divided into 16 federal states, 19 government
districts, and 295 administrative districts.
With the commission of the Renewable Energies Law (EEG) in 2000 the number of biogas
plants in Germany continually rose. Especially the amendment of the EEG in 2004 and the
new version in 2009 supported the expansion of biogas plants. In 2012 around 7.515 biogas
plants in Germany with an installed electrical power of 3.352 MW had been placed. For the
year 2013 7.720 and for 2014 a slightly higher number of 7900 biogas plants are predicted,
as the quantity of new installations per year clearly declines after 2011 (figure 1)
(Fachverband Biogas e. V. 2013).
1 /22
Figure 1: Development of the quantity of biogas plants and installed electrical power in
Megawatt (MW) (Fachverband Biogas e. V. 2013).
Interviews with 652 operators in 2011/2012 brought out, that the major inputs are energy
crops with 49 % and animal manure and slurry with 43 %. Industrial and agricultural residues
only account for 1 % of the total input (in relation to mass) (DBFZ 2012). However the
number of waste biogas plants continually rises.
The current situation is estimated to be (economically) favorable for implementing new waste
biogas plants. The economic efficiency of individual biogas plants depends on the amount
and quality of the substrate and the utilization of the biogas and the digestate, as well as on
the legal framework conditions. Additionally favorable is the current still very moderate
interest rate and the feed-in tariff of EEG 2012 for biological waste. Dependent on the
specific gas yield and the size of the plant it is possible to generate net revenues ranging
between 30 and 45€ per ton of input material for electricity out of waste biogas. (Raussen
and Sprick 2012)
The advantages of waste biogas plants are the generation of renewable energy in a closed
loop (cascade utilization of waste and digestate) and the fact, that no agricultural area is
required for biogas production.
The possibility of using anaerobic wastewater plants offers another interesting perspective
for beverage and food industries to generate and utilize biogas in the own company. The
high demand for water and the high organic load of the wastewater with fat, oil or nitrogen or
phosphorous rich substances leads to high wastewater charges in public sewage plants. The
installation of own anaerobic wastewater plants offers the advantage to save high
wastewater charges on the one hand and on the other hand to produce and use biogas as a
2 /22
renewable energy source and generate heat or electricity for the beverage or food
manufacturing process.
2
Methodology
Because of the huge amount of biogas plants and food and beverage companies in Germany
the conduction of interviews with representative firms was considered inappropriate.
Additionally, the response rate for novel questioning of biogas operators is very low, because
of already existing, frequently distributed surveys. As there is a high interest in biogas in
Germany there already exist a lot of studies describing the situation of present biogas plants
as well as studies analyzing the remaining potential of substrates for biogas plants, such as
FAB wastes.
For all tasks an internet research was conducted and existing literature was examined.
3
Task 1
3.1 Map showing national biogas plants using FAB industry waste and
anaerobic wastewater plants in the food and beverage industry
Based on the literature and internet research we were able to identify 77 biogas plants, using
FAB residues as substrates and 17 anaerobic wastewater plants in the food and beverage
industry (Figure 2). The following reports were examined (the presented data from the
reports was complemented with internet research): Kern and Raussen (2011), Rettenberger,
et al. (2012), Witzenhausen-Institut (2008), STmUG (2013).
3 /22
Figure 2: Biogas Plants using FAB industry waste as (co-)substrates (red) and industrial
biogas plants (orange) and anaerobic wastewater plants (blue) in the food and beverage
industry
(Link to the
map:https://mapsengine.google.com/map/edit?mid=zUa7GcnHdHSI.ke0xRUcXfTKA)
3.2 Basic characteristics of existing biogas plants and anaerobic
wastewater plants
In Germany we identified 77 biogas plants which use waste from the food and beverage
industry and 17 anaerobic wastewater treatment plants. As we used only literature and
internet research to gather information, the datasets in table 1 and 2 are not always
4 /22
complete. We assume that the research covers about 50-60 % of all relevant biogas
installations.
Most of the biogas plants are Co-Fermentation plants, which also use other substrates. Only
eight out of 77 biogas plants use 100 % bio waste from the food or beverage industry, with
inputs of substrate between 4.800 and 75.000 t/a. Three of these plants are industrial biogas
plants, including two potato processing companies and a slaughterhouse. There are six
biogas plants with an input of FAB waste of more than 50.000 t/a. The majority of the plants
thus use less than 10.000 t/a (Table 1).
Table 1: Biogas plants using FAB waste in Germany classified by federal state
* Industrial biogas plants
Name
Installed
Substrate
Realized
Amount of
electrical
capacity
capacity
FAB waste
power [kW]
[t/a]
[t/a]
[t/a]
Baden-Wuerttemberg
BIGA Energie GmbH u.
not specified
18.000
not specified
9.000
not specified
not specified
5.000
2.500
Biogasanlage Geislingen
1.600
40.000
not specified
not specified
Biogasanlage Kupferzell
450
not specified
not specified
1
1.800
45.000
39.000
2.300
not specified
29.900
30.000
100
299
not specified
not specified
1.400
360
17.300
not specified
2.500
480
12.000
6.000
2.000
614
16.000
8.000
5.000
Biogasanlage Augsburg
2.000
55.000
50.000
not specified
Biogasanlage Hamlar
1.011
not specified
18.000
18.000
340
not specified
15.000
15.000
not specified
75.000
75.000
not specified
20.900
400
CoKG
Bioenergie Mayer GbR
Remondis BKF GmbH
Vergäungsanlage Leonberg
Bavaria
Fritz Preissler jun.
Abfallwirtschaftszentrum
Rothmühle
Benc Bioenergiecentrum
KG
Bioabfallvergärungsanlag
e Schwabach
Biogasanlage Neunburg
Biomethananlage
Wolnzach
Entsorgungs- und
10.000 (total
power)
690
5 /22
Verwertungs GmbH
Eggertshofen
ERC Landkreis Cham
GmbH
EVA - Energie- und
Verwertungsanlage
Johann Greimel
Biogasanlage
700
12.700
12.000
3.700
191
10.000
not specified
2.000
500
not specified
12.400
5.100
Installed
Substrate
Realized
Amount of
electrical
capacity
capacity
FAB waste
power [kW]
[t/a]
[t/a]
[t/a]
328
not specified
not specified
510
724
14.000
14.000
6.000
Ludwig Scheugenpflug
570
10.000
10.000
6.800
Martin Bachmayer
320
13.500
10.200
7.400
1.075
14.400
not specified
4.000
361
50.000
not specified
15.000
Name
Johann Kinzner
Biogasanlage
Josef Heißenhuber
Biogasanlage
Michael Blei GmbH &
Co.KG
Öko-Power GmbH & Co.
Biogas KG
Brandenburg
Biogasanlage Alteno
1.200
85.000
not specified
16.600
Biogasanlage Gröden
1.600
not specified
110.000
82.300
610
not specified
not specified
3.000
1.340
85.000
85.000
13.000
1.202
75.000
75.000
52.000
569
12.000
4.800
4.800
825
18.000
not specified
not specified
370
not specified
12.000
1.600
Biogasanlage
Hennickendorf
Biogasanlagen
Fürstenwalde
BioKraft Karstädt GmbH
Co-Vergärungsanlage
Brieske-Senftenberg
Hesse
Biogasanlage Bebra
Biogas- und
Kompostierungsanlage
Cyriaxweimar
6 /22
Biogaspark Großenlüder
Brensbach Biokraft
Brensbach GmbH&Co.KG
Energor GmbH Gerd
Preußner
FlörsheimWicker Biogasanlage
Infraserv GmbH u. Co.
Höchst KG
Rhein-Main Biokompost
GmbH
not specified
not specified
not specified
8.100
not specified
70.055
11.500
1.500
650
not specified
18.000
4.000
not specified
45.000
45.000
700
5.100
940.000
330.000
52.800
680
33.000
33.000
800
Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania
Biogas Barth GmbH
866
73.000
not specified
3.400
Biogasanlage Neubukow
938
80.000
80.000
37.300
2.042
76.500
50.000
3.500
230
18.250
18.250
14.900
ReFood
GmbH Niederlassung
Malchin
Vietlübbe Biogas GmbH
Lower Saxony
Biogasanlage
700
35.000
15.000
15.000
950
40.900
40.000
11.300
Biogasanlage Werlte
2.500
110.000
not specified
31.800
Biogasanlage Wittmund
2.500
145.000
not specified
108.900
not specified
25.000
not specified
9.800
Dannenberg
Biogasanlage Surwold
BiorekLathen Biogasanlage
Name
Bollmer Umwelt GmbH
Installed
Substrate
Realized
Amount of
electrical
capacity
capacity
FAB waste
power [kW]
[t/a]
[t/a]
[t/a]
3.500
120.000
not specified
99.000
not specified
73.000
not specified
21.900
not specified
90.000
30.000
7.900
GEV Gehlenberger
Bioenergie GmbH & Co.
KG
Heinfelder Bioenergie
GmbH & Co. KG
7 /22
Lutterhof Biogas
Oehmer Bio Energie
GmbH & Co. KG
Rotenburger Rohstoff und
Energie GmbH & Co. KG
Vergärungsanlage
Bardowick
Vergärungsanlage
Watenbüttel
Warmser Bioenergie
GmbH & Co. KG
350
11.000
11.000
4.500
not specified
51.100
44.000
40.300
1.020
40.150
30.000
13.400
2.128
40.000
36.500
22.400
not specified
20.000
20.000
500
not specified
10.000
10.000
10.000
8 /22
Name
Installed
Substrate
Realized
Amount of
electrical
capacity
capacity
FAB waste
power [kW]
[t/a]
[t/a]
[t/a]
North Rhine-Westphalia
Biogasanlage Borchen
Brakel-Beller Bioenergie
Faultürme der Kläranlage
Krefeld
Holz GmbH & Co. KG
Kompost- und
Vergärungsanlage Lemgo
Loick Bioenergie GmbH
M & H Glitz-Ehringhausen
Biogas GmbH & Co. KG
Neue Energie GmbH
Vergärungsanlage
Gescher
480
not specified
20.000
18.000
not specified
3.800
3.800
1.400
not specified
547.500
376.600
47.000
not specified
7.900
not specified
1.300
938
66.000
not specified
60
not specified
not specified
not specified
4.000
not specified
12.000
12.000
1.000
not specified
not specified
8.000
2.000
500
18.000
18.000
2.000
4.900
not specified
5.000
536
24.200
24.200
2.200
744
40.000
not specified
not specified
720
not specified
37.500
37.500
760
60.000
56.000
5.000
700
30.000
5.000
2.300
Rhineland-Palatinate
Schönberger Andreas
110
Saxony
Abfallbehandlungsanlage
Thallwitz
Biogasanlage Zobes
Biogasanlagen
Weidensdorf
Co-Fermentationsanlage
Radeberg
LRZ Landhandels- und
Recycling-Zentrum GmbH
Saxony-Anhalt
Biogasanlage Möckern*
330
not specified
12.400
12.400
856
30.000
24.000
1.200
not specified
110.000
60.000
16.100
1.886
73.000
42.500
8.000
Biogas- und
Kompostierungsanlage
Weißenfels
Biogasanlage Schkopau
SARIA ReFood GmbH
9 /22
Niederlassung Genthin
Schradenbiogas GmbH &
Co. KG
not specified
40.200
not specified
6.700
21.000
4.000
Schleswig-Holstein
Vergärungsanlage Kiel
536
21.000
In figure 3 you can see the total amount of FAB waste used in the examined biogas plants for
each federal state. Lower Saxony has by far the highest input of FAB waste, followed by
Bavaria and Brandenburg. The remaining federal states use far fewer amounts of FAB waste
for biogas production. Bavaria is the federal state with most of the biogas plants followed by
1000 t/a
Lower-Saxony and North Rhine-Westphalia.
450.0
400.0
350.0
300.0
250.0
200.0
150.0
100.0
50.0
0.0
Amount of FAB waste used
Number of biogas plants
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
Figure 3: Amount of FAB waste and number of biogas plant classified by federal states
Additionally to the above named biogas plants 17 anaerobic wastewater treatment plants in
the food and beverage industry were identified. Twelve of these industrial plants are
integrated into breweries and one each in the beverage, chees, yeast and tea producing
industry. By far most of the wastewater plants are located in Bavaria. Table 2 gives more
detailed information on the characteristics of the different wastewater plants. The produced
10 /22
biogas is utilized in the own company to generate process heat and or electricity. The
breweries are thus able to cover around 10% to 20% of their total heat demand and the yeast
producing company can cover 72% of the total electricity demand.
Table 2 Characteristics of the anaerobic wastewater treatment plants in the German beverage
and food industry
Name
Industry
Utilization of
the Biogas
Energie production
Bavaria
Andreas Leikeim GmbH & Co
KG
Augustiner-Bräu Wagner KG
Kulmbacher Brauerei AktienGesellschaft
Brewery
Brewery
Brewery
Heating
boiler
Not specified
Co-firing
18% of the total heat
facility
demand
Heating
10% of the total heat
boiler
demand
CHP or
MB-Holding GmbH & Co. KG
Tea production
Heating
Not specified
boiler
Oettinger Brauerei GmbH
Brewery
Paulaner Brauerei & Co. KG
Brewery
Privatbrauerei Erdinger
Brewery
Weißbräu
Pyraser Landbrauerei GmbH
& Co. KG
Brewery
Heating
boiler
Not specified
Co-firing
18% of the total heat
facility
demand
CHP
Not specified
Heating
boiler
Not specified
Hesse
Licher Privatbrauerei Ihring
Melchior GmbH und Co. KG
Brewery
CHP
417 000 kWhel.
Lower-Saxony
Yeast
Hefefabrik Leiber GmbH
production
CHP
72% of the total
electricity demand
Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania
DMK Deutsches Milchkontor
GmbH
Käseproduktio
n
CHP
Not specified
North Rhine-Westphalia
11 /22
H. Borgmeier GmbH & Co.
KG
Slaughterhous
e
Beverage
Valensina GmbH
production
Not specified
Not specified
Not specified
Not specified
Rhineland-Palatinate
CHP or
Bitburger Braugruppe GmbH
Brewery
Heating
boiler
2 300 000 kWhtherm.
1 900 000 kWhel.
Saarland
Karlsberg Brauerei GmbH
Brewery
CHP
Not specified
CHP
Not specified
CHP
Not specified
Saxony-Anhalt
Hasseröder Brauerei GmbH
Brewery
Thuringia
Privatbrauerei Metzler GmbH
& Co. KG
4
Brewery
TASK 2
4.1 Maps showing national waste streams of different FAB industry
branches
In Germany it is not possible to publish data from any companies without a specific
permission. Because of the high competition among companies in the same branch many
firms do not want their data to be published. One possibility to avoid tracing back to a single
company is to gather aggregated data. The literature we examined for task 2 therefore only
provided data with aggregated values for the federal states of Germany (Gaida, et al. 2013).
Unfortunately it is not possible to show the boundaries of the federal states in Google Maps
(Link to the map:
https://mapsengine.google.com/map/edit?mid=zUa7GcnHdHSI.ke0xRUcXfTKA). With the
program Cadenza Professional an alternative map was created to show the waste production
in Germany for the different federal states more clearly (figure 5).
12 /22
Figure 4: National waste streams of the different FAB industry branches in each federal state
(data based on Gaida et al. 2013)
To secure the data integrity of the participating industries in its survey, Gaida, et al. (2013)
aggregated the produced amount of waste for some of the federal states. In order to estimate
the production for each state, the amount was divided through the number of FAB industries
in these states and subsequently allocated to each single state. If there was no information of
Gaida, et al. (2013) on the dry matter content which was needed for calculations, data of
KTBL (2013) was used.
13 /22
The unit t/a refers to tons of fresh matter per year.
Meat & fish = slaughter, meat and fish processing; Fruit & vegetable = fruit and vegetable
processing; Fat & oil = production of vegetable and animal oils and fats; Dairy = milk
processing; Starch = starch (products) production and milling and hulling industry; Baking =
production of bakery products and pasta; Sugar & confectionary = production of sugar and
confectionary products; Distilleries and wine = distilleries, wineries and wine press houses;
Breweries and malt = production of brewery and malt products; Coffe & tea = processing of
coffee and tea and production of coffee substitutes; Other = production of condiments,
sauces, convenience food, and dietary and other foodstuffs
Gaida, et al. (2013) identified 1.894 German FAB companies and gathered information from
1.767 companies. Altogether they produced approximately 35 million tons of fresh waste,
which corresponds to more than 13 million tons of dry organic waste. In figure 5 one can see
that in most of the federal states the dominating waste producers are dairy, fat and oil, starch
and sugar and confectionary companies. In Saarland and Berlin starch production (including
cereal processing) is by far the main contributor to organic waste from FAB industries.
Figure 5 shows the number of FAB companies and the amount of produced waste for the
federal states. It is remarkable, that the four states Baden-Wuerttemberg, Bavaria, Lower
Saxony and North Rhine-Westphalia hold by far the most FAB companies and produce the
biggest amount of organic waste.
14 /22
Mio. t/a
8.0
400
7.0
350
6.0
300
5.0
250
4.0
200
3.0
150
2.0
100
1.0
50
0.0
0
total FAB waste
number of FAB companies
Figure 5: Amount of FAB waste and number of FAB companies classified by federal states
4.2
Basic characteristics of waste streams
Gaida, et al. (2013) not only analyzed the FAB waste production in Germany but also the
utilization of the different waste types. As the total waste in Germany is used in any possible
way and almost nothing remains unused (disposed), the authors defined a potential, which
could be redirected into higher-value utilization. This “redirectable” potential contains all
waste streams, which are currently disposed (external thermal or energetic utilization) or
exported. Table 2 summarizes the total FAB waste production, the number of companies in
the different FAB industry branches, the current utilization and the “redirectable” potential of
the different waste fractions in Germany. The biggest “redirectable” potential with 600.000 t/a
lies in the sugar and confectionary industry followed by distilleries and wine press houses
with 410.000 t/a and breweries and malt production with 330.000 t/a . In “Other” food
industries another amount of 160.000 t/a could be “redirected”. To “other” industries belong
the production of condiments, sauces, convenience food, and dietary and other foodstuffs.
The highest production of sugar and confectionary wastes is found in North RhineWestphalia, Lower-Saxony and Saxony-Anhalt. The highest amount of distillery and wine
house waste accumulates in Rhineland-Palatinate, followed by Baden-Wuerttemberg and
15 /22
Hesse. Breweries, malt production and “other” food waste is mostly produced in Bavaria and
North Rhine-Westphalia
Altogether a “redirectable” potential of 1,5 Mio. t/a is estimated for Germany. This represents
4 % of the total waste production of the German FAB industries. It was though not possible to
draw specific potentials for all waste types. The majority of the waste when producing fruit
and vegetables, fat and oil and dairy products or starch is used as feed. It might be possible,
that in future, the utilization of these waste types in biogas plants becomes more profitable.
However there remain still questions about the ecological aspects when feed has to be
substituted (for example through import).
More interesting is the possible utilization of the waste from the baking industry. There do not
yet exist well-established utilization paths and further investigation should be done to
uncover important potentials. During starch production the accumulated powder is currently
burned (Gaida, et al. 2013). This waste fraction could also be an advantageous substrate for
biogas plants.
Assuming an average methane production rate of 615 Nm3/t oDM for bio waste with a mean
organic dry matter (oDM) of 50 % of the total dry matter (DM), the yield of the total FAB
waste amount produced in Germany is more than 4.000 million standard m3 biogas, which
corresponds to around 2.500 million standard m3 methane. The yield of the “redirectable
potential” is estimated to be around 120 million standard m3 methane (KTBL 2013).
16 /22
Table 3: Current utilization and „redirectable“ potential of the different waste types (Gaida, et
al. 2013)
Waste type
Meat and fish
industry
Number of
Production
Main current
„Redirectable“
companies
[t/a]
utilization
potential [t/a]
454
1.620.000
94
890.000
41
6.900.000
119
11.800.000
85
4.910.000
Fruit and
vegetable
industry
Fat and oil
production
Dairy industry
Feed, fertilisation,
oleochemistry
Feed, biogas plant,
material use
Feed (100%)
Feed, biogas plant,
material use
0
not specified
not specified
not specified
Starch production
and cereal
Feed, material use
not specified
processing
No well-established
Baking industry
410
600.000
utilization, thermal
not specified
use
Sugar and
confectionary
108
4.840.000
Feed, thermal use
600.000
65
600.000
Fertilisation, feed
410.000
187
2.430.000
Fertilisation, feed
330.000
31
70.000
173
180.000
1.767
34.840.000
industry
Distilleries and
wine press
houses
Breweries and
malt production
Coffee and tea
processing
Other
Total
Potential methane yield [Mio. Nm3]
Biogas plants,
thermal use (intern)
Feed, biotechnology
5.000
160.000
1.510.000
120
17 /22
5
TASK 3
5.1 Description of the barriers
5.1.1 For biogas plant operators
The ongoing debate about the implementation of energy system transformation in Germany
leads to rapid changes in the legal framework and thus in the long-term predictable feed-in
tariffs of the EEG. Given the long planning time, the authorization and the construction of a
biogas plant of two to three years, these rapid changes are less conducive for the realization
of new biogas projects (Raussen and Sprick 2012).
The latest amendment of the EEG (EEG 2012) only offers the basic feed-in tariff for CoFermentation plants with less than 90 % bio waste. An extra and about 2 to 8 ct/kWh higher
feed-in tariff is offered, if more than 90% bio waste is used.
Another important financial aspect is the price for the substrate. Some years ago, before and
at the beginning of the biogas boom, the industries had to pay fees in order to get the waste
treated in a biogas plant. Today the plant operators have to pay to get the waste. In recently
conducted survey 218 biogas operators in Bavaria were questioned about the economic
situation of their biogas plants. The most frequent stated reason for a bad economic situation
was the cost for the substrate (C.A.R.M.E.N. 2013).
Brohmann, Hennenberg and Hünecke (2008) sighted literature and questioned biogas
experts about non-technical barriers preventing the implementation of biogas production. The
most important barriers were acceptance problems with higher traffic volume, odor emissions
and noise and lack of knowledge.
5.1.2 For food and beverage producers
For the industry in particular economic aspects play an important role for the choice of the
waste utilization. For many waste types selling the residues, especially as feed, is the
economical best way. If the waste is being used internally, the utilization process must be
well-planned and often requires high storage costs in order to avoid a stop of the production.
In particular the storage of highly perishable goods is difficult and expensive (Gaida, et al.
2013).
The authorization of a biogas plant using bio waste is very complex and often leads to
problems. In Germany there exist a high number of different legislations and norms for
biogas plants which are to be considered. These legislations are constantly changing and are
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therefore not adjusted to each other very well. In addition, the implementation of the
legislations differs in the federal states, which for some states results in different
requirements. (Loibl 2004)
To find the best and most suitable solution for waste utilization it is necessary to conduct
case-by-case preliminary feasibility studies, which take all the operational, regional and
ecological characteristics into account (Gaida, et al. 2013).
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6
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