CHAPTER II - Department of Agriculture, Maharashtra State

Chapter II
General Description of the Pune District
2.1 Introduction
Pune district, located in the western part of Maharashtra, is geographically the second
largest district in the state. The total geographical area of the district is 15.62 lakh hectares,
constituting 5 per cent of the state’s geographical area. The district is surrounded by
Ahmednagar district on the North and East, Solapur district on the South-east, Satara district on
the south, Raigad district on the west and Thane district on North-west. Pune district is triangle
in shape and lies in the Bhima and Nira basins. It is triangle in shape with its base in Sahyadri
mountains on the west and its apex in the extreme South –east corner near Nira river. Pune
district is also important from tourism point of view. These are some worth visiting places in and
around Pune are Dehu, Alandi, Saswad, Jejuri, Nira, Narshinhpur, Ale, Morgaon, Theur,
Ranjangaon, Ojhar, Lenyadri, Pune City, Khed, Maval, Mulshi, Purandar, Shirur, Velhe,
Ambegaon, Baramati, Bhor, Daund, Indapur and Junnar.
Map 1: Location Map of Maharashtra and Pune in India
Maharashtra
Pune District
India
7
2.2 District at a Glance
2.2.1 Location and Geographical Units:
Pune district lies between 17.54 to 19.24 degree North latitude and 73.19 to 75.10 degree
eastern longitude. The district comprises of 14 tehsils namely Pune city, Haveli, Mulshi, Bhor,
Maval, Velhe, Junnar, Khed, Ambegaon, Shirur, Baramati, Indapur, Daund, Purandar. Under the
Pune Zilla Parishad jurisdiction, 1866 villages are covered through 13 panchayat Samities and
1407 gram Panchayats. Pune city is located at 559 metres from the mean sea level. It is located
in the Deccan Plateau and is about 100 kms east from Konkan coast and at a distance of about
160 kms from Mumbai. It is located at the confluence of Mula-Mutha rivers. It is bounded by
hills on the western side. One can see the Sinhagad-Katraj hilly area to the south.
Map 2: Road map of Pune district
2.2.2 Demographic Profile:
As per the Census 2011, the total population of the Pune district was 94.29 lakh with a
population density of 603 per square kilometer. It consists of 57.51 lakh of rural population and
36.78 lakh of urban population. The ratio of female population per thousand of male was 915.
Out of the total population 12.51 percent belong to SC and 3.69 percent to ST communities
(Table 2.1). The district is with high literacy level of 86.15 percent, 80.98 percent in rural areas
and 89.45 percent in urban areas.
8
Table 2.1: Taluka-wise area, Number of villages, Gram Panchayats and Population of Pune District
Sr.
No.
Taluka
Area
(sq.K.M.)
General
% to
No. of
total revenue
villages
1.2
0
1
Pune city
184
2
Haveli
1337
8.5
108
3
Mulashi
1039
6.6
4
Bhor
892
5
Mawal
6
No. of
Gram
Panchayat
-
Population
(2011) '000
% to District total
Total
S.C. (%)
S.T.
(%)
3305
35.051
4.741
0.392
102
2436
25.835
3.977
0.541
144
95
171
1.814
0.191
0.074
5.7
195
155
186
1.973
0.117
0.053
1131
7.2
187
102
377
3.998
0.382
0.308
Velha
497
3.2
130
70
55
0.583
0.032
0.021
7
Junnar
1385
8.8
183
142
399
4.232
0.191
0.859
8
Khed
1400
8.9
188
163
450
4.773
0.318
0.520
9
Ambegaon
1043
6.6
143
103
236
2.503
0.106
0.541
10
Shirur
1557
9.9
117
93
385
4.083
0.350
0.127
11
Baramati
1382
8.8
117
100
430
4.560
0.679
0.032
12
Indapur
1463
9.3
143
113
383
4.062
0.647
0.053
13
Daund
1290
8.2
103
79
380
4.030
0.605
0.106
14
Purandhar
1103
7.0
108
90
236
2.503
0.180
0.064
Total
15703
100.0
1866
1407
9429
100
12.515
3.691
Source: District Social & Economic Review- 2011 and census 2011
The taluka-wise area, number of villages, gram panchayats and population of Pune
district is presented in Table 2.1. It can be seen from the table that Pune district has 1866
villages and 1407 gram Panchayats. Pune city of course does not have any villages. The
population of the district is 94.29 lakhs with 35.05 percent of the population in Pune city. The
next most populous taluka is Haveli which accounts for 25.83 percent of the population of the
district. Thus, 61 percent of the district’s population is located in Pune city and Haveli taluka.
The sex ratio of the population consists of 52.22 percent male and 47.78 percent female
population. Pune district has 2 municipal corporations and 3 cantonment boards. The District is
extended over 13 blocks having 1866 villages and 1407 gram panchayats.
2.2.3 Topography and Agro-Climatic Conditions:
The climate of the district is characterized by dry atmosphere except during monsoon.
The summer is moderately high and temperature varies from 360 c to 460 c. The average annual
rainfall is 905 mm. The rainfall pattern varies between 5080 mm on the western hilly region to
457 mm in eastern plateau progressively declining eastwards. Pune district forms a part of the
tropical monsoon land and therefore shows a significant seasonal variation in temperature as
well as rainfall conditions. Climate of the western region of Pune is cool whereas the eastern
part is hot and dry. Pune district is divided into four agro-climatic zones as described below.
9
1) Zone - 3 : Western Ghat Zone:
The area included is this zone comprises of the hilly, high lying terrains round about the
Ghats of Amboli, Fonda and Amba in Kolhapur District, Koyana and Mahabaleshwar in Satara
district, Lonawala and Khandala in Pune district, Kalsoobai hills in Akola taluka in Ahmednagar
district and Igatpuri and Trimbak in Nasik district. This zone covers 1.16 lakh hectares area of
Pune district.
2) Zone - 4 : Sub-Mountain Zone – Transition Zone-1 with red to reddish brown soils:
It comprises a narrow strip running through the western hilly flank of Kolhapur district;
western part of Bhor, Velhe and Mulshi, central part of Mawal, western strip of Khed,
Ambegaon and Junnar talukas of Pune district. The area covered by this zone is 3.08 Lakh Ha
area of district.
Map 3: Agro-Climatic Zones-Pune District
3) Zone – 5 : Western Maharashtra Plain Zone – Transition Zone-II with Grayish Black Soils
This is a wider strip running parallel and to eastern side of Transition Zone-I and extends
towards east up to the line where the Scarcity Zone starts. It extends to central part of Bhor,
western part of Haveli and eastern parts of Maval, Khed, Ambegaon and Junnar talukas in Pune
district covering 3.14 lakh hectares.
4) Zone- 6: Scarcity Zone- With kharif - cum Rabi Cropping:
The vast area in mid-western Maharashtra is traditionally known as the famine area of
the State. It comprises of Pune, Ahmedngar, Nasik and Dhule districts (excluding the portions
covered under plain Zone). This zone is the largest zone of Pune district constituting 8.21lakh
10
hectares and accounting for 53 per cent of the area of the district. It covers areas of Purandar,
Baramati, Indapur, Daund, Shirur, Junnar, Ambegaon, Khed, Haveli and Bhor taluka of district.
Rainfall and Temperature:
Owing to the geographical conditions within the district, the rainfall is unevenly
distributed. The Western part of the district adjacent to the West coast is hilly area having forest
cover, due to which the rainfall intensity is more in this area as compared to the eastern parts.
Most of this rain is brought by the southwest monsoon winds during the summer and about 87
percent of rainfalls during the monsoon months. The monsoon arrives in the month of June, with
the maximum intensity of rainfall during the month of July and August. Talukas falling in the
highest rainfall intensity zone are Velha, Mulshi and Maval. Talukas falling in the moderate
rainfall intensity zone are Bhor, Ambegaon, Junnar, Khed, haveli, Pune city and Purandar.
Talukas with lowest rainfall intensity, the dry and semi-arid zone are Shirur, Daund, Indapur and
Baramati (Table 2.2 and 2.3).
As mentioned earlier, over 73 percent of cropped area is cultivated under rainfed
condition in the district. Therefore, monsoon rain plays a critical role in the development of
agriculture. The average rainfall of the district is lower than the state average and the variation in
rainfall across different blocks within the district as well as across different years is one of the
major constraints in district’s agriculture. An analysis shows that the productivity of agricultural
commodities goes down sharply whenever there is a reduction in rainfall. This is because of the
fact that food grains and other crops are cultivated predominantly under rainfed condition.
Table 2.2: Taluka-wise Monthly Normal Rainfall (in mm.)
Sr.No.
Taluka
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
1
Pune city
2
0.9
3.3
14.9
31.5
107.4
168.9
96.5
130.1
78
29.9
6
2
Haveli
2
0.9
3.3
14.9
31.5
107.4
168.9
96.5
130.1
78
29.9
6.6
3
Mulshi
1.2
0.5
2.7
10.1
24.3
235.3
680.1
437.3
164.7
73.4
29.8
3.3
4
Bhor
1.7
6.7
3
13.7
31.9
138.9
381.7
237.7
129.6
79.3
33.6
7.4
5
Maval
1.4
0.6
1.3
9.9
25.8
187.6
498.4
305.8
151.3
79
27.8
3.4
6
Velhe
0.1
0.1
2.5
10.7
62.3
417.2
1047
679.9
258.8
120.4
36.3
5.7
7
Junnar
2.2
1.1
2.6
9.7
22.9
100.9
250.6
147.5
113.3
68.3
36.1
5.7
8
Khed
1.8
0.8
1.9
8.8
33.2
103.4
186.4
114.7
136.8
70.1
32.8
5.1
9
Ambegaon
1.9
0.2
2.1
10.8
28.4
112.7
265.3
143.7
131.3
70
34.3
3.9
10
Shirur
3
2.1
1.7
7.5
25.1
106.9
74.4
48.3
144.5
62.9
30
7.2
11
Baramati
4.2
0.8
2.2
7.7
27.7
78.5
56.7
67.4
150.1
72.2
32.1
5.3
12
Indapur
4.9
1.5
3.6
10.3
21.9
92.2
63
53.1
145.3
71.7
28.7
7.6
13
Daund
3
0.9
1
9
20.7
81.5
60.2
46.7
130.7
71.3
29.1
7.4
14
Purandar
1.4
0.6
3
16.2
30.4
88.7
110.7
64
112
87.2
33.1
9.1
Source –www.agri.mah.nic.in
11
The month of April and May are the hottest months in the district. Maximum
temperature during these months often rises above 36 degrees C. The western region of Pune
district i.e. talukas Junnar, Ambegaon, Khed, Maval, Mulshi and Velha are cool whereas the
eastern part i.e. talukas Shirur, Daund, Baramati and Indapur are hot and dry. December and
january are the coolest months, when average temperature falls as low as 11 degrees C.
Table 2.3: Talukawise Rainfall for the Pune District- 2002-03 to 2011-12
Rainfall in mm
Taluka/Year
200203
200304
200405
200506
200607
200708
200809
200910
201011
201112
Pune city
153.8
335.3
652.4
1229.5
1174.5
779.44
689.3
909.7
1169
979.9
Haveli (pune)
762.5
452.1
839.3
1240.36
1182.3
859.04
706.1
938.3
1147.8
979.6
Mulshi (paud)
820.6
1251
1785.4
2872.8
2755
1834
1602
1836.7
1592
1792
Bhor
1017.9
712
1284.3
1711
1632
1429.4
998
1213
1121
1129.3
Maval (wadgaon)
1357
1026
1382.6
2557
2198
1442.6
1399.5
1364.8
1168
1482
Velhe
952.3
1420
2003.4
6315.6
3880
3263
2409
1405
2043
2695.1
Junnar
605.5
648.2
719.8
1344.4
1197
880
747.4
706
862.3
769
432.5
386.3
668.5
956.9
1454.3
756.5
692.7
639.6
1018.4
637.7
351.2
421.8
671.2
1014
1312.3
830.9
735
732.3
823.4
836
520.2
266
346
459
760
674
492
859.6
849.5
441.8
Baramati
262.4
113.2
425
704
510
622
454
738.8
804.6
291
Indapur
336.4
163.3
496.9
690.5
620.6
640.3
345.4
932.4
805.8
399
Daund
229.8
156.3
452.9
739
524
604.85
326.7
474.3
639.3
347.6
215
710
1156
1441
519
497
806
602
609.4
Khed
(Rajgurunagar)
Ambegaon
(Ghodegaon)
Shirur
(Ghodnandi)
Purandar
223.4
(saswad)
Source –www.agri.mah.nic.in
Soil Type:
A variety of soils are found in Pune district ranging from deep black soils of plain &
scarcity zone to shallow, red or reddish brown soils of sub mountain & western ghat zone. Soils
of Pune district are categorized in to 5 types viz., Black (45 percent), Red (5 percent), Alluvial
(8 percent), Sandy (12 percent) and Sandy loams (30 percent).
12
Map 4: Geomorphology map of Pune District
Land Capability Classification:
The taluka-wise land use capability classification of Pune district is presented in Table
2.4. It can be seen from the table that out of the total sample surveyed, about 60 percent of land
falls under Class III and IV Category, i.e. moderately to fairly good land for cultivation, which is
scattered in all the talukas. About 14 percent of land is of good cultivable land and remaining
land is not suitable for cultivation.
Table 2.4: Taluka-wise Land Use Capability Classification of Pune District
Sr.
No.
Taluka
Class
-I
Class - II
Class III
Class IV
Class
-V
Class VI
Class VII
Class VIII
Total
surveyed
area
1
Bhor
0
365
538
754
0
4016
2202
0
7875
2
Velha
0
626
2076
2100
0
4085
1615
1897
12399
3
Mawal
0
1155
3226
10163
0
3729
1143
0
19416
4
Mulashi
0
6988
10181
11310
0
38430
663
12
67584
5
Haveli
0
9568
10615
14726
0
11035
3313
6456
55713
6
Khed
0
10267
18224
26306
0
15496
14723
1502
86518
7
Ambegaon
0
4941
10773
13921
0
18242
10624
1061
59562
8
Junnar
0
11687
22498
24169
0
18258
11050
531
88193
9
Shirur
0
17350
32867
53333
0
11240
2020
0
116810
10
Baramati
0
10212
32725
29514
0
12281
1570
0
86302
11
Daund
0
17075
32354
27489
0
12183
0
0
89101
12
Indapur
0
15574
43083
36895
0
10172
850
0
106574
13
Purandhar
0
13991
27629
29102
0
16748
1866
0
89336
Total
0
119799
246789
279782
0
175915
51639
11459
885383
Notes: Class I - Very good cultivable land, Class II - Good cultivable land, Class III -Moderately good cultivable land,
13
Class IV-Fairly good land, suited for occasional cultivation-, Class V - Nearly level land not suitable for cultivation because of
stoniness, wetness, etc., Class VI -Steep slopes, highly erosion prone with shallow soils, Class VII -Steep slope with sever soil
erosion resulting in eroded stony and rough soil surfaces with shallow soil , Class VIII- hilly area very steep slope , uncultivable
Source: District Soil survey & Soil Testing Office, Pune
Map 5: Soil and Land Use Capability
Classification Map of Pune District
Fig. 2.1: Land Use Capability Classification of Pune District
Class - IV, 31.6
Class - V, 0.0
Class - VI, 19.9
Class - VII, 5.8
Class - III, 27.9
Class - II, 13.5
Class - VIII, 1.3
Class - I, 0.0
14
Soil Fertility Indices:
Soil fertility refers to the inherent capacity of the soil to supply nutrients in adequate
amounts and in suitable proportions for crop growth and crop yield. The trend in increasing the
yield by adopting high yielding varieties has resulted in deficiency of nutrients in soils and has
reflected as deficiency symptoms in plants. Hence, it is required to know the fertility status of
the soils of the district applying the required dosage of fertilizers and planning the regional
distribution of fertilizers. The soil fertility indices of PH, E.C., available organic carbon,
available phosphorus and available Potash, analyzed from 19946 total samples collected from
different talukas of the district is presented in Table 2.5. It can be seen from the table about 73
percent of the soil in the district fall under category with neutral PH, followed by 24.4 percent
soil of acidic nature and reaming is alkaline status. About 95 percent of soil in the district falls
under category of low Electrical Conductivity and about 85 percent of soil contain low Organic
Carbon. The available phosphorus and potash status in the soils of Pune district shows that more
than 96 percent of soil in the district is low in phosphorus and most of the soil in the district is
high potash (about 98 percent of soil).
Table 2.5: Soil Fertility Indices
High
low
Medium
High
low
Medium
High
low
Medium
High
Available Potash
(Kg/ha.)
Medium
Available Phosphorus
(Kg/ha.)
low
Organic Carbon (%)
Alkaline
E.C.(ds/m)
Neutral
PH
Acidic
Taluka
No of
Soil
Samples
analysed
Bhor
769
595
174
0
750
19
0
745
21
3
768
1
0
6
2
761
Mulashi
824
759
65
0
821
3
0
784
12
28
822
0
2
7
14
803
Mawal
1247
1034
212
1
1247
0
0
1176
18
53
1228
16
3
7
16
1224
Velha
861
655
206
0
855
6
0
801
17
43
854
4
3
3
9
849
Baramati
2006
248
1680
78
1789
167
50
1448
356
202
1976
23
7
8
15
1983
Daund
1546
55
1440
51
1431
83
32
1410
68
68
1531
12
3
19
26
1501
Indapur
1425
83
1290
52
1366
48
11
1350
50
25
1358
62
5
5
8
1412
Purandhar
1853
191
1622
40
1750
92
11
1728
61
64
1707
129
17
8
50
1795
Shirur
3229
394
2609
226
2996
206
27
2691
221
317
3020
146
63
27
44
3158
Haveli
2742
550
2096
96
2498
217
27
2160
260
322
2629
101
12
43
66
2633
Khed
809
123
683
3
784
25
0
769
15
25
785
18
6
3
12
794
Ambegaon
1434
72
1362
0
1405
29
0
792
301
341
1383
38
13
5
26
1403
Junnar
1201
114
1082
5
1189
11
1
1083
101
17
1099
78
24
14
23
1164
19946
4873
14521
552
18881
906
159
16937
1501
1508
19160
628
158
155
311
19480
TOTAL
Source- District Soil Survey & Soil Testing Office, Pune
15
Map 6: Soil Fertility Index of Available Nitrogen (on the basis of Organic Carbon %)
of Pune District
Map 7: Soil Fertility Index of Available Phosphorus of Pune District
16
Map 8: Soil Fertility Index of Available Potassium of Pune District
Map 9: Soil Electrical Conductivity of Pune District
17
Map 10: Soil Reaction pH - Pune District
Micronutrient Status
Because of wide spread deficiencies in soils leading to reduced crop yields, an emphasis
is given on soil micronutrient sufficiency /deficiency and are being intensively studied in recent
times. The deficiencies are caused due to use of chemically pure and micronutrient free
fertilisers, cultivation of improved crop varieties with high nutrient requirements and intensive
cultivation of crops.
Table 2.6: Micronutrient Status in the Soil of Pune district
Sr.
No.
Name of
the Taluka
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
Bhor
Mulashi
Mawal
Velha
Baramati
Daund
Indapur
Purandhar
Shirur
Haveli
Khed
Ambegaon
Junnar
Total
No of Soil
Samples
Analyzed
3
4
1
0
38
132
194
1
214
7
1
75
127
797
Copper (Cu)
S
3
4
1
0
38
132
194
1
214
7
1
75
127
797
Iron (Fe)
D
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
S
0
1
1
0
0
6
27
0
23
2
0
2
6
68
Note: S- Sufficient, D-Deficient
Source- District Soil Survey & Soil Testing Office, Pune
18
D
3
3
0
0
38
126
167
1
191
5
1
73
121
729
Manganese
(Mn)
S
D
3
0
4
0
1
0
0
0
38
0
132
0
194
0
1
0
214
0
7
0
1
0
75
0
127
0
797
0
Zinc (Zn)
S
2
2
0
0
3
4
15
1
13
2
0
2
13
57
D
1
2
1
0
35
128
179
0
201
5
1
73
114
740
Map 11: Soil Available Micronutrient Status- Pune District
It can be seen from the Table 2.6 that the available copper and manganese status show
that the soils of the district is sufficient in copper and manganese. However, the available iron
and zinc status reveals that about 92 per cent of the soils in the district are deficient in iron
which need corrective measures for increased crop production and about 93 percent area of soils
in the district have zinc deficiency. Zinc fertilization is definitely required for sustained crop
production.
Rivers:
The rivers like Bhima, Neera, Mula, Mutha, Indrayani and Ghod flow through this
district. These rivers carry a great volume of water and many irrigation dams are constructed
across these rivers. The district presents a varied physiographic with highly undulating hilly
topography on western side and large plain stretch towards east.
Most of the talukas in Pune district are flood prone. The rivers likely to cause flooding
are river Bhima (Tal. Shirur, Daund, Indapur and Haveli), River Mula (Pune city), river
Mutha(Tal.Punecity and Mulshi), River Indrayani (Tal. Khed, Haveli and Maval), River Ghod
(Tal. Ambegaon), River Mina and Pushpavati (tal Junnar), River Nira (Tal. Indapur and
Purandar), River Pavana (Tal. Haveli).
19
Map 12: Rivers and Reservoirs in Pune District
2.2.4 Land Use Pattern and Land holdings:
Land use pattern explains how effectively land resources are utilized for different
purposes in a state. Development in irrigation and growth in population are the two important
factors, which mostly decide the land use pattern of any region/state. Table 2.7 presents the
detailed land use pattern of the Pune district. It can be seen from the table that out of
geographical area, about 23 percent of land is under non agricultural usage i.e. forest, land under
non-agricultural use, cultivable waste, permanent pasture and miscellaneous trees and groves.
About 7 percent land is as current and other fallow and about 64 percent of land is sown. Thus,
altogether about 14.71 percent of land is available in the form of cultivable waste, permanent
pastures, land under tree crops and grooves, current as well as other follows, which can be
brought under productive use with a proper wasteland development programme.).
20
Table 2.7: Land Utilization Pattern of Pune District
Geographical
Area (% to
district)
Forest Area
Barren and
Uncultivabl
e area
Land under
Non-agri.
Use
Cultivable
Waste
Permanent
Pasture
Misc. Trees
& Groves
Current
fallows
Other
Fallow
Net Sown
Area
Gross
Cropped
Area
Cropping
Intensity
(%)
Percentage to total Geographical Area
1
Pune city
0.77
1.96
5.59
80.11
4.16
0.00
0.00
5.46
2.68
0.04
0.04
100.0
2
Haveli
8.55
5.89
11.08
3.06
1.85
7.34
0.00
0.88
8.35
61.55
69.25
112.5
3
Mulashi
6.65
16.09
10.66
6.35
0.79
1.95
0.00
7.33
17.53
39.30
42.67
108.6
4
Bhor
5.71
13.74
17.53
1.94
0.19
22.60
0.04
3.10
0.84
40.01
53.93
134.8
5
Mawal
7.24
28.94
1.02
5.99
0.80
3.63
0.83
0.96
3.52
54.31
60.92
112.2
6
Velha
3.20
21.61
5.89
3.85
1.61
2.05
0.00
9.31
18.41
37.28
47.81
128.2
7
Junnar
8.86
15.08
4.93
2.19
0.66
1.24
0.07
0.37
2.93
72.54
86.62
119.4
8
Khed
8.79
14.62
5.48
1.45
1.35
6.89
0.67
0.63
4.18
64.73
76.56
118.3
9
Ambegaon
6.68
23.30
5.00
1.43
5.41
2.88
0.67
0.29
0.38
60.63
74.71
123.2
10
Shirur
9.97
3.87
5.80
4.30
3.61
1.41
1.01
0.88
1.54
77.66
84.28
108.5
11
Baramati
8.85
3.57
6.37
3.51
1.88
2.29
0.00
4.96
2.11
75.30
103.7
137.7
12
Indapur
9.40
5.36
1.98
3.99
1.82
0.99
12.63
2.85
1.21
69.18
76.96
111.3
13
Daund
8.26
3.80
9.35
5.64
3.27
2.11
1.36
3.32
2.91
68.23
89.52
131.2
14
Purandhar
7.06
2.01
5.05
2.39
3.38
4.28
0.95
1.81
2.38
77.75
80.77
103.9
Total
100.0
11.00
6.67
4.13
2.11
4.20
1.64
2.45
4.31
63.49
75.09
118.3
Sr.
No.
Taluka
Source: Chief statistician, Commissionerate of Agriculture, Pune
Map 13: Land Use - Pune District
21
Fig. 2.2: Land Utilisation Statistics of Pune District
Forest Area
11%
Barren and Uncultivable
area
7%
Land under Non- agri. Use
4%
Net Sown Area
64%
Cultivable Waste
2%
Permanent Pasture
4%
Misc. Trees & Groves
2%
Current fallows
2%
Other Fallow
4%
The land holding pattern of Pune district for the year 2011 is presented in Table 2.8. It
can be seen from the table that about 80.50 percent of farmers have land holding below 2
hectares (marginal and small farmers). However, about 19.50 percent of farmers have land
holding above 2 hectares.. Therefore, the average land holding of the marginal farmer and small
farmer of the district is 0.44 and 1.42 hectares respectively.
Table 2.8: Land holding pattern of Pune District, 2011 (Percentage to total)
Size of land Holding
(ha)
Sr. no.
No. of
Holders
(lakh)
Land
Operated
(lakh ha)
% of
Land
Holders
(100..)
% of
Area
operated
1
0.0 to 1.00
4.19
1.85
56.45
18.36
2
1.0 to 2.00
1.79
2.54
24.13
25.20
3
2.0 to 5.00
1.02
2.78
13.83
27.58
4
5.0 to 10.00
0.36
2.07
4.87
20.54
5
10.00 to 20.00
0.05
0.84
0.69
8.33
7.43
10.08
100
100
Total
Source: Agriculture Census 2010-11
22
Cropping Pattern:
The maximum area of Pune district is categorized as scarcity zone and agriculture is
dependent mainly on monsoons. Hence rabbi crops dominate the cropping pattern. The area
under rabi crops is 49.3 per cent, while that under kharif crops is 27.3 percent and 10 percent
area is under sugarcane. The area under summer crops is negligeble while area under fruit and
vegetables crops is 2.7 and 9.3 percent respectively . The cropping pattern in Pune district
presented in Table 2.9.
Table 2.9: Distribution of area under different crops
Sr. No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
Crops
K. Jowar
Rice
Bajara
Other Kh. Cereals
Tur
Mung
Udid
Other Kh. Pulses
Sunflower
Soybean
Groundnut
Sugarcane
Kh. Fodder
Total Kharif
R. Jowar
Wheat
Other R. cereals
Gram
Safflower
R. Sunflower
Summer Groundnut
R. fodder
Total Rabi
S. fodder
Total summer
Total cereals
Total pulses
Total oilseed
fruits
vegetables
GCA
Distribution of area under different Crops (%)
0.3
5.6
10.3
2.0
0.3
0.6
0.2
1.1
0.2
0.1
4.1
10
2.1
27.3
35.6
5.3
0.7
4.1
0.7
0.2
0.3
2.0
49.3
0.59
1
60
7.0
6.0
2.7
9.3
1131580 ha
23
Area, Production & Productivity of Major Crops
Kharif:
During the year 2011-12, the area under kharif crops was mostly dominated by
foodgrains, especially cereals. Out of the total area under kharif crops, cereals constituted 71 per
cent while pulses constituted only 7 percent (Table 2.10). Hence together, cereals and pulses
constituted 78 percent of total area under Kharif crops. Among cereals, Bajara and Rice was the
main crop.
Table 2.10 Production and Productivity of Main Kharif Crops in the Pune District- 2011-12
Sr.
No.
Name of Crop
Area
(00 ha)
Production
(00 mt)
Productivity
(Kg/ha)
1
Rice
599
795.47
1328
2
Jowar
23
23.46
1020
3
Bajra
538
553.06
1028
4
Ragi
123
131.49
1069
5
Maize
88
250.80
2850
6
Other
20
9.50
475
1391
1763.78
Total Kharif Cereals
1
Tur
16
8.03
502
2
Mung
39
18.56
476
3
Udid
9
7.55
839
4
Other
77
27.72
360
Total Kharif Pulses
141
61.87
1532
1825.65
Total Kharif Foodgrains
1
Soyabean
45
95.99
2133
2
Gr.nut
358
402.03
1123
3
Sesamum
12
3.49
291
4
Sunflower
4
3.56
890
5
Niger
12
3.97
331
Total Kharif Oilseeds
431
509.04
Sugarcane
1333
1266.35
1963
2334.69
Kharif Season
95
Among oilseeds, the main crop cultivated was groundnut and as much as 83 percent area
under oilseeds was under groundnut.
Area under other oilseeds such as
sunflower was negligible.
24
Sesamum and
Rabi:
As mentioned earlier, agriculture in Pune district is dominated by rabi crops. The area
under rabi crops is dominated by foodgrains and as much as 99 percent of area under rabi crops
is under foodgrains. Major area (85 percent) under foodgrains is under cereals (Table 2.11). The
main foodgrain crop in the rabi season is jowar and 60 percent of area under rabi cereals is under
rabi jowar and 19 percent of area is under Wheat crop. The main pulse crop is gram which
constitutes 12 percent of area in Rabi crops. Rabi oilseeds are negligible.
Table 2.11: Production and Productivity of Main Rabi Crops in the Pune District 2011-12
Sr.
No.
Name of Crop
Area
(00 ha)
Production
(00 mt)
Productivity
(Kg/ha)
1
R. Jowar
1736
1348.87
777
2
Wheat
553
942.87
1705
3
Maize
139
371.13
2670
4
Other
24
10.80
450
2452
2673.67
Total Rabi Cereals
1
Gram
354
293.11
828
2
Other
62
28.95
467
Total Rabi Pulses
416
322.07
Total Rabi Foodgrains
2868
2995.73
1
Sunflower
7
4.55
650
2
Safflower
5
1.49
297
3
Sesamum
1
0.31
310
Total Rabi Oilseeds
13
6.35
Total Rabi Season
2881
3002.08
Summer:
Summer crops in Pune district are negligible. The main cereal crop is Bajara and
groundnut is the main oilseed crop cultivated in summer (Table 2.12).
Table 2.12: Production and Productivity of Summer Crops in Pune District 2011-12
Sr.
No.
Name of Crop
Area
Production
(00 ha)
(00 mt)
Productivity
(Kg/ha)
1
Maize
20
40.02
2001
2
Bajara
34
32.30
950
Cereals
54
72.32
Summer Food grain
54
72.32
Groundnut
25
47.50
25
47.50
79
119.82
1
Summer Oilseeds
Summer Season
25
1900
Overall, it can be concluded that in Pune district 67 percent of GCA is under food grains
with 60 percent under cereals and 7 percent under pulses. Rabi jowar is the main cereal crop.
Horticulture:
Pune district has horticulture as a major allied activity. 9.3 per cent area of total gross
cropped area was under vegetables and 2.7 percent area accounts to the fruits crops. The major
vegetables grown are Onion, tomato, potato, brinjal, cole veg.., bhendi, beans, peas, chilli, guard
and major fruits crops grown are Grapes, Guava, custard apple, banana, mango and pomogrante.
Sericulture:
Sericulture has emerged as the virtual economic lifeline for farmers in Pune District.
Thousands of farmers in this region are now rearing silkworms and also continuing with their
farming.. The process begins with farmers planting Mulberry saplings in the shade. Once these
samplings grow sufficiently, government officials are called in to inspect the tree and the leaves.
Animal Husbandry:
Animal husbandry is closely interwoven with agriculture and obviously plays an
important role in the national/state economy and also in the socio-economic development of
rural households. This is the sector where the poor contribute to growth directly instead of
getting benefit from growth generated elsewhere. The livestock sector (animal husbandry and
poultry) is one of the important allied activities of agriculture. By providing substantial income
to rural households especially in the areas where agricultural growth is poor, it helps to reduce
the rural poverty. Pune district is very rich in case of animal population. As per 18th Livestock
Census 2007, the district has 1082640 bovines (of which, 416642 are breedable crossbreed
cows, 366344 breedable indigenous cows, 299654 breedable buffaloes), 380315 sheep, 534895
goat. Also 16814630 poultry birds are being reared by the farmers. Pune district is well known
for remarkable fish production also.
Table 2.13: Livestock Population of Pune and Maharashtra, 2007
Particulars
Cattle
Buffalo
Total Bovine
Sheep
Goat
other
Total Livestock
Poultry
Livestock Population (‘000)
Pune
Maharashtra
783
16183
299
6072
1083
22256
380
535
16
2014
16815
Source: 18th Livestock Census, 2007
26
2909
10391
397
35953
64756
% share of Pune
4.84
4.94
4.87
13.06
5.15
4.03
5.60
25.96
Allied activities in the form of animal husbandry and dairy development play a very
important role for rural households. Besides providing additional employment, these sectors also
supplement income and enhance nutritional security. It is well known that dietary patterns are
gradually shifting towards livestock and dairy products with increase in income levels. Hence
Animal Husbandry and Dairy development can play a major role as activities allied to
agriculture.
Dairy Development:
 Govt. Milk Scheme
 Co-op. Dudh Sangh
1 (Pune Milk Scheme)
4
:
:
Baramati Taluka Co-op Doodh Sangh, Baramati
Pune Zilla Sahakari Dudh Utpadak Sangh, Katraj
Doodh Ganga Co-op. Dudh Utpadak Sangh, Indapur
Subhash Anna Kul Co-op. Dudh Utpadak Sangh, Daund
Fisheries Development:
 Length of Rivers in District
:
1252 Kms.
 Water spread Area Favorable for Fisheries
:
28035 Ha.
 Fish Production
:
7700 MT
Source- District Fishery Development Officer, Pune
Agriculture Marketing Centers:
All the APMC’s from the district are the major centers of marketing. These centers are
supported by Maharashtra State Agriculture Marketing Board, Pune, various co-operative
marketing societies & private agencies among the district. There are 11 APMC and 19 Cooperative Sugar factory in the district.
2.2.5 Irrigation and Groundwater:
Pune district has a net sown area (NSA) of 9.92 lakh hectares of which net irrigated area
accounts for 2.62 lakh hectares. This indicates that only 26.4 per cent of net sown area is
irrigated. The percentage of net irrigated area to net cropped area in Indapur, Baramati, Junner,
Shirur & Daund is 34 per cent, 28 percent, 31 per cent, 24 percent, 25 percent, respectively. The
percentage of irrigated area in the rest of the talukas is much lower than district Average. The
gross irrigated area of the district is 3.13 lakh hectares.
27
(Area in ’00 ha)
Table 2.14: Sources of Irrigation and Groundwater
Year
Surface
Irrigation
Well
Irrigation
Net Irrigated
Area (NIA)
Gross Irrigated
Area (GIA)
Percentage of
GIA to GCA
% of groundwater
Irrigation to NIA
1960-61
466
570
1036
1191
10.9
55.02
1970-71
550
549
1099
1400
13.7
49.95
1980-81
905
812
1717
2018
18.3
47.29
1990-91
1151
952
2103
2516
19.1
45.27
3200
27.3
53.91
2000-01
1244
1455
2699
Source: Season and Crop Report, various issues.
Fig.2.3: Sources of Irrigation
30.0
50.00
25.0
40.00
20.0
30.00
15.0
20.00
10.0
10.00
5.0
0.00
% GIA to GCA
% area to NIA
60.00
0.0
1960-61
1970-71
Surface Irrigation (%)
1980-81
Well Irrigation (%)
1990-91
2000-01
Percentage of GIA to GCA
The canal irrigation and well irrigation constitute 46.3 per cent and 53.7 per cent of the
gross irrigated area respectively. Khadakwasla, Ghod, Ujani, Veer, Pavana, Chaskaman, Kukadi
etc. dams and their irrigation canals are the major sources of irrigation of the district. The district
has been bifurcated into 71 watersheds. Out of these 44 have been categorized as safe, while 11,
2 and 14 have been categorized as semi critical, critical and over exploited respectively. The Net
Groundwater balance has been estimated at 45197 Ha-m for the district. Keeping in view the
stage of development of groundwater in the district, 9 talukas are categorized as safe and
remaining 4 talukas viz., Baramati, Purandhar, Junnar and Ambgaon are categorized as semicritical. The district has an area of 29027 hectares under drip irrigation.
28
Fig. 2.4: Talukawise Area Irrigated (% of GIA to GCA)
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
District Av
Purandhar
r
Daund
Indapur
rBaramati
i
Shirur
rAmbegaon
n
Khed
Junnar
r
Velha
Mawal
a
l
Bhor
rMulashi
Haveli
i
i
Pune city
city
Map 14: Groundwater Potential in Pune district
29
Map 15: Groundwater Estimation in Maharashtra
2.2.6 District Income:
The sector-wise income in Pune District can be observed from Table 2.15. The per capita
income in Pune district is 1.7 times the state average. The sector wise distribution of income
indicates that out of the total district income, only 5.15 percent comes from the Primary sector.
The secondary sector contributed 39.54 percent to District income and in case of tertiary sector it
was 55.31 percent. The overall picture leads us to conclude that a major share of income is
derived from Pune city from the secondary and tertiary sector. This also possibly explains the
high per capita income in the district which is above state average.
30
Table 2.15: Sector wise district income and per capita income of Pune district for the year 200809 & 2009-10 (as per 2004-05 Prices)
(figures in lakh)
Sr.
No.
Sector
1.1 Agriculture
Year 2008-09
Gross
Net Income
Income
306575
279691
Year 2009-10
Gross
Net
Income
Income
308671
280026
1.2 Forestry
60728
59800
64101
63080
1.3 Fisheries
2439
2038
2534
2078
76
60
73
56
369818
(4.98)
341589
(5.15)
375378
(4.60)
345240
(4.75)
2.1 Reg. Industries
2197023
1785037
2537001
2067839
2.2 Un-reg. Industries
328707
294544
363407
325962
2.3 Construction
556786
531608
574385
546964
2.4 Elect., Gas & Water Supply
29175
11358
46338
18181
3111691
(41.89)
2622546
(39.54)
3521130
(43.12)
2958946
(40.69)
3.1 Railway
25063
20666
27394
22605
3.2 Transport & Storage
233900
206352
247363
217655
3.3 Communication
148177
132514
166991
149881
3.4 Trade & Restaurants
961791
933874
1076374
1046559
3.5 Banking & Insurance
798105
787378
875521
863839
3.6 Professional Services
1063927
970796
1087394
986980
3.7 Public Admin.
418795
343819
466079
384426
3.8 Other Services
296545
273487
321636
296576
Total Tertiary Sector
3946303
(53.13)
3668887
(55.31)
4268753
(52.28)
3968521
(54.57)
Total District Income
7427812
6633021
8165261
7272706
Per Capita Income (Rs)
102700
91711
112896
100555
64549187
58417848
70154963
63482862
59269
53640
63497
57458
6.38
6.5
9.93
9.64
1.4 Mines & Minerals
Total Primary Sector
Total Secondary Sector
Total State Income
Per Capita Income State (Rs)
% of district Income to State Income
Note: Figures in brackets are percentage to total district income.
Source- District Social & Economic Review, 2010-11
2.2.7 Intra-District Growth Differentials:
As mentioned earlier, Pune District comprises of 14 tehsils, including Pune city. The per
capita income in Pune district is 1.7 times the state average. However, the important point that
31
emerges is that 54.57 percent of the District Domestic Product (2009-10) comes from the service
sector while 40.69 percent comes from the secondary sector. However, the agricultural sector
contributes only 4.75 percent to the District Domestic Product. It is obvious that most of the
District Domestic product is generated from Pune city where the industrial and service sectors
are concentrated. Pune city occupies only 1.2 percent of the geographical area of the district. In
all other tehsils, agriculture and allied activities are the predominant activities. Districts such as
Mulshi, Shirur and Purandhar suffer from very low cropping intensity. However, Baramati
taluka is progressive and is a pioneer in agri-tourism. The main purpose of agri-tourism is to
disseminate the latest agricultural practices. Dairy, Poultry and horticulture are also important
activities in Baramati taluka.
Overall it appears that growth in Pune district is mainly due to growth in industrial and
service sector growth in Pune city. Productivity in the agricultural and allied activities sector has
to be promoted so that other tehsils are able to improve their economic position.
2.3 Development Vision and Strategy:
As stated earlier, the Comprehensive District Agriculture Plan is to achieve and sustain
desired annual growth rate during XIIth plan period, by ensuring a holistic development of
agriculture and allied sectors. Accordingly, each district has to formulate a district plan by
including resources available from the existing schemes.
The district has to project
requirements for the development of agriculture and allied sector through vision and strategy to
achieve 4 percent agriculture rate of growth. On the basis of above discussion, the following the
development plan and strategy are drawn.

To achieve a sustainable growth rate for the agriculture and allied sector of more than
4.0 percent per annum during the end of 12th Five Year Plan.

Pune district has a huge urban population. Pune city which is entirely urban. A major
portion of the income of the district is derived from Pune city which has a huge
secondary and tertiary sector. Pune city has a huge market for agriculture and allied
sector from other talukas. Industries located in Pune city can also obtain their raw
materials from the agricultural sector.

In the recent past, the demand for flowers in and outside the country has been
expanding rapidly. There is a huge international demand for flowers during colder
months due to festival season (Christmas, etc). The district already has a Floriculture
32
Park at Talegaon, Pune with infrastructure facilities in the Park. Therefore increasing
exports of flowers by promoting hi-tech floriculture is envisioned in the 12th Plan.

. The district has a conducive climate and well developed infrastructure for promoting
dairy activities by the cooperative as well as private sector. The issues addressed in the
12th Plan will aim at
promoting veterinary centers which provide health care to
facilitate dairy development. Strengthening of milk collection centers and processing
schemes in cooperative sector may be strengthened.

Provision of good class infrastructure (farm roads, internal roads, uninterrupted power
supply, water) for agro-based industries including food processing industry

The district has great potential in poultry development especially in Maval and Haveli
Taluka. With close proximity to Mumbai and large number of corporate in the poultry
sector, there is tremendous scope for further promoting contract farming.

Encourage contract farming in medicinal and aromatic plants (area expansion,
processing etc.)

Exploit the potential of existing forest reserves by promoting related business like bee
keeping.

Increase in irrigation facility in DPAP areas and promotion of consumptive use of
water in these areas.

Development of post harvest management facilities (pack houses, cold storages. cold
chain, onion storage structures etc.)

Establishment of soil health up to village level.

Promotion of organic farming and inland fisheries through groups.

Human resource development through imparting high-tech knowledge in agriculture
and allied sectors.
33