Database of Latin Dictionaries

Database
of
Latin
Dictionaries
(DLD)
edited by the Centre « Traditio Litterarum Occidentalium »
published with the support of the Fonds National de la Recherche
Scientifique and the collaboration of the Comité National du
Dictionnaire du Latin Médiéval
under the direction of Paul Tombeur
USER’S GUIDE
FHG
2016
© Functional design by CTLO and Brepols Publishers, Turnhout, 2016
© Database by CTLO and Brepols Publishers, Turnhout, 2016
© Lucene – search technology by Apache Foundation (http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0)
© Publication rights by Brepols Publishers, Turnhout, 2016
Lexicon totius latinitatis
cum appendicibus
Aeg. Forcellini, Ios. Furlanetto, Fr. Corradini, Ios. Perin
Patavii, 1940 [1864-1926]
Lexicon totius latinitatis
Onomasticon
Ios. Perin
Patavii,1940
A Latin Dictionary
Charlton T. Lewis, Charles Short
Oxford, 1933 [1879]
Dictionnaire latin-français des auteurs chrétiens
Albert Blaise
Turnhout, 1954-1967,
revised and corrected under the direction of Paul Tombeur (2005)
A Glossary of Later Latin
to 600 A.D.
Alexander Souter
Oxford 1949
Lexicon latinitatis medii aeui
Albert Blaise, Turnhout, 1975
Digitized with the aid of the Fonds National de la Recherche Scientifique and with the
collaboration of the Comité National du Dictionnaire du Latin Médiéval
Glossarium
mediae et infimae latinitatis
conditum a Carolo du Fresne
Domino du Cange
auctum
a monachis ordinis s. Benedicti
cum supplementis integris
D.P. Carpenterii
Adelungii, aliorum, suisque
digessit
G.A.L. Henschel
Editio noua aucta pluribus uerbis aliorum scriptorum
Léopold Favre
T. I-VIII
Parisiis, 1883-1887
Latinitatis italicae medii aevi lexicon
(saec. Vex.-saec. XII in.)
Franciscus Arnaldi, Paschalis Smiraglia
Editio altera aucta addendis quae confecerunt L. Celentano, A. De Prisco, A.V. Nazzaro,
I. Polara, P. Smiraglia, M. Turriani
SISMEL
Edizioni del Galluzzo
Firenze, 2001
Cum undecim supplementis editis in Archivum latinitatis medii aevi (ALMA) 2002 - 2013
(t. 60, 61, 62, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71), curantibus A. De Prisco, M. Di Marco, I.
Lexicon Latinitatis Medii Aevi Regni Legionis
(s. VIII-1230) imperfectum
Léxico latinorromance del Reino de León (s. VIII-1230)
Maurilio Pérez González
Turnhout, 2010
Glossarium mediae et infimae Latinitatis regni
Hungariae
Antonius Bartal
Hildesheim – New York, 1970 [Budapest, 1901]
Dictionary of Medieval Latin from British Sources
R. E. Latham, D. R. Howlett & R. K. Ashdowne (eds.)
British Academy
Oxford, 1975–2013
Dictionary of Ecclesiastical Latin,
Leo F. Stelten
Peabody, Massachusetts, 2008 [1995]
Kirchenlateinisches Wörterbuch
A. Sleumer
Hildesheim, 20115 [Limburg a. d. Lahn, 1926]
Lexicon philosophicum
Étienne Chauvin
Leeuwardiae, 1713
Lateinische Synonymik
Nach Gardin-Dumesnil’s Synonymes latins neu bearbeitet und vermehrt
Ludwig Ramshorn
Leipzig, 1831 & 1833
Firmini Verris Dictionarius
Dictionnaire latin-français de Firmin le Ver
1440
edited by
Brian Merrilees and William Edwards
(Turnhout, 1994)
including the corrections supplied by the editors
Anonymi Montepessulanensis Dictionarius
Le glossaire latin-français du ms. Montpellier H236
edited by Anne Grondeux
Turnhout, 1998
Dictionarius familiaris et compendiosus
Dictionnaire latin-français de Guillaume Le Talleur
edited by William Edwards and Brian Merrilees
Turnhout, 2002
Lexicon hoc est dictionarium ex sermone Latino in
Hispaniensem
Diccionario latino-español
Elio Antonio de Nebrija
Salamanca, 1492
Fac-simile edited by Germán Colón and Amadeu-J. Soberanas
Barcelona, 1979
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Preface .......................................................................................................................................... 9
I.
THE DLD ............................................................................................................................. 10
2015 novelties ............................................................................................................................ 10
A. Dictionaries in the DLD........................................................................................................ 11
1. Defining and translating dictionaries................................................................................ 11
a) Latin in its entirety: the dictionaries by Forcellini and Lewis and Short, Forcellini’s
“Lexicon totius latinitatis” ................................................................................................... 11
b) Latin of the patristic age: the Blaise Patristic and the Souter“Dictionnaire latinfrançais des auteurs chrétiens” by Albert Blaise ................................................................. 12
c) Latin of the Middle Ages and of the “Recentior Latinitas”: the Blaise Medieval, the
Du Cange, the “Latinitatis Italicae Medii Aevi Lexicon”, the “Lexicon Latinitatis Medii
Aevi Regni Legionis”, the “Glossarium mediae et infimae Latinitatis regni Hungariae”, the
“Dictionary of Medieval Latin from British Sources” ......................................................... 12
2. Thematic dictionaries ....................................................................................................... 27
a) “Dictionary of Ecclesiastical Latin”, by Leo F. Stelten .............................................. 27
b) “Kirchenlateinisches Wörterbuch” by A. Sleumer (1926)........................................... 27
c) “Lexicon Philosophicum” of Étienne Chauvin (1713) ................................................ 37
d) “Synonymik” of Ludwig Ramshorn ............................................................................. 40
3. Medieval dictionaries and lexica ...................................................................................... 42
a) Firmini Verris Dictionarius ......................................................................................... 42
b) Anonymi Montepessulanensis Dictionarius ................................................................. 43
c) Dictionarius familiaris et compendiosus by Guillaume le Talleur .............................. 43
d) Latin - Spanish dictionary by E. A. de Nebrija ............................................................ 43
B. Lemmatised CTLO Word-forms, CTLO Lemmas and CTLO References .......................... 46
1. Lemmatised CTLO Word-forms and CTLO Lemmas ..................................................... 46
2. CTLO References ............................................................................................................. 48
C. Links between the DLD and the text databases of “Brepolis Latin” .................................... 49
II. USING THE DLD ................................................................................................................ 50
A. Navigating in the DLD ......................................................................................................... 50
B. Performing a search .............................................................................................................. 50
1. Quick Search .................................................................................................................... 50
a) Search criteria.............................................................................................................. 50
b) Wildcards and Boolean operators ............................................................................... 52
c) Greek words ................................................................................................................. 53
d) Performing a query ...................................................................................................... 53
e) Exporting as a PDF or showing it in a new window ................................................... 55
2. Advanced Search .............................................................................................................. 55
a) Selecting one or more dictionaries .............................................................................. 56
b) Searching in an article ................................................................................................. 56
c) Searching with the help of CTLO Classifications ........................................................ 59
3. Indexes ............................................................................................................................. 61
a) Dictionary Headwords ................................................................................................. 62
b) Lemmatised CTLO Word-forms ................................................................................... 63
c) CTLO Lemmas ............................................................................................................. 64
d) CTLO References ......................................................................................................... 65
APPENDIX: GENERAL SEARCH .............................................................................................. 68
III.
AUTHORS AND TITLES OF WORKS FROM BARTAL’S GLOSSARIVM............ 70
9
Preface
Lecture of this manual may seem difficult.
The best way to do it is by simultaneously
reading it and consulting the database with
concrete questions. The textual and lexical
reality is complex, and to be able to fully
benefit from it will require an effort.
Serious scholarship is learned one day at a
time!
10
I. THE DLD
The DLD dictionary project has high aims: to present new techniques of
research for consulting dictionaries and various lexica, both modern and ancient.
The project covers both single-language dictionaries and multilingual ones.
Further, it links the dictionaries to databases of texts and tools for analysing
them.
The work involved consists of two types: one involving additions, deletions,
and changes, and conceivably amounting to a thorough remaking of these
dictionaries and lexica; the other may be considered more archaeological,
covering data as it is presented in works of scholarship from the Middle Ages, the
Renaissance and the modern period.
2015 novelties
In 2015, the DLD was enhanced with a seventeenth tool, Ludwig Ramshorn’s
Lateinische Synonymik. Nach Gardin-Dumesnil’s Synonymes latins neu
bearbeitet und vermehrt, two volumes that appeared in 1831 and 1833
respectively. As stated in its subtitle, the book is a reworked and considerably
developed version of Jean-Baptiste Gardin Dumesnil’s Synonymes latins, et leurs
différentes significations, avec des exemples tirés des meilleurs auteurs
(following the 4th edition of 1827). Each of the 1,366 entries in the Synonymik
brings up an at times impressive series of words or phrases close in meaning,
providing an invaluable aid to any thematic research in Latin texts. The richness
and value of this book are all the greater because this is not a synonym dictionary
stricto sensu, for it also brings together terms that lie within the same semantic
field without being actual synonyms, thus opening a wider perspective.
A more detailed presentation of the Synonymik will be found in the chapter of
this manual on the various dictionaries of the DLD.
Moreover, for greater clarity and logic, the ranking of the DLD dictionaries
has been changed: apart from the medieval dictionaries, which retain their
specific category, the others are now sorted by type, and not only according to
the periods they cover. Thus, the DLD currently includes three categories of
books: that of defining and translating dictionaries, where one finds the three
previously distinguished periods (Antiquity, the Patristic Period, the Middle Ages
and later); that of thematic dictionaries; and finally, that of medieval dictionaries
11
A. Dictionaries in the DLD
This database of dictionaries contains relevant working instruments consisting
both of products of modern scholarship and medieval works. As we feel it is
important for the reader to understand each dictionary’s specific characterestics,
we have chosen for a presentation that moves from the general to the particular.
1. Defining and translating dictionaries
a) Latin in its entirety: the dictionaries by Forcellini and Lewis and
Short, Forcellini’s “Lexicon totius latinitatis”
Our general dictionary of Latin, which covers the entire period from the first
attestations until the middle of the first millennium, is the Lexicon totius
latinitatis by Forcellini, here in the edition which includes the additions by
Furlanetto, Corradini and, in the 20th century, Perin. Mgr. Perin’s addenda have
been included under the relevant headings.
Here we have the only complete dictionary which has the advantage of
completely running from A to Z, indicating long and short vowels, giving the
origins of words – particularly the Greek lemmas – and offering translations in
several European languages (English, French, German, Italian and Spanish) for a
great multitude of words, often enabling users to query the DLD starting from
their own language.
Forcellini’s “Onomasticon”
If the Lexicon comprises four weighty tomes, the Onomasticon, which was
published as Forcellini’s tomes V and VI and redacted by Mgr. Joseph Perin
(who equipped it with addenda of his own), consists of two heavy volumes.
The integration of the Onomasticon in the DLD is the more welcome because
the Thesaurus Linguae Latinae on proper names has only been published for the
letters A to D and there are no current plans of continuing the publication of an
Onomasticon.
“A Latin Dictionary” by Lewis and Short
A Latin Dictionary by Ch.T. Lewis and Ch. Short, published in 1879 and
reprinted innumerable times, can be accessed in the DLD in scanned form.
Lewis and Short resembles other dictionaries common in French, German,
Italian, and so forth, in that its authors have based themselves predominantly on
Classical Latin but include attestations from the patristic era, stretching
sometimes to Isidore of Seville. It is intended for use by English speakers, who
can also have recourse to the other dictionaries for the subsequent period.
An index of basic translations in English has been compiled and researchers
will be able to find Latin words starting from the selected lemmas in English.
12
b) Latin of the patristic age: the Blaise Patristic and the
Souter“Dictionnaire latin-français des auteurs chrétiens” by Albert
Blaise
The only general Latin-French dictionary for the patristic age is Albert
Blaise’s Dictionnaire latin-français des auteurs chrétiens, which was compiled
after the publication of Alexander Souter’s work.
The first edition of Blaise’s dictionary dates from 1954. In 1967 a list of
addenda and corrigenda appeared, which we have inserted under the relevant
headwords.
Additionally we have introduced a number of corrections, which in the
articles are indicated by the symbols < > – addenda and corrigenda – and [ ] –
delenda.
We have proceeded likewise in uniformising the references with the intention
of creating a link with LLT-A and enabling the user to find all the mentions of a
particular work within this dictionary, where works are often cited inconsistently
(cf. below, p. 38).
We will steadily continue the task of revising this dictionary.
“Glossary of Later Latin” by Alexander Souter
This Latin-English dictionary of Later Latin covers the period running from
the end of the second to the beginning of the seventh century. It was originally
conceived as a supplement to the Oxford Latin Dictionary, which does not
include Christian literature and does not extend beyond the first centuries AD.
Alexander Souter’s work, which, as expressed by its title, does not confine itself
to Christian authors, remains a necessary complement to that of Blaise.
Especially, lexical peculiarities concerning medicine or the natural sciences, as
well as legal vocabulary can be found here. In addition, Souter gives a number of
references to Christian texts not found in Blaise’s dictionary.
c) Latin of the Middle Ages and of the “Recentior Latinitas”: the
Blaise Medieval, the Du Cange, the “Latinitatis Italicae Medii Aevi
Lexicon”, the “Lexicon Latinitatis Medii Aevi Regni Legionis”, the
“Glossarium mediae et infimae Latinitatis regni Hungariae”, the
“Dictionary of Medieval Latin from British Sources”
“Lexicon latinitatis medii aeui” by Albert Blaise
Following his dictionary for the Latin of the Church Fathers, continuing his
work on lexicography, in 1975 Albert Blaise published the Lexicon latinitatis
medii aeui. In his wish to be helpful and counter the absence of lexical works for
scholastic literature, the author has included attestations from beyond the
traditional upper limit of the Middle Ages and did not even recoil from inserting
some modern terms, for instance those used in the Second Vatican Council
(1962-1965).
Recently we have undertaken the correction of this Lexicon and we hope that
in the future we will also have the opportunity to insert into the DLD medieval
dictionaries produced by the various national committees for the publication of a
Medieval Latin dictionary, and redacted and published under the aegis of the
International Union of Academies, which has recently supported our initiative of
integrating these modern accomplishments into the DLD to the greater benefit of
researchers.
13
“Glossarium mediae et infimae latinitatis” of Du Cange
The principal dictionary of Medieval Latin, which remains essential because
of the information on the medieval world that is to be found there (not taking into
account specific literature on theology and philosophy) is the Glossarium mediae
et infimae latinitatis of Du Cange. The edition captured is the one edited by
Léopold Favre in 1883-1887. Notably, it includes the additions by the Maurists,
and by Dom Carpentier and other scholars.
One will notice the large quantity of words from vernacular languages that are
attested in the Glossarium.
Here we have also inserted the addenda.
In the DLD, this Glossarium is presented in the form of scanned images.
Indexes, which are especially rich because they contain, remarkably, composite
lemmas, allow one to quickly find headings in the Glossarium.
“Latinitatis Italicae Medii Aevi Lexicon” and the supplements of the ALMA
This Lexicon, published in 2001 under the aegis of the International Union of
Academies and the Unione Academica Nazionale, is devoted to the vocabulary
of the Latin texts of Italy from the end of the fifth to the beginning of the
eleventh century. It is the first medieval dictionary of a regional Latin to be
included in the DLD.
This book gathers, in a single volume, the three tomes of the Latinatis Italicae
Medii Aevi Lexicon imperfectum, issued in 1939, 1951-1953, 1957-1964
respectiveley, and the twelve addenda published in the Archivum Latinitatis
Medii Aevi (ALMA) from 1965 to 1997.
The Lexicon is continuously developing and therefore, since the edition of
2001, several supplements have appeared in the ALMA. Eleven of those – from
2002 to 2013- are now available in the DLD, and the forthcoming publications
will be regularly integrated.
Grouping together the different components of this Lexicon in one and the
same database presents the great advantage that it allows the user to obtain all the
articles devoted to a same term in a single interrogation, eventhough they are
scattered in several printed publications, and to compare them to other
publications in the DLD.
At the beginning of each article, we have added a code that indicates its exact
provenance. The following codes were used:
- [Lx]: articles from de three volumes of the Lexicon imperfectum:
- [A1] to [A12] : Addenda 1 to 12, i.e. the twelve addenda taken up in the
book of 2001 ;
- [T60], [T61], etc. : numbers of the volumes of the ALMA posterior to the
book of 2001.
The codes [Lx] and [A1] to [A12] are those used by the authors of the
Lexicon in the texts of their articles.
The following table gives an overview of the content of the different additions
that have been included in the DLD so far:
[A1]
[A2]
[A3]
[A4]
a
ba
clabo
craricula
-
axon
cleris
coxendix
dyspnoea
14
[A5]
[A6]
[A7]
[A8]
[A9]
[A10]
[A11]
[A12]
[T60]
[T61]
[T62]
[T64]
[T65]
[T66]
[T67]
[T68]
[T69]
[T70]
[T71]
ebanielium
ha
ina
insititum
la
medicativus
oorior
ponsio
a
caballarius
crabro
epolonus
gabalus
i
in
ingemesco
invenio
largio
longanimis
-
gyrus
in
insisto
ixum
mediator
onyrogmon
pono
quur
byzanzius
covix
epitheton
fyrma
hyvernus
imus
infusio
invencio
largifluus
longaneum
maturitas
The users have at their disposal the complete references of the texts cited in
the Lexicon, as they appear in the Index auctorum et operum by P. Smiraglia and
M. Di Marco, issued in 2008 (Firenze, Sismel, Edizioni des Galluzzo).
We are most grateful to the International Union of Academies and the Unione
Academica Nazionale for their permission to make this Lexicon a part of the
dictionaries of the DLD.
“Lexicon Latinitatis Medii Aevi Regni Legionis (s. VIII-1230) imperfectumde”
by Maurilio Pérez González (et alii)
Published in 2010, this Latin - Spanish lexicon, or more precisely LatinRomance - Spanish, studies the vocabulary of historiographical and diplomatic
texts written in the kingdom of León – with the exception of Galicia – between
the eighth century and 1230, the date of the definitive union between the
kingdoms of León and Castille.
Each entry provides all the written variants of the term in question, its
etymology, its meaning or meanings, numerous examples presented in relatively
extended contexts, thorough commentaries and linguistic and historical notes.
As well as constituting an indispensable tool for anyone interested in the history
of the kingdom of León, it also of wider interest, especially linguistic. Indeed,
the texts analysed are written in a language that may be described as both
“Latino-Romance” and “diplomatic medieval Latin” (Cf. Introduction, p. LXIII).
They “basically, [have] word of Latin and Greek origin ; but also words
which have evolved, that is to say, Romanisms, as well as others with such
origins as Arabic, Germanic, Celtic, etc., no matter what the graphematic,
phonetic, morphological or syntactic situation is”. Hence, this state of language
“is an excellent field of work for analyzing the history of modern languages, both
Romance and non-Romance ones.” (Introduction, p. XLVII).
Note that, as for the lexicon of medieval Latin from Italy, the DLD provides
the reader with complete references to the texts which constitute the basic corpus
of the lexicon, and which are cited within the entries in very abridged form.
15
In order to facilitate the use of the Lexicon, the following specifications
regarding its external characteristics will be helpful:
-The lexical entries written in CAPITALS, unlike the others which are written
in lower case, are what the authors call “ghost words”, that is, words which are
the result of copying, transcribing or even typing errors.
-In the print volume, notes are indicated within the body of the entry by a
superscript letter, and developed following the entry in smaller characters. For
technical reasons, the DLD indicates notes by a letter that is not in superscript,
but between square brackets (example: [a]) and the notes themselves are written
in characters that are the same size as those of the text in the entries.
-“!” before a written variant indicates that there is only one occurrence.
Example: !furuz sv furuzi.
-“*” before a definition means that it is classical.
Example: *Septentrion, norte sv aquilo.
-Each entry concludes with the name of its author or authors, in the form of
three letters representing the initials of his or her first name and family names. In
the DLD, these letters are in square brackets.
[MPG]
Maurilio Pérez González
[EPR]
Estrella Pérez Rodríguez
[PAM]
Pilar Álvarez Maurín
[AMF]
Alberto Montaner Frutos
[RGG]
Rafael García García
[CPG]
Carlos Pérez González
“Glossarium mediae et infimae Latinitatis regni Hungariae”, by A. Bartal
Hungarian Latinity, a true crossroads of peoples and consequently also of
cultures and languages, is characterized particularly by the very diverse
influences that have permeated it, as well as by its exceptional longevity, not
only in the areas of the Church and of education, as well as in scholarly circles,
but also in the spheres of administration, law, institutions, and in social and
political life. So, it was only in 1844 that Latin was replaced by Hungarian as the
official language of administration.
The Glossarium mediae et infimae latinitatis Regni Hungariae, commissioned
to Antonius Bartal in 1894 by the Hungarian Academy of Letters, was published
in 1901 and contains close to 37,000 entries. It was designed as a Hungarian
supplement to the Du Cange dictionary, to which it also often refers, and it
focuses primarily on a vocabulary of realia relating to every kind of area. Its
sources are besides mainly (though not exclusively) historical, ecclesiastical,
legal, administrative, diplomatic.
For each entry, the Glossarium provides the Hungarian and Latin equivalent,
and often also the German one. It lays out regularly, in Latin, an explanation of
the facts covered by the lemma, making it more than just a translation dictionary.
Each article contains one or more sources, usually accompanied by a relatively
large citation.
To pick out a few more characteristics of the vocabulary of Hungarian Latin,
and of the Glossarium of Bartal:
- In his introduction (p. IX-X), the author indicates a series of words that have
a particular significance in the Hungarian context: laicus means, in addition to its
16
usual meanings, “socius (apud opifices)”, cultura also has the meaning of
“merx”, libertas can designate a type of currency, gerundium means a kind of
stick, etc.
- The Glossarium contains many words from Hungarian, from various Slavic
languages, from German, French, Italian, Turkish, some of them barely
Latinized, some of them not at all, e.g. : auszugalista, chalaffagilar,
chauvinismus, deakus, dazdarus, Louis d’or cum sole, obrest-vach-masterius,
patvaristicus, sivabilis, smuciditas, swpycza, vrumelibeglerbegus, zangziack, ...
- Of course we also find perfectly formed Latin (or Greco-Latin) neologisms,
such as deputationalis, independentismus, iurisdictionare, a number of words
formed from the prefix neo- (neocitare, neoimplantare, neolevatus, ...),
protocollisatio,
reexecutorium,
relaxationalis,
stultifer,
superincomprehensibilitas, ursopsychologia, ..
- We should not omit to mention the presence of the extremely numerous
lemma-syntagms, invaluable as revealing a host of facts in a variety of sectors.
Some examples : alimentaria provisio feudalis, chocoladae confectores,
commissariatus
gubernialis
maritimo-cameralis,
consilium
regium
locumtenentiale excelsum, directoratus causarum regalium, feudum ex pacto et
providentia maiorum, hussarus subofficialis, judex vice specialis praesentiae,
litterae amnystiales assecuratoriae (note that the lemma-syntagms starting with
litterae cover more than eight pages of the book), magister faber serarius
Hungaricus, monachi grisei, vinum theologorum, etc.
As already noted at the beginning of the manual, Bartal’s dictionary remains
essential for the Latin of this part of Europe - not least because the Lexicon
latinitatis medii aevi Hungariae (1987-1999) does not go beyond the letter I and will be very useful for reading Hungarian texts contained in our textual
databases. So, in the Deliberatio supra hymnum trium puerorum of Gerard of
Csanád (an Italian Benedictine of the eleventh century, the first bishop of
Csanád, today the patron saint of Budapest – LLT-A), we find the baretalibus
form of the adjective baretalis, which appears nowhere else in the CDS (Spring
2013 version), and, in the DLD (Autumn 2013 version), is represented only by
the Glossarium of Bartal. The same goes, among others, for rabulatorem,
superincomprehensibilitas, talpeus (also in the same work), for the forms
lagungulas, salgenia, in the Gesta Hungarorum by the anonymous “P. Magister”
(twelfth century – LLT-B), for coruigerum in the De laudibus bellicis Matthiae
Coruini Hungariae regis d’Alessandro Cortesi (fifteenth century – LLT-B).
That said, Bartal’s work contains as well lemmas which, while being also
represented in other texts than those of the Hungarian field, are nevertheless
absent from the other dictionaries of the DLD. For instance, it’s only in this
dictionary that you will find the lemma uerecundabilis, appearing in the LLT-A
in a work of Thomas Aquinas, with the form uerecundabilia. The Glossarium is
thus also a precious tool outside the Hungarian context.
We can only regret, as pointed out by P. Stotz (Handbuch zur lateinischen
Sprache des Mittelalters, Bd 1, Einleitung. Lexikologische Praxis, Wörter und
Sache, Lehnwortgut, München, 2002, p. 232, § 28.4), that the references are not
dated and that no information is provided on the date of the first occurrence of a
word.
17
For a more detailed account of this dictionary, the reader can usefully consult
the author’s introduction and the comments of P. Stotz (op. cit., p. 118-119, § 42,
p. 231-232, § 28.1-28.4 ).
At the end of this user guide is a list of authors and works included in the
Glossarium.
“Dictionary of Medieval Latin from British Sources”, by R. E. Latham, D.
R. Howlett & R. K. Ashdowne1
General introduction
The Dictionary of Medieval Latin from British Sources (DMLBS)is the most
comprehensive dictionary of Medieval Latin to have been produced and the first
ever to focus on British Medieval Latin. Covering a particularly long period
stretching from Gildas (fl. 540) to William Camden (1600), it is wholly based on
original research, that is to say on the close reading of thousands of Medieval
Latin texts, both literary and documentary. This has been carried out specifically
for the purpose of recording their distinctive lexical characteristics, and, as far as
possible, using the best available sources, whether original manuscripts or
modern critical editions. It is also based on systematic searches within computer
databases, including the Library of Latin Texts (LLT-A and LLT-B), where many
of the texts can be found that make up the sources for the DMLBS.
Acknowledgements and history
The printed Dictionary was prepared by a project team of specialist
researchers as a research project of the British Academy, overseen by a
committee appointed by the Academy to direct its work.
The project began life and continues as the Academy's part of a Europe-wide
scheme, first proposed in Britain in 1913 and subsequently established under the
auspices of the International Union of Academies, to create a successor to the
previous standard dictionary of medieval Latin, the Glossarium ... mediae et
infimae Latinitatis, first compiled in the seventeenth century by the French
scholar, Du Cange (Charles du Fresne). There have been a number of similar
national projects across Europe under the same overall scheme, each responsible
for preparing a dictionary of medieval Latin from their particular national
sources; some of these are ongoing (e.g. the DMLCS), some have reached
completion (including the DMLBS), and others ceased work before reaching
completion.
Following decades of research gathering quotation evidence the drafting of
the Dictionary itself began in the mid-1960s at the project’s base since its
inception, the Public Record Office in London, under the first editor, R. E.
Latham. The printed Dictionary was subsequently published in fascicules, from
Fasc. I (A–B) in 1975 to Fasc. XVII (Syr–Z) in 2013. In the early 1980s the
editorial team moved to Oxford and from the late 1990s the project formed part
of the Faculty of Classics at Oxford University. Following the completion of the
Dictionary in print at the end of 2013, the editorial team was greatly reduced,
retaining only the Editor and Consultant Editor, and finally disbanded at the end
1
Information supplied here about the DMLBS is based on the more extensive account
available online at: http://www.dmlbs.ox.ac.uk. For details of the structure of the
dictionary and the principles followed for its compilation (entries, spelling, etymology,
definitions, quotations, references, etc.), the user can usefully consult the Guide for Users
at: http://www.dmlbs.ox.ac.uk/publications/a-guide-for-users
18
of September 2014. The Editors of the Dictionary were R. E. Latham (1967–
1978), D. R. Howlett (1979–2011), and R. K. Ashdowne (2011–2014).
The preparation of the DMLBS was supported financially for most of its
history by the British Academy alone, but in its final twenty years the project
also received major research grants from the Arts & Humanities Research
Council, the Packard Humanities Institute, and the OUP John Fell Research
Fund. It also benefitted from the institutional support of the British Academy and
the University of Oxford, and from the work of dozens of volunteer readers who
excerpted quotations from British Medieval Latin sources.
“British sources”
The “British sources” as defined here are mainly Latin texts written in Great
Britain during the period mentioned above, either by British authors or by
authors who lived in Britain (among them Anselm of Aosta or of Canterbury and
Lanfranc). However, the DMLBS also includes British authors such as Alcuin or
Wynfrith (alias Boniface), who have written abroad, as well as texts coming
from territories under the administration of the English crown (such as Ireland,
the Channel Islands, Normandy), and finally, letters and other documents in
Latin sent to British authors and conserved among their writings.
Authors and texts2
Although in itself a foreign language in Britain, Latin has known in this
country, mainly as a written language, a remarkable vitality in the Middle Ages.
So we know the names of more than 2,000 authors writing in British medieval
Latin, more than 500 of whom are regularly cited as sources in the DMLBS,
without counting the many texts by anonymous authors, as well as private and
public records.
British medieval texts written in Latin are not only plentiful, but also in very
different genres: administrative and legal documents; stories and chronicles;
literary, philosophical, scientific and religious texts; translations; glossaries ...
A series of these authors and texts can be found in the LLT-A and LLT-B, as
discussed above, as well as in the Archive of Celtic Latin Literature (ACLL) and
in the Electronic Monumenta Germaniae Historica (eMGH). These include texts
by Gildas, Bede, Aldhelm, Wynfrith, Alcuin, Anselm of Canterbury, Lanfranc,
Isaac of Stella, William of Newbury, Alexander Neckam, Aelred of Rievaulx,
Eadmer, Robert Grosseteste, Roger Bacon, John Scotus, John Peckham, William
of Ockham, Thomas Chobham, Thomas More, etc., not to mention the famous
Magna Carta. Other texts making up the sources for the DMLBS (including
those of John Wycliffe) will be subsequently inserted into the LLT. The online
DMLBS will therefore be of great service to those users of our textual databases
with an interest in these authors and texts, whether they be philologists,
historians, theologians, philosophers, musicologists or others.
Vocabulary3
2
For further details see: http://www.dmlbs.ox.ac.uk/british-medieval-latin/writers and
http://www.dmlbs.ox.ac.uk/british-medieval-latin/texts
3
For
further
details
see:
http://www.dmlbs.ox.ac.uk/british-medievallatin/language/latin-in-the-middle-ages
and
http://www.dmlbs.ox.ac.uk/britishmedieval-latin/language/latin-in-medieval-britain
19
Like other dictionaries of “regional” medieval Latin, the DMLBS focuses
primarily on the characteristics of the Latin of the reference context, be it new
meanings of existing words or new words, which are not found elsewhere. These
new words can have a completely Latin formation, such as we see in the verb
semidormitare found in the De excidio Britanniae of Gildas (under the form
semidormitantes, cf. ACLL), or they can be derived from a variety of languages,
including Anglo-Saxon, Anglo-Norman, Middle English, Norman, Old French,
Arabic (with the discovery of philosophical and scientific texts), Old Norse, a
series of Celtic and Germanic languages, as well as Greek, which remained an
important influence. Examples include bridguma, cf. Anglo-Saxon brydguma;
hundredsetenum, cf. Anglo-Saxon hundredseten; forcelettum, cf. Anglo-Norman
and Middle English forcelet; abatamentum, cf. Old French abatement;
altaraxacon, cf. Arabic al-tarakhshaqūn. Note that these few words, like many
others, are not currently listed in any of the dictionaries of the DLD.
List of abbreviations
A.
a
AN
AS
abbr.
abl.
absol.
abstr.
acad.
acc.
act.
ad.
add.
adj.
adv.
agr.
al. div.
alch.
anal.
anat.
ap.
app.
appl.
approx.
Ar.
arch.
assoc.
astr.
Anglice
ante
Anglo-Norman
Anglo-Saxon
abbreviated, -iaton
ablative
absolute(ly)
abstract(ion)
academic
according to, accusative
active(ly)
adaptation of
addenda, addition
adjective
adverb
agriculture, -ural
alias divisim
alchemy, -ical
analogy
anatomy, -ical
apud
apparently, appendix
applied (to)
approximate(ly)
Arabic
architecture, -ural
associated, -iation
astrology, -ical, -onomy, -ical
20
attrib.
attributed, -ive(ly)
B.
BM
BVM
Beitr.
bibl.
bk.
bot.
bus.
Byz.
Beat(us)
British Museum
Beata Virgo Maria
Beiträge
biblical
book
botany, -ical
bussell(us)
Byzantine
c (before a figure)
c (after a figure)
C.I.
CL
cap. (capp.)
cf.
ch.
chr.
cl.
col.
collect.
com.
comp.
compar.
compl.
conf.
conj.
cont.
contin.
contr.
corr.
circa
century
Channel Islands
Classical Latin (to c200 A.D.)
capitulum(-a), chapter(s)
confer, compare
charter
chronicle
clause
column
collective(ly)
comitat(us)
compound, -position
comparative
complement
confused, -ion
conjugation, -junction
containing, continuation, -uator, -ued
continuous (of pagination)
contracted, -ion
corrected
d.
dat.
decl.
def.
dep.
deriv.
diff.
dorso, denari(us)
dative
declension, declined
definite, -ition
deponent
derivation, -ative
difference, -ent(ly)
21
dim.
dim.
dir.
dist.
doc.
dub.
dub.
dimidi(us)
diminutive
direct
distinguished
document
dubi(us)
dubious
eccl.
ed., edd.
ellipt.
emph.
Eng.
ep.
epil.
epith.
erron.
esp.
etym.
euphem.
ex., exx.
exc.
excl.
expl.
expr.
extr.
ecclesiastical
edited by, edition(s), editor(s)
elliptical(ly)
emphasis, -atic
England, English
episcop(us), epistol(a)
epilogue
epithet
erroneous(ly)
especially
etymology
euphemism, -istic(ally)
example(s)
except
excluding, -sive(ly)
explained, explanatory
expressed, -ing, -ion
extract(s)
f.
f.l.
facet.
falc.
feud.
foll.
Fr.
frag.
freq.
Frk.
fut.
feminine, folio
falsa lectio
facetious(ly)
falconry
feudel(ly)
followed, -ing
France, French
fragment
frequent(ly)
Frankish (or sim.)
future
G.
Gael.
Gallice
Gaelic
22
Gall.
Gasc.
gd., gdv.
gen.
geog.
geom.
Germ.
Gesch.
Gk.
gl.
gram.
Gallic (Gaulish)
Gascon, -ony (or sim.)
gerund, -ive
genitive
geography, -ical
geometry, -ical
German, -anic, -any
Geschichte
Greek
gloss, -ary, -ed
grammar, -atical
Heb.
her.
Hebrew
heraldic, -ry
i.
ib.
id.
imp.
imperf.
impers.
impl.
inanim.
incl.
ind.
indir.
inf.
infl.
inscr.
interj.
interl.
interp.
interr.
intr.
Ir.
iron.
irreg.
id est
ibidem
idem
imperative
imperfect
impersonal
implied, -cation, -ying
inanimate
including, -usive(ly)
indicative
indirect
infinitive
influence(d)
inscription(s)
interjection
interlineated, -tion
interpreted, -ation
interrogative
intransitive(ly), introduction
Ireland, Irisch
ironical(ly), irony
irregular(ly)
l., ll.
LL
leg.
lege, lectio, -ones
Late Latin (c200-c600 A.D.)
legal(ly)
23
li.
lit.
lit.
log.
Lomb.
libr(a)
littera
literal(ly)
logic(al)
Lombard
m.
m.
ME
ML
MS(S)
man.
math.
Med.
med.
metr.
mil.
misc.
misinterp.
misr.
mon.
mun.
mus.
myth.
marc(a) (= 13s. 4d.)
masculine, membrane
Middle English
Medieval Latin (c600 A.D.- )
manuscript(s)
manor(ial)
mathematics, -ical
Medieval
medical(ly)
metrical
military, -ily
miscellaneous
misinterpreted, -ation
misread, -ing
monastic
municipal, muniment(s)
music, -ical
mythology, -ical
n.
n.d.
n. marg.
NS
naut.
neg.
nom.
neuter, note
no date
note in margin
New Series
nautical(ly)
negative(ly)
nominative
OF
ON
ob.
ob. (before a figure)
obj.
occ.
opp.
orig.
Old French
Old Norse
obol(us)
obiit, obierunt
object(ive)
occasional(ly)
opposed, -ite
origin, -al(ly)
24
p
p., pp.
p. ppl.
pag.
pass.
perf.
perh.
Pers.
pers.
Pg.
phil.
phr.
phys.
pl.
poss.
ppl.
pps.
pr. ppl.
prec.
pred.
pref.
prep.
pres.
prob.
proc.
prog.
prol.
pron.
Prov.
prov.
pub.
post
page(s)
past participle
pagination
passive(ly)
perfect
perhaps
Persian
person(al)
Portuguese
philosophy, -ical
phrase
physics, -ical (science)
plural
possessive
participle, -icipial
papers
present participle
preceded, -ing
predicate, -ive(ly)
preface
preparation, preposition
present
probable, -ly
proceeding(s)
progress
prologue
pronoun, -nominal
Provençal
proverb, -ial(ly)
publication(s), published
qu.
quad.
quar.
question
quadr(ans)
quarteri(um) (or sim.)
r.
r.c.
RO
rec.
rotulet
reddit(-unt) compotum
Record Office
recension, record
25
ref.
refl.
reg.
rel.
rep.
repr.
rhet.
Rom.
rub.
reference
reflexive
register
relative
report
representing, reprinted
rhetorical(ly)
Romance
rubrica
S.
s.
s
S.
s. act. (pass.)
s. dub.
s.v.
sb.
sc.
Sc., Scot.
sched.
sect.
sep.
sg.
sim.
Soc.
Sp.
spec.
sts.
sub. cl.
subj.
subst.
sup.
superl.
syll.
syn.
Syr.
Sanct(us)
solid(us)
sub (data)
Series
sensu activo (passivo)
sensu dubio
sub verbo
substantive
scilicet
Scotland, Scottish
schedul(a)
section
separate
singular
(something) similar
Society
Spanish
species, -ial, -ifically
sometimes
subordinate clause
subject(ive), -junctive
substitute, -ion
supplement
superlative
syllable(s)
synonym(ous)
Syriac
TRE
tech.
temp.
tempore regis Edwardi (ob. 1066)
technical(ly)
tempore
26
test.
theol.
tit.
topog.
trans.
transf.
transl.
Turk.
testamentum, test(ibus)
theology, -ical(ly)
titulus
topography, -ical(ly)
transitive
transference, -red
translated, -ating, -ation
Turkish
unspec.
usu.
unspecified
usually
v.
v. et.
v.l.
var.
vb.
vers.
vic.
viz.
voc.
vol.
vulg.
verso, vide
vide etiam
varia lectio
variant, various
verb
vers(us)
vicecom(es)
videlicet
vocative
volume
vulgar(ly)
W.
w.
wr.
Wales, Welsh
with
written
A query (?) indicates doubt, usually as to the meaning or date assigned to a
word.
An obelisk (†) indicates a suspicion (sometimes amounting to certainty) that
the form of a particular word is due to a misprint, a misreading, or a scribal error,
or that a date is erroneous.
Square brackets [] are used to indicate explanatory insertions, usually by the
editor of the Dictionary.
The signs < and > are used in etymologies to mean respectively 'derived from'
and 'developing into'.
The signs ʒ and ℥ in medical texts represent respectively drachma and uncia.
27
2. Thematic dictionaries
a) “Dictionary of Ecclesiastical Latin”, by Leo F. Stelten
Leo F. Stelten’s intended public for this work was seminarians who had
already acquired a basic knowledge of Latin, along with lay workers in
chancelleries with minimal familiarity with the language. As he stresses in his
preface (p. IX) it is not therefore intended to be a research tool for scholars. We
have deemed it useful, and even highly desirable, to insert this instrument into
the DLD, since many of the words and concepts that figure in it are not known,
or are no longer known, to many readers of Latin Christian texts. In our
judgement, its function as an aid to initiation into the field is important. Setting
out, as it does, a series of specificities and realities of ecclesiastical Latin, this
work will prove useful to anyone who wishes to become familiar with this field
or even to further his or her previous knowledge of it.
The approximately 17 000 entries which compose this work are for the most
part devoted to terms from the Scriptures, from canon law, from liturgy and from
the texts of the Second Vatican Council. The numerous expressions, formulae,
titles, explanations of abbreviations, etc. contained in the dictionary are
particularly useful. These types of lemmas and sub-lemmas are found within the
dictionary itself – for example: sv festum : festum chori (ou festum pro choro),
Festum Domini, festum festorum, Festum Magorum, Festum Regum, Festum
Stellae, Festum Theophaniae ; Memoriale Rituum Benedicti XIII ; O Salutaris
Hostia ; or abbreviations such as I.N.R.I; L.S., etc. – but also, and especially, in a
valuable ‘Appendix’, which is devoted entirely to them, and which offers more
developed explanations. In order that the reader may immediately identify which
articles figure in the appendix, those that do are preceded by the annotation
“[Appendix]”. It should be noted that for practical reasons, we have not included
the 26 articles of the Appendix which do not contain a single word of Latin (not
even as the entry itself).
b) “Kirchenlateinisches Wörterbuch” by A. Sleumer (1926)
Published in 1926 and reprinted five times (most recently in 2011), Albert
Sleumer’s Kirchenlateinischen Wörterbuch remains a key reference work in its
field. A Latin-German dictionary of more than 34,000 entries, it covers an
extended period, running from Late Antiquity to the beginning of the 20th
century. It focuses on the Vulgate, on works of liturgy, (breviary, Roman missal),
hagiography, canon law (such as the Codex iuris canonici of 1917), and on
administrative texts. It also provides readers with information about liturgical
peculiarities of the dioceses of German speaking countries (Germany, Austria,
Hungary, Switzerland, Luxemburg), and about numerous religious orders and
congregations. Finally, it offers explanations - often detailed - of many names of
persons and of places. Far from being a mere translation dictionary, therefore, the
Kirchenlateinischen Wörterbuch has an encyclopedic character that gives it a
unique and particular value.
In his introduction, the author presents two lists of abbreviations: the first one
contains all the abbreviations used in the dictionary, the second one a series of
abbreviations in use in the liturgical texts of the bishoprics and of the religious
orders. Those two lists, very useful to the reader, are reproduced below.
28
I. Abkürzungen im Wörterbuche. Die Abkürzungen der einzelnen Bücher der
hl. Schrift mit Kapitel und Vers- angabe beziehen sich stets auf die lateinische
Vulgata ausgabe.
Abd. = Abdias (Buch des Propheten Abdias).
abl. = ablativus casus (Ablativ).
abs. = absolute (absolut; ohne Beziehung auf anderes).
abstr. = abstracte (nur begrifflich).
acc. = accusativus casus (4. Fall).
Act. = Actus Apostolorum, siehe: Apg.
act. = activum genus (Tätigkeitsform).
adj. = adjectivum (Eigenschaftswort).
adv. = adverbium (Umstandswort).
ägypt. = ägyptisch.
Agg. = Aggäus (Buch des Propheten Aggäus).
altäg. = altägyptisch.
Apg. = Apostelgeschichte (vom hl. Lukas).
arab. = arabisch.
aram. = aramäisch.
assyr. = assyrisch.
Aug. = Augustiner.
Aug.-O. = Augustinerorden.
B. = beatus, beata (seliger, selige).
B. M. V. = beata Maria Virgo (die allerseligste Jungfrau Maria).
babyl. = babylonisch.
Bar. = Baruch (Buch des Propheten Baruch).
Bek. = Bekenner (im kirchlichen Sinne).
belg. = belgisch.
Ben. = Benediktiner.
Ben.-O. = Benediktinerorden.
bes. = besonders.
Bew. = Bewohner (eines Landes).
Bisch. = Bischof.
c. = cum (mit).
C. R. Curia Romana (steht bei jener Bezeichnung der Bistümer, wie sie in den
Dekreten der päpstlichen Kurie in Rom üblich ist; gew. ist es die gekürzte
Adjektivform auf -ensis
[= en.] oder anus [= an.], bisweilen der Genitiv des Substantivs).
Caer. Ep. = Caeremoniale Episcoporum.
Cant. = Canticum canticorum (das Hohelied).
cf. = confer (vergleiche).
Cist. = Cistercienser.
Cist. O. = Cistercienserorden.
C. j. c. = Codex juris canonici (kirchliches Gesetzbuch vom Jahre 1918); die
beigefügte Zahl gibt den „canon‟ an (nebst Unterabteilung, z. B. 13, 2).
Col. = Kolosserbrief des hl. Paulus.
coll. = collective (zusammenfassend).
Comm. = Commemoratio (beiläufige Erwähnung eines Heiligen im Brevier oder
im Meßbuche).
compar. = comparativus gradus (erste Steigerungsform).
concr. = concrete (greifbar, bestimmt).
29
conj. = conjunctivus modus (Möglichkeitsform.)
conjct. = conjunctio (Bindewort).
Cor. = Korintherbriefe des hl. Paulus.
D. = Dorf.
d. h. = das heißt.
d. i. = das ist.
dah. = daher.
Dan. = Daniel (Buch des Propheten Daniel).
dat. = dativus casus (3. Fall).
dav. = davon.
Deut. = Deuteronomium (5.Buch Mosis).
distr. = distributive (verteilend).
Diöz. = Diözese (Bistum).
Dom. = Dominikaner.
Dom.-O. = Dominikanerorden.
Eccles. = Ecclesiastes (Buch des Predigers).
Ecclus. = Ecclesiasticus (Buch Jesus Sirach).
ehem. = ehemalig.
eig. = eigentlich.
Einw. = Einwohner (einer Stadt).
engl. = englisch.
Eph. = Epheserbrief (des hl. Paulus).
Erzb. = Erzbischof.
Esdr. = Esdras (1. Esdrasbuch; 2. Esdras-Nehemias).
Est. = Esther (Buch Esther).
etc. = et cetera (und so weiter).
etw. = etwas.
Ex. = Exodus (2. Buch Mosis).
Ez. = Ezechiel (Buch des Propheten Ezechiel).
f. = feminini generis (weiblich).
fer., Fer. = Feria.
Fkr. = Frankreich.
franz. = französisch.
Franz. = Franziskaner.
Franz.-O. = Franziskanerorden.
Gal. = Galaterbrief des hl. Paulus.
Geh. Offb. = Geheime Offenbarung des hl. Johannes.
gen. = genetivus casus (2. Fall).
Gen. = Genesis (1. Buch Mosis).
Ges. Jes. = Gesellschaft Jesu.
gew. = gewöhnlich.
griech. = griechisch.
Hab. = Habakuk (Buch des Propheten Habakuk).
Hafenst. = Hafenstadt.
Hebr. = Hebräerbrief des hl. Paulus.
hebr. = hebräisch.
hl. = heilig.
Hohel. = das Hohelied Salomons.
j. = jetzt.
i. J. = im Jahre.
Jac. = Brief des hl. Apostels Jakobus.
30
jem. = jemand.
Jer. = Jeremias (Buch des Propheten).
Jes. = Jesuit(en).
Jgfr. = Jungfrau.
Jhdt. = Jahrhundert.
imp. = imperativus modus (Befehlsform).
indecl. = indeclinabile (nicht beugungsfähig).
interj. = interjectio (Ausrufswort).
intr. = intransitivum verbum (Zeitwort, das sich nicht mit dem 4. Fall verbindet).
Jo. oder Joh. = Evangelium nach Johannes oder Brief des hl. Johannes.
Jon. = Jonas (Buch des Propheten Jonas).
Jos. = Buch Josue.
Is. = Isaias (Buch des Propheten Isaias).
It. = Italien.
ital. = italienisch.
Jud. = Buch Judith.
Judic. = liber Judicum, Buch d. Richter.
Kap. = Kapuziner.
Kap.-O. = Kapuzinerorden.
klass. = klassisch.
l. = links.
Lc. = s. Luc.
Lev. = Levitikus (3. Buch Mosis).
lib. = liber (Buch).
Luc. = Lukas (Evangelium).
m. = masculini generis (männlich).
Mach. = Makkabäerbücher.
Mal. = Malachias (Buch des Propheten Malachias).
Marc. = Evangelium nach Markus.
Matth. = Evangelium nach Matthäus.
Mc. = Evangelium nach Markus.
Mlog. = Martyrologium.
Mich. = Michäas (Buch des Propheten Michäas).
mon. = monasterium (Kloster).
Mt. = Evangelium nach Matthäus.
n. = neutrius generis (sächlich).
Nah. = Nahum (Buch des Propheten Nahum).
Num. = Numeri (4. Buch Mosis).
od. = oder.
Os. = Oseas (Buch des Propheten Oseas).
P. = Papst.
Pal. = Palästina.
Par. = Paralipomenon oder Chronikbücher.
pass. = passivum genus (Leideform).
pers. = persisch.
Pet. = Briefe des hl. Petrus.
pf. = perfectum tempus (zweite Vergangenheit).
Phil. = Brief des hl. Paulus an Philemon.
Philip. = Philipperbrief (des hl. Paulus).
phön. = phönizisch.
pl. = pluralis numerus (Mehrzahl).
31
praep. c. gen. (dat., acc.) praepositio cum genetivo (dativo, accusativo) casu
(Vorwort, das den 2., 3., 4. Fall verlangt).
pron. = pronomen (Fürwort).
Prov. = liber Proverbiorum (Buch der Sprichwörter).
Ps. = psalmus (Psalm).
ptc. = participium (Mittelwort).
r. = rechts.
Red. = Redemptorist(en).
refl. = reflexivum verbum (rückbezügliches Zeitwort).
Reg. = liber Regum (Bücher der Könige).
reg. = regiert.
Rom. = Römerbrief des hl. Paulus.
S. = sanctus, sancta (heiliger, heilige).
s. = siehe!
s. dens. = s. denselben; s. dies. = siehe
dieselbe.
Sap. = Liber Sapientiae (Buch der Weisheit von Salomon).
sc. u. scil. = scilicet (nämlich, ergänze!).
sel. = selig.
sg. = singularis numerus (Einzahl).
Soph. = Sophonias (Buch des Propheten Sophonias).
Ss. = sacrosanctus (hochheilig) oder sanctissimus (heiligst) oder sancti bzw.
sanctae (mehrere Heilige).
St. = Stadt.
subst. = substantivum nomen (Hauptwort).
Suffr. = Suffraganbistum (das einer Erzdiözese untergeordnet ist).
superl. = superlativus gradus (höchste Steigerungsform).
Thren. = Threni (Klagelieder des Propheten Jeremias); Lamentationen.
Tim. = Brief des hl. Paulus an Timotheus.
Tit. = Briefe des hl. Paulus an Titus.
Tob. = Buch Tobias.
trans. = transitivum verbum (Zeitwort, das den 4. Fall verlangt).
u. = und.
u. a. = und anderes, und andere.
u. s. w. = und so weiter.
übtr. = in übertragener (bildlicher) Bedeutung.
unpers. = unpersönlich (beim Zeitwort).
v. = von, vom.
vgl. = vergleiche!
z. B. = zum Beispiel.
z. Z. oder z. Zt. = zur Zeit.
Zach. = Zacharias (Buch des Propheten Zacharias).
Die Zahl 3 bedeutet beim Eigenschaftsworte, daß es die Endungen -us, -a, -um
hat.
Die Zahlen 1, 2, 3, 4 bedeuten beim Zeitworte, daß es zur 1., 2., 3., 4.
Konjugation gehört.
Das Datum am Ende der Lebensgeschichte von Heiligen und Seligen bezeichnet
deren Festtag im Kirchenjahre.
II. Abkürzungen in den Direktorien der Bistümer und kirchlichen Orden.
32
a. A. = color albus (weiße Farbe).
A (am Rande) = officium solemne.
a. l. = aliquibus locis (an einigen Orten).
A cts. = Oration: A cunctis.
A. V. = Additiones et Variationes (Neuerungen in Missale u. Brevier gegenüber
den älteren Ausgaben).
Abb. = Abbas (Abt).
ad lib. = ad libitum (nach Belieben).
add. = additur; adduntur (z. B. 2 Alleluja) es wird hinzugefügt; es werden
hinzugefügt.
Adv. = Adventus.
al. = alias (sonst).
Annivers. = anniversarium (Jahrestag, jährliches Gedächtnis).
Ant. = Antiphona (Antiphon, Gegengesang).
Ap. u. App. = apostolus, apostoli.
Appl. pro Par. = Applicatio pro Parochianis (Pflicht des Pfarrers, für die
Pfarrgemeinde die hl. Messe zu lesen).
Arch. = Archangelus (Erzengel).
Ath. = symbolum Athanasianum zur Prim an den niederen Sonntagen
(Quicumque ...).
Aug. = Augustus (Monat August).
B (am Rande) = officium ordinarium.
B. M. V. = Beata Maria Virgo (allerseligste Jungfrau Maria).
Bened. = 1. Benedictio (Segnung).
2. Benedictus (Lobgesang des Zacharias in den Laudes).
br. = brevis (kurz), brevior, brevissimus.
Brev. = Breviarium (Brevier).
c. = cum (mit).
C. = Confessor (Bekenner).
C. D. = Completorium Dominicae.
C. J. = Cordis Jesu.
C. M. = conventualis Missa.
cant. = cantatur wird gesungen.
Cant. = Canticum (Lobgesang).
cap. (Cap.) seq. = capitulum de sequenti festo (von der Lesung, d. h. dem
Kapitel, in der Vesper ab wird die Vesper vom folgenden Tage genommen: a
capitulo de sequenti).
cf. = confer (vergleiche).
Chr. = Christus.
Cist. Rit. = Cisterciensis Ritus (Cistercienser Brauch).
cl. = classis (Rang: I. u. II. cl.).
col. = color (Farbe der Kirchengewänder).
com. (comm.) = commemoratio (Gedächtnis eines Heiligen ...); com. praec. =
commemoratio praecedentis = Erwähnung des vorausgehenden Festes durch
Beten von Antiphon, Versikel u. Oration; com. seq. = Erwähnung des Festes
vom folgenden Tage.
Comm. = Commune (sanctorum).
Com. ppr. = Communicantes propria (eigenes Formular für den Teil
„Communicantes‟ vor der hl. Wandlung).
Com. sol. def. = Commemoratio solemnis defunctorum (feierliches Gedächtnis
der Verstorbenen).
33
compl. = completorium (Schlußgebet; letzter Teil des Tagesoffiziums).
conj. = conjungitur (wird verbunden).
Cr. = Credo (das nizänisch-konstantino-politanische Glaubensbekenntnis in der
hl. Messe nach dem Evangelium).
curr. = currens, z. B. officium currens = das für den Tag fällige Offizium.
d. = duplex (festum: feierliches Fest).
D. (D. E.) = doctor ecclesiae = Kirchenlehrer.
d. f. = dies fixus (immer gleichbleibender Tag für ein bestimmtes Fest).
d. maj. = duplex majus (festum, feierlicheres Fest).
D. N. J. Chr. = Dominus Noster Jesus Christus.
d. 1. cl. (2. cl.) = duplex primae (secundae) classis (Fest ersten oder zweiten
Ranges).
d. 5. h. = dies quintus huius mensis (vom 5. dieses Monats).
Dedic. = dedicatio Einweihung.
De ea = Ferialtagsoffizium- und Messe.
Def. = defunctus, defuncta (Verstorbener oder Verstorbene).
De oct. = de Octava (von der Oktav).
dic. = dicitur, dicuntur (wird, werden gesprochen = gebetet).
Dir. = directorium (Kirchenkalender).
Dnus, Dni = Dominus, Domini.
Dom. = Dominica (Sonntag).
dupl. s. d.
E(p). = Episcopus (Bischof).
ea = de ea von demselben (Tage), d. h. das Offizium (Breviergebet, Messe) ist
vom betreffenden Tage (Feria) zu nehmen.
eccl. = ecclesia (Kirche, Kapelle).
Eccl. = pro Ecclesia, Oration (Kollekte Sekret, Postkommunio).
eo = de eo (sabbato) vom Samstage, (vgl. ea).
Ep. = Epistola (Epistel, Lesung nach den ersten Gebeten, Teil der hl. Messe).
Epiph. = Epiphania Domini (Erscheinung des Herrn).
Epist. = s. Ep.
Ev. = Evangelium (Teil der hl. Messe) oder = Evangelista.
excl. = exclusive (ausschließlich).
f. = fuit (war).
fer., Fer. = Feria, Feriae (Wochentag); Fer. 2., 3., 4., 5., 6. = feria secunda, tertia,
quarta, quinta, sexta (Montag, Dienstag, Mittwoch, Donnerstag und Freitag).
fer. cur. = feria currens (fällige Wochentag).
fol. = folium (Blatt).
Gl. = Gloria (Teil der hl. Messe).
Grad. = Graduale (wörtlich Stufengebet)
1. Buch mit Noten für Kirchengesänge.
2. Gesang des Chores nach der Epistel.
hebd. = hebdomas (Woche).
hest. = hesterna die (am gestrigen Tage).
Hora = Hora (Hore, Stundengebet, Teil des Breviergebetes).
Hymn. = Hymnus.
J. T. = Jesu tibi sit gloria, qui natus es de Virgine usw. (Schlußvers der Hymnen
an Marienfesten, Weihnachten, Fronleichnam usw.).
Jan. = Januarius (Monat Januar).
jej. = jejunium (Abbruchsfasten).
Immac. = Immaculata (die Unbefleckte).
34
in calce = am Ende! siehe unten!
incl. = inclusive (mit eingeschlossen).
Indulg. plen. = Indulgentiae plenariae (vollkommener Ablaß).
in fine = am Schlusse.
inf. = infra (innerhalb).
init. = initium (Anfang, Beginn, z. B. eines neuen Buches aus der Bibel bei der
Lesung in der 1. Nokturn).
Innoc. = Innocentes (unschuldige Kinder).
Intr. = Introitus (Eingang, Einleitungsgebet in der hl. Messe, nach dem
Stufengebet).
Invit. = Invitatorium (Einladungsgebet, Psalm 91, Beginn des täglichen
Breviergebetes in der Matutin).
Jul. = Julius (Monat Juli).
Jun. = Junius (Monat Juni).
Kal. = Kalendae (erster Monatstag).
l., L.; ll., Ll. = lectio (Lesung); lectiones (Lesungen); dav.: 3 LM u. 12 LM =
festum trium (duodecim) lectionum et missae.
L. = Laudes (Lobgesang, ein Teil des Breviergebetes).
L def. = Laudes defunctorum (Totenlaudes).
lib. = ad libitum (nach Belieben).
lib., Lib. = liber (Buch).
Lit. = Litánia, Litaniae (Litanei[en]).
M. = Martyr (Martyrer, Martyrin).
M. = Missa (Messe); M. priv. (Privatmesse, Gegensatz Pfarrmesse, die für die
Pfarrkinder; Konventmesse, die für die Klosterangehörigen aufgeopfert wird;
feierliche Messe, Hochamt); M. sol. Hochamt.
M. C. = Missa conventualis (Konventmesse in Klöstern, Kapiteln); auch = missa
commendata (anbefohlene Messe).
MMmai. = festum duarum missarum majus (höheres Fest von zwei Messen).
MMmin. = festum duarum missarum minus (niederes Fest von zwei Messen).
M. F. = Missa de Feria (es ist erlaubt, die Tagesmesse des Wochentages zu
lesen).
M. S. (m. t. v.) = meruit supremos (Änderung im Hymnus „Iste Confessor‟,
wenn das Heiligenfest nicht am Sterbetage des Heiligen begangen wird).
m. t. v. = mutatur tertius versus = der dritte Vers ändert sich; vgl. M. S.
M. V. = Missa de Vigilia (es ist erlaubt eine Privatmesse von der einfallenden
Vigil [dem Vortage eines Festes] zu lesen).
Magn. = Magnificat (Lobgesang der Mutter Gottes).
Mat. = Matutinum (Matutin, Frühgebet, Teil des täglichen Breviergebetes).
M. mat. = Missa matutinalis (Matutinalmesse, Mette).
Mm. = Martyres (mehrere Martyrer[innen]).
mob. = mobilia festa (bewegliche Feste).
mut. = mutatur (wird geändert).
Mut. = mutationes (Änderungen im Brevier gegenüber älteren Ausgaben.)
N. Def. = Nocturnum defunctorum (Totennokturn).
n., N. = niger color (schwarze Farbe)
N. (s. Noct.) = nocturnum, ein Teil des Matutingebetes.
Nat. = Nativitas (Geburt).
Noct. (auch nur N.) = Nocturnae (scil. preces) (Nachtgebete, Teil der Matutin,
die aus drei Nokturnen besteht), auch: Nocturna n.
non. = nona hora (Non, kurzes Stundengebet, das dem Namen nach um 3 Uhr
35
nachm. (9. Stunde!), jetzt gewöhnlich im Anschluß an die anderen kurzen
Stundengebete [kleine Horen] am Vormittage gebetet wird).
not. = notatur (ist angegeben).
nupt. = nuptiae (Hochzeit).
O. C. = omittitur collecta.
O. Cist. = Ordo Cisterciensis (Cistercienserorden).
Oct., oct. = Octava = Feier der Oktav.
Oct. privil. = Octava privilegiata privilegierte Oktav 1. Ordnung, die kein Fest
zuläßt, sondern nur dessen Erwähnung u. für jeden Oktavtag ein eigenes
Meßformular hat: Ostern,
Pfingsten. — 2. Ordnung, die ebenfalls kein Fest zuläßt, aber nur das
Meßformular vom Fests selbst für alle Tage innerhalb der Oktav hat: Fest der
Erscheinung des Herrn u. Fronleichnamsfest. — 3. Ordnung: wo während der Oktav alle Feste vom semiduplex
aufwärts gefeiert werden u. dabei die Oktav nur kommemoriert wird:
Weihnachten, Christi Himmelfahrt.
Off. = Officium (d. h. alle beim hl. Meßopfer u. Breviergebete vorgeschriebenen
Gesänge u. Gebete).
Off. def. = Officium defunctorum (Totenoffizium).
Off. m. = Officium mensis (monatliches Totenoffizium und Messe).
Off. vot. = Officium votivum (Votivoffizium).
omitt. = omittitur, omittuntur (fällt aus, bleiben weg).
omn. = omnis, omnes, omnia (jeder, alle, alles).
O. N. = Ordinis nostri (aus unserem Orden, z. B. bei den Cisterciensern).
or. = oratio (Gebet).
org. = orgănum (Orgel).
Ordin. = Ordinarium (der ständig gleichbleibende Teil des kirchlichen
Offiziums).
p. = 1. post (nach). 2. pagina (Seite).
P. = Proprium (Eigene Gebetsformulare für die einzelnen Bistümer).
P. = Pontifex (Bischof, Papst).
pag. = pagina (Seite).
Pasch. = pascha (Ostern).
Pass. = passio (Leiden, Leidensgeschichte Jesu).
Patroc. = Patrocinium (Fest des Kirchenpatrons).
Pent., Pentec. = Pentecoste (Pfingsten).
Poen. = Poenitens (Büßer, Büßerin).
Pont. Rom. = Pontificale Romanum (Bischofsbuch).
Pp. = Papa (Papst).
ppr. = propriae preces oder lectiones (besondere Gebete oder Lesungen).
ppr. loc. = proprio loco (an eigener Stelle).
praec. = praecēdens, ntis (des vorhergehenden Festes).
Praef. = Praefatio (Präfation, Teil der hl. Messe).
praes. = praesens (gegenwärtig).
Prec. = prĕces (Gebete besonderer Art im Brevier).
priv. = privata (scil.: missa) Stillmesse.
privil. = privilegiata, scil. Octava.
Pro d. a. = pro defunctis applicanda (die Messe ist für die Verstorbenen zu
lesen).
prop. = proprium (eigen).
36
Pro p. a. = pro pace applicanda (die Messe ist zur Erhaltung des Friedens zu
lesen).
proph. = prophetiae (Prophezien, Lesungen).
Ps. = psalmus (Psalm).
Psalt. = Psalterium (Psalter; Buch, das die Psalmen enthält).
Pss. = psalmi (Psalmen).
publ. = publicus (öffentlich).
Quadr. = Quadragesima (40 tägige Fastenzeit).
r., R. = ruber color (rote Farbe).
R. (am Rande) = Requiem (Requiemsmesse erlaubt).
Rs., Rss. = Responsorium, Responsoria (Responsorien, Wechselgebete;
Antworten auf den vom Vorsänger vorgetragenen Vers).
Reg. = (liber) Regum (Buch der Könige).
rel. = reliqua (das übrige).
rep. = repetītur (wird wiederholt).
Requ. = Requiem (Totenmesse).
rit. = ritus (Feierlichkeit).
Rit. Rom. = Rituale Romanum.
S. O. = Scriptura occurrens (die für den Tag fällige Brevierlektion aus der hl.
Schrift).
S. R. C. = Sacrorum Rituum Congregatio (hl. Ritenkongregation in Rom).
Sabb. = Sabbatum (Samstag).
Scr. = Scriptura (hl. Schrift).
sem., semid. = semiduplex (scil.: festum halbfeierlich).
seq. = sequens = folgend oder sequitur = folgt.
Seq. = Sequentia (Sequenz, ein Hymnus in der hl. Messe, der nach der Epistel u.
dem Graduale folgt an den vier Festen: Ostern, Pfingsten, Fronleichnam, Sieben
Schmerzen Mariae u. in den Totenmessen).
simpl. = simplex festum (einfaches Fest).
simplif. = simplificatum festum (ein vereinfachtes Fest, das wegen
Zusammenfallens mit einem höheren Feste minder feierlich begangen wird als
sonst).
Sm. = Sermo major (höheres SermoFest).
Sm. = Sermo minor (niederes SermoFest).
soc., Soc. = Sŏcius, Sŏcii (Gefährte).
sol. = solemnis (feierlich).
Ss. = sancti, sanctorum.
Ssma. = Sanctissima.
Suffr. = suffragium (ein besonderes Bittgebet im Brevier).
Suppl. = supplementum (Anhang, Ergänzung).
Symb. = Symbolum Athanasianum (Glaubensbekenntnis „Quicumque‟ in der
Prim).
t. p. = tempore paschali (zur Osterzeit).
tant. = tantum (nur, allein).
term. = terminatur (endigt, schließt).
Tert. = Tertia (Terz, kleine Hore).
tot. = totus, totum, totius (ganz, vollständig).
Tr. = Tractus (Traktus, Gebete nach der Epistel, mit dem Graduale verbunden)
Transl. = translatio (Übertragung).
Trin. = Trinitas (hl. Dreifaltigkeit).
U. s. vl.
37
ult. = ultimus (letzter).
V. Def. sol. = Vesperae defunctorum solemnes (feierliche Totenvesper).
v., V. auch Vr. = viridis color (grüne Farbe).
V. s. vl.
V. = virgo (Jungfrau), bisweilen = Vidua (Witwe).
V. s. Vesp.
Vs = versus, versiculus (Versikel, Verschen).
vac. = vacat (fällt aus, bleibt weg).
var. = variatur (ändert sich, wechselt).
Var. = variationes (Änderungen gegenüber früheren Brevier- oder Missaleausgaben).
Ven. = Venerabilis (der Ehrwürdige).
Vesp., auch V. = Vesperae („Abendgebet‟, Teil der Breviergebets).
Vid. auch V. = Vidua (Witwe).
Vig. = Vigilia (Vigil, Vortag vor einem Feste).
vl. auch U., V. = violacĕus color (violett).
Vr. s. v.
c) “Lexicon Philosophicum” of Étienne Chauvin (1713)
Étienne Chauvin was born in 1640 in Nîmes and died in Berlin in 1725. After
defending his thesis in theology at the Protestant Academy of Nîmes in 1662, he
held the office of pastor in several French cities. Banished after the revocation of
the Edict of Nantes, he took refuge in Rotterdam together with his family, where
he was pastor and, among other things, replaced Pierre Bayle in the chair of
philosophy from 1687 to 1688. It was also in Rotterdam that he published in
1692 his Lexicon rationale sive Thesaurus philosophicus, which earned him a
major reputation. In 1695 he was invited to Berlin by the Elector of Brandenburg
and was appointed there to the chair of philosophy of the French College, where
he became a permanent inspector in 1708. He was one of the Huguenot refugees
in Berlin who played a leading role in the founding in 1700 of the “Royal
Scientific Society” (later Academy). In 1713 there appeared under the title
Lexicon philosophicum, the second edition, revised and greatly enriched, of his
Lexicon rationale, sive Thesaurus Philosophicus.
This new edition also enjoyed considerable success, and, as G. Gasparri
emphasizes4, was the subject of reviews in the most important contemporary
journals5. Some of its definitions were subsequently taken into major works,
while today it is still to be found in most historic libraries6. However, it has never
been reissued in a modern form7.
G. GASPARRI, «Theories of emotion in Etienne Chauvin’s Lexicon Philosophicum »,
Society and Politics, 6, 1 No. 1(11)/April 2012, p. 40, http://socpol.uvvg.ro/docs/20121/4.%20guliano%20gasparri.pdf
5
G. GASPARRI, loc. cit. Gasparri gives as exemples the Journal des savants, le
Philosophical Transactions, and the Bibliothèque choisie of Jean Leclerc.
6
ID., ibid. The author gives the titles, for example of the Philosophisches Lexicon of
Johann Georg Walch (1726), the Cyclopedia of Ephraim Chambers (1728), and through
the latter, the Encyclopédie of Diderot and d’Alembert, the Encyclopedia Britannica
(1771), and the American Dictionary of the English Language of Noah Webster (1828).
He notes, however, that most of the definitions that the authors have drawn from
Chauvin’s Lexicon are those of ancient and not modern writers, although it is precisely
4
38
The seventeenth century can be described as “the century of Latin
philosophical lexicography”, in the sense that it witnessed the appearance of no
less than twelve Latin philosophical dictionaries, compared to six in the previous
century, and only one in the eighteenth, which on the other hand abounded in
philosophical dictionaries in modern languages8. Étienne Chauvin’s Lexicon is
among the three leading dictionaries of the twelve published in the seventeenth
century, alongside lexicons of the same name by Rudolph Goclenius (1613) and
Johannes Micraelius (1653). It is generally considered to be the first modern
philosophical dictionary, because it is the first “to make a comparison between
the classical philosophical vocabulary and the terminology of the ‘new’
philosophy”9. It is also notable for the emphasis it gives to the sciences, such as
physics, chemistry, astronomy and anatomy. So, it draws up a kind of inventory
of the state of philosophy and science in the seventeenth century, a period
intellectually so dynamic, which makes it an outstanding work in the history of
philosophy and science and of the lexicography of philosophical-scientific Latin.
By virtue of the specificity of its subject, it is not surprising that despite its
719 pages, Étienne Chauvin’s book contains only 1,487 entries, and that many of
its articles are particularly expansive. It is written in Latin, referring here and
there to Greek words, some French words (e.g. sv arteria: “languetes, l’anche
d’un hautbois ou d’une musete”) at least one Italian word (“trombo”, sv antilia
aquatica), an expression in “Lusitanian” (« (…) a Lusitanis Olho de Buey, id est,
oculus bovis dicatur », sv oculus materialis), and perhaps the occasional term in
the language of its time, that we might not have discerned.
At the end of the book, there are thirty plates each containing several figures
explaining the operation of instruments such as thermometer, barometer,
telescope, the siphon, the microscope, the hygrometer, or relating to anatomy,
astronomy, etc. The author frequently refers to them in his accounts, within the
text or in the margin. We have not included these plates in the current version.
With regard to the authors and works to which he refers, Chauvin cites a
variety of names, ranging from the Presocratics to the scholars of his time, and
also cites a number of biblical passages. Quite regularly he adds the reference to
the work, more or less accurately depending on the case, with or without citation,
but more often he does not. He also has the habit of using generic terms such as
“Pythagorici, Platonici, Academici, Aristotelici, Peripatetici, Epicurei (-aei)
those definitions that have earned for Chauvin’s book its considered position as the first
modern dictionary of philosophy.
7
The work is available online, particularly in the section Lessici filosofici, scientifici e
di erudizione in latino of the database of the Lessici filosofici de l’ILIESI :
http://www.iliesi.cnr.it/Lessici/menu_autori.html For many years the CTLO has had a
particular rapport with the Lessico Intellettuale Europeo, that subsequently became the
Istituto per il Lessico Intellettuale Europeo e Storia delle Idee. Representatives of this
institute brought the dictionary of Étienne Chauvin to light for us along with other
dictionaries of this period. We are profoundly grateful to them.
8
E. CANONE,« I lessici filosofici latini del seicento », in Marta Fattori (ed.), Il
vocabolario della République des lettres. Terminologia filosofica e storia della
filosofia. Problemi di metodo. Atti del Convegno internazionale in memoriam di Paul
Dibon (Napoli, 17-18 maggio 1996), Firenze, Olschki, 1997, p. 96-97. The article is
available online, notably at the address : http://www.iliesi.cnr.it/Lessici/articolo.pdf (on
the ILIESI website).
9
E. CANONE, op. cit., p. 113. See also G. GASPARRI, op. cit., p. 40.
39
Cynici, Galenici, Zenonistae, Scholastici, Thomistae, Scotistae, Ochamistae,
Gassendistae, Copernicani, Cartesiani”, or also “Philosophi”, either without
precision or with a qualifying such as for instance “quidam, omnes, plerique,
magna pars, multi, vulgus, antiqui, veteres/vetustiores, recentiores, hodierni,
gentiles, accuratiores, saniores, corpusuculares”, some of those used as well
without the word “Philosophi”. Very often, too, when he is giving an account of
one in a succession of various other theories, he remains unclear regarding the
origin of these, introducing them simply as “alii”, for example, sv aether: “Alii
Aetheris substantiam putant esse aërem infinitum. Aliis aether est pars aëris
purissima, et a miasmate quovis terreno immunis (…)” On the other hand, we
may be surprised by the absence of certain names, such as those of Bacon, Pierre
Cally, Leibniz, Spinoza, whom Chauvin however takes into account. This
unsystematic way of citing sources is not without problems, but is nevertheless
consistent with the practice of the time10. Yet the fact remains that the list of
names he does mention is of considerable interest. Thus, in terms of modern
authors, we find in the Lexicon names still famous today, such as Descartes,
Copernicus, Galileo, Hobbes, Kepler, and secondly, a series of others renowned
in their time, but much less known, if at all, to the general public, and that the
user of the DLD can discover or rediscover; for example Honoré Fabri, Johannes
Bohn, Giovanni Borelli, Samuel von Pufendorf, Johannes Hevelius, Joachim
Targier, Reinier de Graaf, Isbrand van Diemerbroeck Paolo Casati, Giovanni
Battista Tolomei, Jean-Baptiste Du Hamel, Caspar Bartholin, Erasmus Bartholin,
and the list goes on11.
Practical Applications of the DLD
The Lexicon can be searched in accordance with several criteria: Dictionary
Headwords, Latin Word-forms, Non-Latin Word-forms, Textual References and
Full Text
To search for a term, we would emphasize the importance of the criteria
“Full Text” or “Latin Word-forms”. In fact, the relatively small number of
entries and the extended nature of many of the articles means that these latter can
be considered as full independent texts, containing a number of specific
philosophical and scientific terms that cannot be found if one simply uses the
standard “Dictionary Headwords”. To limit ourselves to just one example, let us
take the noun ontologia, which became “one of the key terms of philosophical
debate up to Christian Wolff and beyond”, and which spread from the midseventeenth century, mainly due to the work of Johannes Clauberg12. Chauvin
has no entry ontologia, his preferred term being ontosophia, also used by J.
Clauberg, but this does not prevent him from defining ontologia in his articles on
ontosophia and metaphysica, which would go unnoticed if the search were to
10
On the question of sources in the Latin philosophical dictionaries of the seventeenth
century, cf. E. CANONE, op. cit., p. 107 sq. Pierre Cally is, according to G. Gasparri (op.
cit., p. 41 and passim), the principal source for Chauvin’s account of Cartesian theory.
11
Note that if, as we have seen, Chauvin mentions many authors, the names even of
those whose theories he regularly expounds occur for the most part in less than twenty
articles. The three authors most often cited are Aristotle (in about two hundred articles),
Cicero (about sixty items), and Plato (forty or so). Thomas Aquinas, e.g., is mentioned
by name in about fifteen items (the Thomists in twenty), Descartes in fourteen, the
“Cartesiani” in a good hundred), Hobbes in one, Galileo in 8, and the same applies to
other authors.
12
E. CANONE, op. cit., p. 100, note 28.
40
include only dictionary entries. It should also be remembered that within the text
of an article a term may be declined or conjugated, and therefore one should use
wildcards (about wildcards, see the ad hoc section of this manual).
Regarding references, we have only coded as such references stricto sensu
(author’s name + work, or biblical passage) and not the names of authors cited
without further information concerning the work or works concerned. Therefore
it is necessary, once again, also to use the “Full Text” to find mention of an
author. Finally, note that most of the time, even for modern authors, Chauvin
uses the Latin form of names, and that the way in which he designates these can
sometimes vary (this also applies to the titles of works). Examples: Descartes
appears as Cartesius, Hobbes Hobbesius, Galileo Galilaeus, Joachim Targier
Targirus, Aristotle non only Aristoteles but also simply Philosophus, Cicero is of
course Cicero but sometimes he appears as Tullius, Honoré Fabri Honoratus (or
Hon.) Fabri and Fabry, Samuel von Pufendorf Pufendorfius and Puffendorfius,
etc. The use of wildcards is therefore necessary here too.
As mentioned above, for the moment we have not reproduced the thirty plates
at the end of the book, but we have kept the references that author has made to
them in the margins of his book, inserting them within the text between square
brackets [].
Finally, the edition of 1713 (like that of 1692, but to a much greater extent),
has a very high number of misprints. We’ve fixed over 500 and would be grateful
to our users if they could kindly let us know of any they might find.
d) “Synonymik” of Ludwig Ramshorn
Ludwig Ramshorn (1768-1837), German theologian and philologist,
published the two volumes of his Lateinische Synonymik in 1831 and 1833
respectively. As stated in its subtitle, the book is a reworked and considerably
developed version of Jean-Baptiste Gardin Dumesnil’s dictionary Synonymes
latins, et leurs différentes significations, avec des exemples tirés des meilleurs
auteurs. Dumesnil’s first edition dates from 1777 and Ramshorn has used the
1827 edition (the fourth, corrected and expanded by J.-Ph. Jannet). Ramshorn
also published a simplified version of his book, intended primarily for
schoolchildren (Synonymisches Handwörterbuch der lateinischen Sprache,
1835), translated into English by the American Francis Lieber under the title
Dictionary of Latin synonyms. For the use of schools and private students, with a
complete index (1839).
While more developed than Gardin Dumesnil’s dictionary, that of L.
Ramshorn has significantly fewer entries, namely 1366 against 2566 (numbered
in both cases).
The objective pursued by Gardin Dumesnil, by Ramshorn in his simplified
version, and by Lieber in his English translation was mainly to provide students,
undergraduates and others with a tool to help them express themselves in Latin.
The project of the Synonymik was more ambitious, since, as we shall see later,
it placed itself firmly within the context of the comparative linguistics then in
vogue. However, to stick here to the area of Latin, in our time when the practice
of translation into Latin is less and less common in education (not to mention the
Latin dissertation ...) and when the number of persons required to express
themselves in Latin is shrinking inexorably, a dictionary of Latin synonyms
especially will have a use that is different but no less essential, namely to be an
41
invaluable tool for any thematic research. Thus, for example, a researcher
interested in divination will get, by introducing the term diuinatio into the search
field "dictionary entries", two articles having respectively the lemmata
"Augurium, Auspicium, Divinatio, Praesagium, Praesagitio, Praesensio, Omen;
Augurari, Auspicari, Ominari, Divinare, Vaticinari" and "Praedictio, Vaticinatio,
Vaticinium, Divinatio, Oraculum, Responsum" — a series of terms that already
provide a substantial basis for textual database searches. Similarly, if one is
interested in the vocabulary surrounding meals and the act of eating, by entering
c*ena, one will find the articles "Coena, Ientaculum, Prandium, Merenda,
Comissatio" and by entering edere the articles: "Edere, Comedere, Mandere,
Manducare, Gustare, Vorare, Tuburcinari; Edax, Gulosus, Vorax". Someone
entering the term templum will get "Aedes, Aedicula, Templum, Fanum,
Delubrum, Cella, Sacellum, Sacrarium" while the search aequus will give
"Aequus, Planus, Aequalis, Aequabilis, Par, Similis; Aequus, Justus; Aeque,
Aequaliter, Aequabiliter, Pariter, Similiter; Aequare, Adaequare, Exaequare,
Aequiparare".
As is clear from some of these examples, the Synonymik is not a thesaurus in
the strict sense, in that it also brings together terms within the same semantic
field that are not true synonyms, and that do not necessarily belong to the same
grammatical class: verbs, adjectives, nouns, adverbs, etc. can stand side by side
under a single entry. In many cases we can speak rather of an analogical
dictionary, which increases its interest and richness.
Another advantage is that the Synonymik also offers "syntagmatic lemmata"
as, for example, in the two entries containing the word lex "Ius, Aequitas,
Iustitia; Lex; Fas; Ius dicere, Ius respondere, de Iure respondere, Legem dicere"
and "Lex, Institutum; Conditio; Legem antiquare, Legem abrogare, Legi s. de
Lege derogare, Legi s. de Lege exrogare, Legi obrogare; Legem condere, Legem
scribere, Legem rogare, Legem ferre, Legem perferre, Legem sciscere, Legem
iubere, Legem sancire, Legem promulgare, Legem incidere, Legem figere; Legem
irrogare, Legem imponere" – note that we have repeated the complement Legem
or Legi s. de Lege before each verb that requires it (while the printed text only
mentions it for the first verb in each series), so that these expressions can also be
searched.
Through these examples, we see that just reading the entries obtained by a
search is already in itself of great value, and that therefore this book is useful
even for those who have not mastered the German language. However, the
content of the articles is also recommended. Indeed, L. Ramshorn defines in
detail each of the lemmata, to bring out its uniqueness compared to other
"synonyms". Its purpose is illustrated with numerous and relatively extended
quotations.
The articles of the Synonymik also have a special feature that should be noted:
namely the establishment of numerous "etymological" connections with words of
other languages, ancient and modern, Indo-European or otherwise. Thus, there
are words in ancient Greek, Hebrew, the Gothic language, Old High German,
Sanskrit, Spanish, Portuguese, French, German, Persian, Albanian, Japanese, in
the languages of Manchu and of Tartar, ... and the list goes on. Such an approach
is representative of the notion, losing ground at the time, that all languages are
descended from the same original language, and consequently that comparisons
between "related" words from other languages are useful for understanding the
meaning of a word in any given language. While we may smile, and although
42
many of these connections are clearly unfounded (such as that of the Latin nam
with among others the Persian nam, meaning "name"), it remains a fact that this
aspect of the book makes it an interesting witness to the history of comparative
linguistics and grammar.
The texts cited are mainly of classical authors as well as of Servius and
Isidore of Seville. Regarding the latter, note that when Isidore is mentioned
without the title of a work (in the forms "Isid." "Isidor." "Isidor") and followed
by a non-Latin word, this refers to the eighth century translation of this author
into Old High German; the same applies to the translation into that language, of
the Diatessaron of Tatian ("Tatian")13. Secondary literature also comprises,
among others, the names of many Latin scholars (editors, reviewers, authors of
grammars and others) from the fifteenth to the nineteenth century, among whom
the most often cited include Vossius (under the abbreviation "Voss." or in full),
Gasparo Garatoni ("Garat." 1743-1817), editor of and commentator on Cicero,
and Arnold Drakenborch ("Drak." 1684-1748), editor of Livy and of Silius
Italicus. Apart from works related to Latin, particular note should be taken of the
Glossarium Sanscritum of Franz Bopp (« Bopp Gl. », 1830), which is also
regularly cited. Ramshorn does not provide a bibliography, so it is not always
easy to resolve the abbreviations in his references. Regarding primary sources,
note that the frequently recurring reference "C.N.D." signifies the De natura
deorum of Cicero.
The Synonymik is searchable using the criteria "dictionary entries", "Latin
word-forms", "non- Latin word-forms," "references (contexts)" and "full text".
Note that only primary references – namely those Latin texts focused on by the
book – have been coded as "references". Any other type of reference can be
found via the search field "full text". For searches in "dictionary entries" verbs
should be entered in the infinitive form, not the first person singular.
The author has transliterated words from languages not using the Latin
alphabet, with the exceptions of Greek and Hebrew.
The second volume of the Synonymik provides a long list of addenda and
corrigenda, that we have inserted individually into the articles, at the end of each
paragraph related to the term concerned. Each of these is placed between brackets
{} and preceded by the words "add. et corr."
3. Medieval dictionaries and lexica
a) Firmini Verris Dictionarius
This Latin to medieval French dictionary written by the Carthusian Firminus
Verris (or Firmin Le Ver) in 1440 has the benefit not only of providing
translations from Latin to medieval French (and, consequently, enabling queries
from medieval French to Latin), but above all of presenting an arrangement of
lemmas according to medieval practice. In summary, this is the system of, most
notably, Papias, Huguccio of Pisa and John Balbus of Genoa. This way one is
introduced to lemmas of whose existence one did not suspect, as under the entry
13
Ramshorn also refers regularly to other representatives of Old High German such as
Notker, Otfried and the glossary attributed to Keron (Kero).
43
sacerdos, where one can find sacerdotissa, a priest´s wife, and sacerdotula, a
priest’s daughter, as well as sacerdotulus, a son of the same.
The presentation of the lexical documentation in the manner of Firminus
Verris undeniably offers extremely valuable advantages, apart from the obvious
interest of this work as a historical linguistic document.
The dictionary of Firminus Verris has been edited by Brian Merrilees and
William Edwards in 1994 in the series Lexica Latina Medii Aevi.
b) Anonymi Montepessulanensis Dictionarius
This is a Latin-to-French glossary taken from manuscript H236 of the Faculty
of Medicine of Montpellier, which dates from the 14th century. Not only will rare
words be found here, such as acirologia (also present in Firminus Verris), but
this glossary also witnesses forms which are absent from the other dictionaries in
the DLD. This is the case with ambotus, -i, “funnel”, which is not found
elsewhere, not even in Du Cange.
This anonymous dictionary of Montpellier has been edited by Anne Grondeux
in 1998 in the series Lexica Latina Medii Aevi.
c) Dictionarius familiaris et compendiosus by Guillaume le Talleur
Guillaume le Talleur was a printer from Rouen and his dictionary dates from
about 1490. His work was known by Du Cange and his successors. This
Dictionarius is a Latin-to-French dictionary which can be placed in the medieval
tradition of Latin lexicography.
This dictionary has been edited by William Edwards and Brian Merrilees in
2002 in the series Lexica Latina Medii Aevi.
d) Latin - Spanish dictionary by E. A. de Nebrija
Elio Antonio de Nebrija’s Lexicon hoc est dictionarium ex sermone Latino in
Hispaniensem, better known by the title Diccionario Latino-español, was first
published in 1492 in Salamanca, probably a few years before his Spanish-Latin
dictionary (see among others the introduction to the facsimile edition of 1492,
published in 1974 by G. Colón and A.-J. Soberanas). It very quickly became a
considerable success, and was republished numerous times, as well as being the
source of several adaptations into other languages.
Fundamentally modern in its design and organisation, this work occupies a
significant place in the history of lexicography, and had a decisive influence on a
number of authors of later dictionaries, in particular Ambrogio Calepino and
Hadrianus Junius.
Unlike his predecessors, who in general were interested primarily in rare or
obscure words and their etymology, Nebrija, as he explains in his preface, sets
out to provide a complete lexicon of classical Latin, with the aim of improving
the knowledge of Latin of men and women of letters. His Lexicon, which
contains about 28 000 entries, is organised in a way that is both very concise and
very systematic and rigorous. In the first edition, which is the one presented in
the DLD, each page is organised into two columns, with the individual articles
only rarely exceeding one line of a column. The lemma is followed by
grammatical indications in an abridged form (genitive for nouns, nominative
feminine and neuter for adjectives, 2nd person singular of present and 1st person
singular of perfect for verbs), or, for adverbs and prepositions, by the
44
identification in Latin of the nature of the word. The translation into Castilian
comes next, most often limited to a single equivalent. It is notable that when a
single term has several meanings, each meaning is the subject of a new entry.
Thus, three articles are devoted to the substantive fununculus:
Furunculus, i. por ladron pequeño.
Furunculus, i. por la hura dela cabeça.
Furunculus, i. por cierto sarmiento enla vid.
In a fairly high number of instances (about 1100), generally when the term is
of foreign origin, Nebrija does not give a translation, but a synonym specifically
Latin. For example:
Acharis, is. interpretatur sine gratia.
Adad, lingua syrisca interpretatur sol.
Xenodochium, ij interpretatur hospitium.
Entries may also consist of phrases : Capitale crimen, Capitale flumen,
Indicatiuus modus, Nux abellina, Nux iuglans, Nux pinea (...), Phrygius tonus, etc
In most instances, the translation of verbs is followed, also in abbreviated
form and in Latin, by the subcategory to which they belong (for example a.i. for
actiuum primae cum accusatiuo tantum).
Another interesting aspect, quite innovative for the time, is the frequent
indication of the linguistic register which characterises a given lemma (po. for
poeticum, no. for nouum, b. or bar. for barbarum, ra. for rarum, etc.)
Finally, the author gives no comments on etymology, except to indicate the
language of origin of certain terms, especially those coming from Greek.
At the end of his preface, Nebrija presents a list of abbreviations accompanied
by their meanings; this list is reproduced below.
The file which was the starting point for this project is the one compiled in
CETEDOC, under the auspices of the director of the present CTLO, by Maria
Lourdes Garcia Macho and Jean Schumacher, based on the facsimile mentioned
above. In this file, a certain number of mistakes and typographical errors present
in the original edition had been corrected by the Spanish scholar. For our part,
we have made to this initial work any modifications which seemed necessary,
such as the suppression of certain needless additions or the standardisation of
certain data. As well, in the original text, when the meaning of a lemma is
identical to that of the preceding lemma, this equivalence is indicated by the
author, generally by the expressions: “por lo mesmo” or “pro aquello mesmo”.
But since the alphabetical classification of the lemmas in the Lexicon is not
always strict, the lemmas do not necessarily appear in the same order in the 1492
edition as in the DLD; consequently, if Nebrija refers to the preceding lemma,
and if this preceding lemma differs from the one in the DLD, the reader cannot
know which entry is being cited. To address this issue, every time the author
signals an identification of meaning, we have added, in angle brackets, the lemma
to which he is referring.
Example :
Abscidere quid ab aliquo por lo mesmo <abscindere quid ab aliquo>
In the 1492 edition, the entry that figures just before the expression Abscidere
quid ab aliquo is abscindere quid ab aliquo which the user of the DLD cannot
know without further information, since in the database, the preceding entry is
abscessus.
45
List of abbreviations presented by the author in his preface
For the user’s convenience, the text has been normalized and the
abbreviations have been resolved (e.g.: cũ => cum).
os.
pr.
no.
b., bar.
po.
ra.
gr.
ai
a ij
a iij
a iiij
av
a vj
ni
n ij
n iij
n iiij
nv
di
d ij
d iij
d iiij
dv
ci
c ij
Imp(ersonale) i
Imp(ersonale) ij
Imp(ersonale) iij
Imp(ersonale) iiij
Imp(ersonale) v
oscum. quo nullo modo utemur.
priscum. quo parce utendum est.
nouum.quo etiam parce utemur.
barbarum. quo nullo modo utemur.
poeticum. quo tantum in carmine utemur.
rarum. quo rarenter utendum est.
graecum. quo aeque ac latino utemur.
actiuum primae cum accusatiuo tantum.
actiuum secundae cum accusatiuo et genitiuo.
actiuum tertiae cum accusatiuo et datiuo.
actiuum quartae cum duobus accusatiuis.
actiuum quintae cum accusatiuo et septimo casu.
actiuum sextae cum accusatiuo et ablatiuo.
neutrum primae cum genitiuo uel ablatiuo
neutrum secundae cum datiuo
neutrum tertiae cum septimo casu
neutrum quartae cum genitiuo
neutrum quintae cum nullo casu
deponens primae cum genitiuo
deponens secundae cum datiuo
deponens teritiae cum accusatiuo
deponnens quartae cum septimo casu
deponens quintae cum nullo casu
commune primae cum accusatiuo
commune secundae cum datiuo et accusatiuo
cum genitiuo et infinitiuo
cum datiuo et infinitiuo
cum accusatiuo et infinitiuo
cum accusatiuo et genitiuo uel infinitiuo
cum infinitiuo uerbi impersonalis
For each of the dictionaries published in this database, we have implemented
any corrigenda that needed to be done.
46
B. Lemmatised CTLO Word-forms, CTLO Lemmas and
CTLO References
The DLD includes three CTLO indexes, entitled Lemmatised CTLO Wordforms, CTLO Lemmas and CTLO References, respectively. They are intended,
on the one hand, to provide the user with a tool useful for performing queries in
the electronic text databases, especially by facilitating the identification of the
forms encountered there, and, on the other hand, to optimize and simplify
consultation of the dictionaries in the DLD.
1.
Lemmatised CTLO Word-forms and CTLO Lemmas
All of the forms present in the texts of LLT-A and in a certain number of
other texts have been grouped together in an index, and CTLO has undertaken
their lemmatization. More precisely, to each different form is attributed, not the
exact lemma as it appears in a certain passage, but rather the lemma or lemmas
that are theoretically possible. The form incidit, for example, has received two
lemmas, INCIDO, ERE (CADO) and INCIDO, ERE (CAEDO), and it is left to
the reader to identify the lemma in question for every single case encountered.
In the majority of cases, the lemma conforms to the classification system
employed in the Thesaurus Linguae Latinae. Of the fundamental principles
followed in this system of lemmatization, two especially should be kept in mind:
1. lemmas which are homographs have been distinguished on etymological
principles, which conforms fully to the practice of Varro and the whole
subsequent Latin tradition;
2. grammatical derivatives do not produce separate lemmas. Thus, an
adjectival noun or a participle used as a noun are classified under the adjective
and the verb respectively. A word-form transformed into an adverb is classified
under the headword from which it is derived. With respect to regressive
formations, at the moment we have only distinguished them when relevant
attestations have occurred in different periods of latinitas.
The following codes are used:
 On. for a lemma related to onomastics (proper names);
 G for Greek lemmas;
 GAL for French words;
 H for Hebrew lemmas;
 IT for Italian words;
 l. d. for a doubtful lemma or lemma dubium;
 a. d., “aetas dubia”, where the attribution of a period is not certain. In the
case of regressive formations – for example, an adverb which is attested
earlier than the corresponding adjective – we have only reckoned with
periods, of which we distinguish eight: Antiquitas, Aetas Patrum I, Corpus
Pseudepigraphorum latinorum Veteris Testamenti, Biblia sacra iuxta
Vulgatam, Aetas Patrum II, Concilia oecumenica et generalia Ecclesiae
catholicae, Medii aevi scriptores and Recentior latinitas.
47
This lemmatization project is a long-term enterprise which is today still
unfinished – all the more so since the CTLO index continues to be enriched by
the addition of new texts to the LLT-A. This work, then, will need to be
continued without pause.
Meanwhile, all the forms that have been lemmatised up until now, as well as
all the lemmas that have been attributed to them, are now an integral part of the
DLD. These are the Lemmatised CTLO Word-forms and the CTLO Lemmas.
At present, the number of lemmatised word-forms amounts to 440,000, while the
number of lemmas is nearly 69,000. Users can either depart from the index of
lemmas and discover for each one all of the forms which have been assigned to
them, or, the other way round, start with the index of forms and acquaint
themselves with their respective lemmas. Because new homographs will continue
to appear, the list of lemmas for any form is never closed. The index of lemmas
will ease the task for a researcher who wishes to study, for example, different
passages in the texts of LLT-A (or another Latin text database) that treat the same
subject. Indeed, this index may call to the user’s attention forms that he or she
might not have considered searching for, preventing him or her from overlooking
groups of relevant texts. Thus, if a researcher wishes to read texts dealing with
identitas, he or she would quite possibly fail to formulate the query ydemptita*
in LLT-A or in another text database were it not for the list of forms occurring
under the CTLO Lemma IDENTITAS. On the other hand, the fact that the forms
are lemmatised will be found a valuable aid in comprehending the texts by both
novices and seasoned Latinists. In this sense, these two indexes form an
extension of the information furnished by the dictionaries in the DLD and
constitute a link with the text databases.
On the other hand, and this is crucial, there equally exists a direct link
between the CTLO Lemmas and the dictionary headwords. Indeed, the latter
have also received a lemma themselves, which henceforward we shall call
“hyperlemma”, in the sense that it transcends the various lemmatizations present
in the works of the DLD. The significance of the hyperlemma lies in the fact that
it makes it possible to group together entries that are sometimes radically
different from one dictionary to the other; in fact, the principles of lemmatization,
and the way in which lemmas are formulated and written are far from uniform.
The hyperlemma is equally useful in the case of queries within the same work, as
it often connects several different entries which in fact belong to one and the
same lemma (e.g., a verb and its participle, a substantive adjective and the
adjective itself et cetera).
This system presently only applies to the Blaise Patristic and Firminus Verris’
Dictionarius, and is underway for Forcellini’s Lexicon.
If one searches, for example, for the entry haeresis in the Blaise Patristic and
in Firminus Verris, one will find it in the former, but not in the latter, because the
term is spelled heresis there. However, thanks to the CTLO Lemma HAERESIS,
which links to both Blaise’s haeresis and Firminus Verris’ heresis, one does not
risk overlooking Firminus Verris’ article. Another CTLO Lemma, TERO,
contains two entries from Firminus Verris: tero and tritus, while the lemma
CALDARIUS, A, UM is linked to the entries caldarium and caldaria in Blaise,
and with the entry caldaria in Firminus Verris. CARDIACUS leads to the entries
cardiace in Blaise and cordiacus [sic] in Firminus Verris. ALO refers to alo, alte,
Altissimus and altus in Blaise and alo, alitus and altus in Firminus Verris.
48
Finally, we cite the example of the CTLO Lemma DOGA: this leads not only to
the entries doga (doua) and doua, but also to toga in Blaise, because in the
reference cited for that entry, toga is an alternative spelling for doga (and so has
nothing to do with the classical toga), which is not mentioned by Blaise. Without
this classification of the dictionary headword toga under the hyperlemma DOGA,
the researcher interested in doga would probably not have considered consulting
the article devoted to toga.
We also should note that all of the Latin words that are printed in boldface in
the articles of Lewis and Short and in the dictionaries of Firminus Verris, the
Anonymous of Montpellier and of Guillaume Le Talleur, have themselves been
encoded as dictionary headwords. Indeed, very often, these “sublemmas” form
lemmas in their own right, which the author of the dictionary has chosen to
collect under a single entry by virtue of their common etymology.
The hyperlemmas themselves, on the other hand, have as of yet only been
attributed to entries in their proper sense. Thus, to repeat the example of
cardiacus, if one searches in Firminus Verris using the criterion “Dictionary
Headwords” (cf. below, p. 40 sq.), one finds it in the article with the entry
cardian, since there it occurs in boldface and has therefore been marked as an
entry; the other way round, if one searches for the same adjective starting with
the CTLO Lemma, one will indeed find the entry cordiacus, as we have seen, but
not – at least not in the current situation – the article devoted to cardian, a term
which is itself linked to the CTLO Lemma KARDIA G.
2.
CTLO References
Given the fact that just like the lemmas, the textual references are not always
cited in a consistent way, not only from one dictionary to the other but also
within the same dictionary, we have found it useful to attribute to each author and
title a unique abbreviation and to link the references thus normalized to the
corresponding ones in the dictionaries of the DLD. We also offer the possibility
of searching for all citations from a given author and/or title, however their
formulation in the various dictionaries. At present this linkage between the
references in the articles and the normalized references has only been established
for the Blaise Patristic, but expansion to other works in the DLD has been
foreseen.
Even when presently limited to the Blaise Patristic, the index of CTLO
References can already render great services considering the fact that this work
very often uses different styles to cite the same work. For example, the Liber
contra Eutychen et Nestorium by Boethius appears in six different forms (BOET.
C. Eut., BOET. C. Eutych., BOET. De duab. nat., BOET. Duab. nat., BOET.
Eut., BOET. Eutych.), while the Tractatus by Zeno of Verona are cited in seven
different ways (S. S. Rom. 11, 33 ap. ZEN. Tr., ZEN., ZEN. Tr., ZEN. Tract.,
ZENO, ZENO Tract., ZENON. Tract.). With the help of the link created between
the various abbreviations and the corresponding normalized CTLO Reference (in
the forms BOET. Eut.. and ZENO), all citations from all works can be retrieved,
regardless of the different citation styles.
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C. Links between the DLD and the text databases of
“Brepolis Latin”
If every dictionary is the description of the lexical system of a given language
phase, in its practical use it nevertheless remains primarily a tool which enables
us to understand texts. Hence the idea of creating a direct linkage between the
DLD and the text databases of “Brepolis Latin”: LLT-A, LLT-B, ACLL, ALD
and eMGH. With the help of this linkage it is possible to pass directly from the
DLD to a text database and to automatically export to this database isolated
forms as well as all CTLO lemmatised word-forms that correspond to a given
lemma, with the aim of examining the occurrences in the texts there. This is
possible in the search mode called Indexes in the DLD (cf. p. 51-57).
Conversely, the DLD can be accessed from any one of the text databases, thus
making it possible to consult the dictionaries for any unknown word encountered
in the course of reading.
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II. USING THE DLD
A. Navigating in the DLD
Upon using the DLD for the first time, you enter the homepage, where you
can select one of four languages available (English, French, German or Italian),
and then choose one out of three query modes suggested: Quick Search,
Advanced Search, or a search departing from the Indexes.
Each of these three major sections of the DLD has its own specificities, but all
offer the same basic functions on their search screen.
1. The tabs located in the upper part of the screen offer access to the following
functions:
- the tab BREPOLiS will take you to the homepage of Brepolis;
- the tab All Products is currently not operational;
- the tabs EN, FR, DE and IT (for English, French, German and Italian,
respectively) allow you to change the language in the course of your
session;
- the Home tab serves to return you to the homepage of the DLD;
- the Settings tab allows you to define two settings: your Default Language
and your Default Startup Page (Quick Search or Advanced Search);
- the Help tab provides access to the manual;
- by clicking on the Exit tab you will quit the application and return to the
Brepolis homepage.
2. The tabs Quick Search, Advanced Search and Indexes, underneath the
program’s title banner, allow you to switch from between these search modes
whenever you choose to.
3. The input field called Search, which is located in the title banner of the
DLD, allows you to perform a query using an approach which is a little different
from those offered in the three principal search modes. The way this general
search works is explained in the appendix at the end of this manual.
B. Performing a search
1. Quick Search
a) Search criteria
The Quick Search always searches through all the dictionaries using one of
the following five criteria: Dictionary Headwords, Latin Word-forms, NonLatin Word-forms, Textual References and Full Text. We should specify that
at present, not all of the dictionaries are searchable according all of the criteria
available. To make any dictionary searchable according to one of the criteria, the
elements in the dictionary susceptible to that criterion must first have been
identified and encoded in a special way, and this work is yet to be completed. At
present, only a search by Dictionary Headwords is available for all of the
51
dictionaries. For each of the criteria, a detailed account of the current situation is
given below, after which the information is summarized in a table.
The dictionaries can be searched:
1. By Dictionary Headwords, that is, by Latin words which form the subject
of a dictionary’s article. Remember (cf. p. 38) that in Lewis and Short, as well
as in the dictionaries of Firminus Verris, the Anonymous of Montpellier and of
Guillaume Le Talleur, not only the entries as such, but also all Latin words
printed in boldface in the body of the articles have been encoded as dictionary
headwords.
►This criterion can be used with all dictionaries.
2. By Latin Word-forms as they appear in the articles (with the exception of
the headwords).
Example: the word-form sacramento appears in 23 articles of the Blaise
Patristic, in 11 of the Blaise Medieval, in 1 of the Dictionarius of Firminus
Verris, and in 2 articles of Guillaume Le Talleur.
►This criterion can be used with the Blaise Patristic, the Souter, the Blaise
Medieval, the lexion of León, the dictionary of ecclesiastical Latin, Chauvin’s
Lexicon Philosophicum, the Synonymik, the Firminus Verris, the Anonymous of
Montpellie, Guillaume Le Talleur and Nebrija.
3. By Non-Latin Word-forms, that is, by every non-Latin word, notably the
translation of a headword. Thus, a search for mystery, mystère returns 7 hits
in Lewis and Short, 36 in the Blaise Patristic, and 12 in the Blaise Medieval.
The significance of proceeding this way is that it draws attention to all Latin
words that can express the term in question, such as, in the case of the example
cited, aenigma, arcanum, and secretum in Lewis and Short. Going through the
other lemmas reached by the cited words will naturally provide one with new
ideas and suggestions.
►This criterion can be used with Lewis and Short, Blaise Patristic, the Souter,
the Blaise Medieval, the lexion of León, the dictionary of ecclesiastical Latin,
Chauvin’s Lexicon Philosophicum, the Synonymik, the Firminus Verris, the
Anonymous of Montpellie, Guillaume Le Talleur and Nebrija.
4. By Textual References. This applies to references in their context, i.e. as
they are cited in the articles (and not to the CTLO references, of which has
been spoken above). With the help of this type of interrogation, it is possible to
find all references to an author or a work present in a dictionary, for example,
those of the Confessions of St. Augustine in the two dictionaries by Albert
Blaise (meanwhile realizing, of course, that the same work is not always cited
in a uniform manner).
►This criterion can be used with the Blaise Patristic, the Souter, the Blaise
Medieval, the lexica of medieval Latin of Italy and of León, Chauvin’s Lexicon
Philosophicum, the Synonymik and the Firminus Verris.
5. By the criterion Full Text, i.e. by a query of all elements that can be found
in an article, of whichever type, including the dictionary headwords. This type
of interrogation is particularly well-suited for terms that have not yet been
subjected to a specific identification in one dictionary or another, such as the
non-Latin words or the references in Forcellini’s Lexicon. In spite of all this,
52
with the help of this search criterion one can find, for example, the references
to the Aeneid or the occurrences of the word “source” in this dictionary.
►This criterion can be used with all dictionaries, with the exception of Lewis
and Short and du Cange.
The following table offers a survey of the current situation regarding the
criteria available for the different dictionaries (for the criteria CTLO Headwords
and CTLO References, cf. below).
b) Wildcards and Boolean operators
One can use wildcards for any query: the asterisk ( * ) for denoting any
character or string of characters, or the absence of characters, and the question
mark ( ? ) to denote a single character whatsoever (and not the absence of a
character). These signs can be placed at the beginning, the end or the interior of a
word. In addition to their obvious advantages, wildcards allow one to especially
take into account peculiarities of spelling in the dictionaries of Firminus Verris,
Guillaume Le Talleur and the Anonymous of Montpellier. Thus, if you enter the
query haeretic*, you will not obtain any results in these works, since haer- is
written her- there; you should therefore search for h*eretic*.
Additionally, one can use the Boolean operators AND, OR and NOT,
represented by “ + ”, “ , ” and “ # ” respectively. We wish to point out that in the
Quick Search, the operator NOT (“ # ”) only functions when you exclude one or
more elements in relation to one or more others. For example, if you request
pater #deus in the Full Text field, you will indeed obtain results (viz. the articles
containing pater, to the exclusion of those that contain both pater and deus),
whereas if your query is #aug* in the Textual References field, you will not
receive the expected response (all articles that do not cite Augustine), but instead
you will be shown the following error message: The system can not parse your
query. Perhaps a syntax error occurred. Please verify or rewrite your query.
Queries only containing the NOT operator can however be executed in the
Advanced Search mode (cf. p. 46).
53
Finally, we wish to point out that the target field of a query consists of an
entire article in a dictionary and not some kind of subdivision of it, such as the
sentence. Consequently, if, for example, you search for the word spiritus
excluding the expression spiritus sanctus – viz. spiritus # (spiritus sanctus) - in
Full Text mode, you will obtain only the articles containing spiritus and not
spiritus sanctus, and not all occurrences of spiritus not followed by sanctus. Thus
the article spiritus in the Blaise Patristic does not occur in your list of results,
even though this article not only contains spiritus sanctus, but also several
instances of spiritus not followed by sanctus.
c) Greek words
Greek words can be queried in nine of the dictionaries in the DLD: the two
dictionaries by A. Blaise, Forcellini’s Lexicon and Onomasticon, the lexica of
medieval Latin of Italy and of León, the Kirchenlateinisches Wörtebuch, Bartal’s
Glossarium, Chauvin’s Lexicon Philosophicum, and the Synonymik.
In these dictionaries, it is possible to search the Greek words with the help of
a keyboard consisting of Greek characters, which can be accessed in the index of
the Advanced Search mode (cf. p. 51-57). For the two dictionaries of Blaise,
the lexicon of León, Chauvin’s Lexicon Philosophicum and the Synonymik,
Greek words can be queried in the non-Latin word-forms or in the full text,
while for the Forcellini’s Lexicon and Onomasticon, Souter, the lexicon of
medieval Latin of Italy, the Kirchenlateinisches Wörterbuch, and Bartal’s
Glossarium, they can be queried in the full text only, since the criterion of the
non-Latin word-forms is currently not available for those dictionaries
The other dictionaries which contain Greek words (for example Lewis and
Short) are not searchable according to these criteria.
d) Performing a query
1. The startup screen of the Quick Search mode has a very simple outlook: it
consists of a single level, labelled Search carried out; this entails, from left to
right:
- a drop-down menu permits you to select one of the five search criteria;
- an input field, in which you can enter your query;
- the Search button, which serves to launch your query;
- the Clear button.
To launch a query, first a criterion must be chosen, next a query should be
entered in the input field.
We wish to emphasize that, at the appropriate places, not only isolated
forms, but also expressions can be queried. For example, one can find in the
Latin Word-forms of the Blaise Patristic an expression like intima uentris, or for
instance search for uidere deum in the Full Text.
On the other hand, a query can only succeed if the number of responses it
generates does not exceed 10,000. If it does (e.g., if you try to query a* in the
field Dictionary Headwords), you will receive the following message:
Wildcard expansion results in too many possibilities (> 10.000). Please
rewrite your query.
Select therefore a criterion, for example Dictionary Headwords, then enter a
search term in the input field, say, sacrament*, and proceed to click on Search.
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2. Under the panel Search carried out a second panel appears, presenting the
number of results obtained per dictionary. Its title bar shows the search term(s)
and the selected criterion, preceded by the indication Results by Dictionary.
This is followed by a list of all dictionaries in the DLD, each one accompanied
by the number of matches it contains. If no response was generated for a
particular dictionary, its name is printed in grey and it is followed by a zero; in
the opposite case, it is printed in red and underlined as it forms a hyperlink. In the
example mentioned, the query is only ineffective for Forcellini’s Onomasticon.
As the query by Dictionary Headwords is valid for all works in the DLD, the
absence of results in this case necessarily indicates that Forcellini’s Onomasticon
does not contain the queried terms. For the other criteria, the fact that a
dictionary does not generate a response can also indicate that it is not yet
searchable using the selected criterion. It is for this reason that if you query the
same word sacrament* in the Latin Word-forms, for example, you will not
obtain any responses from Forcellini’s Lexicon, Lewis and Short, Souter, the
lexicon of medieval Latin of Italy and Du Cange. On the other hand, the fact that
Nebrija’s work doesn’t provide any result really means that it doesn’t contain any
Latin word beginning with these letters.
3. Next, click on the dictionary of your choice, for example the Blaise
Patristic. A third panel is shown, which, in the left corner of its title bar, gives the
name of the dictionary, the number of results displayed on the current page, and
the total number of results (here: 1 - 3 of 3). Below the title zone a list of
dictionary entries corresponding with the query is shown. Each screen can
display a maximum of 50 responses. If the number of responses exceeds 50, you
can navigate through the list of results with the help of the arrow buttons located
to the right of the title zone:
allows you to move to the next screen;
allows you to jump forward ten screens (=500 results);
allows you to jump to the end of the list;
allows you to move to the previous screen;
allows you to jump backward ten screens (=500 results);
allows you to return to the start of the list of results.
4. Clicking on one of the lemmas, for example sacramentum, will open a
fourth panel.
In the centre you will find the relevant article of the dictionary concerned.
For Du Cange and Lewis and Short, a scanned image of one page from the
printed book will be shown, with a red arrow pointing to the start of the article.
The panel to its upper left side shows the CTLO Lemma that corresponds to
the Dictionary Headword in question. If during a search you receive the answer
“Undefined” here, this means that the Dictionary Headword which you requested
has not yet been linked to a CTLO Lemma. (Remember that presently the
notification of the CTLO Lemmas has been realised for the Blaise Patristic and
55
Firminus Verris, and is underway for the Forcellini’s Lexicon) In the case of
sacramentum, the CTLO Lemma is identical with the lemma of the Blaise
Patristic, but, as shown above (p. 36-38), this is not always the case. By clicking
on the lemma you will gain access to the Index of CTLO Lemmas, where you
can continue your search. The properties of this index will be described in more
detail in a special chapter of this manual (p. 55-56).
The frame on the lower left side gives the list of the CTLO References, i.e.,
all of the references which occur in that article, but in their normalized form as
given by CTLO. These references are cited according to their order of appearance
in the article. Next to each of these you see two icons. A click on the one on the
left ( ) takes you to the Index of CTLO References, which is described further
down (p. 55-57). When you click on the icon on the right ( ), all corresponding
references cited in the article will be highlighted by way of yellow shading. As
with the CTLO Lemmas, the message “Undefined” is shown if the references of
the dictionary have not yet been linked to a CTLO Reference (recall that for this
moment, the CTLO References only refer to entries of the Blaise Patristic). This
function is particularly useful for tracing references in a long article.
The frame on the right, “Surrounding Headwords”, displays the
environment of the headword you are interested in, which consists of the four
previous entries and the five next entries in the electronic version of the
dictionary concerned. By clicking on one of these entries you will gain access to
the article devoted to it in the dictionary.
If the article which you are consulting belongs to a dictionary of which the
sublemmas have also been encoded as Dictionary Headwords (Lewis and Short
and the dictionaries of Firmin Le Ver, of Guillaume Le Talleur and of the
Anonymous of Montpellier cf. p. 38), a frame labelled Identified Headwords
can be seen underneath the panel Surrounding Headwords, where the headword
is cited as well as all sublemmas of the article in question.
e) Exporting as a PDF or showing it in a new window
Articles from shown on your screen can be exported in the form of a PDF
file, with the exception of the Du Cange or Lewis and Short. To export such an
article, all you have to do is click on the link Export as PDF located to the right
of the title zone of the fourth panel.
Du Cange and Lewis and Short are presented in the form of scanned images
and because of this, the screen displays a page rather than an article from these
works. However, since the screen only shows part of the page, for greater
convenience, it is possible to open a new window showing the page in its
entirety. To do this, click on the link Show scan in new window, which can be
found in the title bar. You can export the page from there.
2. Advanced Search
The Advanced Search offers you more possibilities than the Quick Search.
It allows you:
- to select the dictionary or dictionaries of your choice;
56
-
to perform queries with the help of the CTLO classifications (CTLO
Lemmas and CTLO References);
to combine several search criteria;
for each of the search criteria, to formulate a query using an index.
The Advanced Search screen presents four panels, labelled respectively:
- Dictionaries
- Search in article
- Search using the CTLO classifications
- Actions
a) Selecting one or more dictionaries
The panel at the left side of your screen offers you a list of all dictionaries in
the DLD, which are all marked as selected by default. You can deselect the ones
you do not wish to query and subsequently reselect the ones you are interested in,
or select all of them by clicking on All; if you wish to query only a small number
of dictionaries, click on None, then select the dictionary or dictionaries of your
choice.
b) Searching in an article
Combining criteria – using wildcards and Boolean operators
The panel with the name Search in article offers you the same five search
criteria also available in the Quick Search, each of these being accompanied by
its own input field, allowing you to use them in combination.
In the right corner of this panel’s title field, you will find the icon
:
dragging your mouse over it will bring up a table summarizing the criteria
presently available for each of the dictionaries.
As in the Quick Search, you can use the wildcards “ * ” and “ ? ”, as well as
Boolean operators.
With the help of Boolean operators, you can determine a logical relationship
between:
- the different criteria,
- the different terms which you enter in the same input field.
To create a logical relationship between the criteria, you must use the terms
AND, OR and NOT which can be found in the drop-down menu to the left of
each criterion. To establish a logical relationship between the terms entered in the
same input field you can make use of the signs “ + ”, “ , ” and “ # ”.
Here, by selecting the operator NOT for a given criterion, one can enter a
query consisting of an exclusion, i.e. search for all articles that do not contain the
indicated word or words. As we have seen, this type of query is not possible with
the Quick Search. Here, however, it can be useful. For example, if one is
interested in the authors or the works cited in a dictionary, it can be helpful to ask
not only in which articles these author(s) or work(s) are cited, but also in which
articles they are not.
Examples of the use of the Boolean operators AND, OR and NOT
When combining two criteria:
57
- OR for the two criteria gives the articles that answer to the query entered
for the first criterion, or to the query entered for the second criterion, or to both
queries.
Example: the query anim* in the Dictionary Headwords, with OR, and
spirit* in the Full Text, with OR, results in those articles containing an entry
starting with anim-, those containing words that begin with spirit-, and those that
both have anim- as a headword and spirit- in the full text.
- AND for the two criteria yields those articles which answer both to the
query entered for the first criterion and to the query entered for the second
criterion.
Example: querying anim* in the Dictionary Headwords using AND and
spirit* in the full text also using AND finds the articles that contain an entry
commencing with anim- and words starting with spirit-.
- AND for the first criterion and OR for the second finds the articles
answering only to the first criterion and those responding to both criteria
simultaneously.
Example: querying anim* in the dictionary entries, with AND, and spirit* in
the Latin word-forms, with OR, will on the one hand find the articles that have
an entry starting with anim- and no Latin word in spirit- in the text, and on the
other hand those that have an entry starting with anim- and contain words starting
with spirit- (for example, the article animalis in the Blaise Patristic).
- OR for the first criterion and AND for the second finds the articles that
respond either to the second criterion only or those that respond both to the
second and to the first criterion.
Example: the query anim* in the dictionary entries, with OR, and of spirit*
in the Latin word-forms, with AND, yields either the articles which contain
words starting with spirit-, or the articles which contain Latin words starting with
spirit- and having a headword starting with anim-.
- NOT for the first criterion and AND for the second finds those articles
that respond to the second criterion and excludes those that respond to both.
Example: the query anim* in the dictionary entries with NOT, and spirit* in
the full text with AND finds articles which contain words that start with spirit-,
excluding those which also have an entry starting with anim-. Thus you will not
find, for example, the articles devoted to anima and to animus in the Blaise
Patristic.
When you have entered your query, you have the possibility to either delete it
entirely, with the help of the button Clear All located in the panel Actions, or to
erase from it the criterion or criteria of your choice, by clicking on the Clear
button located to the right of each input field.
In order to launch your query, click on the button Search in the panel
Actions.
Suppose that you have entered spirit* in the Dictionary Headwords field
and chosen the operator NOT, then repeated the same spirit*, this time in the
Full Text field and with the operator AND, and that all dictionaries were selected
with the exception of Forcellini’s Lexicon and Onomasticon.
After you have clicked on Search, the presentation of the results is essentially
similar as in the Quick Search, but the software offers you new options and
provides additional information.
58
The uppermost level of the first screen with results is divided in two
panels. In the left panel, named Actions, two buttons allow you either to perform
a New Query, or to modify the query. The right one, bearing the title Search
carried out, offers you three types of information:
- A warning reminding you that not all dictionaries are searchable according
to all of the search criteria. This message does not appear if all of the criteria used
are compatible with the dictionaries which you have selected. In the present case,
the criterion Full Text, which you have used, does not apply to Lewis and Short
and Du Cange, both included in the selection.
- A list of the Selected Dictionaries.
- Details concerning the Criteria of your query. For each of the criteria used,
first the Boolean operator chosen (AND, OR or NOT) is mentioned, next the
name of the criterion, and finally the query entered in its input field.
In the case of the example given, the panel labelled ‘Search carried out’
contains the following information:
The list of results provides the number of matches per dictionary. As in the
case of the Quick Search, the dictionaries which did not respond to the query (“0
results”) are displayed in grey. The dictionaries which have not been selected for
the query are also shown in grey, but instead of the number zero, they are
followed by the code “ / ”, allowing you to distinguish them from the selected
dictionaries. Here, the code “ / ” is present for the two dictionaries of Forcellini,
while Lewis and Short and Du Cange have a zero because they cannot be queried
with the criterion Full Text.
For the rest of the query, you can proceed as with the Quick Search.
Using the indexes.
Each criterion has its own index, which you can access by clicking on the
Browse button located to the right of each input field. Using the browselist
allows you to fine-tune your search in order to obtain results which respond to
your query in a very specific way.
Click on one of the Browse buttons, for instance the one for the Dictionary
Headwords. A popup window containing a browselist will be opened. In the
upper part of this window, two options are available, labelled Filter Expression
and Position on respectively. In the input field with the label Filter Expression,
you can enter one or more expressions with or without wildcards and/or Boolean
operators. The option Position on permits you to position yourself on an exact
entry within the browselist.
Using the option Filter Expression. Type, for example, *eus #*aeus in the
input field and then click on Apply Filter. You will obtain a list of entries ending
in –eus, excluding those ending in –aeus. The results are shown in the window’s
central panel. In the title field of this panel, the number of results and the section
of the list that is visible on the screen (here: 1 - 100) are specified. Each screenful
can display a maximum of 100 responses. The list can be navigated with the help
of the arrow buttons located in the right corner of the title bar:
59
allows you to move to the next screen;
allows you to jump forward ten screens (=1000 results);
allows you to jump to the end of the list;
allows you to move to the previous screen;
allows you to jump backward ten screens (=1000 results);
allows you to return to the start of the list of results.
Now you can consult the list and select the words you are interested in by
clicking on them. Each selected word is duplicated in the field Selection below
the list. To cancel the procedure and close the window, click on Cancel. To
confirm your selection, click on OK. The browselist window is closed and the
forms which you have chosen are copied into the field of the search criterion in
question. You can now continue your query by proceeding as explained above.
Using the option Position on. To position oneself on a specific entry of the
browselist, one must enter a single letter, the beginning of a word or a complete
word in the input field. Wildcards and Boolean operators of course do not apply
here, not even the asterisk at the end of a truncated form. For example, if you
want to go to the first word in the browselist of Latin Word-forms that begins
with sacr-, you can simply enter sacr, then click on Position.
It is possible to use Greek characters in the input field. To do so, first click
on the icon that represents a keyboard ( ), located immediately right of the
input field. A small panel with the letters of the Greek alphabet will appear. In
order to write a form or the beginning of a form in Greek, simply click on the
appropriate letters as if you were typing; they are directly copied to the input
field.
Comments.
1. The system does not take accents, aspiration or iota subscript into account;
σ also serves as a final sigma.
2. The Greek keyboard is available in each of the five browselists, but, as we
have seen (cf. p. 43), the Greek characters can presently only be used in the full
text with Forcellini’s Lexicon and Onomasticon, with Souter, the lexicon of
medieval Latin of Italy, with the Kirchenlateinisches Wörterbuch and the
Glossarium of Bartal, and in the full text or in the non-Latin word-forms with the
lexicon of León, the two dictionaries of Blaise, Chauvin’s Lexicon
Philosophicum and the Synonymik.
c) Searching with the help of CTLO Classifications
This option enables one to perform a query in the dictionaries by using the
CTLO Lemmas and the CTLO References.
The different classifications by CTLO have been explained in the first section
of this manual (cf. p. 36-38); even so, we should specify that the index of CLTO
Lemmas of the Advanced Search only contains lemmas which have been
linked to an entry of a dictionary (the “hyperlemmas”). The complete index
itself can be accessed in the Indexes section of the DLD, which forms the subject
of the next chapter.
It should also be remembered that presently the CTLO Lemmas apply to the
entries of Blaise Patristic and Firminus Verris, and partially to those of
60
Forcelllini’s Lexicon, and that the CTLO References at this time have only been
linked to the references cited in Blaise’s aforementioned work.
It will be remembered that, in the dictionaries of Lewis and Short, Firminus
Verris, the Anonymous of Montpellier and Guillaume Le Talleur, all Latin words
within an article that are printed in boldface have also been tagged as dictionary
entries, while the CTLO Lemmas have only been attributed to actual headwords.
Thus the same query in Firminus Verris may give different results depending on
whether the Dictionary Headwords filter or the CTLO Lemmas filter is used (see
the example of cardiacus further above).
As previously explained, the query here offers the possibility to find,
regardless of their divergences, all Dictionary Headwords that belong to the same
lemma, or all references that stem from the same work.
The section of the screen dedicated to the CTLO Classifications is presented
in a way very similar to that of the direct queries in the articles. Just like the other
search criteria, the CTLO Lemmas and References each have their own input
field, accompanied by a dropdown menu allowing one to choose between the
three Boolean operators, a link to its browselist, and a Clear function. Moreover,
they are furnished with a button Delete Selected, absent from the other criteria,
which will be discussed further below.
The search procedure itself, although very similar to the one we have seen
further above, yet differs in certain respects. Thus, it is not possible here to type a
query directly in the input field: it is necessary to pass through the browselists
first.
By clicking on the link Browse for the CTLO Lemmas or References, you get
access to the respective browselists, which appear in a popup window. Open, for
example, the browselist of the CTLO Lemmas. Here also you have a choice
between the options Filter Expression and Position on. Enter the formula di* in
the Filter field, then click on Apply Filter. The list of results is shown in the
central portion of the window, with a maximum of 75 hits per screen. Navigation
through the list is done in the usual way, with the arrow keys located in the right
corner of the title bar. Click on the lemmas of your choice to select them. Select
in this manner the lemmas DIABOLUS, DIABOLICUS and DIABOLOSUS. The
selection is copied to the field in the window’s lower panel, not in a horizontal
row, but in the form of a vertical list. Manual intervention, whether for adding,
deleting or modifying elements, or for changing the Boolean operator, is not
possible with this list. If you select several CTLO References or Lemmas, the
relation between these References or Lemmas will always be OR. Example: if
you select two works of Bede the Venerable, you can only query articles which
contain either the one or the other, or both; it is not possible to query only the
articles that contain both of these.
To cancel or confirm your selection, proceed as with the other browselists (cf.
p. 49). If you confirm, the window closes again and the selected lemmas are
copied to the relevant field of the search screen of the section Advanced Search,
always in the form of a vertical list. At this stage, instead of continuing, you can
cancel either your entire selection, by clicking on Clear, or part of it, by clicking
first on your selection and then on Delete Selected. To continue with your query,
click on Search in the Actions panel at the bottom of the screen. From this
moment onward, the procedure is identical with the one previously described.
61
In our example, you will obtain all the articles of Forcellini’s lexicon, the
Blaise Patristic and Firminus Verris of which the entry has received one of the
three hyperlemmas selected. Regarding Forcellini, the response gives 2 answers,
devoted respectively to diabolicus and diabolus; in the Blaise, you obtain not
only the articles on diabolicus, diabolosus and diabolus, but also those that have
as their entry zabolicus (zabulicus), zabolus (zabulus) and ziabulus (ziabolus); in
Firminus Verris, the relevant headwords are diabolus and zabolus (with, in each
of the articles, several sublemmas in boldface).
Of course you can combine CTLO Lemmas and References in the same
query, and/or combine these with the other search criteria.
Example. Enter the search formula ambr* + uirg* in the field Filter
Expression in the browselist of CTLO References and click on Apply Filter.
You will obtain three responses: Ambr. Exh. uirg., Ambr. Virg. and Ambr.
Virginit., respectively for the Exhortatio uirginitatis, De uirginibus and De
uirginitate by Ambrosius, works that are cited by Blaise in his work, each in
several different ways. Select these by clicking on them one by one, then click on
OK. Next enter uirg* in the fields Latin Word-forms and Non-Latin Wordforms, choose the Boolean operator AND in both cases, then click on Search.
You will obtain the five articles in Blaise Patristic that simultaneously contain at
least one of the three references as well as Latin word-forms and non-Latin wordforms (French, in this case) beginning with uirg- (virg- for the French words). If,
while using the same criteria, you choose the operator OR for the Non-Latin
Word-forms, you will get the 16 articles that contain at least one of the
references and the two types of words in uirg-, or at least one of the references
and only the Latin word-forms in uirg-. Note that, since the target field of the
query is the article as a whole, the words in uirg- in the articles given in the
response are not necessarily connected to any of the three references selected.
Thus, in the article on integritas, the French substantive noun “virginité” comes
from Tertullian, and the Latin adjective noun uirginalis is found in Augustine.
3. Indexes
The third search mode offered by the DLD is a query by Index. These
Indexes, four in total, are called Dictionary Headwords, Lemmatised CTLO
Word-forms, CTLO Lemmas and CTLO References, respectively. It is
possible directly to access the LLT-A and the other Latin text databases at
Brepolis (LLT-B, ALD, ACLL and eMGH) from the index of Lemmatised
CTLO Word-forms and CTLO Lemmas; on the other hand, for all of the
works cited in the Blaise Patristic that are included in the LLT-A, the index
CTLO References gives access to the Background on the Text aimed at these
texts in these databases.
The indexes of CTLO Lemmas and CTLO References can also be accessed
via the lists of results of the Quick Search and the Advanced Search.
To gain access to the four Indexes, click on the tab Indexes located
underneath the title banner of the DLD. In a second series of tabs directly below,
you can choose the index you are interested in. By default, upon entering the
Indexes section, you will find yourself inside the index of Dictionary Headwords.
62
a) Dictionary Headwords
This index consists of the lists of words that form the subject of an article in
each of the dictionaries. It differs from the browselist of Dictionary Headwords
of the Advanced Search mode on two accounts. First, while the latter can be
queried for a single dictionary as well as several dictionaries at once, here, on the
contrary, the query can only be performed in one dictionary at a time; secondly,
the browselist in the Advanced Search mode shows the list of the different forms
that constitute the dictionary headwords, whereas that of the Indexes section
gives the actual list of headwords. For example, a single tempus occurs in the
browselist of headwords of the Dictionarius of Firminus Verris in the Advanced
Search, whereas the one in the current section has two, because Firminus Verris
has two headwords tempus. Likewise, the index of Dictionary Headwords of Du
Cange offered in the Advanced Search only mentions a single entry aqua,
whereas the corresponding browselist of the Indexes section cites 44, since 44
articles actually have this word in their entries; there are seven entries AQUA and
a number of combinations that contain AQUA and one or more other terms (e.g.
AQUA GREGORIANA, AQUA VIVA, AQUA MUSCATA).
Such an approach can be useful, as it allows one to gain a more accurate
understanding of the way in which each of the dictionaries is organized.
The central part of the screen is subdivided into three panels. The left panel,
Dictionaries, allows for the selection of a work; the panel with the label Search
by dictionary headword contains the available search options; this portion of
the screen is identical for each of the four indexes of this section of the program.
The panel below it shows the Results.
To select a dictionary, tick its title in the panel Dictionaries (for example the
Blaise Patristic).
In the panel Search by dictionary headword you find, as in the browselists
of the Advanced Search, the options Position on and Filter Expression, whose
functioning has been explained further above (cf. p. 48-49). However, here you
have two ways of positioning.
- Click on a letter from the list located next to the label Position on to open
the browselist for the group of words beginning with that letter.
- If you wish to further specify the location where you want to open the index,
you can enter the first few characters of the queried word in the input field to the
right of the text “or on”, then click on Position.
Click for example on the letter M in the alphabet shown. Part of the index is
now displayed in the Results panel, of which the first word is the first headword
of Blaise’s dictionary beginning with the letter m. In the title bar of this panel, the
extract of the index that is shown is specified by the serial numbers of the first
and the last entries, followed by the total number of entries of the dictionary
consulted. Each screenful can display a maximum of 100 responses. As with the
browselist of the Advanced Search, navigation in the list is done by means of the
arrow buttons (cf. above, p. 49).
Clicking on the entry of your choice will open a new window presenting the
corresponding article of the dictionary, accompanied by a variety of
information.
The article is displayed in the panel of the Full Text panel.
63
The panel labelled Info first mentions the entry that is the subject of the
article, as well as the name of the dictionary consulted. When applicable, this
information is followed by the CTLO Lemma connected with the entry. It
functions as a hyperlink which will take you to the relevant location in the index
of CTLO Lemmas. Finally, if you click on the link View located to the right of
the label Full Information, you also open the article, but this time it will be
surrounded by the same information and search possibilities that are offered in
the Results panel of the Quick Search and the Advanced Search (CTLO Lemmas,
CTLO References, Surrounding Headwords; cf. above, p. 43 sq.).
b) Lemmatised CTLO Word-forms
As has been explained in the first part of this manual (p. 36-38), this index
contains all word-forms present in the texts in the LLT-A, as well as in a certain
number of other texts, that have been lemmatised by CTLO. Each of these forms
is connected to its lemma or lemmas, and, in addition, the forms can be used to
directly access the context(s) of the LLT-A or the other Latin text databases
of Brepolis in which they occur.
Click on the appropriate tab to open this index. The portion of the screen
located underneath the tabs is subdivided into three panels, which in turn are split
in two levels. In the upper level, the panel labelled Search by lemmatised
CTLO word-form contains the search options that are available; the lower level,
labelled Results, will show you the results in two panels: to the left the index is
opened at the desired location or the forms selected via the filter, to the right
other information, and links.
The search options shown in the part Search by lemmatised CTLO wordform, identical for the four indexes of this section in the DLD, have been
explained above (p. 49-51).
Suppose that you want to know if any plural forms of trinitas have been
lemmatised. To this end, enter trinitat in the input field next to the words “or
on”, and then click on Position. The appropriate section of the index appears in
the left panel of the Results level, the right panel remains empty. In the title bar
of this panel, the extract of the index visualized is defined by the serial numbers
of the terms shown, followed by the total number of lemmatised forms which
form that index. Each screenful can display a maximum of 60 responses. As in
the index of the Advanced Search, the list can be navigated by means of the
arrowed buttons (cf. above, p. 49).
You find that the index does indeed contain three forms of the plural of
trinitas (trinitates, trinitatibus, trinitatum) Click on the first one, trinitates. Other
information and search possibilities are shown in the panel to the right. The
uppermost part contains the name of the selected form. Below it, the label CTLO
Lemmas is followed by the CTLO lemma(s) corresponding to the form (here:
TRINITAS). The lemma(s) constitute(s) a link, on which you can click in order
to position yourself on the appropriate entry of the index of CTLO Lemmas.
Finally, under the title Linked Databases, the five Latin text databases of
Brepolis are mentioned (LLT-A, LLT-B, ACLL, ALD, eMGH). By clicking on
the link of your choice, you immediately reach the search screen of the
corresponding database, and the selected form is automatically copied to the
input field of the forms, which allows you, while continuing your query, to
consult the passage(s) in which it occurs.
64
It should not come as a surprise that, more than once, querying a form from
the CTLO index in a text database results in zero matches. This either means that
it is present in one of the five text databases, but not the one you have selected, or
that the form occurring in our analytical lists was taken from a text which is
presently not included in the text databases at Brepolis. Thus the form
phylosophyae is attested in LLT-A and in eMGH, but not in ALD , ACLL and
LLT-B. A query for the form abfestucatione will not generate a single response,
because it has been attested in a text not present in any of the five databases.14
This index will also be very useful when you try to identify a form which you
encountered in LLT-A or in one of the other Latin text databases.
c) CTLO Lemmas
What is meant by CTLO Lemmas has been explained further above (p. 3638). As said, presently these concern Blaise Patristic, the Dictionarius of
Firminus Verris, and partially the Lexicon of Forcellini. Whereas the
corresponding index in the Advanced Search only contains the lemmas that are
linked to dictionary entries (the “hyperlemmas”), the index presented here
contains all the lemmas that correspond to the Lemmatised CTLO Word-forms.
For each lemma, you will find the list of forms to which it has been attributed
thus far; you also have the possibility to transfer at once all forms linked to a
given lemma to the search field of LLT-A and the other Latin text databases
of Brepolis, in order to consult the passages where they occur.
Moreover, each lemma linked to one or more dictionary entries is
accompanied by the list of those entries, with a link to the articles concerned.
To reach this index, click on the tab which bears its name. As in the index of
Lemmatised CTLO Word-forms, the portion of the screen located underneath the
tabs is divided in three panels, subdivided in two levels. In the upper level, the
panel with the label Search by CTLO lemma offers you the search options
available; the lower level, labelled Results, will show the results in two panels: to
the left the index, which is opened at the desired entry or the lemmas selected via
the filter, to the right other information and links.
To describe the uses for this index, we start with an example once again.
Suppose you are interested in the lemma eleemosyna. If you are not certain of its
orthography, given the fact that this word is encountered in many different
spellings, type for example *el*mos?n* in the field Filter Expression and click
on Apply Filter; if you are certain, say, of the beginning but not of the end of the
word, and/or if you do not wish to obtain merely the exact answer to your
question, but position yourself on the relevant location in the index, enter for
example eleemos in the field following the indication “or on”, next click on
Position. The first screenful of results is presented in the same way as that of the
index of Lemmatised CTLO Word-forms. If you have used the option Filter
Expression, you obtain 5 responses in the left panel of the level Results:
14
This form appears in a charter written in the 12 th century by abbot Gerard of Ninove
and published in J.J. Smet, Chroniques des Flandres, II, Brussels, 1837-1865, p. 783 n.
46; this charter has also been included in the database Thesaurus diplomaticus, published
by the CETEDOC, the Comité national du Dictionnaire du Latin médiéval et la
Commission royale d’Histoire (Brepols, 1997).
65
ELEEMOSYNA,
ELEEMOSYNALIS,
ELEEMOSYNARIUS
EELEMOSYNATOR, ORIS and ELEEMOSYNO, ARE; if you have chosen the
option “or on”, you obtain, in the same panel, an extract of the index of lemmas
beginning with ELEEMOSYNA, from which you can navigate by means of the
arrow buttons.
By clicking on the lemma ELEEMOSYNA, you see appear in the right panel,
underneath a title bar repeating the name of the lemma, three types of
information.
First of all, under the title Appears in articles, you are introduced to the entry
or the entries of dictionaries linked to the lemma, as well as the name of the
dictionary concerned, cited in an abridged form and between parentheses; here
too are mentioned two entries of the Blaise Patristic: eleemosyna (elemosyna...
(BP), et elemosyna (BP). The name of the other dictionaries of which the entries
have been lemmatised (or at least partly), namely Forcellini’s Lexicon and
Firminus Verris, are respectively abridged as (FL) and (FV). If the selected
lemma is not linked to any dictionary entry, this zone remains empty. By clicking
on one of the entries, you open a window that gives you the dictionary’s article,
in the same fashion as in the index labelled Dictionary Headwords (cf. above,
p. 52-53).
Finally, just as in the index of Lemmatised CTLO Word-forms, the five Latin
text databases of Brepolis are mentioned under the title Linked Databases. By
clicking on the name of the database you wish to consult, you are taken directly
to its search screen and all the forms of the CTLO index that have received
this lemma are at once copied to the input field of the word-forms.
As has been signaled with regard to the Lemmatised CTLO Word-forms, it is
possible that certain forms linked to a given CTLO Lemma are not attested in a
specific textual database, or are not attested in any of them. It suffices then to
delete these forms from the list and repeat the query.
Finally, under the title Lemmatised CTLO Word-forms, you see the list of
all the forms of the index of CTLO word-forms to which this lemma has been
attributed. While lecture of this list is already interesting in itself – especially in
cases like this one, where the spelling is so diverse -, each of the forms also
constitutes a link which will take you to the index of Lemmatised CTLO Wordforms.
d) CTLO References
The meaning of the CTLO References, which are presently available for the
Blaise Patristic, has been explained in the first section of this manual (see p. 38).
This index is identical to the one appearing in the Advanced Search, but, whereas
the latter only offers a linkage with the dictionary articles, the index available
here allows you to display, for each text cited that is present in LLT-A, the
Background on the Text which accompanies it there.
You enter this index by clicking on the appropriate tab. The structure of the
screen that appears is identical to that of the search screens of the indexes
Lemmatised CTLO Word-forms and CTLO Lemmas, i.e., a level here labelled
Search by CTLO reference, which contains the search options, and a level
labelled Results, which will present to you the results in two panels: to the left
66
side, the index opens on the requested entry or the references selected by means
of the filter, to the right side, other information and links.
Yet the search options of this index differ from those of the two previous
indexes in that they are split into a Short Description and a Long Description.
By entering your query using the short description, you search the references in
their normalized form by CTLO, that is, in an abridged form. A query using the
long description allows you to find a reference starting with each element
contained in its complete formulation.
The Short Description, which offers the same search options as the other
indexes of this section, can be used when the abbreviation of a certain reference
can easily be guessed. Thus, if you are searching for Cicero’s De legibus, you
have every chance of obtaining it by entering in the field Filter Expression of
the Short Description the query cic* + leg*, and by clicking on Apply Filter.
Or, if you want to position yourself on a specific location in the index, for
example that of the works of Augustine, you can type aug in the relevant input
field of the Short Description, next click on Position. If the query for a reference
by means of the Short Description generates no results, it is advisable to re-enter
the query in the Long Description, because it may be that some of the terms
entered do not occur in the abridged form of the requested reference.
The Long Description, which is used exclusively with a filter, is
recommended when you are not sure of the abridgment of a reference, or, as has
been said, when a query does not yield any results, or in order to refine your
query, if you want to be certain that you have obtained all results corresponding
to the query, or to avoid any “noise”.
Examples.
- If you search for Cicero’s Lucullus, the query Cic* + luc* in the field Filter
Expression of the Short Description will not generate any responses, because that
text has been captured under the name Academica priora siue Lucullus, and the
reference, in consequence, has been abridged to Cic. Acad. pr. Contrarily, you
will certainly obtain this reference by entering the same query in the field Filter
Expression of the Long Description and next clicking on Apply Filter.
- If you wish to retrieve all the sermons cited in the Blaise Patristic (or at
least, all the works cited which contain a form of the word sermo in their
complete title), and you request serm* in the filter of the Short Description, you
will only obtain 15 results, whereas the same query in the Long Description gives
you 30. This happens for the reason that, once again, not all of the texts
containing a form of sermo in their complete title also contain one (even if
abridged) in their CTLO Reference.
- Suppose that you want to consult the articles which cite the Canticle of
Canticles and the works that have been devoted to it. For the reasons already
expounded, the query cant* cant* in the filter of the Short Description generates
no results; when you search for cant* instead, however, the response is not
wholly satisfying either. This query will in fact give, in addition to the works
actually treating the Canticle of Canticles, some works dealing with other types
of canticles, but not those that interest you here; moreover, it does not contain the
In Canticum canticorum expositio of Aponius, since that work is simply abridged
to Apon. The best way of proceeding is then to search for cant* cant* by means
of the Long Description.
67
When you have launched a query, the results are displayed in the left panel of
the Results level. Each screenful can contain a maximum of 20 responses. To
navigate through the list, use the arrow buttons. Each reference is first cited
according to the normalized CTLO form, next in its entirety. (If the complete
reference is too long for the space allotted, it is only partly shown, and that
fragment is followed by three suspension points). To select a reference, click on
it. In the right panel, under a title bar bearing the name of the reference selected,
three types of information are offered to you.
First, under the name Description, the complete reference of the selected
work is shown.
Next comes the Background on the Text, followed by a link labelled Show
Background on the Text, by way of which you can access, in a new window,
the Background on the Text concerning this work in LLT-A.
Finally, as in the index of CTLO Lemmas, under the title Appears in Articles
you see a list of entries of dictionaries that contain the selected reference,
followed by the name of the dictionary in abridged form and between
parentheses. Again, at present this concerns only the Blaise Patristic (BP). By
clicking on the name of an entry, you enter the article, presented in exactly the
same form and offering the same possibilities as in the index of Dictionary
Headwords and the index of CTLO Lemmas (cf. above).
*
68
APPENDIX: GENERAL SEARCH
The input field labelled Search which can be found inside the title banner of
the DLD, and which is present on the search screen of the three major
subdivisions of the program (Quick Search, Advanced Search, Indexes), permits
queries with an approach that is slightly different from those used elsewhere.
At the start of your examination, you cannot select search criteria: the search
is always applied to the Dictionary Headwords and to the Full Text (except for
Lewis and Short and Du Cange, since the latter criterion does not apply to them).
You can however use the wildcards “ * ” and “ ? ”, and the Boolean operators
“ , ” (OR), “ + ” (AND) and “ # ” (NOT).
To launch a query, enter a search expression in the input field, then click on
Search.
Let us take as an example zi*. The first screenful of results that appears is
subdivided in twelve panels, one for each dictionary, and shows for each of these
the number of responses obtained in the dictionary entries and in the full text (for
Lewis and Short and Du Cange, exclusively the Dictionary Headwords).
The significance of this presentation is that it gives an immediate overview of
the distribution of responses between the two criteria employed in this type of
query, which cannot be done when using the other types of search. We wish to
stress, however, that this count does not distinguish between the articles that only
respond to the query for either the one or the other criterion and those that
respond to both. Thus the numbers given for the Dictionary Headwords not only
include the articles that merely respond to the query on the level of their entries
(with the example used here, this is notably the case with zio in Blaise Patristic),
but also those that respond to it both at the level of their entries and at the level of
the full text (e.g. zizania in the same dictionary). This principle also applies to the
numbers provided for the full text. Moreover, since the full text includes the
dictionary headwords, the number of responses also includes those articles that
only contain the queried form in their entry, and not in their interior (e.g. Blaise’s
zio). Consequently, the numbers given for the full text equally concern the
articles that only respond to the query on a content level (e.g. the article cibelinus
in Blaise Medieval), those that respond to it regarding both content and headword
(e.g. the two articles zizania in the Blaise Patristic) and those that only respond to
it on the level of their headwords.
For each dictionary, a label More... is located to the right of the two fields
with responses.
By clicking on the one that corresponds with the criterion Dictionary
Headwords for the work of your choice, you enter a second screen with results,
which shows you the headwords concerned, followed by an extract of their article
comprising two lines at the maximum. If the article is short enough to fit exactly
in the space of two lines, the text ends with a full stop; otherwise it ends with
three suspension points. Each screenful shows a maximum of 25 responses, but
you can switch from one screenful to another by means of the arrow buttons.
At this stage, you still have two ways of conducting your search; you can
click on either one of the two links located to the right of the name of each
69
dictionary entry in the list of results, and labelled Preview and All Details,
respectively.
By choosing Preview, you open a window which shows you the article in
question; you also obtain the same information and links that are provided in a
search by Dictionary Headword, CTLO Lemmas and CTLO References in
the DLD section Indexes.
If you click on All Details, the article is presented to you in the same manner
as in the screens of the results of the Quick Search and the Advanced Search.
The link More..., located next to the criterion Full Text of a given work,
works essentially in the same way as the link corresponding with the criterion
Dictionary Headwords. The only difference is that here the extract shown does
not necessarily coincide with the start of the article, but always contains one or
more terms which respond to the query, marked by a yellow-coloured
background.
Here, too, you can choose between the links Preview and All Details, whose
workings and characteristics are identical to those of the links of the same name
for the Dictionary Headwords.
70
III.
AUTHORS AND TITLES OF WORKS FROM BARTAL’S
GLOSSARIVM
Abeles, Simeon Abeles: Chorea St. Viti. Budae 1837.
Abelles, J. Abelles. De morbis aetatum vitae humanae. Pestini. 1835.
Ac. Com. Sopron, Acta Comitialia Hungarica Soproniensia. Anni DCLXXXI.
Ackerl, J. Ackerl: Castoreum. Pest. 1840.
Act. et Doc. Rákóczy, Actes et Documents pour servir a l'histoire de l'alliance
de George Rákóczy ... Publiés par A. Szilágyi. Budapest. Maurice Rath Libraire-éditeur
1874. Act. Synod. Acta Synodalia collecta per P. Horányi. Temesvár. 1859.
Adelm. de orig. Turc. Conradus
Adelman. De origine, ordine et militari
disciplina Magni Turcae domi forisque habita.
(hely és év nélkül). Qu. 485.
Akad. Ért. Akadémiai Értesíto. Szerkeszti Szily Kálmán.
Adelsberg, E. Adelsberg Chlorium
Antiphthisicum. Pestini 1831.
Alexy, L. Alexy. Animalia medicinalia.
Budae 1838.
Amad. Amadé László versei. Olcsó
könyvtár 1892.
An. Brand. Brandl. Glossarium bohmorav. Brünn. 1876.
An. Coronenses. V. Kronstadt ...
Annales Coronenses.
An. Sc. Analecta Scepusii sacri et
profani ... collegit et notis illustravit Carolus Wagner ... Viennae Pars. I. II. 1774. pars
III. 1778.
Andr. Pann. Abel J. Irodalomtörténeti Emlékek I. k. Két magyarországi egyházi
iró a XV. századból, Andreas Pannonius
et Nicolaus de Mirabilibus. Bpest 1886.
Apor Metam. Trans. Apor Metamorphosis Transilvaniae. Pest 1863.
Arch. Rák. Archívum Rakoczianum. Il. Rákóczi Ferencz levéltára. Elso Osztály. Had- és Belügy. Szerk. Thaly Kálmán.
Pest 1873. I. k. 1703—1706. II. Rák. Fer.
fejed. leveleskönyvei, levéltárának egykorú
lajstromaival. II. köt. 1707—1709. III. k.
1710—1712. Pest 1877.
Arch. Ver. Sieb. Archiv des Vereines für siebenbürgische Landeskunde. In
Hermannstadt. 1843—90. 28. köt.
Archaeol. Ért. Archaeologiai Értesito.
Argenti, D. Argenti. De Cephalalgia.
Pestini 1836.
71
Árp. Ok. Árpádkori okmánytár. V.
Cod. Dipl. Arp.
Art. D. Articuli diaetales.
Art. Diaet. Pos. Articuli Diaetales
Posonienses. Anni MDCCXV. Posonii. Ex
typographia J. Mich Landerer. Artic. Diaet.
Poson. Anni MDCCXXIII. Artic. Diaet. Poson.
Anni MDCCXXIX. Artic. Diaet. Poson. Anni
MDCCLI.
Art. Jaz. Articuli Jazygum et Cumanorum Posonii.
Art. Jur. Thav. Articuli Juris
Thavernicalis olim post tristem amissae
Budae omniumque antiquissimorum Juris Thavernicalis Monumentorum cladem recollecti
Posonii.
Asp. Ph. Chr. V. Rák. Ön. Francisci
II. Confessiones et Aspirationes Principis
Christiani. Budapest, 1876.
Austr. Aust. Austriaca Austeritas ... Authore Anonymo ... Venetiis. Typis Fratrum Veracii, Constantini et Speracii.
Austr. Auster. Palma. Justi de
Palma Florentini Austriacae Austeritatis eiusdemque Continuationis Confirmatio.
Hoc est absurdissimae Eviscerationis Austriacam Clementiam depraedicantis Refutatio ...
Anno 1673.
Bajzáth Veron. Bajzáth de Piszak.
Veronica. Drama ex originali Germanico senariis latinis reddita. Pestini 1858.
Balassa Cas. Steph. Fr. Balassa.
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*
*
*
This dictionary project was set up many years ago, at that time located at the
Université Catholique de Louvain à Louvain-la-Neuve, with the support of the
Fonds National de la Recherche Scientifique de Belgique. Let me pay tribute
here to the relevant officers at the FNRS and everyone who, at one time or
another, has helped with this project. The Belgian Comité National du
Dictionnaire du Latin Médiéval has over many years put computing at the heart
of its activities and, following in the footsteps of the FNRS, has contributed to
the present publication. We wish to thank the various officials in the government
bodies and we hope that the various medieval dictionaries produced under the
patronage of the Union Académique Internationale will in due course enrich this
DLD. The realization of the DLD has been the responsibility of the CTLO
(Centre Traditio Litterarum Occidentalium) in Turnhout. Particular thanks goes
to Véronique Suys and Eddy Gouder, without whom we would have got
nowhere; they have spared neither time nor energy and everyone is indebted to
their efforts. We wish also to thank Philippe Demonty, who works essentially
under the patronage of the Comité national du Dictionnaire du Latin médiéval,
and Joseph Longton, for their respective contributions. The computer
programming has been undertaken by Jeroen Lauwers, the programmer within
CTLO and the deviser and designer of this new version of the DLD. He also
deserves our full credit, as too, of course, the editors of Firminus Verris and of
Guillaume Le Talleur, Brian Merrilees and William Edwards, as well as Anne
Grondeux, the editor of the Latin to French Glossary of Montpellier.
Paul TOMBEUR