Introduction of Whiteleg Pacific Shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) Fifth

Introduction of Whiteleg Pacific Shrimp (Penaeus vannamei)
and its impact on aquaculture development in Malaysia
Mazuki Hashim
Department of Fisheries Malaysia, Putrajaya
Fifth National Fisheries Symposium (NaFiS 2008)
14 -16 July 2008, Wisma Darul Iman, Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu
Objectives of the presentation:
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Provide current status of P. vannamei culture in Malaysia.
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Analyze existing culture practices.
•
Analyze the impact and consequences on the industry.
•
Review the related policy matters.
Issues
•
To meet the national shrimp aquaculture production target of
180,000 m.t (RM4.3 billion) by 2010.
•
To revive the culture of black tiger prawn (Penaeus monodon)
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Overcome viral diseases outbreak.
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Sustain the existing business involving 1,200 farmers with 7,315
ha of shrimp ponds, 95 shrimp hatchery operators & seafood
processors).
Production issue
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To increase farm productivity:
5 m.t/ha./year to 10 m.t/ha/year
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Worldwide movements and introductions
of P. vannamei
Native to:
– Pacific coast of Mexico, Central and South America
– From Peru to Mexico
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Pacific Islands: 1972 – still only experimental
Brazil: 1983 – now predominant cultured species
USA: 1985 – now predominant cultured species
Asia: 1988 – experimental to China, Philippines
Asia: 1996 – commercial to China, Taiwan Province of China (now
predominant cultured species)
Asia: 1997-2000 – Thailand, Indonesia, Vietnam(now predominant
cultured species)
Asia: 2001-, India (experimental)
2001 – Malaysia – now predominant
Introduction of P. vannamei to Malaysia
P. vannamei was introduced into Peninsular Malaysia in 2001
from Taiwan Province of China and in 2002 from Thailand into
Peninsular Malaysia and a farm in Sabah (FAO, 2004/10).
Ban on P. vennamei culture
• Malaysia implemented an indefinite ban on
introduction of P. vannamei, effective 1st June 2003,
in effort to :
– Avoid introduction of exotic viruses (TSV, LOVV),
– Sustain the continuous development black tiger prawn
culture,
– Avoid existing competitors in global market,
– Avoid potential impact on biodiversity,
– Avoid illegal introduction of PL and brood stock.
The ban was officially lifted at the end of Mac 2005:
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Availability of SPF P. vannamei broodstock
P. vannamei could provide economic benefits by reviving the idle farm
Capitalize opportunity to be a producer of white shrimp for the world
market.
Prevention of virus disease in P. monodon culture is still unresolved.
Protocols, guidelines and management practices for P. vannamei were
introduced to ensure the sustainability of P. monodon culture in the
country
Methodology
This study is based on:
Secondary data: annual statistics, reports, trade information.
Primary data: face-to-face interview 35 shrimp farmers
Impacts
Issues
Analysis &
Finding
Consequences
Policy
implications
Finding
Impact:
Issue
1. Shrimp
production
To increase shrimp production from aquaculture
Items
Practices
Stocking
Density
50 – 200 PL/m²
Culture period
100 – 210 days
FCR
1.4 – 2.0
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SR
> 80 %
Productivity
8 – 12 ton/ha/crop
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Harvest size
60 – 100 pcs/kg
Partial
harvesting
70% of respondents
Farming
operation
97% are existing
ponds
Guide lines
awareness
30% of respondents
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SHRIMP PRODUCTION (M.T)
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5
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1
th in pro
w
o
r
g
5%
1%
g
h
wt
o
r
duction
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Finding
Impact:
1. Shrimp
production
Issue
To sustain shrimp aquaculture
9 hatcheries approved to import P. vannamei SPF broodstock
Broodstock importation: 2006 (Jan – Dis) 11,502 (RM1.156 million)
2007 (Jan –Jun) 13,542 (RM1.179 million)
Items
Practices
Source of PL
12% certified local hatchery
42% certified imported PL
46% illegal importation (Thailand)
Disease infection
70% infected
30% uninfected
Type of disease
WSSV (74%), TSV (26%)
Treatment
None (forced harvest and clean the pond)
Disease incidence
reported to authority
4%
Health certificate
73%
Poor attitude towards disease management
SPF P. vannamei PL production in Malaysia
• 9 hatcheries
• Estimated capacity, close to 5 billion PL/year
• Department carry out regular monitoring on
nauplii and PL production and also supply to
farmers and other hatcheries.
Finding
Impact:
Issue
1. Shrimp
production
To sustain P. monodon culture
P. vannamei was permitted to culture as an alternative to P.
monodon. Nevertheless it become substitute species to farmers.
42 % farmers interviewed were reluctant to shift back to P. monodon
culture.
Main reasons:
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Disease infection (unavailability SPF broodstock)
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Significant reduction in selling price
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Higher cost of production
Finding
Impact:
2. Economics
Issue
To sustain shrimp aquaculture
(downwards trend in shrimp price)
Price variation due
to:
• Seasonal
demand
• Influx of Thai’s
white shrimp
Finding
Impact:
Issue
To sustain shrimp aquaculture
2. Economics
(upwards trends in feed cost)
Practices
Feed
Local
Import
Procurement
Agent 76%
Wholsale
Feed Miller
Payment
(Cash)
21%
30 – 60 days
Credit
79%
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Feed Cost (RM/Kg)
Items
Feed Cost
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73% increase in feed cost
(2005 – 2008*)
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* Up to June 2008
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Finding
Impact:
2. Economics
Issue
To reduce import
To increase export
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Regional trade with countries facing anti-dumping duties in
the US market growing significantly.
•
Import of fresh and frozen shrimp from China and Thailand
increased significantly from 2003 to 2004
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Malaysia export of shrimp products to US increased
significantly from 2003 to 2004
Consequences
Impact:
1. Shrimp
production
Issue
To increase shrimp production from aquaculture
To sustain shrimp aquaculture
To sustain sustain P. monodon culture
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Shrimp production from aquaculture is expected to increase
by two folds based on farm productivity. Existing 7,200 ha
culture area could easily produce 70,000 m.t a year.
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Disease incidence could be increased since farmers have
low attitude on disease management
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May lead to slow recovery of P. monodon culture in the
country
Consequences
Impact:
2. Economics
Issue
To sustain shrimp aquaculture
To increase export and reduce import
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Excess supply of fresh shrimp from neighboring countries
lead price decrease and low profit margin.
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Further expansion will lead further drop in price and increase
competition among neighboring countries.
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Excess shrimp from neighboring countries may lead to
transhipment and repackaging activities which must be
eliminated to avoid the risk of imposition by US on antidumping duties.
Policy implication
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Enhancement of the existing Aquaculture Extension
Programme – Encourage Best Aquaculture Management
Practices.
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Implementation of Traceability programme – Issuence of
Certificate of Origin by the authorities.
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Incentives to promote biosecurity principles in farm
operation.
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Strict imposition on control of transboundry movement of
aquatic organisms, Quarantine Regulation, SPS measures
and Fish Health Monitoring Programmes.
Conclusion
The introduction of P. vannamei has given rise to positive
the industry based on the following findings
Impact on
• Shrimp production increased significantly
• Existing shrimp ponds are well utilized (few idle ponds)
• All the players in the industry are in business
• Affordable price of shrimp for consumers
• Shrimp production target is within reach
However much care is needed to avoid disease outbreaks due to improper
farming practices and strict regulatory measures to be imposed on
quarantine measures and to prevent transhipment and repacking to avoid
imposition of anti dumping duties
THANK
YOU
Fifth National Fisheries Symposium (NaFiS 2008)
14 -16 July 2008, Wisma Darul Iman, Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu