Capitolul 1 - Piatra Craiului

Transcription

Piatra Craiului National Park Management Plan
Contents
CHAPTER 1.
INTRODUCTION AND CONTEXT...............................................................3
1.1.
SHORT MANAGEMENT PLAN DESCRIPTION ........................................................................3
1.2.
PROTECTED AREAS - PURPOSE AND CATEGORIES ..............................................................3
1.2.1.
Purpose and general information............................................................................3
1.2.2.
Protected areas included in the PCNP....................................................................4
1.3.
LEGAL BASES ...................................................................................................................4
1.3.1.
Legal base of the Management Plan .......................................................................4
1.3.2.
Establishment and functioning ................................................................................4
1.4.
MANAGEMENT PLAN DEVELOPMENT PROCESS..................................................................5
1.4.1.
The development of the Management Plan .............................................................5
1.4.2.
The plan development chalendar ............................................................................6
1.4.3.
Approval and review ...............................................................................................6
1.4.4.
Management Plan implementing procedures..........................................................7
1.5.
PROCEDURES FOR MODIFYING THE MANAGEMENT PLAN .................................................7
CHAPTER 2.
DESCRIPTION .................................................................................................9
2.1.
GENERAL DESCRIPTION ....................................................................................................9
2.1.1.
Location...................................................................................................................9
2.1.2.
Land use and management rights..........................................................................10
2.1.3.
Management resources and infrastructure ...........................................................11
2.1.4.
Map covering.........................................................................................................12
2.1.5.
Aerophotography covering and satellite/land images...........................................12
2.1.6.
Current limits and internal zoning ........................................................................13
2.2.
PHYSICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL FRAME ..........................................................................24
2.2.1.
Short description of the history of physical, geographical and geological research
................................................................................................................................24
2.2.2.
Geology .................................................................................................................25
2.2.3.
Geomorphology .....................................................................................................26
2.2.4.
The waters .............................................................................................................28
2.2.5.
Climate ..................................................................................................................29
2.2.6.
The soils.................................................................................................................30
2.3.
BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT DESCRIPTION ......................................................................30
2.3.1.
Flora and vegetation .............................................................................................30
2.3.2.
Fauna.....................................................................................................................34
2.3.3.
Habitats .................................................................................................................36
2.3.4.
Ecological relations and processes.......................................................................40
2.3.5.
Landscape..............................................................................................................40
2.4.
CULTURAL ASPECTS, USE OF THE LAND IN THE PAST ......................................................40
2.4.1.
Archaeological data and land use in the past .......................................................40
2.4.2.
Meaning and interest for the area.........................................................................43
2.4.3.
Administration in the past .....................................................................................43
2.5.
SOCIAL AND ECONOMICAL ASPECTS, LAND USE IN THE PRESENT ....................................44
2.5.1.
Local communities.................................................................................................44
2.5.2.
Other relevant aspects...........................................................................................48
Contents
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2.5.3.
2.5.4.
2.5.5.
2.5.6.
2.5.7.
CHAPTER 3.
Current land use categories ..................................................................................49
Present conservation status...................................................................................50
Tourism and tourism facilities...............................................................................50
Education and education facilities ........................................................................53
Research and research facilities ...........................................................................54
ASSESMENTS AND THREATS..................................................................56
3.1.
PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENTS..........................................56
3.1.1.
Physical and geographical frame..........................................................................56
3.1.2.
Biodiversity and habitats assessment ....................................................................56
3.1.3.
Landscape assessment...........................................................................................58
3.2.
THREATS ........................................................................................................................58
3.2.1.
Human activities - related threats .........................................................................58
3.2.2.
Natural threats ......................................................................................................59
3.3.
CULTURAL INHERITANCE PRESERVATION ASSESSMENT ..................................................60
3.4.
NATURAL RESOURCES AND LAND USE ASSESSMENT .......................................................61
3.5.
TOURISM AND RELAXATION POTENTIAL ASSESSMENT ....................................................63
3.6.
EDUCATION AND AWARENESS ASSESSMENT ...................................................................65
3.7.
PRESENT STATUS OF THE PARK’S MANAGEMENT ............................................................67
CHAPTER 4 ACTIONS .............................................................................................................69
CHAPTER 5 THE PIATRA CRAIULUI NATIONAL PARK ORGANISATION AND
FUNCTIONING RULES.............................................................................................................87
CHAPTER 6. MONITORING OF THE PIATRA CRAIULUI MANAGEMENT PLAN
IMPLEMENTATION.................................................................................................................98
ANNEXES ..................................................................................................................105
Contents
ii
Chapter 1.
INTRODUCTION AND CONTEXT
1.1. Brief management plan description
The Piatra Craiului National Park (PCNP) is a protected area, established in
1990, with the statute of national park, for the purpose of preserving the biodiversity,
landscape and valuable species. Another goal of the National Park is promoting and
encouraging tourism development and public education and awareness regarding the
protection of nature and its values.
The area includes a wide variety of natural, cultural and historic values. For this
reason, the park’s administration objectives and actions are diverse.
According to the modern principles of nature protection, the management plan,
must integrate the biodiversity preservation interests with the social and economic
development of the local communities within the park’s area, taking into account, at the
same time, the traditional cultural and spiritual assets, specific for this area.
It is likely that the current tourism pressure will increase in the future, partly
because of the administration’s promoting actions, this way endangering the wild, intact,
natural, unaltered by human presence aspect.
The lack of coordination of all activities carried out throughout the park, of all
efforts and preservation actions, can result in desperate, low efficient, interventions and
significant loss in the biodiversity and other valuable assets of the park.
The PCNP Management plan was developed for the purpose of an integrate
planning of actions necessary for fulfilling the park’s main goal, which is the biodiversity
preservation.
The Management plan will stand at the foundation of the PCNP Administration’s
activity and constitutes the reference document for the planning of all park-related
activities.
For the development of the present management plan all interested parts, from
the park’s area, were invited to participate, especially the local communities’
representatives1.
1.2. Protected areas - purpose and categories
1.2.1.
Purpose and general information
According to the OUG 236/2000 (Art. 5, paragraph 2) regarding the protected
natural areas’ regime, PCNP is included in the national parks category, which have the
main purpose the protection and conservation of representative samples of the national
bio-geographic territory – including natural elements of special physical, geographical,
fauna, flora, hydrology, geology, palaeontology, spelaeology, pedology, or any other
type values – providing scientific, educating, relaxing and tourist visiting opportunities.
Inside the national parks territories only traditional activities are allowed. These
activities are carried out by the local communities and by owners of land inside the
parks, and will be listed in the rules section of the plan. The park’s management
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purpose is, also, to maintain the harmony between man and nature, by preserving the
habitats and the landscape, promoting the traditional use categories of the land, the
development and consolidation of the traditional activities and culture of the local
population.
The public is also provided with relaxation and tourism opportunities, scientific
and educational activities being encouraged, as well.
1.2.2.
Protected areas included in the PCNP
Inside the park a special conservation area, of 4879 ha (Brasov 2624 ha, Arges
2255 ha), is established. Within this area, the scientific reserve encloses 683 ha (BV
443 ha, AG 240 ha). The special conservation area also includes the following 4 carstic
areas: Zarnesti Gorges, in Brasov county and Dambovicioara, Brusturet and Dambovita
gorges, in Arges county, together with a protection area with the statute of natural
monument – the Bats’ Cave (1.5 ha). The area where grazing is forbidden in also
located inside the special conservation area and it stretches over 1189 ha.
The remaining 9894 ha (Brasov-5182 ha, Arges 4712 ha) constitute the national
park area.
1.3. Legal bases
1.3.1.
Legal base of the Management Plan
The development and approval of the Management Plan were carried out in
accordance with the Government Order Nr. 236/24.11.2000, the Law 462/2001, art. 18
paragraph 4 and Art. 19.
1.3.2.
Establishment and functioning
a) Establishment:
- Ord. 7/1990 MAPPM regarding the establishment of 13 national parks in Romania;
b) Functioning:
- Law 137/29.12.1995 regardin environment protection – republished and modified
through G.O. 91/2002, approved by Law 294/2003;
- Law 103/23.09.1996 of the Hunt species Fund and hunt protection, republished in
2002;
- Law 107/25.09.1996 Waters Law;
- Law 26/24.04.1996 Forestry Code;
- GO 96/27.08.1998 regarding the forestry regime and national forest fund
management;
- Government Decision 314/12.06.1998 regarding the update of fines limits foreseen
in the environment protection law 137/1995
- GD 735/21.10.1998 regarding the approval of rules in wooden materials circulation
and round wood transportation;
- NFA Management Council Decision 4/07.04.1999 regarding the establishment of
the PCNP Administration;
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- Law 159/20.10.1999 in addition to the environment protection law 137/1995;
- Waters Forests and Environment Protection Ministry (MAPPM) order
287/02.04.1999 regarding the establishment of the PCNP Administration and the
consequent management structure;
- GO 47/1999 and Law 7/2000 – Agreement of the non-refundable financial
assistance for the Biodiversity Conservation Management Project between the
Romanian Government and the World Bank for Development and Reconstruction;
MAPPM Order 341/20.03.2000;
- Law 5/06.03.2000 regarding the approval of the National territory management
plan – Section III Protected Areas;
- Law 31/03.04.2000 regarding the establishment and enforcement of forestry
contraventions;
- GO 236/2000 – Law 462/2001 regarding the natural protected areas regime;
- MAPM Order 508/2002 regarding the establishment of the Scientific Council of the
Piatra Craiului National Park;
- MAPM Order 510/2002 regarding the establishment of the Consulting Council of
the Piatra Craiului National Park;
- Law 72/2002 – Zootechny Law;
- GD 940/2002 regarding the enforcement of the Law 72/2002;
- GD 230/2003 regarding the limits of the biosphere reserves, national parks and
natural parks and the establishment of their administrations;
- MAPAM Order 552/2003, regarding the approval of the internal zoning of the
national and natural parks, from the point of view of the biodiversity conservation
necessity;
- MAPAM Order 850/2003 regarding the procedure of assigning the management or
the custody of the natural protected areas;
- MAPDR Order 297/2004 regarding the approval of hunting percentages for allowed
hunt fauna species, during the hunting season of 15th of may 2004 – 14th of may
2005.
1.4. Management plan development process
1.4.1.
The development of the Management Plan
In November 1999 the financing of the Biodiversity Conservation Management
Project began. Through this project, the suitable financing for the activities of
establishing an integrated management of the PCNP was insured, together with the
development of a management system which was to become a standard for all national
parks in Romania.
One of the crucial elements, in the establishment and development of the
management system, was the Piatra Craiului National Park Management Plan.
The PCNPA team, with the participation of all interested parts, developed the
management plan. The involvement of the affected parts or of all those who can
influence in any way this plan and, consequently, the PCNP objectives, was insured
through the following methods:
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1. Organising workshops attended by the Scientific and Consulting Councils
members, both at the beginning of the planning process, as well as for debating
the plan draft project into its final version.
2. The involvement in the plan development process of environment organisations
representatives, by inviting them at the work sessions of the PCNPA;
3. Requesting comments/suggestions from interested factors and specialists from
different fields, during the early stages of the plan development;
4. Analysing these observations from interested parts before requesting the approval
of the final version of the Management Plan, according to available laws.
The development of the management plan was carried out with the assistance
and under the coordination of Flora & Fauna International experts from Great Britain.
1.4.2.
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
The plan development chalendar
During the first stage, the entire PCNP Administration took part to a series of
theoretical training sessions organised by the Flora & Fauna consultants, in
2000-2001.
The first step was taken at the meeting in Busteni in 9-11th of January 2001. The
list of participants to that meeting is contained in Annex 1.
One more step in the development of the management plan was the meeting
held in Zarnesti – Plaiul Foii Challet (19.04 – 21.04.2001), where all interested
organisations representatives took part. The purpose of this meeting was the
beginning of the management planning process for the Piatra Craiului National
Park. The list of involved institutions and persons is presented in Annex II, and
the work agenda in Annex III. The results of this meeting were discussed within
the Scientific Council of the Park.
Another important meeting was held during the 16 – 17th of July in Moeciu, and
was attended by the administrations of all three parks involved in the BCM
project (the Retezat National Park, the Piatra Craiului National Park and the
Vanatori Neamt National Park). The Project Coordination Team (PCT), the NFA,
the Environment Ministry and the World Bank attended this meeting also. The
purpose of the meeting was to establish a common opinion about the image
format and the consulting process.
The meeting with Mike Harding for the final review of the Management Plan, took
place on the 3rd of December. On this occasion several specific actions were
adjusted or added, taking into account the fact that the PCNP Administration
was, at that time, also implementing a Life project (“Nature Sites 2000 in Piatra
Craiului National Park”).
The Scientific Council meeting was held during the 26 – 28th of March 2004 in
Zarnesti, when the management plan was debated. (Annex IV and V).
On the 2nd of June 2004 the Scientific Council decided (all in favour) the approval
of the Management Plan and Functioning Rules of the Park.
1.4.3.
Approval and review
The Management Plan is forwarded, for approval, to the central environment
protection authority, after being approved by the following institutions/authorities:
- The Scientific Council;
The Romanian Academy through the Nature Monuments Committee.
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The Management Plan will be reviewed once every 5 years.
1.4.4.
Management Plan implementing procedures
Implementing the Management Plan is PCNP Administration’s responsibility, and
is carried out in accordance with the annual and monthly work plans.
The Scientific Council approves the work plans, as for problems that might affect
other interested factors, the Consultative Council decides upon the latter.
The activities foreseen in the work plans are to be carried out as it follows:
o directly by the PCNPA personnel;
o with different partners, based upon contracts – partnership or voluntary services
(NGOs, volunteers, public services);
o with suppliers (physical or juridical persons) based upon acquisition contracts:
goods, consulting services, sponsorship;
PCNPA will permanently monitor the activity of other institutions, organisations,
persons, whose actions is in contradiction with the management plan and functioning
rules, intervening whenever necessary for neutralising any inconvenient problems.
1.5. Procedures for modifying the Management Plan
The elements defining the Piatra Craiului National Park, its natural environment,
are ever changing. Unpredictable events, taking place in a more or less large area, may
inflict changes which request reviewing the biodiversity conservation measures. Human
presence and activity may also intensify and accelerate the changes.
The social and economic factor is also continuously changing and influencing the
human and economic resources, which PCNPA has for fulfilling the management goals.
Taking into account the above mentioned considerations, for the present
management plan, several basic principles of an adaptive management were borrowed,
in order to allow a better flexibility of management decisions to change.
The Piatra Craiului National Park Management Plan is designed to such manner
that it constitutes the document defining the main directions of action in order to achieve
the long-term goals of the Park.
The plan also includes a set of settlements/recommendations for various fields of
activity / major objectives, recommendations which take into account, as much as
possible, the factors which may alter the present situation, thus allowing the flexibility of
the decisional process.
The detailed action plans are developed each year by the PCNPA, with the
approval of then Scientific Council, based upon the Management Plan, and taking into
account the current situation both within the park’s territory and at the management
resources level as well.
The PCNP Administration is currently implementing the Life Nature project called
“Nature Sites 2000 in the Piatra Craiului National Park”, with such goals like the
development of specific management measures for the future areas, which are to
become a part of the Nature 2000 network, starting with the year 2007. Due to that, this
year, the above mentioned management decisions and measures, will be included in
the present management plan.
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Should any change to the present Management Plan become necessary, the following
institutions have the authority to intervene:
1. The central environment protection authority, with the approval of the Romanian
Academy, Nature Monuments Committee, if changes at the objectives or actions
levels are required, or in the rules and regulations section as well, but in
accordance with the procedure described in section 1.4.3.
2. The Scientific Council – if necessary changes refer to priorities, responsibility,
and research related aspects.
3. PCNPA – if the changes refer to the yearly work plans.
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Chapter 2.
DESCRIPTION
2.1. General Description
2.1.1.
Location
The Piatra Craiului National Park (PCNP) is located in the Meridional Carpathian
Mountains and it includes the entire Piatra Craiului ridge and some areas of the
neighbouring mountain passes Rucăr-Bran and Rucăr-Zărneşti.
The National Park’s territory stretches over the counties of Braşov and Argeş and
it encloses areas belonging to the towns of Zărneşti, Moeciu (Măgura and Peştera
villages), Bran, Rucăr and Dâmbovicioara.
PCNP is located between the coordinates of 450 22’ 1.73’’ - 450 34’ 49.55’’ N.
Lat. and 250 08’ 51.61’’ - 250 21’ 57.21’’ E. Long. The total area of the National Park is
14.773 hectares (7806 ha in Braşov County and 6967 in Argeş County).
The main access points in the park are the town of Zărneşti, in the northern part
(Bârsa Valley and Gorges Valley) and Rucăr, in the southern part (Dâmboviţa and
Dâmbovicioara Valleys).
The detailed list of both the vehicle and railway access ways is presented in the
following table:
Access Points
Gura Râului
Plaiul Foii
Inima Reginei
Sbârcioara
Şirnea
Ghimbavului Gorges
Dâmbovicioarei Gorges
Dâmboviţei Small Gorges
Gura Râului
Access Ways
County Road
County Road
Forestry Road
National Road DN 73
National Road DN 73
National Road DN 73
County Road
National Road DN 73
National Road DN 73
County Road
National Road DN 73
Village Road
Railway
Braşov-Zărneşti
Crossed towns
Zărneşti
Zărneşti
Bran
Moeciu
Fundata
Podu Dâmboviţei
Podu Dâmboviţei
Podu Dâmboviţei
Zărneşti
Inside the PCNP there are the following forestry roads:
Road’s Name
Vlăduşca
Brusturet
Prăpăstiilor Valley
Tămaşului Valley
Bârsa Mare
Dragoslovenilor Valley
Length inside the PCNP (km)
3.6
2.5
3.6
1.9
5.8
3.2
Manager
D.S. BRAŞOV
D.S. PITEŞTI
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Ivan Valley
Seacă a Pietrelor Valley
Coşere
Valea cu Apă
2.1.2.
2.8
8.4
3.2
2.9
Land use and management rights
2.1.2.1.
Ownership rights
Use Category
Owner
Forest
Forest
Forest
Forest
Forest
Hay-field
Meadow
Construction Sites
Cliff
Cliff
Water Stream
Agriculture
Total
State
7467.5
Mayors Offices
806.2
Churches
106.1
Communities
368.9
Private
1274
Private
1557.3
Communities
590.2
Private and Communities339.2
State
373
Communities
622.9
State
Length = 281 km
Private and Communities1549,1
14,773
2.1.2.2.
Area (ha)
% of the total area
51
5
1
2
9
11
4
3
3
4
7
100
Management rights
Managed area
Management Right
Area
% of the
total area
Managing Authority
Forest
Forest
NFA-ROMSILVA
OS Bucegi Piatra Craiului
7467.5 50.5
818,2 5.5
Forest
OS Păpuşa-Rucăr
463
3.1
Forest
Hay-field
Meadow and forested meadow
Private
Private
Moeciu Town
Dâmbovicioara Town
Rucăr Town
1274
1557.3
261.1
110.3
50.1
8.6
10.5
1.8
0.7
0.3
Private
98.4
0.7
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Zărneşti
Cliff
Cliff
Water stream
Zărneşti
Moeciu
State
Agriculture
Piatra Craiului National Park
Private and communities
PCNP Administration
272
748
202.3
Length
281 km
1549,1
1999 14.773
1.8
5.1
1.3
10.1
100%
The management of the forest area is carried out based upon the forest
management plans. PCNP Administration was assigned the management of the Piatra
Craiului Management Plan, by the Waters, Forests and Environment Protection Ministry
through the Order 287/02.04.1999.
2.1.3.
Management resources and infrastructure
The temporary headquarters of the park administration is located at the Zărneşti
local forest authority, 27 Râului Street, Zărneşti, Braşov.
There are 10 people currently working for the administration, each with the
following responsibilities:
1. Park chief
2. Public awareness and procurement
3. Chief accountant
4. Security, education and eco-tourism
5. biologist
6. IT specialists
7. Communities relation
8. ranger
9. ranger
10. ranger
At the end of 2044 PCNPA started the construction work of the Zărneşti Visitor’s
Centre, where the administration’s offices will also be located, and is planning to build
two information points, according to the Management Contract signed between the
MMGA and NFA-Romsilva. The Administration also owns 6 mountain shelters (Ascuţit
Peak, Hidden Chalet, Grindului Saddle, Funduri Saddle, Şpirlea, Diana), all designed
and built in fibre-glass modules.
The Administration is equipped with three off-road vehicles, office equipment and
IT technology, including GIS devices. The Administration also owns field equipment for
volunteers and partners (such as tents, binoculars, sleeping bags, etc.) and equipment
used in flora and fauna analysis (bird nets, measurement instruments, guide books,
etc.). Also the Administration personnel is equipped with mobile phones and walkietalkies.
The financial resources necessary for actions implementation, during the next 5
years, are as follows:
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2005
NFA
Activity type
Salaries and other rights
(uniforms, safety equipment,
etc.)
Ecological activities
Trails
and
shelters
maintenance
Public
awareness
and
education
Office expenses
Vehicles maintenance and
operation
Training
courses
and
displacements
Building process monitoring
Constructions
Furniture
Utilities
Electronic equipment
TOTAL
2006
NFA
2007
NFA
2008
NFA
2009
NFA
90000
90000
90000
90000
90000
2000
2000
2000
2000
2000
2000
2000
2000
2000
2000
2000
2000
2000
2000
2000
7000
7000
7000
7000
7000
15000
15000
15000
15000
15000
5000
5000
5000
5000
5000
123000
123000
123000
123000
123000
* All of the amounts above are given in USD currency.
2.1.4.
Map covering
Base plans 1:50.000 IGFCOT, 1:5.000 or 1:10.000 IGFCOT, both fully covering
the park’s area.
In addition to the topographic maps, the Administration also benefits from a set
of forestry maps on a scale of 1:20.000 and 1:50.000.
There are also digital maps of waters, level curves, land use, roads, MDT. The
number of OCOT map sheets is 33.
The Park’s policy is to produce digital data for all layers of interest and to
integrate these data into a system of analysis of various phenomena. For this purpose,
a high resolution IKONOS satellite image was bought. Starting from this image, all data
from the maps will be digitised, this way creating the Park’s information infrastructure.
Furthermore, the data generated by the monitoring of various phenomena will
later provide the support of chronological analysis.
2.1.5.
Aerophotography covering and satellite/land images
LANDSAT 5 satellite images from June-July 1994 have been bought together
with air-photographs 2x2 (unortorectifiable), as well as the Ikonos satellite image on a
multispectral layer resolution of 1x1 m.
There are over 1500 photographs and slides of representative elements from the
Park.
For the park’s area, there is also the possibility of acquisition of low or medium
resolution satellite images from LANDSAT5 and LANDSAT7, SPOT and IRS satellites,
already stored, taken during various periods of time. For each of these images
georeferences can be obtained.
Page. 12
2.1.6.
Current limits and internal zoning
Area
Special
conservation area
National Park
Area
Total Area
Area in Braşov
(Ha)
2624
Area in Argeş
(Ha)
2255
Total
(Ha)
4879
5182
4712
9894
7806
6967
14773
The Piatra Craiului National Park is located in a highly fragmented area, with the
Bârsa Depression to the North, the Bran-Rucăr Pass to the East, neighbouring some of
the highest mountain massifs in Romania: Făgăraş and Iezer Mountains to the East and
Leaota Massif to the South-East. Piatra Craiului, the main element of the National Park
presents itself as an imposing spectacular calcareous ridge, 25 km long, with altitudes
of over 2000 m and NNE-SSW orientation, between the towns of Zărneşti (N) and Podu
Dâmboviţei (S). The ridge begins in the Piatra Mică Peak – 1791 m, then the altitude
gradually increases towards the south: Turnu Peak – 1923 m, Padina Popii Peak –
1936 m, Ascuţit Peak – 2177 m, Ţimbalul Mic Peak – 2172 m, reching the highest
altitude in Piscul Baciului Peak – 2238 m. From this point forward the altitude decreases
towards the south: Grind Peak – 2209 m, Lespezi Peak – 2098 m and Pietricica Peak –
1763 m. The average altitude of the massif is 1.415 m. Noticeable altitude differences
between the northern and the southern part are to be mentioned, as it follows: while in
the northern part 60% of the total area is located higher than 1.500 m, in the southern
part the percentage is of only 30% (Constantinescu T., 1996).
The areas neighbouring the Piatra Craiului Massif, such as the Rucăr-Bran Pass
to the East and Rucăr-Zărneşti to the West, which belong to the National Park, have
considerable lower altitudes: Măgura Mică – 1375 m, Culmea cu Brazi – 1406 m, etc.
The conservation value of the Piatra Craiului National Park’s teritorry is not the
same throughout the entire area; as a consequent, taking into account the distribution of
the biodiversity, the frequency and extent of the geological and geomorphological
phenomena, the land use categories and the intensity of the human and animal
circulation, several specific areas of various management levels and models have to be
identified, established and marked in the field.
Consequently, taking into account the guidelines of the base studies and the
foresights of the forestry management plans, included in the Urgent Ordinance nr.
236/2000, the Law 462/2001, Annex nr. 1, Government Order 230/2003 and M.A.P.A.M
Order 552/2003, the Piatra Craiului National Park borders are:
2.1.6.1.
Outer borders of the Piatra Craiului National Park
Northern border. In the north-eastern part of the park, the border begins at the foot of
the Măgura hill (borne 1 Production Unit V, Zărneşti District) and continues along the
limit of the forest located on the northern slope of the hill until it reaches the Zărneşti
Gorges [VIII-1.50.3] (forestry borne 4 P.U. V Zărneşti Forestry District), crossing also
through borne 36 in the Tohăniţa Valley [VIII-1.50.4.5]. From here on the limit goes NNE
through the pasture until the place called Hora cu Brazi (forestry borne 2 P.U. V), goes
around this place by E and N, then it continues towards the NW in an approximately
Page. 13
straight line, along the limit between the hay-fields and the tillable land, crossing through
the place called Topliţă, until it reaches the intersection between the Crăpătura Valley
and the Zărneşti – Plaiul Foii forestry road. Then, the limit continues along the forestry
road until the bridge over Bârsa Mare [VIII-1.50] near the intersection of this river with
the Bârsa Fierului river [VIII-1.50.2]. From here on, the limit follows the Bârsa Mare left
river bank, towards the west, until it reaches the bridge over the Bârsa lui Bucur river
[VIII-1.50.1], then continuing along the forestry road until the bridge over the Coţofenei
Valley. Then the limit goes up along this valley until it reaches the forest area border
which it follows all the way to the Coţofenei edge (borne 120 P.U. V, Zărneşti forestry
district).
Western border. From the Coţofenei Edge (borne 120 P.U. V, Zărneşti forestry district),
the border goes southwards, along the limit of the forest area, approximately 300 m in
order to exclude the build-up area located on the right riverbank of the Tămaş Bârsa.
Then it climbs down to the Tămaş Bârsa, near the small power station water collecting
pool, and it follows the left riverbank, up the Tămaş Bârsa, until the intersection with the
Sbârneci Valley. From here on, the border follows the forested pasture border on the left
slope of the valley in order to include the clearing neighboring the Tămaş Bârsa, until
the intersection with the Borşa Valley. Then the border climbs the secondary interfluve
between the two valleys until it reaches the Tămaş Summit. From here on, the border
follows the Tămaş summit towards the south-east (the interfluve between the Bârsa
watershed [VIII-1.50] and the Dâmboviţa watershed [X-1.25]) crossing through
Curmătura Oţeţelea (1484 m), until the forestry borne 224 (P.U. III Cascoe, Rucăr
forestry district) at the foot of the Tămăşel Peak. Then the border follows the Tămăşel
Summit, through the Muntele Tămăşel Peak (1347 m) and descends towards the south
down to the Dâmboviţa-Dragosloveni intersection. From this point forward, it goes along
the right riverbank of the Dâmboviţa river, towards the south, until it reaches the
intersection with the Mira Valley, then going east round the Sătic village to return to the
riverbank near the borne 383 (P.U. III Cascoe, Rucăr forestry district). Then the border
follows the right riverbank of the Dâmboviţa, down the river, until it reaches the forestry
borne 382 (P.U. III, Rucăr forestry district) near the entrance to the Dâmboviţa Gorges.
From here on it follows the secondary summit on the right of the Dâmboviţa, climbing
through Gruiul Raţei (1083,4 m), then it goes towards the south-east on the Piscul cu
Colţi summit, until the exit of the Dâmboviţa river from the gorges (forestrz borne 39
P.U. VI, Rucăr forestry district). Then the border follows the right riverbank again,
through the Podu Dâmboviţei village, until close to the entrance into the gorges, at the
high voltage power lines (forestry borne 6 P.U. III, Rucăr forestry district). Then the
border climbs the mountain side, westwards, along the power lines, until it reaches the
forest area limit (forestry borne 5 P.U. III Rucăr forestry district), which it then follows,
through the Crucii Peak (987,7 m), until the exit of the Dâmboviţa river from the gorges
(forestry borne 163 P.U. VII, Rucăr forestry district).
Southern border. From the exit point of the Dâmboviţa river out of the gorges, (forestry
borne 163 P.U. VII, Rucăr forestry district), the border follows the forest area limit
towards the south, through the places called La Cuculeţ and La Brădet (forestry borne
160 P.U. VII, Rucăr forestry district), then it climbs straight up through the forest until it
reaches the Prislop summit which it follows up to the Piatra Berbecilor Peak (1412,5 m).
From this peak the border descends along the summit down to the beginning of the Pitei
Gorges, it follows upstream the Pita river, until the intersection with a right sided
Page. 14
tributary, which it follows down the river until the intersection with the Ghimbav Valley
[X-1.25.5]. From this intersection, the border follows the Ghimbav Valley until the
intersection with the Bechet River.
Eastern border. From the intersection of the Ghimbav Valley with the Bechet Valley the
border climbs toward the northwest, following the stiffest slope line, up to the Ghimbav
Summit (forestry borne 4 P.U. VII, Rucăr forestry district), which it follows eastward
through the Ghimbav Mountain (1335,5 m), Colţii Ghimbav Peak (1406,6 m), until it
reaches the forest area limit (forestry borne 358 P.U. VIII, Rucăr forestry district). From
here on, the border follows the forest area limit until it reaches the Dâmboviţa River
(forestry borne 385 P.U. VIII, Rucăr forest district). Then the border heads towards the
north, along the left riverside of Dâmboviţa up to the intersection with the
Dâmbovicioara River [X-1.25.3]. From this point on, the border climbs up the river until it
reaches the entrance to the Dâmbovicioarei Gorges (forestry marking 1 P.U. VI, Rucăr
Forestry District), then it climbs the upper side of the left side of the gorges, following
the limit between the hay-fields and the forest area up to forestry marking 279 P.U. VI
Rucăr Forestry District. From here on, the border crosses the forest up to forestry
marking 280 P.U. VI Rucăr Forestry District and it follows the limit of the forest area until
it reaches the Dâmbovicioara River just down the river from the Dâmbovicioara village
(forestry marking 213 P.U. VI Rucăr Forestry District). Then the border crosses the
Dâmbovicioara River to the right riverside, follows the limit of the forest at the edge of
the Dâmbovicioara village, crosses the river again to the left riverside (up the river from
the village - forestry marking 151 P.U. VI Rucăr Forestry District). From here on, the
border heads along the forestry area limit which includes the forested cliffs and the
Dâmbovicioarei Cave, then it crosses the Dâmbovicioara River below the constructions
in Rea Valley (forestry marking 255 P.U. VI Rucăr Forestry District) which it excludes
(forestry marking 25 P.U. VI Rucăr Forestry District), to come back again on the left side
of the valley, near the exit of the Dâmbovicioara River from the Brusturet Gorges
(forestry marking 142 P.U. VI Rucăr Forestry District), to include these gorges into the
National Park. Up the river from the Brusturet Gorges (forestry marking 133 P.U. VI
Rucăr Forestry District) the border climbs the left mountain side up to the lower limit of
the forest, into the Colţul Păltinişului (1232,0 m), crossing through forestry marking 134
P.U. VI Rucăr Forestry District. Then the border reaches the Piesei Summit, along the
edge of the forest (forestry markings 132, 241, 165 P.U. VI Rucăr Forestry District),
following the summit up to elevation 1488,0 m (forestry marking 64 P.U. VII Râşnov
Forestry District), passing through Gâlma Piesei Peak (1471,8 m). Then the park’s
border heads along the egde of the forest up to the Stavrăţ Peak (1216,6 m), then it
follows the Nen Valley/Seacă Valley interfluve, until it reaches the intersection between
the two valleys (forestry marking P.U. VII Râşnov Forestry District). From this point on,
the border descends along the Nen Valley until it reaches the intersection with the first
tributary on the right, which it then follows until it’s point of origin, at the crossroad in the
Peştera village. From here on, the border descends along the Rudăriţa Stream until the
intersection with the Sbârcioara Valley [VIII-1.50.4.2], it follows the Sbârcioara Valley
down the river, then the Turcu Valley [VIII-1.50.4], until it reaches the 212 forestry
marking P.U. VII, Râşnov Forestry District, located at the eastern edge of the Colţii
Măgurii, near the Bran Village.
Page. 15
2.1.6.2.
Special conservation area
a) Scientific reserve area
The area stretches between the ridge (from Turnu Peak – Piatra Craiului Peak –
Pietricica Peak) and the upper limit of the forest on the western side of the mountain,
within a total of 683 ha.
The scientific reserve includes alpine barren zone (juniper trees, alpine meadows
and cliffs), located on the western side of the Piatra Craiului massif, in the counties of
Braşov and Argeş, within the ridge and the upper limit of the forest, as natural
boundaries.
In the north, the limit starts from the Crăpăturii Valley (forestry marking 250), and
heads towards the west and south-west, following the edge of the forest, crossing
through the forestry marking 249; then it crosses Padina Şindrilăriei (markings 248,
247), Padina Popii (markings 246, 245, 244, 243, 242, 241, 238, 237, 230, 258). At the
forestry marking 231, the limit crosses the tourist trail “La Lanţuri”. Then the limit
crosses through marking 210 and heads across the boundary between Braşov and
Argeş counties. All the forestry markings mentioned above are located in Production
Unit VI, Zărneşti Forestry District.
In Argeş county, the limit reaches the marking 251 and heads towards the south,
following the upper edge of the forest in P.U. III, Rucăr Forestry District through forestry
markings 252, 253, 255, 256, 260, 275, 281, 282, 286, 288, 290, 303, 305, 307, 310,
331, 332, 348, 349, 352. Then the limit climbs eastward, up to the ridge, at marking 35.
From here on, the limit heads north again, following the Piatra Craiului summit, passing
through Pietricica Peak, Şeaua Funduri, Funduri Peak, Pietrei Peak, Lespezi Peak,
Coama Lungă Peak, Umerii Pietrei Craiului, Colţii Grindului, Şaua Grindului, Piscul
Baciului (where it enters Braşov county), Căldarea Ocolită Peak, Sbirii Peak, Ţimbalul
Mic, Dintre Ţimbale Peak, Ţimbalul Mare, Ascuţit Peak, Padina Popii Peak, Şaua
Padina Închisă, Turnu Peak, Şaua Curmăturii and Şaua Crăpăturii. Then the limit
returns through the Crăpăturii Valley to marking 250, which is the starting point.
The calcareous slope’s morphology is dominated by the valleys – ridges
ensemble, within which a wide variety of structural, peri-glacial or charstic shapes, of
unprecedented frequency anywhere else in the country, can be observed. The ridges,
the towers, the pyramids, the peaks or the variety of smaller formations, such as
summits (often consisting of only three - four layers), the pins, the sharp peaks, the
structural shelves, all of these shaped within an excessively layered infrastructure
(including inverted layers), create an extremely original landscape.
Within the area several geological structures and shapes of relief, of great
scientific value, occur. Among them, the following are to be mentioned:
•
Padina Închisă – Orga Mare. Located in the northern part, in an area of
tectonic-structural interference (geological faults, systems of diaclases,
extremely dense stratification, inversed layers, etc.) Padina Închisă is
the valley with the most extended collection basin of the Piatra Craiului
Massif. It is a typical example, bearing traces of an Pleistocene, or
even older, underground drainage, which has caused karstic collapses.
The Orga Mare and the surrounding summits, display a landscape
which utterly synthesizes the combining of the karstic and periglacial
phenomena. The stratification lapis (which have given the name of
Page. 16
Orga Mare), the periglacial edges, the pins, the sharp peaks, etc. are
extremely well developed here. Together with “Căldarea Ocolită”, it is
the second collection basin, which suggests the presence of a glacier.
•
Diana’s Towers. The first fact needed to be mentioned is that there are
two main towers: the Big Tower and the Yellow Tower, located at the
foot of the north-western slope, near the well known Diana Refuge. The
names also describe their overall morphology. When looked upon from
the Bârsa Valley, the towers distinguish themselves as two huge rock
piles, with rounded peaks. The Yellow Tower is smaller, but both of
them are impressive due to their dimensions; vertical walls exceeding
100 m in height, diameter of 200-300 m at the base and 100-150 m
towards the top. Separated by a narrow valley, the two towers consist
of packs of vertical calcareous layers.
•
Ţimbalul Mare. In the northern-central part, this sector provides the
most spectacular landscape in Piatra Craiului, which is characteristic
for both slopes. It is the area where the western slope displays walls of
over 100 m, and the lime-stone layers are almost vertical. In the ridge
sector, from the south towards the north, the succession is as follows:
Ţimbalul Mic (2172 m), Dintre Ţimbale Peak and Ţimbalul Mare (2118
m) to the north, in the shape of a triangular pyramid, displaying the
most typical example of excessive layer formation and perfect vertical
position of the layers.
•
Călineţ Finger. It is a calcareous edge with three peaks, which, from a
certain perspective, resemble the fingers of the hand. The name refers
only to the highest of the three.
•
Căldarea Ocolită (Şpirla Valley). It represents the most characteristic
collection basin, which, due to its shape (circular with almost vertical
slopes), dimensions (300-250 m) and altitude (2.200 – 2150 m),
indicates a former glacial circus, later gradually damaged, by the
powerful combined action of the periglacial and karstic processes.
•
Zaplazul is a succession of 4 arches, left standing from an ancient
cave. The upper arch is the biggest, with a diameter of approximately 4
m, and the smallest is the lower arch (approximately 0,7 m).
•
Cerdacul Stanciului – Stanciului Cave. The ensemble is located at the
foot of the western slope of Piatra Mare, at 1.720 m in altitude, and it is
the biggest karstic arch in Piatra Craiului. Oval-circular in shape, 9 m
vertical diameter and 12 m horizontal diameter, the “Cerdacul
Stanciului” is the most famous and impressive morphokarstic shape in
Piatra Craiului, the result of the collapse of an ancient cave’s ceiling.
The lime-stone block located at the centre, is a fragment of the former
cave’s ceiling.
•
Marele Grohotiş (Horju Mare). The biggest accumulation of mobile
calcareous scree, at the foot of the western slope (Padina Lăncii-Piscul
cu Brazi basins), it is an undeniable proof of the present Holocene
modelling. The Piatra Craiului calcareous screes constitute one of the
Page. 17
most typical elements of the Piatra Craiului National Park. Marele
Grohotiş, in particular, is very important for the biodiversity
conservation. Because of this reason, it has been included, as a type of
habitat, in Annex I of the Habitats Directive of the European Coucil “NATURAL HABITAT TYPES OF COMMUNITY INTEREST WHOSE
CONSERVATION REQUIRES THE DESIGNATION OF SPECIAL
AREAS OF CONSERVATION”, in category 81 – Scree. Also, this type
of habitat is mentioned in “Resolution no. 4” (1996) which includes
natural endangered habitats in need of special protection measures,
within category 61 – SCREES, H2.4/P-61.24 Carpathian calcareous
screes.
Besides all the geo-morphological elements mentioned above, one must mention
the fact that this is the main conservation area for the species Dianthus callizonus,
which is endemic for Piatra Craiului and of special scientific value.
Surveys conducted up to this date in the Scientific Reserve have led to the
proposal of including this area (along with other areas of the PCNP) into the future
plants areas (IPA) network, which is currently being developed on an European level.
Among the flora species identified within this area, according to the IPA network
identification criteria, we mention the following: Achillea schurii, Campanula patula ssp.
abietina, Galanthus nivalis, Tozzia alpina. ssp. carpatica, Cerastium transsilvanicum,
Eritrichium nanum ssp. jankae, Papaver alpinum ssp. corona sancti-stefanii, Dianthus
callizonus, Saxifraga mutata ssp. demissa, Scabiosa lucida ssp. barbata, Thesium
kernerianum, Thlaspi dacicum ssp. banaticum, Thymus comosus, Dianthus spiculifolius,
Koeleria macrantha ssp. transsilvanica, Linum perenne ssp. extraaxilare, Onobrychs
montana ssp. transsilvanica, Sesleria rigida ssp. haynaldyana, Trisetum macrotrichum,
Draba haynaldii, Primula wulfeniana ssp. baumgarteniana, Sempervivum montanum
ssp. carpaticum, Campanula serrata, Gentiana lutea, Anthemis tinctoria ssp. fussii,
Centaurea pinnatifida, Helictotrichon decorum, Heracleum palmatum, Aquilegia
transsilvanica, Soldanella hungarica ssp. Hungarica, etc.
Also, in the scientific reserve, 103 species of plants included in the Red List of
Superior Plants in Romania (Oltean & al., 1994) Annex VII, have been identified.
This is the area were several European protected habitats occur, which are
considered to be important for conservation from he point of view of IPA criteria: F2 31
Sub-alpine Communities south-east Carpathian of Pinus mugo and Rhododendron
myrtifolium, E4 6170 Sub-alpine basophilic meadows south-east Carpathian, H3 8210
Aici se găsesc o serie de habitate protejate la nivel european, considerate foarte
importante pentru conservre din punct de vedere al criteriilor IPA: F2 31 Comunităţi
subalpine sud-est Carpatice de Pinus mugo şi Rhododendron myrtifolium, E4 6170
Pajişti bazofile subalpine sud-est carpatice, H3 8210 Comunităţi saxicole casmofile
bazofile, H2 810 Comunitati de grohotisuri de roci calcaroase, E4 6230* 35.11 Pajişti
sud-est carpatice edificate de Nardus stricta.
Also, the scientific reserve represents an important refuge for the fauna species.
A complete fauna inventory is not available at the present. However there is some data
available, which, together with the flora information reflect the important nature of this
scientific reserve. Here were identified several rare Lepidoptera species: Psodos
coracinus diszeghy, Apamea zeta sandrokovacsi, Apamea maillardi, Erebia pronoe
Page. 18
regalis, Xestia ochreago, Standfussiana lucernea kovacsi, Pieris bryoniae carpathensis,
etc. The fauna is also rich, typical for this kind of habitat. Bird fauna is represented by
species characteristic for sub-alpine cliff areas, which nest here: Tichodroma muraria, –
alpine swift – Apus melba, (common) kestrel – Falco tinunculus, etc. The area also
represents an important refuge for the chamois population, because of the reduced
tourist accessibility of the area.
b) The Piatra Craiului Area This area surrounds the Western Wall Area, and includes
the forestry areas strictly protected by the forestry management plans, on the eastern
and western slopes of Piatra Craiului, the alpine areas located on the eastern slope and
the strictly protected forestry area in Piatra Craiului Mică and also the Zărneşti Gorges
natural reserve. The boundaries of this area are described by the following elements:
-
Inside boundaries – the boundaries of the Western Wall Reserve;
-
Outside boundaries. In the northern part, the boundary starts off at the forestry
marking 4 P.U. VI Zărneşti Forestry District, near the Zărneşti River. Then the
boundary climbs westwards, following the limit of management elementary unit
2A, up to forestry marking 13. From here on, it follows the limit between forest
management units 5 and 6, until it reaches marking 12, then it descends
northward, down to markings 24 and 11. From here on, the boundary heads
towards the west, along the lower edge of the forest, to marking 14, where it
starts to climb again southwards, along the limit between forest management
units 9A and 7A, up to marking 19. Here it turns towards the west, along the
forest management limits, passing through markings 26, 31, 32, it crosses the
tourist trail that climbs the Crăpăturii Valley, to marking 34 (following the tourist
trail). Then the boundary heads along the limit between forest management
units 18 and 19 to marking 38, crosses the Crăpăturii Summit and arrives at
marking 39. From this point on, the boundary descends along the Chicera
Summit, down to marking 40, and then it follows the sinuous edge of the forest,
crossing the tourist trail, that leads from Zărneşti to the Diana Refuge, to finally
arrive at marking 54. Then it follows the sinuous edge of the forest, passing
through the following markings: 53, 61(crosses Padina Şindrilăriei), 62 bis, 62
(Padinii Şindrilăriei Summit), 65, 71, 66, 76. Then the boundary leaves the edge
of the forest behind and it surrounds southwards the forest management unit
36A, to intersect the Padina Popii tourist trail, at marking 80. From this point
forward, the boundary follows the sinuous edge of the forest again, passing
through the following markings: 81, 81 bis, 85, 87, 84, 88, 91, 95, 101, 103,
104, 108, 107, 106, 118, 97. Then the boundary enters the forest and passes
through markings 119, 121, 102, 126. It arrives at marking 113, including forest
management unit 61A, passing through markings 128 and 113. It then climbs
between management units 62 and 56 up to marking 112. From this point
forward, the boundary heads towards the south-west, in a parallel direction with
the ridge, passing through markings 129, 132 (Vlăduşca Stream), 130
(Vlăduşca Summit), crosses straight through the forested meadow and enters
the forest at the limit between management units 129A, 129B and D. Then the
boundary follows the limit between management units 132A and 132B and
crosses a forested meadow again, to arrive at the Argeş county boundary.
Page. 19
From marking 224 P.U. III Rucăr Forestry District, the boundary heads between
123A and B/123C, 124A/124B, 125A and C/125D, 126A/126B, 128A/128B,
135A/135B, 136A/136B, 138A/136B, to reach marking 276. From this point
forward, the boundary passes between forest management units 139 A and B,
140 A and B, 142 B and C, 143 B and C, 145 E and G, crosses the Bengii
Summit, 152 B and C, 153 A and D, 154 B and C, 156 B, D and E, 165 D and
C, 166 A and B, 173 F and G, 173F and 174 E, 176 B, D and E, 179 A and B,
180 A and C, 181, D and C(marking 363). Then it heads towards marking 370,
it follows the sinuous limit and enters the forest, along the limit between 184A
and B, 184C and B (passing through marking 368). The boundary then follows
the limit between 186 A and B, 187 C and D, 187 C and A (up to marking 380),
it turns eastwards, along the southern limit of unit 187A and reaches up to the
ridge, at marking 7. Then it follows the Pietricica Summit northwards, passing
through markings 9, 28, 31, 32, 33, 35, 46, 47 and leaves the summit at
marking 50. From here on, it follows the limit between 22 C and D, 23B and E,
24 E and F, 30 B and C, 31 B and C, 32 B and C, 33 B and C, 35 B and C, 36
C and D, 37 B and N, 38 B and N, and 38 B and D, 39 C and B, 40 C and D, 41
D and B, 41 E, F and C, crosses a forested meadow and reaches marking 80.
Here, he boundary enters the forest, along the limit between 46B and C
(Steghiei Stream), 50 B and C (Podu Viţeilor), 51 B and C, 52 A and B, 53 A
and B, 54 B and C, 55 A and B, 56 A and B. Then the boundary enters the
Zărneşti Forestry District territory, production unit VI and crosses Şaua
Vlăduşca Summit, marking 104. It then follows the limit between the forest and
the Vlăduşca meadow, passes through marking 108, crosses the meadow in a
straight line to marking 109, and enters the forest. From here on, the boundary
follows the limit between 36 A and B, 36 C D and 35 A, 36 E and F and 37 C,
B, V, 43B and C, 43 B and 44 A(marking 122 – Mărtoiu Stream), 47 B and 46
(marking 128), 48 A and 49 (marking 129), 48 A and 50 A (marking 131 –
Pişătoarea Stream), towards marking 134 and then it climbs between 52 A and
B and 55 B, 55 B and C, 55 B and 56 C (Ciocrac Stream), 56 C and 56 B and
D, 57 C and D, 59 C and D, it crosses the Curmătura forested meadow, enters
along the limit between 62 E and F and A, 63 I and C, 63 E and C, 63 E and O,
63 E and M, along the southern limit of unit 63 E and A, to marking 154. Then it
climbs between 63D and 63A, descends between 63N2 and 63 D, 63 D and K,
down to the Curmătura – Zănoaga tourist trail. Then it passes between 66 A
and E, 66 B and Zănoaga Pasture (marking 158), 67A and B, 67A and
Zănoaga (marking 165), surrounds Zănoaga by the east, passes through
markings 164, 170, 166, descends along the Zănoaga Summit, down to the
limit between 71A and B, follows the limit between 71B and D, until it reaches
marking 167, then heads, between 69A and 69 B, D, then 69A and 65 A, to
marking 160 (Râului Valley). From this point on, the boundary descends along
the valley, down to marking 83, heads towards the north-west, along the limit
between 40A, D and 41 A, 41A and N, and it reaches marking 135. Then the
boundary follows the Brusturet Stream, to marking 118, heads southwards,
passing through markings 119, 117, 116 and 86, crossing the Vlăduşca Valley
forestry road. From marking 86, the boundary surrounds by the north and the
north-east unit 28B, to reach marking 82, then it heads along the edge of the
forest, through markings 80, 78, descends in the Gorges Valley, down to
marking 169. From this point on, the marking follows the limit between 24A and
Page. 20
the private properties, to marking 73, then it follows the edge of the forest,
through markings 73, 76, 72, surrounds by the east unit 23 B and descends
along a summit between 22A, B and 23A, B, down to Râului Valley. From here
on, the boundary descends along the Râului Valley, down to marking 4, above
the Gura Râului chalet, which is the starting point.
Within the area, several geological or spelaeological objectives are present, and
which have the value of natural monuments:
• Peştera Mare din Prăpăstii (Peştera Mare de la Prepeleac) is a cave
located at the entrance in the Zărneştiului Gorges, above the valley, at 980 m
absolute altitude, and 5 m relative altitude, with a 15,5 m ascending
development.
• Peştera Mică din Prăpăstii (Peştera Mică de la Prepeleac), a smaller
cave located 10 up the river from the previous, at the relative altitude of 1 m,
with a 10 m ascending development. The two caves, although small in size,
are of great bio-spelaeological importance, because of the fact that in them
Nesticus constantinescui was discovered, a species new for science and
endemic for Piatra Craiului.
• Zidul lui Dumnezeu is a sector of the Zărneşti Gorges, down the river
from the Vlăduşca – Pietrelor Valleys intersection. The calcareous layers
and cracked perpendicular to the layers orientation, render the impression of
bricks, the vertical slopes seeming true lime-stone walls. The specific of the
area is completed by a series of small folds and small anticlines and
synclines.
• Avenul de sub Colţii Grindului (-540 m, the deepest reaching vertical
cave in the country). The vertical cave is located on the eastern of Piatra
Craiului, in the collection basin of the Grindu Valley, at an absolute altitude of
2.020 m. It is a succession of almost vertical pits of 15 to 50 m, and has an
important bio-spelaeological value, since it represents the site with the
highest altitude in Europe (2.020 m) for two species of chiropters (Myotys
myotys and Myotys blythii).
• Avenul din Grind (Gaura din Funduri) – a vertical cave of 122 m, located
beneath the above mentioned, in the left slope of the Sterghii Valley, at an
absolute altitude of 1680 m. This vertical cave provides layering, petrography
and tectonic data of great scientific interest.
• Avenul din Vlăduşca has a –71 m development. The vertical cave is
located on the eastern slope, between the calcareous stiff slope and the
Vlăduşca Cearing, at 1.700 m absolute altitude. It distinguishes itself through
its high verticality degree, providing, as the two previously mentioned,
important scientific data.
Page. 21
• Acul Crăpăturii, geo-morphological and geological monument located in
the Crăpăturii Valley, it is remarkable due to its completely particular and
peculiar shape, and it represents a periglacial shape.
c) Brusturet Gorges Area. This area includes 3 gorges parts (the gorges near the
Dâmbovicioarei cave, the Brusturet Gorges and the Seacă Valley Gorges), along with
the vegetation area of the Ligularia sibirica species, located at Brusturet.
In the northern part, in the Valea Seaca a Pietrelor, starting from the forestry
marking 126, the boundary starts off towards the north-west, passes through marking
88 and goes east, north and westwards round management unit 45 B. Then the
boundary descends southwards between units 45C and 43A, down to marking 86, then
between units 45 and 44 to marking 131, down the river from the Brusturet Chalet, and
then descends further to marking 87, in the Dâmbovicioarei Valley. From this point on, it
descends along the valley down to marking 59, then goes round, westwards, unit 27N,
26N, 16B and N2, A and N1, passing through markings 26 and then 25, near the
Dâmbovicioara Valley. Then the oundary descends along the valley, down to marking
18, goes round the unit 6N, westwards, and then returns to the southern part, passing
through marking 17. It then crosses the valley and reaches marking 151.
From this point on the boundary climbs, along the park’s boundary, up to marking
132, then enters the forest between units 65A and B, follows the western edge of unit
65A, 65N, 64N, 63N, round which it goes northwards, to reach marking 126, which is
the starting point.
d) Dâmbovicioara Gorges – Dâmboviţei Gorges Area. This reserve includes the
following two sectors: the Dâmbovicioara Gorges and the Small (Upper) Dâmboviţa
Gorges.
The starting point of its boundary is the point where the national park’s boundary
leaves the Dâmboviţa Valley, near the management unit 18C P.U. III. Then the is
follows the park’s boundary up to the Piscul cu Colţi Peak, where it starts to descend
along the Dâmboviţa Valley, down to marking 39. From this point on, the boundary
follows the valley until it reaches the intersection with the southern limit of unit 189C.
Then the boundary enters the P.U. VI Rucăr Forestry District territory, at forestry
marking 213, down the river from the Dâmbovicioara village. Then the boundary heads
along the valley, to marking 212, then it leaves the valley and climbs along the summit,
which is the eastern limit of forestry unit 1N, and enters the territory of production unit
III.
Then the limit goes northways round unit 188C, until it reaches marking 385 and
crosses the valley, to the starting point.
e) Dâmboviţa Big Gorges Area. This area includes the following two sectors: the
Dâmboviţa Gorges and the Ghimbavului Gorges.
The starting point of the boundary, the point farthest to the north, is forestry
marking 6/III. From this point forward, the boundary heads to the south, towards the
boundaries of units 2 and 1, passing through marking 1, until it reaches forestry marking
163/P.U. VII. Then the boundary heads along the national park’s southern boundary,
towards the south-east, east, south, east and them north, until it reaches marking 133.
Page. 22
Then it leaves the park’s boundary, goes south-west and northwards round unit E3, to
return to the park’s boundary, at marking 139.
Then the boundary heads along the national park’s boundary again, until it
reaches the limit between units 2A and 2C, following next the northern limit of unit 2C,
to intersect again with the park’s boundary, which it follows up to marking 2. From this
point on, it heads southwards, to the Ghimbavului Summit, then north, along the
western border of unit 1B, follows again the park’s boundary, goes west roud unit 1C,
1B and 1A, to reach marking 1
Urmăreşte din nou limita, până la limita dintre 2A şi 2C, urmărind limita nordică a
ua 2C, după care merge din nou pe limita Parcului până la borna 2, unde merge spre
sud, până la Culmea Ghimbavului, apoi spre nord pe limita vestică a ua 1B, reintră pe
limita Parcului, ocoleşte parcela 1C pe la vest, parcela 1B şi apoi 1A pe la nord,
ajungând în borna 1 iar apoi pe malul Dâmboviţei până în
f) Natural Monuments
This category includes several caves, such as the following:
The Dâmbovicioara Cave (160 m mapped galleries) is located in the
Brusturet Reserve, right up the river from the Dâmbovicioara village, and has the status
of a natural monument. The area that must be included into this management category
is 0.5 ha.
The Cave at Colţul Surpat (Urşilor Cave) (240 m), located in the western
part of the Dâmbovicioara Gorges reserve, on the Dâmboviţa river.
g) Grazing forbidden area
This area streches on the Western Slope, over the scientific reserve,
whereas on the Eastern Slope, it follows the upper natural limit of the forest.
The boundaries of this area are the following:
•
On the Western Slope, it follows the boundary of the scientific reserve, as
described in the earlier sections of this document.
•
On the Eastern Slope, the boundary starts at marking 156, forest management
unit 62f, heads along the upper limit of unit 62, to the edge of unit 62E. From this
point on, it crosses the forested meadow, joining with the tourist trail Padinile
Frumoase, which it follows up to marking 139. From here on, the boundary
follows the upper limit of the forest area, passing through markings 138, 137,
until it reaches marking 123 (forest management unit 43C). Then the boundary
crosses the meadow, to the limit between forest management units 36D and
36E, then it follows the upper limit of the forest again, passing through markings
107, 106 and 105. From this point forwad, the boundary enters the p.u. VI
Dâmbovicioara territory and passes through markings 109 and 108
(management unit 56B), then it crosses the meadow located above the Grind
Refuge, and reaches the end of the scree in the Cheia de sub Grind Valley. Then
the boundary descends along the valley, down to marking 105 (unit 54C), then
through marking 99, down to the lower end of management unit 51B. From this
point on it crosses the meadow, along the contour line, and reaches the edge of
management unit 46C. Then the boundary follows the limit of unit 51B, crosses
Page. 23
the Căpăţânelor Valley and reaches the intersection between the limit of unit 46
and the Steghiei Valley. From this point on, it climbs to the upper end of unit 46C,
then it descends over the Funduri Summit and over the trail leading to the
Funduri Saddle, to reach marking 79 (unit 40D). The boundary then climbs
towards the Funduri Saddle, along the edge of the forest area, passing through
markings 78, 75 and 74. Then it follows the boundary of the scientific reserve.
2.1.6.3.
National Park Area
This catedory includes the rest of the area which is enclosed on the outside by
the national park’s boundaries and, on the inside, by the boundaries of the other special
conservation areas.
This area is managed especially for the purpose of ecosystems protection and
for relaxation activities.
The Liliecilor Cave (The Bats’ Cave) (140 m), located in the Peştera Village,
stretching over a 1 ha area.
2.2. Physical and geographical frame
2.2.1.
Short description of the history of physical, geographical and
geological research
Efforts made for the scientific knowledge regarding this particularly spectacular
massif have begun over 250 years ago, yet the first persons to venture onto the stiff
valleys, long before this date, were the shepherds, the cattle breeders, the hunters and
the poachers. They were the discoverers of the best trails and access roads, and were
the first guides for the researchers who ventured onto this mountain to study the rock,
the waters or the vegetation and also for the topographers who designed the first maps
of the massif and its’ surroundings.
The first topographic measurements, attested by documents, were conducted by
the Cartographic Institute in Vienna and were included in the general maps of Ţara
Bârsei. Journalist Anton Kunz joined the cartographers team which, according to the
archives, reached the Baciului Peak on the 26th of august 1842. This date, attested in
the time’s documents, marks the first official climb on the Piscul Baciului Peak. The first
scientific referring regarding the geology of the massif were made by B. Hauer, in 1863.
Impressed with the distinctive beauties of the mountain, nature lovers establish
several mountain associations, also, with the purpose, among others, of observing and
studying the geomorphology, the flora and fauna. Thus, on the 22nd of September 1872
the Alpine Transylvanian Braşov Association (Siebenburgisher Alpenverein in
Kronstadt) is established and becomes a juridical person in august 1873, with a total of
58 members. On the 28th of November 1880, in Sibiu, the Siebenburgisher Karpathen
Verein (SKV) – Transylvania Alpine Society is born, with subsidiaries in all the major
cities of Transylvania.
Although it had been known for a long time, Avenul din Grind - the Vertical Cave
beneath Grind, is first approached by Joseph Kolbe in 1900.
In 1908, together with the establishment of the German Museum in Ţara Bârsei, in
the area begins an important research activity. Within this museum, Franz Podek
Page. 24
discovered and described several caves located in Piatra Craiului, between the years
1908-1918.
In1907, the French geographer Emannuel de Martonne conducts an elaborate
survey on the morphology of the Meridional Carpathians, considering the Piatra Craiului
Massif as “a main morphological accident” in the forming process of these group of
mountains.
In 1938 E. Jekelius designs the first geological map of Piatra Craiului. The first
important work regarding the geology of the massif was completed in 1943 by N.
Oncescu for his doctoral thesis with the title: “La région de Piatra Craiului-Bucegi. Étude
géologique” – The region of Piatra Craiului – Bucegi. Geological survey.
An important contribution to the knowledge of the areas included in the Piatra
Craiului National Park were brought by: N. Orghidan (1925, 1936, 1943), V. Mihăilescu
(1932, 1946, 1963).
After the year 1960, a new stage in the geographical and geological research of
the areas belonging to the PCNP, began.
For the Piatra Craiului area, the geographer T. Constantinescu, stood out,
publishing over 20 works regarding the karst and the geomorphology. His doctoral
thesis – “The Piatra Craiului Massif. Geomorphologic study.” is, in fact, a large part of
the “PCNP grounding study”, presented by the Romanian Academy’s Biology Institute.
Regarding the intermountain corridors, from which PCNP encloses large areas, we
mention the doctoral thesis “The Rucăr-Bran pass. Climate and Topoclimate Study”
(Teodoreanu Elena, 1980) and “The trans-Carpathian Bran-Rucăr-Dragoslavele Pass.
Physical Geography Study with a focus on the natural potential, the condition and
quality of the landscape” (Pătru Ileana, 2001). Among the geologists who have brought
important contributions to the knowledge on the area, we mention Coca S. (2000) şi
Panaiotu Cristina (2000).
2.2.2.
Geology
The Piatra Craiului National Park basement is consisted of crystalline schists
belonging to the Căluşu-Tămăşel series and Voineasa-Păpuşa series (Cumpăna
series). This presents a convexity in the central area, along the direction Tămăşel
Mountain – Grindu Peak – La Table.
On top of the crystalline basement lays the calcareous stones pile (of
Kimmeridian-Tithonic age), with a thickness of 300 m (south) up to 1000 m (north). The
limestone extend (surface) along the entire western slope, the upper third of the eastern
slope and along the surrounding valleys Dâmboviţa, Dâmbovicioara, Prăpăstii (Gorges)
and to the east from the latter, in the Măgura Summit. In the southern part of the PCNP,
limestones occur in the Ghimbav Mountain.
In the upper half of Piatra Craiului, the limestone rocks are intensively stratified,
the layers displaying a general west-east declivity, with an gradually increasing angle
from the south (30-40°) to the north, where they become vertical or even inversed.
Page. 25
On top of the calcareous deposits, lay conglomerates of Superior Aptian age,
consisting of calcareous elements with a gritsone-calcareous cement. They are found in
the lower part of the eastern slope of Piatra Mare and Pietricica.
The most recent sediments are the conglomerates of Vracon-Ceromanian
age, with crystalline elements and gritsone-calcareous cement. These sediments are
present on the eastern slope of Piatra Craiului (Pietricica) and in the Rucăr-Bran Pass,
within the territory of the Măgura and Peştera villages.
From the structural point of view, Piatra Craiului is the western side of the
synclinal of the same name, characterised by an intense tectonic appearance. The
specific features are the faults which cross the entire synclinal side, some of them
extending also in the Rucăr – Bran Pass. The faults Gâlgoaie, Fundurile, Grindului and
Ţimbalelor, which divide the massif into several morphotectonic compartments, are to
be mentioned.
The Geological Map of the Geology Institute, scale 1:50.000, revised T. Constantinescu
Cross sections and general lengthwise (longitudinal) section (after T. Constantinescu)
The Piatra Craiului Synclinal and Massif – morphologic and lithologic sections.
2.2.3.
Geomorphology
The Piatra Craiului National Park includes the following three relief units: a) The
Piatra Craiului Ridge, in a central position; b) The Rucăr – Bran Corridor, to the east; c)
The Rucăr – Zărneşti Corridor, to the west and north.
a) The Piatra Craiului Ridge is divided into three sectors/subunits: Piatra Mică
(Piatra Craiului Mică) – to the north, Piatra Mare (Piatra Craiului Mare) – in the central
part and Pietricica (The Southern Piatra Craiului) – to the south. The main sector is
Piatra Mare, which gives the geographic personality to the entire massif. The ridge
distinguishes itself through two morph-metric features, representing national geographic
superlatives: the length and the altitude. Piatra Craiului stretches over a length of
approximately 25 km, which makes it the longest calcareous ridge in Romania.
Throughout a length of 8 km, altitudes exceed 2.000 m, and throughout 15 km, they
exceed 1.800 m. The maximum altitude is reached in the Piscul Baciului Peak – 2.238
m, making the ridge the highest calcareous ridge in the Romanian Carpathians.
b) In the Rucăr – Bran Pass, the main relief shapes are:
- The Măgura calcareous summit, to the north;
- The levelling areas of ± 1.000 m, in the Măgura and Peştera villages;
- The calcareous erosion witnesses, such as the Ghimbav Mountain and
the Pleaşa Hogback;
c) In the Rucăr – Zărneşti Pass, the relief is characterized by:
- The levelling areas of ± 1.000 m and ± 1.300 m, located in the
southern part, between Piatra Craiului and the Dâmboviţa River;
- The piedmont (cumulative) areas, of ± 1.100 m, in the north, between
Piatra Craiului and the Bârsa River.
Page. 26
Piatra Craiului is defined by three representative types of relief: structural,
periglacial and karstic (Constantinescu T, 1996).
Structural relief. This is the main type of relief, within which the other two types
have developed. From the structural point of view the ridge is a monoclyle with a W-E
general declivity.
The Western Slope (north-western) distiguishes itself as the most characteristic
subunit of the massif. Among the structural shapes occurring, especially on this
mountainside, the following can be mentioned: the friezes, the girdles, the structural
steeps, the overhangs, the structural shelves and the secondary cuestas. The
uniqueness of this mountainside was resumed in the term of Piatra Craiului-type slope
(T. Constantinescu – 1996).
The eastern slope (south-eastern) displays a wide variety of specific features,
among which two calcareous morpholithological layers can be mentioned: superior and
conglomerates (inferior).
The Periglacial relief is noticed especially due to the residual relief (the pins, the
teeth, the towers, the edges, the pyramids, the peaks, etc.). The highest density is
achieved on the western slope. Here is the area with the maximum frequency of the
above mentioned shapes. Many of these shapes were proposed to be declared natural
monuments.
The Karstic relief is the completing element to the uniqueness of the Piatra
Craiului massif. The lime-stone rocks extend throughout almost 40% of the entire area.
Relieful carstic completează nota de unicitate a Pietrei Craiului. Calcarele
ocupă aproape 40% din suprafaţa totală.
The Exokarst is represented by: Piatra Craiului type valleys – located
especially on the north-western slope; the chimneys and the blind chimneys
located on both slopes of the massif, especially on the western side; stratification
lapies – located on the north-western slope; gorges – which distinguish
themselves both because of morphology through their spectacular aspect, and
because of the way they were formed (The Zărneşti Gorges, Dâmbovicioara
Gorges and Dâmboviţei Gorges).
The Endokarst is noticed in an intense underground circulation, especially
vertical. The declivity potential which exceeds 1.400 m, is the second largest after
the Retezat Mountains. The ridge prominent shape, the structure and general
tectonic, have led to the designation of two hidro-karstic basins: Northern (the
Zărneşti Gorges) and Southern (Dâmbovicioara).
The cave’s ensemble is represented by caves and avens.
15 avens are known, among which, Avenul de sub Colţii Grindului (the aven
beneath Colţii Grindului) ( - 560 m) is the deepest in Romania.
There is a total of 600 caves, but most of them do not exceed 20 m in length. The
most famous are the Dâmbovicioara Cave (fitted for tourist access), the Cave at
Colţul Chiliilor, which houses an orthodox chapel and Urşilor Cave – The Bears’
Cave.
Page. 27
2.2.4.
The waters
Inside the Piatra Craiului National Park there are two main type of waters:
surface waters (the hidrographic network) and underground waters.
a) The surface waters belong to two main watersheds: The Olt Watershed to the north,
and the Dâmboviţa Watershed, to the south.
The Olt Watershed. The entire hidrographic located in the northern part of the national
park is collected by the Bârsa river, which has three secondary watersheds
- The Upper Bârsa Watershed with the rivers: Bârsa Tămaşului, Şpirla, Vlăduşca,
Podurilor, Călineţ, Şindrilăriei, Calului, Hotarului, etc;
-The Prăpăstiilor Valley Watershed which collects the rivers Vlăduşca, Cheia,
Curmătura, Zănoaga, Dănişor, etc ;
- The Turcului River Watershed with the rivers Coacăzei Valley, Calea Valley, Iezilor
Valley, Ursului Valley, etc.
All water streams flowing on lime-stone basements have are temporary, whereas on
conglomerates they are permanent.
The Dâmboviţa Watershed also includes three secondary watersheds:
- The Upper Dâmboviţa Watershed with the Dragoslovenilor Valley, Ivan’s Valley, Largă
Valley, Seacă Valley, Speriată Valley, etc;
- The Dâmbovicioara Watershed which collects the Grindu, Şteghii, Seacă, Apă, Muierii
and Peşterii valleys;
- The Ghimbavului Watershed which includes the lower course of the Ghimbav River.
b) The underground waters also belong to two hidrokarstic basins: the Northern Basin
or the Prăpăstiile Zărneştilor Basin and The Southern Basin or The Dâmbovicioara
Basin (T. Constantinescu, 1998-1999).
As for the hydrotechnical fittings in the area, they are located mainly in the Argeş
County, as described in the table below:
Number Type of hydrotechnical
instalation
1
Hydroenergetic dam
2
Torrential
dam
with
trapezoidal overflow and
foundation plate
3
Torrential flood evacuation
channel
4
Torrential
dam
with
trapezoidal overflow and
5
foundation plate
6
7
Stream
rapid
with
trapezoidal overflow
Location (Watershed)
Dâmboviţa Valley (Sătic)
Number of
instalations
1
5
1
Copilului Stream
Uliului Stream
Ciocanului Stream
Mare al Zărneştilor River
2
1
1
2
Page. 28
8
Stream
rapid
trapezoidal overflow
2.2.5.
with Pisicii Gorges
1
Climate
On the whole, the National Park presents a complex mountain topoclimate with
two layers:
- the high mountains topoclimate, including the Piatra Craiului Ridge (average rains
quantity of 1.000 – 1.200 mm/year, average temperature per year 0-4 oC);
- short mountains topoclimate, characteristic in the Rucăr-Bran Pass and the RucărZărneşti Pass (800-1.100 mm rains and 4-5oC average yearly temperature).
Within the both complex topoclimate, many elementary topoclimates differentiate,
such as: the ridge topoclimate, the valley topoclimate, the slope topoclimate, the forest
topoclimate, the meadow topoclimate, the bare lime-stone rock topoclimate, etc.
The most important climate element, in the development and evolution of current
processes, in the Piatra Craiului Massif, are the atmospheric precipitations.
The average quantity oscillates between 1.000-1.300 mm. According to the
altitude, the following distribution occurs:
− 1.000-1.200 mm, between 800-1.500 m altitude;
− 1.200-1.350 mm, between 1.500-2.000 m altitude;
− 1.100-1.200 mm, over 2.000 m altitude;
On the western slope, the rainfall average is approximately 150 mm higher than
on the eastern slope.
The highest rainfall quantity occurs in June (160-170 mm) and the lowest in
February (50-60 mm).
Snowfalls occur between November and April, with a maximum in January –
Feburary, when the thickest values for the snow layer is usually recorded.
Air temperature is the second most important climate element. Also, in this
case, as mentioned above, there are noticeable differences according to the altitude,
such as the following:
−
−
−
−
under 1.000 m, average year temperature 6-50C;
1.000-1.500 m average year temperature 5-30C;
1.500-2.000 m average year temperature 3-10C;
over 2.000 m average year temperature 1-00C;
Analysing the data mentioned above, one may conclude that on 2/3 of the
massif’s area the recorded average year temperature is 3-40C; temperatures higher
than 40C and below 10C are distributed on an insignificant sized area.
The months with the highest average temperature are July-August. The frost
period length is 160 days/year, between 1.000 – 1.500, but at altitudes of over 2.000 m
it can exceed 200 days. The first frost day is considered to be 01.09, the last one 01.06,
thus leading to a total length of 273 days/year.
The other climate elements are, without a doubt, of great importance, for the
climate characterisation. We mention the solar radiation (as a climate genetic factor),
Page. 29
the wind, the nebulousness (more intense on the western slope), the air moisture or
the special hydrometeorological phenomena (the dew, the hoar-frost, the fog, the
blizzard and, especially, the torrential rains), all contributing to the formation of a
complex of factors with important effects.
In conclusion, we emphasize on the climate differences between the two slopes
of the massif, which are due, among other things, to the different exposition of the two
(eastern and western).
2.2.6.
The soils
The soil cover accurately reflect the pedogenesis conditions and the
interrelations of the pedogenetic factors, among which the relief, the lithology (the rock)
the climate and the phreatic water.
Within the P.C.N.P. area all the main known soil classes, mentioned in the
literature, occur.
The most common are soli classes are the Cambic soils and the Mollisols, as for
the soil types, argiluvisoils, spodosoils and unevolved soils occur.
Within the Cambic soils class, the following soils may be encountered: brown uemezobasic and brown acid, especially on the eastern slope of the Massif and in the two
surrounding mountain passes included in the National Park.
2.3. Biological environment description
2.3.1.
Flora and vegetation
Given the calcareous nature of the basement rocks within the P.C.N.P., the
territory of the National Park houses relatively homogenous and small phytocoenosis.
Yet, the current conditions in the field have led to the development of a specific and
miscellaneous flora and vegetation.
2.3.1.1.
Brief history of botanical research in the Piatra Craiului National
Park
The first research, that are attested in documents, on flora and vegetation of the
Piatra Craiului National Park, date back to the XVII century. At the beginning of the XIX
century the flora study intensifies, together with the elaboration of the first herbariums.
Among the first mentioned to be particularly interested in the Piatra Craiului flora are J.
Lerchfeld and the pharmacist Peter Sigerus from Sibiu. Their herbarium sheets are
displayed at the Bruckenthal Museum in Sibiu.
The work of J.C. Baumgarten (1816): „Enumeratio stirpium Magno transilvaniae
Principatui” is one of the first major publications referring to the Piatra Craiului massif’s
flora.
In 1851 several descriptions and Piatra Craiului plants references are published
(H.W. Schott, 1851). A very important fact, worth mentioning, is the description of the
species Dianthis callizonus Schott & Kotschy, an endemic plant for Piatra Craiului,
which is also an important element of the national park logo.
Starting with this moment, a large number of renowned botanists will start
studying the massif’s flora: T. Kotschy (1853), F. Schur (1866), M. Fuss (1866),
Page. 30
Simonkai (1886) with his sithetic work „Enumeratio Florae Transilvaniae vesculosae
critica”, J. Römer (1898, 1904), D. Brandza (1898), A. Beldie (1952), and many more.
More recent, a large number of flowers specialists and phytosociologists have focused
on this teritorry: N. Boşcaiu and F. Täuber (1977), I. Morariu (1978, 1980), I. CristianComes and F. Täuber (1977), J. Halda (1976). V. Sanda and A. Popescu (1976, 1977,
1980) bring further valuable contributions to the knowledge about the flora and
vegetation of the massif.
Furthermore, three doctoral thesis, even more recent, bring their contribution to
the data about the flora and vegetation of the Piatra Craiului: Bibica Drăghici (1980) –
“Flora and vegetation of the Dâmbovicioara Valley and the eastern slope of Piatra
Craiului”, V. Alexiu (1986) – “Phytocoenotic study of the vegetation in the Iezer –
Păpuşa Massif and the upper
Dâmboviţa watershed gorges”, Simona Mihăilescu
(1999) – “Flora and vegetation of the eastern Piatra Craiului Slope”. The last two of the
above mentioned were published and provide important landmarks in the knowledge
about the flora and vegetation of the massif.
In 2000, the Piatra Craiului National Park Administration started a program of
biodiversity mapping and inventory, for the purpose of completing the flora and fauna
inventory, designating the internal zoning of the national park and creating a database
with geographically located information, necessary in the biodiversity monitoring
program. Due to the participation of several botanists (university personnel, researchers
and students), the flora inventory was completed with 26 new taxons (Ciocârlan & Pop,
2003; Constandt & al, 2003) and valuable information regarding the corology of various
taxons’ inside the park was acquired.
The endemic Carpathian species were also intensively studied by researchers,
being described and inventoried by such as: T. Ştefureac and A. Tăcină (1978), H.
Heltman (1985), G. Dihoru and C. Pârvu (1987), G. Negrean and M. Oltean (1989) etc.
(after Mihăilescu, 2001).
Also, a series of chromosomes determinations for species inside the PCNP were
conducted: I. Anderson-Kottö and A.E. Gardiner (1931), I. Tarnavsky (1984), A. Tăcină
(1983), M. Boşcaiu (1996), interdisciplinary studying taxons of the Cerastium Genum of
Piatra Craiului (afer S. Mihăilescu, 2001).
2.3.1.2.
Flora
Mycological flora. Up to this day 350 fungi species, most of them parasitic on
superior plants, were identified. Four taxons new for science, located within the national
park territory, were described (Niptera plicata, Stictis pachyspora, Trichopeziza
leucostoma, Ramularia sambucina f. ebuli). A large number of combinations parasitic
fungi – host plant, new for science or for Romania, were also identified. Despite the
large number of parasitic fungi, the phytosanitary state of the massif is well balanced,
no massive attacks to jeopardize especially the endemic or rare species being detected.
Research financed by the PCNPA led to the identifying of a 184 macromycetes
species.
The lichen group is also well represented, over 214 saxicolous species occurring
here.
The moss (Bryophyte flora) were studied by many bryologists starting with end
of the XIX century, thus, up the present, over 228 species are identified, some with a
rather small spreading area for the Romanian Carpathians – Bucegia romanica, Riccia
sorocarpa, Grimaldia pilosa and others being protected species of community interest,
Page. 31
according to the European Council Directive 92/43 EEC: Mannia triandra, Buxbaumia
viridis, Sphagnum sp.
Cormophytic flora (Higher plants)
Research conducted between 2000-2002 have brought several adjustments to
the floristic list of Piatra Craiului. Thus, 26 taxons – 17 species and 9 subspecies, never
before mentioned, were recorded. Also, the presence of the Woodsia pulchella Bertol.
species, new for our country, located in three different points within the national park’s
territory, is worth mentioning (Ciocârlan & Pop, 2003; Constandt & al, 2003).
Taking into account all of these recent findings, the current floristic list of the
massif includes 1108 taxons (1001 species and 107 subspecies). These taxons belong
to 91 families, the most spread being the following: Asteraceae, Poaceae, Rosaceae,
Caryophyllaceae, Brassicaceae, Scrophulariaceae, Ranunculaceae, Lamiaceae,
Fabaceae, Apiaceae, Cyperaceae şi Orchidaceae. These 12 families form the
fundamentals of the floristic summary of the massif. (Mihăilescu, 2001).
Given the fact that the Romania flora includes 3136 spontaneous species
(CIOCÂRLAN, 2000), it can be stated that the Piatra Craiului National Park houses over
30% of the superior plant species in Romania.
Among the rare species we mention, Taxus baccata – yew tree, Pinus cembra –
alpine pine, Angelica archangelica – angelica, Nigritella nigra and N. rubra – vanilla
orchid, etc.
The most representative Carpathian endemic species are: Achillea schurii, Primula
wulfeniana ssp. baumgarteniana (occurring only in Postăvarul and Piatra Craiului),
Festuca carpatica, Sesleria haynaldiana, Trisetum macrotrichum, Koeleria
transsilvanica, Draba compacta, Hesperis moniliformis, Papaver alpinum ssp. – alpine
poppies, etc. Strictly local endemic species are Dianthus callizonus the floristic symbol
of the massif and Aubrieta intermedia ssp. falcata. Also, species of community interest
occur, such as Ligularia sibirica and Liparis loeselli (species which are protected
according to the Europeam Council Directive 92/43 EEC and also included in the Bern
Convention), and other species such as Campanula serrata, included, in 2003, in Annex
II of the EU Habitats Directive.
The list of endemic rare and protected species of the Piatra Craiului massif (afer
Mihăilescu Simona, 2003, adapted and completed) is included in Annex VII.
A more elaborate study of the species found in PCNP is necessary in order tp
accurately reveal their protection status throughout the national park territory.
GROUP
Fungi
Saxicolous lichens
Moss
Cormophytes
TOTAL
Number
of
species
>350
>214
>228
1108
CARPATHIAN
ENDEMIC
SPECIES
47
PIATRA CRAIULUI
ENDEMIC
SPECIES
2
Page. 32
2.2.1.3. Vegetation
Throughout the Piatra Craiului National Park territory, a differentiation according
to the altitude, depending on the climate and soil factors. Here, the altitude belts which
are formed because of this differentiation, are best noticed.
According to A. Beldie (1952) and S. Mihăilescu (2001), inside the national park,
the following vegetation levels are present:
The mountain level comprising of two sublevels:
- the middle mountain level (650-1100 m) characterised by the presence of
beech tree forests (Symphyto cordati-Fagetum), relatively low represented, of mixed
beec tree - fir tree forests (Pulmonario rubrae-Fagetum) and mixed beech tree – spruce
tree forests (Leucanthemo waldsteinii-Fagetum). At the lower edge of the level a wide
belt of hay fields, installed on former alluvial cones of screes, with associations mostly
belonging to the Cynosurion alliance.
- the upper mountain level (1100-1500m), characterised by the presence of
spruce three forests (Hieracio transsilvanici - Piceetum). In the deforested areas, the
secondary meadows or the mountain weeds gradually install tnemselves.
The subalpine level (1500-1550 m) includes the juniper tree underwoods and
Ericaceae (Rhododendro myrtifolii – Pinetum mughi, Campanulo abietine-Juniperetum
nanae, Rhododendro myrtifolii – Vaccinietum, etc). Within this level, a series of
mountain weeds occur.
The calcareous screes, with vegetation mostly belonging to the Thlaspietea
rotundifolii Order, are located in the alpine and upper mountain levels.
The alpine level, of lower alpine type (2100-2250 m) is only present in the
highest peaks of the massif: Piscul Baciului, Ascuţit, Timbalul Mare, etc. Predominant
are the alpine meadows of the Order Seslerietalia, Violo declinatae – Nardetum,
chionophyte associations of the Salicion herbaceae association.
The natural limit of the forest vegetation is higher on the eastern slope than on
the western slope of the massif. The difference between the two sides is approximately
200 m, as shown by a vegetation transect established by S. Mihăilescu (2001), following
a NW-SE direction. On the western slope, the compact forest climbs up to 1550 m in
altitude, the last spruce tree clusters reaching 1650 m. On the eastern slope, the forest
reaches 1800 m in altitude, solitary spruce trees climbing up to 1870 m.
Inside to Piatra Craiului National Park territory, up to this day, there were
identified 49 vegetation associations, 3 subassociations and 2 facies phytosociologically
integrated in 17 classes, 21 orders and 31 alliances (S. Mihăilescu, 2001). The
vegetation of this territory mostly includes vegetal associations with a local character,
represented by primary alpine and subalpine forests and underwoods (juniper tree)
together with alpine meadows. The Piatra Craiului massif belongs to the Euro-Siberian
region, Central European Eastern Carpathian province, Bucegi and Bârsa mountains
circumscription.
Page. 33
2.3.2.
Fauna
The invertebrates fauna is very rich and rather important for science.
The 35 endemic species and 91 taxons, located here and described as new for
science, may be mentioned. We also mention two endemic species for Piatra Craiului:
Nesticus constantinescui (Arahnida) and Rhagidia carpatica (Arahnida, Acari). In
addition, the presence of the Octodrilus exacystis (Oligocheta, Lumbricidae) rare
species, endemic in Transylvania and in the Muntenia and Moldova subcarpathian
regions, and the Sclerophaedon carpaticus (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae) species,
endemic for the Oriental and Meridional Carpathians.
Up to this day, out of the potential of 1200 there were identified over 216
butterfly species (Lepidoptera) belonging to 22 families of micro- and macroLepidoptera. The available data indicates the presence of a remarkable fauna in the
alpine area, including several endemic subspecies of the Genus Erebia (Erebia
epiphron transsylvanica Rebel, 1908 and Erebia pronoe) and also Apamea zeta
sandorkovacsi and Pieris bryoniae carpathiensis. In the southern part of the massif, still
insufficiently explored, the Maculinea arion (Linnaeus, 1758) species, protected in most
European countries, was identified
The studies conducted in the summer of 2000, within the biodiversity inventory
programme, led to the discovering of over 200 Diptera species. According to specialists
in this field, there should be approximately 4.000-5.000 dipters species. There were also
identified 65 species of arachnida (spiders), 141 acari species, etc.
In the Piatra Craiului massif, the hydrographic network is rather reduced. The
aquatic fauna is represented by a large number of invertebrates and 10 species of
oxiphyllous and reophyllous fish, specific for mountain streams: Cotus gobio, Salma
trutta fario, etc.
The amphibian and reptile fauna of the massif is less studied. The following
species are encountered: Salamandra salamandra, Triturus cristatus cristatus (species
of community interest according to the European Council Directive 92/43 EEC), T.
alpestris alpestris, Rana temporaria temporaria, Bombina variegata variegata
(community interest species), Bufo bufo. As for the reptiles, we mention: Vipera berus
berus, Natrix natrix, Coronella austriaca austriaca, Anguis fragilis, Lacerta vivipara, L.
agilis agilis, L. viridis viridis, – Podarcis muralis, etc. It is significant to mention that all
the amphibians and reptiles species throughout the territory of Romania are protected
and included in Annex 3 of the Law 13/11.03.1993 (The Bern Convetion).
As for the birds fauna, up to the present, 108 species were identified, 50 of them
being mentioned as strictly protected by the Bern Convention – Convention for the
European wildlife and natural habitats protection, and 6 of them mentioned in the Bonn
Convention – Convention regarding the protection of migratory wild animal species (Law
13/1998).
By comparison with other mountain massifs, Piatra Craiului has lost most of the
predatory fauna it used to house, currently existing a rather low amount of Aquila
chrysaetos – golden eagles individuals, which probable nest in the Făgăraş Mountains.
Other diurnal and nocturnal predatory species encountered in the national park are:
Aquila pomarina, Buteo buteo, Accipiter gentiles, A. nisus, Falco subbuteo, F.
peregrinus, F. tinunculus, Bubo bubo, etc. The gorges and the cliff areas are populated
by Tichodroma muraria, Prunella collaris, Apus apus, Apus melba, Monticola etc. The
Page. 34
beech tree and resinous trees forests, the underwoods and the hay fields house Parus
ater, P. montanus, P. cristatus, Nucifraga caryocatactes, Dryocopus martius, Lanius
collurio, Troglodytes troglodytes, Corvus corax, Turdus torquatus, Tetrao urogallus,
Bonasia bonasia, etc. Common near the riversides are Motacilla alba, M. cinerea, M.
flava, Cinclus cinclus, etc.
Other species spotted at the edge of the national park are Corvus corone,
Ciconia ciconia, and a rare species, Ciconia nigra.
The Small mammals fauna is well represented but insufficiently known. Up to
the present18 species of bats have been identified in the caves and tree hollows
throughout the national park. Among these, 14 species are included in the strictly
protected speciesi category, according to the Bern Convention, 6 are species o
community interest, according to the European Council Directive 92/43 EEC
(Rhinolophus ferrumequinum, R. euriale, Myotis bechsteinii, M. blythii, M. myotys,
Barbastella barbastellus) and one species -Vespertilio murinus- is included in the Bonn
Convention. It is significant to mention the fact that, within the Romanian territory, all bat
species are protected, according to the Law 90/10th of May 2000 regarding Romania’s
adhesion to the Agreement regarding bats conservation in Europe, established in
London on the 4th of December 1991.
The Piatra Craiului National Park houses a vast population of large carnivores:
bear – Ursus arctos, wolf – Canis lupus, the lynx – Lynx lynx. The studies conducted so
far have revealed the existence of three circulation corridors, for these species, between
the Piatra Craiului Massif and the Bucegi Massif. These corridors will benefit from a
special protection regime.
The roe deer – Capreolus capreolus and the elk – Cervus elaphus are
encountered in the forests at the foot of the massif. Currently the chamois – Rupicapra
rupicapra population living in the cliff areas of the massif, is of approximately 120
individuals. The number of individuals has dramatically decreased during the past
years, due to hunting, poaching and destruction of the species’ natural habitat (cutting
of the juniper tree underwoods). Other species encountered throughout the national
park are the wild boar – Sus scrofa, the badger – Meles meles, the tree marten –
Martes Martes, the rock marten – M. foina, the wild cat – Felix silvestris, the otter –
Lutra lutra, etc.
GROUP
Invertebrates
Butterflies
Dipters
Fish
Birds
Mammals Total
Bats
CARPATHIAN
TOTAL
Number of ENDEMIC SPECIES
species
>35
PIATRA CRAIULUI
ENDEMIC
SPECIES
2
>216
>200
10
>108
50
18
Page. 35
2.3.3.
Habitats
Throught the territory of the National Park, there are several major types of
habitats, each one including several subdivisions. For some of them, in the brackets,
are specified the correspondant codes of various international habitats clasification
systems: EUNIS, Palaearctic, CORINE Land Cover, Habitats Directive of the EU and
the Bern Convention.
I Water habitats (EUNIS - C Inland surface water habitats; Palearctic
classification – (<) 2 Non-marine waters)
1. Still waters (permanent and temporary ponds) (EUNIS - C1 Surface standing
waters; Palaearctic classification – (=) 22 Standing freshwater; CORINE Land Cover 5.1.2. Water bodies).
2. Running waters (EUNIS - C2 Surface running waters; CORINE Land Cover 5.1.1.Water courses). Cuprinde următoarele subtipuri:
- streams (EUNICE - C2.1 Springs, spring brooks and geysers; Palaearctic
classification – (=) 54.1 Spring mires; CORINE Land Cover - 4.1.1.Inland marshes);
- permanent fast watercourses (streams, rivers) (EUNIS - C2.2 - Permanent
non-tidal, fast, turbulent watercourses; Palaearctic classification – (>) 24.1 Rivers and
streams; CORINE Land Cover - 5.1.1. Water courses);
II Bogs without stagnating surface water (EUNIS – D Mire, bog and fen
habitats; Palaearctic classification – (<) 5 Bogs and marshes).
III Grasslands and tall forb habitats (EUNIS – E Grassland and tall forb habitats;
Palaearctic classification – (>) 3 Scrub and grassland).
1. Alpine subalpine and mountain meadows
Includes the following subtypes:
- Alpine and sub-alpine meadows, semi-natural neutral-acid with Nardus
stricta (EUNIS –E4.21 Alpic [Nardus stricta] swards and related communities (=) 36.31
Alpic mat-grass swards and related communities CORINE Land Cover – 3.2.1 Natural
grassland);
- Alpine and subalpine meadows with calciphilous species (EUNICE E4.4
Calciphilous alpine and subalpine grassland; Palaearctic classification (=) 36.4 BoreoAlpic calciphilous alpine grasslands; CORINE Land Cover 3.2.1. Natural grassland;
6170 Habitats Directive/FFH - Alpine and subalpine calcareous grasslands);
- mountain meadows with Agrostis capillaris şi Festuca rubra used as
grasslands (EUNIS - E1.72/P-35.12 [Agrostis] - [Festuca] grassland (Bent - fescue
grassland); Palaearctic classification = 35.12 [Agrostis]-[Festuca] grasslands CORINE
Land Cover 3.2.1. Natural grassland);
- Mesic grassland ofAgrostis capillaris and Festuca rubra used as hay-fields
Page. 36
(EUNIS – E2 Mesic grasslands; Palaearctic classification (=) 38 Mesophile grasslands
CORINE Land Cover 2.3.1. Pastures, 3.2.1. Natural grassland);
2. Mountain tall herbs (EUNIS –E4.5 Alpine and subalpine tall herb and [Pteridium
aquilinum] stands Palearctic classification (=) 37.8 Subalpine and alpine tall herb
communities), CORINE Land Cover 3.2.3. Sclerophyllous vegetation, 3.2.4.
Transitional woodland shrub, 3.2.2. Moors and heathland). Cuprinde următoarele
subtipuri:
- (EUNIS -Palearctic classification (=) 37.814 Carpathian tall herb communities
- nitrofilous communities of Rumex alpinus (EUNIS - E5.58- Alpine [Rumex]
communities (Alpine dock communities) Palaearctic classification (=) 37.88 Alpine dock
communities CORINE Land Cover).
3. Underwoods. Includes the following subtypes:
- short mountain scrubs (EUNIS – F Heathland, scrub and tundra habitats;
Palaearctic classification (>) 3 Scrub and grassland). The followin have been identified:
EUNIS F2.2 Evergreen alpine and subalpine heath and scrub; Palaearctic classification
=31.4 Alpine and boreal heaths CORINE Land Cover 3.2.2. Moors and heathland; 4060
Habitats Directive/FFH - Alpine and Boreal heaths and Rhododendron scrubs (EUNIS
- F2.2/P-31.424 Carpathian [Rhododendron kotschyi] heaths (Carpathian Kotschy's
alpenrose heaths));
- mountine pine stands (EUNIS - F2.4 Carpathian [Pinus mugo] scrub Carpathian
dwarf mountain pine scrub; Palaearctic classification = 31.56 Carpathian dwarf
mountain pine scrub CORINE Land Cover 3.2.2. Moors and heathland);
- scrubs along the rivers (EUNIS - F9.13- Montane river gravel low brush;
Palaearctic classification (=) 24.223 Montane river gravel low brush; CORINE Land
Cover 3.2.2. Moors and heathland; 3230 Habitats Directive/FFH - Alpine rivers and their
ligneous vegetation with Myricaria germanica).
IV Păduri şi zone împădurite (EUNIS – G Woodland and forest habitats and
other wooded land; Palaearctic classification (=) 4 Forests).
1. Păduri de foioase (EUNICE -G1 Broadleaved deciduous woodland; Palearctic
classification (<) 41 Broad-leaved deciduous forests, 44 Temperate riverine and swamp
forests and brush; 3.1.1. Broad-leaved forest). Cuprinde următoarele subtipuri:
- coridoare de anin (EUNIS - G1.1/P-44.21 Montane [Alnus incana] galleries
(Montane grey alder galleries); Palearctic classification (=) 44.21 Montane grey alder
galleries; CORINE Land Cover 3.1.1. Broad-leaved forest; *91E0 Habitats
Directive/FFH - Alluvial forests with Alnus glutinosa and Fraxinus excelsior (AlnoPandion, Alnion incanae, Salicion albae); 44.2 Bern Convention Resolution 4 - Boreoalpine riparian galleries);
- păduri de fag (EUNIS - G1.6 [Fagus] woodland (Beech woodland); Palearctic
classification (=) 41.1D Dacian beech forests; CORINE Land Cover 3.1.1. Broad-leaved
Page. 37
forest);
2. Păduri de conifere (EUNIS - G3 Coniferous woodland Palaearctic classification
(<) 42 Temperate coniferous forests; CORINE Land Cover 3.1.2.Coniferous forest).
Cuprinde următoarele subtipuri:
- păduri de molid şi brad (EUNIS-G3.1 [Abies] and [Picea] woodland (Fir and
spruce woodland), Palaearctic classification (<) 42.1 Western Palaearctic fir forests,
(<) 42.2 Western Palaearcic orogenous spruce forests; CORINE Land Cover
3.1.2.Coniferous forest);
- păduri de brad (EUNIS - G3.1/P-42.12 Calciphilous [Abies alba] forests
(Calciphilous silver fir forests); Palaearctic classification (=) 42.12 Calciphile medioEuropean fir forests; CORINE Land Cover 3.1.2.Coniferous forest);
- păduri de molid (EUNIS - G3.1/P-42.21 Alpine and Carpathian sub-alpine [Picea]
forests (Alpine and Carpathian sub-alpine spruce forests); Palearctic classification (=)
42.21 Alpine and Carpathian subalpine spruce forests; CORINE Land Cover
3.1.2.Coniferous forest);
- pâlcuri de pin silvestru ( EUNIS - G3.4 [Pinus sylvestris] woodland south of the
taiga (Scots pine woodland south of the taiga), Palearctic classification (= ) 42.5
Western Palaearctic Scots pine forests; CORINE Land Cover 3.1.2.Coniferous forest);
- păduri de amestec fag-conifere (EUNIS G4.6 Mixed [Abies] - [Picea] - [Fagus]
woodland (Mixed fir - spruce - beech woodland) ; Palaearctic classification (=) 43.1 Firbeech and fir-spruce-beech forests; CORINE Land Cover3.1.3. Mixed forest).
4. Păduri în stadiu tânăr, regenerate artificial sau natural (EUNIS - G5 Lines of
trees, small anthropogenic woodlands, recently felled woodland, early-stage woodland
and coppice ; CORINE Land Cover 3.2.4. Transitional woodland shrub, 3.2.2. Moors
and heathland). Cuprinde următoarele subtipuri:
- regenerare de molid, stadiu foarte tânăr (EUNIS - G5.63/P-31.8G - Coniferous
scrub woodland; Palaearctic classification (=) 31.8G Coniferous scrub woodland
CORINE Land Cover 3.2.2.Moors and heathland);
- plantaţii de conifere în stadiu tânăr (EUNIS - G5.74/P-83.222(p) - Early-stage
coniferous plantations; Palaearctic classification > 83.222 Shrub and dwarf tree
plantations; CORINE Land Cover 3.1.2.Coniferous forest).
5.Tăieturi de pădure recente (EUNIS - G5.8 Recently felled areas; Palaearctic
classification =31.87 Woodland clearings CORINE Land Cover3.2.4. Transitional
woodland). Cuprinde următoarele subtipuri:
- tăieturi recente în pădure de foioase (EUNIS - G5.81 - Recently felled areas,
formerly broadleaved trees CORINE Land Cover3.2.4. Transitional woodland shrub);
- tăieturi recente în pădure de conifere ( EUNIS - G5.82 - Recently felled areas,
formerly coniferous trees; CORINE Land Cover3.2.4. Transitional woodland shrub);
-
tăieturi recente în pădure de amestec (EUNIS - G5.83 - Recently felled areas,
formerly mixed broadleaved and coniferous trees; CORINE Land Cover
3.2.4.Transitional woodland shrub).
Page. 38
V Habitate de stâncării (EUNIS - H Inland unvegetated or sparsely vegetated
habitats; Palaearctic classification (=) 6 Inland rocks, screes and sands)
1. Grohotişuri (EUNIS - H2.4/P-61.24 Carpathian calcareous screes; CORINE
Land Cover 3.3.2. Bare rock; Palaearctic classification (=) 61.24 Carpathian calcareous
screes).
2. Stâncării şi pereţi stâncoşi (EUNIS - H3 Inland cliffs, rock pavements and
outcrops; Palaearctic classification (=) 62 Inland cliffs and exposed rocks; CORINE
Land Cover 3.3.2.Bare rock, 3.3.3 Sparsely vegetated areas)
3. Cariere abandonate (EUNIS - H3.2F/P-86.41(p) - Disused chalk and limestone
quarries; Palearctic classification (>) 86.41 Abandoned quarries; CORINE Land
Cover1.3.1. Mineral extraction sites).
VI Peşteri (EUNIS - H1 Terrestrial underground caves, cave systems, passages
and waterbodies; Palaearctic classification (=) 65 Caves)
VII Zone cultivate
1. Grădini sau terenuri agricole (EUNIS –I Regularly or recently cultivated
agricultural, horticultural and domestic habitats; Palaearctic
classification
(>)
8
Agricultural land and artificial landscapes)
2. Livezi de pomi fructiferi (EUNIS - G1.D4/P-83.15 - Fruit orchards; Palaearctic
classification (=) 83.15 Fruit orchards; CORINE Land Cover2.2.2. Fruit trees and berry
plantations)
VIII Zone cu construcţii, sau alte habitate artificiale (EUNIS - J Constructed,
industrial and other artificial habitats; Palaearctic classification (>) 8 Agricultural land
and artificial landscapes)
1. Construcţii (case, construcţii agricole, îngrădituri) (EUNIS - J2 Low density
buildings CORINE Land Cover 1.3.3. Construction sites1.2.1. Industrial or commercial
units).
2. Hidrocentrale, lacuri de acumulare (EUNIS - J5 Highly artificial man-made
waters and associated structures CORINE Land Cover 5.1.2. Water bodies, 1.2.1.
Industrial or commercial units, 4.2.2. Salines, 5.1.1. Water courses; Palaearctic
classification (<) 89 Industrial lagoons and reservoirs, canals).
3. Rezervoare de apă (EUNIS - J5.33 Water storage tanks; CORINE Land Cover
5.1.2. Water bodies).
4. Depozite sau locuri în care se depozitează gunoiul (EUNIS J6 Waste deposits
Page. 39
CORINE Land Cover 1.3.2. Dump sites).
IX Complexe de habitate (EUNIS – X Habitat complexes)
1. Complexe de habitate rurale (EUNIS - X08 Rural mosaics, consisting of
woods, hedges, pastures and crops; CORINE Land Cover 2.4.3. Land principally
occupied by agriculture, with significant areas of natural vegetation; Palaearctic
classification (=) 84.4 Rural mosaics).
2.3.4.
Ecological relations and processes
Allthough throughout the national park territory, several floristic and faunistic
sruveys have been conducted, many of the ecological relations are still less known.
More elaborate studies, regarding the vegetation succession on the screes, the
evolution of vegetation in grazinfields, the succession of vegetation in exploited forests,
etc. are necessary. Also, studies regarding the relations between the miscellaneous
elements of the ecosystems and of the factors which may create ecological disbalances
in the area, are needed.
2.3.5.
Landscape
The main landscape in Piatra Craiului may be considered the calcareous massif
surrounded by forests and meadows, with the human element appearing in some
places (the scattered villages and the isolated houses).
The main landscape elements are the following:
• the calcareous ridge, impressive, with altitudes exceeding 2.000 m, stretching on
a length of 25 km;
• the alpine meadows, full of rocks, with calciphylous plant species and juniper tree
underwood patches. During the summer the anthropic element appears in the
area (the shepherds);
• the calcareous screes, uniquely beautiful, characteristic for Piatra Craiului;
• the beech tree forests, mixes and resinous stands, which often climb the slopes
up to the foot of the cliff walls.
• the hay fields at the foot of the massif;
• the anthropic landscape – the villages of Peştera and Măgura, with scattered
houses, and single rooms, with traditional farms.
2.4. Cultural aspects, use of the land in the past
2.4.1.
Archaeological data and land use in the past
Archaeological and historical evidence. Historical data
Zărneşti
Page. 40
Within the territory of the town two funeral stones and some bricks stamped with
the marking of the XIIIth Legion Gemina were discovered. Another important finding is
the coin hoard discovered at Zărneşti-Bran, comprising of small bronze coins dating
back to the III-IV centuries A.D., bearing the effigy of several Roman emperors.
Local legend speaks of the existence of a „Villa Zernensis”, name originating
from a shepherd named “Zerne”, whose son might have settled in these parts giving the
name of the village in the memory of his father.
At the beginning of the past millennium, Transylvania, formed of small kingdoms,
becomes an easy pray for the Hungarian invasion.
During the XIII and XIV centuries the German colonization of Transylvania, Banat
and ţara Bârsei occurs, thus the first document attestations of the Tohan village (1294)
and Zărneşti (1367) under the names of „Tuhan” and „Zernehaza”. Tohanu Nou is
mentioned in documents only in 1769, apparently as a result of Tohan residents’
evacuation from their old settlements, because of their disagreement to change their
religion.
The Middle Ages are marked by a series of invasions of Ţara Bârsei, including
the villages of Zărneşti and Tohan. Also, the interest of Hungarian and German
landowners, in acquiring the settlements above mentioned, until the XVIth century, when
they become administrated by the town of Braşov.
The first Turkish invasion in Ţara Bârsei took place in 1421, when the villages of
Tohan and Zărneşti are burnt. The population retreats to the area where today is
located the „Colţii Chiliilor” hermitage. Later on, other invasions take place, the
population retreating to the mountains each time.
In 1660 the local residents support Gheorghe Rakoczi in conquering the Bran
Fortress. The last Turkish incursion takes place in 1690, when the “Battle at Zărneşti”
also ocuurs.
In 1848 the Romanian population in Ţara Bârsei rises to the battle for equal
rights with the privileged minorities. The revolution had a positive effect on the
Romanians in Transylvania, leading to the ending of serfhood in the Austrian Empire.
The youth in Zărneşti took part in the events of 1877-1878 against the Ottoman
Empire.
The First World War spread its destructive tentacles including over this area. It is
when martyr dr. Ioan Senchea falls in the line of duty.
The Period between the world wars is characterised by stability, peace and
prosperity, the economy peaking around the year 1938.
The Second World War claimed the lives of many young local residents, and
others were made prisoners of war.
Peştera şi Măgura
Period of Middle and Superior Palaeolithic: silex tools found in the caves at
Coacăzei Valley, Peştera Mare (Peştera village) and the one at Gura Cheii - Râşnov, 15
km E from Zărneşti.
From the Aeneolithic period silex fragments (axes, spear heads) were found at
Drumul Carului (Moeciu de Jos).
The area currently occupied by the villages of Peştera and Măgura, used to b
covered by forests. Geographers have proved the fact that “in the platform, human
continuous intervention, is especially noticeable, humans transforming throughout vast
areas the original vegetation (forests) into a secondary one (grasslands)”. Massive
deforestations in these areas occurred for agriculture and grazing purposes.
Page. 41
Due to the migration of the population from Zărneşti and Tohan, which increased
as time passed, the area was slowly populated. Large areas were leased by Braşov to
the villagers, for grazing purposes.
The Vlăduşca Mountain was grazed from the year 1650. The name originates
from a person called Vlăduşcă, who rents the mountain in 1701.
Rucăr şi Dâmbovicioara
The oldest traces of human existence within the Rucăr village territory date back
to the period of Roman Domination in Dacia, at Rucăr being built a „castellum”, which
was destroyed during the events in 117-118 A.D. The oldest document mention of the
Rucăr village dates back from 1377. the village witnessed the frequent passing of troops
towards Transylvania, or from here to Ţara Românească (Vlad Ţepeş in 1459 towards
Transylvania, Ştefan Bathory in 1476 towards Ţara Românească, Mihnea III in 1658
etc.). On the village grouds Radu de la Afumaţi fought the Turkish troops. Sigismund of
Bathory and his army spend a week at Rucăr. The traces of the rebellion led by Tudor
Vladimirescu in 1821 are well known in the village. Part of the army led by Ipsilanti and
Tudor lived for a while in these parts. In 1848 the temporary government retreated here.
The War of Independence claimed the lives of many, including among the Rucăr
inhabitants. In times of peace, the village housed a frontier guard’s formation, in charge
with the security of the frontier and the mountain pass. In 1916 several military troops
came to Rucăr and various strategic roads were built, rendering ammunitions and
military equipment transport a lot easier.
As a result of bitter fighting, the VII Alpine Brigade occupied Rucăr on the 1st of
October 1916. The following day, on the 2nd of October, the German Division 76 entered
the village. A large part of the village was destroyed by german cannons (148 houses
burnt and were destroyed). A monument was raised in the memory of the young
soldiers and civilians who perished during the war.
Even before the arrival of the Romans and their settlement in ancient Dacia, in
the upper part of the Dâmboviţa river, local inhabitants organized their lives and work.
Here, in the northern part of the Muscel County, the first political formations
called “cnezate” (principalities) were established as a result of the union of several
commuities. In the national park’s area, in the past, the people communities of the
“moşneni rucăreni” owned the following mountains: Păltinetul, Largă Valley, Ivan Valley,
Tămăşelul, Tămaşul Mare, Cascoe, Plaghia.
Mismanaged by the Knez Princes, the community wealth gradually decreases
and begins to slip into lordly ownership and then into noblemen ownership.
Thus, around the year 1421, at Rucăr, is mentioned a tzar called Alexandru,
pretending to be the son of the great voivode Mircea. In the XV century and in the first
decade of the XVI century, part of the community estate becomes lordly possession,
and, in the year 1502, it becomes noblemen’s possession, under the ruling of Nobleman
Neagoe.
During the following period the Rucăr village and all the surrounding mountains
are included in the property of ruler Mihai Viteazul, and after his death, they are passed
on to his daughter Florica.
On the 28th of December 1633, through the document issued by the ruler Matei
Basarab, the ancestors of today’s Rucăr inhabitants, bought themselves from their
masters, becoming once again owners of the community territory.
Page. 42
The hard times that came over the village, the increasingly high taxes, the
abuses of the customs officer in charge of the ruler’s customs office, determined many
of the local inhabitants to run away. They fled all the way to Moldavia, in the land of
Vrancea. This immigration process towards Moldavia continued in the XVIIIth century as
well.
In order to ensure ruling rights over the part of the community property, that each
inheritant was entitled to, the community, though the priests and the elders, issued
Elders’ Books, property papers which were admitted both by the people and by the
authorities as well. In 1797 the people gathered in the churchyard and decided the cut
that each one was entitled to, issuing 54 papers.
As a result of the 1911 rebellion, according to the Forestry Code, the papers
needed for the establishment of the community property, were designed and issued.
2.4.2.
Meaning and interest for the area
In 1873 ten climbers from Braşov, while being on the ridge and inspired by the
beauty of the Piatra Craiului massif, decide to establish the Transylvania Alpine Club
(Siebenburgisher Alpinverein in Kronstadt), which later joined one of the most important
association of this kind in Europe – The Transylvania Carpathian Alpine Club –
Siebenburgisher Karpaten Verein (S.K.V.). The purpose of this association was: “the
research of the Transylvania Carpathian Mountains and of the surrounding regions, for
making trips and reviving the interest shown for these mountains”.
Achievements – group trips, publications, trails maintenance, building of shelters
and regulating the guide profession. The S.K.V. yearly registries, published in 56
volumes between 1881 – 1944, are genuine encyclopaedia which contain data about
the fauna, flora, etc. of the Carpathians (including Piatra Craiului).
In his work “Geographical works on Romania”, Emmanuel de Martonne (1873 –
1955), describes Piatra Craiului as “An accident in the Meridional Carpathians
geography”.
2.4.3.
Administration in the past
On the 25th of April 1651, Gheorghe Rakoczi II, the prince of Transylvania, gives
the Bran fortress and its surrounding territories, to the Brasov inhabitants, through a
letter “of donation and exchange”. In this document, it is stated that the town of Braşov
becomes the owner of the Bran fortress and the surrounding villages.
In 1880 – the Zărneşti Forest District is established, under Austro – Hungarian
administration.
Most of the lands that form the current grazing fields of the Moeciu and
Dâmbovicioara villages, which are inside the national park, used to be covered by
forests in the past. They were deforested and transformed into grazing fields, beacause
of the demographic increase in the area. The present grazing fields were obtained by
the two villages, as a result of the Agriculture Reform of 1921. In 1949, according to the
Decision number 1918 of the State Council, today’s grazing fields were passed under
the administration of the agriculture institutions belonging to the Ministry of Agriculture.
In 1983, by Order of the president (72/1983), all the mountain grazing fields were
passed to the Ministry of Silviculture; Zănoaga, Curmătura şi Vlăduşca to the Zărneşti
Forest District, and Pietricica, Plaiul Mare, Funduri and Funduri Prelungi, to the Rucăr
Forest District.
Page. 43
Several silvopastural management plans were designed for these grazing field,
which functioned as specific management rules until 1990. After 1990, the seven
pasture lands were assigned back to the Moeciu and Dâmbovicioara villages, and have
been under their administration up to this day.
In 1948, by the Constitution, all the forests were made state property.
In 1938 – the first protection action in Piatra Craiului, when in the Journal of the
Council on Ministries (number 645) was established the Piatra Craiului Natural Reserve,
covering an area of 440 ha.
The area gradually increased until the year 1990. Then, by Order of the Ministry
of Waters Forests and Environment Protection (M.A.P.P.M) number 7/1990, Piatra
Craiului is mentioned as a National Park, statute that was also promoted by the Law of
Environment (Law number 137/1995), through which 2.600 ha become the entire
reserve, and 5.500 ha become the buffer area.
In 1992, during the management works conducted in the field by the I.C.A.S.
Braşov, the regulations foresaw in the Order 7/1990 of the M.A.P.P.M. regarding the
establishment of the reserve and of the buffer area.
2.5. Social and economical aspects, land use in the present
2.5.1.
Local communities
From the geographic point of view, the villages neighbouring Piatra Craiului are
located to the north (Zărneşti), east (Bran, Moeciu, Fundata) and south (Dâmbovicioara
and Rucăr).
According to the census of 1999 the population of the communities which are
relevant for the National Park, is: Zărneşti – 26.616, Măgura – 691, Peştera – 682,
Fundata – 1005, Dâmbovicioara – 1286 (Dâmbovicioara – 476, Ciocanu – 189, Podu
Dâmboviţei – 621) and Rucăr – 6513 (Rucăr – 6356, Sătic – 157) inhabitants.
The town of Zărneşti was the strongest industrial force (Celohart – paper, UM
Tohan – mechanics factory, section of wood exploitation and pre-industrialising). The
industry is currently in a week state, due to the recession. In the towns of Bran, Moeciu,
Dâmbovicioara and Rucăr the traditional livestock breeding and fruit growing are
developed. In the last decade, the rural tourism has been developing in the eastern and
southern parts of the region. Thus, this activity is astoundingly intense in Bran and
Moeciu, and average in Fundata, Dâmbovicioara and Rucăr. There is a great
unexploited tourism potential.
Most of the forests are still under the property of the state (50.5%), the rest being
property of and administered by individuals (8,6%), owned by communities and
administered by private forest districts (2%), mayors offices property and private forest
districts management (6,7%), church property and private forest districts management
(1%).
At the present, especially in the County of Argeş where the percent of the private
property forest is much higher (22%), by comparison with the Braşov County (4%),
there is an extremely high negative pressure on these areas, due to the owners thirst for
rapid income, which drives them to repeatedly brake the forestry code. PCNPA’s
continuous efforts to stop the negative phenomena which occurs in these areas, needs
to be supported by the institutions with control capabilities (especially the Environment
Page. 44
Guard and the ITRSV). The imminent retrocession of the forests to private owners will
generate additional problems for the national park administration in controlling the
negative effects above mentioned. Thus, the necessity to find certain compensation
ways or even compensation payments to the owners of forest vegetation areas inside
the national park, is more and more imperative.
The grazing fields are property of the local communities in the county of Argeş.
There are also private property hay fields. The precincts of the villages inside the park
(Peştera and Măgura) are used for agriculture lands, given the wide spread of the
houses.
The main income sources for the locals are diverse, according to the area. Thus,
for the inhabitants of the mountain villages Măgura and Peştera, the percentage of the
income generated by livestock breeding or, to a lower extent, by plant cultures, is much
higher than in the rest of the villages, because of their altitude location and the
fragmented relief.
Most of the meadows within the Braşov county, which are included in the national
park, are property of the Moeciu village, the large number of sheep and cattle belonging
to the locals leading to an overgrazing phenomena occurrence in the area. Also, in
these villages, there are no large areas forest owners, as it is so in the southern part of
the park (Rucăr and Dâmbovicioara). Consequently the income obtained from forest
exploitation is also low. Part of the population works in Zărneşti for miscellaneous
companies of the Industrial Park, or for private capital commercial agents. There are
also people working in the more distant towns and villages, including Braşov. During the
past few years, an increasing building process in the area has been noticed. These
buildings belong to people from other towns, thus selling the land in the area is also an
income source. Furthermore, some of the buildings do not fit into the local traditional
architectural style. The reason for the undeveloped tourism industry in the area, by
comparison with the Moeciu Bran area, is mainly the lack of a suitable infrastructure
(the bad shape of the county roads to Măgura and Peştera, especially during the winter,
when they can become unusable); there are also problems related to water supply in
the area, most of the constructions being located on top of the hills, with the phreatic
water very deep. Only small groups of houses are connected to a general water supply
network. Furthermore, there are no residual water disposal systems. Waste disposal is
also difficult due to the bad condition of the roads. Taking into account all of the
inconveniences mentioned above, there are several pensions in the area, the park
Administration supporting, during the past years, the growth of the rural tourism
business, by financing projects within the Small Grants Programme. Also, the national
park Administration is currently developing a portfolio regarding the traditional features
of the local buildings. Taking into account all of the above mentioned, the access to
information is also more difficult, than in the surroundin villages and towns.
The town of Zărneşti is faced with a very high unemployment rate (over 60%),
due to the recession of the local industrial sector. Most of the unemployed workers are
not indigenous, but originating in other parts of the country, and have settled here
before 1989. This segment of the population lives in the workers neighbourhoods and
does not own land inside or near the national park. For the land owners, the percentage
of the income obtained from plant growth (especially potatoes) is higher than in the
villages of Măgura and Peştera, whereas the livestock (especially sheep) is lower than
in the other two villages.
Page. 45
The negative effects caused by the land owners in Zărneşti, inside the PCNP,
are more related to the increased pressure of the building process, outside the build-up
area, in the Bârsa Mare Valley. Also, like in the case of the Măgura and Peştera
villages, the percentage of forest private owners, inside the park, is reduced. A growth
of the tourism business, has been sensed, the number of pensions largely increasing,
rendering the percentage of the income obtained from tourism larger and more
important in the future. Obviously, the phenomenon occurs in the area closest to the
massif, and less in the Tohanul Vechi Village. Infrastructure problems exist in Zărneşti
also (especially the poor condition of the roads), but many of the houses are connected
to central water and methane gas supply systems, residual water and waste disposal
systems, and also benefit from the better accessibility due to the geographic position.
The Şirnea village displays a relief similar to the Măgura and Peştera areas, but
the access is much easier due to the better condition of the roads, and because of the
vicinity to the Braşov – Piteşti National Road 73. As for the income sources of the local
people, these are also similar to the people of Măgura and Peştera, the only difference
being that, in Şirnea, the rural tourism industry is much more developed. The
inhabitants’ livestock graze the village grazing areas which are located outside the
boundaries of the national park. Consequently we consider that this village has the
lowest negative impact on the national prak.
The villages of Dâmbovicioara and Rucăr are characterised by the fact that the
inhabitants own much larger forest areas and meadows as well, inside the national
park, which has caused several negative effects as mentioned before. The local
population obtains an income more from livestock breeding than from agriculture, due to
the lower extent of plant growth suitable areas.
In the past years, there is a increased growth tendency regarding rural tourism
related activities, an important role in this being played, in this area as well, by the
park’s financing within the Small Grants Programme. The access is quite easy (less in
to the Ciocanu Village) and problems regarding waste collection occur only in the
Dâmbovicioara Village. The local population works mostly in wood processing, for
various local private companies (especially in Rucăr, but also in the neighbouring town
of Câmpulung). The income obtained from forest exploitation activities have led to an
abnormal development of constructions in the area, especially in the town of Rucăr.
Social and cultural aspects
The town of Zărneşti belongs to the ethnographic area of Ţara Bârsei, close and
very similar to the one of Bran.
As for the farms in the area, they used include an area which was larger than
basically needed for the living house and annexes. On this land, usually, there were
located a house for living, an open shed for keeping agriculture tools, a barn with an
animals stable, a threshing floor and a storing place for hay. Behind the barn, there was
a vegetables garden and fruit trees, the hole for the stable manure and the toilet. The
farm was surrounded by superficial fence, enough to keep the animals out.
The living house was built in wood, layed on a stone basement. It had a four
slopes roof made of shingle. The rooms were oriented face towards the yard. The
house usually comprised of three rooms: the big house, the entrance room and the
small house. Behind the entrance room, the cellar was located and from which access
to the attic was provided. The entrance was usually made from the yard directly to the
entrance room and, from here, to the other rooms of the house. They didn’t use to sleep
in the big house that often. The big house was more like a small folk art museum,
Page. 46
where, on the bed or inside the bottom drawer (the dowry chest), precious objects were
kept, veritable treasures of the popular costumes, rugs and coverlets, pillows and on the
walls, close to the ceiling, laid wooden shelves with jugs, small pots and other
earthernware, beautifully decorated with geometric or floral designs.
The Zarneşti popular costume is simple, yet very original and representative. The
main elements of the men’s costume are: very tight peasants trousers, long and loose
shirt and over this shirt a vividly coloured vest. Other elements are the black cap with
the point bent rightwards, the traditional peasant sandals or boots (recently they wear
high black leather boots). When the frosty weather comes, men put on an overcoat
made of brown thick cloth.
The women costume is simple as well: embroidered blouse, tightened around the
waist line by a skirt with a lace hem, over which the “fota” is wrapped, followed by a
handmade waistband decorated with flowers. In winter time, women wear long and
large overcoats made of thick woollen cloth. This was the traditional women costume.
Unfortunately, during the past few decades, it has been influenced from other folkloric
areas and became mixed (sort of a hybrid), by comparison with the men’s costume.
Among the traditional occupations we mention shepherding, which was
continuously practiced by the predecessors. Then agriculture has become the main
occupation of the local people, providing them a decent living.
The popular architecture, typical for the Muscel area is relevant in the description
of the XVIIth century Rucăr architecture. The houses were built “inspired by the Vlach
custom” from horizontal overlapping tree trunks, with a pointy shingle (splinter) roof.
Smoke was evacuated directly through the top of the roof, because they didn’t have
chimneys.
The trunks were joined together by box thorn wood nails. The four slopes roof
was pointy or flat. The houses, plastered with white clay, comprised of the entrance
room, the cellar and the living room.
At the end of the XIX th century, the two stories house appeared: the cellar (at
the ground floor) and the living rooms (on the first floor). The organising of the interiors
reflects the presence of a local household textile industry which engaged most of the
village women. Popular technological installations were in use, in the interwar period, on
the Dâmboviţa river at Cheii Valley and on Râuşor.
At the end of the XIX th century dowry chests, which competed the ones from
Braşov were manufactured, at the trade and handcraft school. During the weekly fair
(on Sundays) local household textile industry products were sold: populat costumes,
rugs, etc.
The distinctive beauty and authenticity of the Rucăr popular costume has
impressed, famous artists such as the painter Nicolae Grigorescu. Historian, politician
and writer Nicolae Iorga who, in his work “Country landscapes”, described a
characteristic image of Rucăr at the beginning at the XXth century: “peasants with thick
black long coats and sheepskin coats, women whose richness of butterflies and
ornaments is only partially covered by brown overcoats, some of them wear, playfully
over the smooth white that surrounds their pretty faces, a men’s hat.” Alexandru
Vlahuţă, in his work “Picturesque Romania”, comented: “the Rucăr women’s costume,
truly Romanian, embroiled, sawn and decorated by their own hands with a skiil that
these women themselves don’t know where they have learned it.”
Regarding the types of houses from the Peştera and Măgura villages, we
mention houses with two rooms (a single entrance, the entrance room and the living
room), houses with three rooms (entrance room, middle room and the big room),
Page. 47
houses with four or more rooms and two-storied houses. For building materials, the
most common is wood, horizontal overlapping trunks. The basement is made of stone
(cement wall for the more recent houses). The trunks are carved with the axe on two or
four sides. Later on, locals have started to use, in walls, bricks as well. For the roof,
splinter wood (shingle) was most commonly used, nowadays they use tiles as well.
Among the main occupations of the local people we mention: livestock breeding,
sheep products processing, wood exploitation and, more recently, rural tourism.
There are elementary schools (I-VIII forms) in all the villages and towns. In
Zărneşti, Bran and Rucăr there are also high schools a industrial school groups (IX-XII
or trade schools).
A common phenomena, currently undergoing, is the decline of traditions and the
disappearance of traditional products, even more intense in the area of the Peştera and
Măgura villages, as a result of the population migration to other areas. Also, in these
villages we notice a tendency of population ageing (increase of the average age), due to
the same causes.
In addition, there is no interest in the development of a durable development
strategy of this area.
Taking into account all of the aspects mentioned before, the local communities
are extremely important, for the implementation of the Park’s Management Plan,
especially because of the negative aspects which may occur as a result of an
uncontrolled development and because of a lack of local strategies which would
consider the Park’s presence in the vicinity of these communities.
2.5.2.
Other relevant aspects
The forests owned by the state are managed by the National Forest Authority –
ROMSILVA, those owned by the villages and communities are managed by the state
forestry districts or by the private forestry districts, according to a contract.
The grazing fields are managed by the townhalls and communities, during
summertime are leased for exploitation (grazing) to the mountain owners (usually
through an auction or by consulting the community)
The mayors offices’ activity is supervised by the Local Councils, which are
further supervised themselves by the City Councils of Braşov and Argeş counties.
At the national level, the involved ministries are MAI (Ministry of Internal Affairs),
MAPDR (Ministry of Waters Forests and Rural Development), MMGA (Ministry of
Environment and Waters Management) and the Romanian Academy (Natural
Monuments Committee).
The hay fields and agriculture lands are private property of individuals.
The hunting grounds are property of the state and managed as it follows.
No.
Hunting Ground
Number and Name
Managing Institution
1
2
3
4
22- Rucăr
23- Dâmbovicioara
28- Moeciu
29- Piatra Craiului
Piteşti County Forest Authority
Hunter Club Piteşti
AJVS Braşov
AJVS Braşov
Total Area
11291
11875
11107
10469
Percantage
inside
PCNP (%)
27
31
9
64
Page. 48
There is a certain amount of interest (more or less) in preserving the nature
(PCNP, LCCP).
There are rural tourism companies and associations (Antrec Braşov and
Argeş, “Plaiuri Zărneştene” Tourism Association, The Association for Promoting Youth
Programmes – Piteşti).
N.G.O. – Green Cross-Romania; Carol Lehman- Braşov; CPNT- Braşov; Amicii
Salvamont- Braşov; Mileniul III- Braşov, Solaris- Piteşti; România Pitorească- Piteşti,
Mountain rescue teams Zărneşti and Câmpulung.
2.5.3.
•
Current land use categories
Forests: The forest lands inside the national park are managed by forest district
as it follows: Zărneşti (2594.7 ha), Rucăr (4147.6ha), Bucegi Piatra Craiului
(818,2 ha), Păpuşa Rucăr (463ha) and Dragoslavele (19.6 ha).From the point of
view of the forest management plans, these forests are included in Functional
Group I (protection and production purpose – 92%) and Functional Group II
(production purpose – 2%), the remaining 6% are lands with purposes other than
forestry cultures. 24% of the forests are excluded from felling and 16% are
subjected only to conservation interventions. For the forest districts mentioned
above, forest management is conducted based on forest management plans
described in the following table:
No. Forest District
•
•
•
•
1
2
3
Zărneşti
Rucăr
Bucegi-Piatra Craiului
Year of management plan
designation
–
current
status
2005-Second Conference
1996
2004
4
Păpuşa –Rucăr
2004- Second Conference
5
Dragoslavele
2004- Second Conference
Planner
ICAS Braşov
ICAS Braşov
S.C. Tehnoforest S.R.L.
Braşov
S.C. Silvproiect S.R.L:
Braşov
S.C. Alfrid S.R.L.- Piteşti
Meadows: The meadows located inside the national park are managed by the
town of Zărneşti (Tămaş), Moeciu (Zănoaga, Curmătura and Vlăduşca) and
Dâmbovicioara (Pietricica, Plaiul Mare, Funduri Prelungi and Funduri), and are
grazed by livestock property of the inhabitants of the above mentioned towns and
villages, and of other villages neighbouring the national park as well.
Hay fields: The hay fields are used by the local population for the purpose of
obtaining fodder for the animals, except for the hay fields under forest district
management, which are used for additional food for wild animals.
Small individual farms
Conservation areas (ridge, gorges, inaccessible forests). The ridge area,
belonging to the county of Braşov is managed by the Zărneşti townhall, the part
belonging to the county of Argeş is managed by the Rucăr Forest District, and it
is used only for tourism purposes. The gorges are included in the forest
management plans as unproductive lands, and are also used only for tourism
Page. 49
•
purposes. The inaccessible forests are also included in the forest management
plans and develop under natural conditions.
Relations: The local population uses the hay fields.
The local population manages the hay fields
Tourism investors change the use category of the land from farms to
constructions
Tourists visit the conserved areas
Tourists visit the farms
The Townhall leases the meadows
The mountain owners exploit the meadows
The forest provides wood and job opportunities for the population
The mountain owners use the meadows within the forests abd the
protected areas’ territory outside of the law.
2.5.4.

Present conservation status
Forests: Are managed according to the forest management plans. The
functional zoning allows the conservation of forest management units located in
the conservation and buffer areas. There are areas inside the national park
(Rucăr Forest District), where the forest retrocession (Law 18/1991 and 1/200)
led to several deforested areas due to excessive exploitation by the owners.
Meadows: The present grazing survey conducted in 2000, proves the occurance
of overgrazing phenomena in all the grazing fields inside the national park, which
have a negative impact on these meadows’ biodiversity.
Hay fields: (some of them forested) and low scale farming. Traditional activities
are carried out in the hay fields, by their owners (mowing followed by grazing of a
small number of animals). Small amounts of wooden materials are being
extracted, for local household use and under the direct supervision of the forest
districts involved. No chemical fertilizers are being used, and the fertilization is
being done with organic fertilizers (manure). These hay fields are in a good
conservation status and house a rich biodiversity.
2.5.5.
Tourism and tourism facilities
The form of tourism which is most developed in the areas surrounding the
national park, is agrotourism, and it is provided both within local and national tourism
agencies, but by private individuals as well. Throughout the national park territory, the
most common tourism activities refer to hiking, climbing and camping activities.
Ecotourism activities are still at the beginning .
2.5.5.1.
Evaluation
The most useful method in getting to know the features and structure of the
tourism activities inside the national park is tourism monitoring, by means of surveys
using questionnaires. These questionnaires are filled in by tourists found inside the
national park, the data gathered in this way is then organised and interpreted leading to
a relevant image of the tourism activities and facilities in the PCNP and in the local
communities.
Page. 50
The first stage of tourism activities monitoring took place in year 2000 for the
purpose of assessing the tourism traffic both from a quantitative and qualitative point of
view.
These first results helps us to better understand the tourism phenomenon in
Piatra Craiului, but they also provide us with the market segments in need of
development.
O primă rundă de monitorizare a activităţilor turistice s-a desfăşurat în anul 2000
când s-a urmărit obţinerea aprecierii cantitative cât şi calitative a fluxului turistic în
zonă. It is obvious that the tourism monitoring process has to be carried out
permanently and that it is also a necessary instrument in preserving the fragile balance
between the main purpose of the National Park (the biodiversity conservation) and the
development of tourism activities in the area, on the other hand.
According to the above mentioned survey, each year, approximately 86.000
tourists visit the national park. As for the reasons for their visit, they are presented, in
the order of importance, as it follows: the Mountain, Nature, Escape from the city, To be
alone, To be with one’s family, To camp. Consequently, the most often reasons for the
visit are related to the uniqueness of the relief and of nature in Piatra Craiului.
The main access points inside the Park, according to this survey are: through the
Dâmbovicioara Village (47.8%), Plaiul Foii (28.9%), Botorog Fountain (10%) and
Garofiţa Pietrei Craiului (13.3%). The results are to a certain degree surprising, because
the Town of Zărneşti is most often considered the main access gatway. A possible
explanation would be that many tourists do not actually enter the national park through
the Dâmbovicioara village, but only visit the Dâmovicioara Cave. From the total amount
of tourists that visit the PCNP, 89.7% use vehicles and 10,3% of them walk.
As for the activities that the visitors plan to develop inside the PCNP, the
following are most common: relaxation and landscape (80.7%), camping (68,4%), picnic
(48,8%), climbing (44,7%), cave visits (25,1%) and mountain biking (22,1%).
From the total number of tourists about 48% are 18-29 age, 45% 30-49 and 6% are
under 18. An important aspect of the matter is the amount of time allowed for the visit:
17% of the tourists spend a day or less, 44% spend 2-3 days, 30% spend 4-7 days and
only 9% of the tourists spend more than a week inside the National Park.
Regarding the tourists’ accommodation options, 64% camp in tents (and 24% of
them do not use the designated camping sites - Plaiul Foii, Curmătura, Brusturet), 27%
spend the night in mountain chalets or in the refuges and only 9% rent rooms at the
pensions located in the local communities.
The most visited areas of the park, tourists mention the ridge area (65%), divided
into two sectors: as being their main destination, passing through this area having a
temporary character, while the areas where staying periods are longer, are the
traditional camping sites of Plaiul Foii, Brusturet and Curmătura.
Regarding the expenses during their visit, most if the tourists afford to spend only
150.000-200.000 lei/day (currency of 2002).
An important aspect of the Piatra Craiului tourism structure is the relatively low
percent of foreign tourist who visit the National Park (4%). Because of this low percent,
the assessment can be considered relevant only for the Romanian tourists.
2.5.5.2.
Facilities
According to the data obtained from the Ministry of Tourism, there are
approximately 161 authorized pensions, located in Bran, Zărneşti, Predeluţ, Moeciu,
Page. 51
Peştera, Măgura, Fundata and Şirnea. A large number of pensions are not yet
authorized or are about to receive authorizations. The pensions are ranked from one
“flower” to three “flowers” with an average of two “flowers” for the greater part, based on
the quality of the services provided. Among the national associations, the most
representative is ANTREC with a total of 93 certified pensions in the Bran, Moeciu,
Predeluţ, Şirnea area, and 30 pensions in the Rucăr area. The ranking classification
system for the Antrec pensions is similar to the official one, only instead of stars,
pensions are given “daisies”. The average category is the “two daisies” (sanitary group,
warm water, wood heating in ceramic tiled stoves). Some of the pensions are ranked
“three daisies” providing better accommodation conditions.
Taking into account the data above mentioned, it is possible to conclude that
there is a large number of accommodation facilities in the area neighbouring the Piatra
Craiului National Park. A classification of these accommodation facilities based on their
proximity to the national park, on the status of the communities for the national park, on
the comfort they provide. From the theoretical point of view, each of the accommodation
facilities may provide for the tourist, visiting the national park, since the distances to and
from the park area are relatively small: 2-5 km.
The local communities influencing in any way the national park, due to position,
activities carried out, properties inside the park area, are Măgura, Peştera, Zărneşti,
Rucăr and Dâmbovicioara. According to the data provided by the Ministry of Tourism,
the certified and authorised pensions in these villages are as following: 2 in Peştera, 4
in Măgura, 4 in Zărneşti, 30 in the Rucăr area.
About 10-20% of the pensions located in the area, provide accommodation
conditions similar to those provided in the rest of Europe.
A special category of accommodation facilities is comprised of the mountain
chalets inside the National Park or located in it’s vicinity. These chalets are located in
the northern part: Gura Râului with a capacity of 55 places, Plaiul Foii - capacity 50,
Curmătura – 55, Gura Bârsei, and in the southern part: Brusturet – capacity 40, Garofiţa
Pietrei Craiului – 20, Valea lui Ivan Chalet – capacity 10.
The camping facilities are also an important category. At the present there are
several designated semi-organised camping sites at Plaiul Foii, Curmătura and
Brusturet. The lack of necessary facilities provided by the camping sites renders these
accommodations unsuitable by the standards of a modern camping site.
In the mountain are of the National Park there are also several mountain refuges
destined for sheltering and housing the tourists for brief periods of time: Ref. Vf. Ascuţit,
Ref. Grind, Ref. Şpirlea, Ref. Funduri, Ref. Şaua Grind, Cabana Ascunsă.
Up to this day, there is no coherent information system, to provide tourists with all
necessary data upon their arrival in the areas neighbouring the National Park
(information points with guides and equipped with all the necessary materials). Also
The guide services are still at the beginning, there are few certified guides for the
mountain area, and also the information system to link the potential customers and the
tourist guides, is missing. The only organisation authorised by the Ministry of Tourism,
to certify mountain guides is “The Romania Mountain Guides Association”.
There is a Piatra Craiului National Park official web page (www.pcrai.ro)
Roads: 90% of the park’s boundaries are accessible from vehicle roads.
Trails: very dense network in the northern part, and less in the southern part.
Mountain rescue: An important role in Piatra Craiului, is played by the mountain
rescue intervention teams which ensure the immediate rescue of hurt or potentially
Page. 52
endangered tourists. There are two teams, one in the northern part and the other in the
south, functioning within the townhalls of Zărneşti and Câmpulung Muscel.
N.G.O.-s: Green Cross – Romania, Carol Lehman – Braşov, CPNT – Braşov, Amicii
Salvamont – Braşov, Solaris – Piteşti, România Pitorească – Piteşti.
Tourism associations: ANTREC, “Plaiuri Zărneştene” Tourism Association for
Promoting Youth Tourism Programmes. The “Carpathain Natural Tours” Agency has
begun guided theme trips for foreign tourists.
The tourist attractions in the area neighbouring the national park may be sorted
as it follows:
1. Cultural and historical attractions related to habits, customs, traditions and local
products
In this category, the rural tourism centres in the Bran Rucăr area, occupy an
important part and, more recently, the ecotourism in Zărneşti has been developing.
Another important part is taken by the Bran Castle located in the Bran village, about 300
m from the Piatra Craiului National Park’s boundaries. The legend of “Dracula”, related
to this castle has several positive effects (related to the presence of a large number of
foreign visitors) but also negative effects related to the creation of a bad reputation of
several species of the spontaneous fauna (wolf) and the spreading of the idea of
dangerous supernatural phenomena occurring in the area.
2. Attractions strictly related to nature
The existence in the Park’s proximity of feeding-observation points for bears,
within the territories of the Zărneşti and Rucăr forest districts, increasingly requested by
the foreign tourists who wish to observe the wildlife. Based on this, tourism programmes
may be developed.
3. Tourist resorts
At 30 km from the national park, the ecistence of the largest ski resort in
Romania, is of course important, given the fact that part of the tourists could be
attracted into visiting programmes inside the PCNP.
2.5.6.
Education and education facilities
Most of the local inhabitants are high school, elementary school or trade school
graduates.
The current tendency: the bad living conditions generates the continuous
decrease in the level of education (forms I-VII).
The teaching budgets of the schools in the area are also low, the qualified
teachers prefer the urban areas instead of these villages.
Statistical data regarding the teaching institutions is presented in the following
table.
Villages – Education Institutions
Kinder gardens
Pre-school
Enlisted children
Teachers
Elementary
Schools
Enlisted pupils
Zărneşti
Moeciu
Rucăr
7
689
37
4
3118
6
124
7
6
508
3
181
9
2
757
Dâmbovicioara
2
30
2
2
73
Page. 53
High school
Teachers
High schools
Enlisted pupils
Teachers
108
2
750
55
50
-
54
1
250
28
9
-
The town of Braşov – university academic centre – is located at 30 km from
Zărneşti.
There is a Park provided strategy regarding the education activity, with an
ecological focus, programme that is developed around a “Piatra Craiului Ecological
Education Manual”.
• This manual referring to the Piatra Craiului National Park is being taught in all the
schools of the local communities (11 elementary schools) and was also
introduced in other 25 elementary schools in Braşov and Argeş.
• The children who study the materials are included in a programme consisting of
practical and educational activities (trips, contests, camps).
• Within the public awareness activities, the most important designated target
group is formed by the children. The long-term goals of this programme are
related to the development of a responsible character and attitude towards
nature in general and the PCNP, in particular, to the children belonging to the
local communities (and not only them). On a short-term, the programme relys on
the powerful influence that the children have over their parents and over the local
communities as well.
• Among the results of the programme, obtained so far, we mention the continuous
approach towards, the increasing participation rate of children to ecologic
activities inside the National Park, the requests from School Inspectorates to
extend, as much as possible, the education programme also to areas further
from the National Park, the decrease of quantities of waste, improperly disposed
of, by the members of the local communities in the PCNP area, the improvement
of the Park’s image within the local communities.
2.5.7.
Research and research facilities
Throughout the National Park’s territory, a large number of scientific papers and
works, starting from small articles, licence papers to doctoral thesis.
In the summer of 2000 the Park’s Administration has started two collaborations in
the summer of 2000: one with the ICAS regarding the migrating corridors of the large
carnivores species and one with grassland specialists regarding the studying of grazing
effects on soil and vegetation in the forest and grazing fields.
The National Park does not benefit from research facilities at the present.
A flora and fauna monitoring activity is currently undergoing inside the National
Park, and it is being carried out by biologists, under the coordination of the Park’s
biologist. Teachers, researchers and students from institutions all over the country also
took part in this activity, as volunteers.
In the future, other studies are likely to be carried out: identifying damaged areas
(only anthropic) and designating and promoting solutions and actions for these areas
Page. 54
ecologic reconstruction; initiating a physical and geographical study on the entire Park
level, etc.
Page. 55
Chapter 3.
Assesments and threats
3.1. Physical environment and biodiversity assessments
The Piatra Craiului Massif’s uniqueness, the relief and biodiversity components,
lead to the establishment of the national park as a form of protection and preservation of
these values.
3.1.1.
Physical and geographical frame
The physical and geographical frame through its components justifies a great
deal the establishment of the Park. The limestone ridge, impressing because of its 25km length, actually being the longest limestone ridge in Romania. The massif reveals
itself as an enormous limestone erosion witness, and as a positive tectonic accident, as
well. The carstic relief, with its two elements, the endocarst and the exocarst, amplifies
the geologic and geomorphologic importance of the massif: the gorges (the Zărneşti
and Dâmbovicioarei gorges), the large number of small caves, the shafts (like the one
under the Grind Peak which is the deepest reaching underground shaft in Romania –
over 540 m – according to recent information).
The distinctive forms of the rocky relief, created through the limestone shaping by
the water, create an impressive landscape, with a great esthetical value.
The gorges’ walls and all the other exocarstic formations are usually selfpreserving, due to their position and unaccessibility.
The caves are influenced by human presence, since tourists and locals
occasionally throw waste and make fire in them.
Underground water streams are usually well protected because of their position
itself in the carstic formations, but there is still the risk of direct or indirect pollution.
3.1.2.
Biodiversity and habitats assessment
There is some information regarding the park’s biodiversity, but there are still
many gaps, which need to be filled. Several biodiversity mapping and inventory studies
are necessary, in order to identify the groups and the areas in which the biodiversity
needs special protection measures.
The representative habitats for Piatra Craiului are the alpine meadows, the
limestone screes (talus) and the cliffs, which house the largest populations of endemic
species of the massif. Most of these habitats are well preserved at the present.
The meadow preservation status, however, is worsening and, without adequate
management measures, which have started to be implemented by the park’s
administration, total degradation of vegetation rug can be reached, and, together with it,
severe soil erotion phenomena could occur.
In order insure efficient management measures, a good knowledge of the threats
to the biodiversity is required, as well as a scientific approach to the action mechanisms.
Up to the present, the forests have been well managed, and are, therefore, in a
good preservation status. The altitude limit spruce tree forests on limestone are very
Chapter 3 Assesments and threats
Pag. 56
important, and unique in Romanie. Out of the total forest area within the park, 24% are
excluded from any cutting interventions, and in 16% conservation interventions are
allowed.
The present status of the hay-fields is good. Hay-fields have been the object of
traditional mowing activities, which have been done the same way for hundreds of
years. Mowing is done on small areas, towards the end of the summer, between June
and up until august, after the fructification of the protected plant species there. This way
of “late” mowing not only allows the plants to fructify but it also insures better seed
spread throughout the hay-field as well. This way of mowing allows better development
and sustainability of several populations rich in protected flora species (Trollius
europaeus, several orchid species, etc.)
The present status of the limestone screes is good. The only threat comes from
the tourists who walk on unmarked trails, contributing this way to the moving of screes
and the destruction of the vegetation – fragile enough as it is – in these areas.
The Piatra Craiului Screes are very important for the preservation of biodiversity,
and are included as a type of habitat in Annexe 1 of The Habitats Directive of the
Council of Europe – “NATURAL HABITAT TYPES OF COMMUNITY INTEREST
WHOSE CONSERVATION REQUIRES THE DESIGNATION OF SPECIAL AREAS OF
CONSERVATION”. Also this type of habitat is mentioned in the Fourth resolution
(1996) which includes natural habitats which require special conservation measures in
category 61 “SCREES”, H2.4/P-61.24 Carpathian calcareous screes”.
The significant water streams (the Bârsas, Dâmbovita, Dâmbovicioara) are
mainly in good condition, except for the areas where domestic waste, originating from
mountain lodges and private houses, is present (Brusturet Valley, etc). However the
biodiversity is not noticeably affected by the water pollution.
The biodiversity is rich, taking into consideration the geographic position of the
massif in the temperate – continental climat area of Europe.
Piatra Craiului National Park is especially famous for its flora diversity, out of the
total of 1108 species, 200 being included on “The Red List of Superior Plant Species in
Romania” as species, which are rare, endemic, vulnerable or endangered. It is
significant to mention the 43 endemic carpathian species and two local endemisms the
most important being Dianthus callizonus, chosen as the park’s logo as well. The
vastest accumulations of endemic flora can be seen in the area of alpine meadows, that
of the screes and of the calareous cliffs. Also, the hay-fields at the bottom of the
mountain house ritch populations of protected species.
One of the species, which is important for the comunity, is the marigold –
Ligularia sibirica that is located on the Brusturet Valley.
The fauna is ritch but still insufficiently know. One can mention 35 endemic
species of invetebrates. Within the area of the park 91 species of invertebrates have
been described as new to science. Two invertebrate species are endemic for Piatra
Craiului: Nesticus constantinescui (Arahnida) and Rhagidia carpatica (Arahnida, Acari),
wich have been spotted in Prepeleac’s Big Cave and in Prepeleac’s Small Cave, both
located in the Zărneşti Gorges. These two species are of great scientific importance,
since their habitat is threatened by human influence.
Out of the 108 bird species identified up to the present, 50 can be found in the
international conventions, as being important species and thus protected. Especially
characteristic and important are the species common to the cliff areas the parc
(Trichodroma muraria, etc.). Few individuals of Aquila chrysaetos – the golden eagle,
Pag. 57
have been spotted, therefore the danger of this species’ dissappearing from the park,
due to antropization and tourism growth in the nesting areas (probable they don’t nest
here anymore, but only in Făgăraş Mountains), has to be considered.
Within the park’s borders a large number of bats has been spotted (18 species).
The bats play an important ecological role. The presence of worldwide vulnerable
species enforces the establishment of adequate measures for their protection.
Piatra Craiului houses large populations of large carnivores and herbivores,
which are in a good conservation status. But the chamoix populations (Rupicapra
rupicapra) are decreasing, fewer individuals being spotted lately.
3.1.3.
Landscape assessment
The specific Piatra Craiului National Park landscape, as resulted from the
interaction of physical, biological and anthropic factors, is, at the present, in a good
conservation status. The landscape is, however, damaged by human activity in some
areas: the abandoned limestone quarry near the Zărneşti gorges, the chaeotic building
process’ rate in the Dâmboviţei and Dâmbovicioarei Valleys, less in the Bârsei valley;
the uncontrolled domestic waste dumps.
3.2. Threats
The present area of the Piatra Craiului National Park has represented since
ancient times the source of existence and income for the local communities and,
starting with the 19th century, a touristic attraction as well. As a result, the biodiversity
has been submitted to a continuous pressure, which has been building up lately.
Without specially designed measures to reduce that pressure, it could result in the
biodiversity decrease, in the loss or decrease of endemic or otherwise important
species.
3.2.1.
Human activities - related threats
a) Overgrazing and other related activities are a major threat. Although in these
areas grazing has been an ancient activity, the meadows have been well preserved
during the years. In recent years, however, a major increase of cattle numbers has been
recorded. Studies conducted in the summer of the year 2000 have proven the fact that
meadows are grazed by 2,2 times more animals than the usual grazing capacity. This
overgrazing induces several negative effects such as the following:
•
•
•
the drastic decrease of the meadows biodiversity and the invasion of species
which are not consumed by the animals (Nardus stricta – pig’s hair);
as a result of over-sheep-penning, nitrophiliac species occur (Urtica dioica,
Rumex alpinus), soil becomes compressed and polluted by organic substances
from animal dejection, and furthermore, these substances may infiltrate the
underground water reserve;
as a result of the disappearing of comestible plant species from the meadows,
cattle enter the forests, competing with the wild animal species for food, this way
disturbing the wild fauna activity.
Pag. 58
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
the destruction of moor pine (Pinus mugo) which, in some areas, is used for fire
wood;
the large number dogs without collar-sticks, from the sheep folds, are a threat for
wild animals (especially small mammal species and chamois and roe-deer youth;
b) Tourism is also one of the threats:
Large amounts of domestic waste and even toxic waste are left by the tourists
throughout the park’s area, and constitute soil, water and aesthetic pollution
sources;
The possible increase of park’s visitors’ number may lead to the unbalance of
natural ecosystems, the erosion of tourist trails and the increase of waste
amount;
Tourist’s hiking on unmarked trails and in forbidden areas cause damage to
fragile habitats such as the calcareous screes. Also soil erosion occurs along
several tourist trails (Funduri – Crucea Granicerului, Curmatura Challet – Saua
Curmaturii, Botorog Fountain – Curmatura Challet), due to intensive use;
Picking or damaging (intentional) of several flora or fauna species;
The destruction of moor pine trees, which can be used by tourists as fire wood;
Camping and making fire outside the specially designated areas (Barsa Valley,
Dambovicioara Valley).
Waste from the tourist chalets pollutes the waters. At the present this
phenomenon is more intense around the Brusturet Chalet;
Air pollution, especially in the gorges, due to vehicles gases and dust raised by
the cars, both polluting to the flora and fauna;
Tourist circulation in unauthorised areas, noises they made disturb the wild
animals, especially during mating seasons;
Some climbing tracks wrongly positioned disturb the birds which nest in cliff
areas and also affect the flora in these areas.
c) Other threats
• Illegal buildings throughout the park’s area and even the ones located near the outer
borders, since they don’t keep the traditional architectural style, modify and render
the Piatra Craiului specific landscape inaestheic, being at the same time a pollution
source in the area;
• Existing hydrotechnic works (the Pecineagu and Satic dam) dramatically alter the
habitats’ structure due to the major reduction of Dambovita river debit and the freatic
water alteration;
• Underground water pollution.
3.2.2.
Natural threats
•
•
•
Torrential phenomena
Avalanches
Climate altering
Pag. 59
3.3. Cultural inheritance preservation assessment
One of the reasons for the first conservation actions in Piatra Craiului is the
beauty of the landscape.
The imposing, wild calcareous ridge, disrupted here and there by moor pine
populations and alpine meadows surrounded by spruce tree and mixed forests, creates a
landscape unique in Romania. The diversity of this landscape is increased by the isolated
meadows, which create openings within the forests. These clearings are occupied during
summer by sheep and cattle, in accordance with the local traditions.
A specific element for Piatra Craiului is the fact that the massif stretches over two
counties, Brasov and Arges, which used to belong to two historical regions of Romania,
Transilvania and the Romanian Land, thus being influenced throughout time in two
different manners. From this point of view, it is interesting to observe how the two
cultures developed under similar environment conditions. The isolated scattered villages
at the foot of the mountain blend within all the other natural elements, creating the
impression of freedom and open space. The extension of the natural environment in the
architectural style, the occurrence of elements like wood and stone, the shape of the
roofs, create the impression of human and natural blending into one another. An
important factor in the evolution of the living conditions in the villages neighbouring Piatra
Craiului, was the fact that it was not possible to enforce the agriculture collectivisation,
which allowed people to keep their income obtained from agriculture. Grazing was not
affected either during the communist regime. Part of these incomes can be found, these
days, in the infrastructure development of the area, which allowed the fast increase rate
of rural tourism activities.
The industrialisation in Zarnesti lead to new job opportunities and income
sources for the local community, but, in the past 10 years, due to the collapse of the local
industry, the living conditions have dropped at the same time with the increase of the
unemployment rate. The collectivisation, together with the industrialisation did not allow
the development of a proper infrastructure, suitable for tourism in the present.
The low accesibility, the land fragmentation, the harsh weather conditions, and
the harsh living conditions as well, have preserved the local customs and the traditional
natural resources exploitation activities, given also the fact that changing these habits
require financial efforts which exceed the local incomes. The small communities had to
be united in order to overcome the hard living conditions; communities’ members helping
one another lead to the preserving of local habits and way of life.
Among the local customs that can be mentioned here, are the following: the
dances with a rich repertoire, including: ardeleana, breaza, braul, polca, sarba, hora,
sapte taine (seven secrets). The cycle of the seven secrets is a random case, linked to
some beliefs in the wedding ritual. It is an endurance air dance, which the newly weds
dance enthusiastically, because it is believed to unite the boy and the girl in exacly the
same way as the dances of the Seven secrets are linked to one another, starting with the
first, until the seventh, without a pause. The family habits and the calendaristic customs,
developed during centuries, express a huge treasure of traditional values, a source of
inspiration for literature, visual and musical arts. The habit related to the birth is
performed within the family, sometimes in the presence of close friends. As for the
wedding rituals, they have developed into more somewhat urban habits lately. The
Pag. 60
funeral ceremonial sticks to the religious Christian rituals, but which differ from one region
to another. There are also winter holiday’s specific habits.
Another factor, which has contributed to the preservation of these customs, has
been the fact that for a long period of time, most of the young people left these areas and
moved to other places with easier living conditions. It is a phenomenon that has affected
mostly small, hard to reach villages. Lately, however, a decrease of this phenomenon’s
rate is noticeable, due to the lack of available jobs in the surrounding areas.
The chaotic and uncontrolled developments of the buildings, together with the
presence of people from other parts of the country in the area are also a threat.
Newcomers bought land or buildings around these parts, have larger financial
possibilities and don’t respect the local traditions and could eventually alter the customs
and the landscape developed so far from the environment and the local communities
interaction one another.
Locals need to be rendered aware of the importance of their values, and of the
interest in preserving these values and traditions, because it exactly these values and
customs that can be used to improve their way of life.
The main tourist attractions have be the local traditions and, on the other hand,
the beauty and the natural richness of the landscape. As for the income from ecotourism,
it has to remain to the local communities, in order to improve the local living conditions
but to raise the interest of preserving local customs and values, as well.
Another activity, which comes with the ecotourism, is the opportunity of selling
hand made traditional objects, for which a market opportunity opens once tourist make
their way into the area.
3.4. Natural resources and land use assessment
The main land usage categories, inside the Piatra Craiului National Park, are the
following:
• Areas suitable for agriculture, surrounding peasants houses, on which small
scale agriculture is done, private owners being the sole beneficiaries of the
respective crops;
• Hay-fields, which are used for dry fodder production. Dry fodder is used for
feeding the animals during the winter, the sole beneficiaries also being the
private owners ;
• Meadows, belonging to the communities, which are used by the locals during
summer for their own animals grazing;
• Afforested meadows and private owned forests, which belong to the
communities and private owners, in which small scale exploitation activities
are performed, in order to satisfy local wood needs, and which, at the same
time, are used as grazing areas, as well;
• Forests owned by the state, managed by the National Forest Authority –
ROMSILVA, in accordance with forest management plans’ regulations.
Income obtained from the forest exploitation activities is used by the N.F.A.
for national forest fund security, and for all the other forestry activities.
• Non-wood forest products (forest fruits, medicinal plants, moss, mushrooms,
etc.), but which are obtained in small amounts.
Pag. 61
Locals living in the areas surrounding Piatra Craiului haven’t tried to conquer
nature, to subjugate it, but instead they have blended with the natural environment on
which their lives depended upon. They have practised agriculture on a small scale,
without depleting the soil resources, and used organic fertilisers. Shepherding was linked
to the vegetation cycles and sheep-pens and sheep moving have contributed to the
conservation of the natural resources, which were only used for peoples’ private needs.
Lately however, due to the very hard living conditions, a change in local mentality has
occurred, and this mentality increases the pressure on the natural resources reserves.
The first protection action in Piatra Craiului dates back to the 28th of march 1938,
when the Ministry Council declared the area as a natural reserve, due to “the massif’s
unique character, where rare species such as Dianthus callizonus, Hesperis nivea,
Minuatia transsilvanica, Leontopodium alpinum, occur and due to the especially beautiful
landscape”. That same year an area of 440 ha was included in the natural reserve.
The forestry management of the forests throughout the park’s area, which took
into account the special ecological value and the high biodiversity in the area, was maybe
the only real protection action done in the past and it lead to the presence of important
natural forests areas here. The forest management plans applied in the past, took into
account the value of the biodiversity and included most of the stands in the first functional
group, while excepting some stands from any cutting operations. Furthermore, these
forest management plans foresaw conservation-purposed interventions, which lead to a
better biodiversity preservation.
Lately it has been recorded an increase of the number of animals in the area and
these numbers exceed the meadows grazing capabilities, which leads to the degradation
of the meadows, as well as to a negative impact on the surrounding forest and cliff areas
as well. This phenomenon occurred especially due to the lowering of the quality of life
conditions and to the increase of the unemployment rate among the local population.
These factors ultimately determined the increase of natural resources use, for obtaining
extra income or for changing local products for others, which lack in the area.
At the same time, because of the returning of forests back into the property of
former private owners, and wherever braking the forestry regulations by the private
owners occurs, an irrational exploitation of the forests is being carried out. This has the
most negative effects on the biodiversity, the soil and the landscape, all together.
Traditional activities, such as grazing, mowing and even forest exploitation, if
they are carried out rationally and don’t damage the natural environment, have to be
kept, because part of the environment has developed under their influence. The sudden
stop of these activities might induce landscape alteration and even species diversity
decrease.
Other negative impact activities are the collecting of construction materials
(stone, gravel and sand) available in the area, as well as the collecting of bush species
for use in fences.
In order to reduce the negative impacts of these activities, alternative income
generating sources have to be found, in order to lower the pressure on the natural
resources reserve. One of these alternatives is ecotourism.
Pag. 62
3.5. Tourism and relaxation potential assessment
Piatra Craiului is a major tourist attraction in Romania, and its tourist value will
probable increase in the future, both nationally and internationally as well.
Approximately 86,000 tourists visit the area each year. Out of the total number of
visitors per year 28% are locals, 68% come from various parts of the country and 3% are
foreigners.
Inside the scientific reserve tourist access is strictly supervised and is only
allowed on the marked trails.
Tourist objectives can be divided into two categories, landscape and relaxation.
Landscape: the calcareous ridge, the gorges (Zarnesti, Dambovicioara and
Dambovita gorges), the natural forests, the hay-fields (Barsa Valley), the meadows, the
villages (Pestera, Magura and Sirnea).
Relaxation: Trekking (following marked and properly maintained trails), Rock
Climbing (there are various climbing trails of different degrees of difficulty), Cave visiting,
Photography, Specialised tourism covering various fields (geology, speology, botany,
ornithology, fauna), Cross country skiing, Camping (Brusturet, Plaiul Foii, Curmatura
Chalet), Picnic (Barsa Valley, Gorges Valley, Dambovicioara Valley, Dambovita Valley),
Room rental in private houses or pensions, Holiday houses build by persons from other
parts of the country.
Assessment of existent facilities:
• public and forestry roads which allow access to the Park;
• tourist chalets and N.F.A.-ROMSILVA chalets accessible on roads or trails;
• pensions in all the villages in the Park area or in the neighbouring areas;
• usable refuges in various locations in the Park, both in the northern and the
southern areas;
• camping areas accessible by roads but by tourist trails – only as well;
• the marked tourist trails’ network is denser on the northern part of the park;
the trails are of various degrees of difficulty, rendering them suitable to all
tourist categories;
Effects of the activities:
a) Effects on the landscape:
Activity
Trips
Rock climbing
Cave visiting
Effect
Erosion, sod destruction, area disturbance, waste
on the trails, lack of information, possible
accidents, not following the marked trails
Erosion, area disturbance, waste on the tracks,
physical damage (pitons in the rock) and
destruction of the vegetation installed on cliff
edges
Waste, disturbing of the bat populations, pollution
due to light exposure, destruction and theft of lime
Direction
-
Pag. 63
Camping
Picnic
Room rental
Închirieri de camere în
gospodării şi pensiuni;
case
de
vacanţă
construite
de
persoane din afara
zonei.
Fotografierea
Turism specializat
concretions
Waste, noise, lack of restrooms leading to
pollution, soil compression
Smoke, fire hazard, waste, noise, lack of
restrooms, soil compresion
Oportunităţi
de
creare
de
infrastructură
suplimentară
Baza de impozitare se măreşte
Crearea de oportunităţi de finanţare suplimentare
Creşterea presiunii pe infrastructura existentă
(apa, electricitate, drum, lipsa canalizării
accentuează poluarea în adâncime). Apar case cu
arhitectură diferită de cea locală, tradiţională.
Sursa de venit şi creşterea conştientizării
Sursa de venit şi creşterea conştientizării
+
+
+
_
+
+
b) In the visitors-local community relation:
Effect on…
The local
population
The visitors
Effects
Direction
Income increase and, thus, increase of the tax income
Increase of the knowledge and awareness level
Loss of some customs
Improvement of living conditions
Maintaining of a greater part of the local young population
in the villages
Increase of public awareness and responsibility
Greater pressure on the existent facilities. Waste, roads,
water supply, lack of sewage will become a bigger problem
Awareness, visitors become more educated
Discovering of the local traditions
Relaxation, physical exercise
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
The tourists’ impact on the biodiversity is presented in the biodiversity status
section.
If the visitors bring dogs along, they might disturb the wild animals (affecting the
biodiversity).
Also, restricting public access to some areas may protect those areas, if the
monitoring activity reveals a major disturbance risk to the areas as a result of tourism
activities there.
PCNP has a great tourist potential, but, if developing tourism in the park is done
in a chaotic and uncontrolled manner, without taking into account the existent values,
there will be the danger that these values be permanently altered.
Pag. 64
3.6. Education and awareness assessment
The local population doesn’t have a clear image about the activities and
purposes of the Park yet, and also mistakes the Park’s objectives for other
organisations’, operating in the area, purposes (especially the ones linked to the
preservation of large carnivore’s species). One can mention the fact that the awareness
level is higher in schools and high schools from neighbouring villages; some of the
visitors have some information about the Park and it’s goals.
Area characteristics:
• There are various level schools in all the villages (high schools in Zarnesti
and Rucar). The schools are open to the idea of a partnership with the park,
either because of their material support needs, or because of the need for
ecological education there.
• There are schools showing preoccupation in this direction (No. 1 School
Zarnesti, Forestry Industrial School Rucar, No. 3 School Zarnesti, Theoretical
High school Zarnesti, Elementary school Sirnea, Elementary school Magura,
Elementary school Pestera, No. 1 School Rucar, Elementary school Podu
Dambovitei)
• There is an inevitable contact of the local communities with the Park, due to
their more or less traditional activities: raising cattle and grazing,
craftsmanship activities, etc. which may or may not affect the environment (for
instance overgrazing)
• There are N.G.O.-s which carry out educational, public awareness,
rehabilitation and marking of tourist trails activities
• The communities have a more or less limited access to the mass-media and
information (for instance Zarnesti and Magura are situated on completely
opposing positions)
• Local topography helps directing the tourists and facilitates message
transmitting
Awareness benefits:
Within the local population individuals/organisations/financing opportunities can
be identified in order for them to become the transmitters of information from and to the
Park, towards the local population, visitors, etc.
Civilised behaviour helps reduce the impact on the PCNP and on the
environment in general.
The increase of the visitors numbers. They will have to be divided into two
categories:
•
Visitors who concentrate in the more accessible areas – this allows the
development of a massive awareness process and the encouraging of the
visitors to remain in these areas, which usually have a higher awareness
level.
•
Attracting and encouraging the education of some of the children in the spirit
of environmental protection.
Children’s ecological education has a wider social educational effect upon the
family and community.
Pag. 65
The benefits of awareness are the promoting of rational resources’ use,
biodiversity protection, increase of tourist number in the area, each with more knowledge
about the area’s existent values (thus becoming actual “ambassadors” of the Park).
For the public awareness programs, the following target-groups need to be
taken into account:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Population: land owners, animal raisers, mountain masters;
Children (pupils);
Professors;
Visitors;
Local public administration;
Mass-media;
Economic agents;
Sponsors;
Non Governmental Organisations;
Regional and national organisations;
Priests religious groups.
In order to achieve the desired public awareness level, in correlation with the
above mentioned target-groups, the following key-messages must be used:
• Preservation of the landscape’s uniqueness;
• The need for biodiversity protection and conservation;
• Durable development of the area;
• Involvement of local communities into the Park’s activities;
• Transmitting the Park’s image.
As a national park, Piatra Craiului represents a diverse and rich research
opportunity. This area can sustain sociologic, scientific and conservation research
projects in all academic circles. Examples of researches recently conducted are the
monitoring of plant and animal species in the Park and the survey on tourist activity
trends in and around PCNP.
Future studies will have to include a complete, multi-seasonal inventory of the
tourists’ number. Current available data is relevant only for the summer (peak of the
season) and autumn and only for one year of study. A series of extended data during
several years will allow the Park’s Administration to track tourism trends and the impacts
(positive or negative) on the area.
Such a socio-economical survey at the level of each village is also necessary
especially in the villages of Magura and Pestera. The results from such a survey will
help the Park to implement the Small Grants Programme, which is intended to help
these two villages and others in the area. It is necessary to include in the survey the
work force occupancy, the sources and levels of income, demographic data about
family size, age based profiles, levels of natural resources use, domestic animals count,
type of products specific to the area, practised crafts, business opportunities, financing
sources (families, credits, etc.) and the level of social assistance or other ways of
involvement of governmental agencies.
Pag. 66
3.7. Present status of the Park’s management
In fulfilling it’s duties, the Piatra Craiului National Park Administration has
obtained satisfactory office equipment due to the programme financed by GEF through
the World Bank, by the Romanian Government and the N.F.A. – ROMSILVA, for a good
development of the activities. The hired personnel has a high degree of education
(university studies), is young and enthusiastic. Also, the fact that the Park’s
administration is a subsidiary of the National Forest Authority – ROMSILVA gives certain
stateliness to this administration, but certain responsibilities as well. The Park’s
Consultative and Scientific Councils are already established, fulfilling the roles of guiding
and consulting in the activities carried out. From the point of view of the financing, the
Biodiversity Conservation Management Project, financed from the sources above
mentioned, has been covering up to the present the administration’s necessities. For the
future, however, part of the expenses will have to be taken care of by self-sustained
financing means, and by finding alternative financing sources as well.
The administration’s activity needs to be improved especially in the southern side
of the Park, where, because of the lack of transportation in the past and of the distances,
activity has been somewhat slow. At the same time, due to the fact that these activities
are new in Romania, the personnel needs to keep developing the necessary capabilities
in order to successfully carry out the specific activities to the end. As for the field
personnel, the lack of employees to deal with the problems specific to the Park, is
noticeable. They are the ones who should cover the alpine area and the camping areas
and should offer guide-type services for the visitors. The Park’s purposes and actions
need to be materialised as soon as possible into a Management Plan that has to be
approved and legalised, together with the functioning rules, and it needs to be enforced
in an area with precise borders approved by the law. Furthermore the promoting of these
actions has to be carried out simultaneously with the promoting of the Park’s image.
The Administration benefits from several surveys conducted, in the past, in Piatra
Craiului, by researchers in various fields, but the available information needs to be
organised in such a manner that it can be used with the maximum of efficiency. A
significant area of the Park’s forests has been and still is strictly protected through the
forest management plans. As for the rest of the forests, they are well managed together
with the promoting, on a large scale, of the natural regeneration. Inside the Park,
especially in the alpine area, there are extremely hard to reach areas, which have
remained intact exactly because of the low accessibility. But the fact remains that Piatra
Craiului has a tremendous tourist potential, which may and must be exploited in a
durable manner, in the benefit of all parties involved. Aside from the existent
infrastructure (tourist trails, refuges, chalets, etc.) there is also the infrastructure
belonging to the N.F.A. (especially forestry roads and chalets), and also the future
infrastructure which is planned to be implemented through the Biodiversity Conservation
Management Project in Romania (visitors’ centres, information points, refuges, camping
sites). All will contribute to the future improvement of the conditions offered to the tourists
who wish to visit the massif. The Administration also benefits from help from environment
concerned Non Governmental Organisations, from autonomous State environmental
institutions and also from the local and county authorities.
Pag. 67
However, all the actions carried out in the Park by various organisations need to
be better co-ordinated and the fact that Piatra Craiului National Park stretches over two
counties (Brasov and Arges), doesn’t make the activity planning any easier.
Forest retrieval by the former private owners inside the Park creates the danger
of degradation, unless these forests are managed in conformity with forestry regulations.
Through the establishment of the Park’s Administration, and through it’s image
promoting, especially in the international community, there is hope, in the future, that
the benefits obtained from ecotourism lead to an improvement of the economical
situation of the local population, to the preservation of local traditions and customs, and
also to the maintenance of a durable level of natural reserves exploitation.
Pag. 68
Chapter 4 ACTIONS
Theme:
OBJECTIVE
PRIORITY
ACTIONS
A. BIODIVERSITY AND LANDSCAPE
Keeping intact all the populations, habitats, geomorphologic-geologic elements and characteristic features af
the natural and antropic landscapes
DEADLINES/
Half a year; Activity of priority
Implementation
Notes
TARGET
PRIORITY 1
parteners
Is assigned to actions which MUST be carried out during the
implementation period of the Management Plan; there are no excuses
for failure
PRIORITY 2
Actions which SHOULD be carried out to the end. There is a certain
amount of tolerance, but there has to be a serious reason for not
fulfilling them.
PRIORITY 3
The actions which will be finalized if there is time and/or resources left
after completing actions 1 and 2
Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5
H1 H2 H1 H2 H1 H2 H1 H2 H1 H2
A1. Fauna and flora inventory and maps of
the rare, endemic and vulnerable habitats
and species
Establishing the Red List for Piatra Craiului
N.P. and identifying the ritch biodiversity
areas.
Chapter 4 ACTIONS
Species
and
habitats listed.
Maps and the
red
list
completed.
1
Research institutes,
universities,
professional
associations,
specialized
volunteers.
Page. 69
1
2
A2. Creating GIS maps, periodically
updated, which will reveal the location and
conservation status of the main types of
habitats in the park, with a focus on:
calcareous screes, moor tree stands,
meadows and hay-fields, cliffs, streams
and Alnus sp. corridors, and also on the
five areas proposed as Nature 2000 Sites.
A3.Establishing the biodiversity monitoring
system, based upon biological indicators
and carrying out a continuous monitoring
activity of the park’s status based upon the
respective indicators, followed by the
design of the management decitions in
accordance with the monitoring results.
A4. Design and enforcement of special
protection measures whenever and
wherever necessary.
GIS Maps
1
Biodiversity
monitoring plan
and monitoring
activities
carried out
1
Species
and
habitats
preserved
1
A5. Identifying and mapping the areals and
refuge areas of the european, national and
local interest species (including large
herbivores and carnivores), and, wherever
the case mey be, protecting vulnerable
nesting areas of the important bird
species.
Hărţi GIS şi
zone de refugiu
şi
cuibărit
menţinute.
2
A6.Identifying screes areas affected by
tourism.
Screes map +
affected areas
map,
1
universities,
professional
associations,
specialized
volunteers.
Volunteers,
specialsts, NGO 1,
Mountain Rescue,
EPA 2
NGO- Non Governemtal Organisations
EPA- Environment Protection Agency
Chapter 4 ACTIONS
Page. 70
A7. Ufitted Caves’ flora and fauna
protection through limitation – nonpromovation of tourists’ access, together
with forbidding fire making in caves and
waste dumping.
Clean
caves,
limited access
and preserved
species.
2
ONG
A8. Improving visitors facilities of the
Dambovicioara and Ursilor caves in
accordance with the speologic formationts
and cave fauna protection regulations.
A9.
Carrying out a survey regarding
underground water circulation, and, should
the case be, eliminating pollution sources.
Facilities
created.
3
Local Adiministration,
NGO, Schools
Survey
completed and
local authorities
infromed.
Trails rebuilt
2
Specialists in this
area of expertise
2
Mountain rescue,
NGO, tourists,
volunteers.
Trails map and
analysis
3
Specialists, Mountain
rescue
Unpolluted
waters.
2
Envronment Guard
Romanian Water
Authority, LA 3
universities,
professional
associations,
specialized
volunteers.
A10.
Identifying,
mapping
and
reconstructing erosion affected habitats
along hiking trails, especially inside the
Nature 2000 Sites.
A11. Identifying, mapping and assessing
climbing trails and closing the ones
affecting important habitats and species,
especially those included in the Nature
2000 Sites.
A12. Eliminating the sources ofpollution of
the water streams (waste dumping, sheeppens, farms, houses)
A13. Carrying out inventory and mapping
activities for the european interest species
and habitats, followed by the development
of specific management decisions and
biodiversity monitoring protocoles, for each
of the 5 Nature 2000 submitted sites and
including them in the Park’s Management
Plan
3
Management
decisions
LA- Local Administrations
Chapter 4 ACTIONS
Page. 71
4
A14. Including the large carnivores
migration corridors between Bucegi and
Piatra
Craiului,
in
the
territory
management plans.
A15. Including biodiversity preservation
and landscape consrvation concepts in the
urban plans.
A16 Creating the electronic database of
the park’s biodiversity
Urban
plans
which include
the corridors
2
EPA, CC 4, LA
Adequate
urban plans
2
EPA, CC, LA
Database
1
A17. Inventory and mapping of the
morphologic, geologic and speologic
objectives.
GIS Maps
2
A18. Inventory and mapping of the
damaged areas which need ecologic
recoonstrucion and carrying out the
necessary adequate interventions
Maps
2
universities,
professional
associations,
specialized
volunteers.
universities,
professional
associations,
specialized
volunteers.
universities,
professional
associations,
specialized
volunteers.
CC- County Councils
Chapter 4 ACTIONS
Page. 72
B. TRADITIONS PRESERVATION
OBJECTIVE
Public awareness regarding the ritchness of traditions and cultural heritage, encouraging the development of skills and
knowledge associated with them.
DEADLINES/
Implementation Notes
TARGET
PRIORITY 1
parteners
ACTIONS
PRIORITY
THEME:
Is assigned to actions which MUST be carried out during the implementation period of the Management Plan; there are
no excuses for failure
PRIORITY 2
Actions which SHOULD be carried out to the end. There is a certain amount of tolerance, but there has to be a serious
reason for not fulfilling them.
PRIORITY 3
The actions which will be finalized if there is time and/or resources left after completing actions 1 and 2
Year 1
H1
H2
B1.
Organising
and
promoting local cultural
events.
B2. Developing marketing
locations
for
local
traditional products.
B3.Developiong
ethnographic studies in
the
area,
by
the
Ethnographic
Museum,
architecture students.
B4. Promoting the nonpayment of taxes by
owners of land inside the
park.
B5.Integrating
local
communities’ values along
with the natural ones, in
the
the
tourism
promovation strategy.
Chapter 4 ACTIONS
Year 2
H1
H2
Year 3
H1
H2
Year 4
H1
H2
Year 5
H1
H2
Participation to
expopastoralis
day.
Visitors
Centres,
information
points, events
Surveys
3
Legislation
2
Brasov
Ethnographic
Museum,
architecture
students
EPA. Ministries
Tourism
promovation
strategy
2
Communities
3
3
3
3
NGO, LA,
Local people
3
2
Page. 73
B6.
Encouraging
the
preservation of the local
architecture in partnership
with the local and county
urban planning commities
B.7 Investigating the
fezability of development
of certain agriculture and
environment plans for the
purpose of preserving the
local traditions.
B.8 Encouraging the local
communities to develop
economic activities which
will decrease the negative
pressure on the PCNP.
Chapter 4 ACTIONS
Establishing a
portfolio and a
set of rules
regarding
buildings
regime
and
their approval
by the local
urcan planning
commities and
by the local
councils.
Pilot project
2
Local people,
LA, CC,
Mayors Offices
2
Mayors Offices,
CC, Local
people
Support in the
development
of
partnerships,
projects.
2
Mayors Offices,
CC, Local
people, NGO,
County
Authorities
Page. 74
C. LAND AND NATURAL RESOURCES USE
OBJECTIVE
Preserving and promovating rational resource exploitation activities in specially designed areas and
decreasing up to their elimination of the irational ones.
DEADLINES/
Implement. Notes
TARGET
PRIORITY 1
parteners
ACTIONS
PRIORITY
THEME:
Is assigned to actions which MUST be carried out during the implementation period of the
Management Plan; there are no excuses for failure
PRIORITY 2
Actions which SHOULD be carried out to the end. There is a certain amount of tolerance,
but there has to be a serious reason for not fulfilling them.
PRIORITY 3
The actions which will be finalized if there is time and/or resources left after completing
actions 1 and 2
An 1
H1
H2
C1. Monitoring the evolution of the
production, qualitiy, biodiversity and
degradation af the mountain meadows.
C2. Monitoring the development of the
task books for the meadows auctions.
Indirect assistance (sheep-pens gates,
electified fences).
C3. Corelating the forestry management
plans to the park’s borders, internal
zoning and management plan rules and
regulations
5
6
Yearly report,
dissappearing of negative
effects of overgrazing and
over-sheep-penning.
Task books include the
former
mentioned
regulations.
Sheep-pens
are rotated and are not
located near waters.
Dissappearing of negative
effects of overgrazing.
Forestry management
plans adjusted.
An 2
H1
H2
An 3
H1
H2
An Y5
H1
H2
1
Mayors
Office,
EPA
2
EPA, LA
1
FD 5;
FRMI 6,
MAFRD 7,
NMC 8,
APM
FD- Forest DIstricts
FRMI- Forest Research and Management Institute
Chapter 4 ACTIONS
An 4
H1
H2
Page. 75
FHRTI 9,
EPA,
SHFCA 10,
FD
NGO
C4. Participating to the hunt populations
assessment, in the park area.
Number of
evaluations
completed together with the
hunting ground manager.
1
C5. Monitoring the areas used as hayfields.
Constant hay-field areas
throughout the park, from
one year to another.
3
C6. Local people awareness about the
importance and value of natural
products, as a result of a biological
agriculture.
C7. Assessing the non-wood forest
products and oher resources (rock,
sand, gravel, mineral waters, etc.) and
establishing exploitation rules (rock,
sand, gravel, mineral waters, etc.)
and/or collection rules (medicinal plants,
trout, mushrooms, frogs, snails, moss,
humus, etc.)
Number of locals rendered
aware.
3
Schools,
NGO, LA
Identified resources list
established.
Assessment surveys and
possible extraction
percentages.
Activity regulated
2
C8. Regulating the collecting of
products mentioned in section C7 and
checking rules obediance in the field.
Stoppnig of illegal collecting
of local products,
2
Speciaized
volunteers,
NMC,
specialized
institutes,
Voluntari
specializaţi, CMN,
institute
specializate, ANRM 11
EPA,
MRNA
7
MAFRD- Ministry of Agriculture, Forests and Rural Development
NMC- Nature Monuments Comittee
9
FHRTI- Forest and Hunting Regime Teritorrial Inspectorate
10
SHFCA- Sport Hunters and Fishermen County Association
11
MRNA- Miineral Resources National Agency
8
Chapter 4 ACTIONS
Page. 76
C9. Informing about waste colecting and
recycling methods
C10. Enforcement the obediance of
servitude debits at the Satic Dam;
forbiddingthe
building
of
other
hidrotechnic facilities.
C11. Establishing meteoric water
reservoirs in the ridge area, for fire
extinguishing
12
Informed locals
2
NGO, EPA
Servitude debit insured at
the Satic Dam. No other
hidrotechnic facilities are
built
Rezervoare amplasate
1
EPA,
WAAV 12
2
Mountain
rescue,
specialized
institutes.
WAAV- Waters Authority“Argeş- Vedea”
Chapter 4 ACTIONS
Page. 77
D. TOURISM AND RELAXATION
OBJECTIV E
Creating opportunities for a civilized tourism for the purpose of limiting the impact on the environment
DEADLINES/
Implementation
Notes
TARGET
PRIORITY 1
parteners
ACTIONS
PRIORITY
THEME:
Is assigned to actions which MUST be carried out during the implementation
period of the Management Plan; there are no excuses for failure
PRIORITY 2
Actions which SHOULD be carried out to the end. There is a certain amount of
tolerance, but there has to be a serious reason for not fulfilling them.
PRIORITY 3
The actions which will be finalized if there is time and/or resources left after
completing actions 1 and 2
Year 1
H1 H2
Year 2
H H2
1
Year 3
H1 H2
Year 4
H1 H2
Year 5
H1 H2
D1.Directing tourists access
in the park in accordance
with the preservation goals
and
lowering
accident
hazard.
D2.Marking tourist trails in
the fiels, in accordance with
the new internal tourist
zoning
Map with adjustments
of hiking trails
network, park
regulation.
1
Mountain rescue,
NGO,
challet
managers.
Properly
marked
trails,
fewer
accidents,
preservation status.
1
Mountain rescue,
NGO, voulnteers
D3. Cleaning actions for the
purpose of reducing the
negativ impact of tourism on
the environment.
Fewer waste,
partnerships with
schools, NGOs, local
involved communities
2
Waste
NGO, volunteers,
disposal
communities,
companies
schools, LA
D4.
Insuring
the
infrastructure suitable for
tourism
(visitors
centres,information points,
trails, shelters).
Visitors centre and
information points,
marked trails,
shelters.
1
Volunteers, NGO,
mountaing rescue
Chapter 4 ACTIONS
Page. 78
D5. Designating and fitting
the camping sites, parking
lots
D6. Fitting and repairing
mountain shelters.
Camping sites,
parking lots
2
LA, NGO, land
owners, EPA,
Shelters
2
D7. Establishing educational
trails
Trails
3
D8. Assigning, to the local
mountain rescue teams, the
organising and surveillance
of tourism-climbing activities.
D9. Organising a specialized
type of tourism, in various
fields (bird watching, botany,
forestry, geology, etc.)
Periodical information
exchange
3
NGO, volunteers,
mountain rescue,
companies, EPA
Mountain rescue,
NGO, volunteers
Mountain rescue
Organized
specialized tourism
2
D10. Selling or renting, at
the visitors centre and at the
information points, of
tourism-related equipment
and materials.
D11. Informing the local
communities about the
opportunity of developing
transportation and
accomodation facilities, and
other products.
D12. The park’s personnel
will coordinate the tourism
activities, promoting the
ones with minimum impact
and providing necessary
information for the tourists.
D13. Developing the park’s
tourism
strategy
and
implementing it.
Income
3
New tourism
products.
2
NGO,
communities,
companies
Rangers activity
reports.
2
Salvamont, ONG,
voluntari
Strategy fulfilled
2
Chapter 4 ACTIONS
Mountain rescue,
NGO, tourism
sewrvices
providers
Volunteers, NGO,
communities
Page. 79
D14. Rerouting, if possible,
the tourist trails located in
the sensible scree ares, or
warning about the area’s
sesibility.
D15.
Studying
the
introducing of the park’s
entrance fee.
D16. Monitoring tourism
activities
Veered trails and/or
warnings.
2
Survey
3
NGO, Volunteers,
MAPAM
Processed data,
maps
2
Mountain rescue,
NGO, voulnteers
D17. Bulding bird watching
towers in high density areas.
Built observatories
2
NGO, volunteers
Chapter 4 ACTIONS
Page. 80
THEME:
OBIJECTIVE
PRIORITY
ACTIONS
E. EDUCATION AND AWARENESS
- Informing the public opinion and changing the tourists’ attittude and conduct, through awareness.
- Improving the local communities and decisive factors, attittude towards the park’s values, by means
of informind, awareness and consultment.
DEADLINES/
Implementation Notes
TARGET
PRIORITY 1
parteners
implementation period of the Management Plan; there are no excuses for
failure
PRIORITY 2
fulfilling them.
PRIORITY 3
Year 1
Year 2
Year 3
Year 4
Year 5
H1 H2 H1 H2 H1 H2 H1 H2 H1 H2
E1. Building and fitting the visitors centres
and information points.
Visitors centres,
information points.
1
E2. Installing information and educational
pannels in the field, and maintenance.
Developing
an
awareness/education
strategy,
Pannels, information
1
E3. Editing educational and informing
materials,
Leaflets, flyers, maps,
postcards,
posters,
etc.
1
Chapter 4 ACTIONS
Museum,
Interior design
companies
NGO,
Volunteers,
Mountain rescue
NGO,
Companies
Page. 81
E4. Developing an educational program in
schools
Teaching materials,
ecologic clubs, camps
1
NGO,
Volunteers
Schools,
School
Inspectorate
E5. Editting a periodical news bulletin and
a scientific magazine.
News bulletin
2
NGO, Research
scientist
E6. Designing and updating the park’s
webpage.
E7. Actions which give the people the
opportunity to take part to the park’s
activities:cleaning, planting, etc.
E8. Work meetings with the local public
administrations for information exchange
Întâlniri de lucru cu administraţii-le
publice locale pentru informări reciproce
E9. Promoting the park’s image by
participating at national and international
events, mass–media.
E10 Colaborations with NGOs, Mountain
rescue and the Mountain Guides
Association.
E11. Organising events like the Park’s
Day and other activities dedicated to the
park.
Webpage traffic
1
Progams with NGOs,
Schools
2
Schools, NGO,
volunteers, FD
Mayors offices, local
councils
1
Media,
LA
Number of articles,
coverages,
information materials.
Public
awareness
programs
2
Mass
NGO
3
NGO, Mountain
rescue
Events,
public
participation to these
events,
comments
and
suggestions
notebooks.
3
E12. Meeting and establishing relations
with the local communities, the scientific
community, for the purpose of promoting
the park’s image.
Work meetings, ``
2
Local
communities,
Local
and
County
Authorities,
EPA
Communities,
Liders,
NGO,
Scientific
Council
Chapter 4 ACTIONS
Page. 82
NGO,
media,
E13. Monitoring the impact of the public
awareness process
Qustionnaires,
waste dumping
E14. Presenting the former limestone
quarry near the Zarnesti River as a
negative example of natural resources
exploitation.
E15 Informing the tourists and shepherds
about the importance of juniper trees
(indicators, pannels, etc.).
Promotion actions
3
Pannels installed on
trails
2
E16. Installing information pannels for
climbing tracks and on the trails affecting
the screes.
E17. Designing and fulfilling informational
actions and materials related to the
Nature 2000 network.
Design and installing
of pannels
2
Chapter 4 ACTIONS
less
3
NGO,
volunteers,
mountain
rescue
NGO
Volunteers,
specialists,
NGO, Mountain
rescue, EPA
Volunteers,
NGO
Concepere şi tipărire
materiale
Page. 83
F. PARK MANAGEMENT
OBJECTIVE
-Managing the park will insure the financial and physical human resources required for achieving the
management plan’s goals, providing, at the same time, local, national and international reconaissance.
- The park’s borders and internal zoning will be established and enforced in accordance with the law.
DEADLINES/
Implementation
Notes
TARGET
PRIORITY 1
parteners
ACTIONS
PRIORITY
THEME:
implementation period of the Management Plan; there are no excuses
for failure
PRIORITY 2
fulfilling them.
PRIORITY 3
Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5
H1 H2 H1 H2 H1 H2 H1 H2 H1 H2
F1. Adjusting the park’s
administration
organization
chart to the necessities of
fullfiliing out the management
plan.
F2. Finding self financing
sources and attracting new
financial sources
F3. Creating the infrastructure
Adjusted organizing
chart, 6 filed agents
hired
1
NFA 13,CFA 14,
MAPM
Income
1
EU 15, GEF 16, NGO,
MAPAM, Embassies
Visitors centres,
information points,
sheltersm, trails,
other endowments
1
NGO, Mountain
rescue, LA,
Communities
13
NFA- National Forest Authority
CFA- County Forest Authorities
15
EU- European Union
16
GEF- Global Environment Fund
14
Pag. 85
F4.
Maintaining
existent
partnerships and informing
and/or attracting NGOs, local
authorities, mass-media, etc.
for the purpose of fulfillingthe
park’s management plan.
F5. Communicating the park’s
borders and internal zoning to
the Town Planning
and
Territory
Management
Commitees of the City
Councils
of
Arges
and
Brasov.
F6. Marking in the field the
borders
and
their
maintenance.
F7. Organising the Scientific
and Consultative Councils
meeting twice a year and
keeping in touch with the
Scientific Council members.
F8. Improving the park’s
personnel training and skill
levels.
F9.
Developing
and
implementing
yearly task
schedules, based upon the
management plan.
F10 Developing the park’s
functioning regulation.
Involved
NGOs,
media coverages and
informed authorities
(involved)
2
NGO, LA, CA, EPA,
media
Borders and internal
zoning
map
forwarded
to
the
specialized offices
1
EPA, CC, LC
Boundaries
marks,
information pannels
1
FD, ICAS, NGO
Organised meetings
1
FD, ICAS, NGO
Professional team
2
Task schedules
1
Regulation developed
1
Pag. 86
Chapter 5 The Piatra Craiului National Park organisation and
functioning rules
Section I
ESTABLISHMENT, PURPOSE, BORDERS, INTERNAL ZONING AND
MANAGEMENT OF THE PIATRA CRAIULUI NATIONAL PARK
Art. 1.
(1) The Piatra Craiului National Park (PCNP), established by Ord. 7/1990 of the Water,
Forests and Environment Protection Ministry, referring to the establishment of national
parks in Romania, and confirmed by the Law 5/2000 regarding the national territory
management plan, Section III – Protected Areas, is a protected area of national
interest.
(2) The term naming the Piatra Craiului National Park’s Administration, throughout the
text of this document, is PCNPA.
(3) The term naming the Piatra Craiului National Park, throughout the text of the
present rules, is PCNP.
Art. 2.
(1) Piatra Craiului National Park is included in the natinonal parks category, designed
for the purpose of protecting and preserving representative samples for the national
biogeografic area, including natural elements of special physical – geographical, flora,
fauna, hidrological, geological, paleontological or any other nature values, providing
scientific, educational, relaxing and tourist purposes visiting opportunities.
(2) PCNP is correspondent to the II IUCN category – “National park: protected area
mainly managed for the purpose of ecosystem protecting and relaxation”.
Art. 3.
The Piatra Craiului National Park’s borders, according to the area approved by the Law
5/2000, are the ones approved by Government Decision no. 230 of the 4th of March
2003. The total area of the Park is 14.773 ha.
Art. 4.
(1) The internal zoning of the Piatra Craiului National Park is the one approved by
Order of the Agriculture, Forests, Waters and Environment Ministry no. 552 of 26th of
August 2003, including the following modifications:
Pag. 87

The following elementary forest management areas are included in the special
protection area: 188E (Production Unit III Cascoe), 27 (P.U. VI Barsa Groset),
51A and 51B (P.U. V Fata Pietrei Craiului);
The following elementary forest management areas are excluded from the
special protection area: 132 (P.U. III Cascoe), 180B, C, D (P.U. VIII Ghimbavului
Gorges);
o Special Protection Area: 4879 ha out of which the scientific reserve 683ha;
o National Park Area: 9894 ha;
Art. 5. The Piatra Craiului National Park management’s responsibility is entirely the job
of the Piatra Craiului National Park’s Administration (PCNPA), a subsidiary of the
Brasov County Forest Authority – part of the National Forest Authority “Romsilva”,
established by Government Decision 160/2004. PCNPA insures the coordination of all
activities carried out in the area, for the purpose of biological conservation and
rational use of the natural reserves, according to the Park’s management plan and it’s
internal zoning. The present management plan and functioning rules, established
based upon Government Decision 236/2000 of the 24th of November 2000 –
regarding the natural protected areas’ status, are approved by the Romanian
Academy and approved by the central environment protection authority.
Art. 6. APNPC activities regarding biodiversity protection are approved and coordinated
by the Scientific Council of the Piatra Craiului National Park.
Art. 7. The participation of interested parties to the Park’s management in insured
through the Consulting Council, which has the consultancy role in the planning and
carrying out of activities regarding PCNP management.
Section II
ALLOWED ACTIVITIES INSIDE PCNP AND RISPONISBILITIES REGARDING THE
DEVELOPMENT OF THESE ACTIVITIES
Forestry, hunting and fishing
Art. 8. Forestry
(1)
a) On the territories belonging to the national forest area, included in the Piatra
Craiului National Park, there will be carried out only the activities foreseen in
the forestry management plans (both for the state-owned forests and for the
private-owned forests as well), in accordance with the available rules regarding
Pag. 88
the Piatra Craiului National Park’s internal zoning and the forests’ functions
zoning.
b) Outside the special conservation area the following forestry activities may be
carried out:
1. Young stands care and management interventions;
2. Hygiene felling within a maximum volume of 1 m3/year/ha;
3. Highly intensive treatments, which promote the natural regeneration of
stands.
c) On the territories sustaining forestry vegetation outside the national forest area,
only the activities foreseen in the management-conversion plans may be
carried out.
(2) Forestry management plans and also forestry management summarized studies,
both for the national and for the private forest areas inside the PCNP, may not be
approved until the agreement of the Scientific Council of the Park, for the purpose of
respecting the Park’s Management Plan. The habilitated authority for the approval of
management plans and summarized management studies, invites an PCNPA’s
representative to all management meetings and approval comities.
(3) PCNPA approves the carrying out in the field of the type, intensity and volume of
treatments/cuts inside the national forest area and in the forestry vegetation outside the
national forest area within the PCNP area. In case of illegal or incorrect activities within
the national forest area, the private forest area or within the forestry vegetation outside
the national forest area, the following institutions will be notified: the Brasov and Pitesti
County Forestry Authorities, the Protected Areas Service within the National Forest
Authority – Romsilva and the Territorial Forestry and Hunting regime Authorities. For
this purpose, the forest management authorities must forward the following documents
to the PCNPA for their approval: the cutting plan inside PCNP before the beginning of
the new forestry year and the exploitation authorizations before the start of the
exploitation interventions.
(4) The national forest area / forestry vegetation management authorities within the
PCNP area, must forward to the PCNPA, each year the status of the forest
management plans undergoing in each of these territories.
Art. 9. Hunting
(1) The hunting ground manager, together with the PCNPA, carries out hunt species
evaluation actions and results interpretation. The hunting ground manager must notify a
week ealier PCNPA about the intent of organizing the activities mentioned above, the
specific date of the evaluation being then established by mutual agreement.
(2) Within the PCNP borders, hunting activities will be carried out in accordance with
the available legislation, obeying the hunting restrictions regulations.
Pag. 89
(3) In case of special situations (damage induced by the hunt), PCNPA may solicit
derogations in accordance with the available legislation
Art. 10. Fishing
(1) Fishing is allowed inside the PCNP in accordance with the available legislation.
(2) At PCNPA’s specific request, absolute protection areas may be build, where fishing
can be forbidden, for the purpose of preserving the ecosystems that monitoring studies
reveal to be endangered.
Art. 11. Should critical phenomena occur (fires, naural calamities), the habilitated
institutions entervene, for the purpose of eliminating or containing the effects of such
phenomena, in accordance with the Ministry Order 552/26.08.2003, with the
obligation of notifying the PCNPA as soon as possible.
Grazing and mowing
Art. 12. Meadows and hay-fields inside the PCNP exploitation is the owners
responsibility (private persons, owners’ associations or communities).
Art. 13.
(1) Within the PCNP area, domestic animals access belonging to comunities,
associations, companies or idividuals owners, located elsewhere than in Zarnesti,
Măgura, Peştera, Şirnea, Rucăr, Sătic, Dâmbovicioara, Ciocanu, Podu Dâmboviţei
and Dragoslavele villages, is strictly forbidden
(2) The Scientific Council of PCNP involves in the approval of silvopastoral studies
carried out whithin the PCNP area.
(3) The number of domestic animals by species and categories, grazing the meadows
must be obeyed. This number is foreseen in the silvopastural studies for each
meadow. Also, the optimum season for grazing must be obeyed (end of April until the
end of October).
Art. 14. Grazing is done in accordance with the following rules:
(a) The Forestry Code and the Law 31/2000 regarding the settlement and the
enforcement of forestry contraventions regulate domestic animals grazing
activities, inside the PCNP forest area;
(b) On the meadows located inside the PCNP, domestic animals grazing activity is
carried out in accordance with the silvopastural plans and the grazing studies.
Meadows legal owners notify the PCNPA about the contents of tasks books
regarding meadows renting contrancts. PCNPA is authorized to check in the
field the number of the animals grazing the meadows in order to insure that it
Pag. 90
does not exceed the meadows capacity, which is foreseen in the studies above
mentioned;
(c) The primary meadows, located above the natural altitude boundries of the forest,
are excluded from grazing activities. This border is described in section 2.6.1,
and also in the map at the end of this management plan. This border will be
marked in the field with the symbol of a yellow square with white edges;
(d) The establishment of sheep-folds and shepherds shelters, in accordance with
the mountain traditions and well fitted into the landscape, is only allowed with
PCNPA approval;
(e) Locating sheep-pens closer than 50 m from water streams is strictly forbidden
(f) The intensity of time of sheep-penning is: 2-3 nights for 1 sheep/ m2 or 1 cow/6
m2 on grass meadows and 4-6 nights for Nardus stricta meadows;
(g) The number of dogs allowed is settled in accordance with the available
lefislation (Law 103/1996 republished, Government Decision 748/2002, etc.).
The dogs will wear collar-sticks. For each dog the vaccination certificate must be
available at any time.
(h) The passing through the forest area and to the water is done in accordance with
the agreements with the managers/owners of the forests.
(i) Hay-fields mowing must be carried out at the optimum time (graminaceae and
perennial leguminous species flowering).
Art. 15. PCNP periodically initiates surveys for determining the meadows capacity for
grazing. The results of the studies are then communicated to the owners in order to
properly regulate the grazing activities.
Other resources use
Art. 16.
(1) Collecting of wild flora and fauna resources for comercial purposes is allowed only
for the common species, in accordance with the studies approved by the Scientific
Council and with the approval of PCNPA – in accordance with the Order 647/2001.
(2) Collecting of flora and fauna species is only allowed for scientific purposes and
only with the written approval of PCNPA and in accordance with the restrictions
foreseen in Art. 22 parapraph (2) (except for the common medicinal plant species).
Art. 17. Unauthorized capturing of any wild fauna species inside the Piatra Craiului
National Park is strictly forbidde. It is also forbidden to destroy animal lairs, bird nests
or to collect their egs from any PCNP areas.
Art. 18. Humus and soil collecting is forbidden in the PCNP area, except for the areas
within the build-up area.
Pag. 91
Art. 19. Extracting mineral resources and water colleting for comercial or industrial
purposes are forbidden throughout the entire are of the PCNP.
Buildings
Art. 20. The following buildings are located at the present inside the Piatra Craiului
National Park, outside the build-up area:
a. Curmătura Chalet – private property;
b. Brusturet Chalet – private property;
c. The refuges at: Vf. Ascuţit (C. Lehman refuge), Şaua Funduri, Şpirlea, Şaua
Grind, Diana, Cabana Ascunsă, Grind refuge – property of PCNPA;
d. The refuges at: Curmătura, Prăpăstii – property of the town of Zarnesti;
e. Garofiţa Pietrei Craiului Chalet – private property;
f. Valea lui Ivan Chalet şi Brusturet Forestry Building – property of N.F.A.Romsilva;
g. Pietricica – private property;
h. Zorele – private property.
Art. 21.
(1) Within the PCNP borders, outside the build-up area, either pemanent or temporary
constructions may be built only after obtaining all of the following approvals: the
County Council in which area the specific target land is located, the Sceintific Council
of PCNP, the Romanian Academy (Nature Monuments Committee), the Environment
Division within the central authority responsible for the environment.
(2) PCNPA has the obligation of notifying the proper authorities in case of new
construction sites appearing in the area, in order to clarify their legal status.
(3) Inside the PCNP, within the build-up area, the buildings will relate to the local
archtectural traditions, by means of using traditional building materials and design
elements inspired from the local tradition, in accordance with the portfolio available at
the PCNPA.
(4) Modifications to the existent town-planning, will be accompanied by impact surveys
focusing on PCNP.
(5) Modifications to the town-planning for areas inside the PCNP will be made based
upon the environment studies and approved by the Scientific Coucil, the Romanian
Academy Nature Monuments Committee) and the Environment Division within the
central authority responsible for the environment.
Scientific research
Art. 22.
Pag. 92
(1) Scientific research in PCNP for the purpose of preserving the flora, fauna, geology,
geomorphology, speology and landscape assets is highly promoted by PCNPA.
(2) Sample collecting for scientific research, analisys or educational purposes is done
in accordance with the agreements settled with the PCNPA.
(3) Scientific research activities in the PCNP are carried out with the approval of the
PCNPA, which also supports them, financially and ligistically, the within its
possibilities. Researches conducted inside the PCNP by external collaborators will be
carried out in compliance with a research contract singned with the PCNPA.
(4) PCNPA draws up a yearly scientific research plan, which is then forwarded to the
Scientific Council for approval.
Art. 23.
(1) Scientific research activities in the PCNP carried out by exeternal collaborators will
be done in accordance with research contracts signed with the PCNPA. PCNPA will
permanently act for the purpose of including PCNP in national and international
research programs.
(2) PCNPA will initiate, wherever the case is, extinct plant and animals species
repopulating actions, based upon studies approved by the Scientific Council and the
Nature Monuments Committee.
(3) Introducing foreign species (species which don’t occur and haven’t occurred in the
past either) is forbidden.
(4) Natural reconstruction of damaged habitats will be done besd upon a scientific
survey approved by the Scientific Council and then by the Romanian Academy
(Nature Monuments Committee).
(5) In case of plant and animals invading species, which put at risk the integrity of the
ecosystems, occurrence, containing and eliminating measures based upon studies
approved by the Scientific Council, will be carried out.
Tourism, visiting rules
Art. 24.
(1) Access in the Piatra Craiului National Park is only allowed on official marked ourist
rails, formally declared as open, except for the following:
a) Individuals living in the towns and villages mentioned in Art.24 paragraph (3),
who own land in the Park, or commissioners from local associations –
located in the towns and villages mentioned in Art.24 paragraph (3) – owners
of land in the Park, and also the economic agents/private individuals who
Pag. 93
b)
c)
d)
e)
have contracts with landowners based upon an access permit issued by the
PCNPA;
Mountain rescue teams of Zarnesti and Campulung;
PNCPA or PCNPA representatives;
Local Forestry Districts or other structures managing the forest fund and the
forestry vegetation outside the national forest fund or comissioners of the
above mentioned.
Institutions authorised to conduct specific verifications in PCNPA area.
(2) The list of official tourist trails, formally declared open by seasons, based upon the
danger criteria, is part of the present rules and is enclosed in Annex IX.
Art. 25.
(1) PCNP Visiting fee is approved by the central environment protection auhority, and
is charged at the marked access and control points or throughout the PCNP area, by
authorized personnel.
(2) Visiting fee is the equivalent in Lei RON romanian currency of 1 Euro with
approximations from 0,5 to 0,5 Lei RON.
(3) Piatra Craiului National Park can only be visited after paying the visiting fee, except
for the persons described in paragraphs (4) and (5).
(4) Persons living in Zărneşti, Predeluţ, Tohăniţa, Bran, Moeciu, Măgura Peştera,
Şirnea, Ciocanu, Podu Dâmboviţei, Dâmbovicioara, Rucăr, Sătic and Dragoslavele
don’t pay the visiting fee.
(5) It is allowed to move in/from the villages inside the Park without paying the visiting
fee. Also visitors to the curches inside the Park don’t have to pay the visiting fee.
(6) Children under 10 years of age and the ones participating to organized trips from
schools and high schools, in colaboration with the PCNPA, or the ones part of the
PCNP educational program, don’t pay the visiting fee. Pupils and students visiting the
Park outside organized trips, benefit from a 50% discount off the visiting fee.
Art. 26. Selling food products outside the build-up area inside the PCNP or in any other
areas except for campings or authorized chalets, is only allowed with the written
agreement of PCNPA and in accordance with the available legislation regarding food
products comerce and waste evacuation.
Art. 27. Trips organized in the PCNP by tourism operators are allowed with the
accompanying of a specialized guide of PCNP or of a guide licenced by PCNP.
Art. 28. Inaugurating new trails and locating informational pannels is done only with the
PCNPA approval.
Art. 29. Camping and use of refuges throughout the PCNP area are done in
accordance with the following rules:
Pag. 94
a) Camping is allowed only in specialized camping areas (except for paragraph f.)
and in other locations designated and marked by the PCNPA.
b) The camping spot must be used in compliance with the internal rules regarding
the camping site, posted at the entrance to the camping
c) The mountain refuge is used only for survival purposes, during nighttime or for
sheltering in case of health related problems or extreme weather conditions. It
is allowed to use mountain shelters for the duration of one night; should the
weather conditions not allow this, stay may be extended until conditions return
to parameters, which are safe for travel continuation.
d) Visitors have to clear the refuges at the request of authorized personnel,
designated by the PCNPA, should these facilities be used in for other pruposes
than the ones described in paragraph c.
e) It is forbidden to ditches around tent sites.
f) In case of emergency, it is allowed to spend the night in the bivouac, wihtout
lighting fire.
Art. 30. Making fire inside the Piatra Craiului National Park is allowed in compliance
with the followin regulations:
a. Lighting and using fire is only allowed in the especially designated areas from the
camping sites;
b. At the refuges located on the ridge, open fire is forbidden. For heating purposes it
is allowed to use the primus type instalations.
Art. 31. The waste management rules, inside the Piatra Craiului National Park, are the
following:
a. Dumping any type of waste within PCNP borders is strictly forbidden;
b. Tourists have the obligation to evacuate their own waste to special designated
areas, or into containers located at the Park’s main access points.
c. The responibility of temporary waste storage at chalets in compliance with the
legal conditions, reverts to the respective chalets’ managers.
d. At least once a month managers of chalets, campings or houses outside the
build-up area inside the PCNP evacuate doestic waste accumulations. Also,
managers take every percautions to avoid waste spill off the containers.
Art. 32. The use of radios, cassette-players or any other musical instruments, as well as
personal voices in such manner that they should disturb nature and the other touristsis
strictly forbidden insinde PCNP. In order to organize festivals, games, sports contests,
camps, etc. the interested parts will ask for PCNPA approval.
Art. 33. Biking on any other routes than the ones espacially designed for this purpose,
as well as biking in a manner disturbing for other visitors, are not allowed.
Art. 34. Helicopter landing inside the PCNP without written authorisation is allowed only
in extreme urgency situations.
Art. 35. Vehicle, motorcycle or any other engine vehicles access in allowed only on
public roads and forestry roads up to the signs or barriers that limit the access.
Pag. 95
Art. 36. Damage or destruction of informational pannels or any other signs, as well as
of the plates, pillars or markings on tourist trails is strictly forbidden. It is also forbidden
to enter any PCNPA facility, surrounded area, monitoring site, etc. whereever an
informational pannel notifies such restrictions.
Art. 37. Damade or destruction of refuges, shelters, bridges or any other constructions
or facilities throughout the PCNP area is forbidden
Art. 38. Horseback riding tourism is allowed within the Park borders, but only followin
forestry roads or marked tourist trails, designated for this specific purpose.
Art. 39. Taking photos or filming for comercial purposes without approval of the PCNPA
is forbidde. If interested, one may obtain a permit from the PNPCA, in exchange for an
approved fee.
Art. 40.
(1) Vehicle washing inside the PNPC, outside the especially designated facilities within
the build-up area, is not allowed.
(2) The use of any chemical substances (including detergent-based substances)
outside the build-up area within the PCNP borders is not allowed.
Art. 41.
(1) The Dambovicioara cave may be visited in exchange for an entrance fee, and only
following the designated trails.
(2) Custody of the Dambovicioara Cave may be granted in accordance with the
Ministry Order 850/2003.
(3) The activities allowed within a 100 m radius from the entrance to the cave are in
accordance with the Law 462/2001 (Art.32 paragraph h).
Mountain rescue service
Art. 42. Within the PCNP area there are Mountain rescue teams organized in
accordance with the available legislation and standards.
Section III
SANCTIONS
Art. 43. Violations of the present rules results in disciplinary, contraventional, penal,
material or civil responsibility according to the available valid laws.
Art. 44.
(1) Violations of other articles or paragraphs of the present rules are penalized in
accordance with the available lawas.
(2) Violation of the articles or paragraphs of the present rules that don’t have an
equivalent in the current legislation will be settled by future decisions.
Pag. 96
SECTION IV
FINAL PROVISIONS
Art. 45. Enforcement of the present Rules is carried out by the PCNPA personnel, and
also, by persons designated by the PCNPA (ex: Mountain rescue services). The
authorised personnel will reveal their identity by means of identity cards, the format of
which will be made known to the public through the mass-media and the informational
pannels located at the main access points to the Park.
Art. 46. PCNPA is designated to enforce the followin rules: the environment legislation,
forestry code, available laws regarding forestry sanctions, hunting law. (Environment
protection law 137/1991 republished in the Oficial Monitor 17.02.2000, Law 26/1996 –
The Forestry Code, Law 31/2000 regarding the settlement of forestry sanctions, Law
103/1996 regarding the hunting fund and the protection of hunting species republished
in the Oficial Monitor 328/17.05.2002), Government Order 236/2000 regarding natural
protected areas regime, the preservation of natural habitats, of wild flora and fauna,
approved, with adjustments, by the Law 462/2001.
Art. 47. Noticing and punishing violations of the present Rules reverts to the following
institutions/individuals: the PCNPA personnel, the authorized personnel of the National
Control Authority, (National Environment Guard), Central and Territorial Public
Authority for the Environment Protection, the Central Public Auhority responsible for
Forestry and Agriculture, and also to all the authorized personnel of the PCNPA, based
upon ID cards issued and signed each year by the PCNPA (ex: Mountain rescue
services Zarnesti and Campulung and other comissioners of the local authorities).
Art. 48. PCNPA has the obligation of notifying authorised institutions about violations of
the present Rules, and which can not be solved by this administration.
Art. 49. The present rules can be modified at the proposal of the PCNPA, with the
approval of the Scientific Council.
Pag. 97
Chapter 6. MONITORING OF THE PIATRA CRAIULUI MANAGEMENT PLAN
IMPLEMENTATION
Theme
Objectives
Monitoring of the management plan implementation
Ensuring the fact that the enforcement of the management plan
is systematically monitored, recorded and assessed and that
the plan is properly adapted.
Objective – Actions
Correspondance
− Completing the fauna and flora inventory
A1, A5
− Establisment of a network of monitoring sites
associated to the species and habitats
monitoring procedures. Systematical conduct of
the yearly monitoring.
− Design of the Piatra Craiului Caves catalogue
− Carrying out of surveillance-evaluation activities
for the status of the identified target species
(including hunt)
A2, A3, A4, A6, C1,
C2, C5
A2,A3, A4, C4
Pag. 98
Ferquency
Periodical-P
Continuous-C
According to
needs-N
P
P
N
P
Monitored indicator
Species database
Maps of the main species
distribution
Monitoring sites
Yearly monitoring reports for
the slected protocols
Catalogue
Surveillance
Reports about target species
− Yearly assessment of the ecological impact of
the tourist trails
− Yearly check of the water streams (vegetation,
waste dumps, debit flows)
− Yearly check of the visited caves
− Creating and implementing a system for
collecting the additional records of volunteers
and visitors (information turned in to the visitors
centres, rangers field notebooks)
− Creating and updating the database of the
biological records, in accordance with the Park’s
geographical information system
− Monitoring of non-wooden secondary products
collecting
− Monitoring of the resources use and the activities
carried out by other agencies inside the National
Park
− Monitoring of forestry activities inside the Park in
order to check on the compliance with the
available enforced regulations
− Discussing with the local population about
problems regarding waste dumping
A5,A6, A10, A11
P
Report
A12, C10
P
Report
A8
A1, A2. A3, A4,A5,
A6, A10, A11, A13
P
C
Report on the caves status
Records collection system
Collected, recorded and
processed information
A1, A2. A3, A5, A6,
A10, A13
C
Created database
Updated database
C8
P
Report regarding the collecting
C4, C7
C
Rangers patrols
Tourists/Locals information
A3
C
Rangers patrols
C9
P
− Conducting of yearlz verifications on the
boundaries markings
− Ensuring the cheking of all marked tourist and
climbing trails as well, each three years.
Conducting additional verifications if necessary
F6
P
Meetings with the local
populationand local
administrations
Rangers patrols
A10, A11, D2
P,N
Pag. 99
Marked tourist trails check-ups
Climbing trails check-ups
Additional verifications
− Conducting gear inventories
− Waste dumping monitoring
C
C
− Data collection, as a result of security and
tourism activities, regarding tourist conduct and
attitudes inside the Park.
− Conducting yearly inventories, with tourist
informations
− Carrying out assessments on the awareness and
understanding of the park’s purpose, before and
after the educational and awareness
programmes’ development
D1, D13, D14, D15,
D16
C
Inventories
Rangers patrols
Monitoring questionnaires
D15, D16
P
Inventory questionnaires
C6, D16, E4, E13
N
− Collecting of data and ractions of the local
collunities
− Completion of the planned activities monitoring
− Making sure that the teams carrying out field
work and installations, turn in reports, maps of
their location, photographs, etc.
− Ensuring the professional design of the Park’s
important buildings and installations
− Monitoring of the documentations issued by the
Park’s Administration
B1, B5, B6, B7, D15,
D16, E13
F8
A9, A16, B2, C12,
D2, D4, D5, D6, D7,
E1, E2, F3,F8
D4,D5,D6, E1, F3
N
Aware locals
Tourism monitoring results
Ecological materials, camps,
clubs
Questionnaires
Work meetings evaluations,
letters answers.
Planned work charts
Monitoring charts
D3
P
N
N
C
− Keeping an archive of all the documentations and A16, B6, D16, E3,
E4, E5, E6, E9, E17
publications issued by the park (printed and
electronic format as well)
− Keeping a record of the Small Grants Programme
Pag. 100
Selection of designers based
on their abbilities
In/Out correspondance
registry
C
Park’s archive
C
Small Grants database
− Monitoring of internal and external activities,
recorded activities, official documents and
agreements
C
− Ensuring of adequate formats for contracts,
agreements, and of reporting, revisal and
monitoring methods inclusion.
− Issuing of minutes and official reports as a result
of work meetings, meetings, etc.
− Writing of reports and records by tge personnel
participating or organising events
− Keeping a press periodical and radio-television
coverages
− Establishing a system of reporting of the
personnel activities
C
Number of internal and
external activities
Number of ofiicial documents,
agreements
Contract models, agreements
E8, E12, F7, F9
C
Minutes and official reports
B1, E4, E7, E8, E11
C
Reports
E9
C
Mass-media coverage
F8
C
Reports
C
Studies, publications, specialty
literature
− Establishing and keeping a library of studies and
publications about the Park, and also specialty
literature
− Making sure that all the researchers and field
personnel forward copies of the conducted work.
− Keeping a map, plans and other data, database,
produced and updated through GIS and other
databases.
− Ensuring of build up areas plans copies,
including the rules regarding natures
conservation
A1, A5, A6, A9, A13, C
B3, B6, D3
A2, A5, A16, D1
C
A14,A15
N
Pag. 101
Research, volunteers
contracts.
Reporting charts
GIS Maps
Databases
Copies od the build up area
plans (witten and drawn parts)
− Making sure that the Park’s official maps are
distributed to the interested authorities
− Ensuring the consultance and inclusion of
observations (including the Scientific and
Consultative Councils), regarding the surveys
and major reports, ordered or conducted by the
Park’s administration
− Keeping a record of the project proposals and
plans designed for the park’s or communities
objectives, along with these proposals’ results
F5
N
Maps Distribution
A9, B3, B9, C7,
D15, F7, F9
N
Scientific Council Meetings
Consultative Council Meetings
D11, E8, B7
C
− Keeping the Park’s financial income records
− Monitoring of the personnel training, skill and
abilities level
− Keeping records of the courses and professional
training of the personnel.
− Making sure that the personnel attending events,
courses, training programs, study tours make
reports and applies the learned lessons into their
own activities
− Updating the organisation chart and the
personnel responsibilities
− Yearly analysis of the management plan
accomplishment, together with the Scientific and
Consultative Councils, and consequently
adapting the actions of the management plan
− Prepairing a yearly work plan with the planned
activities (personnel, resources, time, etc.)
D10, D15, F2
F8
C
C
F8
C
F8
C
Copies of the forwarded
proposals
Projects evaluations’ results
(Evaluations official reports)
Accountant papers
Appreciation charts
Evaluation charts
Courses materiald
Sudied courses
Reports
Activities in the courses field of
expertise
F1
C
Updated organisation chart
F7
P
Yearly report
Operated modifications
F9
P
Work plan
Pag. 102
− Prepairing the evaluation of the management
plan in the fifth year and designing of the new
management plan
P
Pag. 103
Final evaluation report
New management plan
ANNEXES
Annexes
Pag. 105
Annexe I List of participants at the work meeting in Buşteni 09.01.200112.01.2001
Number Name
Institution
Function
1
Mike Appleton
FFI
2.
3
4.
5.
6.
Abigail Entwistle
Cristiana Pasca
Erika Stanciu
Attila Sandor
Oliviu Iorgu
7
Lucian Cozma
8
Ştefan Hogas
9.
10
11
Grigore Opriţoiu
Nancy Dunkin
Mircea Vergheleţ
12
Oliviu Pop
13
Liviu Dumbravă
14
Dragoş Mihai
15
16
Augustin
Hădărău
Nicolae Anea
17
Roxana Şchiopu
18
Anca Ioaniţescu
19
Toma Dumitru
20
Mihai Gligan
21
22
Mihai Botez
Peter Abran
23
Mihai Vilcu
24
Emilian Burduşel
25
Raul Papaclief
FFI
FFI
Retezat National Park
Vânători Neamţ Forestry
Park
Park
Park
Parcul Naţional Retezat
Piatra Craiului National
Park
Park
Park
NFA, Protected Area
Division
Bistriţa Forest Authority,
Rodna National Park
EPA Ploiesti, Bucegi
National Park
Centrul Român pentru
Protecţia Mediului
EPA Braşov, Piatra
Craiului National Park
EPA Tr.Severin, Porţile de
Fier National Park
Romanian Spelaeology
Association
NGO CRSE, Apuseni
EPA Tg. Mureş, Călimani
Natural Park
University of Bucharest,
Ecology Department
UNESCO Pro Natura,
Domogled-Valea Cernii
Natural Park
Ceahlău Mountain Rescue
Asia Pacific Programmes
General Manager
Consultant
Annexes
Park Chief
Biolog
Park Chief
Investment
Ecologist
Community Outreach
Peace Corps Volunteer
Park Chief
Biologist
Chief Ranger
Engineer
Engineer
Biodiversity Conservation
Office
Programmes Coordinator
Office
Chief Inspector
Durable Development Office
- Cluj
Vicepresident
Department
Doctoral student
Vicepresident
Project Coordinator
Pag. 106
26
Iurie Maxim
MAPAM
27
Cristina Panaiotu
28
29
Şerban Bureţea
Mathe Laszlo
Vilmos
Maria Mihul
Bucegi Mountain
Ecological Centre
TER
OIKOS Association
30
Annexes
NFA
Nature and Biodiversity
Conservation Office,
counsellor
Collaborator
Programmes coordinator
President
Chief of Protected Areas
Division
Pag. 107
Annexe II List of participators to the work meeting of the interested fators in
the development of the Piatra Craiului National Park Management Plan
Zărneşti - Plaiul Foii, 19.04 - 21.04.2001
No Name and Forename
• Mircea OLTEAN
• Traian CONSTANTINESCU
• Marius DANCIU
• Teodor MARUŞCA
• Mircea VERGHELEŢ
•
•
•
•
•
Oliviu POP
Mihai ZUP
Liviu DUMBRAVĂ
Şerban NEGUŞ
Dragoş LIPAN
• Maria MIHUL
• Florea TRIFOI
• Marius GROZA
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Claudiu ZAHARESCU
Dan RUNCEANU
Constantin TRUICĂ
Ioan-Mihai VOICULEŢ
Gheorghe DIACONESCU
Mariana DASCĂLU
Doina BLĂNARU
ORGANISATION
POSITION
Scientific Researcher,
Nature Monuments Committee of the president of the PCNP
Romanian Academy
Scientific Council
Scientific Researcher,
"Emil Racoviţă" Spelaeology Insitute, member of the PCNP
of the Romanian Academy
Scientific Council
"Transilvania" University - Faculty of
Silviculture and Forest Exploitation, Univesity teacher, member of
Braşov
the PCNP Scientific Council
Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Scientific Researcher,
Sciences, Research and Production member of the PCNP
of Meadows culture Insitute
Scientific Council
Park chief, member of the
PCNP Scientific Council
Biologist, member of the
Economist
Chief Ranger
Public Awareness
IT
National Forest Authority, Protected member of the PCNP
Areas Division
Scientific Council
M.A.P.P.M. – Project Coordination
Project Chief, member of the
Team
Waters and Enviroment Protection
Biodiversity Conserdation
Ministry
Division
Waters and Enviroment Protection
Biodiversity Conserdation
Ministry
Division
Braşov Forest Authority
Technical Manager
Piteşti Forest Authority
Forest Areas Engineer
Zărneşti Forest District
District Chief
Rucăr Forest District
District Chief
Argeş County Council
architect Technical Office
Braşov County Council
Environment Office
• Anca IOANIŢESCU
EPA Braşov
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
EPA Argeş
Moeciu Town hall
Primăria Town hall
Rucăr Town hall
Dâmbovicioara Town hall
Zărneşti Mountain Rescue
Piteşti Mountain Rescue
EPA Tg. Mureş
Marius DUMITRU
Ioan TĂRÂŢĂ
Francisc HOLOSI
Mircea AVRAM
Ion DOBRIN
Ioan PIVODĂ
Puiu HOLBOŞAN
Peter ABRAN
Annexes
Conservation Office
Conservation Office
Mayor
Mayor
Vice-mayor
Vice-mayor
Formation Chief
Formation Chief
Pag. 108
Conservation Office
• Mihai BOTEZ
• Şerban BUREŢEA
• Gabriel VASILE
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Mihai IONESCU
Gigi POPA
Ovidiu IONESCU
Lena SCORNEICĂ
Mike APPLETON
Abigail ENTWISTLE
Cristiana PAŞCA
Billy WOODWARD
Annexes
CRSE Apuseni
TER
România Pitorească
Forest Owners in Romania
Association
Zărneşti Pension
ICAS Bucureşti
OASIS Foundation
Fauna & Flora International
Peace Corps
Executive President
Owner
Hunt Biology Office
Teacher
Consultant
Consultant
Consultant
Volunteer
Pag. 109
Annexe III Schedule of the work meeting for the start of the Piatra Craiului
National Park management planning process 19 – 20.04.2001
Day 1
Hour
ACTIVITY
10.00 10.15
Opening
10.15 –
10.45
10.45 –
11.00
Introdution of the participators and of the PCNP
Administration team
Introduction of the work agenda: purpose and
workshop shedule
How will we work together?
Short introduction of the Biodiversity
Conservation Management Project
National Park and Biosphere Reserve Status.
Why is Piatra Craiului a national and natural
park.
Break
11.00 –
11.15
11.15 –
11.30
11.30 –
11.45
11.45 –
12.30
12.30 –
13.00
13.00 –
14.00
14.00 –
14.15
14.15 –
14.30
14.30 –
15.00
15.00 –
15.45
15.45 –
15.55
15.55 –
16.05
16.05–
16.35
16.35–
17.00
19.00
Annexes
Individual activity: Analisys of the values and
threats inside the PCNP
Questions and discussions
PRESENTS/
COORDINATES
Mircea Vergheleţ, PCNP
Mircea Oltean, Biology
Institute
Mircea Verghelet, PCNP
Liviu Dumbrava, PCNP
Mihai Zup, PCNP
Mihai Zup, PCNP
Lunch break
Activities carried out by the PCNPA
Questions
The role of the PCNP Administration Council
and of the Scientific Council
Group activity on the „brainstorming"
principle.
What would happen if nothig was done for the
Park’s management?
Break
Mircea Oltean, Biology
Institute
Dragoş Lipan, PCNP
Why do we need to protect nature?
Abigail Entwistle, FFI
Management Planning Process – Presentation.
Results of such a process.
Questions and session closure
Mike Appleton, FFI
Dinner
Pag. 110
Day 2
Hour
ACTIVITY
PRESENTS/
COORDINATES
10.00 –
10.10
10.10 –
10.20
10.20-10.35
Presentation of the Piatra Craiului geology
Traian Constantinescu, ISER
What is the biodiversity?
Oliviu Pop, PCNP
Presentation of the results of the flora and
fauna inventory
Presentation of aspects regarding grazing
Oliviu Pop, PCNP
Presentation of aspects regarding tourism
and mountain rescue
Break
Presentation of aspects regarding the
communities in the Park’s area
Presentation of aspects regarding education
and public awareness
Presentation of aspects regarding the Park
management and Conservation
Introduction to the after – lunch activities.
Presentation of the purpose and activities.
Lunch break
- Billy Woodward
- Mountain Rescue
10.35-10.50
10.50-11.05
11.05-11.20
11.20-11.35
11.35-11.50
11.50-12.05
12.05-12.30
12.35 –
13.35
13.35 –
15.30
(inclusiv
pauza)
15.30 –
17.00
17.00
Annexes
Work group activities
• Biodiversity and landscape
• Education and awareness
• Communities development and
tourism (grazing)
• Actitivities inside the patk – tourism,
forestry, security
Presentation of the work group activities and
debates
PCNPA major activities in 2001 plan
Dinner
Teodor Maruşca, Meadows
Institute Braşov
Mircea Vergheleţ, PCNPA
Şerban Negus, PCNP
Mike Appleton, FFI
Pag. 111
Annexe IV List of participators to the works of the Consultative Council of
March 27th 2004
No. NAME AND FORENAME
1 Teodor MARUŞCA
ORGANIZATION
POSITION
Agriculture and Sivliculture
Academy, Institute for
Research and Production of Scientific Researcher, president
meadows culture
of the PCNP Scientific Council
"Emil Racoviţă" Spelaeology
Insitute, of the Romanian
Scientific Researcher, member
Traian
CONSTANTINESCU
Academy
2
3 Marius DANCIU
4 Nicolae DONIŢĂ
"Transilvania" University Faculty of Silviculture and
Forest Exploitation, Braşov
Agriculture and Silviculture
Sciences Academy
5 Marius DUMITRU
EPA Argeş
6 Anca IOANIŢESCU
EPA Braşov
National Forest Authority –
ROMSILVA
Natural History National
Museum "Grigore Antipa"
7 Dumitru BUNEA
8 Dumitru MURARIU
Univesity teacher, member of
University teecher, member of
Biodiversity Conservation Office
member of the PCNP Scientific
Council
Biodiversity Conservation Office
Council
Council
Museum Manager, member of
12 Mircea VERGHELEŢ
Biological Reasearch
Insitute Cluj-Napoca, of the Scientific researcher, member
Romanian Academy
Biologist, member of the PCNP
Piatra Craiului National Park Scientific Council
M.A.P.A.M. – Project
Project Manager, member of the
Coordinatino Team
Chief of Protected Areas
Division NFA - Romsilva,
Piatra Craiului National Park Council
13 Horaţiu HANGANU
Piatra Craiului National Park Park Chief
9 Laszlo RAKOSSY
10 Oliviu POP
11 Florea TRIFOI
Annexes
Pag. 112
14 Mihai ZUP
15 Adrian PĂTRULESCU
Piatra Craiului National Park Economist
Investments and Public
Piatra Craiului National Park Awareness
16 Bogdan COSTESCU
Piatra Craiului National Park Chief ranger and tourism
17 Bogdan FLORESCU
Piatra Craiului National Park IT
Chief engineer
18 Sorin HERMENEAN
19 Alina CURTU
20 Codruţ BÂLEA
21 Adriana BAZ
22 Simona MIHĂILESCU
23 Ioan-Mihai VOICULEŢ
24 Gheorghe DIACONESCU
25 Ioan SORIC
26 Sef Ocol
27 Genel LUPU
28 Ovidiu IONESCU
29 Gabriel POTCOVARU
30 Ion RAICU
31 Jeni POPINCEANU
32 Ion NOAGHIA
33 Gheorhge ANA
34 Marin CIUNGU
35 STANCU
36 Doina BLĂNARU
37 Iancu VESPASIAN
38 Ioan TĂRÂŢĂ
39 Francisc HOLOSI
40 Dumitru GHICA
41 Dumitru SECĂREANU
42 Dumitru REIT
43 Moise GÂRBACEA
44 Ioan PIVODĂ
45 Puiu HOLBOŞAN
46 Ion MATICIUC
47 Gheorghe PREDOIU
Annexes
Argeş Forest Authority
Ministry of Environment and
Waters Management
Nature Monument
Committee
Zărneşti Forest District
Rucăr Forest District
Râşnov Forest District
Dragoslavele Forest District
Păpuşa Forest District
ICAS Braşov
ITRSV Braşov
ITRSV Vâlcea
Environment Guard BV
AJVS BV
Hunter Club Piteşti
DAAV
Argeş County Council
Moeciu Town hall
Zărneşti Town hall
Rucăr Town hall
Dâmbovicioara Town hall
BRAN Town hall
FUNDATA Town hall
Zărneşti Mountain rescue
Salvamont Piteşti
Poliţia Zărneşti
Asociatia Proprietarilor de
Paduri din Romania
Protected areas engineer
Chief engineer
General Manager – Biodiversity
Conservtion Office
Scientific secretary
District Chief
District Chief
District Chief
District Chief
District Chief
General Manager
General Manager
General Manager
Chief inspector
President
President
General Manager
County counsellor
Environment Office
Vicepresident
Mayor
Mayor
Mayor
Mayor
Mayor
Mayor
Formation chief
Formation chief
Inspector
Executive President
Pag. 113
48 Gigi POPA
49 Adriana MOROIE
50 Adrian MOROIE
51 Mariana STOIAN
52 Ana VOROVENCI
53 Lena SCORNEICĂ
54 Ioan COTUŢIU
55 Gabi UNGUREANU
56 Ovidiu LUPU
57 Gabriel VASILE
Annexes
Zărneşti Pension
Măgura Pension
Piatra Craiului Pension
Antrec Braşov
Antrec ARGEŞ
Asociaţia Carol Lehmann
Colţii Chiliilor Abbacy
Owner
Owner
Owner
President
President
President
Abbot
Social and Cultural
Association „Police
Academy”
Mileniul III Association
România Pitorească
Association
President
member
President
Pag. 114
Annexe V Consultative Council meeting schedule 26-28 March 2004
o 900-910 Participators introducion
o 910-930 Presentation of the activities carried out by the Piatra Craiului National
Park Administration between April 20001 – March 2003
o 930-1100 Debates regarding the Piatra Craiului National Park Rules
o 1100-1115 Break
o 1115-1330 Further debates
o 1330-1445 Lunch break
o 1445-1600 Debates regarding the Piatra Craiului National Management Pan
o 1600-1615 Break
o 1615-1800 Miscellaneous
o 1800-1930 Dinner
Annexes
Pag. 115
Annexe VI List of Protected plant species in the Piatra Craiului National Park
(according to Mihăilescu S., 2003, revised)
Legend: Bern Convetion (B), Annexe 2 of the Habitats Directive 92/43/EEC (DH2), Annexe 5 of the
Habitats Directive 92/43/EEC (DH5), A = endemic, E = endangered, V = voulnerable, R = rare, K =
insufficiently known, Nt = not threatened, CR – critically endangered, EN – endangered, VU –
voulnerable, DD – insuficient data, NE – not evaluated, LC – least concern.
No.
TAXON
FAMILY
1 Abies alba Miller
Pinaceae
2. Achillea schurii Schultz
Asteraceae
Bip.
3. Aconitum lasianthum
Ranunculaceae
(Reichenb.) Simonkai
4. Aconitum moldavicum
Ranunculaceae
Hacq.
5. Allium victorialis L.
Alliaceae
6. Alnus viridis (Chaix) DC. Betulaceae
7. Anacamptis pyramidalis Orchidaceae
(L.) L. C. M. Richard
8. Androsace chamaejasme Primulaceae
Wulfen
9. Androsace villosa L. var. Primulaceae
arachnoidea (Schott,
Nyman & Kotschy) Nyman
10. Anthemis macrantha
Asteraceae
Heuffel
11. Aquilegia nigricans
Ranunculaceae
Baumg.
12. Aquilegia transsilvanica
Ranunculaceae
Schur
13. Arabis hornungiana Schur Brassicaceae
14. Arabis procurrens Waldst. Brassicaceae
& Kit.
15. Arenaria ciliata L. ssp.
Caryophyllaceae
ciliata
16. Arnica montana L.
Asteraceae
(DH.5)
17. Arum alpinum Schott &
Araceae
Kotschy
18. Asplenium adiantumAspleniaceae
nigrum L.
19. Astragalus alpinus L.
Fabaceae
Annexes
END
A
Red
UICN
UICN
List
(1994)
(2001)
In Piatra
(1994) In Piatra
(nation
Craiului
Craiului
al level) (local level) (local level)
E
Nt
NE
R
Nt
NE
A
Nt
NE
A?
Nt
NE
V\R
R
V
V\R
LC
VU
VU
V\R
V\R
VU
R
Nt
NE
R
R
LC
V
V
VU
R
R
NT
R
R
R
LC
LC
R
LC
V\R
VU
R
LC
R
NT
R
NT
R
A
V
R
Pag. 116
20. Aubrieta intermedia Heldr. Brassicaceae
& Orph.
(incl. A. intermedia ssp.
falcata Ciocârlan)
21. Blechnum spicant (L.)
Blechnaceae
Roth
22. Bupleurum ranunculoides Apiaceae
L.
23. Callianthemum
Ranunculaceae
coriandrifolium Reichenb.
24. Campanula carpatica
Campanulaceae
Jacq.
25. Campanula cervicaria L. Campanulaceae
26. Campanula serrata (Kit.) Campanulaceae
Hendrych
27. Carex fuliginosa Schkuhr Cyperaceae
28. Centaurea pinnatifida
Asteraceae
Schur
29. Cephalanthera
Orchidaceae
damasonium (Miller)
Druce
30. Cephalanthera longifolia Orchidaceae
(L.) Fritsch
31. Cephalanthera rubra (L.) Orchidaceae
L. C. Richard
32. Cerastium arvense L. ssp. Caryophyllaceae
lerchenfeldianum (Schur)
Ascherson & Graebner
33. Cerastium cerastoides (L.) Caryophyllaceae
Britton
34. Cerastium transsilvanicum Caryophyllaceae
Schur
35. Cerinthe glabra Miller
Boraginaceae
36. Chamorchis alpina (L.)
Orchidaceae
L.C. M. Richard
37. Coeloglossum viride (L.) Orchidaceae
Hartman
38. Conioselinum tataricum
Apiaceae
Hoffm.
39. Corallorhiza trifida Chatel Orchidaceae
40. Corydalis capnoides (L.) Papaveraceae
Pers.
41. Cotoneaster intergerrimus Rosaceae
Medicus
42. Crepis conyzifolia
Asteraceae
(Gouan) A.Kerner
43. Crepis jacquinii Tausch
Asteraceae
Annexes
V\R
V\R
VU
R
NT
R
R
LC
R
E
EN
R
Nt
NE
R
Nt
LC
NE
R
R
R
R
LC
NT
Nt
R
LC
Nt
R
LC
R
R
LC
R
R
LC
R
LC
R
R
LC
R
R
R
R
LC
LC
R
R
LC
R
R
NT
R
R
R
R
NT
LC
R
LC
R
R
LC
R
R
LC
(A)
A
A
A
Pag. 117
44. Crepis nicaeensis Balbis Asteraceae
45. Cystopteris sudetica A.
Woodsiaceae
Braun & Milde
46. Dactylorhiza incarnata (L.) Orchidaceae
Soó
47. Dactylorhiza saccifera
Orchidaceae
(Brogn.) Soó
48. Dactylorhiza sambucina Orchidaceae
(L.) Soó
49. Daphne blagayana Freyer Thymelaeaceae
50. Daphne cneorum L.
Thymelaeaceae
51. Dianthus callizonus Schott Caryophyllaceae
& Kotschy
52. Dianthus giganteus D'Urv Caryophyllaceae
ssp. banaticus (Heuffel)
Tutin
53. Dianthus glacialis Haenke Caryophyllaceae
ssp. gelidus (Schott,
Nyman & Kotchy) Tutin
54. Dianthus henteri Heuffel Caryophyllaceae
55. Dianthus petraeus Waldst. Caryophyllaceae
& Kit. ssp. petraeus
56. Dianthus spiculifolius
Caryophyllaceae
Schur
57. Dianthus tenuifolius Schur Caryophyllaceae
58. Draba aizoides L.
Brassicaceae
59. Draba haynaldii Stur
Brassicaceae
60. Epilobium alpestre (Jacq.) Onagraceae
Krocker
61. Epilobium alsinifolium Vill. Onagraceae
62. Epipactis atrorubens
Orchidaceae
(Hoffm.) Besser
63. Epipactis helleborine (L.) Orchidaceae
Crantz
64. Epipactis microphylla
Orchidaceae
(Ehrh.) Swartz
65. Epipogium aphyllum
Orchidaceae
Swartz
66. Erigeron atticus Vill.
Asteraceae
67. Erigeron nanus Schur
Asteraceae
68. Erigeron uniflorus L.
Asteraceae
69. Eritrichium nanum (L.)
Boraginaceae
Schrader ssp. jankae
(Simonkai) Jáv.
70. Festuca alpestris Roemer Poaceae
& Schultes
71. Festuca porcii Haeckel
Poaceae
Annexes
R
R
R
R
LC
LC
R
R
NT
R
LC
R
R
LC
A
V\R
V\R
R
V\R
V\R
Nt
VU
VU
NE
A
R
R
LC
A
R
R
LC
A
Nt
R
R
LC
LC
A
R
Nt
NE
A
Nt
R
V\R
R
Nt
R
V
R
NE
NT
VU
LC
R
R
R
Nt
LC
NE
R
Nt
NE
R
R
LC
R
Nt
NE
R
V\R
R
R
R
V\R
R
R
NT
VU
NT
LC
R
R
LC
R
LC
A
A
Pag. 118
72. Festuca versicolor Tausch
73. Galium lucidum All.
74. Galium pumilum Murray
75. Gentiana acaulis L.
76. Gentiana brachyphylla
Vill. ssp. favratii (Rittener)
Tutin
77. Gentiana clusii Peer. &
Song.
78. Gentiana cruciata L. ssp.
phlogifolia (Schott &
Kotschy) Tutin
79. Gentiana lutea L.
(DH5)
80. Gentianella bulgarica
(Velen.) J. Holub
81. Gentianella tenella
(Rottb.) Börner
82. Geranium sylvaticum L.
ssp.caeruleatum (Schur)
D. A.Webb.
83. Gymnadenia conopsea
(L.) R. Br.
84. Gymnadenia odoratissima
(L.) L. C. Richard
85. Gypsophila petraea
(Baumg.) Reichenb.
86. Helictotrichon decorum
(Janka) Henrard
87. Hepatica transsilvatica
Fuss
88. Herminium monorchis (L.)
R. Br.
89. Hesperis matronalis L.
ssp. candida (Kit.) Hegir.
& E. Schmid (incl. H.
moniliformis Schur)
90. Hesperis nivea Baumg.
91. Hesperis oblongifolia
Schur
92. Jovibarba heuffelii
(Schott) A. & D. Löve
93. Jovibarba sobolifera (J.
Sims) Opiz
94. Juncus filiformis L.
95. Kobresia myosuroides
(Vill.) Fiori
Annexes
Poaceae
Rubiaceae
Rubiaceae
Gentianaceae
Gentianaceae
Gentianaceae
R
R
Nt
Nt
R
R
R
NE
NE
LC
LC
LC
R
R
LC
R
R
LC
Gentianaceae
V\R
V
VU
Gentianaceae
R
R
LC
R
LC
Gentianaceae
R
R
A?
Gentianaceae
Geraniaceae
R
Nt
NE
Orchidaceae
R
Nt
NE
Orchidaceae
R
Nt
NE
Caryophyllaceae
R
Nt
NE
Poaceae
A
Nt
Nt
NE
Ranunculaceae
A
Nt
Nt
NE
Orchidaceae
R
R
NT
Brassicaceae
R
R
LC
R
R
Nt
Nt
NE
NE
Crassulaceae
R
R
LC
Crassulaceae
R
R
LC
Juncaceae
Cyperaceae
R
R
R
R
LC
NT
(A)
Brassicaceae
Brassicaceae
A
A
Pag. 119
96. Koeleria macrantha
(Ledeb.) Schultes &
Schultes fil. ssp.
transsilvanica (Schur) A.
Nyárády
97. Leontopodium alpinum
Cass.
98. Leucanthemum waldsteini
(Schultz Bip.) Pouzar
99. Ligularia sibirica (L.)
Cass.
(B, DH2)
100Ligusticum mutellinoides
(Crantz) Vill.
101Linaria alpina (L.) Miller
102Linum uninerve (Rochel)
Jáv.
103Liparis loeselli (L.) L. C.
M. Richard
(B,
DH2)
104Listera ovata (L.) R. Br.
105Lloydia serotina (L.)
Reichenb.
106Loiseleuria procumbens
(L.) Desv.
107Lysimachia nemorum L.
108Menyanthes trifoliata L.
109Minuartia austriaca
(Jacq.) Hayek
110Minuartia hybrida (Vill.)
Schischkin
111Monotropa hypopitys L.
112Muscari botryoides (L.)
Miller
113Neottia nidus-avis (L.) L.
C. M. Richard
114Nigritella nigra (L.)
Reichenb.
115Nigritella rubra (Wettst.)
K. Richter
116Onobrychis transsilvanica
Simonkai
117Ophioglossum vulgatum
L.
118Orchis coriophora L.
119Orchis mascula (L.) L.
ssp.signifera (West) Soó
Annexes
Poaceae
A
R
Nt
NE
V\R
V\R
VU
R
Nt
NE
Asteraceae
R
V\R
VU
Apiaceae
R
R
LC
Scrophulariaceae
Linaceae
R
R
V
V
VU
VU
Orchidaceae
R
V
VU
Orchidaceae
Liliaceae
R
R
R
R
NT
LC
Ericaceae
R
R
LC
Primulaceae
Menyanthaceae
Caryophyllaceae
R
R
R
R
R
K
LC
NT
DD
Caryophyllaceae
R
K
DD
Pyrolaceae
Liliaceae
R
R
R
LC
LC
Orchidaceae
R
R
LC
Orchidaceae
V\R
V\R
VU
Orchidaceae
V\R
V\R
VU
R
R
LC
R
LC
R
Nt
LC
NE
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Fabaceae
A
A
A
Ophioglossaceae
Orchidaceae
Orchidaceae
R
R
Pag. 120
120Orchis morio L.
Orchidaceae
121Orchis tridentata Scop.
Orchidaceae
122Orchis ustulata L.
Orchidaceae
123Ornithogalum ortophyllum Liliaceae
Ten.
124Papaver alpinum L. ssp. Papaveraceae
corona-sancti-stephani
(Zapal.) Borza
125Pedicularis exaltata
Scrophulariaceae
Besser
126Pedicularis hacquetii Graf Scrophulariaceae
127Peltaria alliacea Jacq.
Brassicaceae
128Phleum hirsutum Honkeny Poaceae
129Phyteuma confusum A.
Campanulaceae
Kerner
130Phyteuma tetramerum
Campanulaceae
Schur
131Pinguicula alpina L.
Lentibulariaceae
132Pinguicula vulgaris L.
Lentibulariaceae
133Pinus sylvestris L.
Pinaceae
134Plantago atrata Hoppe
Plantaginaceae
135Platanthera bifolia (L.) L. Orchidaceae
C. M. Richard
136Platanthera chlorantha
Orchidaceae
(Custer) Reichenb.
137Pleurospermum
Apiaceae
austriacum (L.) Hoffm.
138Poa laxa Henke
Poaceae
139Poa media Schur
Poaceae
140Poa molinerii Balbis
Poaceae
141Poa remota Forselles
Poaceae
142Polygala alpestris
Polygalaceae
Reichenb.
143Primula elatior (L.) Hill
Primulaceae
ssp. carpatica (Griseb. &
Schenk) Fuss
144Primula elatior (L.) Hill
Primulaceae
ssp. intricata (Gren. &
Godron) Lüdi
145Primula halleri J. F.
Primulaceae
Gemelin
146Primula minima L.
Primulaceae
147Primula wulfeniana Schott Primulaceae
ssp. baumgarteniana
(Degen & Moesz) Lüdi
148Pritzelago alpina O.
Brassicaceae
Kuntze
Annexes
A
A
R
R
R
R
Nt
Nt
Nt
Nt
NE
NE
NE
NE
R
V
VU
R
V
VU
R
R
R
V
R
R
R
VU
LC
LC
LC
R
R
NT
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
V
R
Nt
NT
LC
VU
LC
NE
R
Nt
NE
R
R
LC
R
R
R
Nt
R
R
LC
LC
NE
LC
NT
R
LC
R
R
LC
R
Nt
NE
V\R
R
E
LC
CR
R
R
LC
R
R
K
A
A
Pag. 121
149Pseudorchis albida (L.)
Orchidaceae
A.& D. Löve
150Pyrola minor L.
Pyrolaceae
151Ranunculus alpestris L.
Ranunculaceae
152Ranunculus
Ranunculaceae
crenatusWaldst. & Kit.
153Ranunculus
Ranunculaceae
pseudomontanus Schur
154Ranunculus thora L.
Ranunculaceae
155Rhinanthus
Scrophullariacea
alectorolophus (Scop.)
e
Pollich
156Rhodiola rosea L.
Crasulaceae
157Rhododendron myrtifolium Ericaceae
Schott & Kotschy
158Ribes alpinum L.
Grossulariaceae
159Rosa micrantha Borrer ex Rosaceae
Simonkai
160Rumex scutatus L.
Polygonaceae
161Salix alpina Scop.
Salicaceae
162Salix hastata L.
Salicaceae
163Salix retusa L. ssp.
Salicaceae
kitaibeliana (Willd.) Jáv.
164Saxifraga mutata L. ssp. Saxifragaceae
demissa (Schott &
Kotschy) D. A. Webb
165Scabiosa columbaria L.
Dipsacaceae
ssp. pseudobanatica
(Schur) Jáv. & Csapody
166Scorzonera purpurea L. Asteraceae
ssp. rosea (Waldst.& Kit.)
Nyman
167Scrophularia heterophylla Scrophulariaceae
Willd. ssp.laciniata
(Waldst. & Kit.) Maire &
Pet.
168Sedum telephium L.
Crassulaceae
ssp.fabaria (Koch)
Kirschleger
169Sempervivum
Crassulaceae
marmoreum Griseb.
170Sempervivum montanum Crassulaceae
L.
171Senecio congestus (R.
Asteraceae
Br.) DC.
172Sesleria bielzii Schur
Poaceae
173Sesleria rigida Heuffel
Poaceae
Annexes
R
Nt
NE
R
R
R
R
R
LC
LC
NT
R
Nt
NE
R
R
V
R
VU
LC
V
R
V
NE
VU
R
R
R
R
LC
LC
A
R
R
R
R
V\R
R
R
Nt
VU
LC
LC
NE
A
V\R
V\R
VU
A
R
R
LC
R
Nt
NE
R
Nt
NE
R
R
LC
R
R
LC
R
R
LC
K
K
DD
R
Nt
Nt
NE
NE
A
Pag. 122
ssp. haynaldiana (Schur)
Gergely & Beldie
174Silene nutans L. ssp.
dubia (Herbich) Zapal.
175Soldanella montana Willd.
176Sorbus chamaemespilus
(L.) Crantz
177Spiraea salicifolia L.
178Taxus baccata L.
179Thesium kernerianum
Simonkai
180Thlaspi dacicum Heuffel
ssp. banaticum (Uechtr.)
Jáv.
181Thlaspi dacicum Heuffel
ssp.dacicum
182Thymus bihoriensis Jalas
183Thymus comosus Heuffel
184Thymus pulcherrimus
Schur
185Tozzia alpina L. ssp.
carpatica (Woloszczak)
Dostál
186Traunsteinera globosa
(L.)Reichenb.
187Trisetum alpestre (Host)
Beauv.
188Trisetum fuscum (Kit. &
Schultes) Schultes
189Trisetum macrotrichum
Hackel
190Trollius europaeus L.
191Vaccinium gaultherioides
Bigel.
192Veronica alpina L.
193Veronica aphylla L.
194Veronica baumgartenii
Roemer & Schultes
195Viola alpina Jacq.
196Viola dacica Borbás
197Viola jooi Janka
198Woodsia pulchella Bertol
Annexes
Caryophyllaceae
A
R
Nt
NE
Primulaceae
Rosaceae
R
R
R
R
LC
LC
Rosaceae
Taxaceae
Santalaceae
A
R
V\R
R
R
V\R
R
LC
VU
LC
Brassicaceae
A
R
R
NT
Brassicaceae
A
R
R
LC
Lamiaceae
Lamiaceae
Lamiaceae
A
A
A
R
Nt
R
Nt
Nt
Nt
NE
NE
NE
Scrophulariaceae
R
R
LC
Orchidaceae
R
Nt
NE
Poaceae
R
Nt
NE
Poaceae
A
R
R
LC
Poaceae
A
R
Nt
NE
Ranunculaceae
Ericaceae
R
R
V
R
VU
LC
Scrophulariaceae
Scrophulariaceae
Scrophulariaceae
R
R
R
R
Nt
R
LC
NE
LC
Violaceae
Violaceae
Violaceae
Athyriaceae
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
LC
LC
NT
NE
A
Pag. 123
Annexe VII Lista speciilor de plante din rezervaţia ştiinţifică incluse în „Lista
Roşie a Plantelor Superioare din România”, neincluse în criteriile I.P.A.
Nr.crt
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
Specia
Ligusticum mutellinoides (Crantz) Vill.
Crepis conyzifolia (Gouan) A.Kerner
Crepis jacquinii Tausch
Erigeron atticus Vill.
Erigeron uniflorus L.
Arabis hornungiana Schur
Draba aizoides L.
Draba haynaldii Stur
Phyteuma confusum A. Kerner
Carex fuliginosa Schkuhr
Kobresia myosuroides (Vill.) Fiori
Loiseleuria procumbens (L.) Desv.
Gentiana brachyphylla Vill. ssp. favratii (Rittener) Tutin
Gentianella bulgarica (Velen.) J. Holub
Pinguicula alpina L.
Lloydia serotina (L.) Reichenb.
Ornithogalum ortophyllum Ten.
Cephalanthera damasonium (Miller) Druce
Cephalanthera longifolia (L.) Fritsch
Coeloglossum viride (L.) Hartman
Dactylorhiza sambucina (L.) Soó
Epipogium aphyllum Swartz
Nigritella nigra (L.) Reichenb.
Orchis mascula (L.) L. ssp.signifera (West) Soó
Orchis tridentata Scop.
Plantago atrata Hoppe
Festuca alpestris Roemer & Schultes
Festuca carpatica Dietr.
Phleum hirsutum Honkeny
Poa laxa Henke
Poa remota Forselles
Trisetum alpestre (Host) Beauv.
Polygala alpestris Reichenb.
Androsace villosa L. var. arachnoidea (Schott, Nyman &
Kotschy) Nyman
Primula elatior (L.) Hill ssp. intricata (Gren. & Godron) Lüdi
Primula halleri J. F. Gemelin
Ranunculus alpestris L.
Ranunculus crenatusWaldst. & Kit.
Ranunculus thora L.
Salix alpina Scop.
Anexe
Criteriul
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
V\R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
Nt
Nt
R
R
R
V\R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
K
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
Pag. 124
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
Salix hastata L.
Salix retusa L. ssp. kitaibeliana (Willd.) Jáv.
Pedicularis exaltata Besser
Veronica alpina L.
Veronica baumgartenii Roemer & Schultes
Daphne cneorum L.
Viola alpina Jacq.
Phyteuma tetramerum Schur
Gentiana cruciata L. ssp. phlogifolia (Schott & Kotschy) Tutin
Monotropa hypopitys L.
Daphne blagayana Freyer
Platanthera chlorantha (Custer) Reichenb.
Scorzonera purpurea L. ssp. rosea (Waldst.& Kit.) Nyman
Traunsteinera globosa (L.)Reichenb.
Trollius europaeus L.
Pinguicula vulgaris L.
Platanthera bifolia (L.) L. C. M. Richard
Pinus sylvestris L.
Ranunculus carpaticus Herbich
Pritzelago alpina O. Kuntze
Sempervivum marmoreum Griseb.
Scabiosa columbaria L. ssp. pseudobanatica (Schur) Jáv. &
Csapody
Sesleria bielzii Schur
Soldanella montana Willd.
Epipactis helleborine (L.) Crantz
Cerastium arvense L. ssp. lerchenfeldianum (Schur)
Ascherson & Graebner
Hesperis matronalis L. ssp. candida (Kit.) Hegir. & E. Schmid
(incl. H. moniliformis Schur)
Thlaspi dacicum Heuffel ssp.dacicum
Geranium sylvaticum L. ssp.caeruleatum (Schur) D. A.Webb.
Cephalanthera rubra (L.) L. C. Richard
Epipactis microphylla (Ehrh.) Swartz
Pseudorchis albida (L.) A.& D. Löve
Aquilegia nigricans Baumg.
Ranunculus pseudomontanus Schur
Scrophularia heterophylla Willd. ssp.laciniata (Waldst. & Kit.)
Maire & Pet.
Epilobium alpestre (Jacq.) Krocker
Gentiana acaulis L.
Trisetum fuscum (Kit. & Schultes) Schultes
Galium lucidum All.
Taxus baccata L.
Cystopteris sudetica A. Braun & Milde
Anthemis macrantha Heuffel
Anexe
R
R
R
R
R
V\R
R
R
R
R
V\R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
V
R
R
R
R
R
R
V\R
R
R
Pag. 125
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
Astragalus alpinus L.
Chamorchis alpina (L.) L.C. M. Richard
Nigritella rubra (Wettst.) K. Richter
Androsace chamaejasme Wulfen
Allium victorialis L.
Rhododendron myrtifolium Schott & Kotschy
Thymus pulcherrimus Schur
Gymnadenia odoratissima (L.) L. C. Richard
Festuca versicolor Tausch
Poa molinerii Balbis
Rumex scutatus L.
Veronica aphylla L.
Silene nutans L. ssp. dubia (Herbich) Zapal.
Onobrychis transsilvanica Simonkai
Leontopodium alpinum Cass.
Doronicum carpaticum (Griseb. & Schenk) Nyman
Campanula carpatica Jacq.
Gypsophila petraea (Baumg.) Reichenb.
Epipactis atrorubens (Hoffm.) Besser
Gymnadenia conopsea (L.) R. Br.
Anexe
R
R
V\R
V\R
R
V
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
V\R
R
R
R
R
R
Pag. 126
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Anexe
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27. CONSTANTINESCU, T., 1977: Évolution du réseau hydrographique de la zone
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28. CONSTANTINESCU, T., 1984, b: Carte de la circulation des eaux souterraines
dans Le Massif de Piatra Craiului, Trav. Inst. Spéol. “Emile Racovitza“, XXIII,
Edit. Acdemiei, 75-79, Bucureşti.
29. CONSTANTINESCU, T., 1984,a: Le Massif de Piatra Craiului. Genèse et
l'évolution des torrents des versants nord-ouest et nord; glaciation
pléistocene,Theoret. and Appl.Karst., 1, Ed. Academiei, 99-106, Bucureşti.
30. CONSTANTINESCU, T., 1984: Le Massif de Piatra Craiului. Genèse et évolution
des torrents des versants nord-ouest et nord ; Glaciation Pléistocène. Theor.and
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31. CONSTANTINESCU, T., 1985: Évolution du réseau hydrographique du Couloir
de
Dâmbovicioara.Genèse
et
l'
évolution
de
la
Vallée
de
Dâmbovicioara,Theoret.and Appl. Karst., 2, Ed. Academiei, 55-64, Bucureşti.
de Dâmbovicioara. Note 2. Genèse et l" évolution de la Vallée Dâmboviţa.
Theoret.and Appl. Karst.,4, Ed. Academiei, 117-126, Bucureşti.
de Dâmbovicioara.Note 3, Theoret. and Appl. Karst., 5, Edit. Academiei, 67-81,
Bucureşti.
34. CONSTANTINESCU, T., 1992: Massif de Piatra Craiului. Particularités
morphogénetiques. Sous-unités karstiques, Trav. Inst. Spéol."Emile
Racovitza",XXXI, Ed. Academiei, 139-150, Bucuresti.
Anexe
Pag. 128
35. CONSTANTINESCU, T., 1994: Masivul Piatra Craiului. Studiu geomorfoloic, the
abstract of Phd thesis,. Bucureşti Univ,. de Geogrphy Fac, 1-26, Bucuresti.
36. CONSTANTINESCU, T., 1994: Masivul Piatra Craiului. Studiu geomorfologic.
The abstract of Phd thesis, 18-19.
37. CONSTANTINESCU, T., 1994: Masivul Piatra Craiului-studiu geomorphologic
(teză de doctorat), Facultatea de Geografie, Bucureşti.
38. CONSTANTINESCU, T., 1996: Le karst de Piatra Craiului (1). Particularités des
composants géosyatémiques. Trav. Inst. Spéol. "Emile Racovitza", XXXV, 201220.
39. CONSTANTINESCU, T., 1996: Le Karst de Piatra Craiului. Particularités des
composants géosystémiques (1)., Trav.Inst.Spéol, “Emile Racovitza“, XXXV,
Edit.Academiei, 201-220, Bucureşti.
40. CONSTANTINESCU, T., 1996: Masivul Piatra Craiului. Particularităţile reliefului,
Ocrot. Nat. şi Med. Înconj., Edit. Acad. Rom., 35-46, Bucureşti.
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Comunicări de Geografie, 4, 35-38, Bucureşti.
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Comunicări de Geografie, 1, 27-30, Bucureşti.
47. CONSTANTINESCU T. & PIŢIGOI R., 2003, The main types of relief of Piatra
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48. CONSTANTINESCU T., 2003, The Pleistocene glaciation and the avens of
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Anexe
Pag. 129
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58. GHIURCĂ D., MUNTEANU A. & FENERU F., 2003, Some herpetological
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Anexe
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Anexe
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101. POPESCU, A., SANDA, V. & DRĂGHICI, B., 1980, Aspecte ale vegetatiei
lemnoase din Masivul Piatra Craiului, Contrib. bot. Cluj, 1949-160.
102. POPESCU, G., 1988: Avenul de sub Vârful Grind, Bul. al Cercului Speologic
"Hades"- Ploieşti, 103-109.
103. POPESCU, I., 1967: Contribuţii la cunoaşterea stratigrafiei şi structurii geologice
a Masivului Piatra Craiului, D.S. LII, 2, 157-176, Bucureşti.
104. POPESCU, I., 1967:Contribuţii la cunoaşterea stratigrafiei şi structurii geologice
a Masivului Piatra Craiului, Com. Inst. Geol. (1964-1965), 52(2), Bucureşti.
105. POPOVICI B., 2001, Demografia istorică a Branului de Jos, referat Bucureşti.
106. PRAOVEANU I, 1998, Aşezările brănene: satul, gospodăria, locuinţa, Braşov.
107. PURICE D., 2003, The structure of ground beetles communities (Ord.
Coleoptera, Fam. Carabidae) in some forest ecosystems of Piatra Craiului
Anexe
Pag. 132
National Park, in POP O. & VERGHELEŢ M., Research in Piatra Craiului
108. RÖMER, J., 1898: Aus der Pflanzenvelt der Burzenlander Berge in
Siebenbürgen, Verlag von Carl Graser, Viena.
109. RÖMER, J., 1904: Durch der Krepatura auf den Kleinen Konigstein, Jahrb. der
Siebenbürgen Karp. Ver., 4:86-95.
110. SANDA, V. & POPESCU, A., 1976: Contribuţii la cunoaşterea vegetaţiei de
stâncarii din Masivul Piatra Craiului, Contrib. Bot., Cluj.
111. SANDA, V., POPESCU, A. & DOLTU, M.I., 1977, Vegetatia Masivului Piatra
Craiului, St. şi comunic. şt. nat. , 21: 115-212.
112. SCHOTT, H.W., 1851a: Ein neues euopisches Rhododendron, Bot. Ztg.,
9(2):17, Berlin.
113. SCHOTT, H.W., 1851b: Ein neue Saxifraga, Bot. Ztg., 9(4):65-66, Berlin.
114. SCHOTT, H.W., 1851c: Ein neue Gentiana aus Siebenbürgen, Bot. Ztg.,
9(7):151-152, Berlin.
115. SCHOTT, H.W., 1851d: Dianthus callizonus n. sp. und Hepatica angulosa D.C.,
Bot. Ztg., 9(10):192-194, Berlin.
116. SCHOTT, H.W., 1851e: Zwei für die Flora Oesterreichs neue Pflanzen, Bot.
Ztg., 9(15): 281-285, Berlin.
117. SCHUR, F., 1866: Enumeratio Plantarum Transsilvaniae, G. Braummüller,
Vindobonae.
118. SERAFIM R. & MAICAN S., 2003, Preliminary data on the Cerambicides and
Coccinelides (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae, Coccinellidae) of Piatra Craiului
National Park, in POP O. & VERGHELEŢ M., Research in Piatra Craiului
119. SIMONKAI, L., 1886: Enumeratio Florae Transsilvanicae Vesculosae critica,
Magzar Természettudományi Társulat, Budapest.
120. SLONOVSKY, V., 1977: Cartarea speciei Blechnum spicant (l.) Roth. din
Carpaţii Româneşti, 29(1): 33-38, Bucureşti.
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Craiului Mountains, in POP O. & VERGHELEŢ M., Research in Piatra Craiului
125. ŞTEFUREAC, T., 1951: Consideratiuni briologice asupra rezervatiei naturale
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126. STERGHIU C & DOBRE A., 2003, Researches on spider fauna of Piatra
127. SZÉKELY (L.), 1996 – Lepidopterele din sud-estul Transilvaniei, “Disz. Tipo”,
Săcele: 1-78
Anexe
Pag. 133
128. TATOLE V., 2003, Researches on aquatic invertebrate fauna of Piatra Craiului
National Park (I), in POP O. & VERGHELEŢ M., Research in Piatra Craiului
129. TEODOREANU, E, 1980: Culoarul Rucăr-Bran. Studiu climatic şi topoclimatic,
Ed. Acad., Bucureşti.
130. THOMAS, Fr., MUNTHIU, L., 1968: Avenele din Piatra Craiului. Cumidava II,
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Park (Insecta, Thysanoptera), in POP O. & VERGHELEŢ M., Research in Piatra
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Craiului National Park, in POP O. & VERGHELEŢ M., Research in Piatra
133. ***Arhivele Statului Braşov, Acte judecătoreşti 20/1753.
134. ***Arhivele Statului Braşov, Actele Magistratului 302/1787.
135. *** Institutul de Biologie al Academiei Române, 1993: Elaborarea Studiului de
Fundamentare pentru Parcul Naţional Piatra Craiului.
Anexe
Pag. 134
Annexe IX Traseele de pe raza Parcului Naţional Piatra Craiului
NO.
1
2
TRAIL
Padina Hotarului
Padina Şindrilăriei
3
Brâna Caprelor
STARTING POINT
Intrare în abrupt
Ramificaţia spre
Ref. Diana
Ref. Diana
4
5
6
Padina Popii
Lanţuri
Lehmann
Ref. Diana
Ref. Şpirlea
Cab. Curmătura
7
8
9
Padinile Frumoase
Grind-Piscul Baciului
Şpirlea-Saua Funduri
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
Anexe
ENDING POINT
Vf. Turnu
Vf. Turnu
MARKING
Blue cross
Red cross
Blue band
Cab. Curmătura
Ref. Grind
Ref. Şpirlea
Şaua Padinii
Închise
Vf. Padina Popii
Şaua Grindului
Şaua Padinii
Închise
Vf. Ascuţit
Piscul Baciului
Şaua Funduri
Şaua Funduri-poiana
Lespezi
Creasta Pietrii
Craiului
Bran – Măgura –
Zărneşti
Măgura – Tohăniţa
Şaua Funduri
Poiana Lespezi
Blue triangle
Red Band
Red Band
Blue triangle
Blue triangle
Şaua Funduri
Şaua Crăpăturii
Red circle
Castelul Bran
Cabana Gura
Râului
Tohăniţa
Zărneşti-Prăpăstiile
Zărneştiului-Cheile
Pisicii-La TablePeştera-Moeciu
Zărneşti -BotorogZănoaga-Curmătura
Zărneşti - Prăpăstiile
ZărneştiuluiCurmătura
Cabana CurmăturaPeştera
Cabana CurmăturaŞaua Crăpăturii
Cabana Gura
Râului
Moeciu
Blue cross
Red band
Blue cross
Blue triangle
Red cross
Cabana Gura
Râului
Cabana Gura
Râului
Cabana
Curmătura
Cabana
Curmătura
Yellow band
Cabana Curmătura
Sat Peştera
Cabana Curmătura
Şaua Crăpăturii
Yellow triangle
Red cross
Yellow band
Blue circle
Red cirlce
Red triangle
Sat Măgura
Cabana CurmăturaCabana Curmătura
Poiana Vlăduşca –
Şirnea
Ref. Grind-Valea
Refugiul Grind
Seacă a PietrelorCabana BrusturetDâmbovicioara-Podul
Sat Şirnea
Podul Dâmboviţei
Blue triangle
Red band
Blue Band
Blue band
Blue band
Yellow cross
Blue band
Pag. 135
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
Anexe
Dâmboviţei
Brusturet-cab.
Pietricica-creastă
Brusturet-Poiana
Lespezi-şaua
Funduri-La
Prepeleac-Marele
Grohotiş-Şaua
Tămaşului (închis
iarna în porţiunea
alpină)
Satul CojocaruCabana Valea lui
Ivan-Crucea
GrăniceruluiCurmătura FoiiCabana Plaiul Foii
Cabana Garofiţa
Pietrei CraiuluiCerdacul Stanciului
La Table-Poiana
Lespezi-Şaua
Funduri-Umerii
Pietrei Craiului-Şaua
Tămaşului-Cabana
Plaiul Foii (închis
alpină)
Cabana Garofiţa
Pietrei Craiului-Şaua
Funduri
Cabana Brusturet
Cabana Brusturet
Şaua La Padina
Florichii
Şaua Tămaşului
Blue triangle
Blue band
Blue triangle
Satul Cojocaru
Cabana Plaiul
Foii
Red triangle
Cabana Garofiţa
Pietrei Craiului
Cerdacul
Stanciului
Yellow cross
La Table
Cabana Plaiul
Foii
Blue triangle
Cabana Garofiţa
Pietrei Craiului
Şaua Funduri
Yellow cross
Blue triangle
Poiana Zănoaga-Vf.
Piatra Mică-Şaua
Crăpăturii
Zărneşti-Colţii
Chiliilor-Ref. DianaPadina Popii-Şaua
Padina Popii (închis
alpină)
Poiana Zănoaga
Şaua Crăpăturii
Blue circle
Zărneşti
Şaua Padina
Popii
Blue band
Blue triangle
Valea Urşilor-Ref.
Diana
Rudăriţa-Plaiul FoiiRef. Şpirlea-Pe
Lanţuri-Şaua
Valea Urşilor
Ref. Diana
Yellow triangle
Rudăriţa
Fundata
Red band
Pag. 136
Grindului-Ref. din
Şaua Grindului-Ref.
Grind-La Table-Şaua
Joaca-Sat CiocanuFundata-TRASEUL
DE LEGĂTURĂ
ÎNTRE FĂGĂRAŞPIATRA CRAIULUIBUCEGI (închis iarna
în porţiunea alpină)
31
Cabana Plaiul Foii –
Ref. Şpirlea – Umerii
Pietrei Craiului – Vf.
Tămaşul Mare –
Spre Curmătura
Zbârnei
Cabana Plaiul Foii
Spre Curmătura
Zbârnei
Red band
Trails forbidden during winter
NR. TRASEU
CRT
1
Padina Hotarului
2
Padina
Şindrilăriei
3
Brâna Caprelor
DE UNDE
PINA UNDE
MARCAJ
Intrare în abrupt
Ramificaţia spre Ref.
Diana
Ref. Diana
Vf. Turnu
Vf. Turnu
Blue cross
Red cross
Blue band
4
Padina Popii
Ref. Diana
5
Lanţuri
Ref. Şpirlea
6
Lehmann
Cab. Curmătura
7
Padinile
Frumoase
Grind-Piscul
Baciului
Şpirlea-Saua
Funduri
Şaua Funduripoiana Lespezi
Creasta Pietrii
Craiului
Cab. Curmătura
Şaua Padinii
Închise
Vf. Padina
Popii
Şaua
Grindului
Şaua Padinii
Închise
Vf. Ascuţit
8
9
10
11
Anexe
Ref. Grind
Ref. Şpirlea
Şaua Funduri
Şaua Funduri
Piscul
Baciului
Şaua
Funduri
Poiana
Lespezi
Şaua
Crăpăturii
Blue triangle
Red band
Blue band
Blue triangle
Red band
Red band
Blue triangle
Blue triangle
Red circle
Pag. 137
In addition, all the unmarked trails in the PCNP are stricty forbidden all year
round.
Anexe
Pag. 138
Annexe X List of challets and pensions in the Piatra Craiului National Park
Areas
“Alpin Ranch” Pension 8 rooms (2 single , 3 double, 3 three persons rooms). Three
rooms provide individual bathrooms. Total accomodation cappacity:17 persons.
Horseback riding services are provided, 50% discount for children. Full pension services
included. Address: Zărneşti , str. Brazilor nr. 52 . Telephone: 0268222666, e-mail :
www.alpin-ranch.de
“Brusturet” Challet with a number of 5 camping houses, each with two beds, 19
rooms, 11 double, 8 for three. 11 rooms have individual bathrooms. Total accomodation
cappacity: 56 persons. Address: Brusturet , com. Dâmbovicioara. Telephone:
0740845744.
“Capra Neagră” Pension with 3 rooms (2 double and one for four persons). One room
has private bathroom. Total accomodation cappacity: 8 persons. Full pension services.
Address: Sătic . Telephone : 0745013424.
“Cornul Vânătorului” Challet with 9 rooms (5 double and 4 rooms for four persons).
Total accomodation cappacity: 38 persons. Full pension services.
Address: Sătic. Telephone : 0745013424.
“Cerbul” Pension with 13 rooms (8 double, 1 room for three persons and 1 for 4
persons. Total accomodation cappacity: 23 persons.
Address: com. Dâmbovicioara, Dâmbovicioara village. Telephone : 0744313098 .
“Casa Europan” Pension with 9 single rooms. Total accomodation cappacity: 18
persons. All the rooms have private bathrooms.
Address: com. Dâmbovicioara, Podul Dâmboviţei village. Telephone : 0248542857 .
“Laleaua” Pension 5 rooms single. Total accomodation cappacity: 10 persons. All the
rooms have private bathrooms. Clients are provided with a fully equipped kitchen.
Address: Săticul de Sus , nr. 138. Telephone : 0744305368.
“Aldea” Pension with 5 rooms (4 double and one for three persons). Total
accomodation cappacity: 11 persons. All the rooms have private bathrooms.
Address: Zărneşti. Telephone : 0745018160 , 0268222944 .
“Garofiţa Pietrei Craiului” Pension Şirnea with 4 camping houses, each with 4
places, 5 rooms double and one for 6 persons. There are 2 bathrooms on each floor.
Total accomodation cappacity: 32 persons. Clients are provided with a fully equipped
kitchen.
Address: Şirnea , Ciocanu Village, nr 16 . Telephone: 0268472408 , 0744308265 , email : [email protected] .
Pensiunea “La Ionică” cu 4 camere de câte 4 persoane . Total posibilităţi de cazare
:16 persoane. Sunt două băi . Oferă servicii de pensiune completă . Adresa:
Dâmbovicioara , sat Dâmbovicioara nr. 185 . Telefon : 0744957076 .
Pensiunea “Duicu” cu 4 camere din care o cameră de două persoane şi trei camere
de câte trei persoane . Total posibilităţi de cazare :11 persoane. Are o baie la două
camere . Oferă servicii de pensiune completă sau pune la dispoziţia clienţilor bucătăria
complet utilată . Adresa: Măgura , nr. 9A . Telefon : 0744317784 , 0268414419 , e-mail
: [email protected] .
Pensiunea “Cojanu” cu 6 camere din care una single şi 5 camere de două persoane.
Sunt 2 băi pe palier. Total posibilităţi de cazare : 11 persoane. Oferă servicii de
Anexe
Pag. 139
pensiune completa . Adresa: Peştera . Telefon : 0742024515 , 0744867784 ,
0742024517 .
Pensiunea “Moşoiu” cu 3 camere de două persoane. Este o baie pe palier. Total
posibilităţi de cazare : 6 persoane. Oferă servicii de pensiune completă . Pune la
dispoziţia clienţilor bucătăria complet utilată . Adresa: Peştera , nr 6 . Telefon :
0259265496 , 0745252681.
Pensiunea “La Ţăndărică” cu 5 camere de două persoane. Sunt 2 băi pe palier. Total
posibilităţi de cazare : 10 persoane. Oferă servicii de pensiune completa . Adresa:
Şirnea . Telefon : 0268236944 , 0744308265 . Telefon : 07401637587 .
Pensiunea “Cioacă Lucica” cu 3 camere de două persoane. Este o baie pe palier.
Total posibilităţi de cazare : 6 persoane. Oferă servicii de pensiune completa . Adresa:
Şirnea , nr 187 . Telefon : 0268236952 .
Pensiunea “Fabius” cu 5 camere de două persoane . Patru camere au baie proprie.
Total posibilităţi de cazare : 10 persoane. Oferă servicii de pensiune completă . Sală de
mese pentru 20 persoane. Oferă plimbări cu căruţa şi sania (în funcţie de anotimp).
Adresa: Zărneşti , str. Dr. Ioan Senchea, nr 7 . Telefon : 0722523199.
Pensiunea “Garofiţa Pietrei Craiului” Zărneşti cu 5 camere de două persoane .
Toate camerele au baie proprie. Total posibilităţi de cazare : 10 persoane. Oferă servicii
de pensiune completa . Sală de mese încăpătoare , grătar. Adresa: Zărneşti , spre
Plaiul Foii. Telefon : 0268220514 , 0744701408 .
Pensiunea “ Garofiţa Pietrei Craiului” Peştera cu 3 camere din care 2 single şi una
de două persoane . Există o baie pe hol. Total posibilităţi de cazare : 6 persoane. Oferă
servicii de pensiune completă . Adresa: Peştera , nr 7 . Telefon : 0744205555 .
Pensiunea “ Ana” cu 3 una de două persoane . Există o baie pe hol. Este de categoria
2 margarete . Total posibilităţi de cazare : 6 persoane. Oferă servicii de pensiune
completa . Adresa: Rucăr , str. Braşovului , nr 122 , e-mail : [email protected] .
Telefon : 0744205555 .
Pensiunea “Lavinius” cu 7 camere din care 3 camere de două persoane şi 2 camere
de câte 4 persoane . Un număr de 2 camerele au baie proprie , există o baie pe hol .
Total posibilităţi de cazare : 14 persoane. Oferă servicii de pensiune completă . Adresa:
Măgura , nr. 18A. Telefon : 0744343779 .
Pensiunea “Floare de colţ” cu 6 camere matrimoniale. Sunt 3 băi pe palier. Total
posibilităţi de cazare : 12 persoane. Oferă servicii de pensiune completă sau pune la
dispoziţia clienţilor bucătăria complet utilată. Adresa: Dâmbovicioara . Telefon :
0745810322 , 0248284573, e-mail : [email protected] .
Pensiunea “Elena” cu 16 camere din care 3 single si 13 de două persoane.
Unsprezece camere au baie proprie. Se asigură pensiune completă. Adresa: Zărneşti
str. Piatra Craiului nr. 43 tel. 0268223070, 0744656043, email: [email protected].
Pensiunea “Montana” cu 7 camere din care 5 de trei persoane şi două de două
camere, total capacitate 23 persoane. Se asigură pensiune completă. Adresa: com.
Moieciu, sat Măgura nr 144 tel 0744801094, 0721369157.
Pensiunea “Mosorel” cu 21 camere din care 8 single si 13 de două persoane.
Nouăsprezece camere au baie proprie. Se asigură pensiune completă. Total capacitate
42 persoane. Adresa: Zărneşti , str. Dr. Ioan Senchea nr.162 , tel/fax 0268222774,
0745024472, email [email protected]
Pensiunea “Hora cu Brazi” cu 5 camere de două persoane din care 3 cu baie proprie .
Adresa: Zărneşti , str. Râului nr.28 tel/fax 0268223124, mobil 0722391348 .
Cabana “Curmatura” cu 5 camere din care 1 dublă, 1 de trei persoane, 1 de 4
Anexe
Pag. 140
persoane, una de 11 persoane , una de 12 persoane şi 16 locuri în anexă. Camerele nu
au baie. Total posibilitati cazare: 48 de persoane. Loc pentru campare. Servicii masă tip
bufet. Adresa: Zărneşti , Curmătura, tel:0745995018.
Cabana-restaurant “Plaiul Foii” cu 16 camere din care 5 single, 5 duble, 3 de trei
persoane, două de 4 persoane (din care una apartament), una de 5 persoane. Două
camere au baie proprie. Total posibilităţi cazare: 40 de persoane. Restaurant. Adresa :
Zărneşti, Plaiul Foii, tel:0268231465, 0744985904, email: [email protected]
Pensiunea “Piatra Craiului” cu 11 camere din care 6 de două persoane şi 2 de mai
mult de 5 persoane cu o capacitate totală de 22 de persoane. Un număr de 8 camere
au baie proprie. Se oferă pensiune completă. Adresa :Zărneşti Sub Bortilă. . Tel/fax
0268220723, mobil 0754036211. www.Piatra-Craiului.ro.
Pensiunea “Nadine” cu 10 camere din care 2 de o persoana, 4 camere de două
persoane, 4 camere de trei persoane. La fiecare două camere există o baie comună.
Total posibilităţi de cazare 24 de persoane. Adresa: Rucăr str.Braşovului nr.150
Pensiunea “Pepino” cu 7 camere din care 1 de o persoană, 2 camere de două
persoane, 2 camere de trei persoane şi 2 camere de patru persoane. Două camere au
baie proprie. Total posibilităţi de cazare :19 de persoane. Adresa: Măgura nr. 144.
Oferă servicii de pensiune completă . Telefon : 0723392010 ; fax 0268337359 , email :
[email protected].
Cabana ”Casa Pădurarului” cu 5 camere din care 3 duble, două de 4 persoane. Două
camere au baie proprie. Total posibilităţi cazare: 14 persoane. Adresa : com. Moeciu ,
sat Măgura , nr. 18A ,tel:0744343779.
Pensiunea “Adina-Maria” cu 6 camere din care 4 duble, 2 de trei persoane. Două
camere au baie proprie. Total posibilităţi cazare: 16 persoane. Oferă servicii de
pensiune completă. Adresa: Zărneşti , str. Râului , nr. 63, tel: 0721224628.
Cabana”Floare de colţ” cu 5 camere din care 1 dublă, 1 de trei persoane, 3 de patru
persoane. Total posibilităţi cazare: 18 persoane. Adresa : lângă Plaiul Foii,
tel:0268220331.
Anexe
Pag. 141
Annexe XI Hărţi
Anexe
Pag. 142