The Ministry of Higher and Special Education of Republic of

The Ministry of Higher and Special Education of
Republic of Uzbekistan Samarkand Institute of
Economies and Services
Theme: Economy of Uzbekistan
Done by:Axmedov A
Checked up: Samandarov
Samarkand 2015
Eonomy of Uzbekistan
Since independence, the Government of Uzbekistan has stated that it is
committed to a gradual transition to a market- based economy. The progress with
economic policy reforms has been cautious, but cumulatively Uzbekistan has
registered respectable achievements. The government has eliminated the gap
between the black market and official exchange rate by successfully introducing
convertibility of the national currency, but its restrictive trade regime and
generally interventionist policies continue to have a negative effect on the
economy. Substantial structural reform is needed, particularly in the area of
improving the investment climate for foreign investors, strengthening the banking
system, and freeing the agricultural sector from state control. Remaining
restrictions on currency conversion capacity and other government measures to
control economic activity, including the implementation of severe import
restrictions and sporadic closures of Uzbekistan's borders with neighboring
Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan have led international lending
organizations to suspend or scale back credits.
The government working closely with IMF has made considerable progress
in reducing inflation and the budget deficit. The national currency was made
convertible in 2003 as part of the IMF-engineered stabilization program, although
some administrative restrictions remain. Agriculture and manufacturing industries
contribute equally to the economy, each accounting for about one-quarter of GDP.
Uzbekistan is a major producer and exporter of cotton, although the importance of
this commodity has declined significantly since independence. Uzbekistan is also a
major producer of gold with the largest open-pit gold mine in the world and has
substantial deposits of copper GDP and employment
This is a chart of trend of gross domestic product of Uzbekistan in constant
prices of 1995 estimated by the International Monetary Fund with figures in
millions of som. The chart also shows the consumer price index(CPI) as a measure
of inflation from the same source and the end-of-year U.S. dollar exchange rate
from the Central Bank of Uzbekistan database. For purchasing power parity
comparisons in 2006, the U.S. dollar is exchanged at 340 som.
Uzbekistan's GDP, like that of all CIS countries, declined during the first
years of transition and then recovered after 1995, as the cumulative effect of policy
reforms began to be felt. It has shown robust growth, rising by 4% per year
between 1998 and 2003 and accelerating thereafter to 7%-8% per year. According
to IMF estimates, the GDP in 2008 will be almost double its value in 1995 (in
constant prices).
Given the growing economy, the total number of employed rose from 8.5
million in 1995 to 10.5 million in 2006. This healthy increase of nearly 25% in the
labor force lagged behind the increase in GDP during the same period (64%, see
chart), which implies a significant increase in labor productivity. Official
unemployment is very low: less than 30,000 job seekers were registered in
government labor exchanges in 2005-2006 (0.3% of the labor force).
Underemployment, on the other hand, is believed to be quite high, especially in
agriculture, which accounts for fully 28% of all employed, many of them working
part-time on tiny household plots, but no reliable figures are available in the
absence of credible labor surveys.
The minimum wage, public-sector wages, and old-age pensions are routinely
raised twice a year to ensure that base income is not eroded by inflation. Although
no statistics are published on average wages in Uzbekistan, pensions as a proxy for
the average wage increased significantly between 1995 and 2006 both in real terms
and in U.S. dollars. The monthly old-age pension increased in real (CPI- adjusted)
soms by almost a factor of 5 between 1995 and 2006. The monthly pension in U.S.
dollars was around $20~$25 until 2000, then dropped to $15-$20 between 2001
and 2004, and recently rose to $30. The minimum wage was raised to $14.6 in
November 2007. Assuming that the average wages in the country are at a level of
3-4 times the monthly pension, we estimate the wages in 2006 at $90- $120 per
month, or $3-$4 per day. This conservative estimate should be compared with
President Karimov's public declaration that the average wage in December 2007
(including both the private and the public sector) was equivalent to US$210. The
true average wage is probably somewhere between these two numbers.
According to the forecast by the Asian Development Bank, GDP in
Uzbekistan in 2009 is expected to grow by 7%. Meanwhile, in 2010 the
Uzbekistan GDP growth is predicted at 6,5%.
Labor
Literacy in Uzbekistan is almost universal, and workers are generally welleducated and trained. Most local technical and managerial training does not meet
international business standards, but foreign companies engaged in production
report that locally hired workers learn quickly and work effectively. Foreign firms
generally find that younger workers, untainted by the Soviet system, work well at
all levels. The government emphasizes foreign education and each year sends
about 50 students to the United States, Europe, and Japan for university degrees,
after which they have a commitment to work for the government for 5 years.
Reportedly, about 60% of the students who study abroad find employment with
foreign companies on their return, despite their 5-year commitment to work in the
government. Some American companies offer special training programs in the
United States to their local employees.
In addition, Uzbekistan subsidizes studies for students at Westminster
International University in Tashkent—the only Western-style institution in
Uzbekistan. In 2002, the government "Hope" Program is paying for 98 out of 155
students studying at Westminster. For the next academic year, Westminster is
expecting to admit 360 students, from which Umid is expecting to pay for 160
students. The education at Westminster costs $4,800 per academic year.
With the closure or downsizing of many foreign firms, it is relatively easy to
find qualified, well- trained employees, and salaries are very low by Western
standards. Salary caps, which the government implements in an apparent attempt
to prevent firms from circumventing restrictions on withdrawal of cash from
banks, prevent many foreign firms from paying their workers as much as they
would like. Labor market regulations in Uzbekistan are similar to those of the
Soviet Union, with all rights guaranteed but some rights unobserved.
Unemployment is a growing problem, and the number of people looking for jobs
in Russia, Kazakhstan, and Southeast Asia is increasing each year. Uzbekistan's
Ministry of Labor does not publish information on Uzbek citizens working abroad,
but Russia's Federal Migration Service reports 2.5 Uzbek migrant workers in
Russia and there are indications of up to 1 million Uzbek migrants working
illegally in Kazakhstan. Uzbekistan's migrant workers may thus be around 3.5-4
million people, or a staggering 25% of its labor force of 14.8 million. The U.S.
Department of State also estimates that between 3 million and 5 million Uzbek
citizens of working age live outside Uzbekistan.
External trade and investment
Uzbekistan's foreign trade policy is based on import substitution. The
system of multiple exchange rates combined with the highly regulated trade
regime caused both imports and exports to drop each from about US$4.5 billion in
1996 to less than US$3 billion in 2002. The success of stabilization and currency
liberalization in 2003 has led to significant increases in exports and imports in
recent years, although imports have increased much less rapidly: while exports had
more than doubled to US$6.5 by 2006, imports had risen to US$4.5 billion only,
reflecting the impact of the government's import substitution policies designed to
maintain hard currency reserves. Draconian tariffs, sporadic border closures, and
border crossing "fees" have a negative effect on legal imports of both consumer
products and capital equipment. Uzbek farmers are deprived of seasonal
opportunities to sell legally their popular tomatoes and vegetables for good prices
in Kazakhstan. Instead, they are forced to dump their produce at reduced prices on
local markets or alternatively continue "exporting" by paying stiff bribes to border
guards and customs officers. Uzbek consumers are deprived of access to low-cost
Chinese goods that cross the border from Kyrgyzstan in normal times.
Uzbekistan's traditional trade partners are the CIS countries, notably Russia,
Ukraine, and Kazakhstan, which in aggregate account for over 40% of its exports
and imports. Non-CIS partners have been increasing in importance in recent years,
with Turkey, China, Iran, South Korea, and the EU being the most active. As of
2006, Russia remains the main foreign trade partner for Uzbekistan.
Uzbekistan is a member of the IMF, World Bank, Asian Development Bank,
and European Bank for Reconstruction and Development. It has observer status at
the World Trade Organization, is a member of the World Intellectual Property
Organization, and is a signatory to the Convention on Settlement of Investment
Disputes Between States and Nationals of Other States, the Paris Convention for
the Protection of Industrial Property, the Madrid Agreement on Trademarks
Protection, and the Patent Cooperation Treaty. In 2002, Uzbekistan was again
placed on the special "301" Watch List for lack of intellectual copyright
protection.
According to EBRD transition indicators, Uzbekistan's investment climate
remains among the least favorable in the CIS, with only Belarus and Turkmenistan
ranking lower. The unfavorable investment climate has caused foreign investment
inflows to dwindle to a trickle. It is believed that Uzbekistan has the lowest level
of FDI per capita in the CIS. Since Uzbekistan's independence, U.S. firms have
invested roughly $500 million in the country, but due to declining investor
confidence, harassment, and currency convertibility problems, numerous
international investors have left the country or are considering leaving. In 2006,
the Government of Uzbekistan forced out Newmont Mining Corporation (at the
time the largest U.S. investor) from its gold mining joint venture in the Muruntau
gold mine. Newmont and the government resolved their dispute, but the action
adversely affected Uzbekistan's image among foreign investors. The government
attempted the same with British-owned Oxus Mining. Coscom, a U.S.-owned
telecommunications company, involuntarily sold its stake in a joint venture to
another foreign company. GM-DAT, a Korean subsidiary of GM, is the only
known U.S. business to have entered Uzbekistan in over two years. It recently
signed a joint-venture agreement with UzDaewoo to assemble Koreanmanufactured cars for export and domestic sale. Other large U.S. investors in
Uzbekistan include Case IH, manufacturing and servicing cotton harvesters and
tractors; Coca Cola, with bottling plants in Tashkent, Namangan, and Samarkand;
Texaco, producing lubricants for sale in the Uzbek market; and Baker Hughes, in
oil and gas development.
O’zbekiston iqtisodiyoti
Mustaqilikdan beri O’zbekiston hukumatining ma’lumot berishicha asta-sekin
bozor iqtisodiyotiga o’tish kuzatilyapti. Iqtisodiy – siyosiy o’zgarishlarga ega
bo’lgan siljish ancha ehtiyotkor lekin O’zbekiston aytarli yutuqlarni ro’yxatdan
o’kazdi. Hukumat milliy valyutani qaytarishni o’z ichiga olgan rasmiy pul
almashtirish joyi va qora bozor o’rtasidagi tafovutni yo’q qildi. Lekin uning
chegaralangan iqtisodiy rejimi va umumiy vositachilik siyosatlari iqtisodiyotda
inkor natijalarni keltirib chiqarishni davom ettiradi. Ulkan strukturaviy o’zgarishlar
qilinyapdi: chet el envestorlari uchun pul almashtirishlarni yo’lga qo’yish, bank
tizimini kuchaytirish, qishloq xo’jalik sektorini davlat nazoratidan ozod qilish
kabilar. Valyutani o’zgartirish hajmini cheklashlar shundayligicha davom etyapti.
Iqtisodiy faoliyatni boshqarish uchun boshqa hukumat tadbirlari davom etyapdi.
Junladan , juda muhim o’zgartirish cheklovlari, tugatishlar ham ko’p
O’zbekistonning chegaradoshlari bo’lmish Qozog’iston, Qirg’iziston, Tojikiston
kabi qo’shnilari bilan barcha kreditlarni hisoblab , chetlashtirish uchun xalqaro
qarz berish tashkilotlarini boshqaryapti. IMF bilan yaqindan ishlayotgan hukumat
budjetdagi kamchiliklar va inflatsiyani yo’qotishda aytarli siljishlar qildi. Milliy
valyuta 2003-yil IMFning bir qismi sifatida qayta yaratildi. Ma’muriy o’zgarishlar
davom etsada, qishloq xo’jaligi va manufaktura sanoatlari iqtisodiyotga teng hissa
qo’shyapti, GDP ning ¼ qismi uchun 1ta to’g’ri kelyapti. Mustaqillikdan buyon
oziq-ovqatning ahamiyati ancha tushgan bo’lsada , O’zbekiston dunyodagi eng
katta oltinlarga ega bo’lgan asosiy oltin yetishtiruvchidir va unda ulkan depozitlar
va ish o’rinlari bor.
Yaqinda Mustaqil Davlatlar Hamdo‘stligi davlatlararo statistika qo‘mitasi mintaqa
mamlakatlarining 2014-yil birinchi yarim yilligidagi rivojlanish ko‘rsatkichlarini
e’lon qildi. Unga ko‘ra, O‘zbekiston sanoat mahsulotlari ishlab chiqarish bo‘yicha
MDHda birinchi o‘rinni egalladi.
Bundan atigi 23 yil oldin O‘zbekiston ushbu mintaqada ayni shu ko‘rsatkichlar
bo‘yicha eng oxirgi o‘rinlarda turardi. Prezident rahnamoligida iqtisodiyot tarkibi
tubdan o‘zgartirilgani, sanoat rivojiga alohida e’tibor qaratilgani samarasida
O‘zbekiston bu sohada ham birinchilar safiga chiqib oldi.
Turli islohotlar samarasida istiqlol yillarida O‘zbekiston iqtisodiyoti qariyb besh
karra o‘sdi.Aholi daromadlari jon boshiga 8,7 barobar ko‘paydi. Keyingi o‘n yilda
O‘zbekiston yalpi ichki mahsulotining o‘sish sur’ati sakkiz foizdan oshdi. Joriy
yilning birinchi yarmida bu ko‘rsatkich 8,1 foizni tashkil etdi.
Erishilgan natijalar bilan cheklanmasdan, iqtisodiyotni yanada rivojlantirishning
qo‘shimcha imkoniyatlari izlanmoqda. 2013-yil 22-noyabr kuni poytaxtda Osiyo
quyosh energiyasi forumining oltinchi yig‘ilishi o‘tkazildi. Xalqaro energetika
agentligi, Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkilotining Sanoatni rivojlantirish tashkiloti,
Islom taraqqiyot banki va boshqa xalqaro tuzilmalar vakillari, soha mutaxassislari
va olimlar ishtirok etgan anjumanda mamlakatimizda quyosh energetikasini
rivojlantirish istiqbollari belgilab olindi.
O‘zbekistonning har bir go‘shasida ulkan bunyodkorlik ishlari amalga
oshirilmoqda. Dunyo miqyosida ham noyob sanalgan yirik zavodlar, sanoat
korxonalari ishga tushirilmoqda.
Prezident tashabbusi bilan O‘zbekiston shaharlari bosh reja asosida qayta
qurilmoqda. Buni Samarqand, Buxoro, Andijon, Namangan, Termiz, Qarshi,
Urganch, Nukus, Farg‘ona kabi shaharlar misolida ko‘rish mumkin: ushbu
shaharlar qiyofasi butunlay o‘zgardi, ijtimoiy infratuzilma rivojlandi.
Madaniyat va san’at saroylari, sog‘liqni saqlash, ta’lim, sport muassasalari, xizmat
ko‘rsatish va servis shoxobchalari, dam olish maskanlari hududlar ko‘rkiga ko‘rk
qo‘shdi.
Qishloqlarda barpo etilayotgan zamonaviy uylar oilalar farovonligini
yuksaltirmoqda. Mustaqillik bayrami arafasida minglab ana shunday yangi uyjoylar o‘z egalariga topshirildi.
O‘zbekistonda transport infratuzilmasi izchil rivojlanmoqda. Yangi yo‘llar, yo‘l
o‘tkazgichlar bunyod etilmoqda. O‘zbekiston hududlari yagona temir yo‘l
tarmog‘iga bog‘lanmoqda. 2013-yilda ulkan strategik ahamiyatga ega yana bir
yangi yo‘l — Angren-Pop temir yo‘li qurilishi boshlandi. 124 kilometrlik mazkur
temir yo‘l, shu jumladan, 19 kilometrlik tunnel O‘zbekistonning markaziy qismini
Farg‘ona vodiysi bilan bog‘laydi, Sharqiy Osiyo mamlakatlarining G‘arb
davlatlariga chiqishida muhim bo‘g‘in bo‘lib xizmat qiladi.
Qishloq xo‘jaligida amalga oshirilgan tub islohotlar, fermerlik harakatining
samaradorligi tufayli oziq-ovqat mahsulotlari yetishtirish yildan-yilga ko‘payib
bormoqda. Sabzavot, kartoshka, poliz ekinlari, meva, uzum yetishtirish, mevasabzavot mahsulotlarini qayta ishlash hajmi oshib boryapti.
Joriy yilning 6-iyunida poytaxtda bo‘lib o‘tgan “O‘zbekistonda oziq-ovqat
dasturini amalga oshirishning muhim zaxiralari” mavzusidagi xalqaro
konferensiyada qatnashgan xorijlik mutaxassislar va ishbilarmonlar buni yana bir
bor e’tirof etdi, O‘zbekiston erishgan yutuqlarni tan oldi.
Bu yil dehqonlar sakkiz million 50 ming tonnalik yuksak xirmon bunyod etdi.
Mustaqillikkacha don va un ta’minoti bo‘yicha boshqalarga qaram bo‘lib kelgan
xalq ayni paytda o‘z ehtiyojini ta’minlash bilan birga, xorijiy davlatlarga don
eksport qilmoqda. G‘allachilik rivoji chorvachilik va parrandachilik kabi boshqa
ko‘plab tarmoqlarga ham ijobiy ta’sir etib, go‘sht, sut, tuxum kabi oziq-ovqat
mahsulotlarining mo‘l bo‘lishini ta’minlamoqda.
O'zbekistonning bozor munosabatlariga o'tish yo'liga doir
Prez ide nt I. Kar imo v to mo n ida n is hlab c hiq ilga n bes h ta mo il
na faqa t resp ublika miz da , s huningdek
ja ho n ja moa tc hiligi to monida n ma qulla nd i. Eng muxim ,
xa lqimiz nin g o'z i bes h ta moilni qabul qild i va qo 'lla bquvva tla di.
Birinch isi. Bir qa nc ha
ko'rsatadiki, iqtisodiyot
ma mla kat la rnin g
achchiq
tajribas i
s iyos iy ma nfatla rga bo'ysund iril ga nda u barbod bo'ldi.
Iq t is o d iyo t o 'z i ga xos b o 'l g a ic h k i q o nun la r a sos i da
r ivo j la n mo g 'i z a r ur . I qt is o d iyo t , -de b ta k id la y d i I. K a r i mo v , s iyosat ga nisba ta n ust ivor ma vqe yd a bo 'lis hi loz im. Na
s iyosat, na ma fkura iqtis od iyotni nazo rat qilis h, un ga ta z iq
o'tkaz is h da rajas iga ko 'taril ma s ligi za rur. Ha m ic hk i ha m
tas hq i iq tis od iy mu nosa ba tla rni ma fkur ada n ho li q ilis h z a rur.
O 'zbe kis tonda "Av va l t ao m , ke yin ka lom" de ga n hik ma tla rga
a ma l q il ina d i.
Ikkinchisi. Ja hon ta jrib as i iqtiso diyotni da vla t yo'li bila n
ta rtib ga s olib turis h z arurl igini ko'rsa ta di. Aks ho lda
iqtis od iyot c huq ur la rza la rga, kriz is la rga ma hk um bo 'ladi.
"Boz or mu nos aba tlarga o 'tish d a vrida da vla t b os h is lohotc h i ,
bo 'lis hi b o 'lis hi, iq tis od iyo t va ijti mo iy tur mus hni ng ha mma
so ha la rini o'zgar tiris h reja la rini tuz ib, uni izc hillik bila n
a ma lga os hiris hi zarur ",- de bta kidla ydi.I. Ka ri mov.
M illiy iqtis od ni s ha killa ntiris h va mus taq illikni iqtis od iy
jihat da n ta minlas h, uni himoya qilis h, ja ho n ho 'jaligi bila n
inte grats iya ga e ris his h, xa lq ma a tini yuza ga c hiqa rishda
davlat asosiy rol o'ynaydi.
Davlat
ixtiyo rida gi iqtis od iy
me xa niz mni yo qo tib,
o'rni ga birda niga bozo r me xa niz mini o'r nat is h munkin
e mas. Shu bo is O 'zbek is tonda da vla t iqtiso d tiz imi birda niga
bo 's h q o ' yib yub or il ma d i, un in g xuk u md o r li g i s aq la b q o l ind i.
Xo 'ja likning ba za viy tar moqla ri-s uv xo 'ja ligi, te mir yo 'l,
a vt o ma b il va ha vo yo 'lla ri, mud o fa a sa noa t i da vla t ixt iyo rid a
bo'lib,
ularni
tadbirkorlik
bilan
yuritish
davlatning
vazifasidir.
Uchinchisi. Bozor iqtisodiytiga o'tishda qonun va qonunlarga
rio ya et is h ust ivor bo 'lis hi loz im. Ne gak i boz or iqtis od iyoti
qonunc hilik ka ta ya nad i. U ning qoida la ri, mez onla ri ming
yillar da vo mida yarat ilga n. Bozo r iqtis odiyoti huquqi y
no r ma la r v a qo id a la r ga t a ya n is h i b ila n ma mur iy- b u yr uq bo z lik
t iz i mid a n f a rq q ila d i. Ya hl it b ozo r t iz i mi ni ya ra t is h uc hu n
un ing t url i to monla riga oid q onun lar yar at ilis hi ha mda ula rga
rio ya qilinis hi s ha rt. Q onunc hilik naza r-p isa nd qilin ma ga n,
qonunla r buz ilgan joyda bozo r iqtis odiyotini a ma lga os hiri b
bo 'l ma yd i.
Qonunni
ustivorligi
huquqiy
davlat
barpo
e tis h
zaruriyatidan ham kelib chiqadi. Qonun oldida hamma
barobar. Ba rcha ijt imoiy, e ng a vva lo, iqtis odiy munosa ba tla r
faqat
qonun
bilan
tartibga
so linard i,
uning
barcha
qat nas hc hila ri es a xec h b ir ist is nos iz huq uq no r ma larini
buzganligi uchun javobgar bo'ladi. Huquqiy davlatning
mo hiyat i ma lum qonun la r tiz imi borlig i bila n e mas, ba lki
o mma ni ng s hu qo nu nla rin ing b o 'lishi, o 'z fa o liya tida u lar ga
asoslanish bilan belgilanadi.
Tor tinch isi. Axo lining de mo gr a fik ta rkib ini xis ob ga o lga n
holda kuc hli ijt imoiy s iyos at ni o'tkaz is h. Bun ing za rur iya ti
iqtis odiy a hvol bilan bog'liq. Birinc hida n, O 'zbe kis tonda
a xoloning de yarli t o'rtda n uc h q is mi Sho 'ro la r hokimiya tining
so'nggi yillaridaham
o'zlar ining minima l e htiyo jlar ini
qondiris hga qodir bo'lmay, da vlatnin ma dad iga muhtoj ed i.
Ikkinc hid a n, a ho li ta rkibida da vlat va ja miya t o'z himoya s iga
o lis hi za ru r b o 'lga n b o la la r, o 's mir lar, qa riy a la r ko 'pc hil ik n i
tas hk il e ta di. Uc hinc hida n boz or iqtiso diyotiga o'tis h
ja rayonida das tlab a holi ijt imoiy jiha tda n ta baq a la na di va
himo ya ga muhto j bo'lga nlar qa tla mi ke nga ya di. Shu bois da n
iqtis od iy is lohotar ja rayo nida a vva l oda mla rni, biri nc hi
navbatda
himoya ga
muhtoj
qatlamini
oldindan kuchli
dar aja da ijt imoiy himoya las h c horala rini ko 'ris h za rur ligi
inoba tga
olindi.
Ijt imoiy
siyosat
inflyatsiya
keltirib
c hiqa rga n q imma tc hilik s ha roi tida a ho li ha rid qo b iliya tin i
hi mo ya q i l is h n i ha m k o 'z d a t uta d i.
Beshinchisi. Bozor iqtisodiyotiga o'tish evolyuts ion yo'l
bila n, puxta o'ylab bosq ic hma-b osq ic h a mlga os hir ilis hi
loz im. Bu ning sa ba bi s hunda ki, boz or iqtisod iyoti mura ka b
bo'lib, uni birdaniga yaratib bo'lmaydi. Aholining totalitar
tuz um s ha roit ida tarkib topga n qa ras hla ri va ko'nik ma la ri
bo r, ula rni birda niga boz or iqtis od iyoti s ha ro itiga mos la b
o'zga rt irib
bo'lmaydi.
Gap
s hunda ki,
totalitar
tuzum
ps ixologiyas ida n boz or ps ixolo giyas iga o'tis h uc hun mua ya n
bir vaq t ha mda ya ngi iqtiso diy, ma 'na viy inkoniya tla r va
s haroitla r ke rak. Bula r bos qic hma -bos qic h yarat iladi. Bu
ta moil biz ga me ros bo 'lib qolga n ba rcha progress iv jiha tlarga
a va yla b munosa ba tda bo'lis hni, "ya ngi uy qur ma y turib ,
esk is ini b uz ma " de ga n hik ma tga r ioya e tis hni ta qazo eta di.
Iqt is odiyotni tubda n is loh qilis h, bozo r munos aba tlarin i
s hak illa ntiris hda yuq orida a ytilga n ba rcha ta moilla r birda y
muhum va be lgilovc hi a ha myat ga e ga dir.