The Black Sea Region

CHESTNUT CULTIVATION IN TURKEY
Dr. Ümit SERDAR
Ondokuz Mayis University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Horticulture,
Samsun, TURKEY
e-mail: [email protected]
CHESTNUT PRODUCTION
Figure 1. Chestnut production in Europea (1000 tonnes)
Anatolia is one of the origin centers of European chestnut
(Castanea sativa Mill.).
MARMARA REGION
BLACK SEA REGION
AEGEAN REGION
Main chestnut growing areas are Black Sea, Marmara and
Aegean Regions in Turkey.
RATIO OF CHESTNUT PRODUCTION ACCORDING TO REGIONS
BLACK SEA REGION
MARMARA REGION
30 %
9%
61 %
AEGEAN REGION
Annual chestnut production is 60 000 tonnes in Turkey.
THE AEGEAN REGION
•
•
•
•
Aydın
İzmir
Manisa
Denizli
61 %
AEGEAN REGION
Annual chestnut production is 60 000 tonnes in Turkey.
Aydın province
• Chestnut production: 21 406 tons
• Export: 1.314 tons
• Share: 33 % of chestnut production in Turkey
6
Photo: Engin ERTAN
THE MARMARA REGION
MARMARA REGION
9%
•
•
•
•
Bursa
Balıkesir
Yalova
İstanbul
Annual chestnut production is 60 000 tonnes in Turkey.
The Marmara Region
• The Marmara region has the oldest and richest chestnut culture
in Turkey.
• Many chestnut cultivars have been grown in this region for
centuries.
Bursa province
The Black Sea Region
30 %
BLACK SEA REGION
Annual chestnut production is 60 000 tonnes in Turkey.
West Black Sea Region
•
•
•
•
Sinop
Kastamonu
Bartın
Zonguldak
West Black Sea Region
Sinop province
West Black Sea Region
Sinop province
West Black Sea Region
Amasra district of Bartin province
West Black Sea Region
Sinop province
Middle and East Black Sea Region
In the Middle and East Black Sea Region, main crops are
hazelnut and tea plant .
Middle And East Black Sea Region
Growers have income expecialy from wood and chestnut honey
than fruits.
Middle And East Black Sea Region
Samsun
Samsun
Middle And East Black Sea Region
Samsun
Middle And East Black Sea Region
Middle and East Black Sea Region
Trabzon
Trabzon provinve has most number of chestnut trees in Turkey.
Giresun province in The East Black Sea Region
bee hives
Caring Activities
Share of growers make this
activity (%)
Pruning
60
Manuring
14
Fertilizing
11
Orchard floor
20
Weed management
78
Photo: Engin ERTAN
Caring activities are better in the west part of Turkey.
Harvesting
Chestnut harvest is made by pole and collect from ground.
30
Photo: Engin ERTAN
31
Photo: Engin ERTAN
32
Photo: Engin ERTAN
33
Photo: Engin ERTAN
STORING METHODS OF CHESTNUT
% 100
90
In open area as burr stuck
80
In fridge
70
In cold storage
60
In deep freezer
50
40
In a room as stringed crop
30
In a room as dryed crops
20
In underground
10
In open area with bagged
0
Storing methods
45% of growers store the chestnut.
In open area as burr stuck
Photo: Engin ERTAN
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Photo: Engin ERTAN
Photo: Engin ERTAN
haymaker
Nazilli district of Aydin Province in The Aegean Region
MAIN PROBLEMS FOR CHESTNUT CULTIVATION
- Chestnut blight (Crphonectria parasitica)
- Root rot (Phytopthora spp.)
- Chestnut weevils
- Chestnut gall wasp
CHESTNUT BLIGHT
Chestnut production in 1988: 90,000 tonnes
2005: 50,000 tonnes
2012: 60,019 tonnes
For protect chestnut trees to chestnut blight,
In the Middle and West Black Sea Region, growers cut the
infected branchs or trees.
In the Aegean Region, some growers disinfect chestnut barks
beside cut the infected branchs.
In the Marmara Region, some growers disinfect chestnut
barks and apply cupper or lime etc.
Root rot disease
PHOSPHOROUS ACID
AGRI-FOS 400 or 600
CHESTNUT WEEVILS
In Turkey, growers generally eliminate weevils infected nuts.
•
Only in The Marmara Region, growers fight against to
chestnut weevils with different methods.
•
Some growers use pheromone or bait traps or chemical
control.
Chestnut Gall Wasp
http://www.wildlifenorthamerica.com/Insect/Oriental-chestnut-gall-wasp/Dryocosmus/kuriphilus.html
Chestnut gall wasp was observed the first time in
last year in Yalova, near Istanbul.
GROWERS HAVE GRAFTED CHESTNUT TREE
BLACK SEA REGION
MARMARA REGION
AEGEAN REGION
%
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Marmara
Aegean
Middle and West
Black Sea
East Black Sea
TURKEY
SELECTION STUDIES ON ANATOLIAN CHESTNUT
(Castanea sativa Mill.)
• First chestnut selection studies was
carried out in the Marmara Region in
1975 by Ayfer ve ark. (1977).
• And then some selection studies
were carried out in different places
(Özkarakaş ve ark., 1995; Serdar, 1999;
Serdar ve Soylu, 1999; Akça ve Yılmaz,
1999; Serdar, 2002; Ertan ve Kılınç, 2005).
The Marmara Region
• Eleven chestnut cultivars have been registered in 1990 and
1993 (TTSM, 2015).
• Among these, ‘Osmanoglu’, ‘Sarıaslama’, ‘Firdola’, and
‘Hacıomer’ are the most frequently found chestnut cultivars.
The Marmara Region
• After the chestnut diseases were observed in the region, the
cultivars ‘Marigoule’ and ‘Maraval’ have been introduced.
• The cultivar ‘Marigoule’ has become a preferred choice
because it is more tolerant to chestnut blight, drought and early
ripening its characteristics.
Bursa province
Researchers determinated that impact of chestnut blight
decreased in 2000.
After this year, interest to chestnut growing increased.
Bursa province
‘Bursa chestnut working group’ was founded in 2003.
Some chestnut projects were supported from Bursa governorate in 2009.
Rehabilition studies have been started in old chestnut stands.
Photo: Cevriye MERT
Photo: Cevriye MERT
Photo: Cevriye MERT
Topworking studies were started in 2006.
Photo: Cevriye MERT
Photo: Cevriye MERT
Also establishing of new orchards has been started.
Project: Determination of yield and fruit quality of some chestnut
cultivars and genotypes in Bursa.
Visitor group from Portugal, France and Spain
2014
THE AEGEAN REGION
•
•
ÖZKARAKAŞ, İ., N. GÖNÜLŞEN, M. ULUBELDE, S. ÖZAKMAN, K. ÖNAL,
1995. Ege Bölgesi kestane (Castanea sativa Mill.) çeşit seleksiyonu
çalışmaları. II. Ulusal Bahçe Bitkileri Kongresi, Cilt: I, S: 505-509, Ç. Ü. Z. F.,
Adana.
ERTAN, E., G. SEFEROĞLU, G. G. DALKILIÇ, F. E. TEKİNTAŞ, S.
SEFEROĞLU, F. BABAEREN, M. ÖNAL AND Z. DALKILIÇ, “Selection of
Chestnuts (Castanea sativa Mill.) Grown in Nazilli District, Turkey”, Turkish
Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 31 (2), 115-123 (2007).
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THE AEGEAN REGION
67
Photo: Engin ERTAN
Nazilli district of Aydin Province in The AEGEAN REGION
69
Photo: Engin ERTAN
Photo: Engin ERTAN
71
Aydın chestnut was registered for GEOGRAPFICAL INDICATION in
2011.
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Studies for cultivar registration of selected genoytpes
73
Photos: Engin ERTAN
THE BLACK SEA REGION
1992, SİNOP-ERFELEK
Second level of selection
1997-2005
FATSA location
TERME location
CULTIVAR REGISTRATION STUDIES
We investigated the yield and fruit characteristics of ten
genotypes selected from Black Sea Region in 2000-2005.
SALIPAZARI LOCAL CHESTNUT CULTIVAR
554-14
ALTINAY LOCAL CHESTNUT CULTIVAR
SA 5-1
REGISTERED CULTIVARS
• Anatolian chestnut cultivars (Castanea sativa
Mill.): ERSİNOP, ERFELEK, ÜNAL, ERYAYLA
and SERDAR
• Hybrid of European x Japanese chestnuts:
MARİGOULE
ERSİNOP
• Earliest ripening Anatolian chestnut cultivar in the
Black Sea region
• Ripening time: First week of September
ERYAYLA
• Eary ripening Anatolian chestnut cultivar
• Ripening time: Second week of September
ÜNAL
•
•
•
•
Brilliant shell
Peel easily
Tasteful
Don't entry to the seed
ERFELEK
•
•
•
•
Brilliant shell
Peel easily
Tasteful
Don't entry to the seed
SERDAR
This cultivar was registered for chestnut honey
production and roasting.
MARIGOULE
European-Japanese Hybrids
1956, INRA, FRANCE
Large nut
Early ripening
Resistant to diseases
TOP WORKING STUDIES FOR CHANGE CULTIVAR
Bartın-2004
TOP WORKING
ÇEŞİT
STUDIES
DEĞİŞTİRME
FOR CHANGING
AŞILARI CULTIVAR
Samsun
Bartin-2006
• Graft
sprouting:
90-95 %
• Ratio of surviving: ?
MARIGOULE
We like very much Marigoule cultivar.
Because it is resistance to chestnut blight.
However, Marigoule is sensitive to chestnut gall wasp.
Japanese chestnut (C. crenata Mill.)
• Seeds of some intraspecies hybrids of Japanese chestnut
were imported from CAES, USA in 2005.
We have been testing these genotypes since 2006 in the
Black Sea Agricultural Reserach Station.
JAPANESE CHESTNUT IN SINOP
Which one is resistance to chestnut blight?
Japanese
chestnut
(Castanea
crenata)
SERDAR cultivar
(Castanea sativa)
Complex hybrids of different chestnut species
(mollissima/seguine x crenata/sativa/dentata)
• Seed of some complex hybrids with different chestnut
species were imported from CAES, USA in 2005.
Complex hybrids of different chestnut species
We have been testing these genotypes since 2006 in the
Black Sea Agricultural Reserach Station.
Some genotypes have high yield and dwarf growing.
China chestnut (Castanea mollissima) and
Sleeping Giant Genotypes
CHESTNUT
RESEARCH
STATION
A-11 genotype
Agroteks
ground
cover
Spring frost on 30 March 2014
A-55 genotype
Hail on 16 June 2014
Chestnut blight can easily insert to shoots via wound place !
Mouse damage
• sulfur
• pellet feed with poison
We are planning to register our new hybrid genotypes as cultivar.
We will test our genotypes for also rootstock characteristics.
We should test our genotypes for resistance to root rot.
Chestnut Gall Wasp
http://www.wildlifenorthamerica.com/Insect/Oriental-chestnut-gall-wasp/Dryocosmus/kuriphilus.html
We should determine the resistance levels of chestnut genotypes
to gall wasp.
For this aim, we started to grafting studies in this year.
May, 2015
Yalova
Chestnut Research Group
Founded on Nov. 29, 2001
165 members
National Chestnut Meetings
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•
•
•
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I. National Chestnut Meeting on 26 November, 2001 in Bursa
II. National Chestnut Meeting on 11 December, 2003 in Bursa
III. National Chestnut Meeting on 23-24 November, 2004 in Aydın
IV. National Chestnut Meeting on 15-17 October, 2012 in Aydın
V. National Chestnut Meeting on 4-6 November, 2014 in Bursa
139
International Workshop on Chestnut Management in
Mediterranean Countries
23-25 October 2007, Bursa, Turkey
4th National Chestnut Meeting
15-17 October 2012, Aydin, Turkey
Convener
Prof. Dr. Umit SERDAR
http://www.chestnut2016.org
WOW Topkapı Palace is 17 km./20 min. away from the airport.
http://www.chestnut2016.org
İSTANBUL
http://www.chestnut2016.org
BURSA
ANTALYA
WOW Topkapı Palace
BURSA
http://www.chestnut2016.org
İSTANBUL
Thank you for attentions…
Prof. Dr. Umit SERDAR
[email protected]