Nepal Data Journalism

Transcription

1
s
tYof+s kqsfl/tf
;dfrf/ /fd|f] agfpg tYof+s k|of]u ug{] ljlw
;Dkfbs
hf]gfyg u|], lnlnofgf af}g]u|', n';L RofDa;{
v
The Data Journalism Handbook
Edited by Jonathan Gray, Liliana Bounegru and Lucy Chambers
klxnf] ;+:s/0f -@)!@ h'nfO{_ sf] g]kfnL cg'jfb
tYof+s kqsfl/tf
OG6/Go"hsf] g]kfn kl/of]hgfåf/f g]kfnLdf cg"lbt tyf k|sflzt -On]S6«f]lgs ;+:s/0f_
;+:s/0fM klxnf], k]ma|'c/L @)!%
cg'jfb
df]xg d}gfnL
n]cfp6 l8hfOg
;'of]u >]i7
kl/of]hgf ;+of]hs
dw' cfrfo{
tYof+s kqsfl/tf lqmol6e sdG; Pl6«Ao';g–z]o/PnfOs nfO;]G;sf
-creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/_ zt{ cGtu{t skL ug{,
ljt/0f ug{ / k'gM k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 .
Editor:
Shawn Wallace
Production Editor: Kristen Borg
Proof Reader: O’Reilly Production Services
Cover Designer: Karen Montgomery
Interior Designer: DavidFutato
Illustrator: Kate Hudson
u
3
ljifo;"rL
e"ldsf
g]kfnL ;+:s/0fsf] e"ldsf
v08 !
kl/ro))@
tYof+s kqsfl/tf eg]sf] s] xf] <))#
kqsf/n] tYof+s lsg pkof]u ug{'k5{))^
tYof+ssf] k|jfxnfO{ k|zf]wg ug{))^
:6f]/L eGg] gofF tl/sf))^
Nofk6k pkof]u ug{] kmf]6f] kqsfl/tf))^
eljio tYof+s kqsfl/tfdf 5))^
;+Vof rkfpg] / zAb lzNkLsf] ;+ud))&
;Lk cBfjlws ug{'))&
;"rgfsf] af9L;Fu h'Wg] pkfo))&
))&
tYof+sdf cfwfl/t hg;Dks{sf sfd;Fu h'Wg] pkfo
;/sf/L hfgsf/LnfO{ :jtGq ¿kn] JofVof ug{
'
))*
tYof+ssf] af9L;Fu h'Wg'))*
xfd|f] hLjg tYof+s xf]))(
;do arfpg] pkfo))(
kqsf/sf nflu geO{ gx'g] ;Lk))(
;"rgfsf] ;+;f/df ePsf] kl/jt{g cg's"n x'g')!)
)!)
s'g} klg s'/fnfO{ km/s tl/sfn] x]g{] pkfo
/fd|f] :6f]/L eGg] pkfo)!)
s]xL dg k/fOPsf pbfx/0f)!!
kl/b[Zodf tYof+s kqsfl/tf)!&
tYof+s kqsfl/tf / sDKo'6/sf] ;xoftfn] ul/g] l/kf]l6{ª -;L=P=cf/=_
)@!
cfd dflg;nfO{ tYof+s a'e\mg / pkof]u ug{ ;Sg] agfpg'
)@@
v08 @
;dfrf/ sIfdf)@$
PaL;Ldf tYof+s kqsfl/tf)@$
ª
lala;Ldf tYof+s kqsfl/tf)@*
l;sfuf] l6«Ao'gdf Go'h PK; l6dn] sfd ug{] tl/sf
)#@
b ufl8{og 8]6fAnusf vDaf)#$
h]Ot cgnfOgdf tYof+s kqsfl/tf)#*
Xofs/nfO{ sfd nufpg] tl/sf)$!
/fd|f] 8]enk/ k]mnf kfg{] tl/sf)$$
Xofsfygdfk{mt ;+:yf aflx/sf ljz]if1sf] ;]jf lng'
)$%
k};fsf] uf]xf] k5\ofpg'M tYof+s kqsfl/tf / b'O{ b]zsf aLr ;xsfo{
)$*
hfgsf/L ljb]zdf vf]Hg')$(
vf]h kqsf/sf] ;~hfnsf] ;xof]u lng')$(
k|ljlwsf] pkof]u ug{] / Xofs/nfO{ ;fy lng'
)%)
sf]8df tof/ x'g] :6f]/L)%!
tYof+s kqsfl/tfsf] lalhg]; df]8n)%*
v08 #
s]; :68L)^!
c;dfg cj;/)^@
o'/f]k]nL ;+/rgfTds sf]ifsf af/]df gf} dlxg] vf]h
)^$
o'/f]hf]g ;+s6)^^
;/sf/L sf]ifsf] vf]hL)&!
lkmgNofG8sf] ;+;bLo r'gfj / r'gfjL cleofg vr{
)&%
;dfrf/df tYof+sM ljlslnS;)&(
dfkf&^ Xofsfyg)*#
)*%
;+o'Qm clw/fHodf ePsf] b+uf ;DaGwL b ufl8{ogsf] 8]6fAnu
Onf]gf]O{ :s"n l/kf]6{ sf8{)*&
c:ktfnsf] lan)*(
:ofxf/ s]Gb|sf] nfk/afxL )(!
6]lnkmf]gsf s'/f)(@
kf; x'g] sf/, k]mn x'g] sf/)($
ch{]lG6gfdf a;df cg'bfg)(%
gful/s tYof+s l/kf]6{/)((
lgjf{rg kl/0ffdsf nflu lau af]8
{
!)@
kfgLsf] dx;'n!)$
v08 $
tYof+s ;+sng!)^
vf]Hg] sfdnfO{ ;/n agfpg] tl/sf!)&
r
;"rgfsf] xs ;DaGwL P]g!!@
s]; :68L !!!&
s[lifdf cg'bfg
s]; :68L @!!(
;fO8 Ok]mS6
s]; :68L #!@)
d[To'sf] t:s/L
j]aaf6 tYof+s ;+sng!@!
tYof+ssf] ;|f]tsf ¿kdf j]a!@*
ufl8{ogsf] 8]6fAnudf qmfp8;f]l;{ª!##
tYof+ssf] pkof]u / z]o/!#*
v08 %
tYof+s a'e\mg'!$!
tLg kfOnfdf tYof+ssf ljifodf ;fIf/ x'g
]
!$@
!= tYof+s s;/L ;+sng ul/Psf] lyof] <
!$#
@= o;af6 s] s'/f yfxf kfOof] <!$$
#= tYof+s slQsf ljZj;gLo 5g\ < !$$
;dfrf/df cfFs8fsf] pkof]u!$%
!$^
tYof+sdf cfwfl/t :6f]/L ubf{ gu/L gx'g] sfd
tYof+saf6 sfd yfNg], :6f]/Ldf 6'+Uofpg]!%!
tYof+sdf cfwfl/t :6f]/L!%@
s'g 6'n k|of]u ug{
]
!%#
tYof+sdf /x]sf] cGt/1fg lng tYof+s b[Zof+sg!%*
tYof+ssf] ¿kfGt/0f!^@
v08 ^
tYof+ssf] k|:t'lt!^(
tYof+ssf] k|:t'lt!&)
d]/f cl8oG; sf] x'g\ / ltgnfO{ s] rflxPsf] 5 <
!&%
b[Zof+sg tYof+s kqsfl/tfsf] cfwf/ xf] !&*
:6f]/L eGg b[Zosf] k|of]u!*#
tYof+snfO{ b[Zodf gabNg'!()
;a}eGbf /fd|f 6'N;!(^
;fj{hlgs tYof+s ;fj{hlgs ;DklQ x'g\@)$
5
e"ldsf
dxfg\ u'dgfdk|lt
tYof+s kqsfl/tf XofG8a'ssf] cjwf/0ff df]hk]m:6 ;g\ @)!! df nG8gdf o'/f]lkog hgf{lnhd ;]G6/ /
b cf]kg gn]h kmfpG8];gn] g]t[Tj u/]sf] $* 306] sfo{zfnfdf hlGdPsf] xf] . To;kl5 of] cGt/f{li6«o,
;fd"lxs k|of;df ablnof] h;df tYof+s kqsfl/tfsf k|d'v k|jt{s / cEof;stf{ ;+nUg eP .
lrqM e"ldsf ! ;'?cft o;/L ePsf] lyof]
o; lstfasf] sfd yfn]b]lv lstfa ljdf]rg eP;Ddsf ^ dlxgfdf ;of}+ dflg;n] ljleGg tl/sfn] of]ubfg
lbP . xfdLn] o:tf] of]ubfg lbg] ;a}sf] /]s8{ /fVg] ;Sbf] k|of; u/]sf 5f}+ . tLdWo] sltn] u'dgfd /xg] ljrf/ u/],
sltn] 5Bgfddf sfd u/] . sltn] u/]sf] ;Dkfbg s;n] u/]sf] xf] egL yfxf kfpg ;lsPg .
of] lstfa tof/ ug{ d2t u/] klg tnsf] ;"rLdf s;}sf] gfd k/]sf] 5}g eg] xfdL pxfFx?nfO{ b'O{j6f s'/f
eG5f}+ . klxnf], tkfO{+x¿nfO{ wGojfb . bf];|f], o; lstfadf s:tf] of]ubfg lbg'ePsf] lyof] egL xfdLnfO{
atfOlbg'xf]nf h;n] ubf{ xfdL tkfO{+sf] sfdsf] h; lbg kfpF5f}+ .
h
cfef/
tn pNn]v ePsf dxfg'efjx¿n] o;sf] d:of}bf u/]sf cyjf ;fdu|L n]v]sf x'g\ -lrq u|flkms l8hfOg/ s]6
x8\;gn] tof/ u/]sf x'g\_M
• Gregor Aisch, Open Knowledge Foundation
• Brigitte Alfter, Journalismfund.eu
• David Anderton, Freelance Journalist
• James Ball, the Guardian
• Caelainn Barr, Citywire
• Mariana Berruezo, Hacks/Hackers Buenos Aires
• Michael Blastland, Freelance Journalist
• Mariano Blejman, Hacks/Hackers Buenos Aires
• John Bones, Verdens Gang
• Marianne Bouchart, Bloomberg News
• Liliana Bounegru, European Journalism Centre
• Brian Boyer, Chicago Tribune
• Paul Bradshaw, Birmingham City University
• Wendy Carlisle, Australian Broadcasting Corporation
• Lucy Chambers, Open Knowledge Foundation
• Sarah Cohen, Duke University
• Alastair Dant, the Guardian
• Helen Darbishire, Access Info Europe
• Chase Davis, Center for Investigative Reporting
• Steve Doig, Walter Cronkite School of Journalism, Arizona State University
• Lisa Evans, the Guardian
• Tom Fries, Bertelsmann Stiftung
• Duncan Geere, Wired UK
• Jack Gillum, Associated Press
• Jonathan Gray, Open Knowledge Foundation
• Alex Howard, O’Reilly Media
• Bella Hurrell, BBC
• Nicolas Kayser-Bril, Journalism++
• John Keefe, WNYC
• Scott Klein, ProPublica
• Alexandre Léchenet, Le Monde
• Mark Lee Hunter, INSEAD
• Andrew Leimdorfer, BBC
• Friedrich Lindenberg, Open Knowledge Foundation
• Mike Linksvayer, Creative Commons
• Mirko Lorenz, Deutsche Welle
em
• Esa Mäkinen, Helsingin Sanomat
• Pedro Markun, Transparência Hacker
• Isao Matsunami, Tokyo Shimbun
• Lorenz Matzat, OpenDataCity
• Geoff McGhee, Stanford University
• Philip Meyer, Professor Emeritus, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
• Claire Miller, WalesOnline
• Cynthia O’Murchu, Financial Times
• Oluseun Onigbinde, BudgIT
• Djordje Padejski, Knight Journalism Fellow, Stanford University
• Jane Park, Creative Commons
• Angélica Peralta Ramos, La Nacion (Argentina)
• Cheryl Phillips, The Seattle Times
• Aron Pilhofer, New York Times
• Lulu Pinney, Freelance Infographic Designer
• Paul Radu, Organised Crime and Corruption Reporting Project
• Simon Rogers, the Guardian
• Martin Rosenbaum, BBC
• Amanda Rossi, Friends of Januária
• Martin Sarsale, Hacks/Hackers Buenos Aires
• Fabrizio Scrollini, London School of Economics and Political Science
• Sarah Slobin, Wall Street Journal
• Sergio Sorin, Hacks/Hackers Buenos Aires
• Jonathan Stray, The Overview Project
• Brian Suda, (optional.is)
• Chris Taggart, OpenCorporates
• Jer Thorp, The New York Times R&D Group
• Andy Tow, Hacks/Hackers Buenos Aires
• Luk N. Van Wassenhove, INSEAD
• Sascha Venohr, Zeit Online
• Jerry Vermanen, NU.nl
• César Viana, University of Goiás
• Farida Vis, University of Leicester
• Pete Warden, Independent Data Analyst and Developer
• Chrys Wu, Hacks/Hackers
~f
o; lstfadf s] 5 -/ s] 5}g_
of] k':ts tYof+s kqsfl/tfdf ?lr /fVg] kqsf/sf nflu pkof]uL x'g] ljZjf; ul/Psf] 5 .
o; k':tssf] n]vgdf w]/} dflg;n] of]ubfg u/]sf 5g\ . ;Dkfbg ubf{ xfdLn] tYof+s kqsfl/tfsf af/]df
ljljw ljrf/ cfpmg\ eGg] s'/fdf Wofg lbPsf 5f}+ . xfdLnfO{ s] cfzf 5 eg] tYof+s kqsfl/tf eg]sf] s]
xf], of] lsg dxTjk"0f{ 5 / tYof+s kqsfl/tf s;/L ug{] eGg] ljifodf o;n] w]/} hfgsf/L lbPsf] 5 .
xfdLn] s] s'/f :jLsfg{'k5{ eg] tYof+s kqsf/ x'gsf nflu rflxg] ;a} y/Lsf] 1fg / ;Lk of] Pp6f
lstfan] dfq} lbg ;Sb}g . o;sf nflu ;of}+ ljifodf p7\g] k|Zgsf] hjfkm lbg ;Sg] ;of}+ lj1 ePsf]
;+:yf rflxG5 . ;f}efUojz, o:tf] ;+:yf v'n]sf] 5 . To;nfO{ OG6/g]6 elgG5 . o; lstfan] rflx+ tYof+s
kqsfl/tf s;/L ;'? ug{] / yk s'/f s;/L hfGg] eGg] ljifodf ;fdfGo hfgsf/L lbG5 . oxfF lbOPsf
pbfx/0f / 6\o'6f]l/on ;+s]t dfq} lbgsf nflu /flvPsf x'g\, ;a} hfgsf/L lbg xf]Ogg\ .
xfdL s] s'/fdf efUodfgL 5f}+ eg] o; lstfadf of]ubfg lbg]x¿n] cfˆgf] ;do, pmhf{ / w}o{ o; sfddf nufP .
xfdLn] pgLx¿sf] ;do, pmhf{ / w}o{nfO{ /fd|/L pkof]u ug{ ;Sbf] sf]l;; u/]sf 5f}+ . xfdLnfO{ s] cfzf 5 eg]
of] lstfa pkof]u ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L aGg]5 / o;n] tYof+s kqsfl/tf cleofgsf] w}o{, pT;fx, ;f]rfO / pmhf{nfO{
lnlka4 ug{ ;s]sf] 5 . o; lstfan] tYof+s kqsfl/tf ubf{ s] s:tf sfd ug{'kbf{] /x]5 eGg] s'/f atfpF5,
tYof+s kqsfl/tfsf] :6f]/L atfpF5 .
tYof+s kqsfl/tf lstfa ;DkGg eO;s]sf] sfd xf]Og, eO/x]sf] sfd xf] . tkfO{+nfO{ o;df s'g} s'/f yKg'k5{ h:tf]
nfU5 cyjf s'g} s'/f /x:odoL 9+un] ufoa ePsf] 5 eGg] nfU5 eg] xfdLnfO{ atfpg';\ . xfdL csf{] ;+:s/0fdf
ltgnfO{ ;d]6\g ;S5f}+ . of] lstfa lqmol6e sdG; Pl6«Ao';g z]o/cnfOs nfO;]G; -creativecommons.org/
licenses/by-sa/3.0/) dfGg] zt{df www.datajournalismhandbook.org df lgMz'Ns pknAw 5 . o;df ?lr /fVg];Fu
of] lstfa z]o/ ug{'ePdf xfdL cfef/L x'g]5f}+ .
hf]gfyg u|], cf]kg gn]h kmfpG8];g (@jwyg), lnlnofgf af}g]u|', o'/f]lkog hgf{lnhd ;]G6/ (@bb_liliana), /
n';L RofDa;{, cf]kg gn]h kmfpG8];g (@lucyfedia), dfr{ @)!@
6
w]/} ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg
bz jif{eGbf cl3sf] s'/f xf] . dw];df lxpFbdf nfUg] x':;'sf af/]df Pp6f lkmr/ n]Vg dg nfUof] . x':;'
nfu]sf a]nf ToxfFsf] df};d s:tf] x'Fbf] /x]5 eg]/ hfGgsf nflu lj/f6gu/, hgsk'/, l;d/f, e/tk'/,
e}/xjf, g]kfnuGh / wgu9Lsf clwstd / Go"gtd tfkqmdsf] /]s8{ x]g{] ljrf/ u/]+ . x':;' nfu]sf a]nf /
gnfu]sf a]nfsf] df};dsf] t'ngf ug{ tL b'O{ ;dosf tfkqmd x]g{ vf]h]+ . x':;' nfUg] / gnfUg] 7fpFsf tfkqmddf
s] s:tf] cGt/ /x]5 eg]/ a'e\mg h'Dnf / w/fgsf klg clwstd / Go"gtd tfkqmd x]g{] ePF .
oL hfgsf/L hn tyf df};d lj1fg ljefusf] j]a;fO6df lyP . ToxfFaf6 x':;'' ;'? x'g'cl3, nfu]sf a]nf / x':;'
nfUg 5f8]kl5sf u/L #& lbgsf clwstd / Go"gtd tfkqmd lnPF . j]a;fO6df oL hfgsf/L Pp6} kmfOndf
lyPgg\ . x/]s lbgsf] 5'§f5'§} /flvPsf lyP . oL ;a} lbgsf] cnu cnu OG6«L u/]/ xftn] tYof+s ;f/]+ .
of] sfd lgs} emGeml6nf] lyof] . clxn] yfxf eof], 9+u gk'u]/ kf] To:tf] emGem6 ug{'k/]sf] /x]5 . of] sfd
sDKo'6/nfO{ nufPsf] eP Ps} l5gdf ul/lbg] /x]5 .
xftn] l6k]sf tYof+snfO{ j8{ kmfOndf 6]an agfP/ /fv]+ . Ps} 7fpFdf x]g{ ;lsof];\ eg]/ . rf/ k]hsf]
6]an aGof] .
of] 6]andf d}n] h:tf] tl:a/ x]g{ vf]h]sf] lyPF To:tf] tl:a/ b]lvPg . tYof+ssf] bf]if lyPg . bf]if d]/f] lyof]
lsgeg] d}n] ug{ gx'g] sfd u/]sf] /x]5' . j8{df 6]an agfP/ /fVbf d}n] x]g{ rfx] h:tf] df};dsf] tl:a/ tof/
x'Fb}g /x]5 . PS;]nsf af/]df ;'g]sf] lyPF . t/ dnfO{ Tof] ;ˆ6j]o/ csfpG6]G6n] k};fsf] hf]836fp, u'0ffefuf ug{
rnfpg] ;ˆ6j]o/ h:tf] nfu]sf] lyof] . j8{ kmfOnsf ;§fdf PS;]ndf 8]6f OG6«L u/]/ To;nfO{ nfOg rf6{ agf
eg]sf] eP p;n] d}n] x]g{ vf]h] h:tf] tl:a/ t'?Gt} b]vfOlbg] /x]5 .
lrqM =w]/} b'Mv u/]/ agfPsf], sfd gnfUg] tflnsf
7
lrqM d}n] x/]s :6]zgsf] o:tf] b[Zo x]g{ vf]h]sf] lyPF h'g PS;]nn] Ps} ;f;df agfpFbf] /x]5 .
tYof+sn] b]vfPsf] x':;'sf a]nfsf] df};dsf] wldnf] tl:a/ x]/]/ d}n] :6f]/L n]v]+ . x':;' nfu]sf a]nf, x':;'
nfu]sf 7fpFsf dflg;sf] xfnt s] x'G5 eGg] s'/f cjnf]sg u/]sf] lyPF, x':;'n] ;tfPsf dfG5], x':;'n] lauf/]sf]
v]tLsf af/]df cg';Gwfg u/]sf dflg;;Fu s'/fsfgL u/]sf] lyPF . x':;' nfUg] ;do a9\b} uPsf] tYof+s vf]lh;s]sf]
lyPF . :6f]/L n]v]+ / ;DkfbsnfO{ k7fPF .
:6f]/Lsf ;fydf d}n] vf]h]sf tYof+ssf] 6]an klg k7fPsf] lyPF . 6]andf ePsf hfgsf/LnfO{ Ps} emnsdf,
w]/} d]xgt gu/Lsg kf7sn] a'e\mg] u/L b[Zo -rf6{, gS;f, af/ cflb_ df abNg ;Dkfbsn] nufpnfg\
eg]/ . t/ b}lgs klqsfsf] sfdsf] rfkdf To;f] ePg . Tolt d]xgt u/]/ vf]h]sf tYof+ssf] pkof]u ePg .
clxn] of] k':ts cg'jfb u/]sf a]nfdf dnfO{ nfUof] — x':;' / c¿ w]/} :6f]/L ubf{ h] h:tf ;d:of ef]u]sf]
lyPF ltgsf] ;lhnf] ;dfwfg /x]5 . k|ljlwn] ubf{ of] sfd lbg}lkR5] emg\emg\ ;lhnf] aGb} cfPsf] /x]5 .
o; k':tsdf ;"rgf ;+sng, ljZn]if0f, b[Zof+sg h:tf sfdsf nflu ;fdfGob]lv lnP/ hl6n;Ddsf
ljlwsf af/]df JofVof ul/Psf] 5 . ltgsf pbfx/0f lbOPsf 5g\ . tLdWo] s]xL ljlw xfdLn] tTsfn} pkof]u
ug{ ;S5f}+ . PK; agfpg], sf]8 ug{] h:tf s]xL sfd s;}n] l;Sg vf]h] eg] rfF8} hfGnfg\, s;}sf] Totflt/
?lr gx'g ;S5 . oxfF lbOPsf s]xL Go'h PK; hl6n / agfpg vlr{nf 5g\ . xfd|f ;~rf/ dfWodn]
To:tf sfd gug{ ;S5g\ . t/ klg xfdLn] ltgsf af/]df yfxf kfO/fVbf /fd|f] x'G5 . oxfF lbOPsfdWo]
s]xL ;Lk ghfg]sf v08df klg tYof+s kqsfl/tf ug{ ;lsG5 . oL sfd c¿af6 u/fpg ;lsG5 . t/
oxfF s] s'/f Vofn /fVg'k5{ eg] c¿af6 sfd lng klg ltgsf af/]df yfxf kfpg'k5{ . o; k':tsaf6
s] s] ug{ ;Dej 5 / s] s] ug{ c;Dej 5 eGg] s'/f klg yfxf kfOG5 . oL s'/f hfGbf o;f] o;f]
u/f}+ egL k|fljlws 6f]nLaf6 sfd lng ;lsG5 .
s]xL k|;+u cyjf pbfx/0f clxn] g]kfnsf nflu gldNbf 5g\ lsgeg] g]kfndf To:tf ;]jf pknAw
5}gg\ . t/ ;+;f/df c¿n] s] s];Dd ubf{ /x]5g\ egL yfxf kfO/fVbf /fd|f] x'G5 . tL ;]jf pkof]uL
h:tf] nfu]df g]kfndf klg To:tf ;]jf ;'? ug{] sf]xL lg:s]nfg\ . oL sf/0fn] ubf{ xfdLn] To:tf k|;+u
/ pbfx/0f klg /fv]sf 5f}+ .
;"rgfsf] xs ;DaGwL P]gsf] pkof]u s;/L ug{] eGg] ljifosf hfgsf/L g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{eGbf s]xL km/s x'g
;S5g\ . t}klg ltgnfO{ oxfF /flvPsf] 5 lsgeg] ;+;f/sf c¿ 7fpFdf s:tf] rng /x]5 eGg] s'/f yfxf kfpFbf
b
xfdLnfO{ kmfOb} x'G5 . g]kfnsf ;Gbe{df ;"rgfsf] xs ;DaGwL P]gsf] pkof]u u/]/ hfgsf/L s;/L lng] eg]/
o;cl3 g} k':ts k|sflzt eO;s]sfn] oxfF ltg} s'/f bf]xf]¥ofpg' k/]g . hxfF hxfF ;"rgfsf] xssf] pkof]u u/]/
;"rgf lng] k|;+u cfPsf] 5 ToxfF ToxfF o'g]:sf] g]kfn clkm;n] k|sflzt u/]sf] Pp6f k':tssf] ln+s -http://www.
unesco.org/new/en/kathmandu/about-this-office/single-view/news/unesco_publishes_handbook_on_rti_and_
investigative_journalism-1/#.U2M_YlWSzJI_
/flvPsf] 5 . Tof] k':ts hf] sf]xLn], lgMz'Ns 8fpgnf]8 ug{
kfpF5g\ .
oxfF ljleGg ljifodf leGg leGg dflg;sf leGg leGg ljrf/ /flvPsf 5g\ . h:t}, s;}n] s'g 6'n /fd|f]
eg]sf] 5 s;}n] s'g . To:t} u/L s'g sfd s;/L ug{] eGg] ljifodf klg leGg leGg dt /flvPsf 5g\ .
st} st} dt aflemPsf 5g\ . km/s dflg;sf, km/s cj:yfdf sfd ubf{sf cg'ej km/s km/s x'G5g\ .
o;af6 cndlng' kb{}g . o;df Pp6} dfq ljrf/ ;xL x'G5, afFsL unt x'G5g\ eGg] 5}g .
o; k':tsdf w]/} k|fljlws zAbfjnL k/]sf 5g\ . s]xL zAbnfO{ g]kfnLdf cg'jfb ubf{ cK7\of/f] / ga'lemg]
xf]nf eg]/ xfdLn] c+u|]hLd} /fv]sf 5f}+ . h:t} 6'n . o;nfO{ cf}hf/ jf ;fdu|L eGbf PK;, ;ˆ6j]o/ egL
ga'lemPnf eg]/ 6'n g} /fv]sf 5f}+ . ;ˆ6j]o/sf] gfddf b]jgfu/L / c+u|]hL b'j} pkof]u ul/Psf] 5 .
sDKo'6/ rnfpg hfGg] dflg;n] ;'g]hfg]sf PdP; j8{, PS;]n h:tf gfd b]jgfu/Ld} n]lvPsf 5g\ eg]
cgf}7f ;ˆ6j]o/, PK;sf gfd eg] /f]dgd} /flvPsf] 5 .
cfhef]ln tYof+s vf]Hg, ltgaf6 :6f]/L kQf nufpg, tYof+ssf] 7"nf] y'k|f]af6 cfk"mnfO{ rflxPsf hfgsf/L
;lhnf] u/L plwGg, tYof+sdf ePsf w]/} hfgsf/L kf7sn] em§ x]g{] lalQs} a'e\mg ;Sg] u/L k|:t't ug{
oL sfddf kf]Vt k|fljlws geO gx'g] ePsf] 5 . g]kfndf klg o:tf dflg; 5g\ . t/ kqsf/ / k|fljlws
ldn]/ sfd ug{] rng ce}m al;;s]sf] 5}g . xfdLn] ltgsf] ;xof]u lng'k5{ .
tYof+s /fVg], lbg] rng xfdLsxfF cln km/s x'g ;S5 . To;}n] sltko sfd ubf{ oxfF lbOPeGbf km/s
pkfo ckgfpg'kg{] x'g ;S5 . Tolt x'Fbfx'Fb} klg of] k':ts g]kfnL kqsf/sf nflu pkof]uL x'g]5 lsgeg]
o;df tYof+s pkof]u u/]/ kqsfl/tf ug{sf nflu ghfgL gx'g] ;Lksf af/]df rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 .
of] k':ts kqsf/ afx]s c¿sf nflu klg pkof]uL 5 . g]kfndf clxn] ;"rgfsf] xssf If]qdf w]/}
;+:yfx¿ d]xgtk"j{s sfd ul//x]sf 5g\ . o;cl3 s;}n] glnPsf ;"rgf pgLx¿n] lnPsf 5g\ . tL ;"rgf
k|zf]wg ug{, ljZn]if0f ug{ / ltgaf6 cy{ lgsfNg o; k':tsdf lbOPsf ;a}h;f] ;Lk sfd nfU5g\ . o;df
lbOPsf s]xL ;Lk dfq pkof]u u/]sf v08df klg pgLx¿n] u/]sf sfd clxn]sf] eGbf stf xf] stf a9L kmnbfoL
x'G5g\ .
df]xg d}gfnL
cg'jfbs
k]ma|'c/L @)!%
w
0f
t
y
v08 !
kl/ro
1
tYof+s kqsfl/tf eg]sf] s] xf] < o;sf] ;Defjgf s:tf] 5 < o;sf ;Ldf s] x'g\ < of] sxfFaf6
cfof] < o; v08df tYof+s kqsfl/tf eg]sf] s] xf] / ;~rf/ dfWoddf o;sf] s] s:tf] dxTj 5 eGg] ljifodf
pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . kn a|f8\z -ald{+ufd l;6L o'lgel;{6L_ / ldsf{] nf]/]Gh -8r] j]n]_ n] tYof+s kqsfl/tf
c¿ vfnsf] kqsfl/tfeGbf s] slt dfqfdf km/s 5 eGg]af/]df yf]/} s'/f atfPsf 5g\ . tYof+s kqsfl/tfsf]
cu|k+lQmdf /x]sf kqsf/n] of] lsg dxTjk"0f{ 5 eg]/ atfPsf 5g\, pgLx¿nfO{ /fd|f nfu]sf tYof+s kqsfl/tfsf
pbfx/0f klg lbPsf 5g\ . cGTodf, lnlnofg af}g]u|' -o'/f]lkog hgf{lnhd ;]G6/_ n] tYof+s kqsfl/tfnfO{ a[xt\
P]ltxfl;s ;Gbe{df k|:t't u/]sf 5g\ .
tYof+s kqsfl/tf eg]sf] s] xf] <
tYof+s kqsfl/tf eg]sf] s] xf] < o;sf] pQ/ ;lhnf] 5, tYof+ssf] ;xf/f lnP/ ul/g] kqsfl/tf . t/
o;f] eGbf tYof+s kqsfl/tfsf af/]df :ki6 x'Fb}g .
ætYof+sÆ / ækqsfl/tfÆ oL b'j} zAb ;d:ofd"ns 5g\ . s;}n] 7fGg ;S5 — ætYof+sÆ eg]sf] c+s, clwsf+z
cj:yfdf :k]|8l;6df /flvPsf] c+ssf] ;+sng xf] . aL; jif{ klxn] kqsf/n] pkof]u ug{] tYof+s olQd}
;Lldt lyof] . t/ xfdL l8lh6n o'udf 5f}+ . olt a]nf h] s'/f klg -;a} s'/f_ ;+Vofdf atfpg ;lsG5 .
dflg;sf] k]zfsf] Oltxf;, #) nfv uf]Ko sfuhft, ;fyL . oL ;a} s'/fnfO{ z"Go / Psb]lv gf};Ddsf
c+sdf atfpg ;lsG5 . kmf]6f], lel8of], / cfjfhnfO{ klg ltg} c+sdf atfpg ;lsG5 . xTof, /f]u,
/fhgLlts ef]6, e|i6frf/ / e"m6f s'/f . c+sdf atfpg g;lsg] s'/f s] 5 / ;+;f/df <
c¿ kqsfl/tf / tYof+s kqsfl/tfdf s] km/s 5 < kqsfl/tfdf eGb} cfPsf] æ;dfrf/ ;'F£g] zlQmÆ / xfn
pknAw y/Ly/Lsf l8lh6n ;"rgf pkof]u u/L :6f]/L eGg] IfdtfnfO{ ldnfpg ;Sof] eg] o;n] gofF cj;/sf]
9f]sf vf]N5 .
o:tf] ;Defjgf kqsfl/tfsf ;a} r/0fdf cfpg ;S5M :yfgLo ;/sf/, k|x/L cyjf cGo gful/s
;|f]taf6 hfgsf/L lng] / ltgnfO{ Ps 7fpFdf /fVg] sfdnfO{ :jrflnt agfpg] k|f]u|fd pkof]u ug{]
qmddf -cfl8ofg xf]nf]ef6Ln] l;sfuf] qmfOd (http://chicago.everyblock.com/crime/) / Pe|LAns
(http://www.everyblock.com/) df x'Fbf pkof]u u/] e}+m_ xf];\ jf nfvf}+ sfuhft aLrdf /x]sf] ;DaGw
kQf nufpg -;f+;bsf] vr{ ;DaGwL :6f]/L ubf{ b 6]lnu|fkmn] u/] e}+m_ ;ˆ6j]o/ pkof]u ubf{ xf];\
(http://tgr.ph/mps-expenses) .
tYof+s kqsfl/tfn] kqsf/nfO{ hl6n :6f]/LnfO{ /f]rs OG˚f] u|flkmS;dfk{mt k|:t't ug{ ;xof]u u5{
. pbfx/0fsf nflu, UofkdfOG8/ (http://www.gapminder.org) sf ;xfotfn] ;+;f/sf] ul/aLsf] b[Zo k|:t't
ug{] ljifodf xfG; /l:n+un] lbPsf] eJo dGtJonfO{ ;+;f/e/sf nfvf}+ dflg;sf] Wofg tfg]sf] 5 . Psbd}
w]/} cfFs8fnfO{ ;fGble{s agfpg] cyjf Hjfnfd'vLn] l;h{gf u/]sf]÷/f]s]sf] k|b"if0f ;DaGwL cfFs8fnfO{
5f]6s/Ldf k|:t't ug{ 8]le8 DofSofG8n];n] pkof]u u/]sf] tl/sfn] l8hfOgsf] dxTj bzf{Psf] 5
-http://www.informationisbeautiful.net_ .
tYof+s kqsfl/tfn] xfdLn] tof/ u/]sf] s'g} :6f]/L cfd dflg;;Fu s;/L ;DalGwt 5 eGg] s'/f b]vfpg klg
2
;xof]u u5{ . lala;L / kmfOgflG;on 6fOD;n] cfhef]ln ah]6nfO{ cGt/lqmofTds agfpg lgoldt ¿kdf tYof+s
kqsfl/tfsf] pkof]u u5{g\ -hxfF ah]6n] cfk"mnfO{ s:tf] c;/ kf5{ eGg] s'/f cl8oG;n] yfxf kfpF5g\_ . tYof+s
kqsfl/tfn] ;dfrf/ ;+sngsf] If]qnfO{ km/flsnf] agfpg klg d2t u5{ . o;sf] Pp6f pbfx/0f b ufl8{og xf]
h;n] 8]6fAnu -http://www.theguardian.com/data_ sf] pkof]u u/]/ tYof+s, ;Gbe{ / k|Zg k|:t't ug{] u5{ .
lrq !=!= ;f+;bn] ug{] vr{sf] vf]hL -b ufl8{og_
tYof+s tYof+s kqsfl/tfsf] ;|f]t aGg ;S5 . cyjf, of] :6f]/L k|:t't ug{] ;fwg x'g ;S5 . cyjf
;|f]t / ;fwg b'j} x'g ;S5 . c¿ ;|f]tnfO{ h:t} o;nfO{ klg TolQs} kTofpg' x'Fb}g . :6f]/L k|:t't ug{]
c¿ tl/sf pkof]u ubf{ h:t} of] tl/sf pkof]u ubf{ klg o;n] :6f]/LnfO{ s;/L /fd|f] agfpF5 cyjf
g/fd|f] agfpF5 eg]/ ;ts{ /xg'k5{ .
––kf}n a|f8\zc, ald{ª\3d l;6L o'lgel;{6L
kqsf/n] tYof+s lsg pkof]u ug{'k5{
cfhef]ln kqsfl/tf cK7\of/f]df k/]sf] 5 . klxn] klxn] ;dfrf/ 5fKg] / ljt/0f ug{] k|ljlw pkof]u ug{]
xfdL dfq lyof}+ . lk|lG6ª k|];n] 9f]sfsf] sfd uYof{] . s;}nfO{ ef]ln laxfg} cfˆgf s'/f s'g} zx/ cyjf
If]qsf dflg;nfO{ atfpg' k/]sf] 5 eg] pgLx¿ ;dfrf/kqsf] ;xf/f lnGy] . clxn] h'u k]ml/Psf] 5 .
cfhef]ln 36gf x'g] lalQs} ;dfrf/ k|jfx x'G5 . ;fdflhs ;~hfndfk{mt ljleGg ;|f]taf6 ;dfrf/ t'?Gt}
k}mnG5, To;sf af/]df 6Lsfl6Kk0fL ul/G5 .
o;n] ubf{ tYof+s kqsfl/tf h¿/L ePsf] 5 . s'g} 36gfsf ;DaGwdf cfFvfn] b]Vg ;lsg]eGbf a9L
hfgsf/L ;+sng ug{], 5fGg] / To;nfO{ k|:t't ug{] sfdsf] dxTj a9\b} uPsf] 5 . xfd|f cl8oG;n] lbg}
lkR5] vfg] lrof cyjf skmL, pgL h:t} skmL vfg] c¿ dflg; / xfd|f cl8oG;sf aLrdf cb[Zo ;DaGw
5 . o:tf] ;DaGwnfO{ tYof+sn] b]vfpF5M em§ x]bf{ c;fGble{s h:tf nfUg] tYof+s ;xL b[li6sf]0fn]
x]/]sf v08df cToGt} dxTjk"0f{ x'G5g\ .
3
cfhef]ln, ;+;f/df eO/x]sf 36gf / ltgn] xfdLnfO{ kfg{] k|efjsf af/]df a[xt\ 1fg l;h{gf ug{ tYof+snfO{ s;/L
pkof]u ug{ ;lsG5 egL s]xL cu|h kqsf/x¿n] pbfx/0f k|:t't ul/;s]sf 5g\ .
tYof+ssf] ljZn]if0f ubf{ æ:6f]/L s:tf] x'G5Æ eGg] yfxf kfOG5 (Sarah Cohen) cyjf ægofF Sofd/fÆ
k]mnf k5{ (David McCandless) . tYof+ssf] pkof]u ubf{ kqsf/sf] e"ldsf klg ablnG5 . pkof]u gug{] kqsf/
sf] sfd c¿eGbf l56f] hfgsf/L lbg' xf] eg] tYof+ssf] pkof]u ug{] kqsf/sf] sfd rflx+ s'g} 36gfsf] vf;
cy{ s] x'G5 egL atfOlbg' xf] . o;f] ubf{ y/Ly/Lsf ljifo p7fpg ;lsG5M cf;Gg ljQLo ;+s6, xfdLn] pkof]u
ug{] ;fdfgsf] cy{zf:q, ;/sf/L sf]ifsf] b'?kof]u cyjf /fhgLlts uNtL . oL ;a} ljifonfO{ ljZj;gLo tYof+s
b]vfOlbP/ k|:t't ug{ ;lsG5 h;n] ubf{ s;}n] of] s'/f xf]Og ls egL z+sf ug{ kfpFb}gg\ .
o;n] ubf{ tYof+snfO{ kqsf/n] cj;/sf ¿kdf lng'k5{ . pbfx/0fsf nflu, tYof+sdfk{mt kqsf/n] cd"t{ ;d:of
-pbfx/0fsf nflu a]/f]huf/L_ n] lglZrt pd]/, ln+u / z}lIfs cj:yfsf dflg;nfO{ s;/L c;/ kf5{ eGg] s'/f
b]vfpg ;S5g\ . tYof+ssf] pkof]u ubf{ cd"t{ s'/fnfO{ ;a}n] a'e\mg ;Sg] / cfˆgf] hLjg;Fu hf]8\g ;Sg] agfpg
;lsG5 .
tYof+sn] dflg;nfO{ /fd|f];Fu lx;falstfa u/L lg0f{o lng ;xof]u u5{M sf/, 3/ lsGbf xf];\ cyjf cfˆgf]
hLjgsf] z}lIfs cyjf k]zfut af6f] to ubf{ xf];\ cyjf C0fdf gkm:gsf nflu ug{'kg{] sfd ug{ xf];\ .
tYof+sn] b+uf cyjf /fhgLlts ljjfb h:tf hl6n cj:yfsf] ultzLntfsf] JofVof ul/lbG5, unt sfd pbf+uf]
kfl/lbG5 / s'g} hl6n ;d:ofsf ;Defljt ;dfwfg b]vfOlbG5 .
tYof+s vf]Hg, k|zf]wg ug{ / ltgnfO{ k|:t't ug{ hfg]sf v08df hfgsf/L ;+sng ug{] sfd klg
ablnG5 . o:tf] sfdnfO{ dxTj lbg] kqsf/n] s] s'/f a'e]msf] x'G5 eg] cfFs8f / vf]tlnPsf leqL s'/fsf
cfwf/df n]v tof/ ubf{ cfgGb cfpF5 . o;f] ubf{ kqsf/n] w]/} s'/fsf] cg'dfg ug{' kb{}g, sf]6 vf]Hg] sfd klg
36\5 . cg'dfg ug{] / sf]6 ug{] sfdsf ;§fdf tYof+ssf cfwf/df kqsf/n] cfˆgf] n]vnfO{ alnof] agfpF5 .
o;n] kqsfl/tfsf] e"ldsfdf 7"nf] dfqfdf k|efj kfg{ ;S5 .
tYof+s kqsfl/tf ug{] kqsf/sf] eljio pHHjn 5 . cfhef]ln ;~rf/
clwsf+z kqsf/n] hg;Dks{sf] sfd ug{] ljrf/ u/]sf 5g\ . tYof+s
efp eg] a9\b} 5 . kqsfl/tfdf dfq xf]Og cGt klg . ;+;f/e/sf
æs'/f a'e\mg]Æ dflg; / k]z]j/sf] vf]hL ul//x]sf 5g\ h;n] tYof+s
b]Vg ;lsg] agfpF5 .
dfWodn] kqsf/ s6f}tL ub{}5g\ .
kqsf/ cyjf tYof+s j}1flgssf]
ljleGg sDkgL / ;+:yfn] To:tf
vf]tn]/ To;df n's]sf hfgsf/L
tYof+s vf]tNg] sfddf eljio 5 . o;n] ;dfrf/ sIfnfO{ /f]rs agfpF5 . o;n] ubf{ ;dfrf/ sIfn] gofF vfnsf
l/kf]6{/ vf]Hg yfn]sf 5g\ . tYof+s ;+sng, k|zf]wg / k|:t'ltdf bIf :jtGq kqsf/n] gofF sfd / cln /fd|f]
kfl/>lds kfpF5g\ . sd dxTjsf ;fdu|Ln] l56f]l56f] k]h / j]a;fO6 eg{ 5f8]/ tYof+ssf] pkof]u ug{sf nflu
cGt/lqmofTds Kofs]h agfpg'k5{ . o;f] ubf{ Pp6f k|Zgsf] hjfkm vf]Hg xKtf lbg klg nfUg ;S5 . w]/} ;~rf/
dfWoddf o:tf] kl/jt{g ug{ yflnPsf] 5 .
of] ;Defjgfsf] pkof]u ug{] sfddf kqsf/n] Pp6f ;d:of ef]Ug' k/]sf] 5 . Tof] xf] — cfk"mnfO{ ;a} r/0fdf
tYof+ssf] ;xof]u lnP/ sfd ug{ ;Sg] agfpg' . tYof+ssf] k|fylds s'/fb]lv lnP/ tYof+ssf e/df :s'k dfg{
;Sg] ;a} r/0fdf .
4
tYof+ssf] pkof]u ug{' ljzfn, cGhfg 7fpFdf hfg' h:tf] xf] . ;'?df sRrf tYof+sn] cfFvf / lbdfu ltld{/fpF5 .
o:tf tYof+s 8/nfUbf x'G5g\ . lognfO{ b]Vg / a'e\mg ;Sg] agfpg lgs} sl7g x'G5 . o;sf nflu cg'ej xfl;n
u/]sf] To:tf] kqsf/ rflxG5 hf];Fu cNdNofpg] / af]/nfUbf sRrf tYof+sdf 3f]l/P/ To;leq n's]sf :6f]/L
b]Vg ;Sg] tfut x'G5 .
— ldsf{] nf]/]Gh, 8r] j]n]
;j{]If0f
kqsf/nfO{ s:tf] tflnd rflxG5 eg]/ o'/f]lkog hgf{lnhd ;]G6/n] ;j{]If0f u/]sf] lyof]
(http://datadrivenjournalism.net/news_and_analysis/training_data_driven_journalism_mind_the_
gaps)
. ;j{]If0faf6 s] kQf nfUof] eg] kqsf/x¿df k/Dk/fut lsl;dsf] ;lhnf] kqsfl/tfdf ;Lldt
geO{ gofF ;Lkdf bIf x'g ;do vr{ ug{] pTs6 rfxgf 5 . kqsf/n] tYof+s kqsfl/tfdf eljio
b]v]sf 5g\ t/ tYof+s;Fu v]Ng ;Sg] aGg ;'?df cfOnfUg] cK7\of/f x6fpg pgLx¿nfO{ ;xof]u
rflxG5 . tYof+s kqsfl/tf ;a}lt/ ckgfPsf v08df sfdsf] ult, tYof+s kqsfl/tf ug{] pkfo /
kl/0ffddf rfF8} ;'wf/ cfpF5 eGg] s'/f ;a}n] ljZjf; u/]sf 5g\ . b ufl8{og, b Go'of]s{ 6fOD;, b 6]S;f;
l6«Ao'g / 8fO h]O6 h:tf tYof+s kqsfl/tf If]qsf cu'jfx¿n] tYof+sdf cfwfl/t :6f]/L u/]/ cfˆgf] :t/
lg/Gt/ psfl;/x]sf 5g\ .
tYof+s kqsfl/tf o; If]qsf s]xL cu'jfx¿df dfq ;Lldt xf]nf ls ;a} ;~rf/ dfWoddf tYof+s
kqsfl/tf dfq ug{] l6d tof/ xf]nf < xfdLnfO{ s] cfzf 5 eg] pbof]Gd'v tYof+s kqsfl/tfaf6 nfe lng o;
lstfan] yk kqsf/ / ;~rf/ dfWodnfO{ ;xof]u u5{ .
lrq !=@= s:tf] tflnd rflxPsf] 5 eGg] ljifodf o'/f]lkog hgf{lnhd ;]G6/n] u/]sf] ;j{]If0f
5
tYof+s kqsfl/tf lsg dxTjk"0f{ 5 <
tYof+s kqsfl/tf s;/L dxTjk"0f{ s'/f xf] eg]/ xfdLn] o; If]qsf cu'jfx¿nfO{ ;f]w]sf lyof}+ . pgLx¿n]
eg]sf s'/f tn lbOPsf 5g\ .
tYof+ssf] k|jfxnfO{ k|zf]wg ug{
hlt a]nfdf hfgsf/L kfOFb}gYof] Tolt a]nf xfdL tYof+s vf]Hglt/ nfUYof}+ . clxn] hfgsf/L htftt}
kfOG5, To;}n] ltgsf] k|zf]wg a9L dxTjk"0f{ ePsf] 5 . hfgsf/L b'O{ r/0fdf k|zf]wg ul/G5M -!_ c;Lldt
tYof+ssf] cWoog u/]/ ltgsf] cy{ nufpg ljZn]if0f ubf{ / -@_ dxTjk"0f{ / ;fGble{s 5 egL xfd|f
pkef]Qmfsf] lbdfudf /fd|f];Fu k|:t't ubf{ . lj1fgn] h:t} tYof+s kqsfl/tfn] klg cWoog ljlw / cWoogaf6
kfOPsf s'/f o:tf] lsl;dn] atfpF5 h;sf cfwf/df c¿n] of] s'/f xf] ls xf]Og egL hfFRg ;S5g\ .
— lkmlnk dfo/, k|f]k]m;/ Old/]6;, o'lgel;{6L ckm Sof/f]lngf P6 rfk]n lxn
:6f]/L eGg] gofF tl/sf
d]/f ljrf/df tYof+s kqsfl/tf o:tf] zAbfjnL xf] h;n] lbglbg} ljsfl;t eO/x]sf] :6f]/L eGg] ;fwg,
tl/sf / cjwf/0ffnfO{ ;d]6\5 . o;leq k/Dk/fut ¿kdf eGb} cfPsf] sDKo'6/sf] d2t lnP/ ul/g]
l/kf]l6{ª -tYof+snfO{ ;|f]tsf ¿kdf pkof]u ul/g]_ b]lv lnP/ tYof+s k|:t't ug{] ;a}eGbf kl5Nnf ljlw
clg Go'h PlKns];G;;Dd ;dfj]z x'G5g\ . oL ;a} ldnfpFbf lg:sg] kqsfl/tfsf] nIo xf]M dxTjk"0f{ ljifo
a'e\mg ;a}nfO{ d2t k'uf];\ egL hfgsf/L / ljZn]if0f k|:t't ug{' .
— cf/f]g lkmNxf]k]m/, Go'of]s{ 6fOD;
Nofk6k pkof]u ug{] kmf]6f] kqsfl/tf
ætYof+s kqsfl/tfÆ æzAb kqsfl/tfÆ eGbf s] s'/fdf dfq} km/s 5 eg] o;df xfdL cln km/s
tl/sf pkof]u u5f{}+ . xfdL :6f]/L kQf nufpF5f}+ / To;sf af/]df l/kf]l6{ª u5f{}+ . tYof+s kqsfl/tf ækmf]6f]
kqsfl/tfÆ h:t} xf] . km/s slt dfq 5 eg] o;df xfdL Sofd/fsf ;§f Nofk6k pkof]u u5f{}+ .
— a|fog af]o]/, l;sfuf] l6«Ao'g
eljio tYof+s kqsfl/tfdf 5
tYof+sdf cfwfl/t kqsfl/tf eljiosf] kqsfl/tf xf] . kqsf/n] tYof+s a'e\mg} k5{ . klxn] klxn]
af/df a;]/ dflg;Fu s'/fsfgL u/]/ :6f]/L tof/ x'GYof] . ce}m klg slxn]sfxL+ o;/L :6f]/L tof/ ug{
;lsG5 . t/ cfhef]ln tYof+s plwGg' klg k5{ . tYof+s ljZn]if0f ug{] / tYof+sdf ePsf /f]rs s'/f
;dfTg] tl/sf hfGg' klg h¿/L 5 . tYof+sn] b]vfPsf s'/fsf] ;Gbe{ atfOlbP/, cGt/;DalGwt s'/fnfO{
hf]8]/ cfˆgf] b]zdf s] eO/x]sf] 5 egL cl8oG;nfO{ atfOlbg' klg k5{ .
— l6d a|]g];{–nL, jN8{ jfO8 j]asf ;+:yfks
6
;+Vof rkfpg] / zAb lzNkLsf] ;+ud
tYof+s kqsfl/tfn] tYof+s k|fljlws / zAb lzNkLsf aLrsf] vf8n k'b{}5 . c;fdfGo s'/f kQf nufpg' /
tYof+ssf b[li6n] dxTjk"0f{ dfq xf]Og cfhsf] hl6n ;+;f/sf af/]df a'e\mg ;fGble{s x'g] k|j[lQ kQf nufpg'
tYof+s kqsfl/tf xf] .
— 8]le8 cfG86{g, :jtGq kqsf/
;Lk cBfjlws ug{'
cfhef]ln kqsfl/tf ug\{ kqsfl/tfsf k/Dk/fut ;Lk kof{Kt 5}gg\ . o:tf a]nfdf tYof+s vf]Hg], a'e\mg] / ltgnfO{
k|:t't ug{] ;Lk tYof+s kqsfl/tfn] pknAw u/fPsf] 5 . of] k/Dk/fut kqsfl/tfsf] ;§fdf cfPsf] kqsfl/tf
xf]Og k/Dk/fut kqsfl/tfsf] ljsl;t ¿k xf] .
cfhef]ln ;"rgfsf ;|f]t l8lh6n k|0ffnLdf uO/x]sf 5g\ . To;}n] kqsf/ cfˆgf ;|f]tsf] glhs
x'g'k5{ . OG6/g]6n] olt ;Defjgf vf]lnlbPsf] 5 h;nfO{ xfdL clxn] a'e\mg ;Sb}gf}+ . tYof+s kqsfl/tf
xfdLn] ljutdf ul/cfPsf cEof;af6 ljsl;t eO{ cgnfOg k|ljlwnfO{ cfTd;ft\ ug{] sfdsf] ;'?cft xf] .
tYof+s kqsfl/tfn] ;~rf/ dfWodsf b'O{j6f dxTjk"0f{ p2]Zo k"/f u5{M gf}nf :6f]/L kQf nufpg] -Go'h
jfo/sf ;dfrf/ xf]Og_ / jfr8usf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{] . cfly{s cj:yf sdhf]/ ePsf a]nfdf ;~rf/
dfWodn] oL nIo xfl;n ug{' h¿/L x'G5 .
:yfgLo ;dfrf/kqsf b[li6sf]0fn] klg tYof+s kqsfl/tf h¿/L 5 . xfdLsxfF Pp6f egfO 5M æb"/ b]zdf
k}mlnPsf] b+ufeGbf cfˆgf] 9f]sf cufl8sf] 6fon plSsPsf] s'/f dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 .Æ o;n] xfd|f] hLjgnfO{ ;f]emf] c;/
kf5{ . o;sf ;fy} clxn] ;a}lt/ l8lh6fOh];g x'Fb}5 . :yfgLo klqsfn] :yflgo hglhjgnfO{ ;f]emf] c;/ kfg{]
ePsfn] / ;"rgf ;|f]t l8lh6fOh eO/x]sfn] :yfgLo klqsfdf sfd ug{] kqsf/n] klg tYof+saf6 :6f]/L vf]Hg],
ltgsf] JofVof ug{] / :6f]/L k|:t't ug{] tl/sf hfGg'k5{ .
— h]/L edf{g]g, NU.nl
;"rgfsf] af9L;Fu h'Wg] pkfo
clxn] dflg;n] ;"rgfsf] cefj xf]Og ;"rgfsf] af9Lsf] ;d:of ef]Ug' k/]sf] 5 . t/ ;"rgf h'g ult /
dfqfdf cfpF5 ToxL ultdf To;nfO{ u|x0f / k|zf]wg ug]{ sfd ug{ gful/snfO{ ;d:of k5{ . ;~rf/
dfWoddf cfPsf hfgsf/Ln] gful/ssf] lg0f{o / sfddf k|efj kf5{ . /fd|f] tYof+s kqsfl/tfn] ;"rgfsf]
af9L;Fu h'Wg gful/snfO{ ;xof]u u5{ .
— 6d k|mfOh, a]6{]N:Dofg kmfpG8];g
tYof+sdf cfwfl/t hg;Dks{sf sfd;Fu h'Wg] pkfo
ljleGg sDkgLx¿n] gofFgofF c+s b]vfP/ cfk"mn] pGglt ul//x]sf] bfaL u5{g\ . /fhgLlt1x¿n] a]/f]huf/L
36fPsf] / s'n ufx{:y pTkfbg a9fPsf] egL 9\jfª k'mS5g\ . xfdL kqsf/x¿ cfFs8fnfO{ /fd|f];Fu a'e\mg
7
;Sb}gf}+ . OG/f]g, jN8{sd, Dof8ckm cyjf ;f]NofG8«f h:tf sDkgLsf jf:tljs cj:yfsf af/]df kqsf/
nfO{ yfxf gx'g' o;sf pbfx/0f x'g\ . cfFs8fn] em§ x]bf{ h] atfpF5g\ kqsf/n]] ToxL kTofpg] ;Defjgf
a9L x'G5 . tL cfFs8f leqsf s'/f vf]tNg] rng 5}g lsgeg] cfFs8f hlt;'s} ldYof+s eP klg ltgn]
uDeL/ / ljZj;gLo ePsf] efg kf5{g\ .
tYof+s /fd|f];Fu a'e\mg ;s]sf v08df kqsf/df cfFs8fnfO{ ;xL tl/sfn] ljZn]if0f ug{] afgL a:5 . o;n]
ubf{ kqsf/n] sDkgLsf hg;Dks{ clwsf/Ln] h] lbof] To;nfO{ h:tfsf] t:t} kTofpg] 8/ x'Fb}g .
— lgsf]n; s];/–la|n, Journalism++
;/sf/L hfgsf/LnfO{ :jtGq ¿kn] JofVof ug{'
;g\ @)!! df uPsf] e"sDk / To;kl5 km's'l;dfdf ePsf] Go'lSno/ KnfG6 b'3{6gfkl5 hfkfgL kqsf/x¿n]
tYof+s kqsfl/tfsf] slt dxTj 5 eGg] s'/f yfxf kfP . hfkfg l8lh6n kqsfl/tfdf k5fl8 ePsf]
dflgG5 .
o; b'3{6gfn] ubf{ slt Iflt eof] eGg]af/]df ;/sf/ / ljz]if1;Fu ljZj;gLo tYof+s gx'Fbf xfdL
cNdlnof}+ . slt /]l8of]PlS6e kbfy{ e§Laf6 aflx/ lg:Sof] eGg] tYof+s ;/sf/L clwsf/Lx¿n] n'sfP .
tL tYof+s r'lxP/ aflx/ cfP klg xfdLn] ltgnfO{ cYof{pg ;s]gf}+ . :jo+;]jsx¿n] cfˆg} pks/0f
pkof]u u/]/ /]l8of]PlS6e ;DaGwL cfFs8f a6'Ng yfn] . t/ xfdLnfO{ tYof+szf:q / tYof+s k|:t't ug{]
tl/sfaf/] 1fg lyPg . kqsf/n] sRrf cfFs8f lng ;Sg'k5{ . cfFs8fsf] ;/sf/L JofVofnfO{ h:tfsf] t:t} kTofpg'
x'Fb}g eGg] s'/f yfxf x'g'k5{ .
— O;fcf] dfT;'gfdL, 6f]lsof] lzDa'g
tYof+ssf] af9L;Fu h'Wg'
l8lh6n qmflGtn] NofPsf r'gf}tL / cj;/n] kqsfl/tfnfO{ c:tJo:t kfl//x]sf] 5 . ;"rgfsf] af9L cfPsf] o;
o'udf kqsf/ / gful/s;Fu o:tf cfFs8f x]g{] /fd|f 6'n x'g' h¿/L 5 . af9L h;/L cfO/x]sf ;"rgf pkof]u ug{]
r'gf}tL ef]lu/x]sf a]nf gofF k|sfzg ;+:yfx¿n] kqsf/nfO{ l8lh6n tYof+s ;+sng ug{] / To;nfO{ ;"rgfdf
abNg] ;Lk l;sfO/x]sf 5g\ . klxn] klxn] ;"rgf ;+sng / k|;f/ ug{] sfd l/kf]6{/ / ;Dkfbssf] lyof] t/ clxn]
;dfrf/ a|]s ug{] sfd cgnfOgn] u5{g\, ;dfrf/ ;+:yfsf ;dfrf/ sIfn] o:tf] ug{ EofpFb}gg\ .
clxn] ;+;f/e/ g} tYof+s / kqsfl/tfaLrsf] ;DaGw sl;Fbf] 5 . tYof+ssf] af9L cfPsf] o; o'udf
tYof+s kqsfl/tfsf] dxTj Tolt a]nf x'G5 hlt a]nf kqsf/n] tYof+sdf ;Gbe{ hf]8\g ;S5g\, tYof+snfO{
:ki6 kfg{ ;S5g\ / ;a}eGbf dxTjk"0f{ s'/f, l8lh6n ;"rgfaf6 ;To vf]Hg ;S5g\ . o;sf] cy{ cfhsf
PsLs[t ;~rf/ dfWodn] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Ng ;Sb}gg\ eGg] xf]Og . cfhsf] ;"rgfsf] o'udf kqsf/n]
tYof+s lng], hfFRg], ljZn]if0f / ;+Zn]if0f ug{] sfd klxn]eGbf cem a9L dfqfdf ug{' k/]sf] 5 . o;
;Gbe{df ;dfhsf nflu tYof+s kqsfl/tfsf] 7"nf] dxTj 5 .
clxn] clt w]/} tYof+s vf;u/L s'g} :ki6 9fFrfdf g/flvPsf tYof+saf6 cy{ lgsfNg] sfd ;+;f/e/sf
tYof+s j}1flgsx¿ -;dfrf/ sIfdf sfd ug{] x'g\ jf jfn l:6«6df sfd ug{] x'g\ jf l;lnsg EofnLdf sfd
ug{] x'g\_ sf] nIo ePsf] 5 . lbglbg} cfljisf/ x'Fb} uPsf ljleGg 6'n -o:tf 6'n ;/sf/L clwsf/L,
8
:jf:Yo ;]jfsf k|fljlws cyjf ;dfrf/ sIfsf dflg; ;a}n] pkof]u ug{ ;S5g\_ sf] pkof]u u/]/ o:tf]
sfd ug{ ;lsG5 .
— Pn]S; xfj8{, cf] l/nL ldl8of
xfd|f] hLjg tYof+s xf]
/fd|f] tYof+s kqsfl/tf ug{ sl7g 5, lsgeg] /fd|f] kqsfl/tf ug{ sl7g 5 . tYof+s kqsfl/tf ubf{ oL s'/f
hfGg'k5{M tYof+s s;/L lng] < tYof+snfO{ s;/L a'e\mg] < / ltgaf6 :6f]/L s;/L lgsfNg] < slxn]sfxL+
ltgaf6 lg:sg] af6f] e]l6+b}g, slxn]sfxL+ /fd|f] :6f]/L e]l6+b}g . Pp6f a6g lyr]/ ;a} sfd x'g] eP of] kqsfl/tf
x'Fb}gYof] . o:tf] d]xgt lg/y{s x'Fb}g lsgeg] xfd|f] hLjg tYof+sdo aGb} uPsf] 5 . :jtGq / lgikIf ;dfhsf
nflu tYof+s kqsfl/tf h¿/L 5 .
— lqm; tfuf6{, cf]kgskf{]/]6\;
;do arfpg] pkfo
;"rgf xftn] ;f/]/ ;do s6fpg] clg kLl8Pkm kmfOnaf6 tYof+s ptfg{] k'm;{b kqsf/nfO{ 5}g . To;}n], o:tf
tYof+s sf]8 ug{] ;Lk l;Sg' -cyjf To;f] ug{ hfGg] dflg;sf] ;xof]u lng'_ Psbd} h¿/L 5 .
kmf]Nxf 8] ;fjkfpnf]sf l/kf]6{/ :yfgLo lgsfosf] ah]6 ;DaGwdf :6f]/L tof/ ug{ nfu]sf lyP . To;f]
ug{] qmddf pgn] s] yfxf kfP5g\ eg] xfdLn] ;fj kfpnf] gu/kflnsfsf] cgnfOgaf6 ah]6 ;DaGwL
cfFs8f e]nf u/]sf 5f}+ . of] sfd u/]sf]df pgn] xfdLnfO{ wGojfb lbP -of] sfd ug{ Xofs/nfO{ b'O{ lbg
nfu]sf] lyof]_ . pgn] s] klg eg]sf lyP eg] :6f]/L tof/ ug{sf nflu rflxg] tYof+s xftn] l6k]/ e]nf ug{
pgn] tLg dlxgf latfO;s]sf lyP . dnfO{ xfdLn] ;+;b cg'udg ;dfrf/ ;+:yfnfO{ ækL8LPkmdf /x]sf hfgsf/L
lng]Æ sfddf ;xof]u u/]sf] ;Demgf 5 . of] sfd ug{ !% ldg]6 nfu]sf] lyof] . xftn] u/]sf] eP olt sfd ug{
dlxgf}+ nfUYof] .
— k]b|f] dfs{'g, 6«fG;/]lG;of Xofs/
kqsf/sf nflu geO{ gx'g] ;Lk
d]/f ljrf/df ætYof+s kqsfl/tfÆ sf] l/kf]l6{ª cyjf ækqsfl/tfÆ kIfdf hf]8 lbg' h¿/L 5 . xfdLn]
tYof+snfO{ ljZn]if0f u/L k|:t't ug{] dfq xf]Og . o;nfO{ ;+;f/df eO/x]sf 36gfsf ;DaGwdf ;Tosf]
glhs k'Ug] pkfosf ¿kdf pkof]u ug{'k5{ . tYof+s ljZn]if0f / JofVof ug{] IfdtfnfO{ d}n] km/s ljwfsf
¿kdf eGbf klg cfhef]ln kqsf/nfO{ geO{ gx'g] ;Lksf ¿kdf lnPsf] 5' . cflv/df kqsf/n] ug{] sfd
t /fd|f] l/kf]l6{ª ug{' / ;a}eGbf pko'Qm tl/sfn] :6f]/L eGg' g} xf] .
tYof+s kqsfl/tf ;+;f/nfO{ lgu/fgL ug{] / zlQmdf a;]sfnfO{ pQ/bfoL agfpg] Pp6f pkfo xf] . w]/}
eGbf w]/} tYof+s pknAw x'Fb} uPsfn] kqsf/sf nflu tYof+s kqsfl/tfsf ljlw hfGg' klxn] eGbf a9L
h¿/L ePsf] 5 . of] o:tf] tl/sf xf] h'g ;a} kqsf/n] hfGg'k5{ . tYof+s cfk}Fmn] ;+sng ug{ hfg]
/fd|f] . To;f] ug{ cf˚} ghfg]sf v08df klg hfGg];Fu ldn]/ sfd ug{'k5{ .
9
o;f] ubf{ x'g] d'Vo kmfObf s] xf] eg] o;n] kqsf/nfO{ To:tf hfgsf/L lng ;xof]u u5{ h'g hfgsf/L c¿
lsl;dn] lng cyjf k|dfl0ft ug{ Psbd} sl7g x'G5 . o;sf] Pp6f /fd|f] pbfx/0f PG8«" gfd lbOPsf] cfFwLaf6
ePsf] Ifltsf] ljZn]if0f u/L l:6e 8f]Oun] tof/ u/]sf] :6f]/L xf] . pgn] b'O{ vfnsf 8]6fl;6nfO{ Ps} 7fpFdf
ldnfPM cfFwLn] u/]sf] Iflt b]vfpg] gS;f / cfFwLsf] ult b]vfpg] gS;f . o;sf cfwf/n] pgn] s] b]vfP eg] h'g
7fpFdf 3/ agfpg lgod s8f 5}gg\ / hxfF sd;n vfnsf lgdf{0f ;fdu|L nufP/ 3/ agfOPsf] 5 ToxfF Iflt
a9L ePsf] 5 . o; :6f]/Lsf nflu pgn] ;g\ !((# df k'lnTh/ k'/:sf/ (http://www.pulitzer.org/awards/1993)
kfP . tYof+ssf] pkof]u s;/L ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] s'/fsf] of] ce}m;Dd klg /fd|f] pbfx/0f ag]sf] 5 .
cfbz{ l:yltdf, c;fdfGo s'/f, ?lrsf ljifo cyjf cgf}7f s'/f b]vfpg tYof+ssf] pkof]u ul/G5 . o;
cy{df, tYof+s xfd|f nflu k|f/lDes ;"rs cyjf ;'/fs x'g\ . cfFs8f /f]rs eP eGb}df tYof+s dfq}
/fVbf kof{Kt x'Fb}g . tL tYof+ssf] cy{ s] xf] egL v'nfOlbg'k5{ .
— l;lGyof cf]Úd'r{', kmfOlG;on 6fOD;
;"rgfsf] ;+;f/df ePsf] kl/jt{g cg's"n x'g'
gofF l8lh6n k|ljlwn] ;dfhdf 1fgsf] pTkfbg / k|;f/df gofF tl/sf NofOlbof] . tYof+s
kqsfl/tfnfO{ ;"rgfsf] ;+;f/df ePsf] kl/jt{g cg's"n cfk"mnfO{ 9fNg] ;~rf/ dfWodsf] k|of; eGbf
x'G5 . o;leq cGt/lqmofTds / ax'kIfLo tl/sfn] :6f]/L eg]/ kf7snfO{ ;dfrf/df pNn]v ePsf ;|f]tsf]
cGj]if0f ug{ ;Sg] agfpg] sfdb]lv lnP/ ;dfrf/ tof/ ug{] / d"Nof+sg ug{] k|lqmofdf kf7snfO{ ;xefuL x'g
k|f]T;flxt ug{] sfd klg kb{5g\ .
— ;];/ leogf, o'lgel;{6L ckm uf]o;
s'g} klg s'/fnfO{ km/s tl/sfn] x]g{] pkfo
s]xL :6f]/L tYof+ssf] ljZn]if0f ubf{ dfq} a'lemG5g\ . slxn]sfxL+ tYof+snfO{ b[Zodf b]vfP/ dfq
a'emfpg ;lsG5 . o;f] ubf{ w]/} s'/f yfxf x'G5M zlQmzfnL dflg; cyjf ;+:yfsf aLrsf] uf]Ko ;DaGw
atfpg ;lsG5, nfu" kbfy{ ;DaGwL gLltn] ubf{ dfG5] db{}5g\ eGg] tYo atfpg ;lsG5, jftfj/0fnfO{
xflg k'¥ofpg] jftfj/0fLo gLltsf af/]df atfpg ;lsG5 . kqsf/n] oL ljifosf tYof+s e]nf u/]/,
ljZn]if0f u/]/ kf7snfO{ atfPsf v08df dflysf cj:yf k]ml/G5g\ . s'g} tYof+s ;fdfGo vfnsf, :k|]8l;6df
/flvPsf tYof+s x'g ;S5g\, s'g} tYof+s :s"nsf] hfFrdf ljBfyL{n] kfPsf dfS;{ cyjf c:ktfnsf]
;+qmd0f ;DaGwL tYof+s h:tf hl6n klg x'g ;S5g\ . t/ oL ;a} leq kf7snfO{ atfpg nfos :6f]/L
x'G5g\ .
— z]/]n lkmlnK;, b l;of6n 6fOD;
/fd|f] :6f]/L eGg] pkfo
l8lh6n hfgsf/L k5\ofP/ xfdLn] xfd|f] ;Dk"0f{ hLjgsf] lrq sf]g{ ;S5f}+ . xfdL s] vfG5f}+ / s] a|fph
u5f{}+, xfdL sxfF / slxn] 3'D5f}+, s'g uLt ;'G5f}+, xfdLn] klxnf] k6s k|]d slxn] u/]sf lyof}+, xfd|f]
aRrfsf hLjgsf pNn]vgLo 36gf s] x'g\ b]lv lnP/ xfd|f] clGtd OR5f s] xf] eGg] h:tf ;a} hfgsf/L
k5\ofpg, ltgnfO{ l8lh6fOh ug{, Snfp8df /fVg / ljt/0f ug{ ;lsG5 . o:tf tYof+ssf cfwf/df :6f]/L
10
eGg, ljleGg k|Zgsf] hjfkm lbg / hLjgsf af/]df hfgsf/L lbg ;lsG5 . oL hfgsf/L o:tf] lsl;dn]
k|:t't ug{ ;lsG5 hf] Psbd} sl7gfOk"j{s dflg;sf egfO a'g]/ tof/ ul/Psf] :6f]/LeGbf /fd|f] x'G5 .
— ;f/f :nlag, jfn l:6«6 hg{n
:s"k dfg{sf nflu gofF tYof+s rflx+b}g
slxn]sfxL+ tYof+s ;fj{hlgs eO;s]sf x'G5g\ t/ ltgnfO{ s;}n] klg lgofn]/ x]/]sf] x'Fb}g .
P;f]l;P6]8 k|];n] o:tf] hfgsf/Lsf cfwf/df O/fs o'4sf a]nf lghL ;'/Iff 7]s]bf/sf sfdsf
af/]df Pp6f :6f]/L tof/ u/]sf] lyof] . of] :6f]/L tof/ ug{ kqsf/n] cd]l/sfsf] ;"rgfsf] xs
pkof]u u/L klxn] uf]Ko /flvPsf / xfn} ;fj{hlgs ul/Psf $% ;o k]h 8s'd]G6 dfu] . ;/sf/n] tL
8s'd]G6 :Sofg u/]/ 8s'd]G6Snfp8df cknf]8 u¥of] . tL 8s'd]G6 k9]/ xfdLn] lj:t[t ljZn]if0f u¥of}+ .
— hf]gfyg :6«], b cf]e/Eo' k|f]h]S6
dg k/fOPsf s]xL pbfx/0f
xfdLn] xfd|f s]xL n]vsx¿nfO{ cfk"mnfO{ dg k/]sf tYof+s kqsfl/tfsf pbfx/0f lbP/ tL lsg
dg k/]sf x'g\ eGg] s'/f v'nfpg cg'/f]w u/]sf lyof}+ . pgLx¿n] lbPsf pbfx/0f tn 5g\ .
n; e]uf; ;gdf 5flkPsf] 8' gf] xfd{
dnfO{ dg k/]sf] pbfx/0f n; e]uf; ;gdf ;g\ @)!) df 5flkPsf] c:ktfnsf] ;]jf ;DaGwL >[+vnf
8' gf] xfd{ xf] (http://www.lasvegassun.com/hospital-care/) . ;f] klqsfn] c:ktfnsf @( nfv lansf] ljZn]if0f u¥of]
. o;f] ubf{ p;n] 3fp, ;+qmd0f / zNolqmof ;DaGwL #^ ;o j6f gx'g' kg{] uNtL ePsf] kQf nufof] . pgLx¿n] ;fj{hlgs
;"rgfsf] dfu u/]/ oL 8s'd]G6 lnPsf lyP . o;f] ubf{ kqsf/n] #)) j6f o:tf s]; e]6] h;df -/f]sg ;lsg]_ uNtLn]
ubf{ la/fdLsf] d[To' ePsf] lyof] . :6f]/Ldf cGt/lqmofTds u|flkms (http://www.lasvegassun.com/hospital-care/
surgical-injuries-interactive/) nufot ljleGg kIf ;d]l6Psf lyP h;df kf7sn] s'g c:ktfndf zNols[osf s|ddf
;f]lrPeGbf a9L dfqfdf zNolqmofsf qmddf 3fp nfUof] eGg] s'/f yfxf kfP . :6f]/Ldf ;doqmd ePsf] gS;f
(http://www.lasvegassun.com/hospital-care/infections-interactive/) klg lbPsf] lyof] h;n] c:ktfndf k}mn]sf]
;+qmd0f ;DaGwL hfgsf/L lbOPsf] lyof] . o;sf ;fy} Pp6f cGt/lqmofTds u|flkms (http://www.lasvegassun.
com/hospital-care/events-chart/) klg lbOPsf] lyof] h;af6 kf7sn] s'g s'g vfnsf /f]syfd ug{ ;lsg]
3fp eP cyjf s'g c:ktfndf la/fdLnfO{ rf]6k6s nufOof] eGg] s'/f x]g{ kfP . dnfO{ of] :6f]/L lsg dg k/]
sf] xf] eg] of] a'e\mg ;lhnf] 5 . o;df Ps 7fpFaf6 csf{] 7fpFdf hfg klg ;/n 5 . o;df tYof+s ;lhnf];Fu
vf]Hg ;lsG5 .
o;sf] /fd|f] k|efj k¥of] . g]eff8sf] ljwflosfn] o:tf] gsfd /f]Sgsf nflu ^ j6f sfg'g http://www.lasvegassun.
com/news/2011/apr/14/health-care-transparency-bills-pass-key-milestone-/) agfof] . of] :6f]/L tof/ ug{]
kqsf/n] hfgsf/L lng / k|zf]wg ug{ w]/} sl7g sfd u/]sf lyP . l/kf]l6{ªdf ;+nUg kqsf/ Pn]S; l/
rf8{\;n] tYof+s ;Rofpgsf nflu c:ktfn / /fHonfO{ sDtLdf klg !@ k6s http://www.poynter.org/news/
11
mediawire/128672/las-vegas-sun-pulitzer-finalists-explain-how-they-turned-data-into-webgold/)
tYof+s k7fPsf lyP .
— PGh]lns k]/fN6f /fdf];, nf g]l;of]g -ch{]lG6gf_
lrq !=# 8" gf] xfd{ -b n; e]uf; ;g_
lrq !=$ ;/sf/L sd{rf/Lsf] tna -b 6]S;f; l6«Ao'g_
12
;/sf/L sd{rf/Lsf] tna ;DaGwL tYof+s
dnfO{ k|f]klAnsf cyjf 6]S;f; l6«Ao'g h:tf ;fgf :jtGq ;+:yfx¿n] u/]sf sfd dg k5{g\ . oL
;+:yf;Fu /fog d'kmL{ h:tf /fd|f tYof+s l/kf]6{/ 5g\ . d}n] 6]S;f; l6«Ao'gsf] Pp6f k|f]h]S6nfO{ (http://
bit.ly/texastrib-employee) /fd|f pbfx/0fsf ¿kdf lnPsf] 5' . o; kl/of]hgfn] ^,^),))) hgf ;/
sf/L sd{rf/Lsf] tna Pp6f 8]6fa];df /fVof] . o;df o'h/n] hfgsf/L vf]Hg ;S5g\ . o;af6 :6f]/L
tof/ ug{ ;S5g\ . o'h/n] ;+:yf, gfd cyjf tna h'g;'s} juL{s/0fsf cfwf/df vf]hL ug{ ;S5g\ . of]
;/n / ;fy{s 5 . o;n] ck|fKo vfnsf hfgsf/L ;fj{hlgs u/]sf] 5 . o;nfO{ pkof]u ug{ ;lhnf]
5 . o;n] :6f]/L cfk}Fm l;h{gf u5{ . 6]S;f; l6«Ao'gdf cfpg] clwsf+z 6«flkms 8]6fk]hdf lsg cfpF5g\
eGg] s'/fsf] of] /fd|f] pbfx/0f xf] .
— ;fOdg /f]h;{, b ufl8{og
O/fs jf/ nusf] b[Zo k|:t'lt, P;f]l;P6]8 k|];
O/fs o'4sf] lnlvt ljj/0f/ b[Zo (bit.ly/jstray-warlogs) k|:t't ug{ hf]gfyg :6«] / h'lnog au{];n]
h'g pkfo cjnDag u/] Tof] ;fxl;s sfd lyof] h;n] c¿nfO{ klg To;f] ug{ k|f]T;fxg lbPsf] 5 .
cfk"mn] :6f]/L ul//x]sf ljifodf uxg hfgsf/L lngsf nflu pgLx¿n] gofF ljlw k/LIf0f u/L zflAbs
ljZn]if0f / b[Zo ;fdu|Ldfk{mt hfgsf/L k|:t't u/] .
hf]gfyg / h'lnogn] zflAbs ljZn]if0f ljlw / cNuf]l/bdsf dfWodn] Pp6f o:tf] tl/sf
cGj]if0f u/] h;n] O/fs o'4 ;DaGwL cd]l/sL ;/sf/sf xhf/f}+ l/kf]6{df -oL l/kf]6{ ljlslnS;n] aflx/
NofPsf] lyof]_ 5l/P/ /x]sf d'Vo zAbnfO{ b[Zo dfWoddf b]vfPsf] 5 .
of] tl/sf ;a} 7fpFdf pkof]u ug{ g;lsg] eP klg / k|of]usf nflu ul/Psf] eP klg of] gf}nf]
tl/sf lyof] . ;a} kmfOn k9\g'sf ;§f cyjf oL l/kf]6{df o:tf s'/f kfOPnfg eGg] cg'dfg u/]/
tL zAbsf] vf]hL u/L h] hfgsf/L kfOG5 To;sf] ;dLIff ug{'sf abnfdf pgLx¿n] vf;vf;
;Gbe{sf zAb u0fgf u/L ltgnfO{ b[Zodf b]vfOlbP .
lnvt -Od]n, k|ltj]bg cflb_ / cfFs8fsf ¿kdf w]/}eGbf w]/} hfgsf/L ;fj{hlgs eO/x]sf] cfhsf]
o'udf hfgsf/Lsf] To; cyfx y'k|f]af6 cfˆgf cl8oG;sf ?lrsf vf; hfgsf/L vf]Hg] sfd a9LeGbf
a9L h¿/L x'Fb} hfG5 . of] tYof+s kqsfl/tfleqsf] /f]rs If]q xf] .
— l;lGyof cf]Ú d'r{', kmfOgflG;on 6fOD;
13
lrq !=% o'4sf ljj/0fsf] ljZn]if0f -P;f]l;P6]8 k|];_
14
/x:odoL xTof
l:qmK; xfjf8{ Go'h ;le{;sf (http://bit.ly/murder-mysteries) 6d xfu|f]en] tof/ u/]sf] /x:odoL xTof
;DaGwL :6f]/L dnfO{ dg k/]sf] tYof+s kqsfl/tfsf] Pp6f pbfx/0f xf] . ;/sf/L tYof+s / ;"rgfsf]
xssf] pkof]u u/L k|fKt ePsf hfgsf/Lsf cfwf/df pgn] cg';Gwfg k"/f gePsf ! nfv *% xhf/
eGbf a9L xTofsf 36gfsf] lj:t[t 8]6fa]; tof/ u/] . To;kl5 oL xTof >[+vnfa4 ¿kdf xTof ug{]
ck/fwLn] u/]sf x'g\ ls egL yfxf kfpgsf nflu cNuf]l/bd l8hfOg u/] . pgsf] l/kf]l6{ªsf oL ljz]
iftf lyPM pgn] s8f kl/>d u/]sf lyP, pgn] ;/sf/sf] eGbf /fd|f] 8]6fa]; tof/ u/], ;dfh lj1fgsf
cg';Gwfg ljlwsf] pkof]u u/], rnfvLk"0f{ ljZn]if0f u/]/ tYof+snfO{ cgnfOgdf cGt/lqmofTds
lsl;dn] k|:t't u/] h;df kf7sn] cfk"mnfO{ rflxPsf hfgsf/L cfk}Fm vf]Hg ;S5g\ .
— l:6e 8f]Ou, jfN6/ qmf]GsfO6 :s"n ckm hgf{lnhd, Pl/hf]gf :6]6 o'lgel;{6L
lrq !=^ /x:oL xTof -l:qmK; xfjf8{ Go'h ;le{;_
15
Dof;]h d]l;g
:6f]/L (http://www.propublica.org/special/messagemachine-you-probably-dont-know-janet_) / g8{ Anu kf]i6 (http://bit.ly/nerd-blog-post)
dg k5{g\ . 6\jL6/ rnfpg] s]xL dflg;n] cf]afdfsf] r'gfjL cleofgsf ljleGg Od]n kfPkl5
pgLx¿n] o;k|lt rf;f] JoQm u/]sf lyP . of] sfd ToxL+af6 ;'? eof] . k|f]klAnsfsf dflg;x¿n]
of] s'/f yfxf kfP / r'gfjL cleofgsf Od]n cfk"mnfO{ km/jf8{ ug{ cfˆgf cl8oG;nfO{
cg'/f]w u/] . To;sf cfwf/df pgLx¿n] eJo k|:t'lt tof/ u/] . To;df To; ;fFem cleofgstf{n]
k7fPsf ljleGg Dof;]hnfO{ b[Zosf ¿kdf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . of] Psbd} /fd|f] sfd xf] lsgeg]
pgLx¿n] cfk}Fm tYof+s ;+sng u/] -:ofDkn yf]/} eP klg :6f]/L eGgsf nflu kof{Kt lyof]_ .
of] sfd lsg /fd|f] xf] eg] pgLx¿n] pboLdfg ljz]iftfsf af/]df :6f]/L eg]sf lyP .
Tof] xf]M vf;vf; dflg;nfO{ nlIft ug{sf nflu r'gfj k|rf/–k|;f/df w]/} tYof+s pkof]u x'Fbf]
/x]5 . o;n] cfpFbf lbgdf r'gfj k|rf/ s:tf] x'G5 eGg] s'/fsf] ;+s]t u/]sf] 5 .
— a|fog afo]/, l;sfuf] l6«Ao'g
dnfO{
k|f]klAnsfsf]
Dof;]h
d]l;g
lrq !=& Dof;]h d]l;g -k|f]klAnsf_
16
rf6{an
dnfO{ dg k/]sf] tYof+s kqsfl/tfsf] Pp6f gd'gf PlG8«o' ufl;{of lkmlnK;n] tof/ u/]sf rf6{an
xf] (http://www.chartball.com/) . PG8«o' tYof+s v]Ng ?rfpg], /fd|f] l8hfOg ug{] / sf]8df
n]Vg] Ifdtf ePsf v]ns'b ôfg x'g\ . rf6{ansf dfWodn] pgn] xf/lhtsf] ptf/r9fj dfq
xf]Og v]nf8L / l6d lkR5]sf ;kmntf / c;kmntfsf] ljj/0f b[Zodf k|:t't u/] . pgn] o;sf] ;Gbe{
klg k|:t't u/], cfsif{s u|flkms tof/ u/] . pgn] tof/ u/]sf] ;fdu|L uxg, /dfOnf] / ?lrs/ 5 . d
v]ns'bdf eg] plt rf;f] /flVbgF .
lrq !=* lht / xf/nfO{ lrqdf b]vfpFbf -rf6{an_
kl/b[Zodf tYof+s kqsfl/tf
cu:6 @)!) df cfD:68{ddf o'/f]lkog hgf{lnhd ;]G6/sf s]xL ;fyL / d}n] ldn]/
cGt/f{li6«o tYof+s kqsfl/tf ;Dd]ngsf] (http://blogs.journalism.co.uk/2010/08/26/ddjreasons-to-cheer-from-amsterdams-data-driven-journalism-conference/)
cfof]hgf
u¥of}+ . xfd|f ljrf/df of] o; ljifodf ePsf yf]/}dWo]sf] Pp6f ;Dd]ng lyof] . Tolta]nf o; ljifodf
plt w]/} 5nkmn x'Fb}gy] . s]xL ;+:yfx¿n] dfq} Tolt a]nf o; If]qdf a9L sfd u/]sf lyP .
b ufl8{og / b Go'of]s{ 6fOD; h:tf ;~rf/ dfWodn] ljlslnS;n] ;fj{hlgs u/]sf clt w]/}
tYof+snfO{ h;/L pkof]u u/] Tof] tYof+s kqsfl/tfdf 7"nf] km8\sf] lyof] h;n] tYof+s kqsfl/tf eGg]
zAbfjnLnfO{ Voflt lbnfof] . o;} a]nf kqsf/x¿n] se/]hdf ;'wf/ ug{ / s'g} ljifodf uxg vf]h
ug{ tYof+ssf] s;/L pkof]u ul//x]sf 5g\ eGg] s'/f atfpg tYof+s kqsfl/tf eGg] zAbfjnL Jofks
k|of]udf cfpg yfNof] -æsDKo'6/sf] ;xfotfn] ul/g] l/kf]l6{ªÆ ;Fu;Fu}_ .
17
tYof+s kqsfl/tfdf cg'ejL / kqsfl/tfsf ljåfg\;Fu 6\jL6/df s'/fsfgL ubf{ s] yfxf eof] eg] cfh h'g
sfdnfO{ tYof+s kqsfl/tf elgG5 To;sf] ;'?;'?sf] Pp6f pbfx/0f xf] — cfl8«ofg xf]nf]ef6Ln] ;g\ @))^
df u/]sf] sfd . cfl8«ofg Ple|Anssf ;+:yfks x'g\ . Ple|Ans Pp6f ;"rgf ;]jf xf] h;n] cfˆgf o'h/nfO{
cfˆgf] If]qdf s] s:tf 36gf eO/x]sf 5g\ egL kQf nufpg ;xof]u u5{ . ;dfrf/kqsf ;fO6 ablng'k5{
(http://www.holovaty.com/writing/fundamental-change/)
eGg]
ljifodf
5f]6f]
lgaGw
n]Vb} pgn] s] ts{ u/] eg] kqsf/n] æzAbdf n]lvPsf 7"nf y'k|fÆ sf ;fydf lglZrt 9fFrfdf,
d]l;gn] k9\g ;Sg] tYof+s klg /flvlbg'k5{M
pbfx/0fsf nflu, s'g} ;dfrf/kqn] Pp6f 6f]ndf cfunfuLsf] va/ n]Vof] . ;]nkmf]gdf
of] :6f]/L k9\g kfpg' /fd|} / 7"nf] s'/f xf] . of] sfdnfO{ ;Dej agfpg] k|ljlwsf] ho
xf];\ . t/ dnfO{ o; :6f]/L;Fu ;DalGwt Ps kl5 csf{] sRrf hfgsf/L klg hfGg
dg nfu]sf] 5 h;n] ubf{ d ljutdf ePsf cfunfuLsf 36gf;Fu o; gofF 36gfnfO{
t'ngf ug{ ;S5' . klxn] ePsf cfunfuLsf 36gf;Fu ;DalGwt lgDg hfgsf/L dnfO{
rflxPsf] 5M cfunfuL ePsf] ldlt, ;do, 7fpF, kLl8t, bdsnsf] gDa/, bdsnb]lv
cfunfuL ePsf] 7fpFsf] b"/L, cfuf] lgefpg uPsf] clUg lgoGqssf] gfd / p;sf]
cg'ej, 36gf:yndf bdsn cfOk'Ug nfu]sf] ;do cflb .
tYof+s cyjf hfgsf/L ;+sngsf nflu sDKo'6/ pkof]u ug{] cGo k|s[ltsf] kqsfl/tfeGbf of]
kqsfl/tf s;/L km/s 5 < ljutdf cEof; ul/Psf cGo :j¿ksf kqsfl/tfeGbf tYof+s
kqsfl/tf s;/L / slt;Dd km/s 5 <
sDKo'6/sf] ;xfotfn] ul/g] l/kf]l6{ª / cg';Gwfgd'vL kqsfl/tf
l/kf]l6{ªnfO{ /fd|f] kfg{ tYof+s pkof]u ug{] / cfd dflg;nfO{ lglZrt ;+/rgfdf -d]l;gn] k9\g
g;Sg] eP klg_ ;"rgf lbg] rng k'/fg} xf] . clxn] xfdLn] h]nfO{ tYof+s kqsfl/tf eG5f}+ Tof];Fu
;a}eGbf a9L ;fGble{s x'g] kqsfl/tf sDKo'6/sf ;xfotfn] ul/g] l/kf]l6{ª cyf{t\ ;L=P=cf/=
xf] . ;L=P=cf/ ;dfrf/ /fd|f] agfpg hfgsf/L ;+sng / ljZn]if0f ug{ sDKo'6/ pkof]u ug{]
klxnf] ;+ul7t / Jojl:yt k|of; xf] .
of] ljlw ;a}eGbf klxn] pkof]u ug{] ;+:yf ;LaLP; xf] . p;n] ;g\ !(%@ df /fi6«kltsf]
lgjf{rgsf] kl/0ffd cg'dfg ug{ of] ljlw pkof]u u/]sf] lyof] . ;g\ !(^) sf] bzs otf
kqsf/ -vf;u/L vf]h kqsf/, vf;u/L cd]l/sfsf_ n] j}1flgs tl/sf pkof]u u/]/ ;fj{hlgs
/]s8{sf] ljZn]if0f u/L zlQmdf /x]sf dflg;dfly :jtGq ¿kdf lgu/fgL ug{] k|of; u/] . o:tf]
kqsfl/tfnfO{ æ;fj{hlgs lxtd'vL kqsfl/tfÆ klg elgG5 . sDKo'6/sf] ;xfotfn] ul/g]
o; k|ljlwsf ;dy{sx¿n] s'g} klg ;d:ofsf] k|j[lQ s:tf] 5 eGg] s'/f x]g{, hgdfg;n] ljZjf;
u/]sf unt s'/f unt x'g\ egL k|dfl0ft ug{ / ;/sf/L tyf lghL ;+:yfx¿n] u/]sf cGofo
pbfª\uf] kfg{ sf]l;; u/] . pbfx/0fsf nflu lkmlnk d]o]/n] ;g\ !(^& df 8]6«f]O6df ePsf]
b+ufdf efu lng]x¿df sd lzlIft blIf0fsf dflg; dfq lyP egL h'g ljZjf; ul/Psf] lyof] To;nfO{ unt
;fljt ul/lbP . lan 8]8Dofgn] ;g\ !(*) sf] bzsdf n]v]sf] æb sn/ ckm dgLÆ zLif{ssf] :6f]/Ln] k|d'v
ljQLo ;+:yfx¿sf] C0f gLltdf ;+ul7t hftLo e]befj ePsf] v'nf;f u¥of] . l:6e 8f]Oun] tof/ u/]sf] æXjf6
j]G6 /ªÆ zLif{ssf] :6f]/Ln] ;g\ !(() sf] bzssf] ;'?df cfFwLn] u/]sf] ljgfzsf] 9fFrf k|:t't u¥of] / zx/L
ljsf; ;DaGwL gLlt / cEof;df ePsf] sdhf]/Ln] ubf{ o:tf] ePsf] eGg] s'/f :ki6 kf¥of] . tYof+sdf cfwfl/t
kqsfl/tfn] dxTjk"0f{ ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k'¥ofof], kqsf/nfO{ Vofltk|fKt k'/:sf/ lbnfof] .
18
;g\ !(&) sf] bzssf] ;'?df ;dfrf/ ;+sng ug{ æ;fdflhs / Jojxf/ut lj1fgsf If]qdf
pkof]u ul/g] cg';Gwfgsf] ljlwnfO{ kqsfl/tf If]qdf pkof]u ug{] o:tf] tl/sfnfO{ cg';Gwfgd'vL
kqsfl/tf gfd lbOof] -lkmlnk d]o]/n] n]v]sf] b Go' lk|;fOhg hgf{lnhdaf6, (http://bit.ly/precisionjournalism) . kqsfl/tf / ;dfh lj1fgsf] tflnd kfPsf k]z]j/ kqsf/n] d"nwf/sf ;~rf/ dfWoddf
cg';Gwfgd'vL kqsfl/tfsf] cEof; u5{g\ eGg] 7flgPsf] lyof] . l/kf]l6{ªdf cfVofg n]Vbf ckgfOg]
ljlw pkof]u ug{] ægofF kqsfl/tfÆ sf] k|ltlqmof :j¿k o; cg';Gwfgd'vL kqsfl/tfsf] hGd ePsf]
lyof] . d]o]/n] s] eg]sf 5g\ eg] lgikIftf / ;To vf]Hg] sfd k"/f ug{ kqsfl/tfn] ;flxTodf ckgfOg]
ljlw xf]Og tYof+s ;+sng / ljZn]if0f ug{] j}1flgs ljlw pkof]u ug{'k5{ .
cg';Gwfgd'vL kqsfl/tfsf] cjwf/0ff k/Dk/fut kqsfl/tfdf x'g] u/]sf k|]; lj1lKtdflysf]
lge{/tf, cflwsfl/s ;|f]tk|ltsf] akmfbf/L h:tf ckof{Kttf / sdhf]/L x6fpg cfPsf] eGg]
7flgG5 . d]o]/sf ljrf/df dt ;j{]If0f tyf ;fj{hlgs /]s8{sf] pkof]u h:tf j}1flgs
tl/sf / ;"rgf lj1fgsf ljlw pkof]u gugf{n] o:tf] ePsf] xf] . ;g\ !(^) sf] bzsdf
cEof; ul/Psf] cg';Gwfgd'vL kqsfl/tf eGgfn] ;fgf] ;d"xn] tof/ u/]sf :6f]/LnfO{
hgfpFYof] . d]o]/ (bit.ly/p-meyer) eG5g\M
cg';Gwfgd'vL kqsfl/tf yk pkfo pkof]u ug{] kqsfl/tf lyof] h;n] ubf{
klxn] g5f]OPsf jf cfSsne'mSsn dfq p7fOg] u/]sf ljifodf l/kf]l6{ª ug{
;lsof] . cfˆgf] k|ltlglwTjsf nflu ;+3if{ ul//x]sf cNk;+Vos / ljb|f]xLx¿sf cfjfh
p7fpgsf nflu of] ljz]if pkof]uL lyof] .
kqsf/ / ;dfh lj1fgaLrsf] ;DaGwsf af/]df ;g\ !(*) sf] bzsdf k|sflzt Pp6f k|efjzfnL
n]v -http://poq.oxfordjournals.org/content/44/4/477.full.pdf_ df n]]lvPsf] s'/f xfn tYof+s
kqsfl/tfsf af/]df ul/g] 5nkmn;Fu ldNbf]h'Nbf] 5 . o;sf n]vs -kqsfl/tfsf b'O{ hgf cd]l/sL
k|f]k]m;/_ n] ;g\ !(&) / !(*) sf] bzsdf s] ;'emfj lbPsf lyP eg] cfd dflg;n] ;dfrf/ eGgfn]
æ36gfdf cfwfl/t ;dfrf/Æ dfq 7fGb}gg\, pgLx¿sf æcj:yfsf] l/kf]l6{ªÆ -cyjf ;fdflhs k|j[lQsf
af/]df ul/g] l/kf]l6{ª_ nfO{ klg ;dfrf/ 7fG5g\ . pbfx/0fsf nflu, hgu0fgf cyjf ;j{]If0fsf tYof+s
pkof]u u/]/ kqsf/n] ævf;, cfSsne'mSsn x'g] 36gfsf] l/kf]l6{ªdf dfq ;Lldt x'g] rng Tofu]/
s'g} 36gf s'g ;Gbe{df ePsf] lyof] egL AofVof;d]t ug{ ;S5g\ h;n] ubf{ kf7sn] ;dfrf/sf] cy{
e]§fpF5g\ .Æ
tYof+s /fVg hlt a]nf yflnof] tYof+ssf] pkof]u u/]/ l/kf]6{ /fd|f] agfpg] rng Tolt a]n} ;'? eof]
. ;fOdg /f]h;{n] eg] e}+m (http://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2012/jan/06/facts-sacredguardian-shorts-ebook) b ufl8{ogdf tYof+s kqsfl/tfsf] klxnf] pbfx/0f ;g\ !*@! df k|sflzt
ePsf] lyof] . Tof] ;dfrf/ DofGr]:6/sf :s"nn] r'xfPsf] Pp6f 6]andf cfwfl/t lyof] h;df :s"n hfg]
ljBfyL{sf] ;+Vof / k|lt :s"n nfut pNn]v ul/Psf] lyof] . /f]h;{sf cg';f/, o;df lgMz'Ns lzIff
kfpg] ljBfyL{sf] ;+Vof b]vfOPsf] lyof] h'g ;/sf/L tYof+seGbf w]/} a9L lyof] .
tYo+fs
kqsfl/tfsf]
o'/f]ksf]
;'?sf]
csf{]
pbfx/0f
ˆnf]/]G;
gfOl6+u]nsf
l/kf]6{ æa]nfotL ;]gfsf] d[To'b/Æ (bit.ly/mortality-army) xf] h'g ;g\ !*%* df 5flkPsf]
lyof] . ;+;bdf k]z u/]sf] o; l/kf]6{df pgn] a]nfotL ;]gfsf] :jf:Yo ;]jfdf ;'wf/sf kIfdf cfjfh
19
p7fpgsf nflu u|flkmS;sf] pkof]u u/]sL lyOg\ . x/]s dlxgf ePsf d[To' b]vfpg] v08 æsS;sDaÆ
ePsf] u|flkms ;a}eGbf k|Voft u|flkms xf] . o;n] ;]gfdf x'g] cTolws d[To' /f]syfd ug{ ;lsg] /f]u
nfu]/ ePsf lyP uf]nL nfu]/ xf]Og eGg] s'/f b]vfPsf] lyof] .
lrq !=!) la|l6; ;}lgssf] d[To'b/, ˆnf]/]G; gfOl6+u]n -lrq ljlslkl8ofaf6 lnOPsf]_
20
tYof+s kqsfl/tf / sDKo'6/sf] ;xoftfn] ul/g] l/kf]l6{ª -;L=P=cf/=_
ætYof+s
kqsfl/tfÆ / tYof+ssf] ljZn]if0f ug{ u0fgf ljlw pkof]u ug{] o;cl3sf] cEof;sf
aLrsf] ;DaGwnfO{ lnP/ xfn ælg/Gt/tf / kl/jt{gÆ eGg] vfnsf jfbljjfb eO/x]sf 5g\ .
s;}n] s] ts{ u/]sf 5g\ eg] ;L=P=cf/= / tYof+s kqsfl/tfsf aLrdf leGgtf 5 . pgLx¿
eG5g\, ;L=P=cf/= eg]sf] l/kf]6{ -;fdfGotof vf]hd"ns l/kf]6{_ nfO{ /fd|f] agfpgsf nflu
tYof+s ;+sng / ljZn]if0fsf sfddf ckgfOg] ljlw xf] . csf{lt/, tYof+s kqsfl/tfn] ;du|
kqsfl/tfd} tYof+ssf] pkof]udf hf]8 lbPsf] 5 . cyf{t\, tYof+s kqsfl/tfn] tYof+snfO{ :6f]/L
vf]Hg] cyjf To;nfO{ /fd|f] agfpg] ;fwgsf ¿kdf eGbf klg tYof+sdf g} hf]8 lbg] u5{ .
o;}sf] kmn:j¿k b ufl8{og 8]6fAnu cyjf 6]S;f; l6«Ao'gn] :6f]/Lsf ;fydf tYof+s -slxn]sfxL+
t tYof+s dfq} klg_ k|sflzt u5{g\ h;sf cfwf/df kf7sn] ljZn]if0f / cGj]if0f cfk}Fm ug{ kfpF5g\ .
csf{] cGt/ s] xf] eg] plxn] vf]h kqsf/nfO{ cfk"mn] vf]h]sf hfgsf/L kfpg sl7g x'GYof] .
clxn] klg s'g} s'g} ;"rgf kfpg sl7g 5 t/ cfhef]ln clt w]/} dfqfdf hfgsf/L pknAw 5 . tL
hfgsf/LnfO{ s] ug{] eGg] s'/f kqsf/nfO{ yfxf 5}g . tL tYof+saf6 s;/L :6f]/L agfpg] eGg] s'/f
pgLx¿nfO{ yfxf 5}g . o;sf] kl5Nnf] pbfx/0f a]nfotsf] vr{ ;DaGwL hfgsf/L ePsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf]
8]6fa]; sDafOG8 cgnfOg OGkmd{];g l;:6d -sf]OG;_ xf] . kf/blz{tfsf] cfjfh p7fpg]x¿n] o:tf]
8]6fa]; k|sflzt x'g'k5{ eGb} cfPsf lyP . ha of] k|sflzt eof] ta oqf] tYof+snfO{ s] ug{] eg]/
w]/} kqsf/ lhNn k/] . lkmlnk d]o]/n] xfn} n]v]sf 5g\M æhlt a]nf ;"rgfsf] cefj lyof] Tolta]nf
xfdLn] xfd|f] clwsf+z k|of; ltgsf] vf]h / ;+sng ug{df nufof}+ . clxn] ;"rgfsf] af9L cfPsf] 5 .
To;}n] k|zf]wgsf] sfd a9L dxTjk"0f{ ePsf] 5 .Æ
csf{lt/ s;}n] s] ts{ u/]sf 5g\ eg] tYof+s kqsfl/tf / sDKo'6/sf] ;xfotfn] ul/g]
l/kf]l6{ªsf aLrdf ;fy{s leGgtf 5}g . ;a}n] yfxf kfPsf] s'/f s] xf] eg] ;~rf/ dfWoddf
rn]sf] ;a}eGbf gf}nf] cEof;sf] klg s]xL g s]xL Oltxf; 5 / To;df s]xL gofF s'/f
ylkPsf 5g\ . To;}n] tYof+s kqsfl/tf Psbd} gf}nf] cjwf/0ff xf] ls xf]Og eg]/
jfbljjfb ug{'sf ;§f o;nfO{ nfdf] k/Dk/fsf] Pp6f lx:;f ePsf] t/ gofF kl/l:ylt /
cj:yf ;'xfpFbf] ljlw pkof]u ul/Psf] cjwf/0ff dfGbf kmnbfoL x'G5 . nIo / ljlwdf km/s
gxf]nf t/ o; ztfAbLsf] ;'?df ætYof+s kqsfl/tfÆ zAbfjnLsf] pbo x'g'n] Pp6f gofF
r/0f cfPsf] ;+s]t u/]sf] 5 h'g r/0fdf w]/} hfgsf/L cgnfOgdf l;Q}df pknAw 5, pkef]
QmfnfO{ ;'ne x'g] vfnsf hl6n ;fwg, cfk}Fm k|sfzg ug{ ;lsg] k|ljlw / qmfp8;f]l;{ª pkfo
nufP/ w]/}eGbf w]/} dflg;n] w]/} tYof+snfO{ klxn]eGbf w]/} ;lhnf];Fu pkof]u ug{ ;S5g\ .
21
cfd dflg;nfO{ tYof+s a'e\mg / pkof]u ug{ ;Sg] agfpg'
;"rgf k|sflzt ug]{ k|lqmofnfO{ l8lh6n k|ljlw / j]an] cfgsf tfg ablnlbPsf 5g\ . tYof+s /fVg] ;fO6 /
;]jf;Fu ;DalGwt w]/} ;fwg cfljisf/ ul/Psf 5g\ . o;;Fu ;DalGwt gofF cEof; yflnPsf 5g\ . tYof+s
kqsfl/tf ltg}dWo]sf] Ps xf] . j]asf] xfOk/ln+s ;+/rgfdfk{mt xfdL ;|f]t ;fdu|LnfO{ sf]6 ug{ / ;]o/ ug{
;S5f}+ . o;f] ug{' k|fl1s k|sfzgdf ;|f]t ;fdu|L p4[t ug{' h:t} xf] . cfk"mn] :6f]/L tof/ ug{sf nflu h'g
;|f]taf6 hfgsf/L lnPsf] xf] To;nfO{ sf]6 u/]/ / To;sf] ln+s /fv]/ tYof+s kqsfl/tfn]
kqsfl/tfdf ;'wf/ Nofpg ;S5 . ljlslnS;sf ;+:yfks h'lnofg c;fGhn] o;nfO{ æj}1flgs
kqsfl/tfÆ eg]sf 5g\ .
tYof+s kqsfl/tfn] tYof+ssf] ;|f]t vf]tNg / cfk"mnfO{ sfd nfUg] hfgsf/L kfpg ;a}
dflg;nfO{ ;Ifd agfpF5 . o;n] kqsf/n] n]v]sf s'/f hfFr ug{ / ;fdfGotof ;xL 5g\ egL
7flgPsf s'/fnfO{ r'gf}tL lbg ;Sg] klg agfPsf] 5 . tYof+s kqsfl/tfdfk{mt oL sfd ubf{
;"rgfsf ;|f]t, ;"rgf lng] ;fwg, tl/sf / ljlw ;a} dflg;n] pkof]u ug{ kfpF5g\ . o;eGbf
klxn] oL pkfo vf]h kqsf/, ;dfh j}1flgs, tYof+szf:qL, ljZn]ifs / cGo ljz]if1x¿n]
dfq pkof]u ug{ ;Sy] . clxn] ;"rgfsf] ;|f]t sf]6 ug{] / To;sf] ln+s lbg] rng tYof+s
kqsfl/tf;Fu hf]l8Psf] 5 . xfdL o:tf] b'lgofFlt/ hfFb}5f}+ hxfF tYof+s ;~rf/ dfWod;Fu cljl5Gg /
cleGg ¿kdf hf]l8Psf] x'G5 . tYof+s a'e\mg] / ltgaf6 rflxPsf] s'/f lgsfNg] sfddf cfd dflg;n]
ef]Ug' k/]sf afwf x6fpg] / 7"nf] dfqfdf kf7snfO{ tYof+s a'e\mg ;Sg] agfpg] lbzfdf tYof+s
kqsf/n] 7"nf] e"ldsf v]Ng' k/]sf] 5 .
clxn] cfk"mnfO{ tYof+s kqsf/ egL lrgfpg] dflg;sf] pboLdfg ;d"x o;cl3 g} :yflkt
;L=P=cf/= ;d'bfoeGbf w]/} dfqfdf leGg 5 . cfzf u/f}+ eljiodf oL b'O{j6f ;d'bfosf
aLrdf bx|f] ;DaGw sfod x'g]5 . k|f]klAnsf / Ao'/f] ckm OGe]l:6u]l6e hgf{lnhd h:tf
u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf tyf gful/s :t/sf ;~rf/ dfWod / k/Dk/fut ;~rf/ dfWod vf]h kqsfl/tfsf
If]qdf h;/L ldn]/ sfd ul//x]sf 5g\ tYof+s kqsfl/tf / ;L=P=cf/= n] klg To;/L g} ldn]/
sfd ug{]5g\ . tYof+s kqsf/n] tYof+s / :6f]/L k|:t't ug{] gofF tl/sf ckgfpg ;Snfg\ .
;L=P=cf/= ckgfpg] kqsf/n] lnOcfPsf] uxg ljZn]if0ffTds / ;dLIffTds cjwf/0ffaf6 tYof+s
kqsf/n] lgZro g} klg kf7 l;Sg ;S5g\ .
— lnlnofgf af}g]u|', o'/f]lkog hgf{lnhd ;]G6/
22
v08 @
;dfrf/ sIfdf
23
;dfrf/ sIfdf tYof+s kqsfl/tfsf] s:tf] :yfg 5 < tYof+s kqsfl/tfsf cu'jfx¿n] cfˆgf 8]6fl;6
k|sflzt ubf{ / tYof+s ePsf ;dfrf/ PK;sf] agfpg yfNbf /fd|f] x'G5 eg]/ cfˆgf ;dfrf/ sIfsf
;fyLx¿nfO{ s;/L dgfP < kqsf/n] tYof+s sf]8 ug{ cyjf tLI0f a'l4 ePsf 8]enk/x¿;Fu ldn]/
sfd ug{ l;Sg'k5{ < o; v08df xfdLn] c:6«]lnog a|f]8sfl:6ª skf{]/];g, lala;L, l;sfuf] l6«Ao'g,
b ufl8{og, b 6]S;f; l6«Ao'g / h]Ot cgnfOg h:tf ;~rf/ dfWoddf tYof+s / tYof+s kqsfl/tfsf]
e"ldsfsf af/]df rrf{ u/]sf 5f}+ . o;af6 xfdLn] oL s'/f l;S5f}+M /fd|f 8]enk/ s;/L kQf nufpg]
/ pgLx¿nfO{ s;/L sfd nufpg] < Xofsfyg / cGo sfo{qmddfk{mt dflg;sf aLrdf o; ljifodf
s;/L 5nkmn÷rrf{ u/fpg] < c¿ b]zsf kqsf/;Fu ldn]/ s;/L sfd ug{] < tYof+s kqsfl/tfsf]
Jofj;flos df]8n s:tf] x'g'k5{ <
PaL;Ldf tYof+s kqsfl/tf
c:6«]lnog a|f]8sfl:6ª skf]{/;g -Pla;L_ ci6«]lnofsf] /fli6«o ;fj{hlgs k|;f/s ;+:yf xf] . o;sf]
jflif{s ah]6 ! lalnog c:6«]lnog 8n/ 5 . o;n] ;ftj6f /]l8of] g]6js{, ^) j6f :yfgLo /]l8of]
:6]zg, tLgj6f l8lh6n 6]lnlehg ;]jf, gofF cGt/f{li6«o 6]lnlehg ;]jf / cgnfOg Kn]6kmd{dfk{mt
l8lh6n / o'h/n] tof/ u/]sf ;fdu|L k|;f/ u5{ . o;df $,%)) k"0f{sfnLg sd{rf/L sfd u5{g\ .
oLdWo] &) k|ltzt hltn] k|;f/ ul/g] ;fdu|L tof/ u5{g\ .
Pla;L cfk"mn] pkef]u ug{ kfPsf] :jtGqtfsf af/]df uf}/j u5{ . ;/sf/n] k};f xfNg] eP klg sfg'gn]
o;nfO{ ;/sf/L lgsfoeGbf cnu ;+:yfsf ¿kdf :yflkt u/]sf] 5 . p;n] :jtGq ;fj{hlgs
;]jf kqsfl/tfsf] k/Dk/f wfGb} cfPsf] 5 . Pla;LnfO{ ci6«]lnofsf] ;a}eGbf ljZj;gLo ;~rf/ dfWod
dflgG5 .
Joj:yfkg lgb{]zs -klxn] ;dfrf/kqdf sfo{sf/L eO;s]sf dfs{ :s6_ sf] g]t[Tjdf o; ;+:yfsf]
jftfj/0f pT;fxj4{s 5 . ;+:yfdf k|;f/ ;fdu|L tof/ ug{]x¿nfO{ ælhDd]jf/Æ agfpg] dGq
;f] ;+:yfn] hk]sf] 5 .
xf], of] sfd eGg hlt ;lhnf] 5, ug{ plt g} ufx|f] .
o:tf] jftfj/0f tof/ ug{ ;+:yfn] xfn} Pp6f sbd rfNof] . o; cGtu{t dlN6Kn]6kmd{
k|f]h]S6sf nflu k};f lng :6fkmsf aLrdf k|lt:kwf{ u/fOof] .
Pla;Ldf klxnf] tYof+s kqsfl/tf k|f]h]S6 o;/L hlGdPsf] lyof] .
;g\ @)!) sf] ;'?df d cfˆgf] k|:tfj k]z ug{] Pp6f ;];gdf uPF hxfF tLg hgf jl/i7
æcfOl8ofÆ lj1sf cufl8 d}n] d]/f] k|f]h]S6sf kIfdf ax; ug{'kYof{] .
of] k|f]h]S6nfO{ d}n] s]xL ;dob]lv lbdfudf v]nfO/x]sf] lyPF . dnfO{ b ufl8{ogsf] 8]6fAnun] cEof;
ul//x]sf] tYof+s kqsfl/tf h:t} sfd ug{ kfP x'GYof] eGg] nfu]sf] lyof] . ;'? o;/L ug{ kfP x'GYof]
eGg] nfu]sf] lyof] .
24
d}n] s] ts{ u/]+ eg] kfFr jif{leqdf Pla;Ldf tYof+s kqsfl/tf zfvf :yflkt ug{ ;lsG5 . o;f] ug{}
k5{, d}n] eg]+ . t/ Tof] nIodf s;/L k'Ug] / of] sfd s;n] yfNg] eGg] k|Zg xfd|f ;fd' lyof] .
Pla;Ldf lat]sf &) jif{df sd{rf/LtGq Hofb} alnof] ePsf] lyof] . p;n] hlxNo} klg
/]l8of] / 6]lnlehgnfO{ dfof uYof]{ . j]a;fO6 cfPkl5 lat]sf] bzsdf zAb, kmf]6f] h:tf ;fdu|L
/flvP . s]xL xb;Dd of] cGt/lqmofTds klg lyof] . o:tf] xf]nf eg]/ s;}n] sNkgf u/]sf
lyPgg\ . o;n] ubf{ k};f sxfF vr{ eO/x]sf] 5 / To;af6 s:tf ;fdu|L tof/ eO/x]sf 5g\ egL
k'gMljrf/ ug{ Pla;L afWo eof] .
of] k"0f{ eOg;s]sf], rfn" eO/x]sf] sfd lyof] .
o;} a]nfdf tYof+s kqsfl/tfsf If]qdf cs{} sfd eO/x]sf] lyof] . ;/sf/n] Tolt a]nf :6f]/L
eGg] gofF tl/sf ckgfpg k|f]T;fxg u/]sf] lyof] .
d}n] of] s'/f d]/f] k|:tfjsf] d"Nof+sgstf{nfO{ eg]+ . d}n] s] klg eg]+ eg] xfdLn] o;sf nflu
s:tf] gofF ;Lk rflxG5 eg]/ kQf nufpg'k5{ / To;df kqsf/nfO{ tflnd lbg'k5{ . xfdLn]
uhasf] k|f]h]S6 rnfpg'k5{ .
pgLx¿n] d]/f] s'/f dfg] / o;sf nflu ah]6 5'6\ofP .
@$ gf]e]Da/ @)!! df Pla;Lsf] dN6LKn]6kmd{ k|f]h]S6 / Pla;L Go'h cgnfOg ;'? eof] . o;df /
flvPsf] klxnf] :6f]/L lyof] sf]n l;d Uof; c+sdf (bit.ly/abc-coal) .
lrq @=! sf]n l;d Uof; c+sdf -Pla;L Go'h cgnfOg_
25
o;df kfFrj6f cGt/lqmofTds gS;f /flvPsf lyP . tYof+snfO{ b[Zodf k|:t't ul/Psf]
lyof] . zAb lyP .
of] k"0f{tM tYof+s kqsfl/tf lyPg . of] t l6ddf ;xefuL /x]sf y/Ly/Lsf] cg'ej ePsf dflg;
/ ci6«]lnofdf tfQftf] ljifo p7fPsf] :6f]/Laf6 hGd]sf] l7dfxf kqsfl/tf lyof] .
cGt/lqmofTds gS;f ;a}eGbf cfsif{s lyof] h;n] ci6«]lnofdf sf]n l;d Uof;sf vflg /
ltgnfO{ lnhdf lbOPsf] s'/f b]vfOPsf] lyof] . o'h/n] 7fpF ljz]ifsf cfwf/df hfgsf/L lng
;Sy] clg lnh / vflg ;DaGwL hfgsf/L x]g{ ;Sy] . gS;fdf h'd Og ubf{ o'h/n] s'g
7fpFsf] vflg s;n] cGj]if0f u/]sf] xf], vflgsf] cj:yf s:tf] 5 / vflg vGg yfn]sf] ldlt
h:tf hfgsf/L kfpFy] . csf{] gS;fdf sf]n l;d Uof;n] sfd u/]sf 7fpF / ci6«]lnofsf] e"ldut
kfgL k|0ffnLsf aLrdf t'ngf u/]/ b]vfOPsf] lyof] .
lrq @=@ ci6]«lnofdf Uof; vflg / lnh b]vfpg] cGt/lqmofTds gS;f -Pla;L Go'h cgnfOg_
xfdLn] tYof+snfO{ b[Zodf k|:t't u/]sf lyof}+ h;n] v]/ uPsf] g'g / kfgL pTkfbgsf] ljifo
p7fPsf] lyof] .
k|f]h]S6sf] csf{] v08df :yfgLo gbLdf /;fog kmfn]sf] ljifodf vf]h ul/Psf] lyof] .
26
xfd|f] 6f]nL
•
•
•
•
•
j]a 8]enk/ / l8hfOg/
k|d'v kqsf/
tYof+s plwGg], PS;]n :k|]8l;6 / tYof+s k|zf]wgdf bIf kf6{6fOd cg';Gwfgstf{
k/fdz{bftf sfo{sf/L lgdf{tf
tYof+s vf]tNg], u|flkms leh'onfOh];g / c¿ P8\efG;\8 cg';Gwfg ;Lk ePsf
k|fl1s If]qsf k/fdz{bftf
• Pla;Lsf] dN6LKn]6kmd{ PsfOsf kl/of]hgf Joj:yfks / k|zf;lgs ;xfos
• ;a} eGbf dxTjk"0f{ s'/f, xfdL;Fu kqsf/x¿sf] ;d"x lyof] . rflxPsf a]nfdf xfdL o; ;d"xsf
dflg;;Fu k/fdz{ lnGYof}+ .
tYof+ssf ;|f]t
cGt/lqmofTds gS;fsf nflu rflxg] tYof+s ;/sf/L j]a;fO6af6 8fpgnf]8 ul/Psf
;]kkmfON;af6 lnOPsf x'g\ .
g'g / kfgL ;DaGwL cGo tYof+s ljleGg l/kf]6{af6 lnOPsf x'g\ .
gbLdf kmflnPsf /;fog ;DaGwL tYof+s ;/sf/n] hf/L u/]sf jftfj/0fLo cg'dltkqaf6
lnOPsf x'g\ .
xfdLn] l;s]sf kf7
æsf]n l;d Uof; ;+VofdfÆ ;fdu|L / cfsf/ b'j} b[li6n] dxTjfsf+IfL k|f]h]S6 lyof] . o;af6
xfdLn] s] l;Sof}+ / csf{] k6s o:t} sfd ubf{ slt km/s lsl;dn] ug{'knf{ eGg] s'/fnfO{
d}n] dxTj lbPsf] 5' .
tYof+s kqsfl/tf k|f]h]S6n] Pla;Ldf ;fdfGotof e]63f6 gx'g] vfnsf w]/} dflg;nfO{ Ps 7fpFdf
e]nf kf¥of] . xfdL km/skm/s lsl;dsf s'/f ug{] dflg; ToxfF lyof}+ . Pscsf{sf sfdsf] k|z+;f gug{]
dflg; klg Ps} 7fpFdf ldn]/ sfd u¥of}+ . tYof+s kqsfl/tf emGeml6nf] sfd xf] .
Jofjxfl/s s'/f
l6dnfO{ Ps} 7fpFdf /fVg' h¿/L 5 . xfd|f 8]enk/ / l8hfOg/sf] sfof{no ˚/s ˚/s 7fp+df
lyof] . pgLx¿ a}7ssf nflu cfpFy] . of] plt /fd|f] cj:yf xf]Og . l6dsf ;a} dflg;nfO{ kqsf/nfO{
h:t} Ps} 7fpFdf /fVg'k5{ .
xfd|f k/fdz{bftf sfo{sf/L lgdf{tf klg ejgsf] csf{] tnfdf a:y] . pgL klg glhs x'g'kg{]
/x]5 .
k"0f{tof tYof+sdf cfwfl/t :6f]/L 5fGg'kg{] /x]5 .
27
a[xt\ ;Gbe{M s]xL cfOl8of
tYof+s kqsfl/tfsf r'gf}tLsf] ;fdgf ug{ 7"nf ;~rf/ dfWodn] Ifdtf clej[l4sf sfd
ug{'k5{ . dnfO{ s] z+sf 5 eg] ;~rf/ dfWodsf k|fljlws ljefudf n's]/ a;]sf w]/} lus
/ Xofs;{ slt a]nf ;+:yf 5f8f}+ eg]/ a;]sf 5g\ . To;}n] xfdLn] æXofs / Xofs;{ e]nfÆ
sfo{zfnf ug{'k5{ hxfF uf]Ko lus, o'jf kqsf/, j]a 8]enk/ / l8hfOg/ cg'ejL kqsf/;Fu
e]63f6 u5{g\, cfk"mn] hfg]sf ;Lk c¿nfO{ l;sfpF5g\ / d]G6l/ª u5{g\ .
tYof+s kqsfl/tf ax'ljifos kqsfl/tf xf] . tYof+s kqsfl/tf 6f]nLdf To:tf dflg;sf] sfd
klg h¿/L 5 hf] klxn] ;~rf/ dfWoddf sfd ub{}gy] . l8lh6n ljsf;n] ubf{ ;~rf/ dfWoddf
s;n] sfd u5{ / s;n] ub{}g egL eGg ufx|f] x'Fb} uPsf] 5 .
k]z]j/ :jtGq kqsfl/tfdf hf]8 lbg] k'/fgf] Jofj;flos df]8n ck"0f{ 5 / of] lj36g x'g] qmddf
5 . xfdLn] cfk}+mnfO{ k|Zg ;f]Wg' k/]sf] 5 . cfk}+m afFRg ;Sg] rf}yf] c+u ljgfsf] ;+;f/ s:tf] x'Fbf] xf] <
cd]l/sL kqsf/ tyf ljåfg\ jfN6/ lnKDofgn] ;g\ !(@) sf] bzsdf eg]sf lyP, æ;dfrf/;Dd kx'Fr
ePg eg] ultnf] ;fj{hlgs ljrf/ cfpFb}g egL :jLsf/ ul/Psf] 5 .Æ of] egfO clxn] klg plQs}
;To 5 . PSsfO;f}+ ztfAbLdf ;a} hgf Anudf e'mlG8Psf 5g\ . sf] s'/f aª\Uofpg] dflg; xf], sf] 9fF6
xf], sf] sk6L xf], s;sf] lglxt :jfy{ 5 / sf] k]z]j/ kqsf/ xf] 5'6\ofpg sl7g ePsf] 5 . h;nfO{
klxn] ljZjf; ul/GYof] tL nf]k x'Fb}5g\ . sjf8 kqsfl/tf k}mng ;Sg] o; vfnL 7fpFdf xfOk/ln+s
/flvlbP/ ljZj;gLo agfpg ;ls+b}g . cem a9L sfd gnfUg] t/ uHha b]lvg] ;|f]tsf] xfOk/ln+s
/fv]/ kf7snfO{ e'mSofpg ;S5g\ . lg/y{s s'/f kl:sP/ dfG5]sf] lbdfu rSs/fOlbg klg l8lh6n
qmflGtsf] b'?kof]u x'g ;S5 .
l8lh6n :k];df clxn] h;n] klg :6f]/L eGg ;S5, xf]Og t < xf]Og . Jofj;flos
kqsfl/tf -d}n] eGg vf]h]sf] To:tf] kqsfl/tf xf] h;n] g}lts eP/, ;Gt'lnt, ;fx;L, ;Tosf]
vf]hL ug{] :6f]/L eG5_ nfO{ arfpgsf nflu eg] kqsfl/tfsf] ;Lk l8lh6n cv8fdf alnof] eP/ v8f
x'g'k5{ . tYof+s kqsfl/tf csf{] o:tf] ;fwg xf] h;sf ;xfotfn] xfdL l8lh6n :k];df 3'Dg
;S5f}+ . of] o:tf] ;fwg xf] h;df o'h/n] gS;f x]g{, lˆnk ug{, 5gf]6 ug{, lkmN6/ ug{ kfpF5g\ /
c+sdfk{mt :6f]/L b]V5g\ . eljiodf xfdL Xofs/, 8]enk/, l8hfOg/ / sf]8/;Fu ldn]/ sfd u5f{}+ .
o; ;+qmd0fsfndf xfdLn] uDeL/ eP/ Ifdtf a9fpg' k/]sf] 5 .
— ljG8L sfnf{on, ci6«]lnog a|f]8sfl:6ª skf{/];g
lala;Ldf tYof+s kqsfl/tf
ætYof+s kqsfl/tfÆ n] w]/} ljifo ;d]6\g ;S5 . ;~rf/ dfWoddf o;nfO{ ljleGg 9+un] pkof]u
ul/G5 . To;}n] lala;Ldf tYof+s kqsfl/tfnfO{ s;/L kl/eflift ul/Psf] 5 egL hfGg h¿/L
x'G5 . ;fdfGotof, tYof+s kqsfl/tf eGgfn] To:tf sfdnfO{ hgfpF5 h;n] tYof+snfO{ tn
pNn]v ePsf Ps jf ;f]eGbf a9L sfdsf nflu pkof]u u5{M
cfk"mnfO{ ;fGble{s nfu]sf hfgsf/L kQf nufpg] ;'ljwf kf7snfO{ lbg
cgf}7f] / o;cl3 yfxf gePsf] :6f]/L atfpg
• hl6n ljifo /fd|f];Fu a'e\mg kf7snfO{ ;xof]u ug{
oL juL{s/0f Pscsf{df ldNg ;S5g\ .
•
•
28
JolQmut agfpg'
lala;L Go'h j]a;fO6df xfdLn] lat]sf Ps bzseGbf nfdf] ;dob]lv xfd|f o'h/nfO{ ;]jf /
;fwg pknAw u/fpg tYof+s pkof]u ub{} cfPsf 5f}+ .
o;sf] Pp6f /fd|f] pbfx/0f xfdLn] ;g\ !((( df klxnf] k6s k|sflzt u/]sf] :s"n lnu
6]an -http://www.bbc.com/news/education-11950098_ xf] . o;df ;/sf/n] jflif{s ¿kdf k|sflzt
ug{] tYof+ssf] pkof]u ul/Psf] lyof] . kf7sn] kf]:6sf]8 xfg]kl5 cfˆgf] 5]psf] :s"n ;DaGwL
hfgsf/L kfpF5g\ / ljleGg ;"rssf cfwf/df cfˆgf] / c¿sf :s"nsf aLrdf t'ngf ug{ kfpF5g\ .
lzIff kqsf/n] 8]enkd]G6 l6d;Fu ldn]/ k|sfzg ug{'cl3 tYof+s vf]H5g\ .
xfdLn] of] sfd yfNbf cfd dflg;n] tYof+s vf]Hg kfpg] s'g} cflwsfl/s ;fO6 lyPg . clxn]
lzIff ljefun] emG8} emG8} xfdLn] lbP h:t} ;]jf lbg yfn]sf] 5 . To;f] x'gfn] xfdL tYof+sn]
atfpg] :6f]/Ldf Hofbf Wofg lbg yfn]sf 5f}+ .
o; sfddf Pp6f r'gf}tL s] 5 eg] xfdLn] ;fj{hlgs rf;f] ePsf ljifo;Fu ;DalGwt tYof+s;Dd cfd
dflg;sf] kx'Fr k'¥ofOlbg'k5{ . xfdLn] cfd dflg;n] x]g{ kfpg] w]/} 8]6f;]6 k|sflzt u/]sf] ;a}eGbf
kl5Nnf] ljz]if l/kf]6{ æPe|L 8]y cg Pe|L /f]8Æ -http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-15975720_ xf] . o;df
o'h/n] a]nfotdf lat]sf] bzsdf ePsf ;a} uf8L b'3{6gf ;DaGwL hfgsf/L kfpF5g\ .
o;df xfdLn] k|x/Laf6 k|fKt s]xL d'Vo tYo / c+snfO{ b[Zodf b]vfPsf 5f}+ -http://www.bbc.co.uk/
news/uk-15975564_ . o;nfO{ a9L ultzLn / dfgjLo ;+j]bgfo'Qm agfpg xfdLn] nG8g PDa'n]G;
P;f]l;P;g, lala;L nG8g /]l8of] / l6eL;Fu ldn]/ /fhwfgLdf b'3{6gf x'g] lalQs} To;sf] hfgsf/L
lbg] Joj:yf ldnfPsf 5f}+ . o;nfO{ xfdLn] cgnfOgdf nfOe -http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk16030644_ /fVg] Joj:yf ldnfPsf 5f}+ . o;sf ;fy} 6\jL6/af6 klg o:tf] hfgsf/L lbG5f}+ . b'3{6gf
yfxf kfpg] lalQs} gS;fdf /fVg] -http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-15820072_ Joj:yf klg 5 .
;fdfGo ;fwg
xfdLn] o'h/nfO{ 7"nf] 8]6f;]6df vf]hL ug{] pkfo k|bfg u/]sf 5f}+ . o;sf ;fy} xfdLn] ;dfGo 6'n
agfPsf 5f}+ h;n] ubf{ o'h/n] cfk"m;Fu ;DalGwt ;–;fgf hfgsf/L lng ;S5g\ . oL 6'n nfdf ljZn]
if0f x]g{] k'm;{b gePsf dflg;nfO{ a9L sfd nfU5g\ . xfdLn] JolQmut tYo ;lhnf] u/L z]o/ ug{
ldNg] agfPsf 5f}+ .
o;sf] cln /f]rs pbfx/0f xfd|f] lkmr/ “Theworldat7 billion:What’syournumber?” xf] . of] lkmr/
;+;f/sf] hg;+Vof ;ft lalnog gf3]sf] cj;/df k|sflzt ePsf] lyof] . o;df o'h/n] cfˆgf]
hGdldlt OG6/ u/]kl5 ljZj hg;+Vofdf cfk"m slt gDa/df 5' eGg] s'/f yfxf kfpF5g\ . To; gDa/
nfO{ pgLx¿n] 6\jL6/ cyjf k]m;a'sdfk{mt z]o/ ug{ ;S5g\ . o;sf nflu /fi6«;+3Lo hg;+Vof
ljsf; sf]ifn] pknAw u/fPsf] tYof+s pkof]u ul/Psf] lyof] . of] w]/} nf]slk|o eof], of] a]nfotdf ;g\
@)!! df k]m;a'sdf ;a}eGbf a9L z]o/ ePsf] ln+s lyof] .
29
lrq @=# ;ft lalnog dflg; ePsf] ljZj -lala;L_
csf{] tfhf pbfx/0f lala;L ah]6 SofNs'n]6/ -http://www.bbc.com/news/business-17442946_ xf] .
o;n] o'h/nfO{ gofF ah]6 nfu" ePkl5 cfk"m slt wgL cyjf ul/a x'G5' egL hfGg / To:tf] hfgsf/L
z]o/ ug{ ;xof]u u5{ . o;sf nflu xfdLn] PsfpG6];L kmd{ s]kLPdhL PnPnkL;Fu ldn]/ sfd u¥of}+
. p;n] jflif{s ah]6sf cfwf/df u0fgf u/L xfdLnfO{ hfgsf/L lbof] . To;kl5 xfdLn] To;nfO{ o'h/
nfO{ pkof]u ug{ xf}:ofpg] vfnsf] OG6/k]m; agfpg s8f d]xgt u¥of}+ .
tYof+s vf]tNg'
oL sfddf kqsfl/tf rflx+ sxfF 5 < tYof+s kqsfl/tfsf] k/Dk/fut kl/efiff cg';f/ tYof+sdf
:6f]/L vf]hL ul/Psf] x'g'k5{ . oL 8]6fa];df clxn];Dd ck|sflzt s'g} hfgsf/L n's]sf] 5 <
cfFs8f ;xL x'g\ < oL cfFs8fn] s'g} s'/f xf] jf xf]Og egL k|dfl0ft ug{ ;S5g\ < tYof+s
kqsf/ cyjf sDKo'6/sf] ;xfotfn] l/kf]l6{ª ug{] kqsf/n] cfk"mnfO{ oL k|Zg ;f]Wg'k5{ . /f]rs
:6f]/L kfOg] cfzdf tYof+ssf] y'k|f] plwGbf w]/} ;do nfUg ;S5 .
o; sfdsf nflu :6f]/L vf]Hg] Ifdtf / ;do ePsf vf]h kqsf/ jf sfo{qmd;Fu ldn]/
sfd ug{' ;a}eGbf kmnbfoL x'G5 eGg] xfdLnfO{ nfu]sf] 5 . lala;Lsf] ;d;fdlos
dfldnf ;DaGwL sfo{qmd kfgf]/dfn] ;/sf/L sd{rf/Lsf] tna ;DaGwL tYof+s vf]Hg vf]h
kqsfl/tf s]Gb|;Fu ldn]/ dlxgf}+ sfd u¥of] . olt d]xgt ubf{ Pp6f l6eL 8s'd]G6«L / cgnfOg
l/kf]6{ “Public Sectorpay:The numbers” tof/ eof] . o;df ;a} tYof+s /flvPsf 5g\ . ljleGg
v08sf] 5'§f5'§} ljZn]if0f /fvL x/]s v08sf tYof+snfO{ b[Zosf ¿kdf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
30
vf]h kqsf/x¿;Fu ldn]/ sfd ug{' h¿/L 5Fb}5 . To; afx]s ljz]if 1fg ePsf w]/} kqsf/;Fu ;Dks{
x'g' klg plQs} cfjZos 5 . l6ddf ePsf Ps hgf Joj;foL ;fyLn] ;/sf/n] lgsfn]sf] vr{ s6f}tL
;DaGwL tYof+s ljZn]if0f u/] pgn] s] lgrf]8 lgsfn] eg] Tof] s'/f a9fOr9fO ul/Psf] /x]5 . o;sf
cfwf/df c¿n] yfxf gkfPsf] :6f]/L “Making sense of the data” tof/ eof] . o;df :ki6 ¿kdf a'e\
mg ;lsg] b[Zo -http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-11583746_ klg /flvPsf] lyof] . o; :6f]/
Ln] /f]on :6fl6l:6sn ;f];fO6L k'/:sf/ kfof] .
ljifosf] 1fg
tYof+s kqsfl/tf ug{sf nflu s;}n] p7fpFb} gp7fPsf] ljifo dfq} p7fpg'k5{ eGg] 5}g . tYof+snfO{
b[Zodf kl/0ft ug{] 6f]nLsf] sfd :ki6 ;DkfbsLo n]vgnfO{ /fd|f] l8hfOgdf k|:t't ug{' xf] h;sf]
cfsif{0fn] o'h/nfO{ tfg]/ /fV5 . ;xL tYof+snfO{ /fd|f] b[Zodf k|:t't u/]/ s'g} ljifo cyjf
:6f]/Lsf af/]df o'h/nfO{ /fd|f] 1fg lbg ;lsG5 . lala;Ldf xfdL :6f]/L eGbf af/Daf/ o:tf] cjwf/0ff
ckgfpF5f}+ .
tYof+s lkmr/ æo'/f]hf]g 8]A6 j]aÆ -bbc.in/IIAHHI_ n] b]zleqsf] C0f lbg] ;fx'x¿sf] hfnf]sf af/]df vf]
hL u/]sf] 5 . o;n] :ki6 ¿kdf n]lvPsf] ;fdu|LnfO{ /ª / ;dfg'kflts sfF8sf] pkof]u u/L hl6n
ljifonfO{ b[Zosf ¿kdf k|:t't ug{ ;xof]u u/]sf] 5 . o;f] ubf{ o'h/nfO{ cfFs8fn] k|efljt kfg{eGbf
klg s'g} lkmr/ x]g{ jf n]v k9\g k|f]T;fxg ug{] s'/fdf hf]8 lbOPsf] x'G5 .
xfd|f] l6d
lala;L Go'h j]a;fO6df tYof+s kqsfl/tf ug{] 6f]nLdf @) hgf kqsf/, l8hfOg/ / 8]enk/
5g\ .
o; l6dn] tYof+s k|:t't ug{] / b[Zodf b]vfpg] afx]s j]a;fO6df pkof]u ul/g] ;a}
OGkmf]u|flkmS; / cGt/lqmofTds dN6L ldl8of ;fdu|L tof/ u5{ . oL ;a} ldnfP/ :6f]/L eGg] Pp6f
ljlw agfOG5 h;nfO{ xfdL b[Zo kqsfl/tf eG5f}+ . xfdLsxfF tYof+s kqsf/ elgg] vf; kqsf/
5}gg\ . o; l6dsf ;a} ;b:on] tYof+s ljZn]if0f ug{ PS;]n, u'un 8S; h:tf cfwf/e"t :k|]8l;6
PlKns];G; rnfpg hfGg'k5{ .
tYof+s k|:t't ug{] sfddf 8]enk/sf] k|fljlws ;Lk / ;Nnfx clg l8hfOg/sf] b[Zo k|:t't ug{]
;Lk dxTjk"0f{ x'G5g\ . d'Vo ¿kdf xfdL hf] h] eP klg -kqsf/ eP klg, l8hfOg/ eP klg cyjf
8]enk/ eP klg_ Pscsf{sf] If]qsf s'/f a'e\mg / ltgnfO{ rnfpg ;Sg] x'g lg/Gt/ s8f d]xgt u5f{}+ .
tYof+s cGj]if0f ug{ xfdLn] pkof]u ug{] d'Vo k|f]8S6 PS;]n, u'un 8S; / ô'hg 6]an
x'g\ . 7"nf 8]6fl;6df hfgsf/L vf]Hg xfdL dfOP;So'Pn, PS;]; 8]6fa]; / ;f]n/ h:tf k|f]u|fd
pkof]u u5f{}+ . o:t} u/L ln+S8 8]6f k|ljlwsf] pkof]u u/L s'g} 36gfsf] df]8n tof/ ug{ s'g
tl/sf pkof]u ug{ ;lsG5 egL yfxf kfpg xfdL cf/8LPkm / :kfs{n h:tf k|f]u|fd pkof]u
u5f{}+ . oL k|f]u|fd cln sd dfqfdf pkof]u u5f{}+ . 8]enk/n] PS;gl:qmK6, kfOyg cyjf kn{
h:tf k|f]u|fd klg pkof]u u5{g\ . s]xL k|sfzgsf nflu kn{ pkof]u ul/G5 .
31
tYof+s vf]Hg / ef}uf]lns tYof+s b]vfpg xfdL u'un, laª DofK;, u'un cy{sf ;fy} Ol;|h cfs{Dofk
h:tf k|f]u|fd pkof]u u5f{}+ .
u|flkmS; agfpg xfdL cfˆ6/ Pk]mS6\;, ONo':6«]6/, kmf]6f];k, ôf; h:tf P8f]aL ;'6sf
;ˆ6j]o/ rnfpF5f}+ . tYof+snfO{ b[Zodf k|:t't ug{] sfd h]So]/L h:tf hfefl:qmK6 clg xfOrf6{\;,
/fk]mn / 8L y|L h:tf hfefl:qmK6 nfOa|]/Ln] /fd|f];Fu ug{] x'gfn] cfhef]ln xfdL ˆNof; kmfOn pltw]/}
rnfpFb}gf}F .
— a]nf x/]n / PG8«o' lnofd8f]km/, lala;L
l;sfuf] l6«Ao'gdf Go'h PK; l6dn] sfd ug{] tl/sf
l;sfuf] l6«Ao'gsf] Go'h PlKns];G;df sfd ug{] l6d ;dfrf/ sIfdf /flvPsf ;Gt'i6 Xofs;{sf]
6f]nL xf] . xfdL ;Dkfbs / l/kf]6{/nfO{ oL sfddf ;xof]u u5f{}+M !_ cg';Gwfg ug{ / :6f]/L
tof/ ug{, @_ :6f]/LnfO{ cgnfOg b]vfpg / #_ l;sfuf]sf eb| dflg;sf nflu ;bfaxf/
j]a ;fdu|L tof/ ug{ .
xfdL ;dfrf/ sIfdf a:g' h¿/L 5 . l/kf]6{;Fu cfDg];fDg] a;]/ s'/fsfgL ubf{ xfldn]] s] sfd
ug]{ eGg] s'/f lg:sG5 . pgLx¿nfO{ s] s'/f yfxf 5 eg] sd u'0f:t/sf ;/sf/L j]a;fO6sf nflu
l:qmg :qmØfk/ tof/ ug{, kL8LPkm kmfOnaf6 hfgsf/L lemSg, cyjf u}/tYof+sLo hfgsf/LnfO{
ljZn]if0f ug{ ;Sg] agfpg ;xof]u ubf{ xfdL v';L x'G5f}+ . xfdL ;Defljt tYof+sLo sfd o;/L
k]mnf kf5f{}+ .
xfd|f] l6d o; If]qsf c¿ l6deGbf s] s'/fdf km/s 5 eg] of] k|fljlwsx¿n] :yfkgf u/]sf]
xf] / kqsfl/tf xfd|f nflu gofF k]zf xf] . xfdLdWo] s]xLn] Jofj;flos 9+un] sf]l8ªsf] sfd
u/]sf] w]/} jif{kl5 kqsfl/tfdf df:6;{ u¥of}+ eg] s]xL ;fyLx¿ klxn] ;/sf/L ;]jfdf lyP .
xfdL lhDd]jf/ eP/ sfd u5f{}+ . 6f]nL ;b:ox¿aLr tfnd]n xf];\ eg]/ x/]s laxfg xfdL kfFr
ldg]6 pleP/} a}7s u5f{}+ . xfdL k|fozM hf]8L agfP/ sfd u5f{}+M b'O{ hgf 8]enk/n] 5'§f5'§}
lsaf]8{ rnfpFbf eGbf Pp6f lsaf]8{ rnfpFbf sfd /fd|f] x'G5 . xfdLnfO{ Pp6f sfd ;Sg k|foM
Ps xKtfeGbf a9L nfUb}g . t/ cln 7"nf / nfdf l/kf]6{sf nflu eg] xfdL Ps xKtfeGbf a9L
sfd u5f{}+ . xfdLn] u/]sf sfd xKt}lkR5] l/kf]6{/ / ;DkfbsnfO{ b]vfpF5f}+ . xfdL æuNtL rfF8}
kQf nfuf];\Æ eg]/ sfd u5f{}+ . uNtL ePsf] 5 eg] Tof] s'/f ;'?d} yfxf kfpFbf /fd|f] x'G5,
vf;u/L lglZrt ;dodf sf]l8ª ul/;Sg'kg{] sfd u/]sf a]nf .
lglZrt ;dodf Xoflsª ug{] sfd af/Daf/ ubf{ w]/} kmfObf x'G5M xfdL ;w}+el/ xfd|f 6'nls6 cku|]8
ul//xG5f}+ . x/]s xKtf xfdL Pp6f cyjf b'O{j6f Pk rnfpF5f}+ . To;kl5 csf{] sfd yfN5f}+ . xfdL
l/kf]6{/;Fu xfd|f] v';L afF8\5f}+ . x/]s xKtf xfdL gofF s'/f l;ls/x]sf x'G5f}+ .
32
lrq @=$ l;sfuf] l6«Ao'gsf] Go'h PlKns];G; l6d -kmf]6f]M lxy/ lalnª\;_
Pk;DaGwL ;a} cfOl8of ;dfrf/ sIfsf l/kf]6{/ / ;Dkfbsn] NofpF5g\ . xfd|f] l6d o; s'/fdf klg c¿
PK; l6deGbf km/s 5 lsgeg] c¿lt/sf l6dn] PK; ;DaGwL cfˆg} cfOl8ofdf sfd u5{g\ . ;dfrf/
sIfdf xfdLn] ;'dw'/ JolQmut / k]zfut ;DaGw sfod u/]sf 5f}F . PK;df sfd ug{]x¿n] tYof+s
e]§fpg] lalQs} pgLx¿n] tL tYof+s cfk"mnfO{ lbG5g\ eGg] s'/f ;Dkfbs / l/kf]6{/nfO{ yfxf 5 .
;dfrf/ sIfdf xfdLn] ug{] w]/}h;f] sfd l/kf]6{/nfO{ ;xof]u ug{' xf] . xfdL l/kf]6{/nfO{ tYof+s
vf]tNg, kL8LPkm kmfOndf ePsf hfgsf/LnfO{ :k]|8l;6df abNg, j]a;fO6 agfpg ;xof]u
u5f{}+ . j]a;fO6 l:qmg :S|ofk ug{ klg d2t u5f{}+ . xfdL of] sfd ug{ pT;'s 5f}+ lsgeg] o;f] ubf{
;dfrf/ sIfdf eO/x]sf tYof+s ;DaGwL sfddf ;+nUg x'g kfpF5f}+ . xfdL gS;f, 6]an / slxn]sfxL+
7"nf] dfqfsf j]a;fO6 h:tf Go'h PlKns];G; klg agfpF5f}+ .
lnlvt :6f]/LnfO{ Pk;Fu ln+s gu?Gh]n w]/} 6«flkms cfpFb}g . cfhef]ln PK; — :6f]/L;Fu ln+s
ul/Psf] PK; — xfd|f] j]a;fO6df emG8} emG8} ;a}eGbf a9L x]l/g] j:t' ePsf] 5 . o;f] ubf{ PK; / :6f]/L
b'j}nfO{ kmfObf x'G5 . j]a;fO6sf] Pp6f v08df xfd|f] dfq} sfd /flvPsf] 5 -www.chicagotribune.
com/news/data_ h;df w]/} 6«flkms cfpFb}g . o;df crDd dfGg' kb{}g .
k]h Eo' a9\bf xfdLnfO{ v';L nfU5 . ;fyLx¿n] k|z+;f ubf{ xfdL v';L x'G5f}+ . of] xfd|f]
sdhf]/L xf] . xfd|f sfdn] dflg;sf] hLjgdf, sfg'gdf, /fhgLlt1nfO{ lhDd]jf/ agfpg] sfddf
k|efj kf/]sf] s'/fn] kf] xfdLnfO{ xf};nf lbg'kg{] xf] . lnlvt ;fdu|Ldf k|j[lQ atfOPsf] x'G5 .
To;df dfgjLo ;+j]bgf ePsf s]xL jf:tljs 36gfsf] j0f{g ul/Psf] x'G5 . t/ :6f]/L kl9;s]/
33
kf7sn] s] ug{] < To:tf :6f]/Ln] pgLx¿sf] kl/jf/nfO{ ;'/lIft x'g ;xof]u u5{ < pgLx¿sf
5f]/f5f]/LnfO{ pko'Qm lzIff lbnfpg ;xof]u u5{ < ha kf7sn] tYof+sdf cfk"m;Fu ;DalGwt :6f]/L
k]mnf kf5{ ta dfq xfdLn] u/]sf] sfd ;fy{s x'G5 . xfdLn] tof/ u/]sf, k|efj b]lvPsf / JolQmut :6f]/
Lsf s]xL pbfx/0f oL x'g\M gl;{ª xf]dsf] ;'/Iff ;DaGwL l/kf]6{ -nursinghomes.apps.chicagotribune.
com_ / :s"n l/kf]6{ sf8{ PK; -schools.chicagotribune.com_ .
b ufl8{og 8]6fAnusf vDaf
8]6fAnu nGr ubf{ xfdLnfO{ sf]/f tYof+s, cfFs8f / ltgsf] b[Zo¿k s;s;nfO{ ?lrs/
xf]nf eGg] yfxf lyPg . xfd|f] clkm;sf Ps hgf jl/i7n] æo:tf] s'/f dflg;nfO{ lsg rflxG5
/ <Æ ;d]t eg]sf lyP .
d}n] ;Dkfbg ug{] u/]sf] ufl8{og 8]6fAnu -www.guardian.co.uk/datablog_ nfO{ xfdLn] lbPsf]
;dfrf/;Fu ;DalGwt ;a} cfFs8f ePsf] ;fgf] Anusf ¿kdf ;f]lrPsf] lyof] . clxn] o;df klxnf] k[i7
(http://guardian.co.uk/data), ;+;f/sf ;/sf/ / ljZjJofkL ljsf; tYof+s vf]Hg] 7fpF, ufl8{ogsf
u|flkms cfl6{:6n] -/ j]adf kfOPsf_ b[Zodf ptf/]sf tYof+s, ;fj{hlgs vr{ vf]Hg] 6'n h:tf
;fdu|L 5g\ . xfdLn] tof/ u/]sf :6f]/L;Fu ;DalGwt ;a} tYof+s z]o/ ug{sf nflu xfdL lbg}lkR5]
u'un :k]|8l;6 pkof]u u5f{}+, tYof+snfO{ b[Zodf ptf5f{}+, ljZn]if0f u5f{}+ / cvaf/ tyf ;fO6sf nflu
:6f]/L tof/ ug{ ltgsf] pkof]u u5f{}+ .
d u|flkmS; pkof]u ug{] ;dfrf/ ;Dkfbs / kqsf/ ePsf gftfn] gofF 8]6fa]; e]nf ug{',
To; lbg tof/ eO/x]sf d'Vo ;dfrf/nfO{ ;fy{s agfpg ltgnfO{ pkof]u ug{' d}n] ul/cfPsf]
sfdsf] lj:tfl/t ¿k lyof] .
s]xL jif{ otf ;fj{hlgs tYof+ssf If]qdf w]/} pknlAw ePsf] 5 . cf]afdfn] cd]l/sL
;/sf/sf tYof+s ;fj{hlgs ul/lbPkl5 ci6«l] nof, Go'lhNofG8 / a]nfotL ;/sf/n] rfF8} cf]afdfsf]
h:t} sfd u/] .
xfdLn] ;f+;bsf] vr{ ;DaGwL sf08sf af/]df l/kf]l6{ª u¥of}+ . of] a]nfotdf g;f]lrPsf] vfnsf]
tYof+s kqsfl/tfsf] cEof; lyof] . o;sf] kmn:j¿k j]:6ldG:6/n] x/]s jif{ 7"nf] kl/df0fdf tYof+s
;fj{hlgs ug{] afrf u/]sf] 5 .
cfd lgjf{rgdf d'Vo /fhgLlts bnx¿n] kf/bzL{ x'g], cfˆgf tYof+s ;fj{hlgs ug{]
3f]if0ff u/]sf lyP . xfd|f kqklqsfn] ;/sf/L sf]if ;DaGwL tYof+s k|sflzt ug{df w]/} 7fpF
5'6\ofPsf 5g\ .
j]a;fO6df w]/}eGbf w]/} tYof+s k|sflzt eO/x]sf a]nfdf kf7sn] ;dfrf/;Fu ;DalGwt
ck|zf]lwt cfFs8f klxn]eGbf a9L dfqfdf vf]Hg yfn]sf 5g\ . 8]6fa]; nGr u/]sf a]nfdf xfdLn]
PlKns];G; agfpg] 8]enk/ xfd|f cl8oG; x'g\ eGg] 7fg]sf lyof}F . t/ s'/f cs{} /x]5 . xfd|f
cl8oG; t cfd dflg; kf] /x]5g\ hf] sfa{g pT;h{g, k"jL{ o'/f]k]nL cfk|jf;L, ckmuflg:tfgdf
34
ePsf d[To' ;DaGwL a9L hfgsf/L lng cyjf la6N;n] cfˆgf uLtdf æneÆ eGg] zAb slt
k6s k|of]u u/]sf 5g\ egL hfGg pT;'s /x]5g\ .
lrq @=%M b ufl8{ogsf] 8]6fAnu lgdf{0f k|lqmof lrqdf -b ufl8{og_
35
la:tf/} 8]6fAnun] :6f]/L tof/ ug{ / yKg yfNof] . xfdLn] ;f+;bsf] vr{ ;DaGwL $,%*,))) j6f
8s'd]G6 e]nf u¥of}+ clg ;f+;bx¿n] u/]sf bfaL ;DaGwL lj:t[t tYof+s ljZn]if0f u¥of}+ . xfdLn] xfd|f
o'h/nfO{ ;/sf/L sf]ifsf] vr{ ;DaGwL 8]6fa];sf] cWoog ug{ ;xof]u u¥of}+ / xfdLn] k|sflzt u/]sf
;dfrf/ ;DaGwL yk hfgsf/L k|sfzg u¥of}+ .
;g\ @)!) sf] j;Gt Ct'df tYof+s kqsfl/tfsf] :j¿k k]mg{] 36gf eof] . of] (@,@)! j6f
tYof+ssf] /f] ePsf] Pp6f :k|]8l;6sf] k|sfzg lyof] h;df x/]s /f]df Pp6f ;}lgs 36gfsf]
lj:t[t hfgsf/L /flvPsf] lyof] . of] ljlslnS;n] /fv]sf] o'4sf] ljj/0f lyof] . of] klxnf]
sfd lyof] . o;kl5 O/fs / s]an ;DaGwL b'O{j6f o:t} hfgsf/L k|sflzt eP . o;nfO{
;/sf/L efiffdf cd]l/sL ;}lgssf dxTjk"0f{ cfqmd0fsf 8f6fa]; elgGYof] .
;dfrf/;Fu ;DalGwt b'O{j6f PsfO glhs glhs x'g'k5{ . glhs eof] eg] cfh of] ;dfrf/ 5 eg]/
c¿nfO{ atfpg ;lsG5, ;dfrf/ tof/ ug{] k|lqmofsf] Pp6f lx:;f x'g kfOG5 . o;sf] ljk/Lt 6f9f
eof] eg] lal;{OG5, s]xL ug{ ;ls+b}g . ljlslnS;n] dflysf] ljj/0f k|sflzt ug{'eGbf klxn] xfdLnfO{
;dfrf/ sIfeGbf a]Un} tnfdf u|flkmS; sIfdf /flvPsf] lyof] . ljlslnS;n] ljj/0f k|sflzt u/]kl5
;dfrf/ sIfs} tnfdf, ;dfrf/ sIfsf] 5]j}df /flvof] . ca 8]:snfO{ ;dfrf/sf] cfOl8of lbg ;lhnf]
eof] . ;dfrf/ sIfsf l/kf]6{/nfO{ klg :6f]/L /fd|f] agfpg xfdL;Fu ;xof]u dfUg ;lhnf] eof] .
cln klxn];Dd kqsf/ ;/sf/L tYof+ssf u]6lsk/ lyP . xfdL ;/sf/L cfFs8fsf cfwf/df ;dfrf/
n]VYof}+ / tL :6f]/LnfO{ cfd dflg;;Dd k'¥ofpFYof}+ hf] sRrf tYof+sdf ?lr lb+b}gy] . ;dfrf/kqdf
sRrf hfgsf/L /fVg] s'/f ;f]Rg;Dd klg ;ls+b}gYof] .
clxn] cj:yf laNs'n} leGg ePsf] 5 . xfd|f] e"ldsf ablnPsf] 5 . xfdL JofVof ug{], tYof+s
a'e\mg dflg;nfO{ ;xof]u ug{] / ?lrs/ ePs} sf/0fn] s'g} hfgsf/L k|sfzg ug{] dflg;
ePsf 5f}+ .
ljZn]if0f ljgfsf cfFs8f cfFs8f dfq x'g\ . xfd|f] sfd oxfF cfpF5 . a]nfotL k|wfgdGqLn] hlt
a]nfdf cu:6 @)!! sf] bª\uf / ul/aLsf aLrdf s'g} ;DaGw 5}g eg] xfdLn] bª\ufsf/Lsf]
7]ufgf / ul/aLsf ;"rsnfO{ gS;fdf /fv]/ k|wfgdGqLsf] bfaL unt 5 eGg] s'/f b]vfOlbof}+ .
xfdLn] tYof+s kqsfl/tf ubf{ :6f]/L tof/ ug{] Pp6f k|lqmof 5 . gofF 6'N; / k|ljlw cfpFb}
hfFbf of] k|lqmof klg k]ml/+b} hfG5 . s;}n] s] eG5g\ eg] xfdL bIf Xofs/ aGg'k5{, xfdLn]
sf]8 n]Vg ;Sg'k5{ / P;So'Pn h:tf k|f]u|fd rnfpg bIf x'g'k5{ . o;f] ug{ rfxg]n] u/]
x'G5 . t/ PS;]n dfq} rnfpg hfGof] eg] klg w]/} sfd ug{ ;lsG5 .
;a}eGbf klxn] xfdL ljleGg ;|f]taf6 tYof+s ;+sng u5f{}+ cyjf tYof+s sxfF 5 egL kQf nufpF5f}+M
a|]lsª ;dfrf/af6 x'g ;Snf, ;/sf/L tYof+saf6 x'g ;Snf, kqsf/n] cfk}+m cg';Gwfg u/]/ x'g
;Snf . To;kl5 xfdL To; tYof+snfO{ s;/L pkof]u ug{ ;lsG5 eg]/ x]5f{}+ . tL tYof+snfO{ csf{]
8]6fl;6;Fu ldnfpg'k5{ ls egL x]5f{}+ . ;doqmddf ePsf kl/jt{g s;/L b]vfpg ;S5f}+ < xfdLn] e]nf
u/]sf tYof+snfO{ uDeL/tfk"j{s ;+ul7t ug{'k5{ . sf]nd / ;]ndf /fVbf dfq} k'Ub}g . tYof+s kL8LPkm
-tYof+s /fVg] ;a}eGbf g/fd|f] pkfo_df /fVbf t aaf{b} x'G5 .
36
;/sf/L tYof+sdf k|fozM sf]8 /flvPsf] x'G5 . x/]s :s"n, c:ktfn, lgjf{rg If]q / :yfgLo
k|zf;gsf cfcfˆg} cgf}7f klxrfg sf]8 x'G5g\ .
b]zsf klg cfˆg} sf]8 x'G5g\ -pbfx/0fsf nflu a]nfotsf] sf]8 hLaL xf]_ . ljleGg 8]6fl;6nfO{ Ps}
7fpFdf /fv]/ x]g{'kbf{ tL sf]8 rflxG5g\ . o;f] u/]/ xfdLn] t'ngfTds cWoog ug{ ;S5f}+ .
tYof+s e]nf ul/;s]kl5 cGTodf ltgnfO{ s;/L k|:t't ug{] eg]/ x]l/G5M :6f]/L n]Vg] ls <
cyjf u|flkms agfpg] ls b[Zodf kl/0ft ug{] ls < o;sf nflu s'g 6'n pkof]u ug{] < xfdLn]
w]/} pkof]u ug{] 6'N; lgMz'Ns kfOg] 6'N; x'g\ . logaf6 rfF8} ;fdu|L tof/ ug{ ;lsG5 . w]/}
hl6n u|flkmS; rflx+ xfd|f] 8]enk/sf] l6dn] tof/ u5{ .
xfdLn] af/Daf/ pkof]u ug{] k|f]u|fd u'un rf6{\;, u'un ô'hg 6]an x'g\ . u'un rf6{ ;fgf
nfOgu|fkm / kfO agfpg pkof]u u5f{}+ eg] l56f] / ;lhnf];Fu gS;f agfpg u'un ô'hg
6]an pkof]u u5f{}+ .
tYof+s kqsfl/tf gofF h:tf] nfUnf t/ laNs'n} gofF s'/f eg] xf]Og .
DofGr]:6/ ufl8{ogsf] klxnf] c+s -zlgjf/ % d] !*@!_ df ;dfrf/ Tolt a]nfsf c¿ cvaf/df h:t}
kl5Nnf] k]hdf 5flkPsf] lyof] . klxnf] k]hsf] ;a}eGbf dfly nfa|f8f]/ x/fPsf] lj1fkg lyof] .
clGtd k]hdf :6f]/L / sljtf 5flkPsf lyP . ltgsf ;fydf PsltxfO k]h 9fSg] cfFs8f
lyP . To; If]qsf :s"nsf] nfut ;DaGwL a[xt\ 6]an . o:tf] 6]an o;cl3 slxNo} klg æcfd
dflg; ;fd'Æ k|:t't ul/Psf] lyPg .
oL tYof+s k|sflzt gu/]sf v08df tL cfFs8f tflnd gkfPsf k'/f]lxtsf xftdf k5{g\ eg]/ oL tYof+s
k|sflzt ul/Psf lyP . oL tYof+s k|sflzt ug{'sf] p2]Zo lyof] æoL hfgsf/L dxTjk"0f{ 5g\ lsgeg]
lzIffnfO{ slt dxTj lbPsf] 5 eGg] s'/f yfxf gkfO{sg ljrf/ agfp+bf -h'g ;dfhsf] k|ultsf] cfwf/
xf]_ unt x'G5 .Æ csf{ lsl;dn] eGbf, dflg;n] cfk"m j/k/ s] eO/x]sf] 5 eGg] s'/f yfxf kfPgg\ eg]
;dfh s;/L cl3 a9\5 <
s'g} a]nf kl5Nnf] k]hdf 5flkg] ;dfrf/ clxn] klxnf] k]hdf 5flkG5 . xfdLn] ul//x]sf sfd
7Ls 5g\ eGg] of] eGbf /fd|f] k|df0f s] x'g ;Snf / <
37
h]Ot cgnfOgdf tYof+s kqsfl/tf
;DkGgtfsf] t'ngf -http://opendata.zeit.de/pisa-wohlstands-vergleich/visualisierung.php#/en/DEUOECD_ gfds sfd b[Zodf hfgsf/L lbOPsf] cGt/lqmofTds kl/of]hgf xf] h;n] ljleGg b]
zsf] hLjg:t/sf aLrdf t'ngf u/]/ b]vfPsf] 5 . of] kl/of]hgfn] ;g\ @)!) l8;]Da/df k|sflzt
cf]O{;L8Lsf] ljZj lzIffsf] :t/ ;DaGwL a[xt\ k|ltj]bg kLcfO{P;P @))( -bit.ly/Pisa_2009_
pkof]u u/]sf] 5 . of] k|ltj]bg ltd|f] b]zsf] hLjg :t/ s:tf] 5 egL !% jif{sf ljBfyL{nfO{ ;f]lwPsf]
k|ZgfjnLdf cfwfl/t 5 .
o;sf] p2]Zo b]zsf] hLjg:t/sf aLrdf t'ngf ug{ gf}nf] lsl;dsf] pkfo pknAw u/fpgsf
nflu tL tYof+ssf] ljZn]if0f ug{' / tYof+snfO{ b[Zosf ¿kdf k|:t't ug{' lyof] .
lrq @=^ kLcfOP;Pdf cfwfl/t ;DklQ t'ngf -h]Ot cgnfOg_
;a}eGbf klxn] xfd|f] Ogxfp; ;DkfbsLo l6dn] hLjg:t/sf aLrdf t'ngf ug{ s'g tYof+s
pkof]uL x'G5g\ / s'g tYof+snfO{ b[Zodf /fVg] eGg] s'/fsf] lg0f{o u¥of] . tL tYof+s lgDg
adf]lhd lyPM
• ;DklQ -3/df ePsf l6eL, sf/ / afy?dsf] ;+Vof_
• kfl/jfl/s cj:yf -kl/jf/df xh'/af xh'/cfdf 5g\ ls 5}gg\, Pp6f dfq} aRrf ePsf
kl/jf/ slt k|ltzt 5g\, slt cfdfafa' a]/f]huf/ 5g\ / cfdfsf] hflu/ 5 ls 5}g_
• 1fgsf] ;|f]t;Ddsf] kx'Fr -3/df OG6/g]6 5 ls 5}g, Od]n slQsf] k|of]u x'G5, 3/df sltj6f
lstfa 5g\_
• x/]s b]zsf] ljsf;sf] cj:yf b]vfpg] tLgj6f yk ;"rs
38
;+:yfsf] l8hfOg l6dsf ;xfotfn] oL cfFs8fnfO{ cfk}+m j0f{g ug{ ;Ifd lrGxdf 9flnof] .
;Dej eP;Dd ljleGg b]zsf] cj:yfsf aLrdf tf; h;/L x]/]/ t'ngf ug{sf nflu ;'?sf]
k]hsf] l8hfOg tof/ ul/of] .
To;kl5 xfdLn] xfdLnfO{ o; kl/of]hgfdf d2t ug{ ;Sg] 8]enk/ vf]Hg hd{g cf]kg 8]6f g]6js{sf
-opendata-network.org_ dflg;;Fu ;Dks{ u¥of}+ . o; g]6js{sf clt pT;fxL ;fyLx¿n] u|]u/
cfoZrn] xfd|f] sfd ;kmn kfg{ -ˆNof;sf] pkof]u gu/Lsg, of] xfd|f nflu 7"nf] s'/f lyof]_ rflxg]
PlKns];g agfpg ;S5g\ eg] . pgL tLI0f a'l4 ePsf OGkmd{];g l8hfOg/ x'g\ . u|]u/n] /fk]mnsf]
hfefl:qmK6 nfOa|]/Ldf -raphaeljs.com_ cfwfl/t ;'Gb/ aAan z}nLdf Psbd} /fd|f] cGt/lqmofTds
b[Zo tof/ u/] .
xfd|f] of] kl/of]hgf w]/} ;kmn cGt/lqmofTds kl/of]hgf aGof] h;n] w]/} 6«flkms tfGof] . o;df s'g}
b'O{j6f b]zsf aLrdf t'ngf ug{ ;lhnf] 5 h;n] ubf{ of] pkof]uL ;fwg ag]sf] 5 . o;nfO{ xfd|f
b}lgs ;DkfbsLo sfddf k'gM k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu, xfdLn] OG8f]g]l;ofsf] hLjg:t/;Fu
;DalGwt s'g} ljifodf :6f]/L tof/ ug{ vf]Hof}+ eg] To; :6f]/LnfO{ xfdL OG8f]g]l;of / hd{gLsf]
hLjg:t/ -bit.ly/Pisa_Indonesia_Germany_ t'ngf ug{ ldNg] u/L u|flkms t'?Gt}, ;lhn};Fu ln+s
ug{ ;S5f}+ .
xfdLn] s] kfof}+ eg] xfd|f] tYof+s kqsfl/tf kl/of]hgf -www.zeit.de/datenjournalismus_ n] w]/} 6«flkms
cfslif{t u¥of], xfdLnfO{ cl8oG;nfO{ gofF lsl;dn] ;xefuL agfpg ;xof]u u¥of] . pbfx/0fsf
nflu, hfkfgdf ;'gfdL cfPkl5 k'ms'lzdfsf] Go'lSno/ KnfG6 b'3{6gfkl5sf] cj:yfsf af/]df w]/}
:6f]/L tof/ eP . To; KnfG6af6 /]l8of]wdL{ kbfy{ r'lxPkl5 ;f] KnfG6sf] #) lsnf]ld6/ j/k/sf
dflg;nfO{ cGoq ;fl/of] . dflg;nfO{ 7fpF ;f/]sf] ljifodf cl8oG;n] w]/} s'/f k9\g / b]Vg kfP
. xfdLn] o;sf] k|efjsf af/]df xfd|f hd{g cl8oG;nfO{ atfpg] gf}nf] tl/sf lgsfNof}+ . xfdLn] ;f]
Wof}+M hd{gLdf Go'lSno/ KnfG6sf] glhs slt dfG5] a:5g\ < To;sf] tL; lsnf]ld6/ j/k/ slt
dfG5] a:5g\ < hd{gLdf o:t} 36gf ePdf slt dflg;nfO{ 7fpF ;fg{'k5{ egL b]vfpg] gS;f -http://
opendata.zeit.de/atomreaktoren/#/en_ tof/ u¥of}+ . o;n] ubf{ 6«flkms Psbd} w]/} a9\of] . ;f];n
ldl8ofdf xfd|f] ;fO6 t'?Gt} k}mNof] . tYof+s kqsfl/tf kl/of]hgfnfO{ c¿ efiffdf t'ngfTds ¿kdf
;lhnf];Fu cg'jfb ug{ ;lsG5 . xfdLn] cd]l/sfdf Go'lSno/ KnfG6sf] glhs slt dflg; a:5g\
eg]/ c+u|]hL efiffdf ;fdu|L tof/ kf¥of}+ . o;n] klg w]/} 6«flkms tfGof] . ;dfrf/ ;+:yfx¿ cfk"mnfO{
kf7sn] ljZj;gLo / ;"rgfsf] cflwsfl/s ;|f]t 7fg'g\ eGg] rfxG5g\ . xfdLnfO{ s] nfU5 eg] tYof+s
kqsfl/tfn] cfˆgf kf7snfO{ ck|zf]lwt tYof+s x]g{ / k'gM pkof]u ug{ ;Sg] agfpg] x'gfn] of] pkfo
pkof]u ug{] ;~rf/ dfWod w]/} ljZj;gLo aG5 .
h]Otsf cg';Gwfg tyf ljsf; ljefu k|d'v tyf k|wfg ;Dkfbs pNkmUofª Anfpn] tYof+s kqsfl/
tfnfO{ :6f]/L eGg] dxTjk"0f{ tl/sfsf ¿kdf lnP/ o;sf] jsfnt ul//x]sf 5g\ . kf/blz{tf,
ljZj;gLotf / o'h/sf] ;xeflutfnfO{ xfdLn] dxTjk"0f{ s'/f dfg]sf 5f}+ . To;}n] tYof+s kqsfl/tf
xfdLn] clxn] / eljiodf ug{] sfd ag]sf] 5 . tYof+snfO{ b[Zodf b]vfpFbf cl8oG;n] :6f]/L dg k/
fpF5g\ . ;DkfbsLo l6dsf nflu of] cfˆgf ;fdu|L k|:t't ug{] cfsif{s tl/sf xf] .
39
pbfx/0fsf nflu, ( gf]e]Da/ @)!! df 8r] a}+sn] Sn:6/ ad agfpg] sfddf nufgL gug{] jfrf
u¥of] . t/ k]ml;ª kmfOgfG; gfd u/]sf] u}/gfkmfd"ns ;+:yfn] u/]sf] cg';Gwfgsf cg';f/, a}+sn]
clxn] klg To; sfddf C0f lbO/x]sf] 5 . xfdLn] o; ;DaGwL tYof+snfO{ b[Zodf -http://www.
zeit.de/wirtschaft/cluster-munition_ abNof}+ h;n] xfd|f kf7snfO{ k};f stf k|jfx eO/x]sf] 5 eGg]
s'/f b]vfof] . o;df 8r a}+s sDkgLsf ljleGg zfvfnfO{ ;a}eGbf dfly /fVof}+ . ad agfpg] sfddf
C0f nufgL u/]sf egL cf/f]k nfu]sf zfvfnfO{ ;a}eGbf tn /fVof}+ . oL b'O{sf aLrdf ;doqmdsf
;fy} x/]sn] slt C0f lbP eGg] b]vfof}+ . uf]nf 3]/fdfly qm;/ nfFbf nufgLsf] ljj/0f b]lvG5 . of]
:6f]/LnfO{ zAbdf n]Vg klg ;lsGYof] . t/ b[Zodf b]vfOlb+bf s'/f a'e\mg / ljQLo nufgLsf af/]df yk
hfgsf/L lng kf7snfO{ ;lhnf] ePsf] 5 .
lrq @=&M ad Joj;fo -h]Ot cgnfOg_
csf{] Pp6f pbfx/0f x]/f}+ . hd{g k]m8/n :6fl6l:6S; clkm;n] -www.destatis.de/EN/
Homepage.html_ hd{gLsf dxTjk"0f{ tYof+s ePsf] 8]6fl;6 k|sflzt u¥of] . o;df ljleGg
df]8nsf cfwf/df @)^) ;Ddsf] hg;f+lVos cj:yfsf] cg'dfg -bit.ly/German_Federal_
Statistics_ ;d]t ul/Psf] 5 . o:tf tYof+s k|:t't ug{] rngrNtLsf] pkfo ;+3Lo tYof+s
Ph]G;Ln] k|:t't u/] h:tf] -www.destatis.de/bevoelkerungspyramide_ hg;+Vof lk/fld8 xf] .
xfd|f] lj1fg ljefusf ;fyLx¿sf] ;xof]udf xfdLn] eljiosf] xfd|f] ;dfhsf] cg'dflgt hg;+Vofsf]
tYof+s cGj]if0f ug{ kf7snfO{ ;lhnf] tl/sf k|:t't ug{] k|of; u¥of}+ . xfdLn] b[Zo -http://www.zeit.
de/wissen/altersstruktur_ dfk{mt ;g\ !(%) b]lv ;g\ @)^) ;Ddsf tYof+sLo b[li6n] k|ltlglwd"ns
ljleGg pd]/sf $) hgf dflg;sf] ;d"x k|:t't u¥of}+ . pgLx¿nfO{ cf7j6f ;d"xdf afF8\of}+ . of] ljleGg
;dodf lvlrPsf] hd{g ;dfhsf] ;fd"lxs kmf]6f] h:t} b]lvG5 . oxL tYof+snfO{ k/Dk/fut 9+un]
lk/fld8df /fVbf of] cd"t{ x'g hfG5 . t/ aRrf, o'jf, k|f}9 / j[4sf] ;d"x 5'6\ofpFbf kf7sn] cem
a9L ;lhnf];Fu tYof+s a'e\mg ;S5g\ . P3f/ bzssf] hg;+Vofsf] cj:yf x]g{ kf7sn] Kn] a6g lyRbf
40
k'U5 . To; ;fd"lxs lrqsf] lx:;f aGgsf nflu pgLx¿n] cfˆgf] hGd ;fn / ln+u OG6/ ubf{ k'U5 .
o;f] ubf{ pgLx¿n] ljleGg bzsdf cfˆgf] hg;f+lVos ofqf / cfˆgf] cf};t cfo' yfxf kfpg ;S5g\ .
— ;fZff e]gf]/, h]Ot cgnfOg
lrq @=*M hg;f+lVos tYof+snfO{ b[Zodf b]vfpFbf -h]Ot cgnfOg_
Xofs/nfO{ sfd nufpg] tl/sf
æd]/f] sfdsf nflu sf]8/;Fu s;/L ;xof]u dfUg] <Æ dnfO{ kqsf/x¿n] ;w}+h;f] of] s'/f ;f]W5g\ .
Xofs/ xfdLnfO{ rflxG5, Xofs/ klg xfd|f] ;xof]u lng rfxG5g\ . ;dfhk|lt lhDd]jf/ Xofs/ /
tYof+sdf r'n'{Dd 8'a]sf dflg; klg kqsf/;Fu 3'nldn x'g rfxG5g\ .
kqsf/n] tYof+sdf cfwfl/t 6'N; / ;]jfsf] tfut pkof]u u5{g\ . 8]enk/sf b[li6sf]0fdf
kqsf/n] tYof+snfO{ gf}nf] tl/sfn] pkof]u ug{] s'/f ;f]R5g\ h'g sfd ;fdfGotof 8]enk/n]
;f]Rb}gg\ . pgLx¿sf ljrf/df kqsf/n] tYof+snfO{ ;Gbe{;Fu hf]8\g] / cl8oG;sf nflu ;fGble{s
agfpg] sfd u5{g\ .
o;sf] cy{ xf] — kqsf/n] Xofs/af6 sfd lng rfXof] eg] cyjf yf]/} ah]6df pm;Fu s'g}
sfddf d2t dfUof] eg] kqsf/nfO{ ;xof]u ug{ OR5's sf]xL g sf]xL k]mnf k5{ .
Xofs/nfO{ s;/L e]6\g] eGg]af/]df b Go' of]s{ 6fOD;df cf/f]g l˚Nxf]km/n] o:tf] n]v]sf 5g\M
tkfO{+nfO{ rflxPsf] h:tf] dflg;nfO{ tkfO{+sf] ;+:yfn] o;cl3 g} sfd nufO;s]sf] x'g klg
;S5 . pgLx¿ ;dfrf/ sIfdf eg] gcfPsf x'g ;S5g\ . vf]Hg'xf];, k|ljlw / ;"rgf tyf
k|ljlw ljefudf hfg';\ . To;f] ubf{ tkfO{+n] vf]h]sf] h:tf] dfG5] e]6\g ;Sg'x'G5 . ;"rgf sf]8
41
ug{] sfdnfO{ dxTjk"0f{ sfd 7fGg' klg h¿/L x'G5 . lrq @=( df b]vfP h:tf] sDKo'6/ ePsf]
dfG5] k]mnf kfg{' eof] pm tkfO{+n] vf]lh/x]sf] dfG5] x'g ;S5 .
lrq @=( ;Ddfg lrGxM Xofs/ k]mnf kfg{ ;lhnf] 5 -kmf]6f]M n';L RofDa;{_
Xofs/ vf]Hg] c¿ s]xL tl/sf o; k|sf/ 5g\M
hflu/ v'n]sf] ;"rgf lbg] j]a;fO6df kf]:6 ug{]
8]enk/nfO{ nlIft ul/Psf j]a;fO6 kQf nufP/ ltgdf ;"rgf lbg' . pbfx/0fsf nflu, kfOyg ha
af]8{ -www.python.org/community/jobs/_
d]lnª ln:6sf] d2t lng]
pbfx/0fsf nflu,
www.bit.ly/nicar-subscribe/www.bit.ly/ddj-list
pko'Qm ;+:yfdf ;Dks{ ug{]
pbfx/0fsf nflu, j]aaf6 tYof+s lSng ck ug{] jf :qmØfk ug{] :qmØfk/ljsL -scraperwiki.com_
h:tf ;+:yf;Fu ;Dks{ ug{ ;lsG5 hf];Fu ljZjf; ug{ ;lsg] / To; sfddf OR5's sf]8/x¿sf]
7]ufgf x'G5 .
pko'Qm u|'k÷g]6js{ HjfOg ug{]
XofS;÷Xofs;{ -hackshackers.com_ h:tf cleofg rnfpg]x¿nfO{ vf]Hg'xf];\ h;n] kqsf/
/ k|fljlwsnfO{ Ps 7fpFdf h'6fpg] u5{g\ . o:tf ;d"x cfhef]ln ;+;f/e/ g} pld|O/x]sf
5g\ . pgLx¿sf] ha Go'hn]6/df -bit.ly/hacks-hackers-jobs_ klg hfgsf/L kf]:6 ug{ ;lsG5 .
42
:yfgLo ljifodf ?lr ePsf ;d"x
cfˆgf] If]qdf cfk"mnfO{ rflxPsf] sfd hfGg] dfG5]sf af/]df j]adf vf]Hg klg ;lsG5 -pbfx/0fsf nflu
. www.meetup.com h:tf ;fO6af6 klg d2t kfpg ;lsG5 .
“java -script”+“london”)
Xofsfyg / k|lt:kwf{
Pk / cfFs8fnfO{ b[Zodf abNg] ljifodf ePsf k|lt:kwf{Tds sfo{qmddfk{mt klg cfk"mnfO{ rflxP
h:tf dflg; k]mnf kfg{ ;lsG5 .
lusnfO{ ;f]Wg]
lusx¿ c¿ lus;Fu e]63f6 u5{g\ . pgLx¿dfk{mt klg cfk"mnfO{ rflxP h:tf] dflg; k]mnf
kfg{ ;lsG5 .
— n';L RofDa;{, cf]kg gn]h kmfpG8];g
Xofs/df x'g'kg{] ;Lk
Xofs/ t k]mnf k¥of] t/ pm cfˆgf nflu slQsf] pkof]uL 5 eGg] s'/f s;/L yfxf
kfpg] < /fd|f Xofs/df s]s:tf u'0f x'gk' 5{ eg]/ xfdLn] b ufl8{ogsf Pnf:6]o/ 8fofG6nfO{
;f]w]sf lyof}+ . pgn] o;f] eg]M
w]/} ;fdu|L sf]8 ug{ ;Sg]
tf]lsPsf] Dofbleq ul/;Sg'kg{] sfd ug{sf nflu Pp6f sfddf bIf dfG5] vf]Hg'eGbf ;a}
sfd clncln ug{ hfGg] dfG5] vf]Hg' /fd|f] x'G5 . Go'h PK; agfpgsf nflu tYof+s;Fu
v]Ng ;Sg], ultzLn u|flkmS; agfpg hfGg] / ;fxl;s sfd ug{ rfxg] dfG5] pkof]uL
x'G5 .
a[xt\ ;Gbe{ yfxf kfpg ;Sg]
k|fljlws 1fgeGbf klg a[xt\ ;Gbe{ kfpg ;Sg] Ifdtf dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . l8hfOg/;Fu ldn]/
sfd ug{ dg k/fpg] dflg; pkof]uL x'G5 .
/fd|f] :6f]/L eGg ;Sg]
7fpF / ;dosf] qmd cg';f/ hfgsf/L /fVg ;Sg] dfG5] rflxG5 . p;n] cfk"mn] u/]sf]
s'g sfdnfO{ uj{sf ;fy lnPsf] 5 eGg] s'/f kQf nufpg'xf];\ / Tof] sfd s;/L ug{'eof]
eg]/ ;f]Wg'xf];\ . o;f] ubf{ p;sf] k|fljlws 1fgsf ;fy} cleJoQm ug{] p;sf] Ifdtf klg
yfxf kfOG5 .
c¿;Fu ldn]/ sfd ug{ ;Sg]
s'g} klg sfd rfF8f] ug{sf nflu Pp6} nIo xfl;n ug{ y/Ly/Lsf dflg;n] ldn]/ sfd
ug{'k5{ . x/]sn] Pscsf{nfO{ ;Ddfg ug{'k5{ / c¿n] eg]sf s'/f dfGg tof/ x'g'k5{ .
crfgs cfOnfu]sf ;d:of x6fpgsf nflu gofF of]hgf agfpg'k5{ / d]/f] uf]?sf] afx|}
6Ssf eGg'x'Fb}g, c¿sf s'/f clncln dfGg'kg{] x'G5 .
43
gofF s'/f l;Sg] Ifdtf ePsf]
k|ljlw Psbd} l56f] k]ml/O/x]sf] 5 . gofF gofF k|ljlw l;Sg' Ps lsl;dsf] ;+3if{ xf] .
cfwf/e"t s'/f yfxf kfPsf] / gofF gofF s'/f l;Sg] pT;'stf x'g' klg h¿/L 5 .
— cf]kg gn]h kmfpG8];gsf n';L RofDa;{n] b ufl8{ogsf k|d'v cGt/lqmofTds k|fljlws
Pnf:6]o/ 8fofG6;Fu u/]sf] s'/fsfgLdf cfwfl/t
/fd|f] 8]enk/ k]mnf kfg{] tl/sf
/fd|f] 8]enk/nfO{ sfd nufpg' h¿/L x'G5 . t/ of] sfd w]/} sl7g 5 . cg'ejL k|fljlws Dofg]
h/n] dfq s'g pDd]bjf/ of]Uo 5 egL hfFRg ;S5g\ . cfˆgf] ;+:yfn] slt tna lbg ;S5 eGg]
s'/fn] klg /fd|f] 8]enk/ k]mnf kfg{] sfddf c;/ kf5{ .
l6«Ao'gdf xfdLn] b'O{j6f s'/fnfO{ k|f]T;fxg lbof}+ Pptf efjgfTds / csf{] k|fljlws v'aL .
efjgfTds eg]sf] of] s'/f xf]M lhpFbf] k|hftGqsf nflu kqsfl/tf h?/L 5 . ltdLn] oxfF u/]sf
sfdn] ;+;f/ k]mg{ ;S5 . k|fljlws v'aLM xfdL ltdLn] slt l;Sg ;S5f} eGg] s'/f x]5f{}+ . xfdLn]
ug{] sfd ;fgf, l56} ;Sg'kg{] / bf]xf]¥ofpg ldNg] vfnsf lyP . x/]s sfd ubf{ gofF pkfo
ckgfpg'kYof{], gofF efiff l;Sg'kYof{] / gofF ljifo x'GYof] -slxn] cfuf]af6 aRg] pkfosf ljifodf
x'GYof] eg] slxn] k]G;g k|0ffnLsf af/]df_ . oL s'/f pgLx¿n] l;Sg'k5{ . d}n] olt w]/} s'/f, olt
rfF8f] l;Sg] l6d klxn] slxNo} e]6]sf] lyOgF .
o:tf dfG5] sxfF kfpg] < xfdLn] ;/sf/L ;]jfdf /fd|f dfG5] e]§fof}+ . ;gnfO6 NofA;sf]
d]lnª ln:6n] o; sfddf w]/} ;xof]u u¥of] . sf]8 km/ cd]l/sf csf{] /fd|f] ;|f]t x'g
;S5 . x/]s jif{ ;LPkmPaf6 dflg;sf] o:tf] ;d"x lg:sG5 hf] gofF sfd vf]lh/x]sf]
x'G5 . o;dfly, ;LPkmPn] s8f cGtjf{tf{ k|lqmof ckgfpF5 . cyf{t\, tkfO{+n] ug{'kg{] pDd]
bjf/sf] hfFr pgLx¿n] ul/lbO;s]sf x'G5g\ . cfhef]ln kqsfl/tf :s"naf6 lg:s]sf
ljBfyL{ klg k|f]u|fldªdf ?lr /fVg] x'G5g\ . pgLx¿;Fu cg'ej x'Fb}g, t/ cyfxf ;Defjgf
x'G5 .
cGTodf, 8]enk/nfO{ lgo'lQm lbP/ dfq} k'Ub}g . k|fljlws Joj:yfkg ug{ hfGg'k5{ .
kqsfl/tf :s"nsf] k9fO ev{/} l;WofPsf, sfdsf] cg'ej gePsf 8]enk/n] sfd lauf5{g\ .
/fd|f] k|f]u|fd/nfO{ klg :jtGq 5fl8lbof] eg] pgLx¿ cl8oG;sf nflu ;a}eGbf dxTjk"0f{ sfd
xf]Og k|fljlws ¿kn] ?lrs/ sfd ug{ rfxG5g\ .
n]vsnfO{ h:t} u/L k|f]u|fd/nfO{ klg ;Dkfbs, u'? rflxG5 . tf]lsPsf] Dofbdf ;ˆ6j]o/ tof/
ug{ s;} g s;}n] pgLx¿nfO{ sfddf hf]ufpg'k5{ .
44
Xofsfygdfk{mt ;+:yf aflx/sf ljz]if1sf] ;]jf lng]
dfr{ @)!) df l8lh6n sNr/ cu{gfOh];g ;]6ckn] Xoflsª kqsfl/tf -setup.nl/content/hackingjournalism_ gfdsf] sfo{qmd cfof]hgf u¥of] . of] sfo{qmd 8]enk/ / kqsf/sf aLrdf ;xof]u
a9fpgsf nflu cfof]hgf ul/Psf] lyof] .
k|f]u|fd/ eG5g\, æ/fd|f PlKns];g agfpgsf nflu xfdLn] Xofsfyg cfof]hgf u¥of}+ t/ xfdL tYof+saf6
?lrs/ :6f]/L plwGg ;Sb}gf} F,Æ . csf{lt/ kqsf/ eG5g\, ætYof+s kqsfl/tfsf] dxTj xfdLnfO{ yfxf
5 t/ To;nfO{ /fd|f] ;fdu|L agfpg rflxg] k|fljlws ;Lk xfdL;Fu 5}g .Æ
lrq @=!) /]luof]Xofsdf kqsf/ / 8]enk/ -kmf]6f]M x]OGh] Xofleª\uf_
:yfgLo klqsf ePsfn] xfdL;Fu :yfoL ¿kdf k|f]u|fd/ /fVg] k};f lyPg . 8r cvaf/df Tolt
a]nf tYof+s kqsfl/tf ;'? ePsf] lyPg .
Xofsfyg df]8n xfd|f nflu pko'Qm lyof] . o;n] ;xsfo{sf nflu /fd|f] jftfj/0f tof/
u¥of] . dnfO{ sfd lbg] klqsf 8] :6]G6/ -www.destentor.nl_, xfd|f] elugL k|sfzg 6L;L
6\o'aflG;of -www.tctubantia.nl_ n] /]luof]Xofs -www.regiohack.nl_ gfds sfo{qmd cfof]hgf
u/] . ;flS;of]g xf]u];f]Nof OG;]8] -saxion.nl_ n] sfo{qmd cfof]hgf ug{ 7fpF lbof] .
tL; 306] Xofsfygdf x/]sn] gfd btf{ u/fpg kfpFy] . xfdLn] vfg]s'/f pknAw u/fof}+ . xfdLn]
#) hgf ;xefuL 5fGof}+ . pgLx¿nfO{ ^ j6f ;d"xdf afF8\of}+ . pgLx¿n] ck/fw, :jf:Yo, oftfoft,
;'/Iff, j[4fj:yf / pmhf{ h:tf ljifodf Wofg lbg kfpFy] . o; sfo{qmdsf tLgj6f d'Vo p2]Zo o;
k|sf/ lyPM
45
:6f]/L kQf nufpg]
xfd|f nflu tYof+s kqsfl/tf gofF / yfxf gkfPsf] ljifo lyof] . of] ljlw pko'Qm 5 eg]/
k|dfl0ft ug{sf nflu xfdLn] of] ljlw ckgfP/ /fd|f :6f]/L tof/ ug{'kYof{] . xfdLn] of] ljlw
ckgfP/ sDtLdf klg tLgj6f :6f]/L tof/ ug{] of]hgf agfPsf lyof}+ .
;DaGw :yflkt u/fpg]
xfdL kqsf/nfO{ tYof+s kqsfl/tf s;/L ug{] eGg] s'/f yfxf lyPg . xfdL hfGb5f}+ eg]/ eGb}gYof]
klg . kqsf/, ljBfyL{ / k|f]u|fd/nfO{ Pp6f sf]7fdf #) 306f /fv]/ xfdL pgLx¿nfO{ Psfk;df 1fg
/ cGt/b[li6 ;f6f;f6 ug{ nufpg rfxGYof}+ .
;fdflhs sfo{qmd cfof]hgf ug{]
cvaf/n] Tolt w]/} ;fdflhs sfo{qmd cfof]hgf ub{}gg\ . Xofsfyg t k/sf] s'/f eof] . xfdL o:tf
sfo{qmd pkof]uL x'G5g\ ls x'Fb}gg\ eg]/ k/LIf0f ug{ rfxGYof}+ . ckl/lrt dflg;nfO{ #) 306f ;Fu}
latfpg], cTolws hfu{g pkof]u ul/g] jftf{nfk, cfwf/e"t k|Zg ga'e\mbf x'g] x}/fgL, c;lhnf] jftfj/0f
ePsf] o:tf] sfo{qmd tgfjk"0f{ x'g ;SYof] . o:tf] ;fdflhs sfo{qmd cfof]hgf u/]/ xfdL kqsf/ /
k|f]u|fd/ Ps 7fpFdf a:bf ;xh dx;'; u/fpg] / Psfk;df kmnbfoL ;xof]u ug{] jftfj/0f tof/ ug{
rfxGYof}+ .
of] sfo{qmd cfof]hgf x'g'eGbf klxn] 6L;L 6\o'aflG;ofn] k|x/LsL ljwjf;Fu cGtjf{tf{ u/]sf] lyof] h;n]
w]/} jif{ nufP/ cfˆgf nf]Ug]sf af/]df Pp6f lstfa n]v]sL lyOg\ . pgL;Fu o:tf] sfuh lyof] h;df
g]b/NofG8sf] k"jL{ efudf ;g\ !($% otf btf{ ePsf ;a} xTof ;DaGwL hfgsf/L lyof] . of] hfgsf/L
pgsf nf]Ug]n] /fv]sf lyP . ;fdfGotof, o:tf :6f]/L xfdL j]a;fO6df 5fKYof}+ . t/ o; k6s eg]
xfdLn] ;ˆ6j]o/sf] d2tn] 8\of;af]8{ -bit.ly/tableau-dashboard_ agfof}+ . xfdLn] of] sfd s;/L u¥of}+
eg]/ /]luof]Xofs ;fO6df Anu -bit.ly/regiohack-blog_ /fVof}+ .
Xofsfygsf a]nf Pp6f ljifo xfd|f] lbdfudf cfof]M xfd|f] 7fpFdf :s"nsf] ljsf; /
j[4j[4f . eljiodf s'g 7fpFdf s:tf] cj:yf cfpnf eg]/ ul/Psf] cg'dfgnfO{ b[Zodf ptfbf{ -bit.
ly/tableau-workbook_ xfdLn] :s"n egf{b/ 36]sf] s]xL jif{df s'g zx/nfO{ ;d:of cfOnfU5 eGg]
s'/f a'e\mof}+ . of] s'/f yfxf kfPkl5 xfdLn] o;n] xfd|f] :s"nnfO{ s:tf] c;/ kf5{ eGg]af/]df Pp6f
n]v n]Vof}+ .
xfdLn] xfd|f] 7fpFdf clwsf+z zlQm s;n] pkof]u u/]sf] 5 eGg] yfxf kfpg / ;a}eGbf a9L
k|efjzfnL dflg;sf] 8]6fa]; tof/ ug{ Pp6f clt dxTjfsf+IfL sfd klg yfNof}+ . o;nfO{ b'O{
xhf/ aL; gfd lbOPsf] lyof] . xfdLn] u'un SofNs'n]6/sf] pkof]u u/]/ ;a}eGbf zlQmzfnL
;+:yf;Fu s;s;sf] ;DaGw 5 eGg] s'/f vf]h]/ k|efjzfnL dflg;sf] ;"rL tof/ ug{] ljrf/
u/]sf lyof}+ . o;sf cfwf/df kqsf/n] Pskl5 csf{] n]v tof/ ug{ ;Sy] . kqsf/sf nflu
of] Pp6f pkof]uL ;fwg klg x'g] lyof] . s;sf] sf];Fu ;DaGw 5 < of] 8]6fa];df o:tf]
hfgsf/L kqsf/n] vf]Hg ;Sy] / To;sf cfwf/df pgLx¿n] :6f]/L agfpg ;Sy] . of] 8]6fa];sf]
;f+:s[lts dxTj klg lyof] . of] 8]6fa]; tof/ eO;s]kl5 To;nfO{ cGt/lqmofTds cf6{ agfpg
pkof]u ug{ kfOG5 ls eg]/ snfsf/x¿n] xfdLnfO{ ;f]lw;s]sf lyP .
46
/]luof]Xofs cfof]hgf u/]kl5 xfdLn] s] yfxf kfof}+ eg] kqsf/n] k/Dk/fut kqsfl/tfsf ;fy} tYof+s
kqsfl/tf klg ug{'kg{] 7fg] . d]/f ;fyLx¿n] Tolt a]nf l;s]sf s'/fsf cfwf/df yk dxTjfsf+IfL /
k|fljlws sfd yfn] . pbfx/0fsf nflu, 3/ agfpg] sfdsf] k|zf;lgs vr{ ;DaGwL 8]6fa]; tof/
ug{] . pgLx¿n] ToxfF l;s]sf] ;Lk la:tf/} a9fP/ yk ;Lk klg l;s] . o; tYof+ssf cfwf/df
d}n] ô'hg 6]andf Pp6f cGt/lqmofTds gS;f -bit.ly/stentor-map_ agfPF . xfdLn] xfd|f kf7snfO{
tYof+s k7fpg cg'/f]w u¥of}+ . kf7sn] k7fPsf tYof+ssf cfwf/df o:tf] ;fdu|L tof/ u¥of}+
http://bit.ly/scratchbook-crowdsourcing. ô'hg 6]andf xfdLn] gS;f s;/L agfof}+ eg]/ w]/} k|Zg ;f]
w]kl5 d}n] Pp6f lel8of] 6\o'6f]l/on -bit.ly/vermanen-video_ klg agfPF .
lrq @=!! tYof+s kqsfl/tf ug{ e]nf ePsf] gofF ;d"x -kmf]6f]M xofGh] xfleª\uf_
xfdLn] s] l;Sof}+ <
xfdLn] w]/} s'/f l;Sof}+ . xfdLn] w]/} ;d:of klg ef]Ug'k¥of] . oL ;d:of lgDg rf/j6f lyPM
sxfFaf6 ;'? ug{]M k|Zgaf6 ls tYof+saf6 <
hfgsf/L vf]Hg] a]nfdf k|foM ;a} sfd c8\lsg k'u] . ;'?df kqsf/n] ;f]Wg] k|Zg ;f]lwGYof] .
h:t}, To;f] eP s] t < s:tf tYof+s kfOG5g\ < sxfF kfOG5g\ < xfdLn] e]6]sf tYof+sdf
xfdLn] ;f]w]sf k|Zgsf] hjfkm kfOG5 < n]vsf nflu cg';Gwfg ubf{ kqsf/nfO{ cfk"mn] tof/
ug{ nfu]sf] ljifodf hfgsf/L sxfF kfOG5 eGg] s'/f k|foM yfxf x'G5 . tYof+s kqsfl/tf ubf{
clwsf+z kqsf/nfO{ s:tf hfgsf/L kfOPnfg\ eGg] s'/f yfxf x'Fb}g .
47
k|fljlws 1fgsf] sdL
tYof+s kqsfl/tf Psbd} k|fljlws ljifo xf] . slxn]sfxL+ :qmØfk ug{'k5{, slxn] cfk"mn] kQf
nufPsf hfgsf/LnfO{ b[Zodf abNg'k5{ . tYof+s kqsfl/tf /fd|f];Fu ug{sf nflu b'O{j6f s'/f x'g'k5{M
!_ cg'ejL kqsf/sf] h:tf] cGt/b[li6 / @_ l8lh6n If]qsf ;a} s'/f hfGg] k|fljlwssf] h:tf]
k|fljlws 1fg . /]luof]Xofssf a]nf oL b'O{j6f 1fg lyPgg\ .
cfk"mn] kfPsf] hfgsf/L ;dfrf/ xf] <
;xefuLx¿n] Pp6f 8]6fl;6 kfPkl5 To;}sf cfwf/df ;dfrf/ agfP, c¿ ;|f]taf6 hfgsf/L
lnP/ ltgsf aLrdf ePsf ;DaGw vf]Hglt/ nfu]gg\ . o;f] x'g'sf] sf/0f s] xf] eg] tYof+s
kqsfl/tf cEof; ubf{ ;dfrf/ hfFr ug{ s]xL xb;Ddsf] tYof+szf:qLo 1fg x'g'k5{ .
?l6g s] xf] <
oL ;a} sfd ?l6g ljg} ePsf lyP . ;xefuL;Fu ;Lk lyof] t/ Tof] ;Lk s;/L / slxn] pkof]u ug{]
eGg] s'/f yfxf lyPg . Ps hgf kqsf/n] o;nfO{ s]s agfpg] sfd;Fu t'ngf u/]sf lyP . æxfdL;Fu
lk7f], cG8f, b"w h:tf ;a} ;fdu|L lyP . xfdLn] lognfO{ Pp6f y}nf]df xfn]/ xNnfof}+ / To;af6
s]s aGnf eGg] cfzf u¥of}+ .Æ xf], xfdL;Fu ;a} ;fdu|L lyof], s;/L agfpg] eGg] s'/f dfq yfxf lyPg .
ca s] t <
tYof+s kqsfl/tfsf ;DaGwdf xfd|f] klxnf] cg'ej o; If]qdf sfd ug{] kqsf/ / k|f]u|fd/nfO{
pkof]uL x'g ;S5 . To;}n] xfdL o;sf] k|ltj]bg tof/ ub{}5f}+ .
/]luof]XofsnfO{ Xofsfygsf ¿kdf s;/L lg/Gt/ cl3 a9fpg] eGg] ljifodf klg xfdL ;f]lr/x]sf
5f}+ . xfdLnfO{ nfu]sf] 5M of] /dfOnf] sfd xf], of] lzIffk|b 5, kmnbfoL 5 / of] tYof+s kqsfl/tf
l;sfpg] /fd|f] cj;/ xf] .
tYof+s kqsfl/tfsf] ljsf;sf nflu o;nfO{ ;dfrf/ sIfdf :yflkt ug{'k5{ . s;}nfO{ sf]6
u/]/, k|]; lj1lKt cyjf a}7s h:tf s'/fnfO{ cfwf/ agfP/ ;dfrf/ agfpg] sfd t 5Fb}5 .
To; afx]s kqsf/n] tYof+sut ¿kdf ;f]Rg' klg k5{ . /]luof]Xofssf dfWodn] xfdLn] xfd|f
cl8oG;nfO{ tYof+s kqsfl/tf n8x dfq} xf]Og eg]/ k|dfl0ft u/]/ b]vfOlbPsf 5f}+ . o;dfk{mt
xfdLn] /fd|f hfgsf/L ePsf, c¿n] n]v]sf eGbf km/s n]v n]Vg ;S5f}+ .
— h]/L edf{g]g, NU.nl
k};fsf] uf]xf] k5\ofpg'M tYof+s kqsfl/tf / b'O{ b]zsf aLr ;xsfo{
;+;f/e/sf c/af}+ dflg;sf] hLjgnfO{ c;/ kfl//x]sf ;+ul7t ck/fw / e|i6frf/ aflx/ Nofpg]
sfddf ?lr ePsf vf]h kqsf/ / gful/sn] klxn]eGbf stf xf] stf w]/} hfgsf/L kfpg ;Sg]
ePsf 5g\ . ;/sf/ / ljleGg ;+:yfx¿n] w]/} hfgsf/L cgnfOgdf /fv]sf 5g\ . t/, e|i6
;/sf/L sd{rf/L / ;+ul7t ck/fw ug{] dflg;n] cfˆgf ck/fw 9fs5f]k ug{ hfgsf/L n'sfpg
;Sbf] k|of; u5{g\ . pgLx¿n] cfˆgf unt sfddfly s;}n] k|sfz kfg{ g;s'g\ eg]/ sf]l;;
u5{g\ h'g sfdn] ;dfhdf ;d:of NofpF5, åGå NofpF5, clgsfn / cGo ;+s6 pAhfpF5 .
48
o:tf unt sfdnfO{ pbf+uf] kfg{' vf]h kqsf/sf] wd{ xf] . o;f] u/]/ p;n] e|i6frf/ /
ck/fw ug{] ;+oGqnfO{ b'a{n kfg{ ;S5 .
vt/gfs e|i6frf/ / ck/fwsf ljifodf :6f]/L tof/ ubf{ tn n]lvPsf tLgj6f pkfo /fd|f];Fu
cjnDag u/]sf v08df h:tf];'s} uDeL/ kl/l:yltdf klg /fd|f] / k"0f{ kqsfl/tf ug{ ;lsG5M
ljb]zdf vf]Hg'
w]/} :6f]/L ubf{ rflxg] hfgsf/L cfˆgf] b]zdf eGbf ljb]zdf vf]Hg ;lhnf] x'G5 . ljb]zL ;"rgf
8]6fa]; pkof]u u/]/ vf]lhPsf cyjf ;"rgfsf] xs;DaGwL P]gsf] pkof]u u/]/ vf]lhPsf
hfgsf/L vf]hd"ns :6f]/L tof/ ug{ pkof]uL x'G5g\ . ck/fwL / e|i6 sd{rf/Ln] e|i6frf/
u/]sf] k};f ck/fw / e|i6frf/ u/]sf] b]zdf /fVb}gg\ . ljb]zL a}+sdf /fV5g\ jf ljb]zdf nufgL
u5{g\ . ck/fw ljZje/ k}mn]sf] x'G5 . vf]h kqsf/nfO{ pkof]uL x'g] vfnsf 8]6fa];
OG6/g]6df w]/} 7fpFdf kfpg ;lsG5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu ljb]zdf k};fsf] uf]xf] s;/L kQf nufpg] eGg]
ljifodf OGe]l:6u]l6e 8\of;af]8{df -www.investigativedashboard.org/category_ lbOPsf hfgsf/L
kqsf/sf nflu pkof]uL 5g\ .
lrq @=!@ OGe]l:6u]l6e 8\of;af]8{ -cf];L;Lcf/kL_
vf]h kqsf/sf] ;~hfnsf] ;xof]u lng'
The
Organized Crimeand Corruption Reporting Project,The African Forum for Investigative
Reporting, The Arab Reporters for Investigative Journalism, and The Global Investigative
;+;f/e/sf vf]h kqsf/x¿ ljleGg ;+u7gdf cfa4 5g\ . tLdWo] s]xL o; k|sf/ 5g\M
Journalism Network
. oL ;+:yfx¿sf] ;xof]udf hfgsf/L a6'Ng ;lsG5 . kqsf/x¿sf] k]zfut
;+u7g / Kn]6kmd{nfO{ klg pkof]u ug{ ;lsG5 . cfOh]g]6 o:tf] Pp6f Kn]6kmd{ xf] hxfF kqsfl/tf;Fu
49
;DalGwt hfgsf/L cfbfgk|bfg ul/G5 . ;dfg ljifodf l/kf]l6{ª ug{] cyjf ;dfg cj:yf ef]lu/x]sf
kqsf/ klg g]6js{df cfa4 5g\ . o:tf g]6js{dfk{mt ;"rgf / pkfo cfbfgk|bfg ubf{ kmfObf x'G5 .
o:tf d~r / Od]n ln:6dfk{mt :6f]/Lsf] cfOl8of klg kfpg ;lsG5 .
k|ljlwsf] pkof]u ug{] / Xofs/nfO{ ;fy lng'
;ˆ6j]o/n] vf]h kqsf/nfO{ ;"rgf vf]Hg / k|zf]wg ug{ ;xof]u u5{ . grflxg] ;"rgf x6fpg,
tYof+ssf] y'k|f]df sfd nfUg] hfgsf/L vf]Hg tyf ltgsf] cy{ lgsfNg, ;xL 8s'd]G6 kQf
nufpg vf]h kqsf/nfO{ d2t ug{] w]/} ;ˆ6j]o/ 5g\ . clxn] o:tf tof/L ;ˆ6j]o/ k|f]u|fd
kfOG5g\ h;sf ;xfotfn] ;"rgf vf]Hg ;lsG5, ;"rgfsf] JofVof ljZn]if0f ug{ ;lsG5 . w]/}
hgf sDKo'6/ k|f]u|fd/ kqsf/nfO{ vf]hsf sfddf ;xof]u ug{ pT;'s x'G5g\ . vf]h kqsf/n]
of] s'/f klg yfxf kfO/fVg'k5{ . k|f]u|fd/ / Xofs/nfO{ ;"rgf s;/L lng] / ltgnfO{ s;/L
pkof]u ug{] eGg] s'/f yfxf x'G5 . s]xL k|f]u|fd/x¿ tYof+s ;a}n] kfpg'k5{ eGg] ljZjJofkL
cleofgsf ;b:o 5g\ . ck/fw / e|i6frf/;Fusf] n8fOFdf pgLx¿ ;fx|} 7"nf ldq zlQm x'g\ .
k|f]u|fd/ / gful/saLrsf] ;xof]usf] ;a}eGbf /fd|f] pbfx/0f ScraperWiki xf] . o; ;fO6sf
dfWodn] kqsf/n] j]a;fO6af6 ;"rgf lng] sfddf k|f]u|fd/x¿sf] ;xof]u dfUg ;S5g\ .
OGe]l:6u]l6e 8\of;af]8{df ePsf tof/L 6'nsf] -bit.ly/dashboard-resources_ pkof]u ubf{ ;"rgf
;+sng / ljZn]if0f ug{ ;lhnf] x'G5 .
oL pkfo slt pkof]uL x'G5g\ eGg] s'/fsf] Pp6f pbfx/0f x]/f}+ . vflbhf O:d]Onf]ef
ch/a}hfgsL cg'ejL vf]h kqsf/ x'g\ . pgn] kqsfl/tf ul//x]sf] b]z ch/a}hfgdf ;"rgf
kfpg d'lZsn 5 . cfd dflg;nfO{ /fd|f / ljZj;gLo ;"rgf lbg] sfddf pgn] lbg}lkR5] ;d:of
ef]Ug'k5{ . h"g @)!! df pgL /]l8of] lk|m o'/f]k÷/]l8of] lna6L{sf] afs'df /x]sf] sfof{nodf vf]h
kqsf/sf ¿kdf sfd uly{g\ . Tolt a]nf pgn] ch/a}hfgsf /fi6«kltsf 5f]/Lx¿n] b|'t ultdf
k|ult ul//x]sf] 6]lnsd sDkgL, ch]/kmf]g -bit.ly/rferl-azerfon_ kgfdfdf /x]sf] sDkgLdfk{mt
uf]Ko tl/sfn] rnfO/x]sf 5g\ egL :6f]/L agfOg\ . To; sDkgLn] emG8} !& nfv u|fxs agfPsf]
lyof] . b]zsf] *) k|ltzt e"efudf p;sf] se/]h lyof] . Tolt a]nf ch/a}hfgdf o; sDkgLn] dfq y|LhL
;]jf lbGYof] . o; sDkgLsf dflns sf] x'g\ eGg] s'/f yfxf kfpg O:d]nf]efn] tLg jif{ k|of; ul/g\ . t/
;/sf/n] o;sf ;fe]mbf/sf af/]df atfpg c:jLsf/ u¥of] . slxn] e"m6f s'/f atfof] . ;/sf/n] Tof]
sDkgLsf] dflns hd{gLdf /x]sf] l;d]G; PhL xf] ;d]t eGof] t/ ;f] sDkgLn] of] s'/f c:jLsf/ u¥of] .
ch/a}hfgsf l/kf]6{/x¿n] s] yfxf kfP eg] of] sDkgLsf] :jfldTj kgfdfdf /x]sf s]xL lghL sDkgLdf /x]sf]
5 . pgnfO{ o; ;DaGwL yk hfgsf/L kfpg ;ls+b}g eGg] nfu]sf] lyof] . ToxL a]nf pgn] ljb]zaf6 ;xof]u
kfOg\ . ;g\ @)!! sf] ;'?df OGe]l:6u]l6e 8\of;af]8{dfk{mt pgn] s] yfxf kfOg\ eg] k|f]u|fd/ tyf PlS6le:6
8fg cf]ÚXo'lugn] tof/ u/]sf] Pp6f PlKns];gsf] ;xfotfn] kgfdfdf /x]sf sDkgL ;DaGwL hfgsf/L
kfpg ;lsG5 . o; PlKns];gsf ;xfotfn] pgn] s] s'/f kQf nufOg\ eg] /fi6«kltsf 5f]/Lx¿
kgfdfdf /x]sf] Joj;fodfk{mt To; 6]lnsd sDkgLdf ;+nUg lyP .
cf]ÚXo'lugn] o:tf] 6'n agfPsf 5g\ h;n] ;+;f/e/sf kqsf/nfO{ kgfdf;Fu hf]l8Psf
e|i6frf/sf ljifodf l/kf]6{ ug{ ;xof]u u5{ . kgfdf e|i6 clwsf/Lx¿n] cfˆgf b]zdf unt
tl/sfn] sdfPsf] k};f n'sfpgsf nflu :ju{ ePsf] 5 . OlhK6sf e"tk"j{ /fi6«klt xf]:gL
50
d'af/ssf cf;f]kf;]b]lv lnP/ aNsG; cyjf Nofl6g cd]l/sfsf e|i6x¿n] k};f ToxfF n'sfPsf 5g\ .
k|f]u|fd/–PlS;le:6x¿n] agfPsf], :qmØflkª elgg] pkfo ckgfP/ o:tf ljifosf ;"rgf
vf]tNg / ;"rgfnfO{ gofF 9+un] Jojl:yt ug{ ;lsG5 h;n] ubf{ cg';Gwfgstf{n] To;nfO{
pkof]u ug{ kfpF5g\ . kgfdf /lhli6«L sDkgL -www.registro-publico.gob.pa_ df /flvPsf
;"rgf ;a}n] pkof]u ug{ kfpg] eP klg To;df s'g sDkgLsf] hfgsf/L rflxPsf] xf] To;sf]
dfq hfgsf/L lng kfOG5 . JolQmsf] gfdsf cfwf/df ;"rgf x]g{ kfOFb}g . l/kf]6{/n] ;fdfGotof
JolQmsf] gfdaf6 hfgsf/L vf]Hg] x'gfn] pgLx¿n] o; ;fO6af6 cfk"mnfO{ rflxPsf] ;"rgf
vf]Hg ;Sb}gg\ . cf]ÚXo'lugn] To; ;fO6sf tYof+s lgsfn]/ gofF j]a;fO6df /fv] hxfF JolQmsf]
gfdsf cfwf/df ;"rgf vf]Hg ;lsG5 . gofF j]a;fO6n] ubf{ w]/} b]zsf kqsf/n] z+sf nfu]sf
cfˆgf] b]zsf dflg;n] kgfdfsf sDkgLdf n'sfP/ sDkgL vf]n]sf 5g\ ls egL hfFRg ;S5g\
-ch/a}hfgsf /fi6«kltsf kl/jf/sf dflg;n] o:tf] u/]sf lyP_ .
dfly lbOPsf ;Nnfx ;"rgf lng dfq xf]Og c¿ sfdsf nflu klg pkof]uL x'G5g\ . Pp6f
kmfObf s] x'G5 eg] o;f] ubf{ vt/gfs 7fpFdf sfd ug{] vf]h kqsf/sf] ;'/Iff ug{ / vt/f
sd ug{ ;lsG5 . o;f] s;/L ug{ ;lsG5 eg] ljleGg b]zsf w]/} kqsf/n] ;Fu} sfd ubf{
s'g kqsf/n] cfˆgf] hfgsf/L aflx/ NofPsf] xf] egL kQf nufpg ck/fwLnfO{ sl7g x'G5 .
o;n] ubf{ ;/sf/ / e|i6 sd{rf/Ln] abnf lng ;Sg] 8/ sd x'G5 .
oxfF s] s'/f Vofn /fVg'k5{ eg] Ps 7fpFsf kqsf/sf nflu sfd gnfUg] h:tf] nfu]sf] ;"rgf
csf{] 7fpFsf kqsf/nfO{ ax'd"No x'g ;S5 . vf]h kqsf/x¿sf] ;~hfndf ;"rgf cfbfgk|bfg ubf{
7"nf :6f]/L a|]s x'g ;S5g\ . pbfx/0fsf nflu, sf]nlDaofdf Ps lsnf]u|fd sf]lsg;Fu} Ps hgf /f]
dflgog kqmfp k/] eg] pm kqmfp k/]sf 7fpFsf cvaf/n] To; 36gfsf] ;dfrf/ klxnf] k]hdf g5fKg
;S5g\ . t/ /f]dflgofsf kqsf/n] vf]hL ub{} hfFbf kqmfp k/]sf] dfG5] cfˆgf] b]zsf] ;/sf/L sd{rf/L
ePsf] k]mnf k¥of] eg] /f]dflgofsf ;~rf/ dfWodsf nflu 7"nf] ;dfrf/ aG5 .
vf]h kqsf/, k|f]u|fd/ / ;+;f/nfO{ :jR5, lgikIf / Gofok"0f{ agfpgsf nflu tYof+s
pkof]u ug{] c¿ k]zfsf dflg;sf] ;xsfo{ ePkl5 dfq} vf]h l/kf]l6{ª s'zntfk"j{s ug{
;lsG5 .
— kn /f8', ;+ul7t ck/fw / e|i6frf/ l/kf]l6{ª kl/of]hgf
sf]8df tof/ x'g] :6f]/L
cf]kg8]6fl;6L -www.opendatacity.de_ sf] :yfkgf ;g\ @)!) sf] cGTolt/ ePsf] xf] . Tolt a]nf
hd{gLdf tYof+s kqsfl/tf eGg ldNg] vfnsf] sfd Tolt ePsf] lyPg .
xfdLn] of] sfd lsg u¥of}+ < cvaf/ / /]l8of] 6]lnlehgdf sfd ug{] w]/} kqsf/n] o;f] eGg] u5{g\M
æxfd|f] ;~rf/ dfWoddf clxNo} tYof+s kqsfl/tf zfvf vf]Ng ;ls+b}g . of] sfd aflx/sf ;+:yfaf6
u/fpg eg] tof/ 5f}+ .Æ
xfdLnfO{ yfxf eP;Dd tYof+s kqsfl/tfdf ljz]if1tf xfl;n u/]sf] xfdL afx]s csf{] ;+:yf hd{gLdf
5}g . o;df xfn xfdL tLg hgf 5f}+M b'O{ hgf kqsf/sf] cg'ej ePsf / Ps hgf tYof+s sf]8 ug]{
51
/ b[Zodf abNg] sfddf /fd|f] 1fg ePsf . xfdL s]xL :jtGq Xofs/, l8hfOg/ / kqsf/sf] klg
;xfotf lnG5f}+ .
uPsf] Ps jif{df xfdLn] cvaf/sf nflu tYof+s kqsfl/tf ;DaGwL rf/j6f sfd u¥of}+,
;~rf/ dfWoddf sfd ug{] dflg;, j}1flgs / kqsfl/tf :s"nsf nflu tflnd / k/fdz{ ;]jf
lbof}+ . xfdLn] tof/ u/]sf] klxnf] Pksf] gfd 6LPhL lyof] . of] aln{gdf gofF agfOPsf] ljdfg:yn
5]p5fpdf Wjlg k|b"if0f ;DaGwL hfgsf/L ePsf] cGt/lqmofTds 6'n -bit.ly/taz-airportnoise_ xf] . xfd|f] csf{] dxTjk"0f{ sfd h]Ot cgnfOgsf nflu u/]sf] sfd xf] . of] sfd hd{g
/fhgLlt1n] u/]sf] df]afOn kmf]g pkof]u ;DaGwL hfgsf/L lbg]] PlKns];g -http://www.zeit.
de/datenschutz/malte-spitz-data-retention_ xf] . o; sfdsf nflu xfdLn] lu|dL cgnfOg
k'/:sf/ -bit.ly/grimme-award_ / hd{gLsf] ln8 cjf8{, cd]l/sfsf] cgnfOg hgf{lnhd
P;f]l;P;gaf6 -bit.ly/online-news-award_ cgnfOg kqsfl/tf k'/:sf/ kfof}+ . of] ;fdu|L
n]v]sf a]nfdf xfdL;Fu w]/} sfd kfOknfOgdf 5g\ . o:tf sfddf ;fdfGo cGt/lqmofTds
OGkmf]u|flkmS;b]lv lnP/ tYof+s kqsfl/tf ;DaGwL Ps k|sf/sf] ldl8nj]o/sf] tof/L;Ddsf sfd
k5{g\ .
lrq @=!#M ljdfg:ynsf] Wjlg k|b"if0f gS;f -Taz.de_
k'/:sf/ kfPsfn] xfd|f] Voflt a9\of] t/ xfdLnfO{ sfd lbg] lg0f{o ug{] k|sfzs;Fu s'/f ubf{ k'/:sf/
lhltg] x'gfn] tYof+s kqsfl/tfdf nufgL ug{'k5{ eGg] ts{ xfdL ub{}gf}+ . xfdL la:tf/} / lbuf] kf/fn]
tYof+s kqsfl/tflt/ pgLx¿sf] Wofg tfGg rfxG5f}+ . o;sf] dtna xf] k|sflzt ePsf] s]xL lbgd}
lal;{Og] :s'ksf] vf]hL ug{ nfUg' xf]Og bL3{sfnLg k|efj kfg{] sfddf Wofg lbg' .
52
bL3{sfnLg sfd yfNg k|sfzsnfO{ k|f]T;fxg lbg xfdL tLgj6f ts{ u5f{}+ . tL x'g\M
tYof+s
kqsfl/tf pkof]u u/L tof/ ePsf ;fdu|L bL3{hLjL x'G5g\
tYof+s kqsfl/tf PK;df l8hfOgsf] :j¿k x]/]/ hlt a]nf klg gofF ;fdu|L yKg ;lsG5 . oL PK; o'h/n] dfq rnfpg] xf]Ogg\ l/kf]l6{ª / ljZn]if0fsf nflu kqsf/n]
klg rnfpg ;S5g\ . cfk"mn] nufgL u/]/ agfPsf] PK;af6 cfˆgf k|lt:kwL{n] klg
kmfObf lng ;S5 eGg] nfU5 eg] o;sf s]xL lkmr/ cyjf s]xL tYof+s cfk"mn] dfq}
pkof]u ug{ kfOg] agfpg klg ;lsG5 .
klxn]sf]
tYof+s
sfdsf cfwf/df yk sfd ug{ ;lsG5
tYof+s ;DaGwL sfd ubf{ sf]8 agfOG5 h;nfO{ kl5 k'gM k|of]u ug{ jf cBfjlws ug{
;lsG5 . csf{] sfd klxnf] sfdeGbf cfwf ;dod} ug{ ;lsG5 lsgeg] Tolt a]nf s] ug{]
-;fy} s] gug{]_ eGg] s'/f /fd|f];Fu yfxf x'G5 / klxn]sf sfdnfO{ pkof]u u/]/ gofF ;fdu|L
agfpg ;lsG5 .
kqsfl/tf ubf{ kmfObf x'G5
tYof+s kqsfl/tf ubf{ dfs{]l6ª SofDk]g klg x'G5 . o;f] ubf{ k/Dk/fut lsl;dn]
dfs{]l6ª SofDk]g rnfpFbfeGbf ;:tf] k5{ . cgnfOg ;dfrf/x¿n] ;r{ OlGhg
cK6f]dfOh];g / ;r{ OlGhg dfs{]l6ª h:tf s'/fdf nufgL u5{g\ . tYof+sdf cfwfl/t
sfd u/]/ j]a;fO6df /fv]kl5 lSns / ah XjfQ} a9\5g\, s'g} ;fdu|L efO/n aGg
klg ;S5 . o;sf nflu c¿ lsl;dn] lSns a9fpg] sfddf hlt vr{ ug{' kb{}g .
xfdL ;~rf/ dfWodnfO{ PlKn;s];G; cyjf cGo ;]jf k|bfg u5f}{+ . of] sfd c¿ Go' ldl8of
Ph]G;Lsf] eGbf km/s 5}g . xfdL s] s'/fdf km/s 5f}+ eg] xfdL cfk"mnfO{ o:tf] sfd ug{]
klxnf] / ;a}eGbf cu|kª\ltdf /x]sf] kqsf/sf] ;+:yf 7fG5f}+ . xfdL n]v cyjf :6f]/L tof/
u5f{}+ . t/ xfdLn] tof/ u/]sf] :6f]/L zAb, lrq, Wjlg cyjf lel8of]df x'Fb}g sf]8df x'G5 .
tYof+s kqsfl/tfsf af/]df s'/f ubf{ k|ljlw, ;ˆ6j]o/, pks/0fsf af/]df s'/f ug{'k5{ / ltgsf
;xfotfn] :6f]/L s;/L eGg] egL s'/f ug{'k5{ .
Pp6f pbfx/0f x]/f}+ . xfdLn] ev{/} Pp6f PlKns];g agfof}+ h;n] :qmØfk/sf dfWodn] hd{g
/]Nj] j]a;fO6af6 l/on6fOddf tYof+s lnG5 . o;f] ubf{ xfdLn] 6«]gsf] cg'udg -zugmonitor.
sueddeutsche.de_ ug{] cGt/lqmofTds ;fwg tof/ ug{ ;Sof}+ h;sf ;xfotfn] nfdf] b"/Lsf
6«]g l9nf] ePsf] s'/f l/on6fOddf b]vfpg ;Sof}+ . o;df x/]s ldg]6df hfgsf/L cBfjlws
ul/G5, xfdLn] o;sf nflu PkLcfO{ klg pknAw u/fPsf 5f}+ . xfdLn] of] sfd w]/} klxn] yfn]sf
lyof}+ . clxn];Dd w]/} 7"nf] 8]6fl;6 e]nf ul/;s]sf 5f}+ . o;df x/]s 306f gofF hfgsf/L
ylkG5 . o;df o'h/n] l/on6fOddf hfgsf/L vf]Hg ;S5, cl3Nnf] dlxgfsf] hfgsf/L cfsf{Oedf
vf]Hg ;S5 .
k/Dk/fut kqsfl/tfdf xfdLn] :6f]/Lsf] ;'?cft, aLrsf] efu, nDafO / P+un h:tf s'/f
;f]Rg'k5{ . tYof+s kqsfl/tf km/s 5 . xf], ;'?cft x'G5 . dflg;n] j]a;fO6 x]5{g\ / klxnf]
k[i7 x]/]/ xfd|faf/]df cfˆgf] wf/0ff agfpF5g\ . To;kl5 pgLx¿ h] dg nfUof] ToxL x]5{g\ .
53
pgLx¿ Ps} ldg]6 dfq} x]/]/ cGt hfg klg ;S5g\ cyjf cfwf 306f;Dd j]a;fO6d} a:g
klg ;S5g\ .
tYof+s kqsf/sf] sfd o;sf nflu 9fFrf cyjf jftfj/0f agfOlbg' xf] . o;sf nflu xfdLn]
sf]l8ª / tYof+s Joj:yfkgsf ;fy} l8hfOgsf af/]df klg rnfvLk"j{s ;f]Rg'k5{ . sfdsf]
;kmntf cyjf c;kmntf o;df lge{/ x'G5 . leq Psbd} /f]rs 8]6fl;6 eP klg klxnf]
k]h g/fd|f] 5 eg] s;}n] klg x]b{}g .
ce}m klg w]/} s'/f l;Sg / k/LIf0f ug{ afFsL 5 . ;f}efUosf] s'/f s] 5 eg] u]d
agfpg]x¿n] l8lh6n Gof/]l6E;, Osf]l;:6d / OG6/k]m; h:tf ljifodf w]/} jif{b]lv gofF gofF sfd
ub{} cfPsf 5g\ . To;}n], tYof+s kqsfl/tf ;DaGwL PlKns];G; agfpFbf xfdLn] u]dsf] l8hfOg
x]g{'k5{, pgLx¿n] u]ddf :6f]/L s;/L eg]sf 5g\ eGg] s'/f x]g{'k5{ . 6]l6«; h:tf u]d lsg
/dfOnf 5g\ eGg] s'/f xfdLn] a'e\mg'k5{ .
tYof+s kqsfl/tf nfdf] ;do;Dd l6S5 . s]xL jif{df tYof+s kqsfl/tf ;dfrf/ sIfsf] cleGg
c+u aG5 . tYof+s ;fj{hlgs x'g] qmd a9\b} hfG5 . gofF k|ljlwn] xfdLnfO{ :6f]/L eGg] gofF
tl/sf vf]Hg ;xof]u u5{ . s]xL :6f]/L tYof+sdf cfwfl/t x'g]5g\, w]/} PlKns];G; / ;]jfdf
kqsfl/tfsf ljz]iftf x'g]5g\ . o; k|lqmofnfO{ cl3 a9fpg ;dfrf/ sIfn] s:tf] sfd u5{g\
eGg] s'/f dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . pgLx¿n] ;dfrf/ sIfdf tYof+s kqsf/sf] l6d v8f unf{g\ <
cg';Gwfg / ljsf; ljefu vf]Nnfg\ < cyjf o:tf] sfdsf] s]xL efu ;DkGg ug{ aflx/sf
sDkgLnfO{ lhDdf b]nfg\ < o;sf] hjfkm clxNo} e]l6+b}g . o;sf af/]df kl5 dfq} yfxf x'g]5 .
— nf]/]Gh dfHhf6, cf]kg8]6fl;6L
sf; / d'NefbM :6]sxf]N8/ ;d"xsf nflu cw{ k|zf]lwt ;fdu|L
:6]sxf]N8/ ldl8of pboLdfg If]q xf] h;nfO{ ;~rf/ dfWodsf l;4fGtsf/x¿n] Wofg lbPsf
5}gg\ . o;n] cgnfOg ;~hfndfk{mt cyjf ;~rf/ dfWodnfO{ ;fdu|L pknAw u/fP/ 7"nf] k|efj kfg{
;S5 . o;nfO{ -;fdfGotof cgnfOg_ ldl8of egL kl/eflift ug{ ;lsG5 h;nfO{ lglZrt If]qdf nfu]
sf cyjf ;d'bfosf :6]sxf]N8/ ;+:yf cyjf ;+u7gn] rnfPsf x'G5g . u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf, pkef]Qmf
;d"x, k]zfut ;+3;+:yf, dhb'/ o'lgog cflbn] o:tf] ldl8of rnfpF5g\ . hgdt cyjf c¿ ;/f]sf/
jf/x¿nfO{ k|efljt kfg{] sfddf o:tf ldl8ofn] ;d:of ef]u]sf x'G5g\ . Tof] s] eg] pgLx¿ dxTjk"0f{
hfgsf/L kQf nufpg ;Sb}gg\ . sf; PG8 d'Nefb klxnf] vf]hd"ns 8]lg; gfkmfd'vL ;+:yf xf] h;n]
oL :6]sxf]N8/ ldl8ofnfO{ ljz]if1 ;]jf lbG5 .
of] u}/gfkmfd'vL ;+:yf 8]lg; Ol:6Ro'6 km/ sDKo'6/ Pl;:6]8 l/kf]l6{ª -l8sf/_ sf]
afOk|f]8S6 xf] . l8sf/n] ;~rf/dfWodnfO{ vf]hd"ns l/kf]6{ pknAw u/fpF5 / tYof+s
ljZn]if0f ug{] ljifodf kqsf/nfO{ tflnd lbG5 . sf; PG8 d'Nefbsf ;+:yfks 6DdL
sf; / lgN; d'Nefb klxn] ;~rf/ dfWoddf sfd uy{] . pgLx¿sf] gofF kmd{n] lbg]
;]jfnfO{ pgLx¿ ætYof+s / kqsf/sf] cGt/b[li6Æ eGg] u5{g\ . pgLx¿n] k|bfg ug{] ;]jf
cw{ k|zf]lwt cj:yfdf x'G5 h;nfO{ yk ;Dkfbg cyjf k'gM n]vg ug{'k5{ . pgLx¿n] o:tf] ;]jf
:6]sxf]N8/ ldl8ofnfO{ lbg] u5{g\ h;n] To;af6 k|]; lj1lKt cyjf :6f]/L tof/ u5{g\ cyjf ljleGg
;~rf/ dfWod / cfˆgf ljt/0f k|0ffnLdfk{mt ljt/0f u5{g\ . o; ;+:yfn] ;/sf/, hg;Dks{ ;+:yf,
54
dhb'/ o'lgog / Oo' 6«fG:k/]G;L / ljZj jGohGt' sf]if h:tf u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfnfO{ ;]jf k|bfg u5{ .
u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfsf nflu o; ;+:yfn] s[lif / df5fkfngdf lbOPsf] cg'bfgsf] lgu/fgL ug{] u5{ /
Oo'df naL ug{] dflg;x¿sf af/]df hfgsf/L lgoldt ¿kdf cBfjlws ug{] u5{g\ . o;sf nflu ;+:yfn]
pkof]uL j]a;fO6af6 tYof+s :qmØfk u5{ . u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfnfO{ k};f lbg] kmfpG8];g o; ;+:yfsf
ck|ToIf ;]jfu|fxL x'g\ . o; ;+:yfn] ;~rf/dfWod;Fu klg ldn]/ sfd u5{ . pbfx/0fsf nflu, Pp6f
6\ofAnfO8 klqsfn] o; ;+:yfn] ug{] ;]lnla|6L lgu/fgL ;]jf lsGg] u5{ .
lrq @=!$M :6]sxf]N8/ ldl8of sDkgL (Fagblaget3F)
55
o; ;+:yfn] rnfPsf tYof+s kqsfl/tf kl/of]hgf lgDg adf]lhd 5g\M
-bit.ly/3F-unemployment_
8]gdfs{df a]/f]huf/L ;DaGwL dxTjk"0f{ hfgsf/LnfO{ b[Zodf k|:t't ug{] . of] sfd 8]gdfs{sf]
cbIf dhb'/ ;+u7g y|LPkmsf nflu ul/G5 .
a]/f]huf/L gS;f
hLjg:t/ -bit.ly/3F-living_
of] klg y|LPkmsf nflu ul/Psf] sfd xf] . o;df 8]gdfs{sf ljleGg 7fpFsf dflg;sf]
hLjg:t/df /x]sf] cGt/ b]vfOPsf] x'G5 . o; gS;fdf ljleGg @$ j6f ;"rssf] pkof]u ul/Psf]
x'G5 .
C0f
-bit.ly/3F-debt-index
_
o; kl/of]hgfn] æC0f ;"rsÆ u0fgf u5{ / lghL If]qsf] cy{Joj:yfdf /x]sf] cGt/nfO{ b[Zodf
k|:t't u5{ .
8]gdfs{sf vt/gfs 7fpF
-bit.ly/3F-dangerous-facilities_
o; kl/of]hgf cGtu{t 8]gdfs{sf s'g s'g lsG8/uf6{]g / lbjf ;]jfsf 5]pdf vt/gfs
sf/vfgf 5g\ egL gS;f agfOPsf] 5 / ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] 5 . of] sfd 8]lg; o'lgog ckm
cnL{ rfON8x'8 PG8 o'y Ph's]6;{ gfds ;+:yfn] lgsfn]sf] Dofulhgsf nflu ul/Psf] xf] .
skf{]/]6 lhDd]jf/L tYof+s
-data.vestas.com_
of] 8]lg; ljG8 6af{Og sDkgLsf nflu tof/ ul/Psf] ;fdu|L xf] . o;df skf{]/]6 lhDd]jf/L
tYof+ssf kfFrj6f kIfsf tYof+snfO{ b[Zodf /flvPsf] 5 h;df 6]S:6 cfk}+m cfpF5 . o;df
hfgsf/L x/]s tLg tLg dlxgfdf cfk}+m cBfjlws x'G5 . o;df ljZje/sf tYof+s klg x]g{
;lsG5 . Pp6f dfq} sf/vfgfsf] tYof+s x]g{ klg ;lsG5 .
gfd gS;f
-xpoint.experian.dk/navnekort_
o;df s'g} y/ 6fOk ubf{ Tof] y/ ePsf dflg; 8]gdfs{sf s'g s'g 7fpFdf a:5g\ eGg] s'/f
yfxf kfOG5 .
:dfOnL gS;f -ekstrabladet.dk/kup/fodevarer_
sf; PG8 d'Nefbn] x/]s lbg vfB lg/LIf0fsf qmddf kfOPsf v/fa vfgf ;DaGwL hfgsf/L
a6'N5 / ;a}eGbf kl5Nnf] hfgsf/L gS;fdf k|:t't u5{ . of] sfd p;n] Pp6f 8]lg;
6\ofAnf]O8 klqsfsf nflu u/]sf] xf] .
56
sf; / d'Nefb :6]sxf]N8/ ldl8of;Fu sfd ug{] klxnf kqsf/ xf]Ogg\ . pbfx/0fsf nflu,
lu|glk;n] cfˆgf l/kf]6{ k|;f/ ug{sf nflu kqsf/sf] ;xof]u lgoldt ¿kdf lnG5 .
c¿ s'g} klg sDkgLn] tYof+sdf cfwfl/t ;]jf k|bfg ub{}gg\ . sf; PG8 d'Nefbn] tYof+ssf]
ljZn]if0fdf Wofg lbPsf] 5 . o; sfdsf nflu k|f]u|fd agfpg] ;Lk eP/ dfq} k'Ub}g, s:tf] vfnsf]
;"rgfsf cfwf/df k|efj kfg{] :6f]/L agfpg ;lsG5 eGg] 1fg klg x'g'k5{ . pgLx¿sf sfdsf] gSsn
ug{ rfxg]n] pgLx¿;Fu ldn]/ oL b'O{j6f ;Lk xfl;n ug{'k5{ lsgeg] c¿ s'g} JolQm;Fu oL b'j} ;Lk
xQkQ x'Fb}g .
k|lqmofM gjLg cfO{6L / ljZn]if0f
o; kmd{n] jif{df !)) j6f sfd u5{ . s'g} sfd s]xL 306fdf ;lsG5g\ eg] s'g} sfdsf nflu
s]xL dlxgf nfU5 . o;n] Ifdtf / ;]jf lj:tf/ ug{] vfnsf sfd klg lg/Gt/ u5{ . ;]lnla|6L
lgu/fgL ;]jf o:t} Pp6f ;]jf xf] . 3/ lnnfd ;DaGwL hfgsf/L OG6]/g]6af6 :s|ofk u/]/
To:tf sfd ;DaGwL gS;f agfpg] sfd klg o;n] u5{ . pgLx¿n] sfd 5fGbf Tof] sfd ubf{
cfgGb cfpF5 ls cfpFb}g / To;af6 s]xL l;Sg ;lsG5 ls ;ls+b}g eg]/ x]5{g\ . pgLx¿n]
s] cg'ej u/]sf 5g\ eg] ;~rf/ dfWoddf gofF tl/sf / gofF Joj;fo tof/ ug{ ufx|f] x'G5 .
d'Nefbn] eg]sf 5g\M
xfd|f]df s'g sfd ug{], s'g ;ˆ6j]o/ jf xf8{j]o/ lsGg] eg]/ lg0f{o ug{ ;Dkfbs cyjf
xflsdsxfF hfg' kb{}g . xfdL cfk"mnfO{ rflxPsf s'/f lsGg ;S5f}+ . xfdL o; If]qdf Psbd}
r':t x'g rfxG5f}+ . xfdL k};f ltg{ rfxg] u|fxs vf]Hg] sf]l;; u5f{}+ . sfd /dfOnf] 5 eg]
xfdL sd k};fd} sfd u5f{}+ .
l;lh{t k'FhLM JolQmut / kmd{sf] a|fG8 / cfDbfgL
;g\ @))( df o; kmd{sf] cfDbfgL @% nfv 8]lg; qmf]g/ lyof] . o; kmd{sf ;fe]mbf/n] r':t
kqsf/sf ¿kdf gfd sdfPsf 5g\ . pgLx¿sf] pkl:yltn] kmd{sf] a|fG8 k|j4{g x'G5 .
o;af6 lng ;lsg] 1fg
• ;~rf/ dfWoddf Ifdtf 36\g' eg]sf] cfˆgf] Ifdtfsf] k"0f{ pkof]u gx'g' klg xf] . sf;
/ d'Nefbn] cfk"mn] sfd u/]sf] ;~rf/ dfWoddf cfk"mn] dxTjk"0f{ 7fg]sf] sfd ug{ gkfPsfn]
;~rf/ dfWod 5f8]sf lyP . o;f] ubf{ kmfOb} ePsf] 5 .
• lglZrt ahf/df :6]sxf]N8/ ;d"xsf ?lr k"/f ug{] æcw{ k|zf]lwtÆ ;fdu|Lsf] dfu 5 / o;af6
gfkmf sdfpg ;lsG5 .
• t/ o:tf] cj;/sf ;fy} c¿sf nflu ul/Psf o:tf sfddf kqsf/n] cfˆgf] ljj]s /
;DkfbsLo :jtGqtf slt ug{ kfpF5g\ eGg] k|Zg 5 . ;~rf/ dfWodleq of] ljifo pl7;s]sf]
5 -kqsf/n] tof/ u/]sf ;fdu|Ldf k]m/abn ug{ ;Dkfbsn] bafa lbG5g\_ . c¿ ldl8of
pBf]udf klg o:tf] cj:yf b]lvPsf] 5 -pbfx/0fsf nflu, lkmNd pBf]u hxfF lgb{]zs /
:6'l8of]sf aLrdf lkmNddf s] /fVg] / g/fVg] eGg]af/]df ljjfb x'G5_ . of] ljifo ;lhn}
;dfwfg eP/ hfg] klg b]lv+b}g . To;}n] cfrf/;+lxtfsf af/]df cem a9L Wofg lbg' h¿/L
5.
57
•
cfDbfgLsf b[li6n] Pp6f dfq ;fdu|L cyjf ;]jf kof{Kt x'Fb}g . lgu/fgL ug{] vfnsf sfdn]
kmd{sf] Voflt a9fpg ;S5g\ h;n] ubf{ k/fdz{, lzIf0f, efif0f / cGo ;]jfsf] dfu a9\5
h;af6 yk cfDbfgL x'G5 / lgu/fgL ug{] sfddf ;xof]u k'U5 .
—Mark Lee Hunter and Luk N.Van Wassenhove,“Disruptive News Technologies:
Stakeholder Media and the Future of Watchdog Journalism Business Models”.INSEAD
Working Paper,2010 sf]
;Dkflbt c+z .
tYof+s kqsfl/tfsf] lalhg]; df]8n
tYof+sdf cfwfl/t kqsfl/tf ;DaGwL ?lr / cfzf eP klg ;dfrf/ sIfdf of] k|Zg a8f]
pT;'stfsf ;fy af/Daf/ ;f]lwG5M o;sf lalhg]; df]8n s] x'g\ <
s'g} klg s'/fsf] eljiojf0fL ubf{ hlxNo} klg ;ts{ x'g'k5{ . t/ xfn;fn}sf cg'ej / ;~rf/
dfWodsf] clxn]sf] cj:yfnfO{ ljrf/ ubf{ eljiosf af/]df klg s]xL s'/f eGg ;lsG5 .
cfhef]ln w]/} ;~rf/ dfWodn] gofF tl/sf ckgfP/ kmfObf lnPsf 5g\ .
ætYof+s kqsfl/tfÆ h:tf zAbfjnL / ætYof+s lj1fgÆ h:tf ;a}eGbf tfhf gf/fn] s]xL gofF
s'/f atfP h:tf] nfu] klg ltgdf Psbd} gofF s'/f s]xL 5}g . oL gofF gfdn] s] s'/f
b]vfPsf dfq x'g\ eg] lat]sf bzsdf oL s'/fsf] dxTj a9]sf] 5 .
tYof+s ;+sng, ljZn]if0f / b[Zodf k|bz{g ubf{ ;~rf/ dfWodsf] cfDbfgL a9]sf] s'/f w]/}
kqsf/nfO{ yfxf 5 . of] ;"rgf k|zf]wg Joj;fo xf] . tYof+s ;DaGwL 6'n / k|ljlwn] ubf{
-cGt/f{li6«o ljQ, C0f, hg;+Vof, lzIff cflb h:tf_ Psbd} hl6n ljifonfO{ a'emfpg ;lhnf]
ePsf] 5 . æJofj;flos s';fu|tfÆ n] ljleGg y/Lsf ;"rgf k|ljlw ;DaGwL cjwf/0ffnfO{ hgfpF5
h;n] Jofkfl/s sDkgLdf s] eO/x]sf] 5 eGg] s'/fsf] :ki6 b[Zo b]vfpF5 . cfhef]lnsf
7"nf / w]/} gfkmf sdfpg] sDkgLx¿n] gfkmf ug{sf nflu tYof+snfO{ glhsaf6 lgofNg] u/]sf
5g\ . o;af6 pgLx¿nfO{ /fd|f] kmfObf ePsf] 5 .
o; sfdsf nflu agfOPsf 6'n clxn] ;~rf/ dfWod nufotsf c¿ sfdsf nflu klg
pkof]u ug{ ;lsg] ePsf 5g\ . kqsf/n] of] s'/f a'e]msf 5g\ . s'g} sDkgLn] tYof+snfO{
b[Zodf abNg] 6'n pknAw u/fPsf 5g\ . k|fljlws sDkgLn] 7"nf] dfqfsf tYof+sdf cfk"mnfO{
rflxPsf hfgsf/L t'?Gt} vf]Hg, ltgaf6 cfk"mnfO{ rflxPsf] hfgsf/L lng ;ˆ6j]o/ -k|fozM
l;Q} kfOg]_ pkof]u ug{] sfddf qmflGt ePsf] 5 .
clxn] oL k|ljlwnfO{ kqsfl/tfdf pkof]u ug{ ;lsG5 . b ufl8{og / b Go' of]s{ 6fOD;sf l6dn] o;
gofF If]qdf cfˆgf] Ifdtf lj:tf/ ul//x]sf 5g\ . of] 7"nf] ;Defjgfsf] ;fgf] rf]O6f] dfq xf] .
o;af6 k};f s;/L sdfOG5 < ;fj{hlgs ¿kdf pknAw tYof+snfO{ k|zf]wg u/L, tYof+snfO{
b[Zodf k|:t't ug{] / ltgsf] dfgjLo tl:a/ b]vfpg] sfdsf] 7"nf] ahf/ v'ln/x]sf] 5 . xfdLn]
lognfO{ xfd|f] hLjg;Fu ;fGble{s agfpg ;Sg] x'g'k/]sf] 5 .
58
;+;f/df tYof+sdf cfwfl/t ldl8of sDkgL w]/} 5g\ . ltgn] gfkmf sdfPsf 5g\ . pgLx¿n] of] sfd
c¿n] eGbf klxn] ul/;s]sf 5g\ . pgLx¿sf] Joj;fo /fd|};Fu km:6fPsf] 5 . slxn]sfxL+ t pgLx¿n]
pT;fxhgs gfkmf u/]sf 5g\ . An'Dau{ o;sf] Pp6f pbfx/0f xf] . o; sDkgLn] tLg nfv hlt 6ld{gn
rnfpF5 / cfˆgf o'h/nfO{ ljQLo tYof+s pknAw u/fpF5 . k};fsf] Joj;fodf nfu]sf dflg;sf
nflu of] zlQmsf] ;fwg xf] . x/]s 6ld{gndf sn/ sf]8 ul/Psf] lsaf]8{ x'G5 . o;df x]g{, t'ngf
ug{, ljZn]if0f ug{ tL; xhf/ ljsNk 5g\ . o;n] o'h/nfO{ eljiodf s] ug{] eg]/ lg0f{o ug{ ;xof]u
u5{ . o; Joj;foaf6 x/]s jif{ cg'dflgt ^=# lalnog cd]l/sL 8n/ cfDbfgL x'G5 . Go' of]s{ 6fOD;df
;g\ @))* df k|sflzt Pp6f ;fdu|Ldf -nyti.ms/IQcRgY_ o:t} cg'dfg ul/Psf] lyof] . o;n] ubf{
An'Dau{n] wdfwd kqsf/nfO{ hflu/ lb+b}5 . p;n] 3f6fdf uPsf] ælalhg]; ljsÆ vl/b u/]sf] 5 .
Sofg]l8og yDk;g /f]o6;{ ldl8of ;d"x o;sf] csf{] Pp6f pbfx/0f xf] . pgLx¿n] ;'?df
a]nfotdf gfd rn]sf] Pp6f klqsf lsg]/ Tof] k|sflzt u/]sf lyP . t/ b'O{ bzscl3 cvaf/
k|sfzgsf] sfd 5f8]sf lyP . o;sf abnfdf pgLx¿n] ;"rgf ;]jfdf xft xfn] . pgLx¿n] w]/} pBf]
usf af/]df cfˆgf u|fxsnfO{ ulx/f] 1fg lbg] nIo lnPsf lyP . vf; ;"rgf lbP/ s;/L k};f
sdfpg ;lsG5 eGg] lrGtf s;}nfO{ 5 eg] d p;nfO{ ljlsk]l8ofdf uP/ o; sDkgLsf] Oltxf;
-en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Thomson_Corporation_ k9\g ;Nnfx lbG5' .
Osf]gld:6sf] pbfx/0f x]/f}+ . ;~rf/ dfWodsf ¿kdf of] klqsf pTs[i6 / k|efjzfnL
dflgG5 . clg o;sf] æOsf]gld:6 OG6lnh]G; o'lg6Æ cfhef]ln k/fdz{bftf ;]jf h:tf] ePsf]
5 h;n] ;+;f/sf k|foM ;a} b]zsf] cj:yfsf] l/kf]l6{ª u5{ / eljio s:tf] x'G5 egL cg'dfg
u5{ . o;n] ;of}+ kqsf/nfO{ sfd lbPsf] 5 . p;n] ;+;f/e/sf !% nfv u|fxsnfO{ ;]jf
k'¥ofPsf] bfaL u/]sf] 5 .
xfdLn] k|]/0ff lng ;Sg], c;fWo} /fd|f tYof+sdf cfwfl/t ;]jf 5g\M cd]l/sfsf] Odfs{]6/ o:t}
Pp6f ;]jf xf] . o;n] OG6/g]6 dfs{]l6ªsf af/]df ?lr /fVg] dflg;nfO{ t'ngf, rf6{ / ;Nnfx
lbg] u5{ . hd{gLsf] l:6km6'ª jf/]G6]:6n] ;fdfg / ;]jfsf] u'0f:t/ x]g{] u5{ . hd{gLs} :6fl6:6fn]
;fj{hlgs ¿kdf pknAw tYof+snfO{ b[Zodf b]vfpg ;xof]u u5{ .
;+;f/e/ g} o; If]qdf gofF gofF sfdsf] nx/ rn]sf] 5 . o;n] 7"nf] If]q cf]u6]sf] 5 .
oLdWo] s]xL k/LIf0fsf nflu ul/Psf 5g\ . t/ o;af6 o; If]qdf kl/jt{g cfPsf] 5 egL
eGg ;lsG5 .
;fj{hlgs ;~rf/ dfWod csf{] If]q xf] h'g tYof+sdf cfwfl/t kqsfl/tfsf ;Gbe{df ;'t]sf] l;+x xf] .
hd{gLdf o; If]qdf k|ltjif{ &=@ lalnog o'/f] k|jfx x'G5 . kqsfl/tf vf; ;fdfg xf] . /fd|f] sfd u/]
sf v08df o;n] k};f sdfpg] dfq} xf]Og ;dfhdf dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf klg v]N5 . tYof+s kqsfl/tfn]
c¿ tl/sfn] eGbf ;lhn} / cem /fd|f, a9L ljZj;gLo 1fg lbg ;S5 eGg] s'/f k|:6 kfg{ ;s]sf
v08df ;fj{hlgs ;~rf/ dfWoddf nufgL eO/x]sf] s]xL k};f ;dfrf/ sIfdf tYof+s kqsfl/tfsf]
cEof;df pkof]u x'g ;S5 .
tYof+s kqsfl/tfn] ;"rgf lbg klxnf] x'g] eGbf klg ;"rgfsf] ljZj;gLo ;|f]t x'g] k|lt:kwf{ u5{ .
;"rgfsf ;|f]t w]/}eGbf w]/} ePsf] o; o'udf w]/} dfG5]sf] Wofg tfGg ;lsG5 t/ ljZjf; lhTg sl7g
59
x'Fb}5 . tYof+s kqsf/n] cfd cl8oG;nfO{ ljleGg / k|fozM sl7g ;|f]taf6 lnPsf hfgsf/L ldnfpg,
;+Zn]if0f ug{ ;xof]u u5{g\ h;n] ubf{ cl8oG;n] hl6n ljifoj:t'sf af/]df ;xL 1fg kfpF5g\ .
tYof+s kqsf/ k|]; lj1lKtsf] k'gM k|of]u ug{] / cfk"mn] st} ;'g]sf :6f]/L cfˆgf kf7snfO{ atfpg]
sfddf nfUb}gg\ . o;sf ;§f pgLx¿ kf7snfO{ :ki6, a'e\mg ;lsg] ;"rgf lbg rfxG5g\ . o;sf
nflu pgLx¿ cGt/lqmofTds u|flkmS;sf] pkof]u u5{g\ . pgLx¿n] kf7snfO{ ;"rgfsf d"n ;|f]t;Dd
k'Ug] af6f] klg b]vfOlbG5g\ . of] dxTjk"0f{ sfd xf] .
tYof+s kqsfl/sf] cEof; ug{ rfxg] kqsf/n] of] If]qdf nfUg / of] gf}nf] sfdnfO{ ;xof]u
ug{ ;~rf/dfWodsf] Joj:yfkgnfO{ dgfpg ckgfpg'kg{] ;a} /fd|f] pkfo s] xf] <
;a}eGbf klxn] ;lhnf];Fu s] sfd ug{ ;lsG5 ;f] ug{] . cfk}+m;Fu ePsf Jojl:yt
lnvt / tYof+ssf] ;+u|xsf cfwf/df klg :6f]/L agfpg ;lsG5 . o;sf] /fd|f] pbfx/0f
nh PGh]n; 6fOD;sf] æxf]df];fO8 8]6fa];Æ xf] . o; :6f]/Ldf tYof+s / ltgsf] b[Zo k|:t'tLs/0f
:6f]/Lsf] d'6' ag]sf] 5 . lnlvt JofVofnfO{ plt dxTj lbOPsf] 5}g . ;Dkfbsn] ;a}eGbf klxn]
ck/fw ;DaGwdf kfpg ;lsg] hlt ;a} tYof+s a6'n] . To;kl5 dfq} To;sf cfwf/df :6f]/L
n]Vg a;] . la:tf/} o:tf] ;+u|x /fd|f], uxg / a9L d"Nojfg\ x'Fb} hfG5 .
;'?df o;f] ug{ ;lhnf] gxf]nf t/ s]xL ;dokl5 cjZo} ug{ ;lsG5 . 6]S;f; l6«Ao'g /
k|f]klAnsf h:tf v';L nfUbf ;+s]t b]lvPsf 5g\ . oL sDkgLsf cg';f/ pgLx¿sf u}/gfkmfd'vL
kqsfl/tf zfvfn] cfk"mn] cfzf u/]eGbf w]/} klxn] nIo xfl;n ul/;s]sf 5g\ .
oL ;a} s'/fdf s'zn x'g ;s]sf v08df tYof+sn] kqsfl/tfdf ljZjf; ug{] dflg;nfO{ d"Nojfg\
1fg k|bfg u5{g\ . hd{gLsf Vofltk|fKt k|sfzsn] xfn} Pp6f cGtjf{tf{df eg]sf 5g\, æcfk"mnfO{
tYof+s kqsfl/tf eGg] gofF ;d"x pbfPsf] 5 . pgLx¿ yf]/}ltgf] k};fdf sfd ug{ tof/ 5}gg\ .Æ
— ldsf{] nf]/]Gh, 8r] j]n]
60
v08 #
s]; :68L
o; v08df xfdLn] tYof+s kqsfl/tfsf y'k|} vfnsf cEof; -Ps} lbgdf agfOPsf
PlKns];gb]lv lnP/ gf} dlxgf nufP/ ul/Psf vf]h_ sf af/]df cem lj:t[t ¿kdf rrf{ u/]sf 5f}+ .
r'gfj k|rf/, b+uf tyf e|i6frf/, ljBfno sfo{;Dkfbg tyf kfgLsf] dx;'n h:tf ljifosf ;dfrf/
;+sng ug{ tYof+s s;/L k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] s'/f x]5f{}+ . lala;L, b l;sfuf] l6«Ao'g, b ufl8{og,
b kmfOgflG;on 6fOD;, x]nl;lË ;fgf]dft, nf gfl;of]g, jfn l:6«6 hg{{n tyf h]Ot cgnfOg
h:tf 7"nf ;dfrf/ ;+:yfb]lv lnP/ Soflnkmf]lg{of jfr, Xofs÷Xofs;{ Ao'g; cfo;{, k|f] klAnsf /
a|flhnsf gful/s kqsf/x¿sf] ;d"x k|]mG8\; ckm hfg'cfl/of h:tf ;fgf k|of;af6 l;Sg]5f}+ .
61
c;dfg cj;/
c;dfg cj;/ k|f]h]S6 (projects.propublica.org/schools) n] cd]l/sfsf] lzIff ljefusf
gful/s clwsf/ ;DaGwL ck|sflzt tYof+snfO{ ljZn]if0f ubf{ ˆnf]l/8f nufotsf s]xL
/fHon] ul/a / wgL b'j} y/Lsf ljBfyL{nfO{ pRr txsf k9fOdf ;dfg cj;/ k|bfg u/]sf]
kfOof] . t/ SofG;f;, d]l/NofG8 / cf]Snf]xf]df h:tf /fHodf ul/a ljBfyL{n] sd df}sf kfPsf
lyP .
lrq #=! c;dfg cj;/ k|f]h]S6 -k|f]klAnsf_
o; k|f]h]S6n] Pp6f lhNnfsf tLg xhf/ jf ;f]eGbf a9L ljBfyL{ ePsf ;a} ;fj{hlgs :s"nsf]
tYof+s e]nf u¥of] . o;df ;fj{hlgs ljBfnosf tLgrf}yfO ljBfyL{sf] k|ltlglwTj ePsf] 5 .
xfd|f] ;dfrf/ sIfsf ;+jfbbftfn] oL tYof+s ;+sng u/] . sDKo'6/sf ;xfotfn] ul/g] l/kf]l6{ª
ljefusf lgb{]zsn] oL tYof+s k|zf]wg u/] .
of] kl/of]hgf nueu tLg dlxgf rn]sf] lyof] . :6f]/L tof/ ug{ / PK; agfpg b'O{ hgf
;Dkfbs, Ps hgf l/kf]6{/, Ps hgf sDKo'6/sf] ;xfotfn] ul/g] l/kf]l6{ª l6dsf dfG5] /
b'O{ hgf 8]enk/ u/L ^ hgfn] sfd u/]sf lyP . xfdLdWo] clwsf+zn] ;f] cjlwdf k"/} ;do
sfd u/]gf}+ .
o; sfdsf nflu oL ;Lk ePsf dflg;sf] ;+o'St k|of; h¿/L lyof]M ljifoj:t'sf] /fd|f] 1fg
ePsf, tYof+ssf] k|of]u ;DaGwL /fd|f cg'ej ePsf, l8hfOg / sf]lªsf sfd ug{ hfGg] .
tYof+ssf] rfªdf :6f]/L e]6\g] Ifdtf ;a}eGbf dxTjk"0f{ lyof] . tYof+s ljZn]if0f u/L n]v tof/
kfg{ ;Sg] Ifdtfsf] h?/t lyof] . of] :6f]/L dfq xf]Og ;dfrf/ PK;sf] ;d]t ;Dkfbg ug{
h¿/L lyof] .
62
tYof+s k|zf]wg / ljZn]if0f ug{sf nflu xfdLn] d"ntM PS;]n / PdP; PS;];sf] k|of]u u¥of}+ .
xfdLn] ?aL cg /]N;df ;dfrf/ PK; agfof}+ . hfef:qmLK6 klg w]/} rnfof}+ .
;+lIfKt :6f]/Lsf ;fydf xfdLn] cGt/lqmofTds ;dfrf/ PK; klg agfof}+ h;n] ubf{ kf7sn]
/fli6«o :t/sf] tYof+saf6 cfkm";Fu ;DalGwt pbfx/0f k]mnf kfg{ ;S5g\ . xfd|f] ;dfrf/
PK;sf] k|of]u u/]/ s'g} JolStn] cfˆgf] 7fpFsf] :s"n -pbfx/0fsf nflu, Go'h;L{sf] ;]G6«n
xfO{:s"n_ n] ljleGg If]qdf s] s:tf] k|ult u/]sf] 5 eGg] s'/f yfxf kfpg ;S5g\ . /fd|f /
g/fd|f :s"nsf] t'ngf eGg] a6g -goo.gl/WrAIi_ lyRg] lalQs} /fd|f / g/fd|f :s"nsf aLrsf t'ngf
b]Vg ;S5g\ . xfdLn] s] kfof}+ eg] ldnag{sf Ps k|ltzt ljBfyL{n] dfq} lgMz'Ns jf ;x'lnot b/df
vfgf vfg kfpFbf /x]5g\ t/ &@ k|ltzt ljBfyL{x¿n] sDtLdf Pp6f P8\efG; Kn];d]G6 ljifo lnPsf
/x]5g\ . csf{lt/, OG6/Gof;gn xfO{:s"nsf ljBfyL{dWo] *% k|ltztn] lgMz'Ns jf ;x'lnot b/sf]
vfgf vfg kfpFbf /x]5g\ t/ ToxfFsf Ps k|ltzt ljBfyL{]n] dfq} P8\efG; Kn];d]G6 ljifo lnPsf
/x]5g\ .
of] pbfx/0faf6 kf7sx¿n] cfkm";Fu ePsf hfgsf/LnfO{ pkof]u u/]/ cfk"mn] yfxf gkfPsf
s'/f hfGg ;S5g\ . h:t}, ss;n] k9\g kfPsf 5g\ eGg] s'/f, k9fOdf ul/aL slQsf] afws
5 cflb .
xfdLn] pSt PknfO{ km];a'sdf klg ln+s u¥of}+ . o;n] ubf{, kf7sn] km];a'sdf nu ug]{ lalQs}
xfd|f] Pkn] pgLnfO{ ?lr nfUg ;Sg] :s"nsf af/]df hfgsf/L lbG5 .
xfd|f] ;dfrf/ Pk w]/}n] x]/] . o;n] hl6n ljifonfO{ ;/n tl/sfn] atfpg ;s]sf]df xfdLnfO{
ljz]if uj{ 5 . ;a}eGbf 7"nf] s'/f, o;n] kf7snfO{ cfˆgf vf; :6f]/L atfpg d2t u5{ .
;/sf/L tYof+sdf e/ kg{'kg{] c¿ sfd h:t} o; sfddf klg tYof+s k|zf]wg ug{'k¥of] .
pbfx/0fsf nflu, P8\efG; Kn];d]G6 ;DaGwL #) j6f hlt dfq sf];{ x'g ;S5g\ t/ s]xL
:s"nn] ;oeGbf a9L sf];{ ePsf] l/kf]6{ lbPsf /x]5g\ . o;nfO{ hfFRg / ;Rofpg xfdLn] hfFr
ug{] / kmf]g ug{] ug{'k¥of] .
xfdLn] agfPsf Pkn] kf7ssf glhssf / /fli6«o hfgsf/L lbg ;sf];\ eg]/ w]/} d]xgt
u¥of}+ . Pkn] kf7snfO{ /fli6«o :t/sf], a[xt\ cj:yf klg b]vfpg'kYof{] h;n] ubf{ pgLx¿n]
lzIffdf kx'Frsf ;DaGwdf cfˆgf] /fHon] /fli6«o :t/sf t'ngfdf /fd|f]÷g/fd|f] s] u/]sf] 5
egL x]g{ kfpF5g\ . a[xt\ cj:yfsf] lrq b]vfpg] tYof+s slxn]sfxL+ cd"t{ x'g ;S5g\ .
To;}n] xfdLn] kf7snfO{ cfˆgf] :s"n / cfˆgf] 7fpFsf /fd|f / g/fd|f :s"nsf aLrdf t'ngf
ug{ ;lhnf] agfOlbof}+ .
xfdLn] u/] h:tf] sfd ug{] ?lr ePsf tYof+s kqsf/nfO{ d s] ;Nnfx lbG5' eg] ;a}eGbf
klxn] ;fdu|L lrGg'k5{ / tYof+sdf :6f]/L e]6\g ;Sg'k5{ . c¿ kqsfl/tfdf nfu" x'g] ;a} lgod
o;df klg nfu" x'G5g\ . hfgsf/L ;xL x'g'k5{, :6f]/L /fd|f];Fu eGg'k5{ . ;dfrf/ Pkn] Pp6f
s'/f eGg] / :6f]/Ln] csf{] s'/f eGg] ug{'x'Fb}g . o;f] ePsf] /x]5 eg] oLdWo] s'g} Pp6f unt
x'g'k5{ .
63
sf]8 ug{] ;Lk l;Sg] xf] eg] ;'? ul/xfNg'k5{ . of] ;Lk l;Sg Snf;df hfg ;lsG5, lstfa
k9\g ;lsG5, lel8of] x]g{ ;lsG5 . :6f]/Lsf nflu /fd|f] cfOl8of x'g'k5{ / :6f]/L ;Sg] Dofb
tf]Sg'k5{ . cfˆgf] lbdfudf Go'h Pkdf dfq lbg ;lsg] :6f]/Lsf] /fd|f] cfOl8of 5 eg] Pk
agfpg hflGbgF eg]/ v'lDrP/ a:g'kb{}g .
— :s6 Sn]g, k|f]klAnsf
o'/f]k]nL ;+/rgfTds sf]ifsf af/]df gf} dlxg] vf]h
;g\ @)!) df kmfOgflG;on 6fOD; (www.ft.com/intl/eu-funds) / Ao'/f] ckm
OGe]l:6u]l6e hgf{lnhdn] (bit.ly/bureau-billions) o'/f]k]nL ;+/rgfTds sf]ifsf af/]df ;+o'St ¿kdf
vf]h ug]{ lg0f{o u/] . o; vf]hsf] p2]Zo o; sf]ifaf6 s;n] nfe kfPsf 5g\ / o;sf] k};f
/fd|f sfddf pkof]u 5 ls 5}g egL x]g{' lyof] . o; sf]ifn] lat]sf ;ft jif{df #$& lalnog
o'/f] vr{ ul/;s]sf] lyof] . of] Oo'sf] bf];|f] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] cg'bfg sfo{qmd xf] . of] sfo{qmd
s]xL bzsb]lv rNb} cfPsf] 5 . o;sf] ;fdfGoLs[t a[xt\ ;dLIff t ePsf] 5 t/ o;sf nfeflGjt
ju{ sf] xf] eGg]af/]df of] k|f]h]S6 Tolt kf/bzL{ lyPg . clxn] cg'bfg lbg] gofF gLlt cfPsfn]
clwsf/Lx¿ nfeflGjtsf] gfdfjnL, kl/of]hgf ljj/0f / o'/f]lkog o'lgog / ;/sf/af6 k|fKt
u/]sf] /sd ;fj{hlgs ug{ afWo ePsf 5g\ .
lrq #=@M Oo'sf] ;+/rgfTds sf]ifsf] vf]h -kmfOgflG;on 6fOD; / b Ao'/f] ckm
OGe]l:6u]l6e hgf{lnhd_
o; sfddf !@ hgf kqsf/ / Ps hgf k"0f{sfnLg sf]8/n] gf} dlxgf;Dd ldn]/ sfd u/]sf
lyP . tYof+s ;+sng ug{nfO{ dfq} klg w]/} dlxgf nfu]sf] lyof] .
o;/L tof/ ePsf :6f]/L kmfOgflG;on 6fOD; / lacfOh]df kfFr lbg;Dd 5flkP . lala;Ln]
/]l8of] 8s'd]G6«L agfof] / w]/}j6f 6]lnlehg 8s'd]G6«L ag] .
64
olQsf] d]xgt ug{'kg{] sfd yfNbf glthf df}lns x'G5 / c¿n] clxn];Dd tof/ gu/]sf :6f]/L tof/
x'G5g\ eGg] s'/f olsg x'g' h¿/L 5 .
of] sfd ljleGg r/0fdf afFl8Psf] lyof] .
!= tYof+s s;n] / s;/L /fv]sf] 5 yfxf kfpg'
o'/f]k]nL cfof]usf ljleGg If]qsf ;lrjfno dxflgb]{zssf] Pp6f kf]6{n (bit.ly/ec-portal) 5
hxfF pgLx¿n] tYof+s ;fj{hlgs ug{] u5{g\ . xfdLnfO{ s] ljZjf; lyof] eg] cfof]u;Fu pgLx¿n]
;xof]u u/]sf ljleGg kl/of]hgfsf dxTjk"0f{ tYof+s 5g\ / tL tYof+s o;} kfpg ;lsG5 of t
;"rgfsf] xssf] k|of]u u/]/ dfUbf kfOG5 . t/ kl5 yfxf eof] xfdLnfO{ rflxP h:tf tYof+s g}
/x]g5g\ . cfof]un] lbPsf w]/} ln+s rn]gg\ . clwsf+z tYof+s kL8LPkmdf k|sflzt ul/+bf] /x]5,
ljZn]if0f ug{ ldNg] vfnsf ;LP;eL cyjf PS;PdPndf xf]Og .
;a}eGbf tfhf tYof+s kQf nufpg, ;a} ln+s Pp6} :k|]8l;6df /fVg !@ hgf dflg;n] sfd u/] .
8f6f lkmN8 ;dfg gePsfn] -pbfx/0fsf nflu, sltko x]8/ km/s km/s efiffdf lyP, 8f6fa];df
km/s km/s d'b|f pNn]v ul/Psf] lyof], sltkodf o'/f]k]nL o'lgog / /fli6«o sf]if km/s km/s zLif{s
cGtu{t /flvPsf] lyof]_ 8]6fl;6 abNbf / 8]6flkmN8sf] j0f{g ubf{ ;s];Dd ;xL x'g' h¿/L lyof] .
@= tYof+s 8fpgnf]8 / tof/L
csf]{ r/0fdf xfdLn] ;a} :k|]8l;6 / lkl8Pkm kmfOn 8fpgnf]8 ug'{kYof{] . j]a;fO6df ePsf
cf]l/hgn tYof+s :qmØfk ug{' klg k¥of] .
x/]s 8]6fl;6nfO{ :t/Ls/0f ug'{kg]{ lyof] . xfd|f] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] sfd kL8LPkmdf ePsf tYof+s lng'
lyof] . tLdWo] s]xL t ;of}+ kfgfsf klg lyP . kL8LPkmaf6 w]/}h;f] tYof+s lgsfNgsf nflu xfdLn]
UnPDF / ABBYY Fine Reader sf] k|of]u u/]sf lyof}+ . o;f] ubf{ kL8LPkm kmfOndf ePsf tYof+s
CSV cyjf Excel df /fVg ldNYof] .
kL8LPkmaf6 lgsflnPsf tYof+s 7Ls;Fu cfP ls cfPgg\ eGg] s'/f ?h" ug{' / bf]xf]¥ofP/ x]g'{ kYof]{ .
o;sf nflu PS;]ndf lkmN6/, ;6{ / ;d u/]/ x]g'{ kb{Yof] .
#= 8f6fa]; agfpg'
l6ddf /x]sf sf]8/n] P;So'Pn 8]6fa]; ;]6ck u/] . o;/L tof/ kfl/Psf x/]s kmfOn ldnfP/
P;So'Pn 8]6fa]; tof/ eof] . ;a} tYof+s kmfOn P;So'Pn 8]6fa];df cknf]8 ug{ ;lsg] eP .
$ ?h" / ljZn]if0f
l6dn] tYof+snfO{ d"ntM b'O{ tl/sfn] ljZn]if0f u¥of]M
8]6fa];sf] k|mG6OG8dfk{mt
o; tl/sfdf ;r{ OlGhgdf cfk"mnfO{ rflxPsf d"n zAb 6fOk ug{'kYof{] -pbfx/0fsf nflu æ;'tL{Æ,
æxf]6n sÆ æsDkgL sÆ cflb_ . xfd|f] 8]6fa];df hf]l8Psf] u'un 6«fG;n]6n] tL d"n zAbnfO{ @! j6f
65
efiffdf cg'jfb u/]/ vf]hL u/L b]vfpF5 . lognfO{ 8fpgnf]8 u/L ;+jfbbftfn] cfˆgf] cfˆgf] ?lrsf
ljifodf yk hfgsf/L vf]Hg ;Sy] .
;Dk"0f{ 8]6fa];sf] Dofqmf]–ljZn]if0f u/]/
slxn]sfxL+, xfdL ;Dk"0f{ 8]6fl;6 8fpgnf]8 u5f{}+ . To;kl5 ljZn]if0f u5f}{+ -pbfx/0fsf nflu, d"n
zAb pkof]u u/]/, b]z / If]qsf cfwf/df tYof+s cnu u/]/, vr{sf] k|sf/sf cfwf/df, nfeflGjtsf
cfwf/df kl/of]hgf ;+Vof cflb_ .
oL b'j} tl/sf pkof]u u/]/ clg lkmN8 tyf 8]:s cg';Gwfg u/]/ xfdLn] :6f]/LnfO{ alnof] /
/fd|f] agfof}+ .
tYof+s ?h" ug{ w]/} ;do nfU5 -o;sf nflu, ljlgof]hg ul/Psf] egL clwsf/Lx¿n] atfPsf]
/sd / cfk"mn] kfPsf tYof+s ldN5 ls ldNb}g egL ?h" ug{'k5{_ . clwsf/Lx¿n] o'/f]k]nL
o'lgogn] k|bfg u/]sf] /sd / ;DalGwt b]zn] vr{ u/]sf] /sd dfq pknAw u/fPsfn] 7"nf]
;d:of eof] .
xfdLn] nfeu|fxLn] o'/f]k]nL o'lgogaf6 kfPsf] egL :6f]/Ldf pNn]v ug{ nfluPsf] /sd ;xL xf]
ls xf]Og egL nfeu|fxL sDkgL;Fu a'e\mg'kg{] eof] .
l;lGyof cf]Ú d'r"{, kmfOgflG;on 6fOD;
o'/f]hf]g ;+s6
xfdL o'/f]hf]g ;+s6sf af/]df :6f]/L tof/ ub{} lyof}+ -on.wsj.com/tYM82O_ . o;sf ;a}
kIfsf] . ;/sf/ ;/sf/ aLrsf emu8f / ;d:of, o;k|lt ;+;f/sf g]tfx¿sf] k|ltlqmof, vr{
s6f}tLsf pkfo / tL pkfosf lj/f]wdf lgl:sPsf cfjfh . jfn l:6«6 hg{ndf x/]s lbg hflu/
s6f}tL ul/Psf rf6{, 36\bf] s'n ufx{:y pTkfbg, lau|Fbf] ljZj ahf/ ;DaGwL ;dfrf/ 5flkPsf
lyP . of] qmd a9\bf] lyof] .
klxnf] k]hsf ;Dkfbsn] jif{e/sf 36gf af/] s:tf :6f]/L ug{ ;lsG5g\ egL 5nkmn ug{
a}7s 8fs]sf lyP . a}7s ;lsP/ lx+8\bf dnfO{ nfUof]M o:tf ;+s6df hLjg latfpFbf
s:tf] cg'ej x'G5 <
dnfO{ ;g\ @))* df eP h:t} x'G5 ls < Tolt a]nf dnfO{ hflu/af6 lgsflnPsf] lyof] / lbg}lkR5]
g/fd|f ;dfrf/ dfq ;'Gg'kYof{] . xfdL x/]s lbg ;fFemsf] vfgf vfFbf hflu/, sfd / k};fsf af/]df s'/f
uYof{}+ . o;n] xfd|L 5f]/LnfO{ s;/L lrlGtt kfYof{] eGg] s'/f xfdLn] e'n]sf lyof}+ . ;Ktfxsf] cGTodf emg\
7"nf] lrGtf nfUYof] . d dnfO{ lrlGtt kfg{] ;a} s'/f e'Ng vf]Hy]+ . clxn] u|L; cyjf :k]gsf dflg;nfO{
klg o:t} ePsf] xf]nf ls <
d k]ml/ a}7s sf]7fd} kmls{PF . klxnf] k]hsf ;Dkfbs dfOs Pn]gsf] kl5kl5 nfu]/ pgsf]
66
clkm; uPF . d}n] o'/f]hf]g ;+s6 ef]lu/x]sf kl/jf/sf] :6f]/L tof/ u5{' eg]+ . o;sf nflu d}n]
;a}eGbf klxn] tYof+s vf]Hg], kl/jf/ ;DaGwL ljj/0f vf]Hg] / oL hfgsf/LnfO{ lrq, cGtjf{tf{
/ cl8of]sf dfWodaf6 k|:t't ug{] ljrf/ u/]sf] lyPF . d}n] kmf]6f], cfjfh / tYof+s /fv]/ :6f]/L
/fd|f] agfpF5' eg]+ .
cfˆgf] 8]:sdf kmls{P/ d}n] To; ;+s6sf] ;f/;+If]k lvr]+ / Pp6f nf]uf] agfPF .
lrq #=#M o'/f]hf]g ;+s6M ;f/;+If]k -jfn l:6«6 hg{n_
To;kl5sf tLg xKtf;Dd d}n] cfFs8f vf]h]+M ljjfx, d[To'b/, kl/jf/ ;b:o ;+Vof, :jf:Yodf
ul/g] vr{ . dflg;sf] a;f]af;sf] Joj:yf / ;DaGwljR5]b b/sf] cWoog u/]+ . ;d[l4 / art
b/ ;DaGwL ;j{]If0f x]/]+ . /fli6«o tYof+s ljefusf j]a;fO6 x]/]+ . /fi6«;+3Lo hg;+Vof Ao'/f],
cfO{PdPkm, o'/f]:6f6 / cf]O{;L8Ldf kmf]g u/]+ . cGTodf, Ps hgf cy{zf:qL e]6]+ h;n] hLjge/
kl/jf/ ;DaGwL hfgsf/L vf]h]sf lyP . pgn] kfl/jfl/s agf]6sf af/]df cWoog u/]sf ljåfg\;Fu
e]6 u/fOlbP . pgn] dnfO{ d}n] n]Vg nfu]sf] ljifosf] XjfO6 k]k/ b]vfOlbOg\ .
d]/f ;Dkfbs;Fu ldn]/ Zofd OlG/s]hn] x/]s b]zsf cnu cnu ljj/0f tof/ u/] . tYof+snfO{
b[Zodf kl/0ft ug{, zAbdf n]Vg'kg{] hfgsf/L tof/ ug{, cl8of] tof/ ug{ / :6f]/L agfpg Pp6f l6d
agfof}+ . Ao'/f]lrkmnfO{ eg]/ l/kf]6{/sf] ;xof]u lnof}+ .
xfd|f] :6f]/L yfNg] laGb' tYof+s lyof] . x/]s laxfg d tYof+snfO{ :k]|8l;6df ;fy{]+, cy{tGqsf]
k|j[lQ -36\bf] art, k]G;g gkfOg] rng, cfdf sfddf kms{]sf], :jf:Yodf ul/g] vr{, ;/sf/L
C0f / a]/f]huf/L_ x]g{sf nflu rf6{ agfpFy]+ . ck/fXg :6f]/L kQf nufpgsf nflu tL tYof+snfO{
e'mG8df x]y{]+ . x/]s b]zsf] cj:yf x]y{]+ .
67
s]xL xKtf o:tf] u/]kl5 d tYof+ssf] h+undf cNdlnPF / o;af6 :6f]/L aGnf s] eg]/ z+sf ug{
yfn]+ . d}n] unt tl/sf ckgfPF ls eGg] klg nfUof] . tYof+s lbg}lkR5] ylk+b} lyP .
slxn]sfxL+ 306f}+ nufP/ vf]h]sf tYof+saf6 s]xL klg lg:sFb}gYof] . d}n] unt vfnsf tYof+s
vf]tn]sf] x'Gy]+ . slxn]sfxL+ k'/fgf tYof+s dfq kfOGy] .
lrq #=$ 8]6fl;6 pkof]uL x'G5g\ ls x'Fb}gg\ eGg] s'/f kQf nufpg w]/} ;do nfU5
-;f/f :nlag_
tYof+s sfd nfU5g\ ls nfUb}gg\ eGg] x'Fbfx'Fb} klg yk tYof+s vf]Hb} uPF . t/ d}n]
kl/jf/sf af/]df a'e\mg ;lsgF .
d}n] Tof] s'/f yfxf kfpg'kYof{] . To;}n] d}n] ONo':6«]6/ pkof]u u/]/ w]/}j6f u|flkms agfPF .
ltgnfO{ qmd ldnfP/ /fv]+, ;Dkfbg u/]+ .
rf6{ aGb} hfFbf kl/jf/sf] cj:yfsf af/]df klg k|:6 x'Fb} cfof] .
68
lrq #=%M u|flkms k|:t'ltM 8]6fl;6df n's]/ a;]sf k|j[lQ / 9fFrf a'e\mg] -;f/f :nlag_
lrq #=^M cfFs8f dflg; x'g\M tYof+ssf] dxTj Tolt a]nf x'G5 hlt a]nf ltgn] dflg;sf
:6f]/L eG5g\ -jfn l:6«6 hg{n_
69
xfdLn] sfd cl3 a9fof}+ . d}n] ;a} l/kf]6{/nfO{ kmf]g u/]+ . pgLx¿nfO{ rf6{ k7fPF . tYof+sn]
b]vfPsf s'/f k|:t't ug{ pko'Qm, ;d:ofsf af/]df kf7ssf] dg 5'g] vfnsf dfG5]sf :6f]/L
vf]Hg cg'/f]w u/]+ . xfdLnfO{ cfD:68{dsf ;fgf kl/jf/ clg :k]g / O6nLsf 7"nf kl/jf/sf
:6f]/L rflxPsf] lyof] . xfdLnfO{ ljleGg k':tfsf dflg;sf] cg'ej rflxPsf] lyof] .
o;kl5 d laxfg ;a]/} p7]/ l/kf]6{/n] k7fPsf d]n x]g{ yfn]+ . l/kf]6{/n] hLjGt ljifo,
;f/;+If]k k7fP . d}n] pgLx¿n] olt /fd|f ;fdu|L k7fpnfg\ eGg] cfzf u/]sf] lyOgF .
xfdLnfO{ ljleGg k':tfsf] kmf]6f] rflxPsf] lyof] . kmf]6f]u|fkm/n] x/]s kl/jf/sf lbge/sf sfd
x]/]/ kmf]6f] lvRg'k5{ egL Dof6n] ;'emfP . pgn] ;+;f/sf ljleGg ljifo, ;dfrf/ / n8fOF
;d]t se/ ul/;s]sf b[Zo kqsf/ 5gf]6 u/] .
To;kl5 xfdL kmf]6f]n] s:tf] :6f]/L eGnfg\ egL kv{]/ a:of}+ . kl/jf/n] s:tf s'/f unf{g\
eg]/ klv{of}+ . :6f]/LnfO{ cGt/lqmofTds agfpg] l8hfOg tof/ u¥of}+ . To;kl5 xfdLn]
;'?df agfPsf s]xL rf6{ -w]/} xf]Og_ /fVof}+, :6f]/LnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg rflxg] rf6{ dfq
/fVof}+ . tYof+snfO{ :6f]/Ldf 5f]6f] lj>fd lng] dfWodsf ¿kdf lnOof] .
lrq #=&M o'/f] hf]gdf dflg;sf] hLjg -jfn l:6«6 hg{n_
cGTodf, tYof+s dflg;df ablnP . kmf]6f] / :6f]/L /flvof] .
gofF jif{sf] ;+3f/df :6f]/L 5fKbf;Dddf d ;a} kl/jf/nfO{ gfdn] lrGg] eO;s]sf] lyPF . pgLx¿sf]
cj:yf s:tf] xf]nf eGg] ce}m nflu/xG5 . of] tYof+sdf cfwfl/t :6f]/L ePg t/ klg dnfO{ cfklQ
lyPg . o'/f]hf]gsf dflg;sf] cj:yfsf af/]df tof/ ul/Psf oL :6f]/L xfdLn] xfd|f kf7snfO{ atfpg
kfof}+ . tYof+s a'e\mg ;s]sfn] g} of] sfd ;Dej ePsf] lyof] .
70
;/sf/L sf]ifsf] vf]hL
;g\ @))& df hf]gfygn] cf]kg gn]h kmfpG8];gdf Ps k]hsf] Pp6f k|:tfj lbP h;sf] gfd
lyof] d]/f] k};f sxfF vr{ x'G5 -wheredoesmymoneygo.org_< pgn] ;+o'Qm clw/fHosf
gful/snfO{ ToxfFsf] ;/sf/L sf]ifsf] k};f s;/L vr{ ul/G5 eGg] s'/f a'e\mg ;lhnf] agfOlbg
vf]h]sf lyP . of] sfd pgn] cf]§f] PG8 d]/L Go'¥ofysf] O;f]6fOk OlG:6Ro'6n] ;g\ !($) df
u/]sf] gjLg sfddf cfwfl/t eP/ ug{] ljrf/ u/]sf lyP . o; sfddfk{mt hf]gfygn] ;fj{hlgs
;"rgfnfO{ b[Zosf ¿kdf k|:t't ug{] 7"nf kl/of]hgfsf nflu pbfx/0f tof/ ug{] ljrf/ u/]sf lyP .
lrq #=^M cfFs8f dflg; x'g\M tYof+ssf] dxTj Tolt a]nf x'G5 hlt a]nf ltgn] dflg;sf
:6f]/L eG5g\ -jfn l:6«6 hg{n_
o; k|f]h]S6n] l;Q}df kfOg] 6'nsf] pkof]u u/]/ ljleGg ;|f]taf6 k|fKt ;fj{hlgs tYof+s
cWoog ug{ o'h/nfO{ ;xof]u u¥of] . xfdLn] o:t} csf{] kl/of]hgf rnfpg k'/:sf/ kfof}+ . kl5
o;nfO{ k"0f{¿ksf] j]a PlKns];g agfpg Rofgn kmf]/af6 k};f kfof}+ . ;"rgf l8hfOg If]qsf u'?
8]le8 DofsfG8n]; -http://www.informationisbeautiful.net/) n] tYof+snfO{ ljleGg b[Zodf abn]
h;n] dflg;nfO{ tL cfFs8f;Fu cfk"mnfO{ ;DalGwt u/fpg d2t u¥of] . o;df æ/fli6«o / If]qLo
ljZn]if0fÆ klg /flvPsf] lyof] h;df b]zsf ljleGg efudf ;/sf/L sf]if sxfF sxfF ljlgof]hg
ul/Psf] 5 egL b]vfOPsf] 5 . o;df /flvPsf] csf{] s'/f æ8]nL a|]8 -wheredoesmymoneygo.org/
dailybread.html_Æ xf] . o;n] gful/sn] lt/]sf] s/ b]vfPsf] 5 .
o;sf nflu rflxg] hfgsf/L lng xfdL ln;f OefG; -pgL b ufl8{ogsf] 8]6fAnu l6ddf hfg'eGbf
klxn], h'lnofg 6f]8 / k|mflG;; cle{ª -xfn :qmØfk/ljsL_, dfl6{g /f]hgafpd -lala;L_ / c¿ ldn]/
;"rgf kfpgsf nflu w]/}j6f lgj]bg lbof}+ . tLdWo] w]/} lgj]bgaf6 hfgsf/L kfpg ;s]gf}+ -of] k|;+unfO{
ln;fn] o;} k':tsdf lbOPsf] ;fO8af/ ævr{ ;DaGwL hfgsf/L lng ;"rgfsf] xssf] pkof]uÆ df
cf+lzs ¿kdf pNn]v u/]sL l5g\ .
71
lrq #=(M d]/f] k};f sxfF hfG5 < 8]nL a|]8 6\ofS; SofNs'n]6/ -cf]kg gn]h kmfpG8];g_
;g\ @)!) sf] dWodf tYof+s ljdf]rg x'Fbf kf/blz{tfsf] jsfnt ug{]x¿n] o;nfO{ s'sf ¿kdf
lnP . pgLx¿n] xfdLnfO{ xfd|f] PlKns];gdf nf]8 ug{ eg]/ k|sfzg x'g'cl3 g} tYof+s lbP . of]
tYof+s ;fj{hlgs ePkl5 ;~rf/ dfWodn] xfdLnfO{ w]/} dxTj lbP . ljdf]rgsf lbg w]/} kqsf/ xfd|f]
cfO{cf/;L Rofgndf cfP/ ljdf]rgsf af/]df 5nkmn u/], xfdLnfO{ ;f]w] . pgLx¿n] o;nfO{ s;/L
vf]Ng] / cWoog ug{] eg]/ klg ;f]w] -oL kmfOn bzf}+ luufafO6sf lyP_ . s]xL kl08tn] w]/} tYof+s
k|sfzg ePsfn] of] olt hl6n ag]sf] 5 ls kf/blz{tf eP klg o;nfO{ x]g{ g;lsg] ePsf] 5 eg] -bit.
ly/archive-silicon_ . w]/} axfb'/ kqsf/n] tL tYof+ssf cfwf/df ;fj{hlgs sf]if s;/L vr{ eO/x]sf]
5 eGg] ljifodf kf7sn] o;cl3 slxNo} gkfPsf] hfgsf/L lbP . b ufl8{ogn] o;sf] ljdf]rgsf] nfOe
Anu -bit.ly/guardian-coins_ u¥of] . c¿ w]/} ;~rf/ dfWodn] o;nfO{ ;dfrf/ agfP / tL tYof+ssf
cfwf/df ljZn]if0f u/] .
o;sf] nuQ} xfdLnfO{ o:t} sfd ug{]af/]df ;+;f/sf ljleGg b]zaf6 cg'/f]w / ;f]wvf]h ul/of] .
k|]m8]l/s ln8]Gau{n] tof/ u/]sf] o;sf] hd{g ;+:s/0f -offenerhaushalt.de_ ljdf]rg u/]sf] s]xL
;dokl5 xfdLn] o; kl/of]hgfsf] cGt/f{li6«o ;+:s/0f ljdf]rg -openspending.org_ u¥of}+ . o;n]
o'h/nfO{ ;+;f/e/sf ;/sf/L vr{ x]g{ ;xof]u ug{] nIo lnPsf] lyof] . xfdLn] 8]le8 DofG8n];sf]
df}lns l8hfOgdf cfwfl/t eP/ u|]u/ cfoZrsf] ;xof]udf gofF l8hfOg tof/ u¥of}+ .
of] sfd ubf{ xfdLn] tYof+s lng, JofVof ug{ / ;fj{hlgs ug{ kqsf/;Fu ldn]/ sfd
u¥of}+ . cf]kg:k]lG8ª ;/sf/L sf]ifsf] vr{ ;DaGwL w]/} tYof+s ePsf], cfk"mnfO{ rflxPsf
hfgsf/L vf]Hg ldNg] klxnf] / ;a}eGbf /fd|f] 8]6fa]; xf] . o;df pRr:t/sf ah]6 ;DaGwL
hfgsf/Lb]lv lnP/ ;;fgf sf/f]af/ ;DaGwL hfgsf/L /flvPsf 5g\ . o; afx]s o;df
72
l6«Dofk, aan6«L h:tf gf}nf vfnsf b[Zo ;fdu|Lsf] pkof]u ul/Psf] 5 . o;df o'h/n] :yfgLo
;/sf/sf vr{ ;DaGwL tYof+s nf]8 u/]/ To;af6 b[Zo ;fdu|L agfpg ;S5g\ .
lrq #=!)M d]/f] k};f sxfF hfG5 < sf] hd{g ;+:s/0f -cf]kg gn]h kmfpG8];g_
;'?df xfdLnfO{ hl6n b[Zo agfpg] sfdsf] a9L dfu xf]nf eGg] nfu]sf] lyof] t/ ;~rf/ dfWod;Fu
s'/fsfgL ubf{ s] yfxf kfof}+ eg] ;a}eGbf klxn] tYof+ssf] 8fOgflds 6]an cfˆgf] Anukf]i6df /fVg]
h:tf cfwf/e"t cfjZostf k"/f ug{'kg{] /x]5 . xfdL ;~rf/ dfWodn] cl8oG;nfO{ :6f]/L lbg'sf ;fy}
;fj{hlgs tYof+s;Dd pgLx¿sf] kx'Fr a9fpg] sfd u¿g\ egL k|f]T;fxg lbg rfxGYof}+ . To;}n] xfdLn]
o;sf nflu rflxg] ljh]]6 (widget) klg agfof}+ .
klxnf] cGt/f{li6«o kqsfl/tf d]nfsf cj;/df xfdLn] w]/} sfd u¥of}+ . 8]enk/, kqsf/, ;/sf/L
sd{rf/Ln] ldn]/ O6nLsf tYof+s cf]kg:k]lG8ª Kn]6kmd{df nf]8 u/] . o;f] ubf{ s]Gb|Lo, If]qLo /
:yfgLo k|zf;gsf vr{ ;DaGwL hfgsf/L uha b[Zodf kl/0ft eP . o;sf af/]df w]/} ;~rf/ dfWodn]
;dfrf/ -IlFattoQuotidiano, IlPost, La Stampa, Repubblica, WiredItalia, Guardian_ agfP .
;g\ @)!! df xfdLn] ;g\ @))# b]lv @))^ ;Dd o'ufG8fnfO{ lbPsf] ;xof]usf] gS;f tof/ ug{ klAn;
x\jf6 o' kmfOG8 -www.publishwhatyoufund.org_ / cf]e/l;h 8]enkd]G6 OlG:6Ro'6 -www.odi.org.
uk_ ;Fu ldn]/ sfd u¥of}+ . of] gf}nf] sfd lyof] lsgeg] o;df j}b]lzs ;xfotfsf ;fydf To; b]
zsf] /fli6«o ah]6 klg /flvPsf] lyof] . o;f] ubf{ bftfsf k|fyldstf ;xfotf kfpg] b]zsf] ;/sf/
sf k|fyldstf;Fu slQsf] d]n vfGy] eGg] s'/f x]g{ ;lsGYof] . o;n] s]xL /f]rs lgisif{ lgsfNof] .
pbfx/0fsf nflu, PrcfO{eL / kl/jf/lgof]hg;DaGwL sfo{qmd k"0f{tM ljb]zL bftfsf] ;xfotfdf rn]sf
/x]5g\ . o; ljifonfO{ b ufl8{ogn] -bit.ly/guardian-uganda-viz_ p7fof] .
73
lrq #=!!M d]/f] k};f sxfF hfG5 < sf] O6lnog ;+:s/0f
(LaStampa)
;/sf/L vr{ ;DaGwL ;/sf/L tYof+snfO{ c¿ ;|f]tsf tYof+s;Fu bfFHg ;lsg] agfpg xfdLn] u}/;/
sf/L ;+:yf;Fu klg ldn]/ sfd u¥of}+ . pbfx/0fsf nflu, k|fOe];L OG6/Gof;gnn] xfdLnfO{ ;le{n]G;
k|ljlw sDkgL / Vofltk|fKt cGt/f{li6«o ;le{n]G; Jofkf/ d]nfdf efu lnPsf ;+:yfsf] gfd pknAw u/
fof] . oL sDkgLsf] ;"rL / ;/sf/L vr{ bfFh]/ x]bf{ ;/sf/n] s'g sDkgLnfO{ sfd lbPsf] /x]5 eGg]
s'/f b]Vg ;lsof] . kl5 ;"rgfsf] xssf] pkof]u u/]/ ltgnfO{ lbOPsf sfd ;DaGwL hfgsf/L lnOof] .
o; ljifonfO{ b ufl8{ogn] -bit.ly/guardian-surveillance_ p7fof] .
clxn] xfdL kqsf/ / cfd dflg;nfO{ ljQ ;DaGwL s'/f a'e\mg] agfpg sf]l;; ul//x]sf 5f}+ .
o;f] ubf{ o'h/n] ;/sf/L vr{ ;DaGwL tYof+snfO{ o;} ljifosf :6f]/L;Fu ln+s ug{ ;S5g\ .
o;f] ePkl5 kf7sn] :6f]/L k9\g dfq xf]Og To; ljifo;Fu ;DalGwt tYof+s x]g{ klg kfpF5g\ .
xfdLn] xfd|f sfdaf6 lgDg kf7 l;Sof}+M
•kqsf/x¿n] ck|zf]lwt tYof+s k|foM pkof]u ub{}gg\ . w]/}n] tYof+snfO{ l/kf]l6{ªsf] cfwf/
dfGb}gg\ . ck|zf]lwt ;"rgfnfO{ cfwf/ dfg]/ :6f]/L tof/ ug{] rng t'ngfTds ¿kdf gofF
dflgG5 .
• tYof+s ljZn]if0f ug{] / a'e\mg] ;Lk ePsf dflg;nfO{ klg o;f] ug{ w]/} ;do nfU5 . l56}
k'/fgf] x'g] :6f]/Ldf o:tf tYof+s /fVg sl7g x'G5 . To;}n] tYof+s kqsfl/tf k|fozM nfdf]
;do;Dd k'/fgf gx'g], vf]h l/kf]l6{ªdf pkof]u ul/G5 .
• ;/sf/n] ;fj{hlgs ug{] tYof+s k|foM ck"0f{ / k'/fgf x'G5g\ . ;fj{hlgs ePsf 8]6fa]; dfq}sf
cfwf/df vf]hd"ns :6f]/L tof/ ug{ ;ls+b}g . ;"rgfsf] xs pkof]u u/L clxn];Dd ;fj{hlgs
gePsf, dxTjk"0f{ hfgsf/L lnPkl5 dfq xfd|f] vf]h l/kf]l6{ª k"0f{ x'G5 .
74
• tYof+sdf cfwfl/t uxg cg';Gwfg ug{ kqsf/nfO{ eGbf lglZrt ljifodf jsfnt ug{] ;+:yf,
ljåfg\nfO{ a9L k'm;{b x'G5 . pgLx¿;Fu ldn]/ ;fd"lxs ¿kdf sfd ubf{ kmnbfoL x'G5 .
— n';L RofDa;{ / hf]gfyg u|], cf]kg gn]h kmfpG8];g
lkmgNofG8sf] ;+;bLo r'gfj / r'gfjL cleofg vr{
lkmgNofG8sf] ;g\ @))& sf] cfdlgjf{rgkl5 pDd]bjf/n] r'gfj k|rf/df u/]sf] vr{sf] ;|f]t
vf]Hg] sfd ul/of] .
o:tf] vf]h ubf{ kqsf/x¿n] s] kQf nufP eg] r'gfj k|rf/ vr{ ;DaGwL P]gnfO{ /fhgLlt1n] kfngf
u/]sf /x]g5g\ . k};fjfnfx¿n] /fhgLlt1af6 cfzLjf{b kfpg pgLx¿sf] r'gfj k|;f/sf nflu vr{
lbPsf /x]5g\ . /fhgLlt1n] pgLx¿af6 k};f lnPsf] s'/f ;fj{hlgs u/]gg\ . lkmgNofG8sf] sfg'g
cg';f/ pgLx¿n] o;f] ug{'kYof{] .
lrq #=!@M r'gfjL vr{ -HelsinginSanomat)
!= tYof+s / 8]enk/ vf]Hg'
x]nl;+lªu ;fgf]dftn] dfr{ @)!! otf PrP; cf]kg Xofsfyg cfof]hgf ul//x]sf] 5 . xfdL lkmgNofG8sf
sf]8/, kqsf/ / u|flkms l8hfOg/nfO{ xfd|f] 3/sf] e'OFtnfdf lgDtf u5f{}+ . ;xefuLx¿nfO{ tLgj6f
;d"xdf afFl8G5 . pgLx¿nfO{ PlKns];g agfpg / tYof+snfO{ b[Zodf k|:t't ug{ k|f]T;fxg lbOG5 .
clxn];Ddsf tLgj6f Xofsfygdf ^) hgf ;xefuL eO;s]sf 5g\ . d] @)!! df cfof]hgf ul/Psf]
bf];|f] Xofsfygdf r'gfj vr{ ;DaGwL tYof+sdf Wofg lbg] lg0f{o ul/of] .
r'gfjL cleofgsf] vr{sf] ljj/0f /fVg] cflwsfl/s ;+:yf lkmgNofG8sf] Gof;gn cl86 clkm;
xf] . olt yfxf kfpg ;lhnf] 5 . To;sf k|d'v ;"rgf clwsf/Ln] Pp6f j]a;fO6 agfPsf lyP h;df
r'gfjL vr{ ;DaGwL ljj/0f l/on6fOddf x]g{ ;lsG5 . xfdLn] ;"rgf dfu]kl5sf b'O{ dlxgfleq}df pgn]
of] j]a;fO6 agfPsf lyP .
75
casf ;a} lgjf{rg k|rf/ cleofg ;DaGwL vr{sf] ljj/0f cfd dflg; / kqsf/n] o; j]a;fO6df
-www.vaalirahoitus.fi_ kfpF5g\ .
@= cfOl8ofdf dGyg
bf];|f] Xofsfygsf ;xefuLx¿n] tYof+snfO{ s;/L pkof]u ug{ ;lsG5 eg]/ aL;j6f km/s km/s
cfOl8of NofP . oL cfOl8of xfd|f] j]a;fO6df -bit.ly/hs-prototype_ /flvPsf] 5 -n]vf]6 lkmlg; efiffdf
5_ .
afof]OGkmd{]l6S; cg';Gwfgstf{ h]g k]N6f]nfn] s] atfP eg] r'gfjL cleofgsf] rGbf ;DaGwL tYof+s
lhgsf tYof+s;Fu ldNbfh'Nbf 5g\ . ltgdf cGt/lge{/tf w]/} 5 .
afof] OGkmf]d]l6«S;df l;Q}df pkof]u ug{ kfOg] 6'n 5 h;nfO{ ;fO6f]:s]k -www.cytoscape.org_
elgG5 . cGt/lge{/tf b]vfpg o;sf] pkof]u ul/G5 . xfdLn] r'gfj k|;f/sf nflu lnOPsf] rGbf
;DaGwL tYof+snfO{ o;df /fVof}+ h;n] /f]rs hfgsf/L lbof] .
#= cfOl8of sfof{Gjog
r'gfj k|rf/ vr{ ;DaGwL sfg'gdf lgjf{lrt ;f+;bn] r'gfj ePsf] b'O{ dlxgfleqdf r'gfj
k|;f/df nfu]sf] vr{sf] ljj/0f a'emfpg'k5{ elgPsf] 5 . o;sf] dtna xf] xfdLn] tYof+s dWo h"gdf
dfq kfpg] eof}+ . PrP; cf]kgdf xfdLn] of] Dofbleq ljj/0f a'emfpg] ;f+;bsf] dfq tYof+s /fv]sf
5f}+ .
tYof+ssf] kmDof{6df Pp6f ;d:of lyof] . g];gn cl86 clkm;n] tYof+s b'O{j6f ;LP;eL kmfOndf
/fv]sf] lyof] . r'gfj cleofgsf] vr{ Pp6f kmfOndf /flvPsf] lyof] eg] rGbfbftfsf] ljj/0f
csf{]df . xfdLn] oL b'O{j6f kmfOndf ePsf hfgsf/LnfO{ Ps} 7fpFdf /fVg'kg{] eof] . xfdLn] rGbfbftf,
rGbf kfpg] / rGbf /sd u/L tLgj6f sf]nd ePsf] gofF kmfOn agfpg'kg{] eof] . pDd]bjf/n] cfˆg}
k};f vr{ u/]sf] /x] 5 eg] xfd|f] kmfOndf pDd]bjf/ sn] pDd]bjf/ snfO{ olt k};f lbPsf] lyof] eg]/
b]lvg] eof] .
olt ul/;s]kl5 xfdLn] tYof+snfO{ ;fO6f]:s]kdf /fVof}+ . xfd|f] u|flkmS; ljefun] o;sf cfwf/df Ps
k]hsf] u|flkms tof/ u¥of] .
cGTodf xfdLn] xfd|f] j]a;fO6sf -www.vaaliraha.com_ nflu /fd|f b[Zo tof/ u¥of}+ . o;af6 xfdLn]
r'gfj k|rf/sf nflu s;n], sf]af6 slt k};f lnPsf /x]5g\ egL hfGg o'h/nfO{ ;lhnf] xf];\ eGg]
rfx]sf lyof}+ . klxnf] b[Zodf s'g ;f+;bn] r'gfj k|rf/sf] vr{sf] slt k|ltzt vr{ u/]sf 5g\ eGg]
b]vfPsf] 5 . s'g} ;f+;bsf] gfddf lSns ubf{ p;n] r'gfj k|;f/ vr{ sxfFaf6 kfPsf] xf] eGg] s'/f
yfxf kfOG5 . o'h/n] s'g} rGbfbftf /fd|f] xf] ls g/fd|f] eg]/ dt xfNg klg kfpF5g\ . tYof+snfO{ b[Zodf
abNg] sfd ;ft'Ddf gfds lj1fkg Ph]G;Lsf o'xjf ?leg]g / o'Ssf sf]Ssf]n] u/]sf x'g\ .
$= tYof+s k|sfzg
tYof+snfO{ Gof;gn cl86 clkm;n] klxNo} k|sflzt ul/;s]sfn] ltgnfO{ k|sflzt ug{'k/]g .
t/ xfdLn] tYof+snfO{ k|zf]wg u/]sf lyof}+, To;sf] 9fFrf abn]sf lyof}+ . To;}n] xfdLn] o;nfO{
76
k|sfzg ug{] ljrf/ u¥of}+ . xfdLn] tYof+s k|:t't ubf{ lqmol6e sdG; Pl6«Ao';g nfO;]G; klg k|bfg
u¥of}+ . o;n] ubf{ w]/} :jtGq 8]enk/n] tL tYof+snfO{ cfcfˆg} lsl;dn] b[Zodf abn] h;nfO{ xfdLn]
k|sflzt u¥of}+ .
tYof+s k|zf]wg / ljZn]if0fsf nflu xfdLn] PS;]n / u'un l/kmfOg, g]6js{ ljZn]if0fsf nflu ;fO6f]:s]
k / b[Zof+sgsf nflu ONo';6«]6/ / ˆNof;sf] pkof]u u¥of}+ . HTML5 ˆNof; pkof]u ug{'kYof{] t/
xfdLnfO{ To;f] ug{ ;do k'u]g .
xfdLn] s] l;Sof}+ < xfdLn] l;s]sf] ;a}eGbf dxTjk"0f{ kf7 s] xf] eg] tYof+ssf] ;+/rgf w]/}
ufx«f] x'g] /x]5 . xfdLn] kfPsf tYof+s pko'Qm 9fFrfdf 5}gg\ eg] To;nfO{ pko'Qm 9fFrfdf abNg
w]/} ;do nfU5 .
l/on 6fOddf r'gfj glhtf -XofS;÷Xofs;{ Ao'g; cfo;{_
o; k|f]h]S6 -elecciones.hhba.info_ cGtu{t xfdLn] /fhgLlts ljZn]if0f u¥of}+ . xfdLn] ch{]lG6gfsf]
cS6f]a/ @)!! sf] r'gfjsf] k|f/lDes glthfsf tYof+snfO{ b[Zodf abNof}+ . o;df o;cl3sf lgjf{rg
/ b]ze/sf ;fdflhs–cfly{s tYof+s klg /fVof}+ . lgjf{rgsf k|f/lDes kl/0ffd cfpg] lalQs} l/on
6fOddf /flvPsf ;"rgf cBfjlws ul/of] . o;df lgjf{rgsf] ;f/f+z klg k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . of] sfd
XofS;÷Xofs;{ Ao'g; cfo;{n] u/]sf] xf] . o;sf] /fhgLlts ljZn]if0f PG8L 6fj u/]sf x'g\ . o;df
kqsf/, 8]enk/, l8hfOg/, ljZn]ifs, /fhgLltzf:qL / XofS;÷Xofs;{sf :yfgLo zfvfsf dflg;n]
;xsfo{ u/]sf lyP .
tYof+ssf] ;|f]t
xfdLn] pkof]u u/]sf ;a} tYof+s ;/sf/L ;|f]taf6 lnOPsf x'g\ . lgjf{rgsf k|f/lDes glthf ;DaGwL
;"rgf Gof;gn On]S6f]/n Ao'/f]af6 lnOPsf x'g\ . ljleGg /fhgLlts bnaf6 lgjf{lrt ePsf kb /
pDd]bjf/ ;DaGwL hfgsf/L u[x dGqfnoaf6 lnOPsf x'g\ . /fi6«kltsf pDd]bjf/sf] hLjgL / pgLx¿n]
lnPsf gLlt ;DaGwL hfgsf/L o'lgel;{6L k|f]h]S6n] -yoquierosaber.org_ lbPsf] xf] . ;fdflhs–
hg;f+lVos hfgsf/L ;g\ @))! sf] /fli6«o hg;+Vof tyf 3/fo;L u0fgf, ;g\ @)!) sf] hgu0fgf
/ :jf:Yo dGqfnoaf6 lnOPsf x'g\ .
xfdLn] sfd s;/L u¥of}+ <
XofS;÷Xofs;{ Ao'g; cfo;{n] cfof]hgf u/]sf] ;g\ @)!! lgjf{rg Xofsfygsf a]nf cyf{t\ lgjf{rgsf]
cl3Nnf] lbg o;sf nflu rflxg] PlKns];g tof/ ul/of] . To; Xofsfygdf ljleGg If]qaf6 cfPsf
#) hgf :jo+;]jsn] efu lnPsf lyP . Tolt a]nf On]S6f]/n XofsnfO{ Pp6f Kn]6kmd{ agfOof]
h;nfO{ kl5 la:tf/} ;'wf/ ul/of] . xfdLn] u'un ô'hg 6]an, u'un Dofk / e]S6/ u|flkmS; nfOa|]/Lsf]
pkof]u u¥of}+ .
ef}uf]lns gS;f / dtbftf ;DaGwL hfgsf/L k|bz{g ug{sf nflu xfdLn] kf]lnug agfof}+ .
kf]lnug -hLcfO{P; ;ˆ6j]o/df ePsf_ lhof]d]l6«S; -u'un ô'hg 6]andf /flvPsf_ nfO{ ldnfP/
77
lrq #=!@M r'gfjL vr{ (Helsingin Sanomat)
tflnsf agfof}+ h;df dfly n]lvPsf ;|f]taf6 k|fKt hfgsf/L ;dfj]z lyP . o;af6 xfdLn] u'un
DofK;df b[Zo agfof}+ .
u'un DofK; PkLcfO{ pkof]u u/]/ xfdLn] w]/} ljifout gS;f k|sflzt u¥of}+ h;df dtbfgsf]
ef}uf]lns cj:yfnfO{ Pp6} /ªsf km/s km/s uf9fkgdf k|:t't ul/of] . /ª hlt uf9f eof] dtbfg klg
Tolt g} ;3g eP5 egL a'e\mg'kYof{] . o;df d'Vo zx/ h:t} Ao'g; cfo;{ zx/, u|]6/ Ao'g; cfo;{sf
@$ j6f lhNnf, sf]8f{]af / /f];fl/of] zx/sf af/]df vf; Wofg lbOPsf] lyof] .
o;cl3sf ;g\ @)!! / @))& sf lgjf{rg ;DaGwL ljifout ;"rgf ePsf gS;f clg ul/aL, afn
d[To'b/, hLjg:t/ h:tf ;fdflhs cfly{s tYof+ssf] ljt/0f b]vfpg] gS;f agfpg klg xfdLn] oxL
ljlw pkof]u u¥of}+ h;n] ubf{ ljZn]if0f / t'ngf ug{ ;lsg] eof] . o;df cS6f]a/sf] cfd lgjf{rg /
cu:6sf] k|f/lDes lgjf{rgdf ePsf dtbfgaLrsf] cGt/ klg x]g{ ;lsGYof] .
kl5 dtu0fgfsf k|f/lDes / cf+lzs tYof+s pkof]u u/]/ xfdLn] Plgd]6]8 gS;f agfof}+ h;df
dtu0fgfsf] lj:t[t ljj/0f lbOPsf] lyof] . o;df dtu0fgf g;lspGh]nsf ljleGg r/0fsf k|ult
b]vfOPsf] lyof] .
;an kIf
• xfdLn] tYof+s e]nf ug{ / ltgnfO{ k|:t't ug{ k|of; u/]sf lyof}+ . To;df xfdL ;kmn
eof}+ . xfdL;Fu o'lg;]kmsf] afnaflnsfsf] ;dflhs hg;f+lVos 8]6fa]; lyof] . Pp6f
ljZjljBfnosf] yoquierosaber.org ;d"xn] tof/ u/]sf] x/]s pDd]bjf/sf] 8]6fa]; klg
78
lyof] . Xofsfygsf cj;/df xfdLn] c¿ w]/} tYof+s e]nf u¥of}+ h;nfO{ xfdLn] clGtd
;fdu|Ldf ;dfj]z u/]gf}+ .
• kqsf/ / k|f]u|fd/n] u/]sf sfddf ljåfg\sf] of]ubfg x'Fbf kmfObf x'G5 eGg] :ki6 b]lvof] . PG8L 6fj
/ lxnfl/of] df]/]gf] SofDk';sf] ;xof]u lagf of] kl/of]hgf ;kmn x'Fb}gYof] .
v
•xfdLnfO{ rflxPsf ;fdflhs hg;f+lVos tYof+s cBfjlws lyPgg\ -clwsf+z ;g\
@))! sf] hgu0fgfaf6 lnOPsf lyP_ / ltgdf lj:t[t ljj/0f lyPg . pbfx/0fsf nflu, :yfgLo
:t/sf] s'n ufx{:y pTkfbgsf] cf};t, d'Vo cfly{s ultljlw, z}lIfs :t/, :s"nsf] ;+Vof,
k|ltJolQm 8fS6/ h:tf w]/} hfgsf/L ;dfj]z ul/Psf] lyPg . tL hfgsf/L ePsf] eP /fd|f] x'g]
lyof] .
•;'?df xfdLn] o;nfO{ o:tf] 6'n agfpg] ljrf/ u/]sf lyof}+ h;sf ;xfotfn] kqsf/n]
cfk"mnfO{ dxTjk"0f{ nfu]sf tYof+snfO{ cfˆgf j]adf ;lhn};Fu k|bz{g ug{ ;s"g\ . t/ of]
sfd eljiosf nflu ;fFRg'k¥of] .
•5f]6f] ;dodf :jo+;]jsn] tof/ u/]sf] x'gfn] o; k|f]h]S6df xfdLn] rfx]sf ;a} sfd ug{
;Dej lyPg . t}klg, xfdLn] w]/} sfd u¥of}+ .
•dflys} sf/0fn] ubf{, #) hgf dflg;sf] ;xsfo{ Pp6} k|f]u|fddf /fVg'k¥of] . l/on 6fOddf
tYof+s cfoft ug{] sfddf klg xfdLnfO{ s]xL ;d:of eof] . t/ oL ;d:of s]xL 306fd}
;dfwfg ul/of] .
k|efj
o; Kn]6kmd{n] ;~rf/ dfWoddf 7"nf] k|efj kf¥of] . 6]lnlehg, /]l8of], 5fkf / cgnfOg
ldl8ofn] o;sf af/]df se/]h u/] . kl/of]hgfn] tof/ u/]sf gS;f r'gfjsf a]nf / To;kl5
klg w]/} ;~rf/ dfWodn] pkof]u u/] . ;do laTb} hfFbf gS;f / b[Zo cBfjlws ul/P h;n]
ubf{ 6«flkms a9\of] . dtbfgsf lbg @) xhf/ gofF lelh6/n] ;fO6 lelh6 u/] . o;n] tof/
u/]sf gS;f Pp6f cvaf/n] nuftf/ b'O{ lbg;Dd pkof]u u¥of] . n]vsf aLrdf klg o;
k|f]h]S6n] tof/ u/]sf gS;f pkof]u ul/of] . Pp6f cvaf/n] cfˆgf] 5kfO ;+:s/0fdf klg gS;f
pkof]u u¥of] . ch{]lG6gfsf] kqsfl/tfsf] Oltxf;df o;cl3 l/on 6fOd DofknfO{ cGt/lqmofTds
9+un] k|:t't ul/Psf] lyPg . d'Vo gS;fdf lqml:6gf kmgf{lG8 8] lsr{]g %$ k|ltzt dtn] ljhoL ePsf]
b]lvGYof] . of] j]a;fO6 x]g{] o'h/n] o:tf s];sf af/]df klg ;lhn} yfxf kfpFy] hxfF :yfgLo pDd]bjf/n]
cfˆgf] 7fpFdf cfˆgf lgs6td k|ltåGåLeGbf w]/} dt NofPsf lyP .
— dfl/ofgf] lAnHDofg, dfl/ofgf a]?Ohf], ;]lu{of] ;l/g, PG8L 6fj / dfl6{g ;f;]{n],
Xofs÷Xofs;{ Ao'g; cfo;{af6
;dfrf/df tYof+sM ljlslnS;
o;sf] ;'?jft vf]h kqsf/ l6dsf] Pp6f ;d"xsf] k|Zgaf6 ePsf] lyof] . k|Zg lyof]M æltdL :k|]8l;6df
kf]Vt 5f} x}g <Æ pgn] eg]sf] :k|]8l;6 8/nfUbf] lyof] h;df (@,@)! nx/ -/f]_ tYof+s lyP, x/]sdf
79
ckmuflg:tfgdf ePsf ;}lgs 36gfsf] lj:t[t ljj/0f lbOPsf] lyof] . of] ljlslnS;sf] jf/ nu
-bit.ly/guardian-warlogs_ lyof] . klxnf] efu olQ xf] . o;kl5 O/fs / b s]an elgg] b'O{j6f sfd eP .
ckmuflg:tfg jf/ nu b Go' of]s{ 6fOD; / 8/ l:ku]nnfO{ lbOPsf] lyof] . of] tYof+s
kqsfl/tfsf] Pp6f cEof; xf] . xfdLn] xfd|f lj1 l/kf]6{/nfO{ To; ;"rgfaf6 ultnf dfgjLo :6f]/L
tof/ kfg{ of]Uo agfpg vf]h]sf lyof}+ . xfdL o'4df s] eO/x]sf] 5 eGg]af/]df ljZn]if0f xf];\ eGg]
rfxGYof}+ .
xfdL ;"rgf lbg]sf] gfd g5flkof];\ / gf6f] ;}lgsdfly cgfjZos ¿kdf vt/f ga9f];\ eGg]
rfxGYof}+ . xfdLn] tYof+snfO{ xfd|f] vf]h kqsf/ 6f]nLn] pkof]u ug{ ;lhnf] x'g] agfpg' klg lyof] . o;
6f]nLsf] g]t[Tj 8]le8 n]O3 / lgs 8]le;n] u/]sf lyP -tYof+s lbg h'lnofg cf;fGhnfO{ dgfpg] sfd
klg pgLx¿n] g} u/]sf lyP . xfdL d'Vo ;"rgf kfpg o'h/nfO{ ;lhnf] xf];\ clg hfgsf/L ;s];Dd
:ki6 / ;/n xf];\ eGg] klg rfxGYof}+ .
xfdLn] 7"nf] PS;]n kmfOndf tYof+s kfPsf lyof}+ . To;df (@,@)! j6f /f] -nx/_ lyP . s'g}df
s]xL klg hfgsf/L lyPg . s'g}sf] kmDof{6 ;f/} g/fd|f] lyof] . o;af6 hfgsf/L vf]h/] :6f]/L
tof/ ug{ c;Dej lyof] .
xfd|f] l6dn] P;So'Pnsf] pkof]u u/]/ ;fdfGo cfGtl/s 8]6fa]; tof/ u¥of] . ca l/kf]6{/ zAb
cyjf zAbfjnLsf cfwf/df hfgsf/L vf]Hg ;Sg] eP . o;f] ubf{ 8]6f;]6 hfgsf/L vf]Hg ldNg]
eof] . o;af6 :6f]/L agfpg ;lhnf] eof] .
ca tYof+s 7Ls 9fFrfdf cfof] . x/]s 36gf;Fu ;DalGwt d'Vo hfgsf/L -;do, ldlt, 36gfsf] ljj/0f,
d[To' ;+Vof / ;a}eGbf dxTjk"0f{ s'/f 36gf:ynsf] cIff+z / b]zfGt/_ vf]Hg ;lsg] eof] .
ultnf] k|ljlw pkof]u gu/L xftn] agfPsf ad lj:kmf]6 u/fpg] 36gf a9\b} uPsf lyP . o:tf
ad slt a]nf k8\sG5g\ egL eGg ;ls+b}g . o;;Fu h'Wg ;lhnf] 5}g\ . To;}n] o;af/]df :6f]/L
tof/ ug{ xfdLn] tYof+s 5gf]6 u¥of}+ . o;/L 5fF6\bf klg xfdL;Fu w]/} tYof+s lyof] t/ Tof]
x]g{} g;lsg] u/L w]/} eg] lyPg . xfdLn] ;g\ @))$ b]lv @))( sf aLrdf &%)) lj:kmf]6 cyjf
PDa';sf 36gf ePsf] k]mnf kf¥of}+ . c¿ *))) lj:kmf]6s kbfy{ kQf nufP/ lgliqmo kfl/Psf]
lyof] . adsf] pkof]usf] rng k]ml/Psf] 5 ls 5}g, 5 eg] s;/L k]ml/Psf] 5 egL t'ngf ug{
vf]Hof}+ . xfdLn] s] yfxf kfof}+ eg] Tolt a]nf a]nfotL / Sofg8]nL ;]gf t}gfy ul/Psf] blIf0fL e]udf
adsf] k|sf]k a9L lyof] . o;n] ubf{ xfd|f o'4sf af/]df l/kf]l6{ª ul//x]sf l/kf]6{/n] o;cl3 g} k]mnf
kf/]sf] s'/fnfO{ yk an ldNof] .
O/fs jf/ nu cS6f]a/ @)!) df ;fj{hlgs ul/of] . o;n] ubf{ O/fs o'4sf # nfv (!
xhf/ j6f /]s8{ aflx/ cfP .
of] ckmuflg:tfg ;DaGwL hfgsf/L eGbf km/s lyof] . of] ;a}eGbf /fd|f];Fu /]s8{ /flvPsf]
o'4 lyof] . To;df ;;fgf 36gfsf] klg /]s8{ lyof] h;nfO{ xfdL ljZn]if0f ug{ ;SYof}+ . d[To'
-h;dWo] clwsf+z n8fOFdf gnfu]sf dflg; lyP_ ;a}eGbf uDeL/ kIf lyof] .
80
ckmuflg:tfgsf] :6f]/Ldf h:t} O/fssf] 36gfsf ;DaGwdf klg b ufl8{ogn] ;Dk"0f{ 8]6fa];
k'gM k|sfzg gug{] eof] . o;f] ug{'sf] d'Vo sf/0f s] xf] eg] o;df uf]Ko /fVg'kg{] ;"rgf klg
/flvPsf] x'g ;SYof] .
lrq #=!$M ljlslnS; jf/ nU; -b ufl8{og_
t/ xfdLn] dflg;sf] d[To' ePsf -emG8} ^) xhf/ hgf_ ;a} 36gfsf] ljj/0f eg] 8fpgnf]8 ug{
ldNg] Joj:yf u¥of}+ . o;af6 xfdLn] ;f/f+z v08 lemSof}+ / d"n tYof+s -d[To' ;+Vof, :yfg
cflb_ dfq} /fVof}+ .
xfdLn] dflg;sf] d[To' ePsf 36gfnfO{ u'un ô'hg 6]ansf ;xfotfn] gS;fdf -bit.ly/guardian-iraqmap_ /fVof}+ . of] pTs[i6 lyPg t/ o;n] O/fsnfO{ tx;gx; kf/]sf] ;+xf/sf] lrq gS;fdf b]vfpg]
sfdsf] yfngL u¥of] .
l8;]Da/ @)!) df s]an ;fj{hlgs eof] . of] o;cl3sf ;"rgf eGbf laNs'n} km/s k|s[ltsf]
lyof] . o;df ;/sf/L sfuhft ;DaGwL w]/} 8]6fl;6 -;+;f/e/ /x]sf @%) j6f cd]l/sL b"tfjf;
/ sG;'n]6n] k7fPsf @ nfv %! xhf/ @ ;o *& j6f kq_ lyP . o;n] cd]l/sL s"6gLlts
If]qsf] cgf}7f] tl:a/ k|:t't u¥of] . logdf s] hfgsf/L lyP <
oL s]an cd]l/sL ;}lgs OG6/g]6 l;:6daf6 lnOPsf lyP . o;nfO{ cd]l/sfsf] ;fdfGo gful/s
OG6/g]6 eGbf cnu /flvPsf] x'G5 . o;sf] ;~rfng /Iff dGqfnon] u5{ . ;]K6]Da/ @))!
otf cd]l/sfn] cfsf{Oedf hfgsf/L /fVg] tl/sf abNof] . To;df hfgsf/L lbg] k|d'v JolQmsf]
gfd g/fVg] eof] . lat]sf bzsdf o; g]6df cd]l/sL b"tfjf;nfO{ ln+s ug{] qmd a9\bf] 5 .
81
;}lgs / s"6gLlts ;"rgf cfbfgk|bfg ug{ ldNg] agfpg o;f] ul/Psf] xf] . ;g\ @))@ ;Dddf
!@% j6f b"tfjf; o;df ln+s ul/Psf lyP, ;g\ @))% df !*) j6fnfO{ o; g]6js{df ln+s
ul/of] . clxn] clwsf+z b"tfjf; o;df ln+s ul/Psf 5g\ . ;g\ @))* / @))( sf s]an w]/}
x'g'sf] sf/0f oxL xf] . 8]le8 n]O3n] n]v]sf 5g\M
P;cfO{8LcfO{P; n]lvPsf, b"tfjf;sf ;a} kq b"tfjf;sf] uf]Ko j]a;fO6df :jtM:k"mt{
¿kdf 8fpgnf]8 x'Gy] . o:tf kq dGqfnosf dflg;n] dfq xf]Og uf]Ko ;"rgf x]g{ kf;j8{
kfPsf / g]6;Fu hf]l8Psf] sDKo'6/ ePsf hf] sf]xLn] klg k9\g kfpFy] .
o;df #) nfv dflg;sf af/]df pNn]v lyof] . o;df ljleGg txsf tYof+s lyP .
u}/cd]l/sL gful/snfO{ slxNo} klg yfxf glbg] elgPsf hfgsf/L klg o;df lyP . oL hfgsf/L
dGqL lxnf/L lSnG6g;Ddn] k9\g ;Sg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] . ;fdfGotof, o:tf s]an /fhb"t
cyjf pgsf sd{rf/Ln] d:of}bf ug{] uy{] . æclt uf]KoÆ / ljb]zL u'Ktr/ 8s'd]G6 o; g]6df
x]g{ ldNb}gy] .
oL 8]6f klxn]sf 8]6feGbf s] s'/fdf km/s lyP eg] logdf lnvt a9L lyof] . c+s lyPgg\
cyjf yf]/} lyP . o;df lgDg hfgsf/L lyPM
k|]ifs
k7fpg] b"tfjf; cyjf cGo lgsfo .
k|fkssf] ;"rL
;fdfGotof o:tf s]an c¿ b"tfjf; cyjf lgsfonfO{ klg k7fOGy] .
ljifo
kqsf] ;f/f+z
6\ofu
;a} s]andf d'Vo ljifosf] 5f]6s/L ¿k n]lvPsf] x'GYof] .
a]xf]/f
s]ansf] d'Vo efu . ;'/Iffsf sf/0fn] ubf{ xfdLn] o;sf] k"0f{ ljj/0f g5fKg] lgwf] u¥of}+ .
o; :6f]/Lsf] Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ kIf s] xf] eg] o; ;DaGwL yk hfgsf/L rfxg]n] kfpg
;Sy] . o;n] ubf{ k|sflzt ePsf] w]/} kl5;Dd klg o;sf af/]df ;dfrf/ tof/ eP . clxn] e|i6 zf;g
cyjf cGt/f{li6«o sf08 ePsf a]nfdf xfdL To;;Fu ;DalGwt s]an x]g{ ;S5f}+} .
oL s]ansf] ljZn]if0f ug{] sfd clt ljzfn 5 h'g slxNo} klg ;ls+b}g .
— Factsare Sacred: The Power of Data by Simon Rogers, the Guardian (published on Kindle)df
k|yd k6s k|sflzt Ps v08sf] ;Dkflbt c+z
82
dfkf&^ Xofsfyg
xfdLn] clk|n @)!! df XofS;÷Xofs;{sf] Ao'g; cfo;{ zfvf -www.meetup.com/HacksHackersBA_
vf]Nof}+ . kqsf/ / ;ˆ6j]o/ 8]enk/aLr ;xsfo{ a9fpg] s'/fsf] k|rf/–k|;f/ ug{ xfdLn] b'O{j6f a}7s
u¥of}+ . x/]s a}7sdf !@) b]lv !%) hgfn] efu lnPsf lyP . t];|f] k6sdf Ao'g; cfo;{eGbf #))
lsnf]ld6/ 6f9fsf] /f];fl/of] zx/df tL; 306] Xofsfyg cfof]hgf ul/of] h;df cf7 hgfn] efu
lnPsf lyP .
oL ;a} a}7sdf j]aaf6 7"nf] kl/df0fdf tYof+s :qmØfk ug{] / ltgnfO{ b[Zodf k|:t't ug{] rfxgf
JoQm eof] . o;sf nflu dfkf&^=OGkmf] gfds kl/of]hgf tof/ ul/of] . o;n] tYof+s lgsfNg
/ gS;f tyf 6fOdnfOgsf ;xfotfn] tYof+s k|:t't ug{ o'h/nfO{ ;xof]u u¥of] . of] sfd
;lhnf] lyPg .
lrq #=!%M dfkf&^ -Xofs÷Xofs;{ Ao'g; cfo;{_
of] lsg cfof]hgf ug{'k¥of] < @$ dfr{ !(&^ df ch{]lG6gfdf s" eof] h'g !(*# ;Dd sfod /Xof] .
;}lgs tfgfzfxL zf;g nfu]sf] o; cjlwdf #) xhf/ hlt dflg; a]kQf eP, xhf/f}+ dflg; dfl/P .
kfFr ;o hlt afnaflnsf h]ndf hlGdP . o;kl5sf #) jif{df ;}lgs zf;gsf a]nf dfgjtf lj?4
ck/fw u/]sf] egL @^@ hgf dflg;dfly cleof]u nufOof] -;]K6]Da/ @)!! ;Ddsf] cfFs8f_ . clxn] !$
j6f d'2f rln/x]sf 5g\ . c¿ ;ftj6f d'2f rfF8} rNb}5g\ .
o; qmddf Psbd} w]/} tYof+s tof/ eP . oL tYof+s k|zf]wg ug{ cg';Gwfgstf{, kqsf/,
dfgj clwsf/ ;+u7g, GofofwLz, cleof]hgstf{ / c¿sf nflu sl7g eof] . tYof+s
5l/P/ /x]sf lyP . cg';Gwfgstf{n] oL tYof+ssf] JofVof ug{ ;ˆ6j]o/ pkof]u ug{]lt/ Wofg
lbPgg\ . o;n] ubf{ tYof+snfO{ a]jf:tf ug{] / ;Lldt dfGotfdf sfd x'g] 8/ eof] . dfkf&^ Pp6f o:tf]
cg';Gwfg 6'n aGof] h;n] ubf{ kqsfl/tf, sfg'gL, Goflos / Oltxf; cWoogsf If]qsf dflg;n] oL
tYof+s pkof]u ug{ kfP .
Xofsfygsf] tof/Lsf qmddf xfdLn] Pp6f Kn]6kmd{ tof/ u¥of}+ h;nfO{ Xofsfygsf a]nf
8]enk/ / kqsf/n] cfk;L ;xof]usf nflu pkof]u ug{ ;Sy] . dfl6{g ;f;]{nn] lnvtaf6 ;+ul7t
tYof+s lgsfNg ;fwf/0f cNuf]l/bd tof/ u/] . DocumentCloud.org kl/of]hgfsf s]xL -w]/} xf]Og_
83
;fdu|L klg pkof]u ul/P . o; Kn]6kmd{n] lnvtaf6 gfd, ldlt / 7fpF h:tf hfgsf/L cfk}+m lgsfNg]
uYof{] . o;n] o'h/nfO{ ljleGg s];;Fu ;DalGwt d'Vo hfgsf/L -pbfx/0fsf nflu, hGdldlt, kqmfp
k/]sf] ldlt, a]kQf kfl/Psf] elgPsf] 7fpF cflb_ lemSg ;lhnf] agfof] .
o;af6 xfdLn] ch{]lG6gfdf ;}lgs zf;gsfndf ePsf k}m;nf ;DaGwL tYof+s cfk}+m lgsfNg] Kn]6kmd{
pknAw u/fpg] nIo lnPsf lyof}+ . xfdLn] lnlvt k|df0f, ax; / k}m;nfsf cfwf/df ;g\ !(&^ b]lv
!(*# sf aLrdf rnfOPsf d'2f;Fu ;DalGwt d'Vo tYof+s :jrflnt jf cw{:jrflnt 9+un] x]g{ ldNg]
agfpg rfx]sf lyof}+ . o;/L lgsflnPsf tYof+s -gfd, 7fpF / ldlt_ e]nf u/]/ /flvP . oL tYof+snfO{
cg';Gwfgstf{n] ljZn]if0f / k|zf]wg ug{ ;Sg] cj:yfdf /fVof}+ . lognfO{ gS;f agfpg, 6fOdnfOg
agfpg / g]6js{ ljZn]if0f ug{ pkof]u u/L cWoog ug{ ;lsG5 .
o; k|f]h]S6n] kqsf/, cg';Gwfgstf{, cleof]hgstf{ / ;fIfLnfO{ kLl8tsf af/]df -lx/f;tdf
/fv]sf], a]kQf agfPsf] jf 5'6]sf]_ yfxf kfpg ;lhnf] agfof] . cfk"mn] vf]h]sf] dflg;sf af/]df hfgsf/L
kfOPg eg] o'h/n] On]S6«f]lgs 98\8fdf vf]Hg ;S5g\ h;df cfk"mn] vf]h]sf] dflg;sf af/]df ;fGble{s
hfgsf/L kfpg ;lsG5 .
Xofsfygsf nflu xfdLn] XofS;÷Xofs;{ Ao'g; cfo;{dfk{mt ;"rgf u¥of}+ . To;df Tolt a]nf @))
hlt ;b:o lyP -clxn] %$) 5g\_ . xfdLn] w]/}j6f dfgj clwsf/ ;+:yf;Fu klg ;Dks{ u¥of}+ . a}7sdf
kqsf/, jsfnt ;+:yf, 8]enk/ / l8hfOg/ u/L $) hgf hltn] efu lnPsf lyP .
Xofsfygsf a]nf xfdLn] ljleGg lsl;dsf cg'ej / ;Lk ePsf ;xefuLsf nflu 5'§f5'§} sfd
lgwf{/0f u¥of}+ . pbfx/0fsf nflu, l8hfOg/nfO{ gS;f / 6fOdnfOg ePsf] OG6/k]m; tof/
ug{ nufof}+ . 8]enk/nfO{ ;+ul7t tYof+s vf]tNg s'g s'g pkfo ckgfpg ;lsG5 egL ljrf/
ug{ nufof}+ . kqsf/nfO{ lglZrt JolQmnfO{ s] s] ul/Psf] lyof] egL kQf nufpg, p;sf
af/]df kfOPsf y/Ly/Lsf hfgsf/Lsf] t'ngf ug{ / lglZrt s];sf] :6f]/L atfpgsf nflu rflxg]
hfgsf/L 8s'd]G6df vf]Hg nufof}+ .
xfdLn] ef]u]sf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] ;d:of s] xf] eg] of] sfd lgs} dxTjfsf+IfL lyof], xfd|f tTsfnLg
p2]Zo k"/f ug{ lgs} d]xgt ug{'kYof{] . :jo+;]jssf] v's'nf] ;~hfnnfO{ ;dGjo ug{ sl7g
lyof] . o;df ;+nUg ;a}n] cfˆgf] hflu/df lbge/ h:tf] sfd ug{'kYof{] . w]/} hgfn] c¿ sfo{qmd cyjf
k|f]h]S6df klg efu lnPsf lyP .
o; k|f]h]S6df ce}m klg sfd eO/x]sf] 5 . rf/ hgfsf] d"n l6dn] c¿ w]/} hgf ;xof]uL;Fu
ldn]/ sfd ul//x]sf] 5 . klAns d]lnª ln:6 -groups.google.com/group/mapa76-dev_ / sf]8
l/kf]lh6/Lsf -github.com/mapa76_ dfWodaf6 hf] sf]xL klg o; k|f]h]S6df ;+nUg x'g ;S5g\ .
— Dofl/ofgf] An]Hd]g, XofS;÷Xofs;{ Ao'g; cfo;{
84
;+o'Qm clw/fHodf ePsf] b+uf ;DaGwL b ufl8{ogsf] 8]6fAnu
;g\ @)!! sf] avf{df ;+o'Qm clw/fHodf b+uf k}mNof] . Tolt a]nf /fhgLlt1x¿n] of] b+uf /
ul/aLsf aLrdf s'g} ;DaGw 5Fb} 5}g, n'6kf6 ug{]x¿ ck/fwL x'g\ eg]sf lyP . To;dfly,
k|wfgdGqL / dflyNnf] txsf sGh/e]l6e /fhgLlt1x¿n] b+uf ;'? u/fPsf] egL ;f];n
ldl8ofnfO{ bf]if nufPsf lyP . pgLx¿n] ;f];n ldl8ofsf Kn]6kmd{n] pQ]hgf ;'? u/fPsf],
k]m;a's, 6\jL6/ / Anfsa]/L Dofh]G;/sf] pkof]u u/]/ b+uf e8\sfPsf] cf/f]k nufPsf lyP .
;f];n ldl8ofnfO{ s]xL ;dosf nflu aGb ug{'k5{ ;d]t elgof] . b+uf lsg e8\lsof] egL
;/sf/n] 5fglag gu/]sfn] b+uf ;DaGwL cWoog ug{ b ufl8{ogn] nG8g :s"n ckm
Osf]gldS;;Fu ldn]/ Pp6f uhasf] k|f]h]S6 -www.guardian.co.uk/uk/series/reading-the-riots_
rnfof] . o; l6dsf] g]t[Tj b ufl8{ogsf ljz]if k|f]h]S6 ;Dkfbs kn n]lj;n] u/]sf lyP . b+uf ePsf
a]nf knn] O+uNofG8sf zx/sf] l/kf]l6{ª u/]sf lyP .
s;n] n'6\of] / lsg n'6\of] eGg] s'/f /fd|/L a'e\mg cfd dflg;nfO{ ;xof]u ug{sf nflu b
ufl8{ogn] tYof+s kqsfl/tfsf] Jofks dfqfdf pkof]u u¥of] . b+uf e8\sfpg ;f];n ldl8ofsf]
e"ldsfsf af/]df cem /fd|f];Fu a'e\mg ufl8{ogn] d]Gr]:6/ ljZjljBfnosf k|f]k]m;/ /a k|f]S6/n]
g]t[Tj u/]sf] l6d;Fu klg ldn]/ sfd u¥of] . b+uf ePsf a]nf l/kf]l6{ª ug{sf nflu b ufl8{og
cfk}+mn] klg ;f];n ldl8ofsf] cTolws pkof]u u/]sf] lyof] . o; l6dn] 6\jL6/n] pknAw
u/fPsf b+uf ;DaGwL @^ nfv 6\jL6sf] cWoog u¥of] . o; cWoogsf] d'Vo p2]Zo 6\jL6/df
xNnf s;/L k}mNof], ;"rgf k}mnfpg s;n] s:tf] sfd u¥of], pQ]hgf k}mnfpg o; Kn]6kmd{sf]
pkof]u ePsf] lyof] ls egL yfxf kfpg' / c¿ vfnsf ;+:yfsf af/]df hfGg' lyof] .
tYof+s kqsfl/tf / tYof+ssf] b[Zo k|:t'tLs/0fsf ;Gbe{df b'O{j6f cjlwnfO{ 5'§f5'§} ¿kdf
x]g{'k5{M klxnf], b+uf ePsf] ;do / To;sf af/]df atfpg tYof+sn] s;/L d2t u¥of] eGg]
s'/f / bf];|f], tYof+s ;+sng / ljZn]if0f ug{ clg cWoogaf6 kfOPsf s'/fsf cfwf/df uxg
l/kf]6{ n]Vg b ufl8{og / b'O{ y/L k|fl1s 6f]nL ldn]/ u/]sf] 7f]; cg';Gwfgsf] cjlw . klxnf]
k|f]h]S6n] b]vfPsf s'/f @)!! sf] l8;]Da/sf] ;'?df xKtfe/ k|sflzt eP . oL b'j} cjlwdf tYof+s
kqsfl/tf s;/L pkof]u ul/of] eGg] s'/fsf d'Vo pbfx/0f tn lbOPsf 5g\ .
klxnf] r/0fM b+uf cjlw
b ufl8{ogsf] tYof+s l6dn] ;fdfGo gS;f pkof]u u/L b+uf ePsf] lglZrt 7fpF
-bit.ly/guardian-riots-map_ b]vfof] . b+uf ePsf 7fpFsf] gS;fdf ul/aL ;DaGwL tYof+s vK6\ofP/
-bit.ly/guardian-riots-poverty_ klg b]vfOof] . o;f] ubf{ ul/aL / b+ufsf aLrdf ;DaGw 5}g egL
ul/Psf] /fhgLlts ljZn]if0f unt ;fljt eof] . oL b'j} sfdsf nflu ckm–b–;]Nkm Doflkª 6'nsf]
k|of]u ul/Psf] lyof] . bf];|f] sfdsf nflu b+uf ePsf 7fpFsf] gS;fdf b+uf;Fu ;DalGwt cGo 8]6f;]6
klg uflePsf lyP .
b+ufsf a]nf ;f];n ldl8ofsf] pkof]u -o; k|;+udf 6\jL6/_ s;/L ePsf] lyof] egL b]vfpg
b ufl8{ogn] Tolt a]nf pkof]u ul/Psf] b+uf;Fu ;DalGwt Xof;6\ofunfO{ b[Zodf -bit.ly/guardianriots-twitter_ b]vfof] . o;n] s] b]vfof] eg] 6\jL6/nfO{ n'6\g dfG5] e]nf ug{] sfddf eGbf b+ufsf
af/]df k|ltlqmof lbg pkof]u ul/Psf] lyof] .
85
lrq #=!^M ;+oQ' m clw/fHosf] b+ufM k|dfl0ft ;a} 36gf -b ufl8{og_
bf];|f] r/0fM b+ufsf] cWoog
dlxgf}+ nufP/ ul/Psf] uxg cg';Gwfg / b'O{j6f k|fl1s l6d;Fusf] ;xsfo{kl5 b ufl8{ogn]
cg';Gwfgaf6 kQf nfu]sf s'/f l/kf]l6{ª u¥of] . oL s'/f k|:t't ug{ b'O{ vfnsf b[Zof+sg pkof]u
ul/Psf lyP h;sf af/]df Jofks dfqfdf 5nkmn eof] . klxnf], 5f]6f] lel8of] -bit.ly/guardian-riotscommute_ h;n] b+uf ePsf egL k|dfl0ft ePsf 7fpF b]vfPsf] lyof] . o;sf nflu b ufl8{ogn]
cfO{6Lcf] jN8{ gfds oftfoft gS;f+sg ljz]if1;Fu ldn]/ sfd u¥of] . o;df b+ufsf/L n'6kf6 dRrfpg
lx+8]sf] -;Defljt_ af6f] b]vfOPsf] 5, leGg zx/df ckgfOPsf] leGg rfnnfO{ dxTj lbOPsf] 5, st}
st} b+ufsf/L nfdf] af6f] lx+8]sf] klg b]vfOPsf] 5 .
bf];|f]n] 6\jL6/df xNnf s;/L k}mNof] egL b]vfPsf] 5 . k|fl1s l6d;Fu 5nkmn ubf{ ;ftj6f
xNnfnfO{ ljZn]if0f ug{] lgwf] eof] . To;kl5 k|fl1s 6f]nLn] x/]s xNnf;Fu ;DalGwt
tYof+s e]nf u¥of] . tL 6\jL6nfO{ rf/j6f ;d"xdf sf]8 u¥of]M xNnf bf]xf]¥ofpg] -bfaL
ul/Psf_, xNnf unt x'g eGg] -v08g ul/Psf_, o;sf af/]df ;f]Wg] -k|Zg ;f]lwPsf_, cyjf
sd]G6 ug{] -sd]G6_ . o;sf kl/0ffdnfO{ b ufl8{ogsf] cGt/lqmofTds l6dn] b[Zodf ¿kfGt/
-bit.ly/guardian-riots_ u¥of] . b ufl8{og l6dn] b[Zo s;/L tof/ ul/of] -bit.ly/guardian-riots-twitterinteractive_ egL l6Kk0fL n]Vof] .
o; b[Zof+sgsf] rfvnfUbf] s'/f s] xf] eg] o;n] zAbdf j0f{g ug{ ufx|f] hfgsf/L -xNnf efo/n
86
vfnsf lyP / oL bf]xf]¥ofOPsf lyP_ nfO{ k|efjsf/L 9+un] b]vfOlbof] . s]xL xNnf k}mnfpg
d"nwf/sf ;~rf/ dfWodn] e"ldsf v]n] -pbfx/0fsf nflu, s;}n] To;nfO{ t'?Gt} xf]Og eg] clg s;}
n] rfF8} ;dfrf/ agfP_ . 6\jL6/df o:tf xNnfnfO{ ;RofOPsf] klg lyof] . b[Zof+sgn] :6f]/L atfpgsf
nflu ;xof]u dfq u/]g o;n] 6\jL6/df xNnf s;/L k}mNof] eGg] s'/fsf] cGt/1fg klg lbof] . eljiodf
o:tf 36gf x'Fbf s] ug{'k5{ eGg] pkof]uL hfgsf/L klg o;n] lbof] .
clGtdsf] pbfx/0fn] s] b]vfPsf] 5 eg] b+uf ;DaGwL @^ nfv 6\jL6sf] uxg ljZn]if0f ug{ ;Sg]
k|fl1s l6d / cvaf/ ldn]/ sfd ubf{ o;af6 PSnfPSn} sfd ubf{ hlt pknlAw x'GYof] Tof]eGbf a9L
pknlAw x'Fbf] /x]5 . k|fl1s l6dn] cfˆg} 6'n pkof]u u/]sf] lyof] . clxn] pgLx¿ oL 6'n -www.
analysingsocialmedia.org_ ;a}nfO{ pknAw u/fpg]tk{m sfd ul//x]sf 5g\ . o;sf] pkof]u s;/L ug{]
egL b ufl8{og l6dn] j0f{g tof/ ub{}5 . oL b'O{nfO{ Ps;fy ldnfPkl5 ;f];n ldl8of ljZn]if0f ug{]
/ k|fKt hfgsf/LnfO{ b[Zof+sg ug]{ pkfosf] s]; :68L tof/ x'G5 h;af6 l;s]/ c¿n] klg dxTjk"0f{
:6f]/L k|efjsf/L 9+un] eGg ;S5g\ .
— kmfl/bf le;, o'lgel;{6L ckm n]r]:6/
Onf]gf]O{ :s"n l/kf]6{ sf8{
Onf]gf]O{ /fHo lzIff af]8{n] x/]s jif{ Onf]gf]O{sf ;a} :s"nsf] hg;f+lVos ljj/0f / sfo{;Dkfbg ;DaGwL
tYof+s cyjf æl/kf]6{ sf8{Æ ;fj{hlgs u5{ . of] 8]6f;]6 c;fWo} 7"nf] 5 . o; jif{ of] (%)) sf]nddf
k}mn]sf] lyof] . olt w]/} tYof+s ePkl5 s'g tYof+s k|:t't ug{] egL /f]Hg sl7g x'G5 . -h'g;'s}
;ˆ6j]o/ agfpg ufx|f] t x'Fb}g t/ ;xL ;ˆ6j]o/ agfpg eg] ufx|f] x'G5_ .
/f]rs hfgsf/L 5fGgsf nflu xfdLn] lzIff ljifodf l/kf]l6{ª ul//x]sf l/kf]6{/ / ;Dkfbs;Fu
ldn]/ sfd u¥of}+ -w]/} tYof+s /f]rs h:tf nfUg ;S5g\ t/ l/kf]6{/n] tL unt cyjf e|fds
x'g\ egL b]vfOlbg ;S5g\_ .
xfdLn] xfd|f] ;dfrf/ sIfsf, :s"n hfg] pd]/sf s]6fs]6L ePsf ;fyLx¿df ;e{] u¥of}+, pgLx¿;Fu
cGtjf{tf{ u¥of}+ . o;aLrdf xfdLn] xfd|f o'h/ sf] x'g\ / :s"n ;DaGwL xfd|f] ;fO6sf] cl3Nnf]
;+:s/0f rnfpg slQsf] pkof]uL -jf cg'kof]uL_ lyof] eGg] s'/f a'e\mof}+ .
xfdLn] xfd|f] ;fO6 oL o'h/sf nflu agfpg] ljrf/ u¥of}+M
•:s"ndf cfˆgf aRrf ePsf afa'cfdf hf] cfˆgf] :s"nsf] sfo{;Dkfbg s:tf] 5 eg]/ hfGg
rfxG5g\ .
•s'g 7fpFdf a:g] eGg] lgwf] ug{ vf]lh/x]sf afa'cfdf -of] lg0f{o ug{df s'g 7fpFdf s:tf
:s"n 5g\ eGg] s'/fn] 7"nf] e"ldsf v]N5_ .
klxnf] kN6 :s"n ;fO6 agfpFbf ^ xKtf nfu]sf] lyof], b'O{ hgf 8]enk/n] sfd u/]sf lyP . ;g\ @)!!
df o;nfO{ cBfjlws ug{ rf/ xKtf nfUof] h;df b'O{ hgf 8]enk/n] sfd u/]sf lyP . -xfd|f] kl5Nnf]
k|f]h]S6df tLg hgfn] sfd u/]sf lyP t/ tLdWo] s;}n] klg k'mn6fOd sfd u/]sf lyPgg\ . pgLx¿sf]
;do hf]8\bf b'O{ hgfn] k'mn6fOd u/] a/fa/ ePsf] lyof] ._
87
lrq #=!&M Onf]gf]O{ :s"n l/kf]6{ sf8{ -l;sfuf] l6«Ao'g_
o; k|f]h]S6sf] ;a}eGbf dxTjk"0f{ sfd ;"rgf l8hfOg ug{' lyof] . xfdLn] pknAw ePsfdWo] yf]/}
dfq tYof+s pkof]u ug{ nfu]sf lyof}+, olt ubf{ klg k|:t't ug{'kg{] tYof+s w]/} lyP . ltgnfO{
c?lr gx'g] u/L k|:t't ug{' r'gf}tLk"0f{ sfd lyof] . ;f}efUojz, xfd|f] u|flkmS; 8]:ssf Ps
hgf l8hfOg/ o; sfddf nfUg] eP . pgL hl6n hfgsf/LnfO{ /fd|f];Fu k|:t't ug{] sfddf bIf
lyP . pgn] xfdLnfO{ rf6{ l8hfOgsf af/]df w]/} s'/f l;sfP / k9\g nfos k|:t'lt s;/L ug{]
egL xfdLnfO{ af6f] b]vfOlbP . o;f] ubf{ pgn] kf7ssf] k9\g] Ifdtf / ;+Vof a'e\mg vf]Hg]
pgLx¿sf] ?lrnfO{ sd cfFs]gg\ .
xfd|f] ;fO6 Python/ Djangodf l8hfOg ul/of] . 8]6fnfO{ MongoDB df /flvof] . :s"nsf
tYof+s c¿ 9fFrfdf /fVg ;ls+b}g . -To;f] ug{ ;lsg] ePsf] eP xfdL PostgreSQLdf
/fVYof}+ ._
o; k|f]h]S6df xfdLn] 6\jL6/sf] a'6:6«fk o'h/ OG6/k]m; k|]mdjs{ klxnf] k6s pkof]u u¥of}+ . o;f]
ubf{ /fd|f] eof] . rf6{ agfpFbf ˆnf]6 pkof]u u¥of}+ .
:s"nsf] sfo{;Dkfbgsf af/]df xfdLn] n]v]sf :6f]/L klg Pkdf /fVof}+ . o;f] ubf{ of] kf]6{n
h:tf] x'g k'Uof] . :s"nsf] sfo{;Dkfbg ;DaGwL gofF :6f]/L cfpg] lalQs} xfdLn] To;nfO{ Pksf]
l;/fgdf /fVof}+ . To;sf ;fydf :6f]/L;Fu ;DalGwt :s"nsf] ;"rL /fVof}+ . gofF :6f]/L cfpFbf www.
chicagotribune.com sf kf7s Pklt/ 8f]xf]l/G5g\, :6f]/Llt/ xf]Og .
k|f/lDes l/kf]6{sf cg';f/, kf7sn] xfd|f] :s"n Pk dg k/fPsf 5g\ . xfdLn] kfPsf k|ltlqmof d"ntM
;sf/fTds 5g\ -;sf/fTds geP klg /rgfTds 5g\_ . o;sf] csf{] pknlAw s] xf] eg] oL tYof+s
jif{}e/ ;fGble{s x'G5g\ . xf]dk]haf6 :s"nsf :6f]/L x6]kl5 o'h/ 36\g] cg'dfg ul/P klg ljut jif{df
88
xfdLn] s] kfPsf 5f}+ eg] l/8/n] jif{}el/ oL Pk x]5{g\ .
o; k|f]h]S6af6 xfdLn] l;s]sf s]xL s'/f o;k|sf/ 5g\M
u|flkmS; 8]:s /fd|f] ;fyL xf] . pgLx¿ hl6n hfgsf/LnfO{ ?lrs/ agfpg bIf 5g\ .
;dfrf/ sIf;Fu d2t dfUg'k5{ . xfdLn] ;dfrf/ sIfdf ;e{] / cGtjf{tf{ u/]sf] of] bf];|f] k6s
xf] . ;f]rljrf/ ug{] dflg;sf] ljrf/ a'e\mg] of] /fd|f] tl/sf xf] . oL dflg;x¿ xfd|f cl8oG; h:t} ljljw
k[i7e"ldsf 5g\ / ;fdfGotof sDKo'6/sf sfddf cK7\of/f] dfG5g\ .
cfˆgf] sfd b]vfpg'k5{ . xfdLn] kfPsf w]/}h;f] k|ltlqmofdf xfd|f] PlKns];gdf /flvPsf tYof+s
dfluPsf lyP . xfdLn] PkLcfO{dfk{mt w]/} tYof+s ;fj{hlgs u/]sf lyof}+ / ;'?df k|sflzt gug{] eg]
sf tYof+s klg xfdL l56} k|sflzt ug{ nfu]sf 5f}+ .
c:ktfnsf] lan
Soflnkmf]lg{of jfrsf -californiawatch.org_ vf]h kqsf/n] s] ;+s]t kfP eg] Soflnkmf]lg{ofsf
c:ktfnsf] Pp6f 7"nf] r]gn] ^% jif{ jf ;f]eGbf dflysf cd]l/sgsf] :jf:Yof]krf/ vr{ a]xf]g{]
;/sf/L sfo{qmdsf] k};f gfhfoh tl/sfn] lnO/x]sf] 5 . o; 3f]6fnfnfO{ cksf]l8ª elgPsf]
lyof] . o;sf] cy{ xf] lj/fd hlt uDeL/ 5 To;eGbf a9L uDeL/ b]vfP/ lj/fdLsf] pkrf/df
nfu]sf] vr{eGbf a9L k};f ;/sf/af6 zf]wegf{ lng' . of] s'/fsf] ;+s]t c:ktfn r]gsf] Joj:yfkg;Fu
nl8/x]sf] o'lgogn] lbPsf] lyof] . To;}n] Soflnlkmf]lg{of jfrsf kqsf/n] o;nfO{ TolQs}
kTofPgg\ . pgLx¿n] of] s'/f ;xL xf] ls xf]Og eg]/ hfFRg] ljrf/ u/] .
;f}efUojz, Soflnkmf]lg{ofsf] :jf:Yo ljefudf To; /fHosf ;a} c:ktfndf pkrf/ ul/Psf
;a} s];sf] lj:t[t ljj/0f /flvPsf] lyof] . o:tf] ljj/0f ;fj{hlgs ¿kdf pknAw lyof] . tL
/]s8{df la/fdLsf] gfd pNn]v ePsf] lyPg t/ la/fdLsf] pd]/, pkrf/ vr{ ltl/Psf] tl/sf,
pkrf/ ePsf] c:ktfn h:tf hfgsf/L pknAw lyP . l/kf]6{/x¿nfO{ s] nfUof] eg] o; /]s8{sf
cfwf/df h'g c:ktfn r]gn] unt sfd u¥of] elgPsf] 5 To;sf c:ktfnn] c;fdfGo s];sf]
pkrf/ -h;af6 a9L k};f zf]wegf{ lng ;lsG5_ c¿ c:ktfnn] eGbf a9L u/]sf] egL l/kf]6{ u/L
zf]wegf{ lnPsf] 5 ls 5}g eGg] s'/f kQf nufpg ;lsG5 .
t/ of] 8]6fa]; w]/} 7"nf] lyof] . ToxfF x/]s jif{sf emG8} rf/ nfv /]s8{ lyP . s]xL jif{sf] o:tf]
rng yfxf kfpg l/kf]6{/n] ^ jif{sf] /]s8{ x]g{] ljrf/ u/] . pgLx¿n] /fHosf] :jf:Yo ljefu;Fu
tYof+s dfu] . p;n] tYof+s ;L8L/f]ddf lbof] h;nfO{ 8]:s6k sDKo'6/df ;lhn};Fu skL ug{
;lsGYof] . tYof+s ljZn]if0f ul//x]sf l/kf]6{/n] tYof+s cWoog ug{ P;PP; -www.sas.
com_ l;:6d pkof]u u/] . P;PP; zlQmzfnL l;:6d xf] h;sf ;xfotfn] bzf}+ nfv /]s8{ x]g{
;lsG5 . Soflnkmf]lg{of :jf:Yo ljefu nufot w]/} ;/sf/L lgsfon] of] l;:6d pkof]u u5{g\ . t/
of] dxFuf] 5 . dfOqmf];ˆ6 PS;]; cyjf l;Q}df kfOg] dfOP;So'Pn -www.mysql.com_ h:tf 8]6fa];
6'nsf] pkof]u u/]/ klg o:tf] ljZn]if0f ug{ ;lsG5 .
89
lrq #=!*M SjfzLjs{/ -Soflnkmf]lg{of jfr_
tYof+s / tYof+s cWoog ug{] k|f]u|fd b'j} pknAw ePkl5 z+sf:kb sfdsf af/]df yfxf
kfpg t'ngfTds ¿kdf ;lhnf] x'G5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu, xfdLnfO{ s] nfu]sf] lyof] eg] To;
r]gn] ljleGg dfqfsf s'kf]if0fsf s]; c¿ c:ktfnn] eGbf w]/} a9L dfqfdf pkrf/ u/]sf] egL bfaL
u/]sf] 5 . P;PP; k|f]u|fdsf] ;xof]u lnP/ tYof+s ljZn]ifsn] tflnsf tof/ u/] h;df
Soflnkmf]lg{ofsf hl6n /f]u pkrf/ ug{] #)) eGbf a9L c:ktfnn] x/]s jif{ pkrf/ u/]sf egL
l/kf]6{ u/]sf s'kf]if0fsf s]; b]vfOPsf] lyof] . x/]s c:ktfnsf] rng x]g{sf nflu oL
ck|zf]lwt tflnsfnfO{ dfOqmf];ˆ6 PS;]ndf ODkf]6{ ul/of] . tL ;"rgfsf cfwf/df PS;]nn] o:tf] b/
vf]hL u/L b]vfpg] x'gfn] ljleGg c:ktfnn] u/]sf elgPsf s'kf]if0fsf s];sf] pkrf/sf] 9fFrf yfxf
kfpg ;lhnf] eof] .
o;f] ubf{ Sjfl;js{/sf s]; ;DaGwL l/kf]6{ cgf}7f] b]lvof] . Sjfl;js{/ k|f]l6gsf] sdL ePsf] Pp6f
cj:yf xf] . of] d"ntM clgsfnu|:t ljsf;f]Gd'v b]zsf ef]sf gfafnsdf e]l6G5 . t/ z+sf ul/Psf]
r]gdf cfa4 c:ktfnn] Soflnkmf]lg{ofsf j[4df o:tf] cj:yf e]l6of] egL u/]sf] l/kf]l6{ªsf] b/ To;
/fHosf ;a} c:ktfnsf] cf};t b/eGbf -bit.ly/californiawatch-malnutrition_ &) u'0ff lyof] .
o:t} ljlw pkof]u u/]/ ;]lK6;]ldof, dl:t:s /f]u, k|f0f3fts xfOk/6]G;g / gzfsf] u8a8L h:tf /f]usf]
l/kf]l6{ª b/ klg x]l/of] -http://californiawatch.org/health-and-welfare/prime-healthcares-treatmentrare-ailments-stands-out-13021_ . ;f] r]gdfly csf{] cf/f]k klg nfu]sf] lyof] . Tof] xf] Od/h]G;Ldf
90
cfPsf, k};f lt5{g\ egL olsg ePsf la/fdLnfO{ c:ktfn egf{ ug{] b/ To; r]gsf c:ktfndf c;fdfGo
¿kdf a9L 5 .
s;}n] unt sfd u/]sf] 5 egL ;+s]t kfpg] lalQs} To;nfO{ TolQs} kTofpg' x'Fb}g lsgeg]
o:tf] hfgsf/L lbg] dfG5]n] cfˆgf] :jfy{ k"/f ug{ of] s'/f TolQs} eg]sf] x'g ;S5 . tYof+ssf]
ljZn]if0f ubf{ tL s'/f ;xL x'g\ ls xf]Ogg\ egL yfxf kfOG5 . tYof+ssf] cWoog / ljZn]if0f ubf{
:6f]/Lsf nflu k|df0f klg h'6\5 . of] :6f]/Ln] ;fj{hlgs /]s8{ ;DaGwL s8f P]g rflxG5 eGg] s'/f klg
b]vfPsf] 5 . c:ktfnn] o:tf] ljj/0f ;/sf/nfO{ a'emfpg'kg{] Joj:yf /fVg'sf k5fl8sf] sf/0f s] xf]
eg] o:tf l/kf]6{nfO{ ;/sf/, k|f1, cg';Gwftf cyjf ;fdfGo gful/sn] s'g} klg a]nf ljZn]if0f ug{
;S5g\ . of] dxTjk"0f{ s'/f xf] lsgeg] of] ;/sf/L sf]ifsf] 7"nf] /sd ;b'kof]u ePsf] 5 ls 5}g eGg]
s'/f;Fu ;DalGwt 5 .
:ofxf/ s]Gb|sf] nfk/afxL
lghL If]qn] rnfPsf] :ofxf/;';f/ pBf]u ;DaGwdf kmfOgflG;on 6fOD;n] u/]sf] cg';Gwfgn]
-on.ft.com/care-home-crisis_ s]xL lghL nufgLstf{n] j[4j[4fsf] :ofxf/;';f/sf sfdnfO{ s;/L gfkmf
sdfpg] d]l;gsf ¿kdf pkof]u u/]sf 5g\ eGg] tYo k|sflzt u/]sf] 5 . :ofxf/;';f/nfO{ eGbf gfkmfnfO{
dxTj lbg] o:tf] Jofj;flos sfObf dfG5]sf nflu slt 3fts ePsf] 5 eGg] s'/f klg o;n] b]vfPsf]
5.
of] :6f]/L 7Ls ;dodf ul/Psf] lyof] lsgeg] b]zsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] :ofxf/;';f/ s]Gb| ;~rfns ;fpbg{
qm; ljQLo ;+s6df kg{ nfu]sf] lyof] . ;/sf/n] nfdf] ;dob]lv :ofxf/;';f/sf sfddf lghL If]qnfO{
k|f]T;fxg lb+b} cfPsf] lyof] . lghL If]qnfO{ o:tf] w"t{ sfd ug{ 5'6 lbO/x]sf] lyof] .
xfdLn] ;a}eGbf klxn] ;Fo'Qm clw/fHosf] :ofxf/;';f/ s]Gb|sf] lg/LIf0f ug{] ;/sf/L lgsfoaf6
k|fKt tYof+s ljZn]if0f u¥of}+ . of] ;fj{hlgs ¿kdf pknAw hfgsf/L xf] t/ w]/} lh2L u/]/ kfPsf]
tYof+s klg sfd gnfUg] 9fFrfdf lyof] .
tYof+sdf ljleGg :ofxf/ s]Gb|sf] juL{s/0f ul/Psf] lyof] -clxn] ul/+b}g_ . tL :ofxf/ s]Gb| lghL,
;/sf/L cyjf u}/gfkmfd'vLdWo] s] x'g\ egL pNn]v lyof] . :ofxf/;';f/ u'0f:t/ cfof]un] h"g @)!) ;Dd
:ofxf/ s]Gb|sf] juL{s/0f u/]sf] lyof] -lh/f] :6f/ cyf{t\ g/fd|f]b]lv lnP/ ly| :6f/ cyf{t pTs[i6;Dd_ .
cfof]un] lbPsf tYof+s Pp6} 9fFrfdf gePsfn] tYof+s kfO;s]kl5 xfdLn] ltgnfO{ k|zf]wg
ug{'k¥of] . of] sfd PS;]nsf d2tn] u¥of}+ . xfdLn] :ofxf/ s]Gb| 3/hUuf sf/f]af/ ug{] ;d"xsf]
xf] ls eg]/ cg';Gwfg u¥of}+ . ljQLo ;+s6 cfpg'cl3 lghL If]qsf 3/hUufdf nufgL
ug{]x¿ :ofxf/ s]Gb|lt/ cfslif{t ePsf lyP . t/ ToxL a]nf ;fpbg{ qm; h:tf w]/} ;d"xn]
uDeL/ ljQLo ;d:of ef]u] . :jfldTj lghL If]qdf ePsf :ofxf/ s]Gb|sf] u'0f:t/df sdhf]/L 5 ls
5}g eg]/ xfdL vf]Hg rfxGYof}+ .
91
tYof+snfO{ PS;]ndf /fv]/ ;fdfGo lsl;dn] x]bf{ xfdLn] s] kfof}+ eg] u}/gfkmfd"ns ;+:yf /
;/sf/n] rnfPsf :ofxf/ s]Gb|sf] cj:yf lghL If]qsf] eGbf pNn]vgLo ¿kn] /fd|f] lyof] . lghL
If]qsf s]xL s]Gb|n] cf};teGbf /fd|f] u/]sf lyP eg] c¿ cf};teGbf w]/} tn lyP .
xfdLn] :ofxf/ s]Gb| uP/ klg hfgsf/L lnof}+ . :ofxf/ s]Gb|sf nfk/afxLsf s]; vf]Hof}+ . lgodg
ug{] gLlt c;kmn ePsf] s'/fsf] uxg cWoog u¥of}+ . clg ToxfF ;]jf lngsf nflu ltg{'kg{] k};f,
gfkmfsf] b/ cflb ljifosf hfgsf/L klg vf]Hof}+ . xfdLn] u/]sf] ljZn]if0fn] j[4j[4f :ofxf/
s]Gb|sf] cj:yfsf] ;xL tl:a/ b]vfof] .
s]xL ;Nnfx
• cfk"mn] kfPsf tYof+snfO{ s] s;/L k|zf]wg ul/of] eGg] s'/fsf] gf]6 /fVg'k5{ .
• cfk"mn] kfPsf tYof+ssf] Ps k|lt h:tfsf] t:t} ;'/lIft /fVg'k5{ . To;df s'g} klg lsl;dsf]
k]m/abn ug{'x'Fb}g .
•tYof+s Ps k6s dfq xf]Og k6s k6s hfFRg'k5{ . ljZn]if0f klg w]/} k6s ug{'k5{
-cfjZos k/]df ljZn]if0fsf] sfd k]ml/ ;'?b]lv yfNg'k5{_ .
• s'g} vf; sDkgL cyjf JolQmdfly cf/f]k nufPsf] 5 eg] pm;Fu s'/f a'e\mg'k5{ .
6]lnkmf]gsf s'/f
df]afOn kmf]gaf6 k|fKt tYof+ssf cfwf/df s] ug{ ;lsG5 eg]/ ;}4flGts s'/f dfq ePsf 5g\, o;sf
pbfx/0f yf]/} dfq 5g\ . hd{g lu|g kf6L{sf dfN6] l:khn] cfk"m;Fu ;DalGwt o:tf] ;"rgf k|sflzt
ug]{ ljrf/ u/] . o:tf] hfgsf/L lngsf nflu pgn] 6]lnkmf]g sDkgL 8r] 6]lnsd lj?4 d'2f
xfNg'k¥of] . To;kl5 pgn] PS;]n kmDof{6df w]/} tYof+s kfP . o;sf cfwf/df h]Ot cgnfOgn] cGt/
lqmofTds gS;f tof/ u¥of] .
o:tf ;"rgf 5'§f5'§} x]bf{ oL s] sfd nfU5g\ / h:tf] nfU5 . t/ tL ;a}nfO{ hf]8\bf dflg;sf]
cfgLafgL / k|fyldstf cyf{t\ pgsf] hLjgsf w]/} s'/f yfxf x'G5 . o;af6 pgL s'g a]nf
;8sdf lx+8\5g, s'g a]nf 6«]g r9\5g\, s'g a]nf Kn]gdf x'G5g\ eGg] s'/f hflgG5 . o;n] s] klg
b]vfPsf] 5 eg] pgL d"n ¿kdf aln{gdf a:5g\ . pgL s'g s'g zx/df hfG5g\, slt a]nf hfuf x'G5g\
/ slt a]nf ;'T5g\ eGg] s'/f klg yfxf x'G5 .
8r] 6]lnsdn] l:khsf] kmf]g;Fu ;DalGwt s]xL hfgsf/LnfO{ uf]Ko /fVof], pgnfO{ lbPg . pgn] s;nfO{
kmf]g u/] / pgnfO{ s;n] kmf]g u¥of] eGg] hfgsf/L uf]Ko /flvof] . o:tf] ;"rgf aflx/ hfFbf pgnfO{
kmf]g ug{] / pgsf] kmf]g kfpg]sf] uf]kgLotf e+u x'GYof] . oL hfgsf/L gx'Fbf klg o;n] l:khsf af/]df
w]/} s'/f atfPsf] 5 -t/ ;/sf/L u'Ktr/n] eg] tL hfgsf/L x]g{ kfpF5g\_ .
92
lrq #=!(M 6]lnkmf]gsf s'/f -h]Ot cgnfOg_
xfdLn] cf]kg8]6fl;6Lsf nf]/]Gh df6\hf6 / dfsn q]mOnnfO{ oL ;"rgf cWoog ug{ / ltgnfO{
b[Zodf b]vfpg] pkfo vf]Hg cg'/f]w u¥of}+ . æ;a}eGbf klxn] xfdLn] PS;]n / ô'hg 6]an h:tf
6'n pkfo]u u/]/ ;"rgf a'e\mof}+ . To;kl5 Pp6f Dofk OG6/k]m; tof/ u¥of}+ h;n] o'h/nfO{ tL
tYof+s;Fu cGt/lqmof ug{ lbGYof],Æ df6\hf6n] cfk"mn] u/]sf] sfdsf af/]df o;/L atfP . o;/L
/flvPsf tYof+saf6 dflg;sf af/]df slt hfgsf/L lng ;ls+bf] /x]5 eg]/ atfpgsf nflu o;df
l:kh sxfF sxfF uP eGg] s'/f atfpg], ;fj{hlgs ¿kdf pknAw hfgsf/L -6\jL6/, Anu OG6«L, pgsf]
j]a;fO6df /flvPsf ;fj{hlgs sfo{qmd ;DaGwL hfgsf/L_ klg /flvof] . s'g} JolQmnfO{ glhsaf6
lgofNg vf]lh/x]sf cg';Gwfgstf{n] o:tf] k|lqmof ckgfpg ;S5g\ . h]Ot cgnfOgsf u|flkmS; /
cg';Gwfg tyf ljsf; ljefusf l6d;Fu ldn]/ pgLx¿n] cGj]if0f ug{ ldNg] vfnsf] /fd|f] OG6/k]m;
agfP . o;df Pp6f a6g Kn] u/]/ dfN6] l:khsf] hLjgsf w]/} s'/f yfxf kfpg ;lsG5 .
hd{gLdf o;nfO{ ;kmntfk"j{s ljdf]rg u/]kl5 xfdLn] s] yfxf kfof}+ eg] hd{gLeGbf aflx/af6 w]/}
lelh6/ cfP . To;}n] xfdLn] o; Pksf] c+u|]hL ;+:s/0f tof/ ug{] ljrf/ u¥of}+ . hd{g lu|Dd]
cgnfOg k'/:sf/ kfPkl5 ;]K6]Da/ @)!! df o; sfdn] cf]PgP k'/:sf/ kfof] . hd{g ;dfrf/
j]a;fO6n] k'/:sf/ kfPsf] of] klxnf] cj;/ lyof] .
o; ;DaGwL ;a} tYof+s u'un 8S; :k]|8l;6df -bit.ly/zeitonline-data_ pknAw 5 . :6f]/L k9\g dg
nfu]df h]Ot cgnfOgdf -www.zeit.de/datenschutz/malte-spitz-data-retention_ hfg ;lsG5 .
— ;fZff e]gf]/, h]Ot cgnfOg
93
kf; x'g] sf/, k]mn x'g] sf/
hgj/L @)!) df lala;Ln] oftfoft dGqfnosf] hfFrdf s'g agf]6 / s'g df]8nsf sf/ slt dfqfdf
;kmn / c;kmn x'G5g\ eGg] tYof+s xft kf¥of] . of] hfFr sf/ ;'/lIft 5 ls 5}|g / o;nfO{ ;8sdf
rNg lbg'x'G5 ls x'Fb}g egL ul/g] hfFr xf] . tLg jif{eGbf k'/fgf ;a} sf/sf] hfFr a;]{lg ul/G5 .
xfdLn] oL tYof+s lng oftfoft dGqfnosf] l;:6d x]g{] oftfoft ljefu -ef];f_ ;Fu n8fOF
n8\g'k¥of] . ;"rgfsf] xssf] pkof]u ub{} xfdLn] oL tYof+s dfUbf ef];fn] o;af6 Jofj;flos uf]kgLotf
e+u x'G5 eGb} xfd|f] cg'/f]w c:jLsf/ u¥of] . c;kmntf b/ a9L ePsf uf8L lgdf{tfnfO{ o;n] Jofj;flos
¿kdf Iflt k'¥ofpF5 egL p;n] ts{ u¥of] . To;kl5 xfdLn] ;"rgf cfo'QmsxfF k'g/fj]bg u¥of}+ . cfo'Qmn]
;fj{hlgs rf;f]sf ljifo ePsfn] tL hfgsf/L lbg cfb]z lbof] . To;kl5 ef];fn] xfdLn] dfu]sf] !*
dlxgfkl5 oL tYof+s lbof] .
lrq #=@)M oftfoft dGqfnosf] hfFrdf c;kmntf b/ -lala;L_
xfdLn] ;a}eGbf nf]slk|o df]8nsf] c;kmntf b/ Tolt g} k'/fgf c¿ sf/sf] c;kmntf b/;Fu bfFh]/
oL cfFs8fsf] ljZn]if0f u¥of}+ . o;f] ubf{ ljleGg sDkgLsf sf/sf] c;kmntf b/ km/s km/s kfOof] .
pbfx/0fsf nflu, /]gN6 lduflg;sf] tLg jif{ k'/fgf] sf/sf] c;kmntf b/ @* k|ltzt kfOof] eg] Tolt
g} k'/fgf] 6f]of]6f sf]/f]Nnfsf] c;kmntf b/ !! k|ltzt dfq} kfOof] . of] ;dfrf/ 6]lnlehg, /]l8of] /
cgnfOgdfk{mt k|;f/ eof] .
oL tYof+s xfdLnfO{ !@ ;o k]hsf] kL8LPkm kmfOndf lbOPsf lyP . ljZn]if0f ug{sf nflu xfdLn]
lognfO{ :k|]8l;6df 9fNg'k¥of] . cWoogsf] lgisif{ ;DaGwL ;dfrf/ lbg'sf ;fy} xfdLn] :6f]/Lsf ;fydf
lala;L Go'h j]a;fO6df -bbc.in/mot-failure-rates_ PS;]n :k|]8l;6 -h;df !$ xhf/ eGbf a9L nfOg
tYof+s lyP_ /fVof}+ .
94
o;sf] kl/0ffd s] lg:Sof] eg] oL tYof+snfO{ c¿n] cfˆg} lsl;dn] ljZn]if0f u/] . xfdLn] :6f]/L rfF8}
k|;f/ ug{] xtf/f]df o:tf] ljZn]if0f ug{ EofPsf lyPgf}+ . pgLx¿n] cGo pd]/sf sf/sf] c;kmntf b/
x]/] . To;nfO{ c¿ df]8]n;Fu t'ngf ug{'sf ;§f pgLx¿n] To;sf lgdf{tf sDkgLsf] /]s8{;Fu t'ngf
u/] . pgLx¿n] lglZrt df]8]nsf ;kmntf÷c;kmntf b/ vf]Hg ldNg] u/L 8]6fa]; tof/ u/] . o;/L
ljZn]if0f ul/Psf ;fO6sf] ln+s xfdLn] xfd|f] ;dfrf/df /fVof}+ . o;n] ubf{ xfd|f kf7sn] klg oL
ljZn]if0faf/]df hfGg kfP .
tYof+sdf cfwfl/t ;dfrf/sf ;fydf k"/} tYof+s /fVbf s] kmfObf x'G5 eGg] s'/f o;n] b]vfPsf] 5 . ;a}
:6f]/L;Fu k"/} tYof+s g/fVg klg ;lsG5 -kl5 :6f]/Lsf] kmnf]ck ug{] ljrf/ 5 eg] s]xL ;dosf nflu
oL tYof+s k|sflzt gug{ ;lsG5_ . t/ ;du|df tYof+s k|sflzt ubf{ w]/} 7"nf kmfObf x'G5g\M
•kqsf/sf] sfd ;dfrf/ vf]Hg' / To;sf af/]df dflg;nfO{ atfpg' xf] . s'g} tYof+s kfpg]
a]nfdf b'Mv kfOof] eg] tL tYof+s kfO;s]kl5 c¿nfO{ lbg' kqsf/sf] sfdleq k5{ .
• tkfO{+n] h'g b[li6sf]0fn] x]g{ 5'6fpg'ePsf] 5 c¿n] To; b[li6sf]0fn] x]g{ ;S5g\, h'g dxTjk"0f{
x'g ;S5 . tkfO{+sf] :6f]/Lsf nflu dxTjk"0f{ geP klg s'g} tYof+s c¿sf nflu dxTjk"0f{ x'g
;S5g\ .
•tkfO{+sf] sfdsf] ;xfotf lnP/ c¿n] tkfO{+n] yfn]sf] sfd cl3 a9fpg ;S5g\ . tYof+snfO{
cem a9L ljZn]if0f ug{ ;S5g\ . :6f]/L k|:t't ug{ cyjf tYof+snfO{ b[Zodf abNg pgLx¿n]
km/s ljlw ckgfpg ;S5g\ . cfˆg} cfOl8of / k|fljlws 1fgsf] pkof]u u/]/ pgLx¿n] csf{]
tl/sfn] cg';Gwfg ug{ ;S5g\ h'g pknlAwd"ns x'g ;S5 .
•o;f] ubf{ kqsfl/tfsf] k|lqmof pQ/bfoL / kf/bzL{ x'G5 . tkfO{+n] pkof]u u/]sf] tl/sfsf
af/]df c¿nfO{ yfxf x'G5 . dg nfu]sf v08df pgLx¿n] tkfO{+n] u/]sf sfd hfFRg kfpF5g\ .
— dfl6{g /f]hgafpd, lala;L
ch{]lG6gfdf a;df cg'bfg
;g\ @))@ otf ch{]lG6gfdf ;fj{hlgs a; oftfoftdf lbOg] cg'bfgsf] dfqf cTolws a9\of] .
x/]s jif{ o:tf] cg'bfg a9\b} uof] . ;g\ @)!! df r'gfjkl5 ul7t gofF ;/sf/n] ;f]xL jif{sf]
l8;]Da/b]lv cg'bfg s6f}tL ug{] 3f]if0ff u¥of] . oxL ;dodf s]Gb|Lo ;/sf/n] :yfgLo a; /
d]6«f] nfOgsf] ;~rfngsf] lhDdf Ao'g; cfo;{ ;/sf/nfO{ lbg] lgwf] u¥of] . ;~rfngsf] lhDdf
lb+bf cg'bfg x:tfGt/0f ul/G5 ls ul/+b}g eGg] s'/f k|:6 gePsfn] clg oftfoft ;'/lIft
agfpg kof{Kt :yfgLo sf]if gePsfn] Ao'g; cfo;{ gu/ ;/sf/n] a; ;~rfngsf] lhDdf lng
c:jLsf/ u¥of] .
o;f] eO/x]sf a]nf d / nf g]l;of]+sf d]/f ;fyLx¿ cfˆgf] ;+:yfdf tYof+s kqsfl/tf s;/L ;'?
ug{] eg]/ klxnf] k6s e]nf ePsf lyof}+ . ljQ zfvfsf ;Dkfbsn] oftfoft ljefun] k|sfzg
u/]sf cg'bfg (http://www.transporte.gov.ar/) ;DaGwL tYof+saf6 of] sfd ;'? ug{ ;Nnfx lbP .
tYof+ssf] kmDof{6 / To;df pkof]u ePsf zAbfjnLn] ubf{ of] sfd r'gf}tLk"0f{ lyof] .
;fj{hlgs oftfoft k|0ffnL /fd|f] gePsfn] x/]s lbg %* nfv ofqLn] b'Mv kfPsf lyP . a; l9nf]
x'g], x8tfn x'g], uf8L lau|g] / b'3{6gf;d]t x'g] 36gf af/Daf/ eO/xGy] . To;}n] xfdLn] a; rnfpg
95
lbPsf] cg'bfg sxfF hfG5 egL x]g{] lgwf] u¥of}+ . o; ljifosf tYof+s ch{]lG6gfsf gful/snfO{ pknAw
u/fpg] ljrf/ u¥of}+ .
;a}eGbf klxn] xfdLn] ;/sf/n] x/]s dlxgf lbg] cg'bfg sltj6f a; sDkgLn] kfpF5g\ egL lx;fa
u¥of}+ . o;sf nflu oftfoft ljefusf] j]a;fO6df k|sflzt tYof+s x]¥of}+ . ToxfF ePsf $)) kL8LPkm
kmfOndf ;g\ @))^ otf !#)) eGbf a9L sDkgLn] kfPsf gub cg'bfgsf] ljj/0f lyof] .
tYof+s lgoldt ¿kdf 8fpgnf]8 ug{ / kL8LPkmdf /x]sf tYof+s PS;]; / 8]6fa]; kmfOndf
/fVg cg'ejL k|f]u|fd/;Fu ldn]/ :qmØfk/ agfof}+ . o;/L k|fKt ePsf @ nfv *% xhf/ j6f
/]s8{sf] cWoog u¥of}+ / ltgnfO{ b[Zodf abNof}+ clg lk|G6 tyf cgnfOgdf k|sflzt
u¥of}+ . o; afx]s oL tYof+s d]l;gn] k9\g ;Sg] kmDof{6df /fVof}+ h;nfO{ ch{]lG6gfsf hf]sf]xLn] k'gM
pkof]u ug{ / z]o/ ug{ ;Sy] .
To;kl5 xfdLn] ;fj{hlgs oftfoft rnfpg ;/sf/n] x/]s dlxgf ;/b/ slt vr{ u5{ eg]/
lx;fa lgsfNg] ljrf/ u¥of}+ . of] s'/f kQf nufpg xfdL oftfoft lgodg ug{] /fli6«o cfof]usf]
j]a;fO6df uof}+ . o; ;fO6df xfdLn] ch{]lG6gfdf rNg] ())) uf8Lsf dflns sDkgLsf] ;"rL
e]6\of}+ . a; sDkgLsf] gfd x]g{ / b'O{j6f 8]6fl;6sf] qm; l/km/]G; x]g{sf nflu xfdLn] gd{nfOh/
agfof}+ .
of] sfd cl3 a9fpgsf nflu xfdLnfO{ uf8Lsf] btf{ gDa/ rflxof] . cfof]usf] j]a;fO6df
xfdLn] x/]s a; nfOgsf uf8L gDa/ / x/]s sDkgLsf uf8L gDa/ kfof}+ . ch{]lG6gfdf uf8Lsf]
gDa/df cIf/ / gDa/ x'G5 . uf8L hlt gofF eof] To;sf] gDa/ a9\b} hfG5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu, d]/f]
sf/sf] gDa/ cfO{8LPkm @#$ xf] . cfO{ eGgfn] dfr{–clk|n @)!! eGg] a'lemG5 . o;sf cfwf/df xfdLn]
x/]s sDkgLsf a;sf] cf};t cfo' kQf nufof}+ . x/]s sDkgLn] ltgsf] uf8Lsf] cf};t pd]/sf cfwf/df
slt k};f kfpF5g\ eGg] s'/f kQf nufof}+ .
xfdLn] of] sfd ul//x]sf a]nf ;/sf/n] k|sflzt u/]sf tYof+s ePsf kL8LPkm kmfOndf /x:ok"0f{
9+un] k]m/abn ul/of] . o'cf/Pn / kmfOnsf] gfd ToxL 5 t/ To;leqsf c+s k]ml/P . To;}n]
xfdLnfO{ tYof+s hfFr ug{ c;Dej eof] .
XofS;÷Xofs;{n] af]:6gdf cfof]hgf u/]sf] Xofsfygdf xfdLn] of] s'/f p7fof}+ . ToxfF 8]enk/ Dof6
k]/Ln] ækL8LPkm :kfOÆ PlKns];g agfP . of] PlKns];gn] To; Xofsfygsf] æ;a}eGbf /fd|f]Æ kbjL
kfof] . o; kL8LPkm :kfO -gristlabs.com/2011/09/24/pdfspy/) n] s'g} j]a;fO6sf kL8LPkm kmfOn k]ml/
Psf 5g\ ls 5}gg\ egL kQf nufpF5 . Dof6 k]/Ln] xfdLnfO{ o:tf] ;Nnfx lbP, æ…;/sf/L kf/blz{tfÚ af6
k]ml/ slxNo} ge'mlSsg' .Æ
96
lrq #=@!M oftfoft cg'bfg cGj]ifs -nf g]l;of]g_
97
lrq #=@@M cg'bfg kfPsf oftfoft sDkgL / ltgn] kfPsf] k};f -nf g]l;of]g_
98
xfdLn] pkof]u u/]sf 6'n
xfdLn] Psbd} ;fdfGo 6'n pkof]u u/]sf lyof}+ . tL lyP PS;]n Dofqmf]h, 6\ofANo' klAns / h'gf cf]kg
8]6f Kn]6kmd{, ?aL cg /]N;, u'un rf6{, PkLcfO{ / dfOP;So'Pn .
o; k|f]h]S6sf] 7"nf] k|efj k¥of] . OG6/g]6df xhf/f}+ lelh6/ cfP . of] :6f]/L nf gfl;ofg]sf] 5fkf
;+:s/0fdf klxnf] k]hdf 5flkof] .
xfdLn] tYof+s kqsfl/tfsf] cEof; u/]sf] of] klxnf] cj;/ lyof] . o;sf] ;kmntfn] ubf{ vf]hd"ns
:6f]/L tof/ ug{ / cfd dflg;nfO{ ;]jf lbg tYof+s kqsfl/tf ug{'k5{ egL xfd|f] ;~rf/ dfWoddf bafa
lbg xfdLnfO{ ;lhnf] eof] . o;n] ubf{ Data.lanacion.com.ar ;'? eof] . of] o:tf] Kn]6kmd{ xf] hxfF xfdL
cfd dflg;sf] ?lrsf ljleGg ljifo;Fu ;DalGwt d]l;gn] k9\g ;Sg] tYof+s k|sfzg u5f{}+ .
— PGh]lnsf k/]N6f, nf gfl;ofg -ch{]lG6gf_
gful/s tYof+s l/kf]6{/
tYof+sdf cfwfl/t :6f]/L 7"nf ;dfrf/ sIfn] dfq} ug{'k5{ eGg] 5}g . tYof+s kqsf/sf nflu pkof]uL
;Lksf] k|of]u u/]/ cfd gful/sn] klg cfˆgf] ?lrsf ljifosf tYof+s ;+sng ug{ / ltgsf cfwf/df
:6f]/L tof/ ug{ ;S5g\ .
a|flhndf k|]mG8\; ckm hg'cfl/of gfds gful/s ldl8of k|f]h]S6 rnfpg'sf] d'Vo p2]Zo oxL
lyof] . o;sf nflu Unf]an EjfO;]; cgnfOgsf] -globalvoicesonline.org_ k|rf/–k|;f/ ljefu /fOlhª
EjfO;]; -rising.globalvoicesonline.org_ n] cg'bfg lbPsf] lyof] . cfl6{sn !( af6 -www.article19.
org_ yk ;xof]u k|fKt ePsf] lyof] . ;g\ @)!! sf ;]K6]Da/ / cS6f]a/sf aLrdf a|flhnsf] ;a}eGbf
ul/adWo]sf] Pp6f /fHosf] ldgf; h]/fO; gfds ;fgf] zx/sf o'jfx¿nfO{ cfwf/e"t kqsfl/tf /
ah]6 lgu/fgL ;DaGwdf tflnd lbOof] . ;"rgfsf] xssf] pkof]u u/]/ / OG6/g]6df /flvPsf ;/sf/L
8]6fa];af6 ;"rgf s;/L lng] eGg] s'/f klg pgLx¿n] l;s] .
nueu ^% xhf/ afl;Gbf ePsf] hfg'cfl/of zx/df /fhgLlt1 c;kmn ePsf 5g\ . lat]sf
!@ jif{df ;ft hgf d]o/ ag] . oLdWo] k|foM ;a}nfO{ e|i6frf/ nufotsf unt sfd u/]sf] egL
kbaf6 x6fOPsf] lyof] .
hfg'cfl/of h:tf ;fgf zx/sf af/]df a|flhnsf ;~rf/ dfWodn] Tolt rf;f] lb+b}gg\ . pgLx¿
7"nf zx/ / /fhwfgLsf s'/fdf Wofg lbG5g\ . t/ o; zx/sf afl;Gbfn] ;/sf/L k|zf;gdfly
lgu/fgL ug{] sfddf 7"nf] e"ldsf v]Ng ;S5g\ lsgeg] pgLx¿nfO{ :yfgLo afl;Gbfn] s] s:tf
;d:of ef]lu/x]sf 5g\ eGg]af/]df c¿nfO{ eGbf a9\bf s'/f yfxf 5 . OG6/g]6sf] pkof]u u/]/
pgLx¿n] ah]6 / :yfgLo txsf c¿ tYof+s ;lhn};Fu kfpg ;S5g\ .
afx|j6f sfo{zfnfdf efu lnPkl5 hfg'cfl/ofsf s]xL gful/s l/kf]6{/n] ;fj{hlgs ¿kdf
pknAw tYof+s lng yfn] . pbfx/0fsf nflu, @@ jifL{o gful/s l/kf]6{/ ;f]/floof cdf]l/dn]
99
gu/kflnsfaf6 tna vfg] -;+3Lo ;/sf/L tYof+sdf pNn]lvt_ 8fS6/sf af/]df :6f]/L n]lvg\ . To;df
pgn] hlt hgf 8fS6/n] gu/kflnsfaf6 tna vfO/x]sf lyP egL ;/sf/L tYof+sdf n]lvPsf] lyof]
Tolt 8fS6/n] ;]jf lbPsf 5}gg\ eGg] s'/f n]lvg\ . of] :6f]/L n]Vgsf nflu pgn] :jf:Yo ;DaGwL tYof+s
lnOg\ h'g cgnfOgdf pknAw lyP . ;/sf/L tYof+s cg';f/ hfg'cfl/ofdf &! hgf 8fS6/n] ljleGg
vfnsf :jf:Yo ;]jf lbPsf] x'g'kYof{] .
lrq #=@#M uf8Lsf] pd]/ / ltgn] ;/sf/af6 kfPsf cg'bfg -nf g]l;of]g_
100
lrq #=@$M k|m] G8\; ckm hfg'cfl/of gful/s ldl8of k|fh
] S] 6 cGtu{t tYof+s kqsf/ x'g rflxg] cfwf/e"t ;Lk l;Sb}
To; tYof+sdf pNn]v eP hlt 8fS6/n] ;]jf lbPsf 5}gg\ eGg] s'/f :yfgLo afl;GbfnfO{
/fd|f];Fu yfxf lyof] . pgLx¿n] hlxNo} klg 8fS6/ gePsf] egL ph'/L uy{] . s]xL la/fdL 8fS6/ e]6\g
csf{] zx/df hfg'kYof{] . kl5 pgn] xfn} df]6/;fOsn b'3{6gf a]xf]/]sL dlxnf;Fu s'/fsfgL ul/g\ h;n]
hfg'cfl/ofsf c:ktfndf 8fS6/ gePsfn] pkrf/ kfPsL lyOgg\ . pgn] zx/sf :jf:Yo ;lrj;Fu klg
s'/f ul/g\ h;n] ;/sf/n] pNn]v u/] hlt 8fS6/n] ;]jf glbPsf] s'/f :jLsf/] .
oL k|f/lDes hfgsf/Ln] To; zx/df ;/sf/L tYof+sdf pNn]v eP hlt 8fS6/n] lsg
;]jf lb+b}gg\ eGg] ljifodf w]/} k|Zg p7fP . Pp6f sf/0f x'g ;S5M ;+3Lo tYof+s unt 5g\ .
o;sf] cy{ xf] a|flhndf :jf:Yo ;DaGwL hfgsf/L cw'/f 5g\ . csf{] sf/0f x'g ;S5M
hfg'cfl/of gu/n] cfˆgf] 7fpFdf ;]jf ul//x]sf 8fS6/sf] ;+Vof jf:tljseGbf a9L ePsf] egL ;/sf/nfO{
l/kf]6{ lbPsf] 5 . oL k|Zgsf] hjfkm kfpgsf nflu yk vf]h ug{'kg{] eof] . h] eP klg, pgsf]
:6f]/Ln] o; ljifonfO{ p7fP/ dxTjk"0f{ sfd u¥of] lsgeg] o;n] :jf:Yo If]qdf ePsf unt
sfddf k|sfz kf¥of] . o; :6f]/Ln] o; ljifonfO{ cem /fd|/L lgofn]/ x]g{ c¿nfO{ klg k|f]T;fxg
u/]sf] x'g ;S5 .
æd ufpFdf a:y]+ . :s"nsf] k9fO ;Sg d}n] w]/} si6 a]xf]g{'k¥of],Æ ;f]/]loofn] elgg\ . ædnfO{ s;}n] eljiodf
tF s] x'G5];\ eg]/ ;f]Wbf d hlxNo} klg kqsf/ x'G5' eGy]+ . d h'g 7fpFdf a:y]+ ToxfF of] sfd emG8} emG8}
c;Dej lyof] .Æ k|]mG8\; ckm hfg'cfl/ofn] lbPsf] tflnd lnPkl5 pgnfO{ s] nfUof] eg] cfˆgf] zx/
sf] cj:yf k]mg{sf nflu tYof+s lng ;Sg' h¿/L /x]5 . ædnfO{ clxn] d]/f] zx/, d]/f] b]z / d]/f] ;+;f/
abNg ;S5' eGg] nfu]sf] 5,Æ pgn] elgg\ .
101
aL; jif{sf cfln;F df]G6]ol/6gn] klg of] tflnd lnPsf lyP . pgn] klg cfˆgf] n]vdf tYof+s
pkof]u u/] . tflndsf] klxnf] Snf;df ;xefuLx¿ :6f]/Lsf nflu ljifo vf]Hg zx/ uPsf a]nfdf pgn]
;a} d'Vo rf]ssf lau|]sf 6«flkms nfO6sf af/]df :6f]/L n]Vg] ljrf/ u/] . tL nfO6 lau|]sf] w]/} ePsf]
lyof] . OG6/g]6df tYof+s s;/L vf]Hg] eGg] s'/f l;s]kl5 pgn] zx/df slt uf8L 5g\ / ltgsf wgLn]
uf8L /fv] afkt slt s/ lt5{g\ eGg] hfgsf/L vf]h] . o;af/]df pgn] n]v]sf 5g\M
zx/df uf8L w]/} ePsfn] hfg'cfl/ofsf] cj:yf v/fa ePsf] xf] . cfOlahLO -a|flhnsf] ;a}
eGbf dxTjk"0f{ tYof+s cg';Gwfg ;+:yf_ sf cg';f/, ;g\ @)!) df hfg'cfl/ofdf
!#,&&! j6f uf8L -oLdWo] &(&( j6f df]6/;fOsn_ lyP ===zx/sf :yfgLo afl;Gbf
s] ljZjf; u5{g\ eg] k};f gePsfn] 6«flkms nfO6 agfpg l9nf] ePsf] xf]Og . ldgf;
h]/fO; /fHosf] /fHosf]ifsf ;lrjsf cg';f/, o; zx/n] ;g\ @)!) df uf8L s/ afkt $ nfv &)
xhf/ p7fPsf] lyof] .
tYof+s lng ;s]kl5 pgn] hfg'cfl/ofdf w]/} uf8L 5g\ -kfFr hgfdWo] Ps hgf;Fu uf8L 5_
/ nfO6 lau|]sfn] w]/}sf] Hofg vt/fdf kg{ ;S5 eGg] s'/f b]vfpg ;s] . pgn] uf8LwgLaf6
gu/kflnsfn] slt s/ p7fpF5 eGg] s'/f atfpg ;s] . o;sf cfwf/df dflg;n] o;/L
uf8LwgLaf6 p7fPsf] k};fn] 6«flkms nfO6 dd{t u/]/ 8«fOe/ / k}bnofqLsf] Hofgsf] ;'/Iff ug{
lsg ;ls+b}g egL k|Zg ug{ kfpg] eP .
;f]/fOof / cfln;Fn] n]v]sf oL :6f]/L Psbd ;/n 5g\ . logn] gful/s l/kf]6{/n] tYof+s pkof]u ug{
;S5g\ eGg] b]vfPsf 5g\ . ljz]if1 ePsf 7"nf ;dfrf/ sIfdf sfd ug{]n] dfq} cfˆgf] n]vdf tYof+s
pkof]u ug{'k5{ eGg] 5}g . sfo{zfnfdf efu lng'eGbf klxn] oL b'j} hgfn] kqsfl/tf u/]sf lyPgg\ .
sfo{zfnfdf efu lnPkl5 pgLx¿ tYof+s pkof]u u/]/ cfˆgf] 7fpFsf ;d:ofsf af/]df /f]rs :6f]/L
n]Vg ;Sg] eP . o; afx]s, pgLx¿sf n]vn] s] b]vfPsf 5g\ eg] tYof+s ;fgf eP klg tL pkof]uL
x'G5g\ . cyf{t\ ;fgf 8]6fl;6 / 6]andf klg d"Nojfg\ tYof+s x'G5g\, d"Nojfg\ tYof+s vf]Hg 7"nf 8]6fl;6
plwGg} k5{ eGg] 5}g .
— Pd]G8f /;L, k|]mG8\; ckm hfg'cfl/of
lgjf{rg kl/0ffdsf nflu lau af]8{
lgjf{rg kl/0ffd cfpg] a]nfdf ;~rf/ dfWodn] b[Zodf :6f]/L eGg] 7"nf] cj;/ kfpF5g\ . t/ nfdf]
;dob]lv of] cj;/ pkof]u ePsf] 5}g . ;g\ @))* df xfdLn] u|flkmS; 8]:s ;Fu ldn]/ of] cj:yf
k]mg{] ljrf/ u¥of}+ .
xfdLn] lgjf{rg kl/0ffd ;DaGwL :6f]/L eGg] o:tf] tl/sf kQf nufpg vf]Hof}+ hxfF 6]an cyjf gS;fdf
;+Vof y'kfl/Psf] gxf];\ . cl3Nnf] lgjf{rgdf xfdLn] To:t} u/]sf lyof}+ (http://nyti.ms/senate-1;
http://nyti.ms/senate-2; http://nyti.ms/senate-3) .
;+Vof w]/} x'Fb}df cyjf l;PgPgn] h;/L 6]andfly 6]an lb+b}df g/fd|f] x'G5 eGg] 5}g . o;f]
ubf{ cfˆgf] p2]Zo k"/f x'G5 lsgeg] cl8oG;n] hfGg vf]h]sf] s'/f cyf{t\ s;n] lhTof] eGg]
s'/f yfxf kfpF5g\ .
102
clxn];Dd u/]eGbf laNs'n} km/s sfd ubf{, dflg;n] ;f]r]eGbf cs}{ lsl;dn] hfgsf/L lb+bf slxn]
sfxL+ cl8oG; cndlng] 8/ klg x'G5 .
cGTodf u|flkmS; 8]:ssf zfg sf6{/n] /fd|f] tl/sf ;'emfP . o;nfO{ xfdLn] lau af]8{
elections_ eGof}+ . o;sf] gd'gf b]Vbf d 5Ss k/]+ .
-nyti.ms/board-
of] Psbd} pko'Qm tl/sf lyof] .
lrq #=@%M lgjf{rg kl/0ffdsf nflu lauaf]8{ -Go' of]s{ 6fOD;_
s]n] ubf{ of] b[Zo kqsfl/tfsf] /fd|f] pbfx/0f eof] < ;a}eGbf dfly /x]sf] 7"nf] af/n] kf7ssf]
cfFvf tfG5 . o;nfO{ kqsfl/tfsf] efiffdf ln8 eGg ;lsG5 . o;n] kf7snfO{ t'?Gt}, ;/n
9+un], grflxg] b[Zo gb]vfO{sg kf7sn] hfGg rfx]sf s'/f atfpF5 .
To;kl5 kf7s To;eGbf tn lbOPsf kfFrj6f sf]ndlt/ tflgG5g\ . aLrsf] sf]nddf xfdLn]
kqsfl/tfdf eGg] u/]sf] g6 u|fkm cyjf ;Gbe{ lbOPsf] 5 . oxfF xfdLn] cf]afdfn] lsg lht] egL
atfPsf 5f}+ . o;n] of] s'/f :ki6;Fu atfPsf] 5M cf]afdfn] lhTg] cfzf u/]sf ;a} /fHodf lht]
/ w/d/ ePsf kfFrdWo] rf/j6f /fHodf lht] .
d]/f nflu kfFr sf]ndsf] of] l8hfOg b[Zo kqsfl/tf c¿ vfnsf] l8hfOg eGbf s;/L km/s
x'G5 eGg] s'/fsf] pbfx/0f xf] . /fd|f] b[Zo kqsfl/tf ;'Gb/ x'G5 / o;n] hfgsf/L klg lbG5 .
103
:6f]/L / ;'Gb/tfdWo] Pp6f 5fGg'k¥of] eg] kqsf/n] :6f]/L /f]Hg'k5{ . ljz'4 l8hfOg/n] o:tf]
n]cfp6 agfpFb}gYof] xf]nf t/ o;n] :6f]/L Psbd} /fd|f], clt /fd|f];Fu eg]sf] 5 .
cGTodf, c¿ ;a} /fd|f cGt/lqmofTds j]a ;fdu|Ln] h:t} o;n] klg kf7snfO{ cem a9L hfgsf/L
lng k|f]T;fxg lbG5 . oxfF x/]s /fHosf ef]6sf] k|ltzt h:tf yk hfgsf/L /flvPsf] 5 .
oL ;a} ljz]iftfn] ælau af]8{Æ nfO{ b[Zo kqsfl/tfsf] /fd|f] pbfx/0f agfPsf 5g\ h;df OGe6{]8
lk/fld8 z}nLdf hfgsf/L k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
— cf/f]g lkNxf]km/, Go' of]s{ 6fOD;
kfgLsf] dx;'n
dfr{ @)!! b]lv k|mfG;e/sf] vfg]kfgLsf] d"No ;DaGwL hfgsf/L cfd dflg;dfk{mt e]nf ul/of] .
o:tf] sfd k/LIf0fsf ¿kdf ul/Psf] lyof] . of] sfd yfn]sf] rf/ dlxgfd}, kfgLsf] ahf/ lgoGq0f
ul//x]sf skf{]/]6 If]qaf6 lbSs ePsf %))) eGbf a9L u|fxsn] cfˆgf] kfgLsf] lan :Sofg u/]/ kfgLsf]
dx;'n gfds k|f]h]S6sf] j]a;fO6df -http://www.prixdeleau) cknf]8 u/] . o;kl5 clxn];Dd gul/Psf]
cg';Gwfg ul/of] h;df lus, u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf / k/Dk/fut ;~rf/ dfWodn] ldn]/ sfd u/]sf lyP .
o;f] ug{'sf] p2]Zo vfg]kfgL kl/of]hgfsf If]qdf kf/blz{tf a9fpg'' lyof] .
lrq #=@^M kfgLsf] dx;'n -kmfpG8];g k|mfG; lna6L{_
k|mfG;sf] vfg]kfgL ahf/df !) xhf/eGbf a9L u|fxs -kfgL lsg]/ cfˆgf s/bftfnfO{ afF8\g] gu/_
5g\ . of] ;]jf k|bfg ug{] sDkgL ;Lldt 5g\ . o; Psflwsf/ ahf/df kfgL a]Rg] sDkgLsf] xfnLd'xfnL
5 . ltgn] slxn]sfxL+ km/s km/s gu/af6 km/s km/s b/n] dx;'n p7fpF5g\ .
k|mfG; lna6L{ gfds k|]mGr u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfn] ljut @% jif{b]lv ;+;f/e/ kfgLsf ljifodf sfd
ul//x]sf] 5 . xfn o;n] k|]mGr ahf/df kf/blz{tf a9fpg] / gful/s tyf d]o/ -h;n] kfgLsf] sf/f]af/sf]
;Demf}tf u5{g\_ nfO{ alnof] agfpg] k|of; ul//x]sf] 5 . ;/sf/n] b'O{ jif{ klxn] kfgLsf] dx;'n /
u'0f:t/sf af/]df b]zJofkL tYof+s lnP/ of] ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{] lgwf] u/]sf] lyof] . clxn];Dd tLg
k|ltzt dfq tYof+s ;+sng ul/Psf] 5 . of] sfd l56f] u/fpg k|mfG; lna6L{n] -www.france-libertes.org_
gful/snfO{ k|ToIf ¿kn] ;xefuL u/fpg] ljrf/ u¥of] .
104
cf]8An'PgcfO{ l6dsf ;fy nfu]/ d}n] cfd dflg;af6 hfgsf/L lng] OG6/k]m; tof/ u/]+ hxfF
pkef]Qmfn] cfˆgf] kfgLsf] lan :Sofg u/]/ k7fP clg cfk"mn] lt/]sf] kfgLsf] dx;'n c+lst
u/] . lat]sf rf/ dlxgfdf *%)) n] o; j]a;fO6df ;fOg ck u/] / %))) eGbf a9Ln] cfˆgf
lan :Sofg u/]/ cknf]8 u/] .
o;af6 kfgLsf] ahf/sf] k"0f{ ¿kn] d"Nof+sg ug{ ;ls+b}g . t/ o;n] kfgLsf] ljifo x]g{] /fli6«o lgsfonfO{
vfg]kfgLsf] dx;'nsf af/]df cfd dflg;n] hfoh rf;f] /fv]sf 5g\ eGg] b]vfof] . u|fxsn] klxn] of]
k|f]h]S6sf] kf/blz{tfsf af/]df z+sf u/] t/ sfd cl3 a9\b} hfFbf pgLx¿n] cGwsf/ / unt skf{]/]6
Jojxf/;Fu h'Wg] sfddf k|mfG; lna6L{;Fu xft]dfnf] u/] . o;af6 ;~rf/ dfWodn] s] l;Sg ;S5g\ <
u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf;Fu ldn]/ sfd ug{'k5{
kf]n];L k]k/ tof/ ug{sf nflu u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfnfO{ w]/} tYof+s rflxG5 . tYof+s ;+sngsf
nflu k};f vr{ ug{ klqsfsf dflnseGbf pgLx¿ a9L tof/ x'G5g\ .
o'h/n] sRrf tYof+s lbg ;S5g\
o'h/n] tYof+s ;+sng cyjf tYof+s k|zf]wg ug{ ;3fP eg] /fd|f] x'G5 .
;|f]tsf] vf]hL ug{'
xfdLn] o'h/nfO{ cfˆgf] lan :Sofg u/]/ cknf]8 ug{ cg'/f]w ug{] ls gug{] eg]/ ljrf/ u¥of}+ .
o;f] ubf{ pgLx¿n] cK7\of/f] dfGnfg\ ls h:tf] nfu]sf] lyof] -vf;u/L xfd|f nlIft cl8oG; cln
kfsf ePsfn]_ . s]xL o;f] ug{ lxlRsrfP xf]nfg\ t/ o;f] ubf{ xfd|f] tYof+ssf] ljZj;gLotf a9\of] .
Eofln8];g k|lqmof /fVg'
xfdLn] Eofln8]6 ug{] l;:6d klg /fv]sf lyof}+ .
;/n agfpg'
xfdLn] c6f]d]6]8 d]lnª l;:6d agfPsf] lyof}+ h;n] ubf{ o'h/n] s]xL 7fpFdf lSns
ubf{ ;"rgfsf] xs pkof]u u/]/ ;"rgf dfUg] kmd{ tof/ x'GYof] . gf}nf] / /fd|f];Fu l8hfOg
ul/Psf] eP klg o'h/n] o;sf] pkof]u Tolt w]/} u/]gg\ .
lglZrt ;d"xnfO{ nlIft ug{'
k|mfG; lna6L{n] cg';Gwfg k|sfzg ug{ pkef]Qmf clwsf/ ;DaGwL Go'h Dofuflhg;Fu ldn]/
sfd u/]sf] lyof] . o:tf] sfdsf nflu of] Psbd} pko'Qm ;+:yf lyof] .
sfo{;Dkfbg dfkg ug{] d'Vo ;"rssf] 5gf]6
o; k|f]h]S6df rf/ dlxgfdf $% xhf/ lelh6/ cfP . o;/L lelh6 ug{] kfFr hgfdWo]
Ps hgfn] ;fOg–ck u/] . bzdWo] Ps hgfn] cfˆgf] lan :Sofg u/] / cknf]8 u/] .
of] 7"nf] s'/f xf] .
105
v08 $
tYof+s ;+sng
106
tYof+sdf cfwfl/t eP/ :6f]/L tof/ ug{] ljrf/ u/]kl5 ;a}eGbf klxn] s] ug]{ < ;a}eGbf klxn]
tYof+s rflxof] . o; v08df tYof+s sxfF kfOG5g\ eGg]af/]df rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 . oxfF xfdL
j]aaf6 tYof+s s;/L lng] eGg]af/]df l;Sg]5f}+ . ;"rgfsf] xs ;DaGwL P]g k|of]u u/]/ ;"rgf s;/L
lng], cJojl:yt ;|f]taf6 tYof+s a6'Ng æl:qmg–:qmØflkªÆ s;/L ug{], cfd kf7saf6 ;"rgf a6'Ng
æqmfp8–;f]l;{ªÆ s;/L ug{] eGg]af/]df klg o;df rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 . o;df tYof+s k'gM k|sfzg ;DaGwL
sfg'gL k|fjwfgsf af/]df 5nkmn ul/Psf] 5 . cGTodf cfk"mn] tof/ u/]sf tYof+s c¿nfO{ k'gM k|of]u
ug{] clwsf/ s;/L lbg] eGg]af/]df klg 5nkmn ul/Psf] 5 .
s'g} vf; ljifosf] tYof+s vf]Hg] xf] < To:tf] tYof+s kfOG5 ls kfOFb}g < kfOG5 eg] sxfF
kfOG5 h:tf] nfu]sf] 5 < sxfFaf6 ;'? ug]{ ljrf/ 5 < oxfF j]adf ;fj{hlgs pkof]usf nflu
/flvPsf tYof+s s;/L vf]Hg] eGg]af/]df rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 .
vf]Hg] sfdnfO{ ;/n agfpg] tl/sf
tYof+s kfpg ;f]r] h:tf] ;lhnf] x'Fb}g t/ ;r{ OlGhgdf uP/ j]adf /flvPsf tYof+s vf]Hg
;lsG5 . o;sf nflu s]xL ;Nnfx o;k|sf/ 5g\M
•tYof+s vf]Hbf cfk"mn] rfx]sf] ljifo;Fu ;DalGwt jfSof+z / tL tYof+s s'g kmDof{6df x'g
;Snfg\ Tof] kmDof{6 6fOk ubf{ /fd|f] x'G5 . u'un / cGo ;r{ OlGhgdf kmfOnsf] k|sf/sf
cfwf/df klg vf]hL ug{ ldN5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu, :k|]8l;6 kmfOn vf]h]sf] xf] eg] ;r{ aS;df
“filetype:XLS, filetype:CSV” 6fOk ug'{k5{ . lhof]8]6f vf]h]sf] eP “filetype:shp”, 8]6fa];af6
lgsflnPsf eP “filetype:MDB, filetype:SQL, filetype:DB” 6fOk ug'{k5{ . kL8LPkm kmfOn
x]g{sf nflu “filetype:pdf” 6fOk ug'{k5{ .
•lglZrt j]a;fO6sf klg lglZrt vfnsf ;"rgf dfq} klg ;r{ ug{ ;lsG5 . u'un
;r{df “inurl:downloads filetype:xls” 6fOk u/]df Tof] j]a;fO6 7]ufgfdf 8fpgnf]8 n]lvPsf
PS;]n kmfOn e]l6G5g\ . ;r{ OlGhgnfO{ lglZrt 8f]d]gdf dfq} vf]Hg nufpg klg ;lsG5 .
“site:agency.gov” eGbf ;/sf/L ;fO6df dfq} ;r{ u5{ .
•;Lw} ljifoj:t'sf] vf]hL gu/L To:tf tYof+s /flvPsf x'g ;Sg] 7fpFsf] vf]hL ug{
;lsG5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu, u'undf “site:agency.gov Directory Listing” 6fOk u/]df ;fj{hlgs ¿kdf
pknAw ck|zf]lwt kmfOn ePsf ;fO6 b]lvG5g\ . To:t} “site:agency.gov Database Download”
6fOk u/]/ vf]hL ubf{ 8fpgnf]8 u¿g\ eg]/ /flvPsf kmfOnsf] ln+s b]vfpF5 .
d"n ;|f]td} hfg'
;"rgfsf] d"n ;|f]td} uP/ ;"rgfsf af/]df a'e\mg' /fd|f] pkfo xf] . ;'?d} ;"rgf clws[t jf
k|jQmfsxfF ghfFbf /fd|f] . ;'?d} ;"rgfsf] xs ;DaGwL P]gsf] pkof]u ug{ gvf]Hbf /fd|f] . d"n
;|f]taf6 ;"rgf kfOPg eg] ;"rgfsf] xs pkof]u u/]/ tYof+s lng] af6f] t 5Fb}5 . ;"rgfsf]
xs ;DaGwL P]gsf] pkof]u ug{ yfNbf w]/} ;do nfU5 . tYof+s hf];Fu 5 p;n] cfk"mn] h'g
kmDof{6df tYof+s dfu]sf] 5 To; kmDof{6df 5}g eGg ;S5g\ . ;/sf/L sfof{non] rnfPsf]
;ˆ6j]o/n] tYof+snfO{ xfdLn] dfu]sf] kmDof{6df abNg g;Sg] x'g ;S5 . sfof{nosf] 8]6f
107
/fVg] JolStnfO{ e]6\g ;lsof] eg] cfk"mn] h'g ljifodf tYof+s vf]h]sf] xf] To; ljifodf s:tf
s:tf tYof+s 5g\ / tL s'g kmDof{6df 5g\ eGg] s'/f yfxf kfOG5 .
o;f] ubf{ tYof+s dfUbf s'g kmDof{6df dfUg] eGg] yfxf x'G5 . t/ o:tf dflg;nfO{ e]6\g ufx|f]
x'G5 . ;"rgf clws[t kqsf/n] cfk}+m;Fu dfq} ;Dks{ u¿g\ eGg] rfxG5g\ . o:tf] cj:yfdf
;"rgf clws[t, tYof+s /fVg] dfG5] / cfk"m u/L tLg hgfsf] e]63f6 ldnfpg ;lsG5 . a}7sdf
o;/L s'/f ug{'k5{ ls pgLx¿n] tYof+s lbGg eg]/ eGg gkfpmg\ . o;f] ubf{, pgLx¿nfO{
sfdsf] af]em gykLsg cfk"mnfO{ rflxPsf tYof+s s;/L lng] eGg] pkfo kQf nfU5 .
o;f] x'g ;s]g eg] pgLx¿;Fu cf}krfl/s ¿kn] tYof+s dfUg'k5{ . klxn] pgLx¿nfO{ pgLx¿n]
tYof+s s;/L / s'g l;:6ddf /fv]sf 5g\ egL ;f]Wg'k5{ . To;f] ubf{ cfk"mn] kfpg] tYof+snfO{
s;/L cfˆgf] kmfOn kmDof{6df PS;kf]6{ ug{ ;lsG5 eg]/ klxNo} ;f]Rg] df}sf ldN5 .
d oxfF d}n] ;fgf] klqsfdf sfd ubf{ tof/ u/]sf] ;a}eGbf /fd|f] :6f]/Lsf af/]df atfpF5' .
dnfO{ sfpG6Lsf s]xL tYof+s rflxPsf lyP . tL tYof+s dfUbf ltgnfO{ d]gk|m]daf6 lgsfNg
;ls+b}g elgof] . d}n] clnslt vf]hlag u/]+ . d}n] pgLx¿nfO{ o; sfddf d d2t u5{'
eg]+ . d}n] 8]6f /fVg] JolSt;Fu a;]/ sfd u/]+ . xfdLn] ;fgf] l:qmK6 agfof}+ / tYof+snfO{
ˆnkL l8:sdf ;f¥of}+ -of] w]/} cl3sf] s'/f xf] hlt a]nf ˆnkL l8:ssf] rng lyof]_ . d}n]
cfk"mn] vf]h]sf tYof+s kfPF . sfpG6L klg kl5 of] ;"rgf dfUg cfpg]nfO{ oL tYof+s lbg
;Sg] eof] . pgLx¿nfO{ klg tL tYof+s lemSg ldNg] agfpg'k/]sf] lyof] . t/ Tof] sfd s;/L
ug{] eGg] pgLx¿nfO{ yfxf lyPg . xfdLn] Pscsf{nfO{ ;xof]u u¥of}+, b'j} y/Lsf] sfd aGof] .
8]6f ;fO6 / ;]jf a|fph ug{]
ljut s]xL jif{ otf s]xL 8]l8s]6]8 8]6f kf]6{n, 8]6f xa / cGo 8]6f ;fO6 j]adf b]vf k/]sf
5g\ . oxfF s] s:tf tYof+s /flvPsf 5g\ egL yfxf kfpFbf /fd|f] x'G5 . tn lbOPsf s'/f yfxf
5}g eg] yfxf kfpFbf ;lhnf] x'G5 .
cflwsfl/s 8]6f kf]6{n
s'g} b]zsf ;/sf/n] yf]/} 8]6f;]6 ;fj{hlgs u5{g\ eg] s'g}n] w]/} . cd]l/sf / ;+o'St
clw/fHosf] ;/sf/L 8]6f kf]6{n (data.gov / data.gov.uk) sf] l;sf] ub{} y'k|} b]zn] 8]6f kf]6{n
/fv]sf u/]sf 5g\ . o;n] ubf{ ;/sf/L ;"rgfnfO{ ;dflhs jf Jofkfl/s sfddf k|of]u ug{
;lhnf] ePsf] 5 .
108
lrq $=!M datacatalogs.org -cf]kg gn]h kmfpG8];g_
ljZje/sf o:tf ;fO6sf] OG8]S; ;DaGwL cBfjlws hfgsf/L (http://datacatalogs.org, www.dataportals.
org) df kfpg ;lsG5 . http://www.guardian.co.uk/world-government-data csf]{ plQs} ;lhnf] ;fO6
xf] . of] d]6f ;r{ OlGhg xf] hxfF y'k|} b]zsf ;/sf/L tYof+ssf Sof6nu /flvPsf 5g\ .
8]6f xa (http://thedatahub.org/)
of] cf]kg gn]h kmfpG8];gn] rnfPsf] ;fd'bflos xa xf] . oxfF ;fj{hlgs ePsf tYof+s d]l;gn]
k9\g ;Sg] u/L /flvPsf 5g\ . oxfF ePsf ;fdu|L vf]Hg, z]o/ ug{ / k'gMk|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 .
:qmØfk/ljsL (https://scraperwiki.com)
of] cgnfOg 6'n xf] h;sf ;xfotfn] ubf{ ;;fgf tYof+s ;d]t e]nf u/]/ c¿ PK;df k|of]u ug{
/ vf]hlag ug{ ;lsG5 . clwsf+z :qmØfk/ / pgLx¿sf 8]6fa]; ;fj{hlgs x'g\ / logLx¿nfO{
k'gMk|of]u ug{ kfOG5 .
ljZj a}+s 8]6f kf]6{n -http://data.worldbank.org_ / /fi6«;+3 8]6f kf]6{n
-http://data.un.org_ df ;a} b]zsf y'k|} jif{ cl3b]lvsf pRr:t/Lo ;"rs kfOG5g\ .
ah8]6f -http://buzzdata.com_, OGkmf]lrDK; -www.infochimps.com_ tyf 8]6f dfs]{6 -http://datamarket.
com_ .
oL 8]6f z]o/ ug{ / k'gMlaqmL ug{sf nflu xfn;fn} v'n]sf ;fO6 x'g\ .
8]6fsf]r -http://datacouch.com_
oxfF tYof+s cknf]8 ug{, k|zf]wg ug{, z]o/ ug{ tyf b[Zof+sg ug{ ;lsG5 .
lk|ma]; -www.freebase.com_
of] u'unsf] ;xfos sDkgL xf] .
109
cg';Gwfg tYof+s
cg';Gwfg u/L tYof+s e]nf kf/]/ /fVg] y'k|} /fli6«o tyf ljleGg ljwfsf w]/} ;+:yf 5g\ .
Uk Data Archieve (http://www.data-archive.ac.uk/) o:tf] Pp6f ;+:yf xf] . s]xL tYof+s
l;Q}df kfOG5g\ eg] sltko tYof+s lngsf nflu u|fxs aGg'k5{ . sltko tYof+s cg'dlt a]u/
k'gMk|of]u jf k'gMljt/0f ug{ kfOFb}g .
5flkPsf ;fdu|Laf6 tYof+s ;+sng
ljlslnS;n] O/fs / ckmuflg:tfgsf cd]l/sL ;]gfsf b:tfj]h ;fj{hlgs u/]kl5 xfdLn]
klg cNh]l/og o'4 ePsf] %) jif{ k'u]sf] cj;/df ljlslnS;s} sfdsf] cg';/0f ub{}
cNh]l/og o'4 8fo/L k|sfzg ug]{ ljrf/ u¥of}+ . xfdLn] cNh]l/og o'4df ;fd]n k|mfG;]nL ;}lgssf
k'/fgf b:tfj]h ;+sng u/]/ ltgnfO{ l8lh6fOh ug{] lgwf] u¥of}+ . oL ;fdu|L k]l/;l:yt o'4
dGqfnosf clen]vfnodf kfOGy] t/ sfuhdf . xfdLn] kqsf/ / ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ ltgLx¿sf] kmf]6f]
lvRg nufof}+ . xfdLn] tL b:tfj]hnfO{ Sofgg kL !%) sf] xn'sf :Sofg/n] :Sofg ug]{ k|of;
u¥of}+ . t/ w]/} b:tfj]h :6]kn ul/Psf x'gfn] xfdLn] To;f] ug{ ;s]gf}+ .
s]xL xKtfd} !) xhf/ kfgf ;fdu|L e]nf eP . xfdLn] 6]S:6 k9\g] ;ˆ6j]o/ ABBYY FineReader sf
;xfotfn] ltgnfO{ l8lh6fOh ug{ vf]Hof}+ t/ glthf /fd|f] ePg . dGqfnon] cfsf{Oesf ;a}eGbf
/f]rs afs; vf]Ng lbPg . To;dfly dGqfnon] oL b:tfj]hnfO{ k'gMk|sfzg ug{ lbPg . To;}n]
xfdLn] hf]lvd df]Ng rfx]gf}+ / ;f] kl/of]hgf :ylut u¥of}+ .
s'g} klg ljifosf] hfgsf/L rflxPdf Get The Data -http://getthedata.org_ jf Quora
-www.quora.com_ df ;f]Wg ;lsG5 . u]6 b 8]6f k|Zgf]Q/ ;fO6 xf] hxfF tYof+s;Fu ;DalGwt k|Zg
;f]Wg ;lsG5 . o;df s'g} vf; ljifosf] tYof+s sxfF kfOPnf, tL tYof+s s;/L vf]Hg] jf lng], 8]6f;]6
cWoog ug{ s'g 6'n rnfpg], 8]6f s;/L ;Rofpg] jf csf{] kmDof{6df ePsf tYof+snfO{ cfk"mn] eg]sf]
kmDof{6df s;/L abNg] h:tf k|Zg ;f]Wg ;lsG5 .
d]lnª ln:6df ;f]Wg'
d]lnª ln:6 s'g} lglZrt ljifodf ?lr /fVg] w]/} dflg;sf] Od]n ;d'bfo xf] . tYof+s
kqsf/sf nflu Data-Driven Journalism List / NICAR-L /fd|f ln:6 x'g\ . oL ln:6df ;a} lsl;dsf
:6f]/L ul/;s]sf tYof+s kqsf/ / sDKo'6/sf ;xfotfn] ul/g] l/kf]l6{ª ;d"xsf lus ;b:o
5g\ . pgLx¿dWo] s;}n] xfdLn] clxn] ug{ nfu] h:tf] :6f]/L klxNo} ul/;s]sf] x'g ;S5 . pgLx¿n]
xfdLnfO{ rflxPsf tYof+ssf] ln+s lbg ;Snfg\, To;f] geP sxfFaf6 ;'? ug{] eg]/ ;Nnfx t kSs}
lbG5g\ . Wombat (http://project-wombat.org/) the Open Knowledge Foundation’s many mailing lists,
theInfo df klg sf]l;; ubf{ x'G5 .
XofS;÷Xofs;{ HjfOg ug{'
XofS;÷Xofs;{ -http://hackshackers.com_ cGt/f{li6«o u|f;?6 kqsfl/tf;Fu ;DalGwt ;+:yfx¿sf]
;~hfn xf] . of] b|t' ultdf k}mlnO/x]sf] 5 . rf/j6f dxfb]zdf o;sf w]/} RofK6/ / xhf/f}+ ;b:o 5g\ .
110
o;sf] nIo ;dfrf/ / ;"rgfsf If]qdf sfd ug{] kqsf/ -æXofS;Æ_ / k|fljlws -æXofs;{Æ_ sf] g]6js{
agfpg' xf] . olt 7"nf] g]6js{sf s;} g s;}n] xfdLnfO{ xfdLn] ug{ nfu]sf] :6f]/Lsf af/]df ;Nnfx lbg
;S5 .
lj1;Fu ;f]Wg'
xfdLnfO{ rflxPsf] ;"rgf sxfF kfOG5 eGg] s'/f k|fWofks, ;/sf/L sd{rf/L tyf pBf]udf nfu]sf
dflg;nfO{ yfxf x'g ;S5 . pgLx¿;Fu kmf]gdf s'/fsfgL ug{ ;lsPnf, Od]n ug{ ;lsPnf . sfo{qmddf
e]6 ePsf a]nf ;f]Wg ;lsPnf . pgLx¿sf clkm; uP/ e]6\g ;lsPnf . pgLx¿nfO{ g/d af]nLdf oL s'/f
;f]Wg ;lsPnfM æd of] ljifodf :6f]/L ub{}5' . o; ;DaGwL hfgsf/L sxfF kfOPnf < oL hfgsf/L ePsf
dflg;nfO{ tkfO{+ lrGg'x'G5 <
;/sf/L ;"rgf k|ljlwaf/] yfxf kfpg'
;/sf/L tYof+s s;/L /flvPsf 5g\ / tL tYof+s lng s] ug{'k5{ eGg] s'/f yfxf kfpFbf tL
tYof+s lng ;lhnf] x'G5 .
;/sf/L sfof{nox¿sf] ;+u7g tflnsfdf ;"rgf k|ljlw / ;~rf/ zfvf kQf nufpg'k5{ / ltgsf
j]a;fO6 x]g{'k5{ . Pp6f tYof+s y'k|} ljefudf /flvPsf x'g ;S5g\ . Pp6f ljefun] n'sfP/ /fv]sf
tYof+s csf]{ ljefun] v';L;Fu lbg ;S5 .
;/sf/L ;fO6df ultzLn OGkmf]u|flkmS; vf]Hg'k5{ . oL Jojl:yt tYof+s÷PkLcfO{sf cfwf/df tof/
ePsf x'g ;S5g\ h;nfO{ lems]/ xfdLn] pkof]u ug{ ;S5f}+ .
kmf]g ljj/0f x]g{'
s]xL dlxgf klxn] d}n] 6]S;f; ueg{/ -hf] Tolt a]nf /fi6«klt kbsf pDd]bjf/ lyP_
l/s k]/Lsf] kmf]g ljj/0f x]g{ vf]h]+ . o:tf] ljj/0f lngsf nflu d}n] ;"rgf dfu u/]/ w]/} ;do
kv{g'k¥of] . cGTodf ôfS; k]h h:tf] Sjfln6Lsf !@) eGbf a9L k]hdf d}n] Tof] ljj/0f kfPF . oL
ljj/0f x]g{ d}n] ;"rgf OG6«L ug{'kg{] eof], tYof+s ;Rofpg'kg{] eof] . To;kl5 WhitePages.com API
sf] pkof]u u/]/ kmf]g gDa/ x]g{'kg{] eof] .
/fHo / ;+3Lo txsf lgjf{rg ;DaGwL tYof+s x]bf{ pgn] r'gfj k|rf/sf nflu /fHo ;+oGq
b'?kof]u u/]sf] kQf nfUof] .
— Hofs lhnd, P;f]l;P6]8 k|];
bf]xf]¥ofP/ vf]Hg'
cfk"mn] vf]h]sf] s'/f ;lhn} kfOPg eg] cfˆgf] ljifo;Fu ldNbf jfSof+z OG6/ u/]/ k]ml/ vf]Hbf
slxn]sfxL+ gofF hfgsf/L kfpg ;lsG5 .
111
;"rgfsf] xs ;DaGwL P]gsf] pkof]u
cfk"mnfO{ rflxPsf] tYof+s ;/sf/L lgsfo;Fu 5 eGg] nfU5 eg] ;"rgfsf] xs ;DaGwL P]gsf] pkof]u
u/]/ ;"rgf dfUg ;lsG5 . o;/L ;"rgf dfUbf s] s] sfd ug{'k5{ eGg] s'/fsf nflu cln tn x]g{'xf]nf .
-g]kfnsf ;Gbe{df ;"rgfsf] xssf] pkof]u u/L ;"rgf s;/L lng] eGg] ;d]t hfgsf/L ;d]l6Psf] k':ts
-http://www.unesco.org/new/en/kathmandu/about-this-office/single-view/news/unesco_publishes_
handbook_on_rti_and_investigative_journalism-1/#.U2M_YlWSzJI_ o'g]:sf] g]kfn clkm;n] 5fk]sf]
5 . g]kfnL k|;+u yfxf kfpgsf nflu Tof] k':ts 8fpgnf]8 u/]/ k9\g ldN5 . — cg'jfbs_
a|fog af]o]/ -l;sfuf] l6«Ao'g_, hg s]km] (WNYC), k|m]8l/s lnG8]Gau{ -cf]kg gn]h kmfpG8];g_,
h]g kfs{ -lqmPl6e sdG;_, ls; j' -XofS;÷Xofs;{_
sfg'g ldr]kl5
Ps hgf ljåfg\n] -http://bit.ly/hygiene-inspections_ cfˆgf] cg';GwfgfTds n]vdf n; PGh]n;
zx/sf /]i6F'/fx¿sf] ;/;kmfO ;DaGwL lg/LIf0fsf kl/0ffd k|sflzt ePkl5 ToxfF vfgfaf6 x'g]
/f]u pNn]vgLo dfqfdf 36]sf] pNn]v u/]sf lyP . pSt n]v k9]kl5 d}n] k]l/;sf] ;/;kmfO ;]jf
sfof{no;Fu p;n] u/]sf] /]i6'F/fsf] lg/LIf0fsf] ljj/0f dfu u/]+ . k|mfG; ;/sf/n] to u/]sf ;"rgfsf]
xs ;DaGwL k|lqmof k"/f u/L ;"rgf kfpg k"/} Ps dlxgf klv{PF . t/ pSt sfof{non] ;"rgf lbg
OGsf/ u¥of] . To;kl5 d ;fj{hlgs ;"rgf cfof]udf uPF . cfof]un] ;DalGwt k|zf;gnfO{ ljj/0f
pknAw u/fpg cfb]z lbof] . k|zf;gn] ljj/0f pknAw u/fpg yk b'O{ dlxgfsf] ;do dfUof]
h;nfO{ cfof]un] :jLs[lt lbof] . b'O{ dlxgf laTbf klg k|zf;gn] ;"rgf lbg] ;'/} u/]g .
d}n] cbfnt hfg zx/sf gfdL -/ dxFuf_ jlsn;Fu ;Dks{ u/]+ h;n] ;fj{hlgs tYof+s
;DaGwL d'2f x]g{] uy{] . ;"rgf cfof]u d]/f kIfdf ePsfn] pSt d'2f d ;lhn};Fu lhTg
;Sy]+ . t/ cf]kg 8]6f k|f]u|fdsf clwsf/Lx¿;Fu ;DaGw lau|g] 8/n] jlsn kl5 x6] .
k|mfG;]nL clwsf/Lx¿n] w]/} k6s ;"rgf sfg'g nTofPsf 5g\ . pgLx¿ cfd dflg;n] ;"rgf
dfUbf jf:t} ub}{gg\ .
;"rgfsf] xs ;DaGwL P]g
;"rgfsf] xs ;DaGwL P]gsf] pkof]u u/]/ ;"rgf dfu ug{'eGbf klxn] cfk"mn] vf]h]sf tYof+s
klxNo} ;fj{hlgs eO;s]sf 5g\ ls jf c¿ s;}n] o;cl3 g} tL ;"rgf dflu;s]sf 5g\ ls egL
x]g{'k5{ . To;sf nflu sxfF, s;/L vf]Hg] eGg]af/]df o;} v08sf] cln klxn] rrf{ ul/;lsPsf]
5 . To;f] ubf{ cfk"mn] vf]h]sf] tYof+s e]l6Pg eg] ;"rgfsf] dfu u/L cf}krfl/s lgj]bg lbg
;lsG5 . ;"rgf dfUg] sfdnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg tn s]xL ;'emfj lbOPsf 5g\M
-g]kfndf ;"rgfsf] xs ;DaGwL P]gsf] pkof]u u/]/ ;"rgf s;/L lng] eGg] ljifosf ;d]t hfgsf/L
ePsf] k':ts oxfFaf6 -http://www.unesco.org/new/en/kathmandu/about-this-office/single-view/news/
unesco_publishes_handbook_on_rti_and_investigative_journalism-1/#.U2M_YlWSzJI_
8fpgnf]8
ug{ ;lsG5 . – cg'jfbs ._
112
;dosf] art ug{ tof/L ug{'
d oL ;"rgf vf]H5' eg]/ ;f]Rg] lalQs} ;"rgfsf] dfu u/]/
ug{'k5{ . klxn] c¿ lsl;dn] ;"rgf vf]hf}+, To;f] ubf{
/fd|f] xf]Og . ;'?d} lgj]bg lb+bf ;do art x'G5, ;"rgf
;/sf/L sfo{noaf6 ;"rgf kfpg s]xL a9L ;do nfUg ;S5
cf}krfl/s lgj]bg lbpFm ls egL ljrf/
kfOPg eg] lgj]bg lbpFnf eg]/ a:g'
lng] ;a} k|of; ;Fu;Fu} cl3 a9\5g\ .
.
;"rgf lng slt k};f nfU5 egL yfxf kfpg'
lgj]bg lbg'eGbf klxnf cfk"mn] dfu]sf ;"rgf kfpg slt b:t'/ nfU5 eGg] s'/f yfxf
kfpg'k5{ . o;f] ubf{ ;"rgf lng] a]nfdf cfk"mn] slt k};f ltg{'k5{ eGg] s'/f klxNo} yfxf
x'G5 . sd{rf/Ln] k};f dfu]df slt ;"rgfsf] slt k};f ltg{'k5{, sltsf] kb{}g eGg] s'/f yfxf
x'G5 . kmf]6f]skL tyf x'nfs vr{ gnfuf];\ eGgsf nflu ;"rgfsf] On]S6«f]lgs skL dfUg'k5{ .
;"rgf dfu ubf{ ;f] s'/f n]Vg'k5{ .
cfˆgf] clwsf/ slt xf] yfxf kfpg'
lgj]bg lbg'cl3 s'g s'g ;"rgf kfpg] cfˆgf] clwsf/ 5, o;f] ubf{ s] k|lqmof ckgfpg'k5{, ;"rgf
lng slt ;do nfU5 cflbaf/] yfxf kfpg'k5{ . pbfx/0fsf nflu, ;"rgfsf] xs ;DaGwL lgodn]
sd{rf/LnfO{ ;"rgf lbg] ;dofjlw tf]lslbPsf] x'G5 . s'g} b]zdf s]xL lbgdf ;"rgf lbO;Sg'k5{
elgPsf] 5 eg] s'g} b]zdf dlxgf lbg;Dddf lbg'k5{ elgPsf] 5 . ;"rgf dfu]/ lgj]bg lbPkl5
To;sf] btf{ g+=, lgjb]g lbPsf] ldlt cflb h:tf ljj/0f jf cfk"mn] lnPsf] lgj]bg btf{ ePkl5
To;sf] k|ltlnlk lng e'Ng' x'Fb}g .
gofF tYof+s k|zf]wg u/]/ ;"rgf lbg ;/sf/ afWo 5}g . cfk"m;Fu ePsf ;"rgf lbg eg] ;/sf/L
lgsfo afWo 5g\ . h'g tYof+s pgLx¿;Fu x'g}k5{ tL tYof+s rflx+ pgLx¿n] lbg}k5{ .
sfg'gL k|fjwfg pNn]v ug{'
;"rgfsf] dfu ubf{ s]xL b]zdf ;"rgfsf] xs ;DaGwL P]gsf bkmf pNn]v ug'{ kb{}g\, s]xL b]zdf
k5{ . h'g 7fpFdf o;f] ug{' kb{}g ToxfF klg ;"rgfsf] xs ;DaGwL P]gsf] s'g bkmf cGtu{t ;"rgf
dfu u/]sf] xf] ;f] pNn]v ubf{ /fd|f] x'G5 . o'/f]lkog o'lgog;Fu ;"rgf dfUbf lgodsf] bkmf
pNn]v ug'{k5{, lgod !)$(÷@))! adf]lhd egL n]Vbf pQd x'G5 .
;/n agfpg'
;"rgf dfu u/]/ lgj]bg lb+bf ;'?df k|f/lDes ;"rgf dfUg' pQd dflgG5 . tL ;"rgf kfO;s]kl5 dfq
yk hfgsf/L dfUg' plrt x'G5 . o;f] ubf{ ;"rgf dfu ul/Psf] ;+:yfsf clwsf/Lx¿n] ædfu hl6n
ePsfn]Æ ;"rgf lbg] Dofb yk ug{'k5{ eGg kfpFb}gg\ .
113
d'Vo s'/fdf Wofg s]lGb|t ug'{
Pp6f zfvf jf ljefun] c¿;Fu ;dGjo gu/Lsg lbg ;Sg] ;"rgf dfq dfUbf pgLx¿nfO{ ;"rgf
lbg ;lhnf] x'G5 . y'k|} lgsfo;Fu ePsf ;"rgf kfpFm egL Pp6} lgj]bgdf dfu u/]sf v08df tL
;a} lgsfoaf6 ;"rgf ;+sng ug'{kg]{ x'Fbf a9L ;do nfU5 . ;"rgf pknAw u/fpg t];|f] kIf ;+nUg
x'g'kg]{ ePdf cem a9L ;do nfU5 . To;}n] Ps k6sdf Pp6f lgsfon] lbg ;Sg] ;"rgf dfUbf
/fd|f] x'G5 . km/s km/s ljefu jf zfvfdf /x]sf ;"rgf kfpg 5'§f5'§} lgj]bg lbg ;lsG5 .
ck"0f{ ;"rgf klg sfd nfU5g\
s:tf tYof+s ;+sng ul/Psf 5g\ egL x]g{'k5{ . pbfx/0fsf nflu, b'3{6gfkl5 k'ln;n] eg'{kg]{
kmf/d vfnL km]nf k/]df pgLx¿n] b'3{6gfkl5 pNn]v ug'{kg]{ s'g s'g ljj/0f pNn]v ubf{ /x]5g\
/ s'g s'g ljj/0f 5'6fpFbf /x]5g\ eGg] yfxf kfOG5 .
7f]; ;"rgf dfUg'
lgj]bg lbg'cl3 cfkm"n] lbPsf] lgj]bg c:ki6 t 5}g egL ljrf/ ug'{k5{ . ljleGg ;/sf/L
lgsfoaf6 k|fKt ;"rgf t'ngf ug{ vf]lhPsf] xf] eg] t o;f] ug{' emg\ h¿/L x'G5 . dflglnpFm,
xfdLn] ljleGg ;+:yf;Fu ljut tLg jif{sf] cfFs8f dfu u¥of}+ . Pp6fn] ljutsf tLg cfly{s
jif{sf ljj/0f lbof] / csf{]n] ;+jt\sf cfwf/df ljut tLg jif{sf ljj/0f lbof] . oL b'O{n] lbPsf
hfgsf/Lsf] ;do km/s k/]sfn] xfdL oL b'O{sf aLrdf t'ngf ug{ ;Sb}gf}+ . To;}n], cfly{s jif{sf]
vf]h]sf] xf] eg] cfly{s jif{ egL pNn]v ug{'k5{ . cfkm"nfO{ rflxPsf] vf; ;"rgf n]Vof] eg] s'/f lau|G5
eGg] nfu]sf] 5 eg] Tof] pNn]v gu/Lsg cln lj:t[t ljj/0f dfu ug{'k5{ h; leq cfk"mn] rfx]sf]
hfgsf/L klg x'G5 . t/ w]/} Hofbf ljj/0f dfUg' eg] x'Fb}g . o;f] u¥of] eg] ;"rgf lbg] lgsfo olt lj£g
;"rgf sxfFaf6, s;/L lbg' eg]/ t;{G5 . cfkm"nfO{ rflxPsf] vf; ;"rgf k|:6;Fu dfu ubf{ ;xL ;"rgf
kfpg ;lsG5, l56f] klg x'G5 .
PseGbf a9L 7fpFdf lgj]bg lbg'
cfk"mnfO{ rflxPsf] ;"rgf sxfF dfUg] eGg] lglZrt ePg eg] PseGbf a9L lgsfodf lgj]bg lbg
;lsG5 . slxn]sfxL+ ljleGg lgsfon] km/s km/s hjfkm lbg ;S5g\ . o;f] ePdf xfdLnfO{
cfk"mn] cg';Gwfg ub}{ u/]sf] ljifosf] k"0f{ tl:a/ ldN5 .
cGo b]z;Fu ;"rgf dfUg'
xfn On]S6«f]lgs lgj]bg lbg] rng a9\b} uPsf] 5 . To;sf/0f lgj]bs sxfF a:5 eGg]
s'/f uf}0f ePsf] 5 . ljb]zaf6 ;"rgf lng vf]h]sf] xf] eg] cfk"m glhs /x]sf] ;DalGwt b]zsf]
/fhb"tfjf;df lgj]bg lbg ;lsG5 . pgLx¿n] o:tf] lgj]bg ;DalGwt 7fpFdf k7fOlbG5g\ . t/ o;f]
ug{'eGbf klxn] To; b]zsf] b"tfjf;df ;Dks{ /fvL pgLx¿ cfk"mn] lbPsf] lgj]bg ;DalGwt lgsfodf
k7fOlbg tof/ 5g\ ls 5}gg\ egL ;f]Wg'k5{ . slxn]sfxL+ b"tfjf;sf sd{rf/LnfO{ ;"rgfsf] xssf af/]df
yfxf gx'g ;S5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf ;DalGwt sfof{nod} lgj]bg k7fpg' pQd x'G5 .
114
k/LIf0f ug{'
Pp6} Joxf]/fsf] lgj]bg y'k|} sfof{nodf k7fpg'kg{]5 eg] klxn] Ps jf b'O{ 7fpFdf dfq} k7fP/
k/LIf0f ubf{ /fd|f] x'G5 . o;f] ubf{ lgj]bgsf] efiff 7Ls eP÷gePsf] hfGg ;lhnf] k5{ . cfk"mn]
n]v]sf] lgj]bgsf] efiffn] cfk"mn] rfx]sf] ;"rgf lbnffpF5 ls lbnfpFb}g eGg] yfxf x'G5 . glbnfpg]
/x]5 eg] c¿ sfof{nodf k7fpg'cl3 lgj]bg ;Rofpg kfOG5 .
gkfOg ;Sg] hfgsf/Lsf nflu cnu lgj]bg lbg'
cfk"mn] vf]h]sf dWo] s]xL ;"rgf cln ;+j]bgzLn 5g\, tL ;"rgf gkfOg ;S5 eGg] nfUof] eg]
To:tf ;"rgf / kfOg] vfnsf ;"rgf kfpg Pp6} lgj]bg lbg' x'Fb}g . oL b'O{ vfnsf ;"rgfsf
nflu cnu cnu lgj]bg lbg'k5{ .
kmfOn x]g{ lbg cg'/f]w ug'{
;"rgf /fVg] sfof{no glhs} 5 eg] Ps k6s ;f] sfof{nodf uP/ ;Ssn lnvt x]g{ sf]l;;
ubf{ /fd|f] x'G5 . o;f] ubf{ y'k|} b:tfj]hdf ePsf ;"rgfsf af/]df cg';Gwfg ug{ ;lhnf] x'G5 .
/]s8{ /fVg'
cfk"mn] lbPsf] lgj]bgsf] Ps k|lt ;'/lIft /fVg'k5{ . o;f] ubf{ cfk"mn] ;"rgf dfu]/ lgj]bg lbPsf]
lyof] egL k|df0f lbg sfd nfU5 . ;"rgf kfOPg eg] k'g/fj]bg ug{ ;d]t sfd nfU5 .
;fj{hlgs ug'{
cfk"mn] ;"rgf lng lgj]bg lbPsf] s'/f ;fj{hlgs ubf{ hjfkm l56f] kfpg ;lsG5 . o;af/]df kqklqsfdf
n]Vof] jf /]l8of]af6 k|;f/ u¥of] eg] ;DalGwt ;+:yfdfly ;"rgf rfF8f] lbg bafa kg{ ;S5 . ;"rgf slxn]
kfOof] jf tf]lsPsf] Dofbleq ;"rgf kfOPg oL ;a} s'/fsf] hfgsf/L ;fj{hlgs ug{ ;lsG5 . ;"rgf
lbg'kg{] lgsfon] ;"rgf glbP/ lgod ldr]sf /x]5g\ eg] ;dfrf/ agfpg ;lsG5 . o:tf ljifodf ;dfrf/
agfpFbf÷n]v n]Vbf ;"rgfsf] xs lng slt cK7\of/f] 5 eg]/ ;a}nfO{ yfxf x'G5 .
cfhef]ln ;"rgf k|bfg ug{] w]/} ultnf ;]jf pknAw 5g\ . logsf] pkof]u u/]/ klg ;"rgf lng ;lsG5 .
What Do They Know?, Frag den Staat, Ask the EU, Alave- teli cflb o;sf s]xL pbfx/0f x'g\ .
;fyLx¿nfO{ dgfpg'
cfˆgf ;fyLx¿nfO{ ;"rgfsf] xs ;DaGwL P]gsf] pkof]u u/]/ ;"rgf lng ;lsG5 eGg] nfu]sf]
5}g eg] pgLx¿nfO{ o;sf] dxTj a'emfpg] ;lhnf] pkfo o;sf] k|of]u u/]/ k|fKt ;"rgfsf cfwf/df :6f]/L
tof/ ug{' xf] . cfˆgf] :6f]/Ldf /flvPsf hfgsf/L d}n] of] P]gsf] pkof]u u/]/ lnPsf] x'F egL atfpFbf klg
pgLx¿n] o;sf] dxTj yfxf kfpF5g\ .
115
lrq $=@M Xjf6 8' b] gf] < -dfO ;f];fO6L_
ck|zf]lwt 8]6f dfUg'
xfdLn] lnPsf tYof+sdf hfgsf/L vf]Hg'k5{, ltgsf] ljZn]if0f ug{'k5{ / tYof+snfO{ ljleGg sf]0faf6
x]g{'k5{ . To;}n], tYof+s dfUbf d]l;gn] k9\g ;Sg] kmDof{6df On]S6«f]lgs skL dfUg'k5{ . o;sf
nflu ædnfO{ ah]6;Fu ;DalGwt ;"rgf n]vf ;DaGwL ;ˆ6j]o/n] ljZn]if0f ug{ ;Sg] kmDof{6df pknAw
u/fOlbg'x'gÆ egL k|:6;Fu pNn]v ug'{k5{ . ;"rgf dfUbf Psd'i6 xf]Og v08Ls[t -P;Pn;L lbg] ljBfyL{
slt 5g\ eGg] xf]Og, P;Pn;L lbg] slt 5fqf / slt 5fq 5g\, clg slt lghL :s"nsf / slt
;fd'bflos :s"nsf 5g\ egL_ ;"rgf dfUg'k5{ . o; ;DaGwL yk hfgsf/L lng of] l/kf]6{ (http://bit.ly/
access-report) k9\g'xf]nf .
;"rgf sf];Fu dfUg], sf];Fu gdfUg]
g]kfndf lghL sDkgL;Fu ;"rgf dfUbf kfOFb}g lsgeg] pgLx¿ cfk"m;Fu ePsf hfgsf/L lbg afWo
5}gg\ . ;"rgfsf] xs ;DaGwL P]g pgLx¿sf xsdf nfu" x'Fb}g . o:tf a]nfdf cfk"mn] vf]h]sf hfgsf/L
cGoq kfOG5g\ ls egL vf]Hg'k5{ . h:t}, xfdLnfO{ g]kfndf ue{ktg ;DaGwL cfFs8f rflxPsf] 5 . o;
sfdsf] cg'dlt kfPsf lghL c:ktfn cyjf lSnlgs;Fu of] hfgsf/L dfUbf pgLx¿n] lb+b}gg\ . o:tf]
hfgsf/L lngsf nflu To:tf] ;/sf/L lgsfodf hfg'k5{ h;nfO{ k|fOe]6 c:ktfn jf lSnlgsn] o;
;DaGwL hfgsf/L a'emfpg'k5{ .
— x]n]g 8fla{l;/] -PS;]; OGkmf] o'/f]k_, bf]h{] Kof8]h]:sL -gfO6 hgf{lnhd k]mnf], :6\ofGkmf]8{ o'lgel;{6L_,
dfl6{g /f]hgafpd -lala;L_, ôfla|lhof] :qmf]lNngL -nG8g :s"n ckm Osf]gldS; PG8 kf]lnl6sn
;fOG;_
116
vr{sf af/]df yfxf kfpg ;"rgfsf] xs ;DaGwL P]gsf] k|of]u
d}n] o's] ;/sf/sf] vr{, ah]6 / ljQLo hfgsf/L ;DaGwL ;a}eGbf 7"nf] 8]6fa]; -sf]OG;_
af/]df :6f]/L ug{ ;"rgfsf] xs ;DaGwL P]gnfO{ s]xL km/s tl/sfn] pkof]u u/]+ . ;g\ @)!)
sf] ;'?df hh{ cf]:ag{n] Pp6f sfo{qmddf eg], d rfG;n/ ePF eg] sf]OG; 8]6fa]; k|sflzt
u/]/ ;/sf/L sf]if ;DaGwL kf/blz{tf a9fpF5' . dnfO{ oL tYof+s vf]tNg dg nfUof] . d}
n] oL;Fu ;DalGwt km/s km/s tYof+s kfpFm egL km/s km/s lgj]bg lyPF . logsf cfwf/df
d}n] pkof]uL tYof+s kfPF / ltgnfO{ k|sflzt u/]+ . d}n] 8]6fa];df ePsf sf]8 klg dfu]sf] lyPF .
xfdLn] Tof] klg k|sflzt u¥of}+ . hh{ cf]:ag{ rfG;n/ ePkl5 oL tYof+s ;fj{hlgs ug{ o;n] ;xof]
u u¥of] . oL 8]6f w]/} j]a;fO6n] k|sflzt u/] h;n] ubf{ clxn] cfd dflg;n] tL tYof+s cWoog
ug{ kfPsf 5g\ .
oL tYof+ssf] cWoog ubf{ s] yfxf eof] eg] To;df 7"nf] 8]6fa]; /fv]sf] /x]g5, ;/sf/L k};f kfpg]
lgsfo;Fu ;DalGwt !,%)) ;]6 tYof+s ToxfF lyPg . d}n] oL tYof+s kfpg lgj]bg lbPF t/ kfOgF .
tL tYof+s lsg k|sfzg ul/Pgg\ egL a'e\mg ;lsPnf ls eGg] cfzf u/]/ d}n] dxfn]vf k/LIfssf]
k|ltj]bg dfu]+ . Tof] klg kfOPg .
;g\ @)!! l8;]Da/df sf]OG;sf tYof+sdf o;cl3 k|sflzt gePsf ljj/0f klg /flvof] . t/
dnfO{ o;sf ;Dk"0f{ tYof+s x]g{ dg nfUof] . To;}n] d}n] o;sf nflu lgj]bg lbPF .
— ln;f OefG;, b ufl8{og
;"rgfsf] xs;DaGwL P]gn] sfd u5{,o;sf] pkof]u ug{'k5{
;"rgfsf] xs ;DaGwL P]g ;"rgf lngsf nflu pQd dfWod xf] . t/ o; dfWodaf6 ;"rgf lng
ljlwsf] kfngf ug{'k5{ / slxn]sfxL+ w}o{ klg rflxG5 . oxfF ;"rgfsf] xs ;DaGwL P]gsf] k|of]u
ubf{ vf]h kqsf/sf ¿kdf d}n] ef]u]sf tLgj6f ;an kIf / r'gf}tLsf af/]df pNn]v u/]sf] 5' .
s]; :68L !
s[lifdf cg'bfg
x/]s jif{ o'/f]lkog o'lgogn] s[ifs / s[lif pBf]unfO{ emG8} ^) lalnog o'/f] cg'bfg
lbG5 . of] rng ;g\ !(%) sf] bzsb]lv clxn];Dd sfod 5 . cg'bfgn] ul/a ls;fgx¿nfO{ kmfObf
k'u]sf] 5 egL /fhgLlts ts{ lbOG5 . t/ ;g\ @))$ df 8]gdfs{df ;"rgfsf] xssf] pkof]u u/L
o; ljifodf cWoog ubf{ o;af6 ul/a ls;fgnfO{ kmfObf k'u]sf] 5 eGg] egfO unt ;flat
eof] . ;fgf ls;fgn] b'Mv e]mNg'kl//x]sf] 5 . pgLx¿ PSn} e]6\bf xf];\ cyjf ;fj{hlgs ¿kdf
af]Nbf xf];\ c;Gt'li6 JoSt ug{] u5{g\ . cWoog ubf{ s] kfOof] eg] cg'bfgsf] w]/}h;f] /sd 7"nf
hldgbf/ / s[lif pBf]un] kfpFbf /x]5g\ . dnfO{ o'/f]kel/ g} o:t} eO/x]sf] 5 ls eg]/ hfGg
dg nfUof] .
117
d}n] ;g\ @))$ sf] avf{df o'/f]k]nL cfof]u;Fu oL tYof+s dfu]+ . x/]s jif{ k]ma|'c/Ldf cfof]unfO{ cfˆgf
;b:o /fi6«x¿n] o:tf] tYof+s a'emfpF5g\ . tYof+sdf o'/f]k]nL cfof]uaf6 cg'bfg kfpg ss;n] lgj]
bg lbP, slt hgfn] cg'bfg kfP / pgLx¿n] cg'bfg s] sfdsf nflu -cfˆgf] v]taf/Ldf v]tL ug{sf
nflu kfPsf x'g\ ls cfˆ\gf] If]qsf] ljsf; ug{ kfPsf x'g\ ls jf kfp8/ b"w lgof{t ug{_ kfPsf x'g\ eGg]
s'/f pNn]v ul/Psf] x'G5 . Tolt a]nf cfof]udf o:tf] ljj/0f ;L8Ldf ;LP;eL kmfOndf a'emfOGYof] .
cfof]u;Fu o:tf y'k|} tYof+s lyP h;df sfd ug{ l;2fGttM ;lhnf] lyof] . t/ tYof+s kfpg eg] sl7g
eof] .
;g\ @))$ df cfof]un] pSt tYof+s ;fj{hlgs ug{ c:jLsf/ u¥of] . cfof]un] s] cQf] yfKof] eg]
tYof+snfO{ 8]6fa];df cknf]8 ul/;lsPsf] 5 / ltgnfO{ lgsfNg w]/} d]xgt ug{'k5{ . Tolt a]nf xfdL;Fu
sfg'gL n8fOF n8\g k'm;{b lyPg .
To;}n] xfdLn] ;fyLx¿dfk{mt ;a} o'/f]lkog b]zsf] tYof+s lng] ljrf/ u¥of}+ . a]nfotL, :jLl8; / 8r
;fyLx¿n] ;g\ @))% df tL tYof+s lnP . lkmgNofG8, kf]NofG8, kf]r'{un, :k]g, :nf]e]lgof / c¿ s]xL
b]zsf klg tYof+s kfOP . hd{gL ;"rgf lbg sGh':ofOF ug{] b]z xf] . ;g\ @))& df ToxfFsf] klg s]xL
7fpFsf tYof+s kfPF . tYof+s lng d}n] cbfnt hfg'k¥of] . t/ tYof+s kfPkl5 cgnfOg Go'h DoflUhgsf
nflu /fd|f :6f]/L -http://bit.ly/stern-wobbing_ tof/ eP .
8]gdfs{ / ;+o'Qm clw/fHo tYof+s ;fj{hlgs ug{] klxnf b]z ePsf lyP . of] ;+of]u dfq gx'g'
;S5 . of] s'/f yfxf kfpg To; avtsf] /fhg}lts cj:yf x]g{'k5{ . Tolt a]nf ljZj Jofkf/
;+u7gdf df]ndf]nfO x'Fb} lyof] . cg'bfg glbg lgs} 7"nf] bafa k/]sf] lyof] . 8]gdfs{ / ;+o'Qm
clw/fHo o'/f]ksf pbf/ b]zdWo]df ulgG5g\ . tL b]zx¿df kf/blz{tfsf kIfdf /fhg}lts nx/
rn]sf] x'g'k5{ . To;}n] tL b]z tYof+s ;fj{hlgs ug{] klxnf b]z ePsf x'g ;S5g\ .
o; ;DaGwL yk hfgsf/L / tYof+s oxfF lbOPsf 5g\
http://farmsubsidy.org/
k|ltlnlk clwsf/
cfk"mn] kfPsf tYof+s ;fj{hlgs ug{] ljrf/ 5 eg] k|ltlnlk clwsf/sf] Vofn /fVg'k5{ <
o;af/]df cfˆgf] ;+:yfsf] sfg'g zfvf;Fu a'e\mbf /fd|f] x'G5 . ;j{dfGo lgod rflx+ o:tf] 5M ;/sf/n]
k|sflzt u/]sf tYof+s x'g\ eg] cg'dlt lnO/xg' h¿/L 5}g . tYof+s a]r]/ cfDbfgL ug{] p2]Zo gePsf
u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfn] k|sflzt u/]sf tYof+s x'g\ eg] klg k|ltlnlk clwsf/sf af/]df lrGtf ug'{ kb}{g .
tYof+s a]r]/ cfDbfgL ug]{ ;+:yfsf tYof+s pkof]u ug{ eg] cg'dlt lng'k5{ .
-g]kfnsf] hn tyf df};d lj1fg ljefun] hn tyf df};d ;DaGwL tYof+s laqmL ug{] u5{ . tYof+s
a]Rbf ljefun] o;/L lnPsf k"/} tYof+s ;fj{hlgs ug{ kfOFb}g eg]sf] x'G5 . To;}n], ;/sf/L
lgsfoaf6 lnPsf t/ ck|sflzt tYof+s k|sflzt ug{] ls gug{] eg]/ sfg'g hfGg] dfG5]nfO{ ;f]Wbf /fd|f]
xf]nf . — cg'jfbs_ .
o;af6 s] kf7 l;Sg ;lsG5 eg] ;"rgfsf] xssf] pkof]u ug{'k5{ . o'/f]kdf ;"rgfsf] xs ;DaGwL
pko'Qm P]g 5g\ . ljleGg b]zsf ljleGg /fhgLlts :jfy{ x'G5g\ . ltgnfO{ pkof]u u/]/ ;"rgf
lng ;lhnf] x'G5 .
118
lrq $=#M s[lif cg'bfg j]a;fO6
(Farmsubsidy.org
s]; :68L @M
;fO8 Ok]mS6
cf}ifwL vfg] dfdnfdf xfdL ;a} lugLlku xf}+ . cf}ifwLsf] ;fO8 Okm]S6 kg{ ;S5 . xfdL
;a}nfO{ of] s'/f yfxf 5 . xfdL cf}ifwLsf kmfObf / a]kmfObfdWo] s'g a9L 5 eg]/ x]5f{}+ / To;sf
cfwf/df cf}ifwL lng] ls glng] egL lg0f{o u5f{}+ . t/ w]/}h;f] cj:yfdf lg0f{o ug{sf nflu rflxg]
hfgsf/L geO{sg} xfdLn] lg0f{o ug{'k5{ .
8G8Lkmf]/ cfPsf o'jfo'jtLn] 5fnf /fd|f] xf]nf eg]/ cf}ifwL u5{g\ . Pp6f cf}ifwLn] ubf{
o'jfo'jtL lvGg eP, s]xLn] t cfTdxTof u/] . cf}ifwLsf] o:tf] c;/sf af/]df kqsf/n] ;dfrf/
agfpg'k5{ . t/ of] s'/f yfxf kfpg sl7g 5 .
cf}ifwLsf unt c;/ ;DaGwL tYof+s /flvPsf eg] 5g\ . cf}ifwL agfpg] sDkgLn] cf}ifwLsf s]
s:tf c;/ k/]sf 5g\ eGg]af/]df ;/sf/nfO{ lgoldt ¿kdf atfpg'k5{ . ahf/df cf}ifwL a]Rg
cg'dlt lbOPsf cf}ifwLsf ;fO8 Ok]mS6 ;DaGwL hfgsf/L /fli6«o ;/sf/ / o'/f]k]nL ;/sf/sf
sd{rf/Ln] /fVg'k5{ .
o; ;DaGwL hfgsf/L ;a}eGbf klxn] 8]gdfs{n] lbof] . o;sf nflu cg';Gwfg ug{ xfdLn]
8]lg;–8r–a]lNhog 6f]nL agfPsf lyof}+ . kl5 g]b/NofG8n] klg hfgsf/L lbof] . 8r ;/sf/;Fu
x'g'k5{ egL 7flgPsf hfgsf/L 8]gdfs{df kfOof] .
119
cf}ifwLsf c;/sf sf/0fn] o'/f]k / c¿ w]/} b]zdf o'jfx¿n] cfTdxTof ug{] u/]sf /x]5g\ . kqsf/,
cg';Gwfgstf{ / kLl8tsf kl/jf/ o; ;DaGwL ;"rgf kfpg k|of;/t 5g\ . o'/f]k]nL cDa'8\;Dofg o'/f]ksf
cf}ifwL lgdf{tfdfly kf/bzL{ x'g bafa lbO/x]sf 5g\ / pgL ;kmn eP h:tf] b]lvPsf] 5 -http://bit.ly/
eu-ombudsman_ . ca xfdL kqsf/n] tL tYof+s ;+sng u/L o; ljifodf uxg ljZn]if0f ug'{ h¿/L 5 .
o;sf] kf7M s;}n] s'g} hfgsf/L lbg ldNb}g eGof] eg]/ r'k nfu]/ a:g' x'Fb}g . w}o{ ug{'k5{ / nfdf]
;do;Dd To;sf kl5 nflu/xg'k5{ . ;do ablng ;S5 . kl5 s'g} a]nf ;"rgf kfpg ;lsG5 .
s]; :68L #M
d[To'sf] t:s/L
o'4kl5 / ;+qmd0fsfn ;a} dflg;x¿sf nflu b'MvbfoL x'G5g\ . n8fOFaf6 kmfObf lnPsf dflg;
;Qfdf k'u]sf a]nfdf kqsf/n] vf]hd"ns :6f]/L tof/ ug{sf nflu tYof+s sxfFaf6 kfpg] <
:nf]]e]lgog, qmf]ol;og / af]l:gog kqsf/n] hf]8L afFw]/ o:tf tYof+s vf]Hg] ljrf/ u/] .
pgLx¿n] ;g\ !(() sf] bzssf] ;'?df ;+o'St /fi6«;+3n] o'uf]:nfleofnfO{ xftxltof/ laqmL ug{ k|ltaGw
nufPsf a]nf ePsf] xltof/sf] Jofkf/ ;DaGwdf vf]hL ug{] of]hgf agfP . ;+;bLo ;ldltn] o;} ljifodf
u/]sf] 5fglagsf] k|ltj]bgnfO{ pgLx¿n] cWoogsf] cfwf/ agfPsf lyP . xltof/ cfk"lt{sf] af6f], Jofkf/
/ cf];f/k|;f/sf] k|s[ltaf/]df a'e\mg aGb/ufxdf /x]sf hxfhsf gDa/ / 6«ssf nfO;]G; gDa/ yfxf
kfpg' h¿/L lyof] .
:nf]e]lgofnL ;+;bLo ;ldltn] aNsfg o'4sf gfkmfvf]/x¿sf af/]df hfgsf/L lng sf]l;; u/]sf]
lyof] t/ pm lgisif{df eg] k'Ug ;s]sf] lyPg . o; ;DaGwL sfuhft xfn;fn} uf]Ko xf]Ogg\ egL
juL{s/0f ul/Psf] lyof] . o;df ^ xhf/ kfgf lyP . :nf]e]lgofnL l6dn] ;"rgfsf] xs ;DaGwL
P]gsf] pkof]u u/]/ of] sfuhft xft kf/]sf] lyof] .
o; :6f]/Lsf nflu sfuhdf 5flkPsf tYof+s e]nf u/L 8]6fa];df /fVg'kg{] eof] . pgLx¿n] yk tYof+s
vf]h], ltgsf] ljZn]if0f u/] / u}/sfg'gL xltof/sf] Jofkf/sf] ?6 -bit.ly/kaasogmulvad-smuggling_ kQf
nufP .
6f]nL cfˆgf] sfddf ;kmn eof] . o;sf] cgf}7f] glthf -bit.ly/journalismfund-smuggling1_
lg:Sof] . ;f] 6f]nLn] pSt sfdsf] klxnf] kmn klg kfof] . pgLx¿n] tof/ u/]sf] :6f]/L o;
If]qs} nflu pkof]uL lyof] . xftxltof/ h'g h'g b]z x'Fb} cf];fl/Psf] lyof] tL b]zsf kqsf/n]
klg o; ;DaGwL :6f]/L agfpg ;Snfg\ .
kf7M cfk"mn] g;f]r]sf] 7fpFaf6 eP klg ultnf ;"rgf lgsfNg'k5{ . tL ;"rgf / ;fj{hlgs ¿kdf
pknAw tYof+s ldnfpFbf /fd|f] :6f]/L aGg ;S5 .
– la|lh6 cNkm6/,
Journalismfund.eu
120
dfUbf kfPsf tYof+ssf] s/fdt
y'k|} aNsfg b]zdf ;/sf/L e|i6frf/sf af/]df w]/} :6f]/L x'g ;S5g\ . oL b]zsf :yfgLo
;/sf/df e|i6frf/ cem a9L df}nfPsf] 5 .
a]nu|]8df /x]sf] vf]h kqsfl/tf s]Gb| -http://www.cins.org.rs_ df cfa4 ;la{ofnL kqsf/x¿sf]
6f]nLn] ;g\ @))( df ;"rgfsf] xs ;DaGwL P]gsf] k|of]u u/]/ gu/kflnsf;Fu ljleGg ljj/0f dfu
u/L #) j6feGbf a9L lgj]bg lbof] . o;cl3 ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ s]xL klg hfgsf/L lbOFb}gYof] .
pgLx¿n] ;/sf/L sfuhft lnP/ ToxfF ePsf tYof+snfO{ :k|]8l;6df /fv]/ clwstd / Go"gtd
vr{ ug{] gu/kflnsfsf vr{sf] t'ngfTds cWoog ug]{ ljrf/ u/]sf lyP . o;sf nflu pgLx¿n]
ah]6sf] cfFs8f, lgoldt / ljz]if vr{, sd{rf/Lsf] tna, oftfoft vr{, sd{rf/Lsf] ;+Vof, b}lgs
e|d0feQf, kmf]g vr{ / ;fj{hlgs vl/b cfFs8f cflb x]g{] ljrf/ u/]sf lyP . o;cl3 kqsf/n]
o:tf ljj/0f vf]h]sf lyPgg\ .
pgLx¿n] Pp6f a[xt\ 8]6fa]; tof/ u/] h;n] e|i6frf/ ePsf] b]vfof] . ;a}eGbf a9L tna
vfg] d]o/sf] ;"rL agfP/ x]bf{ pgLx¿sf] tna ;la{ofnL /fi6«kltsf] eGbf klg a9L ePsf]
e]l6of] . w]/} sd{rf/Ln] kfpg'kg{] eGbf a9L tna lnPsf] kfOof] . pgLx¿n] oftfoft tyf
b}lgs e|d0feQf zLif{sdf w]/} k};f lnPsf lyP . ;fj{hlgs vl/b ljj/0f x]bf{ efF8e}nf]
ePsf] b]lvof] . o; 8]6fa];af6 !%) eGbf a9L :6f]/L tof/ eP . w]/}h;f] :6f]/L ;la{ofsf
:yfgLo / /fli6«o ;~rf/ dfWoddf k|sflzt÷k|;fl/t eP .
Ps} vfnsf ;/sf/L lgsfosf t'ngfof]Uo ljj/0f t'ngf ubf{ s;n], sxfF, 36La9L vr{ u/]sf] 5
eGg] yfxf kfOG5 . o;af6 e|i6frf/ ePsf] x'g ;Sg] ;+s]t ldN5 . t'ngf u/L x]bf{ sxfF, s;n]
cTolws / cgfjZos vr{ u/]sf] 5 eGg] hflgG5 .
— bf]lh{ Kof8]:sL, gfO6 hgf{lnhd km]nf], :6\ofGkmf]8{ ljZjljBfno
j]aaf6 tYof+s ;+sng
w]/} k|of; ubf{ klg vf]h]sf] tYof+s kfpg ;lsPg . cfk"mn] vf]h]sf s'/f j]adf /flvPsf] t /x]5 t/
8fpgnf]8 ug{ gkfOg], skL u/]/ cfˆgf] kmfOndf k]:6 ug{ klg gldNg] /x]5 eg] klg cflQg' kb{}g .
;+;f/df w]/} ;d:of xn ug{] pkfo 5g\ . of] ;d:of xn ug{] pkfo klg 5g\ . s]xL pkfo tn lbOPsf 5g\M
•cgnfOg 8]6fa];sf] OG6/km]; / cGo cfw'lgs j]a PK; -6\jL6/, km];a's, / To:t} ;fdflhs
;~hfn_ h:tf j]adf cfwfl/t PkLcfO{af6 tYof+s lng ;lsG5 . ;/sf/L, Jofkfl/s clg
;fdflhs ;+hfn ;fO6af6 tYof+s lng] of] uHha pkfo xf] .
•kL8LPkm kmfOnaf6 tYof+s lgsfNg]] . kL8LPkmaf6 tYof+s lgsfNg Psbd} sl7g x'G5 lsgeg]
kL8LPkmsf] efiff lk|G6/sf nflu eg]/ n]lvPsf] x'G5 . To;}n] o;sf] efiffdf xfdLnfO{ sfd
nfUg] hfgsf/L x'Fb}g . ltgLx¿ b:tfj]hdf b]lvG5g\ dfq . kL8LPkmaf6 ;"rgf ;+sng s;/L
ug]{ hfgsf/L lbg' o; k':tssf] p2]Zo xf]Og t/ klg oxfF s];Dd atfpg ;lsG5 eg] of] sfd
ug{ ;xof]u ug{] s]xL 6'n / 6\o'6f]l/on kfOG5g\ .
121
•j]a;fO6 :qmLg :qmØfk ug{] .
sf]8 agfP/ ;/n j]ak]haf6
o;sf ;xfotfn] w]/} 7fpFaf6
eGg]af/]df w]/} s'/f yfxf x'g'k5{
:qmLg :qmofk ubf{ :qmØflkª o'l6ln6Lsf ;xfotfn] cyjf ;fgf]
Jojl:yt ;fdu|L lemlsG5 . of] tl/sf Psbd} zlQmzfnL 5 /
hfgsf/L lng ;lsG5 . t/ o;sf nflu j]adf s;/L sfd x'G5
.
otL /fd|f k|fljlws pkfo eP klg c¿ ;fdfGo pkfo ckgfpg 5f8\g' x'Fb}g . h:t}, d]l;gn] k9\g
;Sg] tYof+s ;r{ ug{ s]xL ;do vr{ ug{] . cyjf tYof+s /fVg] ;+:yfsf dflg;;Fu tL tYof+s
b]pm egL dfUg] .
tn Pr6LPdPn j]ak]haf6 tYof+s s;/L :qmØfk ug{] eGg] ljifosf cfwf/e"t pbfx/0f lbOPsf 5g\ .
d]l;gn] k9\g ;Sg] 8]6f eg]sf] s] xf] <
d]l;gn] k9\g ;Sg] 8]6f sDKo'6/n] k|zf]wg ug{ ;s"g\ eg]/ tof/ ul/Psf x'G5g\, dflg;n] TolQs} k9\gsf
nflu xf]Og . o;df ePsf ;"rgf sDKo'6/sf :qmLgdf b]lvP h:tf 9fFrfdf /flvPsf x'Fb}gg\ . CSV, XML,
JSON, and Excel kmfOn d]l;gn] k9\g ;Sg] kmDof{6 x'g\ eg] j8{ 8s'd]G6, Pr6LPdPn k]h / kL8LPkm
kmfOn To;df ePsf hfgsf/L :qmLgdf b]vfpg] p2]Zon] tof/ ul/Psf x'g\ . kL8LPkmn] lk|G6/;Fu ;f]emf]
;DaGw /fV5 . o;n] k]hdf /x]sf nfOg / yf]Knf;Fu ;/f]sf/ /fV5, :ki6 ¿kdf k9\g ;lsg] cIf/;Fu
xf]Og .
j]a;fO6 :qmØfk ug{'sf] p2]Zo
j]a;fO6df hfg], cfk"mnfO{ sfd nfUg] h:tf] nfu]sf] 6]annfO{ PS;]ndf skL ug]{, To;df kl5
ljj/0f yKg] cyjf kl5 pkof]u ug{ eg]/ /fVg] . of] sfd ;a}n] u/]sf x'G5g\ . t/ of] tl/sf
Tolt pko'Qm xf]Og . cyjf xfdLn] vf]h]sf] tYof+s j]a;fO6df 5l/P/ /x]sf x'g ;S5g\ . o;/L
Ps, Ps u/L skL ug{' emGeml6nf] sfd xf] . s]xL sf]8 k|of]u ubf{ o:tf] emGem6 ug{' kb{}g .
o;/L :qmØflkª ubf{ s] kmfObf s] x'G5 eg] df};d ;DaGwL ljj/0f ePsf] j]a;fO6 xf];\ jf ;/sf/L ah]6
;DaGwL j]a;fO6 xf];\ ;a} vfnsf j]a;fO6af6 tYof+s lng ;lsG5 . API sf] ;'ljwf gePsf ;fO6af6
/c -ck|zf]lwt_ tYof+s lng ;lsG5 .
:qmØfk ug{ ;lsg] / g;lsg]
;a} ;fO6 :qmØfk ug{ ;ls+b}g . tnsf ljz]iftf ePsf ;fO6 :qmØfk ug{ ufx|f] x'G5M
•/fd|f];Fu Jojl:yt gul/Psf Pr6LPdPn sf]8 h;df Jojl:yt hfgsf/L x'Fb}gg\ jf yf]/} dfq
x'G5g\ -k'/fgf ;/sf/L j]a;fO6_ .
• :jrflnt lsl;dn] tYof+s lng /f]s nufOPsf -CAPTCHA codes and paywalls_ .
• o'h/n] ;fO6df s] s;f] u5{g\ eg]/ lrof] ug{] k|0ffnL ePsf .
• ;a} s'/fsf] ;"rL / jfON8sf8{ ;r{ ;'ljwf gePsf .
• ;e{/ P8ldlg:6«]6/n] w]/} tYof+s lng /f]s nufPsf .
122
sfg'gL c8\rg klg x'g ;S5 . s]xL b]zn] 8]6fa];sf] clwsf/ ;'/lIft /fv]sf x'G5g\ . o;n] ubf{
cgnfOgdf k|sflzt hfgsf/L k'gMk|of]u ug{ gkfOg] x'G5 . slxn]sfxL+ sfg'gn] eGb} u5{, cfˆgf]
sfd u5{' eGg ;lsPnf . kqsf/sf] ljz]if clwsf/ x'g ;Snf . ;a}nfO{ lgMz'Ns pknAw u/fOPsf
;/sf/L tYof+s :qmØfk ug{ ;lsPnf t/ ltgnfO{ k|sflzt ug{'cl3 To;f] ug{ sfg'gn] lbG5 ls lb+b}g
eg]/ x]g{'knf{ . Jofkfl/s ;+:yf / s]xL u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfn] o;f] ug{'nfO{ g/fd|f] dfGg ;S5g\, pgLx¿n]
:qmØfk ug{]dfly l;:6d æ:ofaf]6]hÆ u/]sf] cf/f]k nufpg ;S5g\ . s'g} ;"rgfn] JolQmsf] uf]kgLotfsf]
clwsf/ pNn+3g ug{ ;S5 .
Koflrª, :qmØflkª, sDkfOlnª, lSnlgª
o's]sf w]/}eGbf w]/} tYof+s lng ;d:of k/]g . tYof+s pkof]u ug{ ;lsg] kmDof{6df /fVg] rng
a9\bf] 5 . cltly ;Tsf/, ;f+;bsf] :jfy{, nlaOª / cGo ljifosf hfgsf/L lgoldt ¿kdf k|sflzt
eO/x]sf 5g\ . t/ tL tYof+s ljZn]if0f ug{ cK7\of/f] x'g] lsl;dn] /flvPsf] 5 . s]xL hfgsf/L kfpgsf
nflu w]/} kmfOn Ps 7fpFdf hf]8\g' -Koflrª ug{'_ k5{ . s]xL hfgsf/L eg] j]a :qmØflkª ubf{ ;lhn}
cfpF5g\ .
:qmØfk/ljsL h:tf ;]jfsf] ;xof]u lnP/ :qmØfk ug{ rflxg] hfgsf/L lng ;lsG5 . xfdLn]
oxL tl/sf ckgfpFbf ;f+;bsf] :jfy{;Fu ;DalGwt hfgsf/L Pp6} l;6df /fVg ;Sof}+ . xfd|f]
cfwf sfd ;lhnf];Fu ;lsof] .
ufFh]dfh] tYof+snfO{ pkof]u ug{ ldNg agfpg] sfddf :qmØfk/ljsL cyjf Outwit Hub h:tf
6'nn] kqsf/nfO{ w]/} d2t u5{g\ .
— h]D; an, b ufl8{og
:qmØfk ug{ ;3fpg] 6'n
j]a;fO6df 7"nf] kl/df0fdf /flvPsf ;"rgf lgsfNg ;3fpg] w]/} k|f]u|fd 5g\ . Readability
n] j]ak]haf6 6]S:6 lgsfNg ;xof]u u5{ . DownThemAll http://www.
downthemall.net/ n] Ps} k6s w]/} kmfOn 8fpgnf]8 ug{ ;3fpF5 . logn] cfk}+mn] ubf{ lbSs nfUg]
sltko sfd :jrflnt ¿kdf ul/lbG5g\ . qmf]ddf /flvPsf] Scraper extension j]a;fO6df /flvPsf
6]an lemSgs} nflu tof/ ul/Psf] xf] . kmfo/kmS;n] firebug (http://getfirebug.com/) 8]enk/
PS:6]G;g agfPsf] 5 . qmf]d, ;kmf/L / cfO{O{df of] ;'ljwf o;cl3 g} pknAw lyof] . logn] j]a;fO6
s;/L /flvPsf] 5 eGg] s'/f atfpF5g\ . clg xfd|f] a|fph/ / ;e{/sf aLrdf s] s:tf s'/fsfgL eO/x]sf
5g\ eGg] s'/f klg atfpF5g\ .
(http://www.readability.com/)
:qmØfk/ljsL -https://scraperwiki.com_ o:tf] j]a;fO6 xf] h;sf ;xfotfn] kfOyg, ?aL jf kLPrkL
h'g;'s} k|f]u|fldª efiffdf :qmØfk/nfO{ sf]8 ug{ ldN5 . cfˆgf] sDKo'6/df k|f]u|fldª gu/Lsg tYof+s
:qmØfk ug{] ljrf/ 5 eg] of] /fd|f] pkfo xf] . Google Spreadsheets and Yahoo! Pipes h:tf
j]a ;le{;sf] pkof]u u/]/ klg j]a;fO6af6 ;"rgf lng ;lsG5 .
123
j]a:qmØfk/n] s;/L sfd u5{ <
j]a:qmØfk/ kfOyg, ?aL jf kLPrkLdf n]lvPsf ;fgf k|f]u|fldª sf]8 x'g\ . oLdWo] s'g rnfpg]
eGg] s'/f cfˆgf] cj:yfdf lge{/ u5{ . cfˆgf] klqsfsf cyjf cfˆgf 7fpFsf k|fljlwsn] dflysf
dWo] h'g k|f]u|fldª efiff hfg]sf 5g\ ToxL k|f]u|fldª efiff rnfpg' pQd x'G5 .
o;cl3 pNn]v ul/Psf s]xL :qmØflkª 6'n :qmØflkª ug{ l;Sbf sfd nfU5g\ t/ cfk"mnfO{
rflxPsf] ;"rgf lemSgsf nflu ;xL kfgf / ;xL Olnd]G6 lrGg] / k|of]u ug{] sfd lgs} hl6n 5 .
oL sfd k|f]u|fldªsf xf]Ogg\, j]a;fO6 / 8]6fa];sf] agfj6 yfxf kfpgsf nflu ug{'kg{] sfd x'g\ .
j]a;fO6 b]vfpg] a]nfdf a|fph/n] b'O{j6f k|ljlwsf] k|of]u u/]sf] x'G5 M Pr6L6LkL / Pr6LPdn .
Pr6L6LkLn] ;e{/;Fu ;~rf/ u/L b:tfj]h, lrq jf lel8of] ;fdu|L dfU5 . Pr6LPdPn j]a;fO6 agfpg
k|of]u ul/Psf] efiff xf] .
j]ak]hsf] agfj6
h'g;'s} Pr6LPdPn kfgf y'k|} afs; ldn]/ ag]sf] x'G5 h;nfO{ Pr6LPdPn 6\ofu elgG5 .
7"nf] afs;leq y'k|} ;;fgf afs; /x]sf x'G5g\, Pp6f 6]andf y'k|} k+lQm / ;]n eP h:t} .
6\ofu y'k}| lsl;dsf x'G5g\ h;n] km/s km/s sfd u5{g\ . s]xL 6\ofun] afs; agfpF5g\, s]xLn]
6]an, Od]h jf ln+s . 6\ofudf yk ljz]iftf klg x'g ;S5g\ . 6\ofu s'g} ;d"xdf /x]sf] x'G5
h;nfO{ æSnf;]hÆ elgG5 . s'g} b:tfj]hleq /x]sf Olnd]G6nfO{ nlIft u/L To;nfO{ ;dfTg] sfd
Snf;]hn] u5{ . :qmØfk/ agfpg'sf] d'Vo p2]Zo pko'Qm Olnd]G6sf] 5gf]6 ug'{ / To;df /x]sf
ljifoj:t' lgsfNg' xf] .
j]ak]hdf /x]sf Olnd]G6nfO{ x]bf{ afs;leq afs; /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
j]ak]h :qmØfk ug{ Pr6LPdPn 8s'd]G6df ePsf ljleGg vfn] Olnd]G6sf af/]df yfxf kfpg'
h¿/L 5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu, <table> Olnd]G6n] ;a} 6]annfO{ ;d]6]sf] x'G5 . <tr> n] 6]ansf]
k+lQmnfO{ hgfpF5 . o;df x/]s ;]nsf nflu <td> /x]sf] x'G5 . ;a}eGbf rNtLsf] Olnd]G6 <div>
xf] h:n] ljifoj:t'sf] Pp6f efu eGg] hgfpF5 . oL Olnd]G6af/] yfxf kfpg] ;lhnf] pkfo eg]sf]
j]a a|fph/df /x]sf] 8]enk/ 6'naf/ -bit.ly/developer-toolbar_ sf] k|of]u ug{' xf] . o;n] j]ak]hsf] h'g;'s}
efudf klg hfg / To;df s] sf]8 n]lvPsf] 5 egL x]g{ lbG5 .
6\ofu lstfasf] v08 h:t} xf] h;n] Pp6f v08 ;lsPsf] / csf{] v08 ;'? ePsf] hgfpF5 .
pbfx/0fsf nflu, <em> n] O6flns ul/Psf] cyjf af]N8 ul/Psf] cIf/ ;'? ePsf]] hgfpF5 eg]
</em> n] To;sf] cGTo ePsf] atfpF5 .
124
lrq $=$M cGt/f{li6«o cf0fljs phf{ ;+:yfsf] kf]6n
{ -news.iaea.org_
Pp6f pbfx/0fM kfOygsf] ;xfotfn] cf0fljs pmhf{ b'3{6gf ;DaGwL ;"rgf :qmØfk\
cGt/f{li6«o cf0fljs pmhf{ Ph]G;Lsf] kf]6{n NEWS (www-news.iaea.org/EventList.aspx) df ;+;f/e/
ePsf ljls/0f ;DaGwL b'3{6gfsf hfgsf/L /flvPsf] 5 . o;df b'3{6gfnfO{ ;/n kf/fdf /flvPsf] 5 .
o;nfO{ ;lhn};Fu :qmØfk ug{ ;lsG5 .
;'?df kfOyg :qmØfk/ljsLdf (https://scraperwiki.com/_ uP/ gofF kfOyg :qmofk/ agfpg] . olt ubf{
Pp6f vfnL 7fpF cfpF5 h;df s]xL sf]8 x'G5g\ . csf]{ a|fph/ ljG8f]df -http://www-news.iaea.org/
EventList.aspx) vf]Ng] / cfˆgf] a|fph/df 8]enk/ 6'naf/ vf]Ng] . æOlnd]G6\;Æ Eo'df uP/ s'g} Pp6f
;dfrf/sf] Pr6LPdn Olnd]G6 kQf nufpg] . a|fph/sf] 8]enk/ 6'naf/n] j]ak]hdf /x]sf Olnd]G6;Fu
;Dks{ u5{ / Pr6LPdPn sf]8 b]vfpF5 .
of] k]hdf /fd|f];Fu x]bf{ zLif{s 6]an <table> leq <h4> Olnd]G6df /x]sf] b]lvG5 . x/]s 36gfnfO{ <tr>
k+lQmn] hgfpF5 . o;df s]xL JofVof / ldlt;d]t n]lvPsf] x'G5 . ;a} 36gfsf ljj/0f lgsfNg'k/]sf] 5
eg] x/]s k+lQmnfO{ tflnsfdf qmda4 ¿kdf 5fGg] tl/sf kQf nufpg'k5{ .
of] k|lqmofnfO{ sf]8df abNgsf nflu xfdLn] o;sf ;a} sbdsf af/]df yfxf kfpg'k5{ . s:tf
sbd rfNg'k5{ eGg] yfxf kfpg Pp6f ;/n cEof; u/f}+ . cfˆgf] :qmØfk/ljsL ljG8f]df
cfˆgf nflu lgb]{zg n]vf}+ . o;df of] :qmØfk/ agfpgsf nflu h] h] sfd u5f{}+ tL ;a} s'/f
n]Vg'k5{ . kfOygnfO{ of] jf:tljs sDKo'6/ sf]8 xf]Og eGg] hgfpgsf nflu x/]s sfdsf] cufl8
# lrGx /fvf}+ . pbfx/0fsf nfluM
# Look for all rows in the table
# Unicorn must not overflow on left side.
125
;s];Dd ;l6s aGg] k|of; ug{'k5{ . xfdLn] :qmØfk ug{ nfu]sf k]hsf af/]df k|f]u|fdnfO{ x/]s s'/f yfxf
5 eGg] 7fGg' x'Fb}g .
s]xL s[lqd sf]8 n]lv;s]kl5 o;nfO{ xfd|f] klxnf] :qmØfk/sf] h¿/L sf]8;Fu t'ngf u/f+}M
import scraperwiki
from lxml import html
of] klxnf] v08df xfdL nfOa|]/Laf6 ljBdfg lnlvt sf]8 cfoft ub{}5f}+ . :qmØfk/ljsL
-scraperwiki_ n] xfdLnfO{ j]a;fO6 8fpgnf]8 ug{ ;Sg] agfpF5 . To:t} lxml 6'nn] Pr6LPdPn
8s'd]G6sf] agfj6sf] ljZn]if0f ub{5 . Pp6f ;lhnf] s] 5 eg] :qmØfk/ljsLdf kfOyg :qmØfk/n]
sfd ubf{ tnsf oL b'O{ x/km ;w}+el/ ;dfg /xG5g\ .
url = "http://www-news.iaea.org/EventList.aspx"
doc_text = scraperwiki.scrape(url)
doc = html.fromstring(doc_text)
ca sf]8n] url e]l/oan agfpF5 / IAEA k]hnfO{ Eofn'df /fV5 . o;n] :qmØfk/nfO{ oL s'/fx¿
cl:tTjdf 5g\ eGg] hgfpF5 / o;af/] xfdLn] Wofg lbg'k5{ . url ;a} p4/0f lrGxleq /x]sf] 5
lsgeg] of] k|f]u|fd sf]8sf] c+u xf]Og a? Sof/]S6/sf] >[+vnf xf] h;nfO{ l:6«ª elgG5 .
o;kl5 xfdLn] o'cf/Pn e]l/oannfO{ kmª;g, scraperwiki.scrape df Ogk'6sf ¿kdf pkof]u
ug{'k5{ . o;n] s]xL tf]lsPsf sfd u5{ . oxfF xfdLn] ul//x]sf] sfdsf xsdf o;n] j]ak]h 8fpgnf]8
u5{ . of] sfd ;lsPkl5 o;n] o;sf cfp6k'6nfO{ csf{] e]l/oandf c;fOg u5{, doc_text. doc_textn]
ca j]a;fO6sf jf:tljs 6]S:6 -a|fph/df b]lvPsf s'/f xf]Og_, 6\ofu;d]tsf jf:tljs ;f];{ sf]8
/fV5 . o;nfO{ ljZn]if0f ug{ ;lhnf] gePsfn] xfdLn] csf{] Olnd]G6 html.fromstring k|of]u u/L :k];n
l/k|]h]G6];g tof/ ug{'k5{ hxfF xfdLn] Olnd]G6 -h;nfO{ 8s'd]G6 cAh]S6 df]8n –8Lcf]Pd– elgG5_ nfO{
;lhn} P8«]; ug{ ;S5f}+ .
for row in doc.cssselect("#tblEvents tr"):
link_in_header = row.cssselect("h4 a").pop()
event_title = link_in_header.text
print event_title
of] clGtd r/0fdf 6]andf ePsf nx/ kQf nufpg 8Lcf]Pdsf] k|of]u ug'{k5{ / x]8/af6 36gfsf] zLif{s
lgsfNg'k5{ . o;sf nflu b'O{j6f gofF cjwf/0ffsf] pkof]u ul/G5 . Pp6f xf]M the for loop . b km/ n'kn]
cfˆgf] gfd cg';f/s} sfd u5{ . o;n] ljj/0fsf] ;"rL tof/ kf5{ . To;f] ubf{ o;n] x/]snfO{ -oxfF
x/]s nx/nfO{_ nfO{ c:yfoL gfd lbG5 / x/]s ljj/0fsf nflu lbPsf] lgb]{zg /g u5{ .
csf]{ gofF cjwf/0ff, Olnd]G6sf] 5gf]6 -element selection (.cssselect)) xf] . Olnd]G6 5gf]6 eg]sf]
8s'd]G6df /x]sf Olnd]G6 kQf nufpg k|of]u ul/g] sDKo'6/ efiff xf] . ;fdfGotof CSS selectors sf]
126
k|of]u Pr6LPdPn Olnd]G6df n]cfp6 ;"rgf /fVgsf nflu ul/G5 . k]haf6 Olnd]G6 lemSg klg o;sf]
k|of]u ul/G5 . oxfF xfdL nfOg ^ df #tblEvents tr sf] 5gf]6 ub{}5f}+ hf] ID tblEvents 6]andf /x]sf
Olnd]G6 <tr> ;Fu ldN5g\ . o;n] <tr> Olnd]G6sf] ;"rL b]vfpF5 .
of] ;"rL ;ftf}+ x/kmdf b]lvG5 . oxfF xfdL xfOk/ln+s <a> kQf nufpg csf]{ ;]n]S6/sf] k|of]u ub{5f+}
h'g <h4> leq x'G5 . oxfF xfdL Pp6} dfq Olnd]G6 vf]H5f}+ . To;}n] xfdL .pop() kmª\;g k|of]u ub{5f}+ .
l8cf]Pddf ePsf s]xL Olnd]G6 jf:tljs 6]S:6 x'g\ . o;nfO{ nfOg * df b]lvPsf] [element].text syntax
pkof]u u/]/ PS;]; ug{ ;lsG5 . cGTodf, nfOg ( df To; 6]S:6nfO{ :qmØfk/ljsLsf] sG;f]ndf lk|G6
u5f{}+ . :qmØfk/df /x]sf] /gdf lx6 ubf{ ;fgf] ljG8f]df cfO{PO{Psf] j]a;fO6af6 36gfsf gfdsf] ljj/0f
cfpF5 .
lrq $=%M :qmØfk/df sfd eO/x]sf] -:qmØfk/ljsL_
olt a]nf ;fdfGo :qmØfk/n] sfd u/]sf] b]lvG5 . o;n] j]ak]h 8fpgnf]8 u5{ / j]ak]hnfO{ l8cf]Pd
kmd{df kl/jt{g u5{ . o;kl5 s'g} lglZrt ;fdu|L lemSg ;lsG5 . of] agfj6sf cfwf/df :qmØfk/ljsL
/ kfOygsf] k|of]u u/L cGo ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ ;lsG5M
• x/]s 36gfsf] 6fO6nsf] ln+ssf] P8«]; kfpg ;S5f}+ <
•;LP;P; Snf; g]d pkof]u u/]/ gfd / 7fpF ePsf ;fgf afs; ;]n]S6 ug{ ;S5f}+ /
Olnd]G6sf 6]S:6 lgsfNg ;S5f}+ <
• :qmØfk/ljsLn] x/]s :qmØkf/sf nflu ;fgf] 8]6fa]; agfpF5 . To;}n] xfdL o;sf] l/hN6 :6f]/
ug{ ;S5f}+ . 8S;af6 ;fGble{s pbfx/0f skL ug{ ;S5f}+ / o;nfO{ P8fK6 ug{ ;S5f}+ h;n]
36gfsf] 6fO6n, ln+s / ldlt ;]e u5{ .
• Oe]G6 ln:6df w]/} k]h x'G5 . klxn]sf 36gf ePsf w]/} k]h :qmØfk ug{ ;S5f}+ <
oL r'gf}tL ;dfwfg ug{ sf]l;; ubf{ eg] :qmØfk/ljsLdf x]g'{k5{ . ToxfF ljBdfg :qmØfk/sf y'k|} pbfx/0f
5g\ . k|foMh;f] 8]6f /f]rs x'G5g\ . o;/L xfdLn] x/]s k6s ;'?s} r/0faf6 sfd yfNg' kb{}g . cfk"mnfO{
rflxPsf] h:tf] :qmØfk/ 5fGg ;lsG5 . o;nfO{ rnfP/ cfˆgf] ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ ;Sg] u/L kl/dfh{g
ug{ ;lsG5 .
— k|]m8]l/s lnG8]gau{, cf]kg gn]h kmfpG8];g
127
;fj{hlgs 8]6fa]; :qmØfk ug{'
s]xL k|mfG;]nL lrlsT;sx¿n] cfˆgf] z'Ns cfk}+m tf]Sg kfpF5g\ . pbfx/0fsf nflu, 6\o'd/ ljz]if1;Fu
#) ldg]6 s'/fsfgL ubf{ la/fdLn] &) o'/f]b]lv %)) o'/f];Dd ltg'{k5{ . of] b/ sfg'gL ¿kn] k|sflzt
b/ xf] . t/ ;/sf/n] o; ;DaGwL tYof+s vf]Hg c;lhnf] 8]6fa]; agfP/ k|sflzt u/]sf] 5 . n]
df]G8]sf lrlsT;ssf] z'Nsaf/] hfgsf/L ;lhn};Fu b]Vg ;lsg] agfpg d}n] ;a} 8]6fa];nfO{ :qmØfk
ug]{ ljrf/ u/]+ .
o; sfdsf] yfngLd} /dfOnf] x'g ;'? eof] . j]a;fO6sf] cu|efudf /x]sf] ;r{ kmf/d ˆNof; PlKns];g
lyof] . o;n] Pr6LPdPn kf]i6dfkm{t ul/Psf] cg'/f]wnfO{ Pr6LPdPn k]hdf kl/jt{g ul/lbGYof] . ;r{
k]h / l/hN6 k]h aLrdf Pp6f æuf]KoÆ k]h klg lyof] h'g kQf nufpg s]xL ;do nfUof] . o;sf
nflu d}n] lgsf]n; s];/la|nsf] ;xof]u lng'k/]sf] lyof] . of] uf]Ko k]hdf ;r{ kmf/dsf s'sL ltgsf
dfg;lxt /fVgsf nflu pkof]u ul/Psf lyP h;nfO{ l/hN6 k]hn] PS;]; uYof{] . of] lgs} k]lrnf]
k|lqmof lyof] t/ kLPrkL nfOa|]/Ldf /x]sf] cURL cK;gn] ubf{ xfdLn] of] ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ ;Sof}+ .
;a} 8]6fa]; lng !) 306f nfu] klg of] lgs} pkof]uL ;flat eof] .
— cn]Sh]G8/ n]:g]6, n] df]G8]
tYof+ssf] ;|f]tsf ¿kdf j]a
Od]n 7]ufgf, j]a;fO6, kmf]6f]÷lrq cyjf ljlslkl8ofdf ePsf n]v h:tf OG6/g]6df dfq} kfOg]
;fdu|Lsf af/]df yk s'/f s;/L yfxf kfpg] < oxfF d}n] To:tf 6'nsf af/]df rrf{ u/]sf] 5' h;n]
ltgsf af/]df yk s'/f atfpF5g\ .
j]a 6'N;
;a}eGbf klxn] s]xL To:tf ;]jfsf af/]df rrf{ u/f}+ h;n] s'g} lglZrt k]hsf af/]df xf]Og k"/}
;fO6sf af/]df hfgsf/L lbG5g\ .
Whois
http://whois.domaintools.com/
df uP/ who is lookup df cfkm"n] hfgsf/L lng rfx]sf]
j]a;fO6sf] j]a 7]ufgf 6fOk u/]df jf Dofssf] 6ld{gn Pkdf whois www.example.com 6fOk
u/]df h'g;'s} j]a;fO6sf] klg /lh:6«];g ;DaGwL cfwf/e"t hfgsf/L kfpg ;lsG5 . xfn
cfP/ sltko j]a;fO6 ;+rfnsn] /lh:6«];g uf]Ko /fVg yfn]sf 5g\ . o;n] ubf{ pgLx¿sf]
ljj/0f ;fj{hlgs x'Fb}g . t/ w]/}h;f] j]a;fO6sf] gfd, 7]ufgf, Od]n / /lh:6/ ug]{ JolStsf]
gfd cflb x]g{ ;lsG5 . o; 7fpFdf IP address 6fOk ubf{ Tof] s'g JolSt jf ;+:yfsf] ;e{/ xf]
eGg] yfxf x'G5 . OG6/g]6 ;]jf b'?kof]u ug]{ jf z+sf:kb JolStsf af/]df hfgsf/L lng of] 6'n
pkof]uL 5 lsgeg] k|foM ;a} j]a;fO6n] j]a;fO6 k|of]ustf{sf] IP address /]s8{ u/]sf] x'G5 .
128
Blekko
Blekko
;r{ OlGhg (http://blekko.com/) n] j]a;fO6sf y'k|} cfGtl/s hfgsf/L aflx/
NofpF5 . s'g} klg j]a;fO6sf] 8f]d]g gfdsf k5fl8 æ/seo" 6fOk u/]df To; j]a;fO6sf
af/]df Ps kfgf hlt hfgsf/L kfOG5 . lrq $=& df sf] klxnf] 6\ofadf c¿ s'g s'g ;fO6 o;df
ln+s ul/Psf] 5 egL] b]vfOPsf] 5 . o; j]a;fO6n] slt se/]h kfPsf] 5 eGg] s'/f klg o;n]
b]vfpF5 . u'un ;r{sf] kl/0ffddf o:sf] :yfg lsg pRr ePsf] xf] eGg] yfxf kfpg ;d]t o;n] sfd
lbG5 . lrq $=* df To; d]l;gaf6 c¿ s'g s'g j]a;fO6 ;~rflnt 5g\\ eGg] s'/fb]vfOPsf]
5 . :Sofd/ / :kfd/n] cfˆgf] j}wflgs cl:tTj b]vfpgsf nflu w]/} ;fO6 agfO{ Pscsf{df
ln+s /fVg] u/]sf x'G5g\ . ltgLx¿ 5'§f5'§} 8f]d]g h:tf b]lvG5g\ / btf{ ljj/0f ;d]t km/s x'g
;S5 . t/ ltgLx¿ k|foM ;a} Pp6} ;e{/df /flvPsf x'G5g\ lsgeg] o;f] ubf{ ;:tf] kg{ hfG5 .
oL tYof+ssf cfwf/df cfk"mn] cg';Gwfg ug{ nfu]sf] ;fO6sf leqL s'/f yfxf kfOG5 .
lrq $=^M An]Ssf] ;r{ OlGhg (Blekko.com)
lrq $=&M j]asf] nf]slk|otf yfxf kfpg]M who links to who?
“Crawl stats”, vf;u/L “Cohosted with” v08 klg pkof]uL 5
(Blekko.com)
lrq $=*M j]a :Kofd/ / :Sofd/ kQf nufpg] af6f] (Blekko.com)
129
www.compete.com
o;df uP/ ;fO6 kf]6{kmf]lnof] 6\ofasf] 5gf]6 u/L -lrq $=(_ To;df 8f]d]g 6fOk ubf{ To; ;fO6sf]
lat]sf jif{sf] 6«flkms b]lvG5 . o;df slt dfG5]n] Tof] ;fO6 lelh6 u/], af/Daf/ cfpg] lelh6/
slt lyP -lrq $=!)_ eGg] ljj/0f x'G5 . ;e{]df cfwfl/t ePsfn] of] olsg ;+Vof xf]Og t/ OG6/gn
Pgflnl6S;;Fu t'ngf u/L x]bf{ of] emG8} emG8} b'?:t ePsf] kfOof] . b'O{j6f ;fO6sf aLrdf t'ngf ug{
klg of] /fd|f] pkfo xf] h:tf] nfu]sf] 5 .
lrq $=(M Compete.com sf] ;fO6 k|fk] mfOn ;]jf (Compete.com)
lrq $=!)M What’sinvogue?What’sindemand?:Hotspotsontheweb(Compete.com)
u'un ;fO6 ;r{
s'g} lglZrt 8f]d]gdf ePsf ;a} ;fdu|L x]g{] xf] eg] “site:” ls j8{ w]/} pkof]uL x'G5 . ;r{
aS;df “site:example.com” 6fOk ubf{ u'unn] cfk"mn] 6fOk u/]sf] ;fO6sf] dfq hfgsf/L
lbG5 . o;df lglZrt k]h dfq x]g{ dg nfu]sf] 5 eg] “site:example.com/pages/” 6fOk ug{'k5{ .
8f]d]gsf dflnsn] 8f]d]gdf /fv]sf] t/ w]/} dflg;nfO{ yfxf lbg gvf]h]sf] hfgsf/L vf]Hg of]
pkfo sfd nfU5 .
j]a k]h, Od]h / lel8of]
slxn]sfxL+ xfdLnfO{ s'g} lglZrt :6f]/L;Fu ;DalGwt sfdsf af/]df hfGg dg nfUg ;S5 . s'g
;fdu|L s;n] k9\b}5, To;;Fu ;DalGwt s:tf s:tf k|ltlqmof ePsf 5g\, s;n] skL u¥of] cyjf
z]o/ u¥of] h:tf s'/f yfxf kfpg tnsf 6'n pkof]uL x'g ;S5g\ .
Bit.ly
s'g} vf; ln+snfO{ dflg;n] Psfk;df s;/L z]o/ u/]sf 5g\ eGg] hfGg dg nfUof] eg] d
bit.ly (https://bitly.com) rnfpF5' . o;sf nflu h'g o'cf/Pnsf af/]df hfGg vf]h]sf] xf] ;f]
o'cf/Pn OG6/ ug{'k5{ . To;kl5 OGkmf] k]h Kn; ln+sdf lSns ug{'k5{ . o;n] tYof+s
k]hdf n}hfG5 -of] ;le{; lnPsf] 5 eg] “aggregratebit.lylink” 5gf]6 ug{'k5{_ . o;af6 of] k]h slt
nf]slk|o 5 eGg] s'/f yfxf x'G5 . o;n] k]m;a's, 6\jL6/ cflbdf o;;Fu ;DalGwt s] s:tf
ultljlw ePsf /x]5g\ eGg] s'/f klg b]vfpF5 . To;eGbf tn To;sf af/]df ul/Psf sd]G6 lbOPsf]
130
x'G5 . tYof+s / 5nkmn b'j} hfgsf/L o;/L Ps} 7fpFdf kfpFbf s] kmfObf x'G5 eg] of] ;fO6
slt nf]slk|o /x]5 eGg] s'/f dfq xf]Og, o;sf ôfg sf] /x]5g\ / of] lsg nf]slk|o /x]5 eGg]
klg yfxf kfOG5 .
6\jL6/
of] dfOqmf] Anluª ;]jf xf] . of] rnfpg] dfG5] a9\b}5g\ . To;}n] o;df dflg;n] s:tf s'/f s;/L
z]o/ u5{g\ / 5nkmn u5{g\ eGg] yfxf kfpg' pkof]uL x'G5 . o;df s'g} ln+ssf af/]df dflg;n]
s] s:tf 6Lsfl6Kk0fL u/]sf 5g\ eGg] yfxf kfpg ;lhnf] 5 . o;sf] ;r{aS;df cfk"mn] hfGg
rfx]sf] ;fdu|Lsf] o'cf/Pn k]:6 u/]/ OG6/ u/L ædf]/ 6\jL6\;Æ df lx6 u¥of] eg] cfk"mn] vf]h]sf]
hfgsf/L kfOG5 .
uu'nsf] Sofz]
s'g} k]hdf ljjfb cfof] eg] To;sf k|sfzsn] c¿nfO{ yfx} glbO{sg o;nfO{ ;fO6af6 x6fpg ;S5g\ .
o:tf] z+sf nfUof] eg] ;a}eGbf klxn] cfk"mn] ;a}eGbf kl5 x]/]sf] Tof] k]hsf] u'un Sofz]df hfg'k5{ . Sofz]
w]/} rNg] x'gfn] cfk"mnfO{ z+sf nfu]sf] s]xL 306fleq}df x]¥of] eg] o;sf] Sofz] k]mnf kg{ ;S5 . To;kl5
u'un ;r{df o;sf] o'cf/Pn OG6/ u/]/ k]hsf] bflxg] ePsf] l6«kn P/f]df lSns ug{'k5{ .
olt ul/;s]kl5 u|flkmsn lk|Eo' b]lvg'k5{ . o;sf] dfly kl6 æSofz]Æ ln+s e]l6g ;S5 . To; k]hsf af/]
df yfxf kfpg Tof] ln+sdf lSns ug{'k5{ . of] k]h nf]8 x'g ;d:of k¥of] eg] k'mn Sofz] k]hsf] dfly ePsf]
6]S:6–cGnLdf n}hfg] 7fpFdf lSns ug{'k5{ . o;/L kfOPsf] ;fdu|Lsf] :qmLg;6 lng ;lsG5 cyjf oxfF
ePsf ;fdu|L skL u/]/ cfˆgf] kmfOndf k]:6 ug{ ;lsG5 . kl5 c¿ Sofz] cfPkl5 of] gkfOg ;S5 .
WaybackMachine
nfdf] ;dodf -w]/} dlxgf jf jif{df_ s'g} k]hdf s] s'/f k]ml/P5g\ eGg] s'/f yfxf kfpg' k/]sf] 5 eg]
OG6/g]6 cfsf{Oedf /x]sf] TheWaybackMachine gfds ;]jf rnfpFbf /fd|f] x'G5 . o;n] a]nfa]nfdf
j]asf ;a}eGbf nf]slk|o k]hsf :Gofk;6 /fVg] u5{ . o;sf nflu xfdLn] ;fO6df uP/ cfk"mn] cWoog
ug{ nfu]sf] ln+s lbg'k5{ . o;sf] skL pknAw /x]5 eg] To;df To; k]hsf] Sofn]G8/ lbG5 . cfk"mnfO{
h'g ldltsf] k]h x]g{ dg nfu]sf] 5 ToxL a]nfsf] k]h /f]Hg'k5{ . olt ubf{ ToxL a]nfsf] cyjf To;sf]
cln cl3÷kl5sf] k]h b]vfOlbg ;S5 . To;sf :6fOn cyjf lrq÷kmf]6f] ge]l6g ;S5g\ t/ To;df s]
s] s'/f k]ml/P5g\ eGg] s'/fsf] df]6fdf]6L hfgsf/L kfOG5 .
ViewSource
of] cln nfdf] k|lqmof xf] . 8]enk/n] k]hsf Pr6LPdPn sf]8df k|foMh;f] sd]G6 cyjf Sn'
-hfgsf/L kfOg] ;+s]t_ /fv]sf x'G5g\ . æEo' ;f];{Æ a|fph/ cg';f/ 5'§f5'§} 7fpFdf x'G5 . of]
cK;gdf hfFbf sRrf Pr6LPdPn vf]Hg ;lsG5 . o;sf d]l;gn] dfq k9\g ;Sg] s'/fdf s]
elgPsf] 5 egL x]g{' kb{}g, ltgsf aLrdf /x]sf cIf/ x]bf{ x'G5 . logdf slk/fO6 ;DaGwL ;"rgf
x'g ;Snf cyjf n]vssf] gfd x'g ;Snf . o;sf cfwf/df of] k]h lsg / s;/L agfOof] eGg]
s'/f kQf nfUg ;S5 .
131
TinEye
slxn]sfxL+ s'g} Od]hsf] ;f];{ kQf nufpg'kg{] x'G5 t/ To;;Fu ;DalGwt s'g} 6]S:6 cfk"m;Fu
x'Fb}g . o:tf] cj:yfdf u'un h:tf k/Dk/fut ;r{ OlGhg sfd nfUb}gg\ . o;sf nflu 6LgcfO{
-www.tineye.com_ sfd nfU5 h;n] “reverseimagesearch” ;'ljwf lbPsf] 5 . cfk"mn] h'g Od]hsf]
;f];{ kQf nufpg vf]h]sf] xf] Tof] Od]h ToxfF /flvlb+bf p;n] To:t} Od]h j]adf cGt sxfF sxfF 5g\ egL
vf]H5 . o;n] Od]h vf]Hg] x'gfn] cfk"mn] lbPsf] Od]h qmk, l8:6f]6{ jf sDk|]; u/]sf] /x]5 eg] klg
s]xL km/s kb{}g . cfk"mn] kfPsf] Od]h df}lns xf] ls xf]Og cyjf To;nfO{ tf]8df]8 ul/Psf] 5 ls eGg]
yfxf kfpg ;lhnf] x'G5 .
o'6\o'a
o'6\o'adf lel8of]sf] bfofFkl§ tNnf] efudf /x]sf] :6fl6l:6S; n]lvPsf] 7fpFdf lSns ubf{ ;f] lel8of] slt
hgfn] x]/]5g\ eGg] yfxf kfOG5 . olt dfq xf]Og sxfFsf bz{sn] x]/]5g\, pgLx¿ slQsf] af/Daf/ o;
;fO6 cfpFbf /x]5g\ / pgLx¿n] slxn] ;f] lel8of] x]/]5g\ eGg] s'/f ;d]t yfxf x'G5 .
Od]n
cfk"mn] kfPsf Od]n k7fpg] dfG5] / ltgsf] 7]ufgf kQf nufpg] algagfpm ;fwg t 5}gg\ t/
x/]s Od]n Dof;]hdf ePsf ælx8g x]8/Æsf af/]df yfxf kfpFbf /fd|f] x'G5 . oL k/Dk/fut lr7Ldf
ePsf kf]:6dfs{ h:t} lrGx x'g\ . logsf cfwf/df k|]ifssf af/]df w]/} yfxf kfOG5 . vf;u/L
d]n k7fpg] cfO{kL P8«]; / d]l;gsf af/]df yfxf kfOG5 . of] hfgsf/L kmf]gsf] sn/ cfO{8L h:t}
xf] . cfO{kL P8«]; kfO;s]kl5 x'Oh cg -h;sf af/]df dfly n]lvPsf] 5_ sf ;xfotfn] Tof] d]l;g s'g
;+:yfsf] xf] eGg] kQf nufpg ;lsG5 . o'h/nfO{ Comcast jf AT&T h:tf ;+:yfn] sg]S;g lbPsf] /x]5
eg] MaxMind df uP/ Tof] s'g 7fpFdf 5 eg]/ kQf nufpg ;lsG5 .
lhd]ndf x]8/ kQf nufpgsf nflu Dof;]h cf]kg u/]/ bflxg]lt/ ;a}eGbf dfly l/KnfO{ eGbf klt{/sf]
d]g' cf]kg ug{'k5{ . To;df “Show original” /f]Hg'k5{ .
o;f] ubf{ gofF k]hdf klxn] gb]lvPsf hfgsf/L b]lvG5g\ . ;'?sf s]xL bh{g nfOgdf s]xL zAb / To;sf
k5fl8 sf]nf]g x'G5g\ . xfdLn] vf]lh/x]sf] cfO{kL P8«]; ot} st} x'g ;S5 . t/ o;sf] gfd s] xf] eGg] s'/f
Tof] d]n s;/L k7fOPsf] xf] ;f] s'/fdf e/ k5{ . x6d]naf6 k7fOPsf] /x]5 eg] X-Originating-IP: x'G5 .
cfp6n's cyjf ofx'af6 k7fPsf] /x]5 eg] Received: af6 ;'? ePsf] klxnf] nfOgdf x'G5 .
o;/L k]mnf k/]sf] P8«];nfO{ x'Ohdf nu]/ vf]Hbf o;n] elh{g ldl8of eGg] b]vfof] h'g o's]sf]
cfO{P;kL xf] . o;kl5 d}n] DofS;dfOG8df uP/ o;sf] ef}uf]lns cjl:ylt kQf nufpg] ;]jf
pkof]u ubf{ of] d]/f] 3/ ePsf] zx/ SoflDa|haf6 cfPsf] kQf nfUof] .
w]/} s'/f yfxf kfpg
s'g} lglZrt j]a;fO6 cyjf Pp6f dfq ;fdu|Lsf af/]df xf]Og s'g} ljifo;Fu ;DalGwt ;a} s'/f yfxf
kfpg'k/]sf] 5 eg] tn lbOPsf s]xL 6'nn] d2t ug{ ;Snfg\M
132
ljlslkl8ofsf n]v k9\g] dflg;
cfd dflg; cyjf lglZrt JolQmsf ?lr ;do;dodf s;/L k]ml/G5g\ eGg] s'/fsf] ;+s]t ljlslkl8ofdf
;f] ljifosf k]h slt x]l/Psf 5g\ eGg] cfFs8fn] lbG5 -http://stats.grok.se/_ . of] cln v;|f] t/
k|efjsf/L pkfo xf] . s]xL a]/ vf]Hbf o;n] xfdLnfO{ rflxPsf] s'/f lbG5 . cfk"mn] hfGg rfx]sf] ljifosf]
gfd OG6/ u/]/ To; ljifo;Fu ;DalGwt k]h lglZrt dlxgfdf slt hgfn] x]/] eGg] s'/f yfxf kfpg
;lsG5 . o;df Ps k6sdf Pp6f dlxgfsf] /]s8{ dfq x]g{ kfOG5 . csf{] dlxgfsf] x]g{sf nflu csf{]
dlxgf /f]Hg'k5{ . o;f] u/]/ Tof] k]h x]g{] dfG5] sltn] 36] jf a9] yfxf kfpg ;lsG5 .
GoogleInsights
u'unsf] OG;fO6\; pkof]u u/]/ (http://www.google.com/insights/search/; lrq $=!!_ cfd
dflg;n] s] s'/f ;r{ ubf{ /x]5g\ egL yfxf kfpg ;lsG5 . o;sf nflu ;r{ ug{] zAbfjnL -h:t},
“JustinBiebervsLadyGaga”_ 6fOk ubf{ o; ljifodf s'g ;dodf slt k6s ;r{ ul/of] eGg]
s'/fsf] u|fkm b]lvG5 . lglZrt ef}uf]lns If]qsf dflg;n] sltk6s x]/] eGg] s'/f klg yfxf kfpg
;lsG5 cyjf ;dosf cfwf/df klg x]g{ ;lsG5 . o;sf] v/fa kIf rflx+ s] 5 eg] o;df k|ltzt
b]vfOPsf] x'G5, olsg cfFs8f xf]Og . To;}n] o;sf] JofVof ug{ eg] sl7g x'G5 .
lrq $=!!M u'un OG;fO6\; -u'un)
— lk6 jf8{]g, :jtGq 8]6f ljZn]ifs tyf 8]enk/
ufl8{ogsf] 8]6fAnudf qmfp8;f]l;{ª
s'g} ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ aflx/sf dflg;sf] ;GhfnnfO{ sfd nufpg'nfO{ qmfp8;f]l;{ª
elgG5 . ufl8{ogsf] 8]6fAnun] ;f+;bsf] vr{ ;DaGwL 3f]6fnf, nfu" kbfy{sf] pkof]u / ;f/f Koflng
k]k/ h:tf ljifodf :6f]/L ubf{ qmfp8;f]l;{ª s;/L ul/Psf] lyof] egL ;fOdg /f]h;{;Fu ul/Psf]
cGtjf{tf{sf] c+z tn lbOPsf] 5M
slxn]sfxL+ w]/} kmfOn cyjf tYof+s k9\g'kg{] x'G5 h'g Ps hgfn] ug{ ;ls+b}g . cyjf cfk"m;Fu ePsf]
;"rgf pkof]u ug{ ;lsg] kmDof{6df gx'g ;S5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf qmfp8;f]l;{ª sfd nfUg ;S5 .
ufl8{ogsf w]/} kf7s 5g\ . s'g} /f]rs :6f]/L ug{sf nflu xfdLnfO{ ;xof]usf] vfFrf] k¥of] eg] xfdL
pgLx¿nfO{ u'xf5f{}+ . ;f+;bsf] vr{sf ;DaGwdf :6f]/L -http://mps-expenses.guardian.co.uk_ ubf{ xfdLn]
o;f] u/]sf lyof}+ . xfdL;Fu $%),))) 8s'd]G6 lyP, ;do eg] yf]/} lyof] . xfdL;Fu ePsf] ;a}eGbf pko'Qm
pkfo lyof]M of] sfd kf7snfO{ nufpg' .
133
lrq $=!@M Aredacted copy of Stephen Pound’s incidental expenses (the Guardian)
of] :6f]/L ubf{ xfdLn] w]/} s'/f hfGof}+ . xfdLn] tYof+seGbf a9L :6f]/L kfof}+ . kf7ssf] 6«flkmssf
b[li6n] of] :6f]/L pNn]vgLo ¿kn] ;kmn eof] . dflg;n] o;nfO{ w]/} dg k/fP .
xfdL clxn] nfu" kbfy{sf] pkof]u ;DaGwL :6f]/L -http://bit.ly/guardian-drugs_ ub{}5f}+ . of] klg clt ;kmn
eof] . kf7ssf cfwf/df eGbf, of] a]nfotsf] ck/fw ;j{]If0feGbf a9L ;kmn xf]nf h:tf] b]lvG5 . of]
Psbd} v';Lsf] s'/f xf] .
oL b'j} ljifodf dflg;n] 7"nf] rf;f] /fv]sf lyP . To;}n] pgLx¿ oL ljifodf :6f]/L agfpg ;3fpg
tof/ lyP . qmfp8;f]l;{ªsf] sfd Tolt a]nf ;kmn x'G5 hlt a]nf cxf]/fq v6\g ;Sg], nfdf]
;do;Dd o;df nflu kg{] dflg; of] sfd ug{ tof/ x'G5g\ . ;f+;bsf] vr{df ;'?df Psbd} w]/}
6«flkms cfof] t/ of] pT;fx la:tf/} ;]nfof] . t/ clxn] klg xfdLsxfF Hofb|f] eP/ nfUg] dflg;
5g\ hf] xfd|f k]h vf]tn]/ lj;+ult / :6f]/L kQf nufpg tNnLg 5g\ . Ps hgf dflg;n] #),)))
k]hsf] sfd u/] . of] Psbd} w]/} sfd xf] .
;f/f Koflng k]k/sf -http://bit.ly/guardian-palin-papers_ ljifodf klg xfdLn] qmfp8;f]l;{ª ljlw
ckgfof}+ . o; :6f]/Lsf nflu sRrf hfgsf/Laf6 sfd nfUg] hfgsf/L lgsfNg] sfddf o; ljlwn] dBt
u¥of] .
134
:6f]/L kQf nufpg] sfddf qmfp;f]l;{ª Psbd} pkof]uL eof] . dflg;n] o;nfO{ dg k/fP .
o;n] b ufl8{ogsf] OHht a9fof] . ;"rgf lngsf nflu eg] xfdLn] qmfp8;f]l;{ª ljlw plt w]/}
pkof]u u/]gf}+ .
k/Dk/fut vfnsf ;e{]df qmfp8;f]l;{ª c;fWo} k|efjsf/L eof] . dflg;nfO{ pgLx¿sf cg'ejsf
af/]df, hLjgsf af/]df, pgLx¿n] u/]sf sfdsf af/]df ;f]Wbf pgLx¿n] /fd|f];Fu atfP . pgLx¿sf
dgdf h] lyof] Tof] atfP . t/ tYof+s k|zf]wg h:tf sfd pgLx¿nfO{ nufpg eg] Pp6f lglZrt
tl/sf x'g'k5{ h;n] ubf{ pgLx¿n] k|zf]wg u/]/ lgsfNg] tYof+sdf ljZjf; ug{ ;lsG5 .
tYof+ssf] ljZj;gLotfsf ;Gbe{df plxn]sf] df};d -http://www.oldweather.org/_ ;DaGwL
:6f]/L tof/ ug{ ckgfP h:tf] tl/sf ckgfpFbf ax't} /fd|f] x'g] /x]5 . of] sfd ubf{ Pp6f sfd
OG6«L ug{ !) hgfnfO{ lbOPsf] lyof] . o;f] ubf{ uNtL x'g] 8/ x'Fb}g . ;f+;bsf] vr{sf] :6f]/L
ubf{ ;f+;bx¿ cgnfOg uP/ cfˆgf] /]s8{ ;Dkfbg u/L pgLx¿n] cfk"mnfO{ /fd|f] b]vfpg] 8/
lyof] . xfdLn] of] vt/f sd ug{ vf]Hof}+ . t/ qmfp8;f]l;{ª ubf{ o:tf] s'/f ;w}+el/ /f]Sg
;ls+b}g . lglZrt o'cf/Pn cyjf lglZrt 7fpFaf6 cfPsf lelh6/nfO{ t /f]Sg ;lsPnf t/
;a}nfO{ lgu/fgL /fVg ;ls+b}g . o;f] ubf{ xfdLn] kfpg] tYof+s ;w}+el/ e/kbf{ x'Fb}gg\ .
tYof+s ;+sng ug{ qmfp8;f]l;{ª ljlw ckgfpg rfxg] kqsf/nfO{ d s] ;Nnfx lbG5' eg] of] ljlw
To:tf ljifodf ckgfpg'k5{ h'g ljifodf dflg; c;fWo} w]/} ?lr /fV5g\, h;sf af/]df pgLx¿ ahf/
df rrf{ x'g 5f8]kl5 klg Vofn /fV5g\ . o;nfO{ u]d h:tf] agfpg ;s]df dflg;nfO{ of] sfd nufpg
;lsG5 . ;f+;bsf] vr{ ;DaGwL bf];|f] :6f]/L ubf{ xfdLn] JolQmnfO{ u]d v]n] h:tf] lglZrt sfd ug{
lbof}+ . dflg;nfO{ lglZrt sfd lbof] eg] /fd|f] x'G5 . kmfOnsf] 7"nf] rfª lbP/ of] k9\ eGof] eg] pgLx¿n]
of] sfd ug{ ;Sb}gg\ . o;f] ug{ pgLx¿nfO{ k|f]T;fxg klg x'Fb}g .
— 8]6f hgf{lnhd Anusf dfl/ofgg] a';f{6n] b ufl8{ogsf ;fOdg /f]h;{;Fu u/]sf] s'/fsfgL
cf]nlDkssf] l6s6 laqmL k|s/0fdf 8]6fAnun] ckgfPsf] qmfp8;f]l;{ª ljlw
cf]nlDks v]nsf] l6s6 laqmL ;DaGwL :6f]/L -http://bit.ly/guardian-olympics_ ug{ qmfp8;f]l;{ª
ljlw ckgfP/ ;"rgf ;+sng ul/Psf] lyof] . o:tf] ljlw ckgfP/ ul/Psf] :6f]/LdWo] ;a}eGbf w]/}
dflg; ;xefuL ePsf] :6f]/L oxL x'g'k5{ . o's]sf xhf/f}+ dflg;n] ;g\ @)!@ sf] cf]nlDkssf ljleGg
v]nsf] l6s6 lng sf]l;; u/]sf lyP . l6s6 lsGg vf]Hg]n] l6s6 gkfPsf] w]/} u'gf;f] cfPsf]
lyof] . dflg;n] xhf/f}+ kfpG8 a/fa/sf l6s6 c8{/ u/]sf lyP t/ pgLx¿n] yf]/}sf] l6s6 klg
kfPgg\ . yf]/} dflg;n] dfq l6s6 gkfP klg pgLx¿n] 7"nf] xNnf u/]sf x'g\ ls l6s6 gkfP/
w]/} dflg; c;Gt'i6 5g\ eGg] s'/f s;}nfO{ yfxf lyPg . To;}n] xfdLn] of] s'/f yfxf kfpg] pkfo
lgsfNg sf]l;; u¥of}+ .
o; ljifodf e/kbf{ tYof+s gePsfn] xfdLn] cfd dflg;nfO{ ;f]Wg] ljrf/ u¥of}+ . xfdLn] ;Gt'lnt
:ofDkn lnP/ ;j{]If0f ug{ vf]h]sf lyPgf}+, o;df ?lr ePsf hf];'s}nfO{ ;f]Wg] ljrf/ u/]sf
lyof}+ . o; sfdnfO{ /f]rs agfpg vf]h]sf lyof}+ .
135
lrq $=!#M tkfO{n
+ ] sltj6f cf]nlDks l6s6 kfpg'eof] < kf7ssf] dtsf] kl/0ffd -b ufl8{og_
xfdLn] u'undf Pp6f kmd{ agfof}+ . o;df xfdLn] Psbd} 7f]; k|Zg ;f]w]sf lyof}+ -http://bit.ly/guardianolympics2_ . vf;df of] nfdf] kmd{ lyof] . To;df oL k|Zg ;f]lwPsf lyPM ltdLn] slt k};f a/fa/sf]
l6s6 c8{/ u/]sf lyof}, To;sf nflu ltd|f] 8]la6 sf8{af6 slt k};f lnOof]< s'g v]nsf nflu l6s6
lng vf]h]sf lyof} < cflb .
xfdLn] xfd|f] ;fO6sf] cl3Nnf] efudf Pp6f ;fgf] kmf]6f] /fVof}+ . o;nfO{ Psbd} rfF8} z]o/
ul/of] . :6f]/Lsf nflu xfdLnfO{ s] rflxPsf] 5 eGg] ;f]r]/ dfq x'Fb}g, clxn] dflg;n] s] eGg
rfx]sf 5g\ eGg] s'/f klg Vofn /fVg'k5{ . dflg;n] h] eGg vf]h]sf 5g\ ToxL s'/f ;f]w]sf
v08df dfq qmfp8;f]l;{ª ljlw ;kmn x'G5 . of] xfdLn] qmfp8;f]l;{ª ljlw ckgfPsf] klxnf] :6f]/L
lyof] . o;df dflg;n] cToGt} pT;fxsf ;fy efu lnP . cfwf 306feGbf sd ;dodf Ps xhf/
/ klxnf] lbgdf ;ft xhf/ pQ/ xfdLn] kfof}+ .
To;}n] xfdLn] o;sf] kl/0ffdnfO{ a9L uDeL/ eP/ k|:t't u¥of}+ . ;'?df xfdLnfO{ of] sfd slt ;kmn x'G5
eGg] yfxf lyPg .
o;sf] kl/0ffdnfO{ slt dxTj lbOPnf eGg] s'/fdf xfdL Tolt :ki6 lyPgf}+ . ;ft xhf/ pQ/
sf cfwf/df xfdLn] s] kfof}+ eg] l6s6 lsGg vf]Hg] cfwf hltn] Pp6f v]nsf] klg l6s6 kfPsf
/x]g5g\ . xfdLn] oL hfgsf/L /fv]/ :6f]/L agfof}+ . cl3Nnf] lbg w]/} hgfn] pQ/ lbPsfn] pgLx¿
To;sf] kl/0ffd hfGg pT;'s lyP .
136
o;sf] s]xL xKtfkl5 ;/sf/n] oxL ljifosf] ;+lIfKt l/kf]6{ k|sflzt u¥of] . xfd|f] / pgLx¿sf]
l/kf]6{sf] kl/0ffd cfZro{nfUbf] u/L p:t} p:t} x'g k'Uof] . ;+of]un] dfq o;f] ePsf] xf]Og, xfdLnfO{ w]/}
dflg;n] pQ/ lbPsfn] klg o;f] ePsf] xf] .
oxL k|Zg ;f]w]/ kf7snfO{ sd]G6 aS;df pQ/ n]Vg eg]sf] eP To;sf cfwf/df :6f]/L n]Vg
;ls+b}gYof] . To;}n] xfdLn] cfk"mn] vf]h]sf] pQ/ yfxf kfpg s'g 6'n ;a}eGbf a9L pko'Qm x'G5 egL
ljrf/ ug{'k5{ . sd]G6 y|]8 pkof]u ug{] ls < Pk agfpg] ls < Pk agfpGh]n kv{g] / < Pk agfpg nfUg]
;|f]t;fwg o;df vr{ ug{] / < cflb cflb .
o; :6f]/Lsf nflu xfdLn] u'un kmd{ pko'Qm x'g] 7fGof}+ . s;}n] kmd{ e¥of] eg] Tof] hfgsf/L
:k|]8l;6sf] Pp6f /f]df b]lvG5 . kmd{ eb{} ubf{ klg, kl/0ffd cfpFb} ubf{ klg xfdL :k|]8l;6
cf]kg u/]/ s:tf] glthf cfpFb}5 egL x]g{ kfpF5f}+ .
tYof+s k|zf]wgsf] sfd u'und} klg ug{ ;Sy]+ t/ d}n] ltgnfO{ dfOqmf];ˆ6 PS;]ndf 8fpgnf]8 u/]+ .
To;kl5 ;a}eGbf a9L / ;a}eGbf sd dfg ePsf cfwf/df ltgnfO{ ldnfPF . slt 7fpFdf dflg;n] cfk"mn]
u/]sf] vr{sf] /sd c+sdf xf]Og cIf/df n]v]sf /x]5g\ . d}n] To;nfO{ c+sdf /fv]+ . d}n] hlt ;Sof]
yf]/} dfq hfgsf/L kmfNg] lgwf] u/]+ . To;}n], ;a} pQ/ ldn]sf OG6«L lnP/ pQ/ gldn]sf OG6«LnfO{ kmfNg]
ul/gF . a? gldn]sf pQ/ -c+sdf n]Vg'kg{]df cIf/df n]lvPsf h:tf_ ldnfpglt/ nfu]+ . s]xLn] /sd
ljb]zL d'b|fdf n]v]sf lyP, d}n] ltgnfO{ :6ln{ª kfpG8df abn]+ . of] sfd cln emGeml6nf] lyof] .
t/ olt u/]/ klg ljZn]if0fsf] ;a} sfd s]xL 306fdf l;l4of] . ;Rofpg ;Sb} g;lsg] OG6«LnfO{
eg] d}n] x6fOlbPF . w]/} dflg;n] cfk"mn] l6s6df Ps k};f vr{ gu/]sf] atfPsf lyP . o;f] eGg'
d'Vof{OF lyof], t/ klg 7Ls} 5 . ;ft xhf/ hjfkmdWo] Ps ;oeGbf sddf o:tf] x'g' cgf}7f] xf]Og .
s]xLn] xfd|f] ;j{]If0fsf] kl/0ffd e"m6f agfpg Psbd} w]/} /sdsf] l6s6 lsGg vf]h]sf] egL
pNn]v u/]sf lyP . of] s'/f k|:6 b]lvGYof] . h:t}, s;}n] Ps s/f]8 kfpG8 n]v]sf lyP . o:tfnfO{ x6fP/
afFsL /x]sf pQ/nfO{ lkef]6 6]andf k|zf]wg u/]+ .
of] :6f]/Ln] ahf/ slQsf] lk6\nf eGg]af/]df xfdL lglZrt lyPgf}+ . xfd|f] Anusf :kf]6{ ;Dkfbs /
d dfq of] sfd ul//x]sf lyof}+ . xfdLn] ;/;Nnfx ub{} uof}+ . sfd ub{} hfFbf of] :6f]/L /dfOnf]
x'g ;S5 eGg] xfdLn] 7fGof}+ . of] sfd yfn]sf] @$ 306fdf ;Sof}+ . nGr 6fOddf xfdLn] clnslt
;fdu|L /fVof}+, ;fO6sf] klxnf] k]hdf . of] nf]slk|o x'G5 eGg] s'/f xfdLn] t'?Gt} yfxf kfof}+ . To;}n]
o;nfO{ Tof] lbge/ klxnf] k]hdf /fVof}+ . ef]lnkN6 laxfg To;sf] ;a} kl/0ffd cgnfOgdf /fVof}+ .
xfdLn] u'un 8S; rnfpg] lgwf] u¥of}+ lsgeg] o;f] ubf{ kl/0ffd k"0f{tof xfd|f] lgoGq0fdf
x'GYof] . d}n] c¿ s'g} Pgflnl6s 6'n k|of]u ug{'k/]g . o;nfO{ d}n] 8]6fa]; ;ˆ6j]o/ jf :k|]8l;6df
;lhn} /fVg ;Sy]+ . dt ;j{]If0fsf nflu eg]/ agfOPsf ;ˆ6j]o/ rnfof] eg] pgLx¿s} dfq
6'n rnfpg'k5{ . xfdLnfO{ xfd|f tYof+s ;+j]bgzLn 5g\ eGg] nfu]sf] eP xfdL u'un rnfpg
lxlRsrfpFYof}+ xf]nf . To:tf] a]nfdf xfdLn] æOg–xfp;Æ pkfo kQf nufpg'kYof{] . t/ u'un kmd{nfO{
ufl8{ogsf] k]hdf /fVg ;lhnf] 5 . o'h/n] xfdLn] of] rnfO/x]sf 5f}+ eGg] s'/f yfxf kfpFb}gg\ .
To;}n] u'un rnfpg ;lhnf] 5 .
137
qmfp8;f]l;{ª ljlw pkof]u ug{ vf]Hg] kqsf/nfO{ d o:tf] ;Nnfx lbG5'M cfk"mn] s] rfx]sf] xf] eGg]
s'/fdf :ki6 x'g'k5{ . ;s];Dd, o:tf] k|Zg ;f]Wg'k5{ h;sf ljleGg pQ/dWo] pQ/bftfn] s'g} Pp6f pQ/
/f]Hg kfpF5 . pQ/bftfsf] hg;f+lVos ljj/0f klg yf]/} lng'k5{ . o;f] ubf{ xfd|f] :ofDkn PskIfLo 5 ls
eg]/ x]g{ ;lhnf] x'G5 . /sd, dfqf h:tf s'/f ;f]Wg] xf] eg] c+sdf n]Vg'xf]nf, kmnfgf d'b|fdf n]Vg'xf]nf
egL :ki6 kfg{'k5{ . olt ubf{ klg s;}n] xfdLn] eg] h:tf] ub{}gg\ t/ o;f] eGbf hftL x'G5 . sd]G6 aS;
/fVg e'Ng' x'Fb} x'Fb}g lsgeg] o;f] ul/Pg eg] dflg;n] c¿ 7fpFdf sd]G6 n]V5g\ . pgLx¿ :6f]/Ldf cfˆgf
ljrf/ cfpg\ eGg] rfxG5g\ . vf;u/L pkef]Qmf cyjf cfqmf]z;Fu ;DalGwt :6f]/Ldf .
— 8]6f hgf{lnhd Anusf dfl/ofg] af}rf6{n] b ufl8{ogsf h]D; an;Fu u/]sf] s'/fsfgL
tYof+ssf] pkof]u / z]o/
oxfF xfdLn] tYof+s / 8]6fa]; ;DaGwL k|rlnt sfg'gsf af/]df ;+lIfKt rrf{ u/]sf 5f}+ . k|rlnt
;fj{hlgs nfO;]G; / sfg'gL k|fjwfg Vofn u/]/ tYof+snfO{ s;/L pkof]u ug{ ;lsG5 eGg]af/]df
klg oxfF rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 . tn lbOPsf sfg'gL k|fjwfg k9]/ tYof+s kqsfl/tf ug{] hf]; gdfg{'
xf]nf . tYof+s ;DaGwL sfg'gL c8\rg ;fdfGotof cfpFb}gg\, xfdLn] k|sfzg u/]sf tYof+s pkof]u
ug{] dflg;nfO{ klg sfg'gL emGem6 gk/f];\ eGg] s'/fdf xfdLn] Wofg lbg'k5{ .
tYof+s lng] sfd slxNo} klg ;lhnf] x'Fb}g . tYof+s j]adf k|sflzt ug{] rng cfpg'cl3, cfk"mnfO{
oL tYof+s rflxPsf 5g\ eGg] yfxf eO;s]kl5 tL tYof+s ePsf dflg;;Fu dfUg'kYof{] . clxn]
cfˆgf] sDKo'6/dfk{mt tYof+s d]/f] sDKo'6/df k7fOb]pm egL tYof+sjfnfsf] sDKo'6/nfO{ eGg'k5{ .
olt u/]/ xfdLn] tYof+s kfpF5f}+ . t/ of] tYof+s tof/ ug{] cyjf k|sflzt ug{]nfO{ xfdLn] p;n]
k7fPsf] tYof+ssf] skL 8fpgnf]8 u¥of}+ ls u/]gf}+ eGg] s'/f ;d]t yfxf x'Fb}g . xfdLn] To;nfO{
s;/L pkof]u u¥of}+ eGg] hfGg' t 6f9fsf] s'/f eof] .
k|f]u|fdsf ;xfotfn] csf{sf] ;fO6af6 tYof+s 8fpgnf]8 ug{ -h;nfO{ slxn]sfxL+ :qmØflkª ug{'
elgG5_ ldN5 < o; ;DaGwL s] s:tf sfg'gL k|fjwfg 5g\ < k};f / ;do 5 eg] sfg'gsf
7]nL k9] x'G5 cyjf jlsn;Fu ;Nnfx u/] x'G5 . xfd|f] k|f]u|fdn] c¿sf] ;fO6df uP/ tYof+s ln+bf
Tof] ;fO6jfnfn] xfdLnfO{ k]ml/ Tof] ;fO6df k:g k|ltaGw nufpg ;S5, xfdL To; nfos 7xl/g
;S5f}+ . j]aaf6 tYof+s :qmØfk ug{] rng plt w]/} 5}g . o;f] ug{] ljrf/ 5 eg] :qmØfk/ljsLdf
uP/ o;sf s]xL pbfx/0f k9\bf /fd|f] x'G5 .
cfk"mnfO{ ?lr ePsf ljifosf tYof+s xft kl/;s]kl5 xfdL ltgnfO{ cWoog ug{ ;S5f}+, 5gf]6
ug{ ;S5f}+, b[Zof+sg ug{ ;S5f}+, ljZn]if0f ug{ ;S5f}+ . To:tf] ljZn]if0f k|sflzt ug{ ;S5f}+ . of]
ljZn]if0f kmnfgf tYof+sdf cfwfl/t 5 eg]/ eGg ;S5f}+ .
:yflkt tYof+s kqsf/ ePsfn] cyjf tYof+s kqsf/ x'g] rfxgf ePsfn] xfdL s]xL cfFs8f cyjf
tYof+s ePsf ljZn]if0f dfq} xf]Og k"/} tYof+s k|sflzt ug{ rfxG5f}+ . cyjf s;}nfO{ tYof+snfO{
So'/]6 u/]/ -o:tf dfG5] e]l6g' v';Lsf] s'/f xf]_, ljZn]if0f gu/Lsg} tL tYof+s k|sflzt ug{ dg
nfUnf . t/ c¿n] e]nf u/]sf tYof+s k|sflzt ubf{ ;d:of cfpnf ls egL Vofn ug{'k5{ .
slk/fO6 ;DaGwL sfg'gn] s;}sf] l;h{gf rnfpg c¿nfO{ /f]s nufPsf] 5 . slk/fO6 xf]N8/n]
138
p;n] tof/ u/]sf ;fdu|L pkof]u ug{] cg'dlt lbPsf] 5}g t/ xfdLn] ltgnfO{ ljt/0f u¥of}+ eg]
p;n] xfdLnfO{ To;f] ug{ glbg ;S5 . -s;}sf] l;h{gf klAns 8f]d]gdf cfPsf] x'g ;S5 cyf{t\
p;sf] slk/fO6sf] cjlw ;lsO;s]sf] x'g ;S5, cyjf s;}n] plrt pkof]u ug{ lbPsf] x'g
;S5 ._
cfFs8f ;fj{hlgs ;DklQ x'g\ t/ tYof+s;Fu ;DalGwt sfd -;+sng, ljZn]if0f, k|:t'lt cflb_
;fj{hlgs ;DklQ gx'g ;S5g\ . o:tf sfd -l;h{gf_ nfO{ lgoldt ug{] sfg'gn] tL l;h{gf c¿n]
s;/L pkof]u ug{ kfpF5g\ / s;/L pkof]u ug{ kfpFb}gg\ eg]/ lgodg u/]sf] x'G5 . 8]6fa];nfO{
l;h{gfTds s[lt dflgG5 . To;}n] o;sf] k|of]u ubf{ slk/fO6 P]g cfslif{t x'G5 . w]/} 7fpFdf,
cl;h{gfTds tl/sfn] ;+sng ul/Psf tYof+sdf klg slk/fO6 P]g nfu" x'g ;S5 . To;}n] c¿n]
tof/ u/]sf] 8]6fa]; k|sflzt ug{'eGbf klxn] sfg'gL k|fjwfgsf af/]df yfxf kfO/fVg' /fd|f] x'G5 .
o:tf k|ltaGw tYof+s kqsfl/tfsf] ljsf;sf nflu pko'Qm x'Fb}gg\ . o:tf k|ltaGwn] ;du| ;dfhnfO{
klg kmfObf k'¥ofPsf] x'Fb}g . cfk"mn] 8]6fa]; k|sflzt ug{] a]nfdf 8]6fa];df o:tf] k|ltaGw g/fVg
;lsG5 -ltgdf c¿sf] slk/fO6 ePsf ;fdu|L 5}gg\ eg]/ dfGbf_ . oL 8]6fa]; h;n] klg k|of]u
ug{ ;S5g\ eg]/ klxNo} elglbg ;lsG5 . o:tf tYof+ssf] slk/fO6 ;fj{hlgs nfO;]G; cyjf
klAns 8f]d]g cGtu{t c¿nfO{ lbg ;lsG5 . w]/} k|f]u|fd/n] cfk"mn] tof/ u/]sf sf]8 l;Q}df
;a}n] rnfpg kfpg] clwsf/ lbPsf x'G5g\ . o;f] ubf{ c¿n] tL sf]8nfO{ kl/dfh{g ug{ kfpF5g\ .
tYof+s kqsf/n] tYof+s dfq rnfP/ k'Ub}g sf]8 klg rnfpg'k5{ . cfk"mn] tYof+s dfq k|sflzt
u/]/ x'Fb}g To;sf] sf]8 klg lbg'k5{ h;n] ubf{ c¿n] tL tYof+s pkof]u ug{ kfpF5g\ . cfk"mn]
pkof]u u/]sf tYof+s c¿nfO{ klg pkof]u ug{ lbg'sf w]/} sf/0f 5g\ . pbfx/0fsf nflu, cfk"mn]
tof/ u/]sf tYof+ssf cfwf/df c¿n] gofF lsl;dn] b[Zof+sg jf ljZn]if0f ug{ ;S5g\ h;sf] ln+s
xfdLn] xfd|f] ;fO6df lbg kfpF5f}+ . xfdLn] tof/ u/]sf] 8]6fa];df c¿n] cfˆgf 8]6fa]; ldnfpg
kfpF5g\ . o;n] ubf{ To; ljifosf] ;Dk"0f{ tl:a/ xfdL / xfd|f kf7snfO{ yfxf x'G5 . cfˆgf]
8]6fdf cfwfl/t eP/ c¿n] h] sfd u5{g\ To;af6 xfdLn] :6f]/Lsf gofF cfOl8of jf :6f]/L kfpg
;S5f}+ . cyjf gofF ljifosf] :6f]/Lsf] cfOl8of cfpg ;S5 . o;af6 cfˆgf] Voflt a9\5 .
xfdLn] tof/ u/]sf ;fdu|L klAns nfO;]G; cGtu{t 5fl8lbg'k5{ eGg] nfUof] eg] s'g nfO;]G;
cGtu{t 5f8\g] eGg] s'/f ljrf/ ug{'k5{ .
cf]kg nfO;]G; d"ntM tLg lsl;dsf x'G5g\M
klAns 8f]d]g 8]l8s];g
o;df s'g} lsl;dsf] zt{ /flvPsf] x'Fb}g . o:tf] nfO;]G; lbOPsf ;fdu|L h;/L k|of]u u/] klg
x'G5 .
;|f]t v'nfpg'kg{]
o:tf] zt{ /fv]/ lbOPsf ;fdu|L k|of]u ubf{ ;|f]t dfq} v'nfP k'U5 . c¿ s]xL klg zt{ kfngf
ug{'kb{}g .
139
lrq $=!$M cf]kg 8]6f Aofh -cf]kg gn]h kmfpG8];g_
slkn]ˆ6, cfbfgk|bfg ug{]
of] ;fdu|Lsf] pkof]u u/]/ tof/ u/]sf s'g} ;fdu|L k|sfzg u/]df tL ;fdu|Lsf] o:t} nfO;]G;
lbg'k5{ .
cf]kg nfO;]G; lbOPsf, c¿n] k|sflzt u/]sf 8]6fl;6 k|of]u ubf{ s] s:tf zt{ kfngf ug{'k5{
egL lg0f{o ug{ dfly lbOPsf hfgsf/Ln] d2t u5{g\ . lqmol6e sdG;, cf]kg 8]6f sdG; cyjf
ljleGg ;/sf/L lgsfon] 8]6f k|of]u ug{ s] s:tf zt{ /fv]sf 5g\ eGg] s'/f atfPsf x'G5 . h'g
j]a k]haf6 8]6f cyjf 8]6fl;6 lnOPsf] xf] ToxfF oL s'/f pNn]v x'G5g\ . slxn]sfxL+ 8]6fl;6d}
klg n]lvPsf x'G5g\ .
ca ;'?sf] k|Zglt/ hfpFm . cfk"mnfO{ rflxPsf tYof+s cgnfOgdf pknAw 5}gg\ cyjf pknAw
eP klg ;a}sf nflu pknAw 5}gg\ eg] s] ug{] < cfˆgf nflu tL tYof+s dfUg] s'/f t
5Fb}5 . o; afx]s oL tYof+s k'gMk|of]u ug{] clwsf/ ;a}nfO{ lb+bf /fd|f] x'G5 eg]/ atfpg' klg
k5{ . To;f] ubf{ s] kmfObf x'G5 eGg] s'/f klg atfOlb+bf x'G5 .
s]xL 8]6fa]; z]o/ ubf{ JolQmut uf]kgLotf nufotsf s'/fdf ljrf/ ug{'k5{ . tYof+s
pkof]u ug{ ;a}nfO{ lbOPsf] 5 eg] o;n] k|fljlws / slk/fO6 h:tf emGem6 sd u5{ t/ JolQmut
uf]kgLotfsf] xs h:tf s'g} klg sfg'g kfngf ug{'kb{}g eGg] xf]Og .
— dfOs ln+S;efo/, lqmol6e sdG;
140
v08 %
tYof+s a'e\mg'
141
tYof+s kfO;s]kl5 ltgnfO{ s] ug{] < ltgdf s] s'/f vf]Hg] < To;sf nflu s'g 6'n k|of]u ug{] <
o; v08df tYof+ssf ljifodf s;/L ;fIf/ x'g] eGg]af/]df n]lvPsf] 5 . cfFs8f / tYof+snfO{ s;/L
pkof]u ug{] eGg] ;Nnfx lbOPsf] 5 . ufFh]dfh], ck"0f{ / 8s'd]G6 gul/Psf 8]6fa];nfO{ s] ug{] eGg] ljifodf
klg rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 . o; v08df xfdLn] tYof+saf6 :6f]/L s;/L lgsfNg], tYof+s kqsf/n] s'g 6'n
/f]Hbf /x]5g\ / cfk"mn] vf]hL ul//x]sf] ljifodf cGt/1fg kfpg tYof+snfO{ b[Zodf s;/L abNg] eGg]
s'/f klg pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
tLg kfOnfdf tYof+ssf ljifodf ;fIf/ x'g]
;fIf/ x'g] eGgfn] æ1fgsf nflu k9\g], l;nl;nf ldnfP/ n]Vg] / 5flkPsf ;fdu|Lsf af/]df ljZn]if0ffTds
9+un] ;f]Rg] IfdtfÆ eGg] a'lemG5 . o;}u/L, tYof+ssf ljifodf ;fIf/ x'g' eGgfn] klg 1fg xfl;n ug{],
l;nfl;nf ldnfP/ k|:t't ug{] / tYof+ssf af/]df ljZn]if0ffTds 9+un] ;f]Rg] Ifdtf eGg] a'lemG5 . tYof+s
;fIf/tfleq tYof+szf:qLo ;fIf/tf dfq kb{}g . o;leq 7"nf 8]6fl;6nfO{ s] ug{], tL s;/L tof/ ePsf
x'G5g\, ljleGg 8]6fl;6nfO{ s;/L hf]8\g] / ltgnfO{ s;/L JofVof ug{] eGg] s'/f klg k5{g\ .
lrq %=!M tYof+s vf]tNg] -kmf]6f]M JDHancock, http://www.flickr.com/photos/jdhancock/3386035827/)
kf]OG6/sf] Go'h ljZjljBfnon] kqsf/sf nflu -www.newsu.org/courses/math-journalists_
ul0ftsf] Snf; rnfpF5 . o:tf Snf;df l/kf]6{/n] k|ltzt / cf};t h:tf cjwf/0ffaf/]df :ki6 x'g]
cj;/ kfpF5g\ . hlt a]nf kqsf/sf nflu Snf; rln/x]sf] x'G5 Tolt g} a]nf kf]OG6/sf] clkm;
5]psf ˆnf]l/8fsf :s"ndf kfFrf}+ sIffsf -!)–!! jif{sf_ ljBfyL{nfO{ log} s'/f l;sfOG5 -kf7\oqmdsf
-bit.ly/k12-courses_ cg';f/_ .
142
xfO{:s"ndf hflg;Sg'kg{] s'/f kqsf/nfO{ l;sfpg'k5{ eg] o;n] ;dfrf/ sIfdf tYof+s ;DaGwL
;fIf/tfsf] cj:yf slt sdhf]/ 5 eGg] s'/f b]vfpF5 . of] ;d:of xf] . h'g kqsf/nfO{
slGkm8]G; OG6/en eg]sf] s] xf] eGg] s'/f yfxf 5}g p;n] hnjfo' kl/jt{g ;DaGwL cfFs8fnfO{ s;/L
pkof]u ug{ ;S5 < d]l8og / ldgsf aLrsf] cGt/ -bit.ly/karenberger-mean-median_ yfxf gkfpg]
kqsf/n] cfosf] ljt/0fsf af/]df s;/L :6f]/L n]Vg ;Snf <
tYof+snfO{ s'zntfk"j{s pkof]u ug{sf nflu kqsf/n] tYof+szf:qdf l8u|L lng' kb{}g . s]xL ;fdfGo s'/f
hfg]sf v08df kqsf/n] tYof+ssf cfwf/df /fd|f :6f]/L agfpg ;S5g\ . DofS; Knfª\s OlG:6Ro'6sf
k|f]k]m;/ h8{ lhu]Gh]/n]] (bit.ly/ddjnet-numeracy) eg] e}+m /fd|f 6'n pkof]u ug{] a]nfdf cGt/1fg rnfOPg
eg] tL 6'ns} cfwf/df dfq} kqsfl/tf /fd|f] x'Fb}g .
ul0ft cyjf tYof+szf:q ;DaGwL 1fg geP klg tLgj6f ;fdfGo k|Zg ;f]w]sf v08df sf]xL klg
kqsf/ s'zn tYof+s kqsf/ aGg ;S5 .
!= tYof+s s;/L ;+sng ul/Psf] lyof] <
s'n ufx{:y pTkfbgdf cfZro{hgs j[l4
tYof+s cyf{t\ tYo elgPsf c+s jf:tljs geP/ sfNklgs x'g ;S5 . e"tk"j{ a]nfotL /fhb"t s|]u
d'/{]n] cfˆgf] lstfa d8{/ Og ;d/sGb -amzn.to/murder-samarkand_ df s] eg]sf 5g\ eg]
pHa]s:tfgsf] j[l4 b/ :yfgLo ;/sf/ / cGt/f{li6«o lgsfosf aLr uxg 5nkmn eP/ to ul/Psf]
xf] . o;sf] cy{ xf], Tof] j[l4 b/n] cy{tGqsf] cj:yf emNsfpFb}gYof] .
j[l4 b/ cy{tGqsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] ;"rs xf] lsgeg] o;af6 ;/sf/n] cfk\mgf] cfDbfgLsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf]
;|f]t Eof6 slt p7\5, p7]sf] 5 h:tf s'/f x]g{ kfpF5 . ;/sf/ Eof6df lge{/ g/x]sf jf ah]6 ;fj{hlgs
ug{] rng gePsf b]zsf ;/sf/n] s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbg gfKg] tYof+s ;+sng ug{' kb{}g . To;}n] To:tf
b]zsf s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbg ;DaGwL tYof+s dgu9Gt] x'G5g\ .
ck/fw ;w}+ a9\5
æsf7df8f}+df ck/fw # k|ltztn] a9]sf] 5Æ h:tf ;dfrf/ cfO/xG5g\ . k|x/Lsf] /]s8{df ePsf
o:tf cfFs8fsf cfwf/df lx+;fsf af/]df w]/} s'/f yfxf kfpg ;ls+b}g .
o'/f]lkog o'lgogdf tYof+s tf]8df]8 ul/Psf x'Fb}gg\ eg]/ ljZjf; ug{ ;lsG5 . t/ o;sf ckjfb
5g\ . h:t}, k|x/L k|f]T;fxg lng] bfpdf x'G5 . ck/fwsf w]/} 36gf;Fu h'w]sf] eg]/ b]vfpFbf
k|f]T;fxg kfOg] /x]5 eg] k|x/Ln] cg';Gwfg ug{' gkg{] vfnsf 36gf a9]sf] egL b]vfpg ;S5 .
xfdLn] s] ug{]
tYof+ssf af/]df z+sf nfUof] eg] hfFr ug{] .
143
@= o;af6 s] s'/f yfxf kfOof] <
/ftL sfd ubf{ dlN6kn :Sn]/f]l;;sf] vt/f a9L x'G5
o:tf] x]8nfOgn] /ftL sfd ug{] dflg;nfO{ em:sfpF5 . t/ o; x]8nfOgn] s:tf], slt vt/f
egL s]xL klg atfpFb}g .
dfgf}+, Ps xhf/ hgfdf Ps hgfnfO{ of] /f]u /ftL sfd gu/] klg nfU5 . ca dfgf}+ oLdWo] ;a} hgf
/ftLsf] l;ˆ6df sfd ubf{ /x]5g\ . o;f] x'Fbf tLdWo] b'O{ hgfdf of] /f]u nfUg] eof] . ;fFrf] s'/f s] xf] eg]
/ftL sfd ug{] Ps xhf/ hgfdf Ps hgfnfO{ of] /f]u nfUg] vt/f x'G5 . ;a}nfO{ xf]Og . of] cfFs8f rflx+
xfd|f cl8oG;sf nflu pkof]uL xf] .
cf};tdf !% hgf o'/f]k]nLdWo] Ps hgf k"0f{¿kn] lg/If/ 5g\
o:tf] x]8nfOgn] dflg;nfO{ em:sfpF5 oBlk of] Psbd} ;xL cfFs8f xf] . %) s/f]8 o'/f]lkogdWo] # s/f]8
^) nfv dflg; n]Vg / k9\g ghfGnfg\ . lsgeg] pgLx¿ ;ft jif{eGbf sd pd]/sf 5g\ . -o'/f]:6f6af6
http://bit.ly/eurostat-numeracy) .
cf};t n]Vbf hlxNo} klg æs]sf] cf};tÆ egL ;f]Wg'k5{ . Ps} lsl;dsf dflg;sf] cf};t xf] ls <
ljz]iftf cfgsf tfg km/s ePsf dflg;sf] cf};t xf] . Ps} lsl;dsf dflg;sf] xf] eg] cf};t n]Vbf 7Ls}
xf]nf t/ Psbd} w]/} cGt/ ePsf dflg;sf] cf};tn] cNdNofpF5 . w]/} dflg;n] hLGbuLe/ uf8L rnfpFbf
Ps k6s klg b'3{6gf u/fPsf x'Fb}gg\ . s;}n] Psbd} w]/} b'3{6gf u/fpF5g\ . oL b'O{sf aLrsf] cf};tn]
u8a8 u/fpF5 . cf};t cfDbfgL olt 5 eGg] rng 5 t/ clwsf+z dflg;sf] cfDbfgL cf};teGbf w]/} sd
x'G5 . o:tf]df cf};tn] ;xL tl:a/ b]vfpFb}g .
s] ug{] t
ldg / d]l8og lgsfn]/ dfq} k'Ub}g df]8 klg lgsfNg''k5{ . o;f] ubf{ dfq cfˆgf] l/kf]l6{ª ;xL
x'G5 . atfpg] a]nfdf klg cln :jfefljs lsl;dn] atfpg ;lsof] eg] dflg;n] a'e\m5g\ . Ps
k|ltzt eGg'eGbf ;odf Ps eGbf ;lhnf] u/L a'lemPnf .
#= tYof+s slQsf ljZj;gLo 5g\ <
:ofDkn ;fOh
dfgf}+ æc;L k|ltzt g]kfnL Gofo k|0ffnL;Fu c;Gt'i6 5g\Æ egL Pp6f ;j{]If0fn] b]vfof] . t/
of] ;j{]If0f ^)) dflg;df dfq ul/Psf] /x]5 . olQn] ;f/f g]kfnLsf] ljrf/sf] tl:a/ k|:6 kfg{
;S5 < o:tf s'/fdf Wofg lbg'k5{ .
o:tf] ;e{] ubf{ ;e{]sf] O/f]/ dflh{g # k|ltzteGbf sd x'g'k5{ . o;sf] dtna xf] ToxL ;e{] km/s
km/s :ofDkndf @) k6s;Dd ubf{ !( k6ssf] kl/0ffddf tLg k|ltzteGbf a9L cGt/ x'g'x'Fbg} .
144
lrof vfFbf :6«f]s x'g] vt/f sd x'G5
lrof vfFbf w]/} kmfObf x'G5 eg]/ w]/} n]v n]lvG5g\ . lrofn] kfg{] k|efjsf af/]df uDeL/ cWoog
klg ePsf 5g\ t/ w]/} cg';Gwfgn] lrof vfg] dflg;sf] :jf:Yo /fd|f] x'gdf vfgkfg, k]zf /
v]ns'b cflb h:tf hLjgz}nL;Fu ;DalGwt s'/fn] slt of]ubfg u/]sf 5g\ eGg] s'/fdf Wofg
lb+b}gg\ . lrof dfq}n] of]ubfg lbof] eGg] u5{g\ .
w]/} b]zdf lrof :jf:Yok|lt ;r]t dflyNnf] ju{sf dflg;n] vfg] j:t' ePsf] 5 . cg';Gwfgstf{n]
dflg;sf] :jf:Yodf lrofsf] k|efjsf af/]df cWoog ubf{ cg';Gwfg ul/Psf dflg;sf] hLjgz}nLdf
Wofg lbPsf /x]g5g\ eg] pgLx¿sf] cg';Gwfg s]xL sfd nfUg] x'Fb}g . pgLx¿n] o:tf] s'/f dfq
eGg ;S5g\, æwgL dflg; :j:y 5g\ . pgLx¿ lrof vfFbf x'g\ .Æ
s] ug{] t <
lrofsf] cWoogdf sf]l/n];g / O/f]/ dflh{g k|foM ;xL x'G5g\ . t/ cg';Gwfgstf{n] cGo ;DaGw -h:t}
lrof vfg] dflg;x¿ v]ns'b u5{g\_ x]/]gg\ eg] To:tf cg';Gwfgsf] dxTj x'Fb}g .
xfdLn] kqsf/ eP/ cWoogsf cfFs8f -:ofDkn ;fOh h:tf s'/f_ nfO{ r'gf}tL lbglt/ nfUg'
x'Fb}g . uDeL/ z+sf 5 eg] dfq} o;f] ug{'k5{ . t/ cg';Gwfgstf{n] cWoogsf] lgrf]8df k|efj kfg{]
;a} kIfsf] cWoog u/]sf 5g\ ls 5}gg\ eGg] s'/f eg] hfFRg''k5{ .
;dfrf/df cfFs8fsf] pkof]u
• tYof+s v]nfpg ?lr /fVg'k5{ . tYof+s 8/nfUbf x'G5g\ . oL;Fu 8/fof] eg] s]xL klg ug{ ;ls+b}
g . lognfO{ ljleGg sf]0faf6 x]¥of] / cGj]if0f u¥of] eg] klxn] yfxf gePsf s'/f yfxf kfOG5,
cgf}7f :6f]/L kQf nfU5g\ . To;}n] tYof+snfO{ klg c¿ k|df0fnfO{ pkof]u ubf{ h:t} u/L g8/
fO{sg, s;}sf] kIf glnO{sg pkof]u ug{'k5{ . tYof+sdfk{mt gofF lsl;dsf :6f]/L eGg
;lsG5 ls egL x]g{'k5{, tYof+snfO{ /fd|f];Fu JofVof ug{'k5{ / c¿ k|df0fn] s] eG5g\ egL
vf]hL ug{'k5{ . cfFs8fn] t o;f] eg] t/ c¿ k|df0fn] s] b]vfPsf 5g\ egL x]g{'k5{ . tYof+sn]
em§ b]vfPsf ;a} s'/f ;xL gx'g ;S5g\ .
•z+sf ug{'k5{ t/ x7 ug{' x'Fb}g . z+sf ug{]n] Tof] s'/f xf] ls xf]Og egL k|df0f vf]H5g, t/
x7 ug{]n] eg] ljgf k|df0f xf]Og elglbG5 . tYof+sn] :6f]/LnfO{ /fd|f] agfpg ;xof]u u5{g\ .
tYof+snfO{ Wofg lbP/ pkof]u u/]sf v08df ltgn] xfdLnfO{ k|foMh;f] 1fg lbG5g\ . xfdLn]
tYof+ssf] lj/f]wdf x7 lng' x'Fb}g, ;hu eg] x'g'k5{ .
• clxn], dGbLsf a]nfdf dflg; a9L hfF8 vfFb}5g\ eg]/ s;}n] eGof] eg] csf{n] o;f] eGg ;S5M
;a} hgf lg/fz 5g\, clg vfFb}gg\ t hfF8 < dGbLsf a]nf hfF8 vfg] qmd 36]sf] 5 eg]/
s;}n] eGof] eg] ToxL dflg;n] eGg ;S5M dfG5];Fu k};} 5}g, s;/L vfpg\ t < tYof+sn] h]
b]vfP klg dflg; To;sf] JofVof cfˆg} lsl;dn] ug{] u5{g\ . h] eP klg To;nfO{ v/fa
eG5g\ . s'g} s'/f dfly pSnFbf klg v/fa eof] eG5g\ . ToxL s'/f tn em¥of] eg] klg g/fd|f]
eof] eG5g\ . tYof+sn] s] eG5 ;f] s'/f af]Ng lbg'k5{ . cfˆgf] d'8, ljZjf; cyjf rfxgfsf
cfwf/df of] s'/f o;f] xf] eGg' x'Fb}g . dnfO{ s] nfU5 eg] k"jf{u|xL dflg;sf nflu tYof+s
kqsfl/tfsf] s]xL klg dxTj 5}g .
145
•cfFs8fnfO{ cflwsfl/stf / lgZro;Fu hf]8]/ x]g{] ul/G5 . slxn]sfxL+ cfk"mn] vf]h]sf] pQ/
kfOFb}g cyjf hjfkm clxn];Dds} /fd|f] e]l6P klg Tof] ;xL gx'g ;S5 . tYof+s ;xL xf]Og /x]5 eg]
:6f]/L ug{ x'Fb}g . :6f]/L ePg eg] klg o;n] csf{] k|Zg hGdfpg ;S5 .
• cg';Gwfgs} :6f]/L aG5 . s'g} s'/f kQf nufpg, Pp6f hfgsf/L kfPkl5 csf{] hfgsf/L kfpg
cfk"mn] slt sf]l;; u/]+ eGg] ljifosf] :6f]/L /fd|f] kqsfl/tf x'g ;S5 . ljleGg ;|f]tn] ljleGg
P+un lbG5g\, gofF cfOl8of lbG5g\ / d"Nojfg\ 1fg lbG5g\ .
•kqsfl/tfdf w]/} jif{b]lv ;f]lw+b} cfPsf oL k|Zg clxn] klg ;f]Wg'k5{M of] cfFs8f Psbd} 7"nf]
xf] t < cfFs8f sxfFaf6 lnOPsf x'g\ < o;n] h] eG5 h:tf] nfu]sf] 5 ToxL eGnf <
— dfOsn Anf:6NofG8, :jtGq kqsf/
tYof+sdf cfwfl/t :6f]/L ubf{ gu/L gx'g] sfd
tYof+sdf cfwfl/t :6f]/L tof/ ubf{ sDtLdf klg tLgj6f cjwf/0ffsf af/]df :ki6 x'g'k5{M
• tYof+s vf]Hg hfg'eGbf klxn] cfk"mnfO{ s:tf tYof+s rflxPsf x'g\ egL ;"rL agfpg'k5{ .
• tYof+s ufFh]dfh] x'G5g\, ltgnfO{ ;Rofpg'k5{ .
• tYof+sdf 8s'd]G6 gul/Psf ;"rgf x'g ;S5g\ .
lrq %=@M ufFhd] fh] tYof+s
s] s'/f vf]Hg] eGg] s'/f yfxf kfpg'k5{
tYof+sdf sfd ug{' klg w]/} xb;Dd dflg;;Fu cGtjf{tf{ ug{' h:t} xf] . lglZrt k|Zg agfP/ tL
k|Zgsf pQ/ tYof+sdf vf]Hg'k5{ . h;/L dflg;nfO{ k|Zg ;f]Wbf p;n] cfk"mnfO{ yfxf ePsf] hjfkm
dfq lbg ;S5 To;}u/L 8]6fl;6df klg tL hjfkm dfq} e]l6G5g\ h'g ljifosf ;xL /]s8{ 5g\ .
To;}n], tYof+s lng'eGbf klxNo} cfk"mn] s] k|Zgsf] hjfkm vf]h]sf] xf] ;f] s'/fdf k|:6
x'g'k5{ . ;a}eGbf klxn], :6f]/L agfpg nfu]sf ljifodf cfk"mnfO{ s] s:tf z+sf nfu]sf] 5 To;sf]
;"rL agfpg'k5{ . To;kl5 tL z+sf ;xL jf unt s] /x]5g\ egL yfxf kfpg tYof+s vf]Hg'k5{ /
ljZn]if0f ug{'k5{ .
146
pbfx/0fsf nflu, s'g} 7fpFsf ck/fw ;DaGwL :6f]/LnfO{ lncf}+ . xfdL cfˆgf] zx/sf] ck/fw
36]a9]sf s] 5g\ egL :6f]/L ug{ nfu]sf 5f}+ . xfdLnfO{ zx/sf lglZrt 7fpFdf lglZrt a]nfdf lglZrt
vfnsf ck/fw x'G5g\ eGg] nfu]sf] 5 .
xfdLn] ck/fw ePsf jf ePsf egL hfx]/L lbOPsf ;a} 36gf ePsf] ldlt, 36gf ePsf] ;do,
36gf ePsf] 7fpF, ePsf] ck/fw -xTof, rf]/L, 8s}tL_ h:tf s'/f yfxf kfpg'k5{ .
dflysf dfq} k|Zg lnP/ tYof+s vf]Hbf kLl8tdWo] s'g hft / ln+u a9L /x]5g\, slt /sd
a/fa/sf] ;fdfg rf]/L eP5, s'g clkm;/n] ;a}eGbf a9L ck/fwL klqmPsf] /x]5 h:tf s'/
fsf] hjfkm kfOFb}g . oL hfgsf/L gvf]Hbf tL ljifodf :6f]/L agfpg] af6f] cfk}+mn] ubf{ aGb x'G5 .
lat]sf tLg jif{sf] dfq} tYof+s lnOof] eg] nfdf] ;dodf ck/fw a9]sf] 5 ls 36]sf] 5 cyjf
ck/fwsf k|s[lt k]ml/Psf 5g\ ls h:tf hfgsf/L kfOFb}g . ;'?df oL s'/f x]g{]lt/ Wofg glbOPsf] x'g
;S5 . olt a]nf cfP/ :6f]/Lsf nflu dfly elgPsf ;a} tYof+s rflxg] /x]5 eGg] nfUg ;S5 .
o;sf] dtna s] xf] eg] xfdLn] ug{ nfu]sf] :6f]/L;Fu ;DalGwt ;a} lsl;dsf tYof+s vf]Hg'k5{,
tTsfn dxTjk"0f{ h:tf] nfu]sf] :6f]/L;Fu ;DalGwt ljifosf lglZrt kIfsf] dfq} xf]Og -tYof+s
lngsf nflu k|f]u|fd agfpg'kg{] /x]5 eg] s'g} ljifosf lglZrt kIfsf dfq} hfgsf/L lng] k|f]u|fd
agfpg hlt vr{ nfU5 Tolt g} vr{df ;a} hfgsf/L lng ;lsG5_ . ;a} tYof+s lnO;s]kl5 d
o;sf lglZrt kIf dfq} x]5{' eGg ;lsxflnG5 . ;a} tYof+s ln+bf kl5 p7\g] k|Zgsf] klg hjfkm
e]l6G5 . ;a} tYof+ssf] cWoog ubf{ :6f]/Lsf] ©nf]ck ug{sf nflu gofF cfOl8of klg cfpg ;S5 .
uf]kgLotfsf] xs ;DaGwL sfg'g cflbn] ubf{ kLl8tsf] klxrfg cyjf ;'/fsLsf] gfd h:tf hfgsf/L xfdLn]
gkfpg ;S5f}+ . t/ hfgsf/L x'Fb} gx'g' eGbf oL afx]ssf hfgsf/L x'g' /fd|f] x'G5 . olt a]nf s'g k|Zgsf]
hjfkm lbg] 8]6fa]; kfOof] / s'g k|Zgsf] hjfkm lbg] kfOPg eGg] s'/fsf] eg] x]Ssf /fVg'k5{ .
ufFh]dfh] tYof+s ldnfpg]
8]6fa];af6 hfgsf/L lng] sfdsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] ;d:of s] xf] eg] xfdLn] ;/sf/n] /]s8{
/fVg'kg{] p2]Zon] -ljZn]if0f ug{] p2]Zon] xf]Og_ e]nf u/]sf tYof+snfO{ ljZn]if0f ug{] sfddf pkof]u
ug{'k5{ . o:tf tYof+s k|fozM km/s km/s kmDof{6df /flvPsf x'G5g\ .
pbfx/0fsf nflu, kmf}hbf/L Gofo k|0ffnLdf tYof+s /fVg'sf] p2]Zo lglZrt cleo'QmnfO{ p;sf] d'2f
;'g'jfO x'g] lbgdf cbfntdf pkl:yt u/fpg g5'6f];\ eGg] xf] . o;sf nflu p;sf] hGdldlt
km/s kbf{ klg s]xL lau|+b}g . p;sf] 7]ufgfsf] lxHh] unt x'Fbf klg s]xL lau|+b}g cyjf p;sf]
aLrsf] gfdsf] 5f]6s/L ¿k unt eP klg cK7\of/f] x'Fb}g . oL s'/f gldn]sf eP klg p;nfO{
cbfntdf pkl:yt u/fpg afwf kb{}g .
8]6fa];df o:tf q'l6 /x]5g\ eg] kqsf/n] tYof+ssf cfwf/df lgsfn]sf lgisif{ unt x'G5g\ .
To;}n], tYof+s kfO;s]kl5 tYof+s slt ufFh]dfh] 5g\ eGg] s'/f yfxf kfpg'k5{ . To;kl5 o:tf
uNtL ;Rofpg'k5{ -k|fljlws efiffdf o;nfO{ ælSngÆ ug{' elgG5_ . o;sf nflu ljleGg zLif{s /fv]/
lk|mSj]G;L 6]an agfpg'k5{ . -PS;]ndf lkmN6/ cyjf lkef]6 6]ansf ;xfotfn] o:tf] ug{ ;lsG5_ .
147
æln+uÆ ;DaGwL ;/n pbfx/0f lncf}+ . o; ;DaGwL hfgsf/LnfO{ d]n, lkmd]n, Pd, Pkm, !, ) eg]/ /fv]sf]
x'g ;Snf . logsf lxHh] klg unt x'g ;Snfg\ . ;xL 9+un] n}+lus ljZn]if0f ug{sf nflu xfdLn] k'?if
;DaGwL ;a} tYof+snfO{ Pd cGtu{t / dlxnf ;DaGwL ;a} tYof+snfO{ Pkm cGtu{t /fVg'k5{ . ufFh]dfh]
tYof+ssf] csf{] pbfx/0f cd]l/sfsf] r'gfj cleofgdf p7fOPsf] rGbfsf] ljj/0f xf] . To;df rGbfbftfsf]
k]zf eGg] dxndf “Lawyer,” “Attorney,” “Atty,” “Counsel,” “Trial Lawyer" dWo] h] klg n]v]sf] x'g ;S5 .
oL ;a}nfO{ Pp6} agfpg'k5{ .
gfdn] cem w}/] 6fpsf] b'vfpF5g\ . /d]zrGb| /fO{, /d]z /fO{, /fd]z /fO{ oL Pp6} dfG5]sf gfd x'g ls cnu
cnu < vjf; kxf8] vjf; xf] ls dw];L < nf]xf/ y/ n]lvPsf] dfG5] kxf8] blnt klg x'g ;S5 dw];L
hflt klg x'g ;S5 . of] s'/f kQf nufpgsf nflu 7]ufgf / hGdldlt h:tf cGo ljj/0f x]g{'kg{] x'g
;S5 . cyjf cGo /]s8{df vf]Hg'kg{] x'g ;S5 . u'un l/kmfOg h:tf 6'nn] tYof+s ;Rofpg] / ltgnfO{
:t/Lo agfpg] sfdnfO{ l56f] / sd emGeml6nf] agfPsf 5g\ .
ufFh]dfh] tYof+s
cd]l/sfdf ;fj{hlgs /]s8{ ;DaGwL ;fdfGotof s8f sfg'g x'gfn] oxfF ;"rgf kfpg c¿ w]/}
b]zdf h:tf] sl7g 5}g . t/ tYof+s kfpFb}df sfd ;ls+b}g, sd{rf/Ln] /]s8{ /fVg] p2]Zon]
-ljZn]if0f ug{] p2]Zon] xf]Og_ e]nf u/]sf tYof+s w]/} emGeml6nf x'G5g\ . tYof+s k|foM æg/fd|fÆ
x'G5g\ h;nfO{ :t/Lo agfpg'k5{ . slt k6s d}n] o:tf tYof+s kfPsf] 5' hf] To;sf] kmfOn
n]cfp6 cyjf 8]6f l8S;g/L;Fu d]n vfFb}gy] . s]xL ;+:yfn] kL8LPkm h:tf cK7\of/f kmDof{6df
tYof+s lbG5g\ . ltgnfO{ sGe6{ ug{'k5{ . o:tf ;d:of gePsf tYof+s e]6\bf b+u kg{'k5{ .
tYof+sdf 8s'd]G6 gul/Psf ljz]iftf x'g ;S5g\
s'g} klg vfnsf 8]6fa];df 8]6fkmfOn s;/L kmDof{6 ul/Psf 5g\ nufotsf w]/} hfgsf/L ePsf
kmfOn x'G5g\ h;nfO{ 8]6f l8S;g/L elgG5 . oL hfgsf/Ln] xfdLnfO{ ljZn]if0f ug{] ;ˆ6j]o/
-PS;]n, PS;];, P;kLP;P;, ô'hg 6]an cflb_ df tYof+s ;xL 9+un] ODkf]6{ ug{ d2t u5{g\ .
ToxfF sf]8 h:tf hfgsf/L klg x'G5g\ . h:t} ! eg]sf] k'?if, @ eg]sf] dlxnf cflb . x/]s ck/fwsf nflu
km/s km/s gDa/sf sf]8 /flvPsf x'g ;S5g\ . c:ktfnsf] tYof+sdf klg o:t} x'g ;S5 . 8]6f l8S;g/L
lagf 8]6fl;6nfO{ /fd|/L ljZn]if0f ug{ sl7g x'G5, slxn]sfxL+ t c;Dej x'G5 .
slxn]sfxL+ 8]6f l8S;g/L eP klg ;d:of x'g ;S5 . s]xL jif{ klxn] ˆnf]l/8fsf] ldofdL x]/fN8sf
l/kf]6{/x¿n] o:t} ;d:of ef]u]sf lyP . pgLx¿ /S;L vfP/ uf8L rnfPsf rfnsnfO{ ljleGg GofofwLzn]
km/s km/s ;hfo u/]sf] ljifodf :6f]/L ug{ nfu]sf lyP . l/kf]6{/n] cbfntaf6 tYof+s lnP . pgLx¿n]
cbfntn] tf]s]sf] h]n ;hfosf] cjlw / hl/jfgf h:tf s'/f x]/] . o;n] s] b]vfof] eg] s'g} GofofwLzn]
a9L ;hfo lbPsf /x]5g\ eg] s'g}n] sd .
t/ ;a} GofofwLzn] ! b]lv @ k|ltzt d'2fdf s]xL klg ;hfo gu/]sf] b]lvof] . x/]s GofofwLzn] x]/]sf
s]xL d'2fdf æ;hfo ePgÆ eGg] b]lvof] . klqsfdf of] :6f]/L / rf6{ 5flkPkl5 GofofwLzn] lj/f]w u/] .
148
cfk"mdfly dft]/ uf8L rnfpg]nfO{ ;hfo ug{'kg{] sfg'g pNn+3g u/]sf] cf/f]k nufPsf] egL GofofwLzn]
klqsfsf] lj/f]w u/] .
To;kl5 l/kf]6{x¿ cfk"mnfO{ tYof+s lbg] cbfntsf >]:t]bf/sxfF uP / o:tf] uNtL s;/L eof] egL
p;nfO{ ;f]w] . l/kf]6{/nfO{ s] atfOof] eg] tL d'2f klxnf] k6s o:tf] ug{], ul/a rfns;Fu ;DalGwt
lyP . ;fdfGotof, pgLx¿nfO{ hl/jfgf ul/G5, t/ hl/jfgf ltg{] k};f pgLx¿;Fu lyPg . To;}n]
GofofwLzn] ltgnfO{ ;8ssf kmf]x/ ;kmf ug{] h:tf ;fd'bflos ;]jf ug{'kg{] ;hfo lbPsf lyP . eP5
s] eg], tYof+s /fVg] kmDof{6 hfF8 vfP/ uf8L rnfpg]nfO{ ;hfo ug{} kg{] sfg'g aGg'eGbf klxn] g} tof/
ul/Psf] /x]5 . To;}n] To;df ;fd'bflos ;]jf ;DaGwL ;hfo pNn]v ug{] 7fpF /x]g5 . cbfntsf ;|]:t]
bf/nfO{ s] yfxf lyof] eg] h]n / hl/jfgf ;DaGwL dxndf s]xL gn]lvPsf d'2fdf ;fd'bflos ;]jf ug{'kg{]
;hfo lbOPsf] lyof] . t/ dfly elgPsf sf/0fn] of] s'/f 8]6f l8S;g/Ldf v'nfOPsf] lyPg . To;n] ubf{
klqsfn] uNtL eof] egL To;nfO{ ;Rofpg'k¥of] .
o; pbfx/0fn] l;sfPsf] kf7 o:tf] 5M tYof+s lbg];Fu oL s'/f ;f]Wg'k5{ — tYof+sdf dxTjk"0f{ s'/f
pNn]v ug{ 5'6]sf 5g\ ls < 8]6f l8S;g/Ldf pNn]v gePsf s]xL sf]8 /flvPsf] 5 ls < kmfOn n]cfp6
k]ml/Psf] 5 ls cyjf 8]6f ljZn]if0f ug{'cl3 cfk"mn] yfxf kfpg'kg{] s'/f s]xL 5 ls < x]/fN8 l/kf]6{/n]
yf]/} ;dodf :6f]/L u/]sf lyP . To;}n] pgLx¿n] x/]s GofofwLzn] lbPsf cf};t ;hfodf Wofg lbP .
To;f] x'Fbf pgLx¿n] ;hfo glbPsf] egL b]lvPsf d'2fdf o;} ePsf] xf] ls cGoyf ePsf] xf] egL hfFRglt/
Wofg lbPgg\ . ;a} GofofwLzn] s;/L ;hfoaf6 pGd'lQm lbP xf]nfg\ egL ;f]Wg]lt/ l/kf]6{/x¿ nfu]gg\ .
ldl;Psf, n's]sf / ufoa tYof+s
x+u]/L;Fu ;DalGwt Oo'n] lbPsf s[lif cg'bfgsf] tYof+s vf]Hg] qmddf cgf}7f] cj:yf cfPsf]
dnfO{ ;Demgf 5 . xfdLn] tYof+s t kfof}+ t/ tL kL8LPkm kmDof{6df 7"nf] rfªdf k'l/Psf
lyP . tL tYof+s c¿ b]zsf tYof+s;Fu ldl;Psf lyP . ltgnfO{ pkof]u ug{ ;lsg] agfpg
xfd|f] k|f]u|fd/n] 306f}+ sfd ug{'k¥of] .
Oo'n] df5fdf lbPsf] cg'bfg ;DaGwL tYof+s vf]Hbf klg xfdLn] /dfOnf] dx;'; u¥of}+ . Oo'sf
@& j6f ;b:o /fi6«sf cg'bfg lbg] Ph]G;Ln] o:tf tYof+s ;fj{hlgs ug{'kg{] afWotf 5 .
o; ljifodf xfdLn] tof/ u/]sf] l/kf]6{sf] -bit.ly/alfter-eu27_ s]xL c+zM æpbfx/0fsf nflu ;+o'Qm
clw/fHodf tYof+s y/Ly/Lsf kmDof{6df /flvPsf 5g\ . sf]xL o'h/n] pkof]u ug{ ldNg] Pr6LPdPn
;r{ k]hdf 5g\ eg] sf]xL kL8LPkm kmDof{6df . st} st} t cg'bfg kfpg]sf] ;"rL tn k|]; lj1lKtdf
n's]/ a;]sf 5g\ . Pp6} ;b:o /fi6«n] klg ;"rgf ljleGg kmDof{6df /fv]sf] 5 . hd{gL / a'Nu]l/ofdf
vfnL ;"rL k|sflzt ul/Psf] 5 . zLif{s t 5, To;df s]xL klg tYof+s 5}g .Æ
— la|lht cN˚//, Journalismfund.eu
149
lrq %=#M #@ kfpG8 kg{] Un'6g] gePsf] kfp/f]6L vfg l;kmfl/; -j]N;cgnfOg_
#@ kfp08 kg{] kfp/f]6L
j]N; cg ;G8] gfds klqsfn] ;/sf/n] l;kmfl/; u/]sf] Un'6]g ljgfsf] Ps kf]sf kfp/f]6LnfO{ #@
kfpG8 k5{ eg]/ x]8nfOgdf 5fKof] . vf;df Ps kf]sf kfp/f]6LnfO{ #@ kfpG8 kg{] xf]Og /x]5 .
x/]snfO{ @=*@ kfpG8 kg{] !! kf]sf ePsf] kfp/f]6Lsf] aG8nsf] d"No kf] /x]5 of] .
j]N;sf] P;]DAnLdf lbOPsf] lnlvt hjfkm / j]N;sf] /fli6«o 3/fo;L ;e{]sf] tYof+sdf ;/sf/n] l;kmfl/;
u/]sf] Ps cfO6dnfO{ olt k5{ egL n]lvPsf] /x]5 . To; tYof+sdf l;kmfl/; ePsf] cfO6d eGgfn] s]
nfO{ a'emfpF5 egL :ki6 kfl/Psf] lyPg .
To;n] ubf{ l/kf]6{/n] Ps kf]sf kfp/f]6LnfO{ g} olt k5{ eGg] 7fg] . o;df w]/} kf]sf kfp/f]6L x'G5g\ eGg]
;f]r]gg\ .
of] :6f]/L g5flkpGh]n P;]DAnLdf hjfkm lbg]n] klg o;sf] JofVof u/]g, c¿ s;}n] klg o;sf] JofVof
u/]g .
o;af6 s] kf7 l;Sg'k5{ eg] tYof+sdf ePsf o:tf c:ki6tf x6fpg'k5{ .
150
;fdfGotof cvaf/n] x]8nfOg agfpg ldNg] s'/f vf]H5g\ . x]8nfOg agfpg] nf]edf k/]/ pgLx¿ dflysf
h:tf uNtL x'g ;S5 ls eg]/ ;ts{ x'Fb}gg\ h;n] ubf{ x]8nfOgd} o:tf uNtL x'g] 8/ x'G5 .
unt vfnsf bfaL ;xL x'g\ ls xf]Ogg\ egL kqsf/x¿n] hfFRg'k5{ . To:tf bfaL unt ;fljt eP
eg] ;dfrf/sf] dxTj 36\5 eg]/ tYo hfFr gug{' 7Ls xf]Og .
— lSno/ ldn/, j]N;cgnfOg
tYof+saf6 sfd yfNg], :6f]/Ldf 6'+Uofpg]
kf7snfO{ cfslif{t ug{sf nflu x]8nfOgsf] c+sn] pgLx¿nfO{ em:sfpg'k5{ h;n] ubf{ pgLx¿
afFsL ;dfrf/ k9\5g\ . :6f]/L k9\g]nfO{ of] cfFs8f 8]6fl;6af6 lnPsf] /x]5 eGg] s'/f emG8} emG8}
yfxf glbO{sg :6f]/L n]Vg ;Sg'k5{ . :6f]/LnfO{ /f]rs agfpg'k5{ . n]Vbf cfˆgf cl8oG; sf] x'g\
egL ljrf/ ug{'k5{ .
Ao'/f] ckm OGe]l:6u]l6e hgf{lnhdn] o'/f]lkog o'lgog sld;gsf] ljQLo kf/blz{tf k|0ffnLsf af/]df
u/]sf] :6f]/L -http://bit.ly/ec-fts_, :6f]/L s;/L k|:t't ug{] eGg] s'/fsf] Pp6f pbfx/0f xf] . of] :6f]/L lglZrt
k|Zgsf] hjfkm vf]Hg 8]6fl;6sf] cWoog u/]sf cfwf/df tof/ ul/Psf] xf] .
tYof+sdf xfdLn] æsS6]nÆ æuNkmÆ æcj] 8]hÆ h:tf zAb vf]Hof}+ . o;sf cfwf/df oL zLif{sdf
sld;gn] slt vr{ u/]5 eGg] s'/f yfxf kfof}+ . o;af6 w]/} k|Zg p7] / xfdLn] kmnf]ck ug{]
:6f]/L nfOg kfof}+ .
o;/L zAbsf cfwf/df hfgsf/L vf]Hbf ;w}+el/ cfk"mn] rfx]sf] s'/f e]l6G5 eGg] 5}g . slxn]sfxL+ tYof+s
Wofg lbP/ x]g{'k5{ / d}n] jf:tjd} s] vf]h]sf] x'F egL 3f]lTng'k5{ . of] :6f]/L ubf{ xfdLn] sld;gsf
sld:g/x¿n] lghL h]6df ofqf ug{ slt k};f vr{ u/] egL kQf nufpg vf]h]sf lyof}+ . t/ tYof+sdf
ælghL h]6Æ zLif{sdf vr{ ePsf] e]l6+b}g . To;}n] xfdLn] c¿ pkfo nufP/ pgLx¿nfO{ ;]jf lbg] 6«fen
Ph]G;Lsf] gfd yfxf kfpg'k¥of] . o:tf] ;]jf lbg] 6«fen Ph]G;Lsf] gfd æca]nfuÆ /x]5 eGg] yfxf kfof}+ .
o;kl5 xfdLn] To; sDkgLnfO{ slt k};f ltl/Psf] /x]5 eGg] s'/f vf]Hof}+ .
o;/L xfdL tYof+sdf s] vf]Hg] eGg] s'/fdf :ki6 lyof}+ . Tof] lyof] — x]8nfOg agfpg ldNg] cfFs8f kQf
nufpg' . :6f]/LnfO{ /fd|f] kfg{] tTjsf] vf]hL kl5 ug{] xf] .
csf{] tl/sf klg 5 . h;sf] :6f]/L ug{ nfu]sf] xf] To; ;+:yfn] s] s] sfd gug{] eg]sf] 5 / tL sfd
u/]sf] 5 ls 5}g egL x]g{] . kmfOgflG;on 6fOD; / Ao'/f] ckm OGe]l:6u]l6e hgf{lnhdn] Oo'sf] ;+/rgf
sf]ifsf sfd ;DaGwdf :6f]/L ubf{ o:tf] tl/sf pkof]u u/]sf lyP .
xfdLn] sld;gsf] lgod x]¥of}+ / s:tf s:tf sDkgL tyf ;+:yf -pbfx/0fsf nflu, ;'tL{ pTkfbs_
nfO{ sld;gsf] sf]ifaf6 k};f lbg /f]s nufOPsf] 5 eGg] s'/f yfxf kfof}+ . ca xfd|f] sfd lyof]
ltgnfO{ k};f lbOPsf] 5 ls 5}g egL kQf nufpg] .
To;kl5 xfdLn] 8]6fl;6df ;'tL{ sDkgL, ;'tL{ pTkfbs / ;'tL{ ls;fg e]l6G5 ls eg]/ x]¥of}+ . o;f]
151
ubf{ la|l6; cd]l/sg ;'tL{ sDkgLnfO{ hd{gLdf ôfS6«L rnfpgsf nflu !% nfv kfpG8 lbPsf]
e]l6of] .
of] /sd sld;gsf] lgod ljk/Lt lbOPsf] lyof] . tYof+saf6 t'?Gt} :6f]/L kQf nufpg] of] Pp6f
tl/sf xf] .
8]6fl;6df s] kfOG5 eg]/ o;} eGg ;ls+b}g . To;}n] xfd|f] sfd xf] ltgnfO{ lgofNg' . o;sf
nflu ;fx;L x'g'k5{ .
— s}n]log af/, l;6Ljfo/
tYof+sdf cfwfl/t :6f]/L
tYof+s kqsfl/tf eGg] lalQs} slxn]sfxL+ o;n] tYof+s dfq k|:t't ug{] -h:t}, lglZrt cfFs8fnfO{
b[Zodf kl/0ft u/]/ o; ;DaGwL hfgsf/L l56f] / k|efjsf/L 9+un] lbg] cyjf cGt/lqmofTds
8]6f;]6 /flvlbg] h;sf cfwf/df o'h/n] cfˆgf] 7fpF jf c:ktfn cflbsf af/]df hfgsf/L cfk}+m
vf]Hg ;S5g\_ xf] ls eGg] efg lbG5 . of] sfd dxTjk"0f{ 5Fb}5 t/ c¿ vfnsf] kqsfl/tfdf
h:t} tYof+s kqsfl/tfdf klg :6f]/L eGg'k5{ . tYof+sdf s:tf :6f]/L kfOPnfg\ < tn d}n]
lala;Ldf xfl;n u/]sf] cg'ejsf cfwf/df tYof+s kqsfl/tfn] p7fpg ;Sg] ljleGg vfnsf :6f]/Lsf
af/]df rrf{ u/]sf] 5' .
tn lbOPsf s'/fnfO{ tYof+s ljZn]if0f ug{'eGbf w]/} cl3 cyf{t\ hfgsf/L ;+sng ug{] a]nfd} Wofg
lb+bf /fd|f] x'G5 .
dfkg
;/n :6f]/L . h:t}, kmnfgf lhlj;n] kmnfgf ;fndf k]k/ lSnk lsGg olt ?k}ofF vr{ u¥of] .
cfFs8f dfq} lb+bf To;n] cy{ lb+b}g . of] w]/} xf] ls yf]/} xf] eGg] s'/f kf7snfO{ yfxf x'Fb}g . of]
s'/f :ki6 kfg{sf nflu xfdLn] lgDg lsl;dsf] ;Gbe{ lbg'k5{M
cg'kft
æut jif{ lhlj;n] cfˆgf] :6]zg/Lsf] ah]6sf] b'O{ltxfO /sd k]k/lSnk lsGg vr{ u¥of] .Æ
p;}sf cGo sfd;Fu t'ngf
ælhlj;n] ;/;kmfO ug{] sfddf eGbf k]k/ lSnk lsGgdf a9L k};f vr{ u/]sf] 5 .Æ
c¿;Fu t'ngf
ælhlj;n] ut jif{ k]k/ lSnk lsGg vr{ u/]sf] /sd p;n] s]Gb|af6 kfPsf] ;Dk"0f{ cg'bfgeGbf
a9L 5 .Æ
152
tYof+s cGj]if0f ug{] c¿ tl/sf klg 5g\M
ljleGg jif{df ePsf] kl/jt{g
ælhlj;n] o; jif{ k]k/ lSnk lsGg rf/ jif{cl3 ;f]xL sfddf u/]sf] eGbf t]Aa/ vr{ u/]sf] 5 .Æ
ælnu 6]anÆ
7fpF / ;+:yfsf aLrdf ul/g] t'ngf -o;f] ubf{ s] s'/fdf Vofn ug{'k5{ eg] cfk"mn] u/]sf t'ngfn]
cGofo gu/f];\ . h:t}, w]/} dflg; a:g] zx/ / yf]/} dflg; a:g] zx/sf gu/kflnsfn] lglZrt
sfdsf nflu 5'6\ofpg] ah]6sf aLrdf t'ngf ug{' plrt x'Fb}g_ . ælhlj;n] k]k/ lSnk lsGg ;f]xL
;fdfg lsGg ul/Psf] b]ze/sf] cf};t vr{sf] rf}a/ vr{ u/]sf] 5 .Æ
cyjf tYof+snfO{ ljleGg ;d"xdf afF8\g ;lsG5M
juL{s/0f cg';f/ ljZn]if0f
æ;dtf kf6L{sf ;efklt ePsf lhlj;n] c;dtf kf6L{sf ;efklt ePsf lhlj;n] eGbf bf]Aa/ k};f
k]k/ lSnk lsGg vr{ u/]sf 5g\ .Æ
cGo lsl;dn]
æ:6]zg/L sDkgLaf6 a9L rGbf kfPsf] kf6L{sf] g]t[Tj ePsf lhlj;n] k]k/ lSnkdf a9L k};f vr{
u/]sf 5g\ .Æ
k]k/ lSnk vl/b ;DaGwL tYof+s vf]Hbf oL tYof+s klg vf]Hg'k5{M
• ;Gbe{ lbgsf nflu s'n vr{
• t'ngfTds tYof+s lbgsf nflu ef}uf]lns÷P]ltxfl;s÷cGo hfgsf/L
• t'ngf Gofof]lrt xf];\ eGgfsf nflu t'ngf ul/Psf 7fpFsf] hg;+Vof cflb h:tf tYof+s
• cGo tYof+s h;n] ubf{ ljZn]if0f /f]rs x'G5
— dfl6{g /f];]gaf}d, lala;L
s'g 6'n k|of]u ug{]
tYof+s xft kl/;s]kl5 xfdLn] s] ug{] < ToxfF s] s'/f vf]Hg] < To;sf nflu s'g 6'n pkof]u ug{] < xfdLn]
w]/} hgf kqsf/nfO{ tYof+s kqsfl/tfsf] cEof; ubf{ pgLx¿n] s] s;f] u/]sf lyP egL ;f]w]sf lyof}+ .
pgLx¿n] eg]sf s'/f tn lbOPsf 5g\M
b ufl8{ogsf] 8]6fAnudf xfdL kf7s;Fu cGt/lqmof ug{ rfxG5f}+ . xfdL xfdLn] cEof; u/]sf] tYof+s
kqsfl/tf hf] sf]xLn] t'?Gt} gSsn ug{ ;sf];\ eGg] rfxG5f}+ . cyf{t\ pgLx¿n] xfdLn] u/]sf sfdsf
cfwf/df To;nfO{ cem cufl8 a9fpg / xfdLn] ge]6]sf :6f]/L e]6'g\ eGg] rfxG5f}+ . xfdL To:tf
153
6'n k|of]u u5f}{+ h'g 6'n hf];'s}n] rnfpg kfpF5g\ / rnfpgsf nflu k|f]u|fd ug{] ;Lk cyjf
ljz]if tflnd rflx+b}g / 6'n OG:6n ug{ w]/} k};f ltg{' kb{}g .
o; sf/0fn] ubf{ xfdL clxn] w]/}h;f] u'un k|f]8S6 rnfO/x]sf 5f}+ . xfdLn] k|zf]wg u/]sf /
;fj{hlgs u/]sf ;a} 8]6fl;6 u'un :k|]8l;6 x'g\ . o;sf] dtna xf] u'undf csfpG6 ePsf
hf] sf]xLn] klg xfdLn] /fv]sf 8]6fl;6 8fpgnf]8 ug{, cfˆgf] csfpG6df ODkf]6{ ug{, cfˆg}
lsl;dn] rf6{ agfpg, tYof+s Jojl:yt ug{, 6]an agfpg ;S5 . pgLx¿n] cfk"mn] /f]h]sf 6'ndf
oL tYof+s ODkf]6{ ug{ ;S5g\ .
gS;f agfpg xfdL u'un ô'hg 6]an rnfpF5f}+ . lx6 Dofk agfpg ô'hg rnfpF5f}+ .
kmfon z]o/ ubf{ s]Pdn z]k kmfOn z]o/ u5f{}+ . kf7sn] oL kmfOn 8fpgnf]8 u/]/ cfˆg}
vfnsf lx6 Dofk agfpg ;s"g\ eg]/ o;f] u/]sf xf}+ . xfdLn] agfPsf gS;fdf pgLx¿n] n]
o/ yKg klg ;S5g\ . oL u'un 6'nsf kmfObf s] 5g\ eg] lognfO{ xfd|f kf7sn] Anu k9\g
pkof]u ug{] 8]:s6k, df]afOn / 6\ofan]6 h]df klg rnfpg ldN5 .
lbg}lkR5] ug{'kg{] sfdsf nflu xfdL u'un :k|]8l;6 / ô'hg afx]s c¿ b'O{j6f 6'n
rnfpF5f}+ . Pp6f 6\ofAn' xf] . ax'cfoflds tYof+snfO{ b[Zodf abNg xfdL of] 6'n k|of]u
u5f{}+ . csf{] d]lgcfOh xf] . o;nfO{ xfdL tYof+snfO{ t'?Gt} ljZn]if0f ug{] sfddf pkof]u
u5f{}+ . oL 6'ndf sdLsdhf]/L gePsf eg] xf]Ogg\ . To;}n] xfdL cem /fd|f];Fu b[Zof+sg ug{]
6'nsf] lg/Gt/ vf]hL u5f{}+ .
— ln;f OefG;, b ufl8{og
kqsf/n] sf]8/ klg x'gk5{ < cxF . dnfO{ kqsf/n] sf]8 ug{] tl/sf l;Sg'k5{ h:tf] nfUb}g .
t/ o;sf af/]df ;fdfGo s'/f yfxf kfpFbf / sf]8/af6 sfd lng ;Sg] x'Fbf /fd|f] x'G5 .
o; If]qdf ev{/ cfPsfn] Ps} rf]l6 bf}8g'eGbf la:tf/} lx+8\g' /fd|f] x'G5 . tYof+snfO{ b[Zof+sg
ubf{, ljleGg b[li6sf]0faf6 x]bf{ / ljZn]if0f ubf{ c¿ lsl;dn] kfOg]eGbf km/s :6f]/L e]l6G5
eg]/ cfˆgf ;fyL / ;DkfbsnfO{ dgfpg'k5{ . of] sfd kmnbfoL xf] eg]/ pgLx¿nfO{ ljZjf;
lbnfpg'k5{ . pgLx¿nfO{ of] s'/f dgfO;s]kl5 a9L hl6n :6f]/L / k|f]h]S6 yfNg'k5{ .
d]/f ljrf/df kqsf/n] klxn] PS;]n l;s]/ To;sf ;xfotfn] ;fdfGo :6f]/L ug{'k5{ . o;af6
;'? u/]/ la:tf/} tYof+s ljZn]if0f / gS;f+sg ug{'k5{ . PS;]ndf w]/} sfd ug{ ;lsG5 . of]
Psbd} zlQmzfnL 6'n xf] . clwsf+z dflg;n] PS;]nnfO{ p;n] ug{ ;Sg] yf]/} dfq sfd nufPsf
5g\ . ;lsG5 eg] kqsf/n] PS;]n s;/L rnfpg] eGg] sIff -s;}n] o:tf] sIff rnfPsf 5g\
eg]_ lnP x'G5 .
tYof+s JofVof ug{] ljifonfO{ xNsf 9+un] lng' x'Fb}g . o;sf nflu w]/} d]xgt ug{'k5{ / of] sfd
ubf{ ;ts{ x'g'k5{ . o;sf x/]s s'/fdf Wofg lbg'k5{ . cfk"mn] h] e]6]sf] 5 Tof] ;xL xf] ls
xf]Og egL hfFRg'k5{ . cf]l/hgn tYof+ssf] Ps k|lt h:tfsf] t:t} /fVg'k5{ . tYof+s k|zf]wg
ubf{ s] s] u/]+ eGg] s'/fsf] ljj/0f /fd|f];Fu /fVg'k5{ . uNtL x'g ;S5 . To;}n] Ps k6sdf h]
ljZn]if0f u/]sf] 5 To;}df lrQ a'emfpg' x'Fb}g . d b'O{–tLg k6s;Dd ljZn]if0f u5{' . cfk"mn]
154
h'g tYof+s ljZn]if0f u/]sf] xf] ToxL tYof+s ;Dkfbs cyjf c¿ s;}n] 5'§} ljZn]if0f ubf{ /fd|f]
x'G5 . o;f] ubf{ b'O{ hgfsf] ljZn]if0fsf aLrdf t'ngf ug{ ldN5 .
l/kf]6{/n] ;dfrf/ n]Vg hlt ;do nufpF5g\ Tolt g} yf]/} ;dodf hl6n ;ˆ6j]o/ agfpg]
sfd xfn;fn} dfq x'g yfn]sf] xf] . klxn] o;sf nflu w]/} ;do nfUYof] . ;a}n], l;Q}df pkof]
u ug{ kfOg] b'O{j6f k|]mdjs{n] ubf{ of] sfd ;Dej ePsf] xf] . oL x'g\M Django and Ruby on
Rails . oL b'j} ;g\ @))) sf] bzssf] dWolt/ ;fj{hlgs ePsf x'g\ .
oL b'j} k]|mdjs{ Psbd} /fd|f 5g\ . logn] ubf{ Psbd} hl6n j]a PlKns];g klg l5gd} agfpg
;lsg] ePsf] 5 .
cd]l/sfsf Go'h Pk l6ddf ;e{] t ul/Psf] 5}g t/ s] ljZjf; ul/G5 eg] tYof+sdf cfwfl/t kqsfl/tf
ug{sf nflu clwsf+z Go'h Pk l6dn] oL b'O{j6f k|]mdjs{ pkof]u ug{] u/]sf 5g\ . k|f]klAnsfdf xfdL ?aL
cg /]N; k|of]u u5f{}+ .
tYof+ssf sfd ubf{ xfdL c¿ a9L :t/Lo 6'n klg pkof]u u5f{}+ . h:t} tYof+s k|zf]wgsf nflu
dfOqmf];ˆ6 PS;]n, tYof+ssf nflu SPSS / R, hLcfO{P; ;DaGwL sfdsf nflu ArcGIS / QGIS, ;f];{ sf]8
Joj:yfkgsf nflu Git, sf]8 n]Vgsf nflu TextMate, Vim and Sublime Text, 8]6fa];sf nflu MySQL,
PostgreSQL and SQL Server for databases .
slxn]sfxL+ ;a}eGbf ;/n 6'n g} pQd 6'n x'G5 . :k|]8l;6sf] tfutnfO{ sfd cfFSg] ul/G5 .
sDKo'6/df 8; rnfPsf a]nfdf :k|]8l;6n] ubf{ d}n] tYof+s ljZn]if0f ug{ ;s]sf] lyPF . :k|]8l;6df
cfp6lno/ kQf nufpg / u0fgf ubf{ uNtL ePsf] 5 ls eg]/ x]g{ ldN5 . of] tYof+s kqsf/
nfO{ geO{ gx'g] 6'n xf] .
olt elg;s]kl5, dnfO{ dg kg{] 6'nsf af/]df atfpF5' h'g cem zlQmzfnL 5 . Tof] xf] P;kLP;P; .
tYof+s ljZn]if0f / Doflkªsf nflu . o;n] dnfO{ ef}uf]lns 9fFrf x]g{ ;3fpF5 .
— z]/]n lkmlnK;, b l;of6n 6fOD;
dnfO{ kfOyg Psbd} dg k5{ . of] uhasf] cf]kg ;f];{ k|f]u|fldª Nofª\j]h xf] h'g k9\g /
n]Vg ;lhnf] 5 -pbfx/0fsf nflu, o;df x/]s nfOgsf k5fl8 ;]dLsf]nf]g n]Vg' kb{}g_ . ;aeGbf
dxTjk"0f{ s'/f, kfOygdf w]/} o'h/ a]; 5, Knlug 5g\ -h;nfO{ Kofs]h elgG5_ . logn] ubf{ xfdLnfO{
h] sfd ug{ klg ldN5 .
dnfO{ tYof+s kqsf/nfO{ Django rflxG5 h:tf] nfUb}g . 7"nf, tYof+sdf cfwfl/t j]a PlKns];g
agfpg kfOyg j]a PlKns];g k|]mdjs{n] sfd u5{ . ;;fgf cGt/lqmofTds OGkmf]u|flkmS; agfpgsf
nflu eg] of] h¿/L 5}g .
d QGis klg rnfpF5' . of] cf]kg ;f];{ 6'nls6 xf] . o;df ef}uf]lns tYof+s af/Daf/ rnfO/xg'kg{] tYof+s
155
kqsf/n] ug{'kg{] hLcfO{P; ;DaGwL y/Ly/Lsf sfd ug{ ;lsG5 . lhof]:Kof;n 8]6f Pp6f kmDof{6af6 csf{]
kmDof{6df nfg' 5 eg] QGis rflxG5 . o;n] k|foM ;a} kmDof{6 -Shapefiles, KML, GeoJSON cflb_ sf
lhof]8]6f ;DaGwL sfd ug{ ;S5 . s'g} If]qnfO{ sf6]/ kmfNg'k/]sf] 5 eg] klg QGis sfd nfU5 . of] rnfpg]
dflg; w]/} ePsfn] of] s;/L rnfpg] egL l;sfpg] ;fdu|L -bit.ly/goettingen-tutorial) j]adf k|z:t kfOG5 .
cf/ d"ntM j}1flgs hfgsf/L b[Zodf abNgsf nflu agfOPsf] 6'n xf] . o;df tYof+s b[Zof+sg
ug{] / tYof+snfO{ ljleGg b[li6sf]0faf6 x]g{] ;a} ljlw 5g\ . cf/ PSn} Pp6f a|Xdf08 xf], b[Zo
tYof+s ljZn]if0f ug{] tLy{:yn xf] . o;sf] Pp6f a]kmfObf s] 5 eg] of] rnfpg l;Sg'k5{ lsgeg]
o;n] 5'§} Nofª\j]h rnfpF5 . t/ of] rnfpg l;Sg yfn]kl5 of] hlt zlQmzfnL 6'n csf{] 5}g
eGg] nfU5 . tYof+s kqsfl/tf hfg]sf kqsf/n] cf/sf] pkof]u u/]/ PS;]nn] wfGg g;Sg] u/L
nfvf}+ /f] ePsf 6]andf /flvPsf tYof+s klg ljZn]if0f ug{ ;S5g\ .
cf/sf] /fd|f] kIf s] xf] eg] rf6{ agfO;s]kl5 cfFs8f k]mg{'kg{] eof] eg] Ps k6s lSns ug{] lalQs} of] sfd
x'G5 . cfk"mn] agfPsf] rf6{ ;xL ePg egL s;}n] z+sf u¥of] eg] xfdL p;nfO{ To;sf] ;|f]t b]vfOlbg
;S5f}+ . o;f] ubf{ hf] sf]xLn] klg tL tYof+ssf cfwf/df cfk}+m rf6{ agfP/ x]g{ ;S5g\ -cyjf xfdLn] uNtL
u/]sf] /x]5 eg] Tof] kQf nufpg ;S5g\_ .
kfOygdf NumPy + MatPlotLib k|of]u u/]/ o:t} sfd ug{ ;lsG5 . h;n] kfOyg rnfpg klxNo} hfg]sf]
5 p;n] of] rnfP x'G5 . kfOygdf ePsf oL b'O{j6f Kofs]hnfO{ tYof+s ljZn]if0f / b[Zof+sg b'j} sfddf
k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . oL b'j}n] l:y/ b[Zo dfq} agfpg ;S5g\ . logsf] k|of]u u/]/ cGt/lqmofTds rf6{
agfpg ;ls+b}g .
d}n] MapBox rnfPsf] 5}g . t/ s] ;'g]sf] 5' eg] Open Street Map df cfwfl/t eP/ a9L k|efjzfnL
gS;f agfpgsf nflu of] Psbd} /fd|f] 6'n xf] . o;df gS;fsf] :6fOn -sn/, n]an cflb_ nfO{ cfˆgf]
lsl;dsf] agfpg ;lsG5 . Leaflet gfds k|f]u|fd klg 5 hf] gS;f agfpgsf nflu sfd nfUg] hfefl:qmK6
nfOa|]/LeGbf cln pRr:t/sf] 5 .
RaphaelJS cln sd;n vfnsf] b[Zof+sg nfOa|]/L xf] h;df ;fdfGo vfnsf sfd -j[Q, nfOg, zAb h:tf_ ug{
/ Plgd]6 ug{ clg cGt/lqmof ug{ ldN5 . o;df tof/L af/ rf6{ 5}gg\ . To;}n] o;df ;dsf]0f cfk}+m agfpg'k5{ .
/fk]mnsf] Pp6f kmfObf s] xf] eg] o;df agfPsf ;a} ;fdu|L OG6/g]6 PS:Knf]//df klg v'N5g\ .
l8y|L h:tf c¿ w]/} b[Zof+sg nfOa|]/Ldf of] ljz]iftf 5}g . b'Mvsf] s'/f clxn] klg w]/} o'h/n]
cfO{O{ rnfpF5g\ . ;dfrf/ sIfn] o; s'/fnfO{ a]jf:tf ug{ x'Fb}g .
/fk]mnh]P; afx]s csf{] klg pkfo 5 5M Flash fallback for IE agfpg] . Go' of]s{ 6fOD;n] o:t} ug{] u/]sf]
5 . o;sf] cy{ xf] xfdLn] x/]s PlKns];g b'O{ k6s agfpg'k5{ .
cfO{O{df /fk]mnh]; PlKns];g c;fWo} l9nf] rN5, cfw'lgs a|fph/ pkof]u u/]/ ˆNof;df rnfpFbfsf] !)
k|ltzt ultdf dfq . To;}n] ;a} o'h/sf nflu pRr u'0f:t/Lo Plgd]6 ul/Psf] b[Zo tof/ ug{] xf] eg]
Flash fall backs k|of]u ug{ ;lsPnf .
— u|]u/ cfoZr, cf]kg gn]h kmfpG8];g
156
dnfO{ dgkg{] 6'n PS;]n xf] h;n] sDKo'6/df cfwfl/t l/kf]l6{ªsf nflu ug{'kg{] clwsf+z sfd
u5{ . o;nfO{ rnfpg] tl/sf l;Sg klg ;lhnf] 5 . clwsf+z l/kf]6{/sf sDKo'6/df of] ;ˆ6j]o/
OG:6n ePsf] x'G5 . 6]an dh{ ug{'kbf{ d PS;]; rnfpF5' To;kl5 yk sfd ug{sf nflu dh{ ePsf]
6]annfO{ PS;]ndf PS:kf]6{ u5{' . ef}uf]lns ljZn]if0fsf nflu d ESRI sf] ArcMap rnfpF5' .
of] zlQmzfnL 5 . lhof]sf]8]8 8]6f ;+sng ug{] ;+:yfx¿n] o;sf] pkof]u u5{g\ . TextWrangler
6]S:6 8]6f rnfpgsf nflu /fd|f] 6'n xf] . o;df ;r{ / l/Kn]; ;lhn};Fu ug{ ;lsG5 . lnlgo/ l/u|];g
h:tf tYof+szf:qLo sfd ug{sf nflu d P;kLP;P; rnfpF5' . o;sf] KjfOG6 / lSns d]g' rnfpg
;lhnf] 5 . Psbd} w]/} tYof+s -nfvf}+ /]s8{ ePsf / uDeL/ lsl;dn] lkmN6/ ug{'kg{], ¿kfGt/0f ug{'kg{]_
8]6f;]6 5g\ eg] d P;PP; ;ˆ6j]o/ rnfpF5' .
— l:6e 8'Ou, jfN6/ qmf]gsfO6 :s"n ckm hgf{lnhd
Xoflsª, :qmØflkª ug{ / tYof+s rnfpgsf nflu xfdL kfOyg / Django, q]mhL j]a gS;f agfpgsf
nflu PostGIS, QGIS / MapBox /f]H5f}+ . cGj]if0ffTds tYof+s ljZn]if0fsf nflu xfdLnfO{ R, NumPy +
MatPlotLib /fd|f] nfu]sf 5g\ . xfn cfP/ xfdL cfk}+mn] agfPsf] CSVKit rnfpg dg k/fpF5f}+ . xfdLn] u/]
sf ;a} sfd Snfp8df l8Knf]o u5f{}+ .
— a|fog af]o]/, l;sfuf] 6fOD;
nf gfl;of]gdf xfdL oL 6'n rnfpF5f}+M
• tYof+s lSng ug{, Jojl:yt ug{ / ljZn]if0f ug{ PS;]n
•k|sfzg ug{ tyf u'un ô'hg 6]an / h'gf/ cf]kg 8]6f Kn]6kmd{;Fu sg]S;g ldnfpg u'un
:k|]8l;6
• tYof+snfO{ n]v cyjf Anukf]:6;Fu ufF:g / z]o/ ug{ h'gf/
• cGt/lqmofTds b[Zof+sgsf nflu 6\ofAn' klAns
• w]/} 7"nf 8]6fl;6 ljZn]if0f / 5gf]6 ug{sf nflu Qlikview
• kL8LPkm / PS;]n kmfOn sGe6{ ug{sf nflu NitroPDF
• gS;f agfpg u'un ô'hg 6]an
— PGh]lnsf k]/fN6f /fdf];, nf gfl;of]g, -ch{]lG6gf_
xfd|f] ;+:yf 6«fG;k/]G;L Xofs;{ u|f;?6 ;+:yf xf] . xfdL w]/} lsl;dsf 6'N; / k|f]u|fldª
Nofª\j]h rnfpF5f}+ . xfdL x/]snfO{ cnu cnu 6'n dg k5{ . o;sf kmfObf / a]kmfObf b'j}
5g\ . xfdLdWo] s]xLn] Transparency Hacker Linux Distribution agfof}+ . o;nfO{ xfdL hxfF;'s} nfOe
a'6 u/]/ tYof+s Xofs ug{ ;S5f}+ . o;df tYof+s ;DaGwL sfd ug{ rflxg] Refine, RStudio /
OpenOffice Calc (cln hfGg] eGg]x¿n] o;nfO{ x]nf u5{g\ t/ ;fgf / l56} ;Sg'kg{] sfdsf nflu
oL pkof]uL 5g\_ h:tf s]xL /fd|f 6'n / nfOa|]/L 5g\ . tYof+s t'?Gt} skL u/]/ cgnfOgdf
/fVg xfdL :qmØfk/ljsL af/Daf/ rnfpF5f}+ .
b[Zof+sg ug{ / u|fkm agfpg xfdLnfO{ w]/} 6'n dg k5{g\ . Python and NumPy ax't} zlQmzfnL
5g\ . xfd|f s]xL ;fyLn] cf/ klg rnfPsf 5g\ . xfdL d3, Flot, and RaphaelJS klg w]/} dfqfdf
rnfpF5f}+ . gS;f agfpgsf nflu xfdL w]/} k/LIf0f ul//x]sf 5f}+ . o;sf nflu xfdLnfO{ Tilemill
/fd|f] nfu]sf] 5 .
— k]b|f] dfs{'g, 6«fG;k/]lG;of Xofs/
157
tYof+sdf /x]sf] cGt/1fg lng tYof+s b[Zof+sg
tYof+s ljZn]if0fsf nflu b[Zof+sg h¿/L x'G5 . o;f] ubf{ c¿ lsl;dn] a'e\mg g;lsg] s'/f
a'lemG5 . o;f] ubf{ xfdLn] klxn] g;f]r]sf s'/f kfOG5g\, ;f]r]sf] s'/f xf]Ogg\ ls h:tf] nfUg ;S5 .
— ljlnod P;= Sn]e]NofG8 -leHo'nfOlhª 8]6f, xf]a6{ k|];af6_
sDKo'6/sf] xf8{ 8«fOedf la6\ / afO6\sf ¿kdf /flvPsf] tYof+s cb[Zo j:t' xf] . o;nfO{ b]lvg]
agfpg / To;af6 cy{ lgsfNg xfdLn] o;nfO{ b]lvg] agfpg'k5{, b[Zof+sg ug{'k5{ . o; v08df
d}n] b[Zof+sgnfO{ a[xt\ cy{df pkof]u u/]sf] 5' cyf{t\ b[Zof+sg eGgfn] zAbdf b]vfpg] sfd
;d]tnfO{ hgfpF5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu, 8]6fl;6nfO{ :k|]8l;6 ;ˆ6j]o/df 8fpgnf]8 ug{' klg
b[Zof+sg xf] . o;f] ubf{ cln klxn];Dd cb[Zo tYof+s l:qmgdf b]lvG5 . kqsf/n] tYof+snfO{
b[Zodf abNg'k5{ ls kb{}g eGg] xf]Og s'g cj:yfdf s'g vfnsf] b[Zof+sg pko'Qm x'G5 eGg] k|Zg
;f]Wg'k5{ .
csf{ lsl;dn] eGbfM slt a]nfdf tYof+snfO{ tflnsf afx]ssf b[Zodf /fVg'k5{ < o;sf] 5f]6f] pQ/
xf]M k|foM ;w}+el/ . 8]6fl;6 x]g{sf nflu tflnsf dfq kof{Kt x'Fb}g . tflnsf dfq}sf cfwf/df xfdL
tYof+sn] b]vfPsf 9fFrf b]Vg ;Sb}gf}+ . ef}uf]lns 9fFrf o;sf] ;a}eGbf ;/n pbfx/0f xf] h;nfO{ gS;fdf
g/fvLsg b]Vg ;ls+b}g . c¿ vfnsf 9fFrf x]g{sf nflu klg tYof+snfO{ b[Zodf abNg'k5{ h;sf
af/]df cln kl5 rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 .
cGt/1fg kfpgsf nflu b[Zof+sg ug{]
tYof+snfO{ b[Zodf abNg] 6'nn] 8]6fl;6nfO{ cfkm ;] cfkm tof/L :6f]/Ldf ablnb]nf eGg] cfzf ug{' x'Fb}g .
tYof+sdf :6f]/L e]l6G5 eGg] Uof/]G6L x'Fb}g . o;sf] ;§f kqsf/n] tYof+sdf n's]sf x'g ;Sg] æcGt/1fgÆ
vf]Hbf /fd|f] x'G5 . o:tf] 1fg e]6]kl5 s'zn kqsf/n] snfTds kf/fn] a'g]/ :6f]/L agfpg ;S5 .
x/]s gofF b[Zon] xfdLnfO{ tYof+saf/] s]xL cGt/1fg lbG5 . o:tf s]xL cGt/1fg klxNo} yfxf
eO;s]sf x'g ;S5g -t/ tL k|dfl0ft eO;s]sf x'Fb}gg\_ . s]xL cGt/1ffg k"0f{tM gf}nf /
cfZro{hgs x'g ;S5g\ . s]xL cGt/1fgsf cfwf/df :6f]/L ;'? ug{ ;lsPnf . b[Zof+sg ubf{
b]lvPsf s]xL crDdnfUbf s'/f tYof+sdf q'l6 ePsfn] To:tf b]lvPsf x'g ;S5g\ . o:tf uNtL
b[Zof+sg u/]kl5 e]l6g ;S5g\ .
tYof+sdf cGt/1fg k|efjsf/L 9+un] vf]Hg lrq %=$ df lbOPsf] -/ o;kl5 o; v08df j0f{g
ul/Psf]_ k|lqmof pkof]uL x'G5 .
158
lrq %=$M tYof+sdf cGt/1fgsf] vf]hLM b[Zof+sg -u|u] / cfOZr_
tYof+s b[Zof+sg ug{] tl/sf l;Sg'
b[Zof+sg ubf{ 8]6fl;6nfO{ gf}nf] tl/sfn] x]g{ ;lsG5 . tYof+snfO{ w]/} lsl;dn] b[Zodf abNg ;lsG5 .
t'ngfTds ¿kdf yf]/} tYof+s cWoog ug{sf nflu tflnsf Psbd} pkof]uL x'G5g\ . tflnsfn] zLif{s /
c+snfO{ ;a}eGbf a9L ;+ul7t / Jojl:yt 9+un] b]vfOlbG5 . tYof+s 5fGg] / lkmN6/ ug{] Ifdtf 5 eg]
o;af6 w]/} s'/f b]lvG5 . P8jf8{ 6ˆ6]n] tflnsfdf ;fgf rf6{ agfpFbf /fd|f] x'G5 eg]sf 5g\ . pbfx/0fsf
nflu, x/]s nx/ -/f]_ sf] Pp6f af/ cyjf ;fgf] nfOg rf6{ -h;nfO{ :kfs{nfOg klg elgG5_ . t/ dfly
elgP e}+m tflnsfn] ;a} s'/f b]vfpg ;Sb}g . tflnsfn] Pp6} 8fod]G;gsf cfp6lno/ dfq b]vfpg
;S5 . h:t} ;a}eGbf a9L s/ ltg{] bzj6f sDkgL, ;a}eGbf a9L c+s Nofpg] bz hgf ljBfyL{ cflb .
t/ w]/} 8fod]G;gnfO{ Ps} k6s -pbfx/0fsf nflu, ljleGg ;dosf ljleGg b]zsf] hg;+Vof_ b]vfpg
o;n] ;Sb}g .
;fdfGotof, rf6{df tYof+sdf ePsf ljleGg 8fod]G;gnfO{ ljleGg cfsf/df b[Zosf ¿kdf b]vfpg
;lsG5 . b[Zof+sgsf pkof]u ug{ ;lsg] ljleGg tl/sf / ltgsf kmfObfsf af/]df w]/} n]lv;lsPsf
5g\ . 5f]6s/LdfM /ª x]g{ sl7g x'G5, cjl:ylt ;a}yf]s xf] . pbfx/0fsf nflu, :Sof6/Kn6df 7f8f] /
t];f{] nfOgdf b'O{ vfnsf hfgsf/L /flvG5g\ . /ª cyjf ;+s]tsf] cfsf/n] t];|f] 8fod]G;g klg b]vfpg
;lsG5 . klxn]b]lv clxn];Dd lg/Gt/ rln/x]sf] s'g} s'/fsf] k|ult b]vfpg nfOg rf6{ pkof]uL x'G5 eg]
lglZrt ju{sf tYof+ssf] t'ngf ug{sf nflu af/ rf6{ /fd|f] x'G5 . o;df km/s vfnsf hfgsf/L Psdfly
csf{] u/L vK6Øfpg ldN5 .
159
lrq %=%M 6ˆ6]sf] ;NnfxM :kfs{nfOg -u|u] / cfoZr_
xfdLn] rnfpg] clwsf+z tYof+s dflg;;Fu ;DalGwt x'G5g\ . gS;fn] tYof+snfO{ ef}lts ;+;f/;Fu
hf]l8lbG5 . ck/fwsf 36gfsf] 8]6fl;6nfO{ lncf}+ . o;af6 ck/fw sxfF x'G5g\ eGg] s'/f b]vfpg
;lsG5 . pQ/L e]udf s:tf] 5 < blIf0fL e]udf s:tf] 5 < ufpF / zx/sf] cj:yf s:tf] 5 <
u|fkm b[Zof+sgsf] csf{] dxTjk"0f{ ljlw xf] . o;n] b'O{ vfnsf tYof+ssf aLrsf ;DaGw b]vfpF5 . ;a}
8]6fl;6df b'O{j6f hfgsf/Lsf aLrdf ;DaGw ePsf] gx'g ;S5 . eP klg To:tf] ;DaGw ?lrs/ / dxTjk"0f{
gx'g ;S5 . o'P; l;g]6 ;f];n u|fkm -slate.me/senate-social_ o;sf] /fd|f] pbfx/0f xf] .
cfk"mn] b]v]sf s'/fsf] ljZn]if0f / JofVof ug{'
tYof+snfO{ b[Zodf abn]kl5 To; b[Zodf s] b]lvG5 egL x]g{'k5{ . olt a]nf oL k|Zgsf] hjfkm vf]hg'k5{M
• o; b[Zodf d}n] s] b]v]+ < d}n] klxn] o:t} xf]nf egL cg'dfg u/]sf] lyPF <
• o;df s'g} /f]rs 9fFrf 5g\ <
• tYof+ssf ;Gbe{df o;sf] s] cy{ nfU5 <
slxn]sfxL+ xfdLn] tof/ u/]sf] b[Zo ;'Gb/ eP klg To;n] tYof+ssf af/]df s]xL klg gatfpg
;S5 . t/ h'g;'s} tYof+snfO{ klg b[Zodf abNbf s]xL g s]xL s'/f l;lsG5 . ;fgf] s'/f g}
lsg gxf];\ .
160
lrq %=^M snf]/f]Kn]y gS;f -u|u] / cfoZr_
cfk"mn] kfPsf] cGt/1fg / cfk"mn] u/]sf sfdsf] /]s8{ /fVg'k5{
of] sfd 8]6fl;6df lx+8\g] ofqf xf] eg] o;sf nflu s] s] sfd u/]+ egL /]s8{ /fVg' ofqfsf]
b}lgsL /fVg' h:tf] xf] . o;n] xfdL sxfF sxfF uof}+, s] s] b]Vof}+ / ca stf hfg] egL lg0f{o
s;/L u¥of}+ eGg] s'/f atfpF5 . tYof+s klxnf] kN6 b]v]s} a]nfb]lvsf] /]s8{ /fVbf /fd|f] x'G5 .
klxn] slxNo} gb]v]sf tYof+s b]Vbf xfdLn] To;af6 s]xL s'/f kfOPnf eGg] cfzf / cg'dfg u/]sf x'G5f}+ .
xfdLn] lglZrt tYof+sdf ?lr /fv]/ tL tYof+s vf]Hg'sf k5fl8 s]xL sf/0f x'g ;S5g\ . o; s'/fsf] klg
/]s8{ /fVg' pko'St x'G5 . xfdLnfO{ ;'?df s] nfu]sf] lyof] eGg] n]v]/ /fVbf cfˆgf k"jf{u|x yfxf kfpg
/ tYof+snfO{ unt JofVof ug{ ;lsg] hf]lvd 36fpg ;lhnf] x'G5 .
dnfO{ o:tf] /]s8{ /fVg' ;a}eGbf 7"nf] s'/f xf] h:tf] nfU5 . w]/}nfO{ of] sfd lsg ug{'k¥of]
/ h:tf] nfU5 . tn lbOPsf] pbfx/0fdf b]lvP e}+m xfdLn] w]/} k6s tYof+s Knl6ª ug{'k5{,
ltgnfO{ w]/} sf]0faf6 x]g{'k5{ . kGw|j6f rf6{ x]bf{ cndlng ;lsG5, vf;u/L sfd yfn]sf]
s]xL ;dokl5 . oL tYof+s -xfdL / xfdLn] xfd|f lgrf]8 h;nfO{ atfpg rfx]sf x'G5f}+ ltgnfO{_
Tolt a]nf dfq pkof]uL x'G5g\ hlt a]nf ltgnfO{ tL tYof+s tof/ ePsf] ;Gbe{;Fu hf]8]/ k|:t't
ul/G5 . To;}n] xfdLn] lgDg s'/fsf] l6kf]6 ul//fVg'k5{M
161
• of] rf6{ lsg agfpg nfluPsf] xf] <
• o;sf nflu d}n] tYof+snfO{ s] s] u/]+ <
• o; rf6{n] s] atfPsf] 5 <
tYof+ssf] ¿kfGt/0f
tYof+snfO{ b[Zodf kl/0ft u/]/ cWoog ubf{ kfOPsf] cGt/1fgsf cfwf/df ca d}n] s] ug{'k5{ eGg] s'/f
yfxf x'g ;S5 . 8]6fl;6df lglZrt vfnsf] /f]rs 9fFrf e]l6of] eg] To; 9fFrfsf af/]df ulx/fOdf k'u]/
x]g{'k5{ .
tYof+snfO{ ¿kfGt/0f ug{] s]xL tl/sf oL x'g\M
h'd ug{]
b[Zodf lglZrt s'/fnfO{ glhsaf6 x]g{], ulxl/P/ x]g{] .
Ps¶f ug{]
w]/}j6f tYof+snfO{ Pp6} ;d"xdf ldnfpg] .
5fGg]
clxn]sf nflu Tolt w]/} dxTjk"0f{ gePsf ;"rgf -c:yfoL ¿kn]_ x6fpg] .
cfp6lno/ x6fpg]
(( k|ltzt 8]6fl;6;Fu gldNg] vfnsf ;"rgfsf cfp6lno/ x6fpg] .
dfgf}+ xfdLn] Pp6f u|fkm agfof}+ . t/ o;n] s]xL klg s'/f atfPg . o;f] ePkl5 s]xL ;"rgfnfO{
x6fP/ tYof+snfO{ ¿kfGt/0f ug{ ;lsG5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu, bftf /fi6«n] ljleGg b]znfO{ lbPsf]
k};fsf] k|jfx x]g{ vf]lhPsf] 5 eg] lglZrt /sdeGbf tnsf /sd b]vfpg] ;a} tYof+s x6fpg
;lsG5 .
s'g 6'n pkof]u ug{]
of] k|Zgsf] hjfkm ;lhnf] 5}g . tYof+snfO{ b[Zodf abNg] ;a} 6'n s'g} g s'g} sfdsf nflu /fd|f
5g\ . b[Zof+sg / tYof+snfO{ ljleGg sf]0faf6 x]g{] sfd ;lhnf] / ;:tf] x'g'k5{ . b[Zoaf6 s'g}
lglZrt hfgsf/L x6fpg 306f}+ nfUg] vfnsf ljlw ckgfpg' x'Fb}g . o;f] ug{] 6'n l;Sg] sfObf
hfGg' x'Fb}g eg]sf] xf]Og . t/ pkof]u ug{] a]nfdf l56f]5l/tf] u/L u'0f:t/Lo sfd ug{ ;xof]u ug{]
6'n /f]Hg''k5{ .
tYof+snfO{ ljleGg sf]0faf6 x]g{] / b[Zof+sg ug{] oL b'j} sfd ug{ ;Sg] vfnsf] 6'n rnfpg' pQd
162
x'G5 . oL b'O{j6f sfdsf nflu cnu cnu 6'n pkof]u u/]sf v08df tYof+snfO{ w]/} k6s ODkf]6{
/ PS;kf]6{ ug{'k5{ . tYof+s b[Zof+sg ug{ / tYof+snfO{ ljleGg sf]0faf6 x]g{ sfd nfUg] s]xL 6'n
tn lbOPsf 5g\M
• LibreOffice, Excel or Google Docs
• R (r-project.org) or Pandas (pandas.py- data.org)
• (GIS) like Quantum GIS, ArcGIS, or GRASS
• d3.js (mbostock.github.com/d3), Prefuse (prefuse.org), or Flare (flare.prefuse.org)
• Google Refine or Datawrangler
• ManyEyes or Tableau Public (ta- bleausoftware.com/products/public)
dfly lbOPsf gd'gf b[Zo agfpg cf/
ax'pkof]uL 6'n xf] .
-r-project.org) sf]
k|of]u ul/Psf] lyof] . b[Zofs+gsf dfdnfdf of]
Pp6f pbfx/0fM lgjf{rg cleofgsf nflu p7fOsf] rGbf ;DaGwL tYof+s a'e\mg] sfd
cd]l/sfsf] /fi6«klt kbsf nflu ePsf] lgjf{rg cleofgsf nflu ljleGg pDd]bjf/nfO{ ljleGg dflg;n]
-o; ;DaGwL sf/f]af/ $ nfv %) xhf/ k6s ePsf lyP_ lbPsf ;xof]u ;DaGwL 8]6fl;6 x]/f}+ . o;sf]
l;P;eL kmfOn ^) d]ufafO6sf] lyof] . PS;]n h:tf k|f]u|fdn] olt 7"nf] tYof+s k|zf]wg ug{ ;Sb}gg\ .
;a}eGbf klxn] d of] 8]6fl;6 kfpFbf cfk"mnfO{ s] nfUof] ;f] s'/f n]V5' . h:t},
•cf]afdfn] ;a}eGbf w]/} rGbf kfPsf] x'g'k5{ -lsgeg] pgL /fi6«klt r'lgPsf 5g\ / pgL ;aeGbf
nf]slk|o lyP_ .
• r'gfjsf] ldlt glhls+b} ubf{ rGbf lbg] qmd a9]sf] x'g'k5{ .
•yf]/} /sd rGbf lbg]dWo] w]/}n] l/klAnsg pDd]bjf/nfO{ eGbf cf]afdfnfO{ a9L rGbf lbPsf
lyP .
klxnf] k|Zgsf] hjfkm kfpgsf nflu xfdLn] tYof+snfO{ ¿kfGt/ ug{'k5{ . rGbfsf ;a} $ nfv %) xhf/
sf/f]af/ x]g{'sf ;§f s'g pDd]bjf/n] s'n slt rGbf kfP egL x]g{'k5{ . x/]s pDd]bjf/n] kfPsf] s'n rGbf
;DaGwL ljj/0f tnsf] h:tf] b[Zodf kl/0ft ubf{ cf]afdfn] kfPsf /x]5g\ eg]/ olsg ug{ ;lsG5 .
o;af6 s;n] a9L / s;n] 36L rGbf kfof] eGg] s'/f b]lvP klg oL pDd]bjf/n] kfPsf rGbfaLrsf]
cGt/ h:tf dxTjk"0f{ hfgsf/L b]lv+b}gg . lrq %=& sf] rf6{ -h;nfO{ æ86 rf6{Æ elgG5_ df dflysf]
tflnsfdf lbOPsf ;a} hfgsf/Lsf ;fy} yk hfgsf/L klg e]l6G5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu, o;df cf]afdf /
/f]ldof]n] clg cf]afdf / k]/Ln] kfPsf] rGbfaLrsf] cGt/ kQf nufpg hf]836fp ul//fVg' kb{}g, of] s'/f :k6
b]lvG5 -gf]6M of] 86rf6{ agfpg cf/ pkof]u ul/Psf] lyof] . o; v08sf] cGTodf o;sf] ;f];{ sf]8sf]
ln+s lbOPsf] 5_ .
ca 8]6fl;6sf] lj:t[t hfgsf/Llt/ Wofg lbcf}+ . ;a}eGbf klxn] d}n] ;a}n] lbPsf rGbfsf] ljj/0fnfO{
;/n Kn6df /fv]/ x]g{ ldNg] agfPF . tLgj6f afx]s ;a} sf/f]af/sf /sd Psbd} yf]/} lyP . yk cg';Gwfg
ubf{ s] s'/f yfxf eof] eg] oL rGbf æcf]afdf lhtfpm sf]if @)!@Æ af6 cfPsf /x]5g\ . oL rGbf h"g @(,
;]K6]Da/ @( / l8;]Da/ #) df lbOPsf /x]5g\ .
163
Candidate Amount ($)
Obama, Barack72,453,620.39
Romney, Mitt50,372,334.87
Perry, Rick18,529,490.47
Paul, Ron11,844,361.96
Cain, Herman7,010,445.99
Gingrich, Newt6,311,193.03
Pawlenty, Timothy4,202,769.03
Huntsman, Jon2,955,726.98
Bachmann, Michelle2,607,916.06
Santorum, Rick1,413,552.45
Johnson, Gary Earl413,276.89
Roemer, Charles E. Buddy III
291,218.80
McCotter, Thaddeus G37,030.00
lrq %=&M tYof+sdf cGt/lglxt 9fFrf b]vfpg] b[Zo -u|u] / cfoZr_
cf]afdf lhtfpm sf]ifdfk{mt cfPsf] /sdsf af/]df ;a}eGbf 7"nf] :6f]/L agfpg ;lsG5 eGg] s'/fdf
z+sf 5}g . To; afx]s c¿ :6f]/L klg kfOG5g\ ls eg]/ x]g{ /dfOn} x'G5 . xfd|f] lrqdf w]/} /sdsf
rGbf klg ePsfn] ;fgf rGbfbftfn] lbPsf] rGbf cf]e]mndf k/]sf 5g\ . ltgsf af/]df yk hfgsf/L
kfpg 7"nf rGbfsf sf/f]af/ ;DaGwL tYof+snfO{ x6fOlbpFm . o;f] ug{'nfO{ ;fdfGotof cfp6lno/
l/d'en elgG5 . o;/L csf{] lsl;dn] b[Zof+sg u/]kl5 o:tf] b]lvG5M rGbf -/ rGbflkmtL{_ sf
clwsf+z sf/f]af/ !) xhf/ 8n/b]lv dfOg; % xhf/ 8n/sf aLrsf /x]5g\ .
cd]l/sfsf] lgod cg';f/ JolQmn] Ps hgf pDd]bjf/nfO{ @,%)) 8n/eGbf a9L rGbf lbg kfpFb}g .
dflysf] Kn6df xfdLn] s] b]Vof}+ eg] w]/} sf/f]af/ lgodn] tf]s]sf] xbeGbf a9L /sdsf 5g\ . xfd|f]
Wofg d] dlxgfdf ePsf b'O{j6f 7"nf /sdsf sf/f]af/lt/ uof] . oL sf/f]af/ h"g / h'nfO{df rGbf
lkmtf{ ul/Psf sf/f]af/;Fu ;DalGwt eP h:tf] b]lvG5 . yk cWoog ubf{ tnsf hfgsf/L kfOof]M
164
lrq %=*M tLgj6f 7"nf k|fks -u|u] / cfoZr_
• d] !) df ;g k|mflG;:sf]sf a]Gg]s/ kf6{g;{df sfd ug{] :6]k]mg h]D; 8]le;n] cf]afdfnfO{ @%,*))
rGbf lbP .
•d] @% df lnl§n /ssL, d'k{]m ;d"xdf sfd ug{] l;lGyof d'k{]mn] cf]afdfnfO{ ##,#)) 8n/
lbOg\ .
•h"g !% df l;lGyof d'k{]mnfO{ #),*)) 8n/ lkmtf{ ul/of] . o;f] ubf{ pgn] rGbf lbPsf]
@,%)) 8n/ x'gk'Uof] .
•h'nfO{ !* df :6]k]mG; h]D; 8]le;nfO{ @%,*)) 8n/ lkmtf{ ul/of] . pgn] rGbf lbPsf]
z"Godf em¥of] .
cfp6lno/ x6fpFbf -u|u] / cfOor_
165
8n/
rGbf
/sd
/sd
oL cfFs8fdf /f]rs s'/f s] 5g\ < l;lGyof d'k{]mnfO{ #),*)) 8n/ lkmtf{ ul/of] . cd]l/sfsf] lgod
cg';f/ JolQmn] /fli6«o kf6L{ sld6LnfO{ x/]s jif{ #),*)) 8n/ dfq rGbf lbg kfpF5g\ . d'k{]mn]
pDd]bjf/nfO{ lbg kfOg] @,%)) 8n/ / /fli6«o kf6L{ s]Gb|Lo sld6LnfO{ lbg kfOg] #),*)) 8n/
u/L ##,#)) Psd'i6 lbPsL lyOg\ xf]nf . To;}n] pgnfO{ #),*)) lkmtf{ u/]/ pgLn] lbPsf] @,%))
8n/ -cGo sld6LnfO{ JolQmn] lbg kfpg] clwstd rGbf_ dfq :jLsf/ ul/of] .
clGtdsf] Kn6df, t];f{] /]vfn] l/klAnsg pDd]bjf/nfO{ lbPsf] rGbf -%,))) 8n/b]lv lnP/ dfOg; @,%))
8n/;Dd_ b]vfPsf] 5 . of] /f]rs 5 . o;sf af/]df yk hfGg d}n] l/klAnsgn] dfq kfPsf] rGbfnfO{
b[Zodf abn]+ . o;f] ubf{ c¿ lsl;dn] b]Vg g;lsg] 9fFrf k|:6 x'g uof] .
lrq %=!)M cfp6lno/ @ x6fpFbf -u|u] / cfoZr_
o;df xfdL s] b]Vg ;S5f}+ eg] l/klAnsg pDd]bjf/n] w]/} k6s %,))) 8n/ rGbf kfPsf 5g\ . o;df
!,@$# k6s rGbf kmsf{Psf] klg b]lvPsf] 5 . of] s'n rGbfsf] )=# k|ltzt dfq xf] t/ rGbf kmsf{Psf]
b'O{j6f ;dosf aLrdf plt g} ;do x'gfn] rGbf kmsf{Psf] b]vfpg] nfOg klg nfdf] b]lvPsf] 5 . o;n]
s] klg b]vfpF5 eg] rGbfbftfn] JolQmn] pDd]bjf/nfO{ lbg kfpg] clwstd /sd -@,%)) 8n/_ eGbf a9L
rGbf lbPsf lyP . kmn:j¿k, a9L /sd kmsf{OPsf] 5 . To;}n] dfOg; @,%)) 8n/sf] klg nfOg b]lvPsf]
5 . af/fs cf]afdfnfO{ lbPsf] rGbfdf o:tf] b]lvPsf] 5}g .
oxfF /f]rs s'/f s] 5 eg] Ps hgf JolQmn] Ps hgf pDd]bjf/nfO{ @,%)) 8n/eGbf a9L rGbf lbg
kfOFb}g eGg] s'/f xhf/f}+ l/klAnsgn] lsg yfxf kfPgg\ < of] s'/f yfxf kfpgsf nflu xfdLn] s'g s'g
pDd]bjf/nfO{ slt hgfn] %,))) 8n/eGbf a9L rGbf lbPsf lyP egL x]¥of}+ .
of] cln lau|]sf] b[Zo xf] lsgeg] o;df x/]s pDd]bjf/nfO{ JolQmn] slt /sd rGbf lbPsf lyP egL
b]lvPsf] 5}g . csf{] Kn6df eg] x/]s pDd]bjf/n] kfPsf rGbfdWo] slt k|ltzt %,))) 8n/eGbf dflysf
lyP egL b]vfOPsf] 5 .
166
lrq %=!!M cfp6lno/ # x6fpFbf -u|u] / cfoZr_
lrq %=!@M k|lt pDd]bjf/ rGbf -u|u] / cfoZr_
o;af6 l;lsPsf] kf7
gofF 8]6fl;6sf] b[ZofTds ljZn]if0f ubf{ gofF 7fpFdf e|d0f u/] h:tf] nfU5 . To; 7fpFsf nflu
cfk"m gf}nf] eP h:tf] nfU5 lsgeg] cfk"m;Fu tYof+s / s]xL cg'dfg dfq x'G5g\ t/ x/]s kfOnf
rfNbf, x/]s rf6{ x]bf{ ljifoj:t';Fu ;DalGwt gofF cGt/1fg kfOG5 . o;sf cfwf/df ca s] ug{]
/ s'g kIfsf af/]df yk hfgsf/L vf]Hg] egL lg0f{o ug{'k5{ . o; v08df s] klg b]lvPsf] 5
eg] b[Zof+sg ug{], ljZn]if0f ug{] / tYof+s ¿kfGt/0f ug{] sfd w]/} k6s bf]xf]¥ofpg'kg{] x'g ;S5 .
167
lrq %=!#M l;g]6/nfO{ k};f s;n] lbof] < x]/s pDd]bjf/n] kfPsf] rGbf -u|u] / cfoZr_
;f];{ sf]8 lng';\
oL ;a} rf6{ xfdLn] cf/ gfds /fd|f] / zlQmzfnL ;ˆ6j]o/n] agfPsf xf}+ . of] b[Zof+sgs} nflu
dfq eg]/ agfOPsf] 6'n xf] . tYof+snfO{ b[Zof+sg ug{] / ljleGg b[li6sf]0faf6 x]g{] ;a} ljlw o;
;ˆ6j]o/df 5g\ eGbf x'G5 . o; ;ˆ6j]o/sf] pkof]u u/]/ b[Zof+sg ug{ / tYof+snfO{ ljleGg
sf]0faf6 x]g{ ;lsG5 . o; v08df lbOPsf rf6{sf] ;f];{ sf]8 tn lbOPsf 5g\M
• dotchart: contributions per candidate
• plot: all contributions over time
• plot: contributions by authorized committees
o; af/]df yk s'/f l;sfpg] w]/} lstfa kfOG5g\ .
— -u|]u/ cfoZr_, cf]kg gn]h kmfpG8];g
168
v08 ^
tYof+ssf] k|:t'lt
169
tYof+s /fd|f];Fu x]l/;s]kl5 / ltgsf cfwf/df /fd|f] :6f]/L agfpg ;lsG5 h:tf] nfu]kl5 cfk"mn] atfpg
rfx]sf s'/f s;/L k|:t't ug{] egL ljrf/ ug{'k5{ . oxfF ;'?df xfdLn] tYof+s kqsfl/tfsf cu'jfx¿n]
tYof+s s;/L -OGkmf]u|flkmS;, cf]kg 8]6f Kn]6kmd{, 8fpgln+s, ln+s cflbdfk{mt_ k|:t't u/]sf lyP egL
pbfx/0f lbPsf 5f}+ . To;kl5 Go'h Pk s;/L agfpg] / tYof+snfO{ b[Zodf s;/L abNg] eGg]af/]df lj:t[t
¿kdf rrf{ u/]sf 5f}+ . cGTodf, cl8oG;nfO{ xfd|f] sfddf ;+nUg u/fO/fVg s] ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] ljifodf
5nkmn ul/Psf] 5 .
tYof+ssf] k|:t'lt
cl8oG;nfO{ tYof+s atfpg] w]/} tl/sf 5g\M :6f]/Lsf ;fydf k"/} tYof+s k|sflzt ug{], ;'Gb/ b[Zo
tof/ ug{], cGt/lqmofTds j]a PlKns];g agfpg] . tYof+snfO{ cl8oG; ;dIf s;/L k|:t't ug{]
eg]/ xfdLn] o; If]qsf cu'jf kqsf/nfO{ ;f]w]sf lyof}+ . pgLx¿n] eg]sf s'/f tn lbOPsf 5g\ .
b[Zodf abNg] ls gabNg] <
s'g} a]nfdf tYof+sn] zAb cyjf kmf]6f]n] eGbf /fd|f];Fu :6f]/L eGg ;S5 . o;n] ubf{ cfhef]ln
w]/} ;dfrf/ sIfdf æGo'h PlKns];gÆ / ætYof+s b[Zof+sgÆ h:tf zAb af/Daf/ ;'lgG5g\ . clxn]
tYof+snfO{ b[Zosf dfWodaf6 elgg] :6f]/Ldf abNg ;xof]u ug{] Psbd} w]/} 6'n / k|ljlw pknAw
5g\ h;nfO{ k|ljlw rnfpg plt ghfGg] kqsf/n] klg k|of]u ug{ ;S5g\ . tLdWo] w]/}j6f lgMz'Ns
kfOG5g\ .
u'un ô'hg 6]an, d]gL cfOh, 6\ofAn', l8lk6L h:tf 6'nn] gS;f, rf6{, u|fkm / tYof+s PlKns];g;Dd
agfpg ;lsG5 . oL sfd o;cl3 o; If]qsf ljz]if1n] dfq ug{ ;Sy] . k|ljlwn] o; sfdnfO{ ;/n kf/]
sfn] ca kqsf/n] 8]6fl;6nfO{ b[Zodf abNg ;lsG5 ls ;ls+b}g eg]/ lrGtf ug{'k/]sf] 5}g, a? To;f]
ug{'k5{ ls kb{}g eg]/ ;f]Rg'k/]sf] 5 . tYof+snfO{ g/fd|f] -bit.ly/niemanlab-wordcloud_ lsl;dn] b[Zodf
k|:t't ug{'eGbf b[Zodf abNg] sf]l;; ub{} gu/]sf] a]; x'G5 .
— cf/f]g l˚Nxf]km/, Go' of]s{ 6fOD;
l:qmK6 /fd|f];Fu n]Vg] xf], Plgd];g /fd|f] agfpg] xf] / :ki6 x'g] u/L JofVof ug{] xf] eg] df];g u|flkmS;dfk{mt
hl6n ljifonfO{ hLjGt agfpg / cfˆgf cl8oG;nfO{ :6f]/L atfpg ;lsG5 . xfG; /fl:nªsf]
lel8of] n]Sr/ tYof+snfO{ l:qmgdf k|:t't ubf{ slt hLjGt x'G5 eGg] s'/fsf] /fd|f] pbfx/0f xf] .
Osf]gld:6n] pkof]u u/]sf] ljlw;Fu xfdL ;xdt eP klg geP klg p;n] pkof]u u/]sf] z'–6fj;{ OG8]S;
-econ.st/shoethrowers_ gDa/df cfwfl/t :6f]/L eGg lel8of] s;/L k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] /fd|f] pbfx/0f
xf] . o; u|flkmsnfO{ l:y/ u|flkmS;sf ¿kdf pkof]u ug{ x'Fb}g . Ps kl5 csf{] u/L pgLx¿n] of] OG8]S;
agfPsf 5g\ . df];g u|flkmS; / 5f]6f] Plgd];gn] cl8oG;nfO{ pgLx¿n] ;'lg/x]sf s'/f lbdfudf hf]8;Fu
6fFl;lbG5g\ . JofVof ug{] lel8of]df EjfO;–cf]e/ /fv]df :6f]/L zlQmzfnL / kl5;Dd cl8oG;n] ;Demg]
vfnsf] x'G5 .
— n'n' lkGg]O{, lk|mnfG; OGkmf]u|flkms l8hfOg/
170
;+;f/nfO{ :6f]/L atfpg]
xfd|f] sfd PS;]naf6 ;'? x'G5 . ?lrs/ hfgsf/L ePsf tYof+snfO{ t'?Gt} :6f]/Ldf abNg] Psbd}
;lhnf] tl/sf xf] PS;]n . tYof+sdf s]xL bd 5 h:tf] nfUof] eg] xfdL ;dfrf/ sIfdf hfG5f}+ .
b ufl8{ogdf xfdL ;dfrf/ sIfsf] 5]j}df a:g kfPsf 5f}+ . of] xfd|f] ;f}efUo xf] . To;kl5 o;nfO{
s;/L b[Zodf abNg'knf{ cyjf b]vfpg'knf{ eg]/ xfdL ljrf/ u5f{}+ . To;kl5 o;sf ;fydf /flvg]
;dfrf/ n]V5f}+ . n]v]sf a]nfdf d :k|]8l;6sf] 5f]6s/L ;+:s/0f klg ;Fu} /fV5' . /f]rs s'/fsf
af/]df n]Vbf d k|fozM clnslt ljZn]if0f klg /fV5' . To;kl5 d :6f]/L kf]:6 u5{' / o;nfO{
6\jL6 ug{, dflg;nfO{ o;sf af/]df atfpg / ;xL dflg;n] o;sf] ln+s /flvlbpmg\ eGgfsf nflu
s]xL ;do latfpF5' .
xfd|f] ;fO6 lelh6 ug{]dWo] cfwf 6\jL6/ / k]m;a'saf6 cfpg] u5{g\ . xfdLnfO{ s] s'/fdf uj{ 5
eg] xfd|f] 8]6fAnudf cfpg] lelh6/n] Pp6f cfl6{sndf cf};tdf ^ ldg]6 latfpF5g\ . b ufl8{ogsf
afFsL j]a;fO6df cfpg] lelh6/n] Pp6f cfl6{sndf cf};tdf ! ldg]6 dfq latfpF5g\ . ^ ldg]6
lgs} a9L xf] . 6«flkmssf] ljZn]if0f ubf{ lelh6/n] Pp6f k]hdf slt ;do latfpF5g\ eGg] s'/fnfO{
dxTjk"0f{ dflgG5 .
o;sf cfwf/df xfdL xfd|f ;fyLx¿nfO{ xfd|f sfdsf] dxTj 5 eGg] s'/fdf ;xdt u/fpg ;S5f}+ . xfd|f
o:tf sfd / tYof+sdf cfwfl/t -COINS, WikiLeaks and theUKriots h:tf_ :6f]/Lsf af/]df b ufl8{ogsf]
;dfrf/ sIfsf ;a} ;fyLx¿nfO{ yfxf 5 . sf]OG; :6f]/Ldf o's] ;/sf/n] tYof+s k|sflzt u/]kl5 ltgsf
af/]df %–^ hgf ljz]if1 l/kf]6{/n] cfˆgf ljrf/ lbP . o's] ;/sf/n] cfˆgf] vr{ ;DaGwL tYof+s ;fj{hlgs
u/]sf a]nf klg knL sl6{; h:tf Vofltk|fKt l/kf]6{/ nufot %–^ hgfsf] l6dn] sfd u/]sf] lyof] .
ljlslnS; klg 7"nf] sfd lyof] h;af6 O/fs / ckmuflg:tfgsf ;DaGwdf w]/} :6f]/L tof/ eP . b+uf
;DaGwL :6f]/L klg lgs} 7"nf] lyof] . o;;Fu ;DalGwt :6f]/L 5flkPkl5sf b'O{ lbgdf % nfv %) xhf/
lelh6/n] tL ;dfrf/ x]/] .
oL :6f]/L 5flkPsf a]nfdf dfq pkof]uL geO{ kl5;Dd pkof]uL ePsf 5g\ . oL ;"rgfsf e/ kbf{
;|f]t ag]sf 5g\ . xfdL xfd|f] ;fO6nfO{ xfdLn] :6f]/L 5fk]sf ljifodf /fd|f, cy{k"0f{ ;"rgf kfOg]
7fpF agfpg rfxG5f}+ .
tYof+s k|sfzg
xfdLn] xfd|f ;fO6df tYof+snfO{ b[Zosf ¿kdf /fVbf k"/} tYof+ssf] ln+s klg /fV5f}+ . 8]6fl;6
;a}n] ;lhn};Fu 8fpgnf]8 ug{ ;Sg] u/L . xfd|f kf7sn] b[Zodf cGt/lqmof u/]/ xfd|f]
:6f]/L;Fu ;DalGwt tYof+s cfk}+m cWoog ug{ ;S5g\ cyjf tL tYof+snfO{ cfˆg} lsl;dn] pkof]u ug{
;S5g\ . o;f] ug{ lsg h¿/L 5 < o;f] ubf{ b l;of6n 6fOD;sf] kf/blz{tf a9\5 . xfdL cfk"mn]
hf]8bf/ lgisif{ lgsfNg pkof]u u/]sf tYof+s oL x'g\ egL kf7snfO{ tL tYof+s b]vfpg] Joj:yf
u5f{}+ . tL tYof+s s;n] pkof]u u5{ < xfd|f cfnf]rsn] t pkof]u u5{g\ g}, To; afx]s :6f]/Ldf
?lr /fVg] hf] sf]xLn] klg x]g{ ;S5g\ . o;f] ubf{ xfd|f cfnf]rs / kf7sn] xfdLn] s] hfgsf/L
lbg / s] s] sfd ug{ 5'6fof}+ egL cf}+NofOlbG5g\ . kqsfl/tfsf nflu oL Hofb} dxTjk"0f{ s'/f x'g\ .
— z]o{n lkmlnK;, b l;of6n 6fOD;
171
tYof+s ;a}nfO{ lbg]
xfdLn] :6f]/L tof/ ug{ pkof]u u/]sf tYof+s xfd|f :6f]/Lsf pkef]QmfnfO{ lbg' pko'Qm x'G5 . o;sf
w]/} sf/0f 5 . o;f] ubf{ kf7s xfdLn] :6f]/L tof/ ubf{ tYof+snfO{ aª\UofP/ unt lgisif{ lgsfn]sf
5}gf}+ eGg] s'/fdf ljZj:t x'G5g\ . ;dfh lj1fgsf] cWoog cg';Gwfg ubf{ cfk"mn] u/] h:tf] cWoog c¿
s;}n] ug{ rfxG5 eg] To;nfO{ ;lhnf] agfOlbg] k/Dk/f 5 . kf7snfO{ tYof+s k9\g lbof] eg] pgLx¿n] gofF
:6f]/Lsf cfOl8of lbg ;S5g\ h;sf cfwf/df xfdL kmnf]ck :6f]/L ug{ ;S5f}+ . tYof+sdf ?lr /fVg] kf7s
o;/L xfd|f] :6f]/Ldf ;xefuL x'g kfP eg] pgLx¿ xfd|f] ;fO6df cfO/G5g\ .
— l:6e 8f]Ou, jfN6/ qmf]GqmfO6 :s"n ckm hgf{lnhd, Pl/hf]gf :6]6 o'lgel;{6L
tYof+s ;j{;'ne agfpg] Kn]6kmd{ agfpg
nf gfl;of]gdf tYof+s kqsfl/tf ;DaGwL sfd ubf{ xfdL cfk"mn] pkof]u u/]sf tYof+s kf7snfO{ pknAw
u/fpF5f}+ . ch{]lG6gfdf ;"rgfsf] xs ;DaGwL P]g 5}g / /fli6«o tYof+s /fVg] kf]6{n klg 5}g . To;}n] xfdLn]
:6f]/L tof/ ug{ pkof]u u/]sf tYof+s cfd dflg;nfO{ pknAw u/fpg'k5{ eGg] 7fGof}+ .
o;n] ubf{ xfdL ;a} tYof+s xfd|f] PsLs[t Kn]6kmd{ h'gf/ -data.lanacion.com.ar_ / u'un :k|]8l;6dfk{mt
k|sflzt u5f}{+ . xfdL tYof+snfO{ k'gM k|of]u ug{ c¿nfO{ ;an agfpF5f}+, To;f] ug{ k|f]T;fxg lbG5f}+ . o;f]
s;/L ug{] eg]/ lnvt / lel8of]dfk{mt -bit.ly/lanacion-tutorials_ atfpF5f}+ klg .
o; afx]s xfdLn] s]xL 8]6fl;6 / b[Zof+sg ul/Psf] ;fdu|L gfl;of]g8]6f Anudf klg /fVg] u/]sf
5f}+ . ch{]lG6gfdf tYof+s / tYof+s k|sfzg ug{] 6'nnfO{ ;'b[9 agfpgsf nflu xfdLn] o;f] u/]sf
xf}+ . o;f] u/]/ xfdLn] tYof+s s;/L ;+sng u¥of}+ / xfdLn] ;+sng u/]sf tYof+s c¿n] s;/L
k'gM k|of]u ug{ ;S5g\ egL xfdL atfOlbG5f}+ .
k]ma|'c/L @)!@ df of] Kn]6kmd{ ;'? eP otf 8]6fl;6 s;/L pkof]u ug{] eg]/ w]/}n] ;Nnfx /
cfOl8of dfu] . o;f] ug{]dWo] clwsf+z k|fl1s / cg';Gwfg If]qsf dflg; / ljZjljBfnosf ljBfyL{
lyP . pgLx¿n] p7fPsf ;d:ofsf af/]df xfdL hjfkm k7fpF5f}+ . To:tf] hjfkm kfpFbf pgLx¿
xfdLk|lt s[t1 x'G5g\ . kf7s 6\ofAn'df /fv]sf tYof+sdf Jo:t x'G5g\ cyjf pgLx¿ ltgdf l6Kk0fL
klg u5{g\ . oL ;fdu|L xfd|f] ;fO6df ;a}eGbf a9L sd]G6 cfPsf / x]l/Psf ;fdu|L ag]sf 5g\ .
PGh]lnsf k]/fN6f /fdf];, nf gfl;of]g -ch{]lG6gf_
tYof+ssf] dfgjLos/0f
7"nf tYof+s ;DaGwL 5nkmn clxn] ;xdltlt/ hfFb}5 . t/ o; 5nkmndf Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ kIf -dfgjLo
kIf_ z+sf:kb 9+un] x/fpg] u/]sf] 5 . xfdLdWo] w]/}n] tYof+snfO{ dfG5]eGbf cnu ;+Vofsf ¿kdf lnPsf
5f}+ . vf;df tYof+sn] b]Vg ;lsg] -k|fozM dflg;_ j:t'sf] dfkg u5{ . tYof+s dflg;sf] jf:tljs
hLjg;Fu hf]l8Psf x'G5g\ . xfdLn] cfFs8fsf s'/f ubf{ tL cfFs8f jf:tljs ;+;f/df hf];Fu ;DalGwt 5g\
ltgsf af/]df ljrf/ ug{'k5{ .
172
pbfx/0fsf nflu, s'g} 7fpFsf] cjl:ylt ;DaGwL tYof+snfO{ lncf}+ . o; ;DaGwL tYof+s clxn] nfvf}+
kmf]g / df]afOn pks/0fn] lnO/x]sf 5g\ . oL tYof+sn] xfd|f] JolQmut hLjgsf af/]df w]/} s'/f eG5g\ .
cfk"m s'g ;dodf sxfF lyPF eGg] tYof+s gS;fdf /fv]/ ltgnfO{ l/Kn] u/]sf v08df ltgn] xfd|f] hLjgnfO{
/fd|f];Fu ;DemfOlbG5g\ .
xfn o:tf] tYof+s t];|f] kIfn] -PlKns];g agfpg], 7"nf a|fG8jfnf / lj1fkgbftfn]_ pkof]u ul//x]sf
5g\ . o:tf tYof+s bf];|f] kIf -6]lnkmf]g sDkgL / kmf]g tyf pks/0f agfpg]_ n] /fV5g\, oL tYo+fs
pgLx¿sf ;DklQ ePsf 5g\ . oL tYof+s;Fu ;DalGwt k|yd kIf cyf{t\ tkfO{+ oL ;"rgf lng ;Sg'x'Gg,
tL ;"rgf tkfO{+sf] cwLgdf 5}gg\ . Go' of]s{ 6fOD;sf] cg';Gwfg / ljsf; ljefudf xfdLn] cf]kgkfy
(https://openpaths.cc) gfds k|f]h]S6 ;'? u¥of}+ h;n] cfd dflg;nfO{ cjl:ylt ;DaGwL tYof+s x]g{
;Sg] agfPsf] 5 / oL tYof+snfO{ pgLx¿sf] cwLgdf Nofpg ;xof]u u/]sf] 5 . dflg;n] cfˆgf] hLjg /
cg'ej;Fu clt glhssf oL tYof+snfO{ cfˆgf] cwLgdf /fVg] clwsf/ kfpg'k5{ .
kqsf/n] tYof+s;Fu hf]l8Psf] of] dfgjLo kIfdfly k|sfz kfg{ dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Ng'k5{ . o;f] ubf{
dflg;sf] 1fg kl/jt{g ug{ ;Sg] kqsfl/tfsf] zlQmsf] pkof]u x'G5 .
— h/ yf]k, 8]6f cfl6{:6 Og /]lh8]G;M Go' of]s{ 6fOD; cg';Gwfg tyf ljsf; ;d"x
;fj{hlgs tYof+s, ;fj{hlgs ;|f]t, ;fj{hlgs ;dfrf/
;g\ @)!@ l;Q}df ;lhn} ;dfrf/ kfOg] jif{ x'g klg ;S5 . of] xfd|f] ;DkfbsLo ljrf/wf/fsf] ;a}
eGbf dxTjk"0f{ s'/f xf] . xfdLn] xfd|f] klqsfnfO{ oxL ¿kdf :yflkt ug{ vf]h]sf 5f}+ . tYof+sdf
cfwfl/t kqsfl/tf ug{sf nflu xfdLn] v'nf k|lqmof ckgfpg'k5{ . of] k|lqmof tYof+s ;'ne ePsfn]
dfq cl3 a9\g] xf]Og o;sf nflu oL tYof+s pkof]u ug{ rflxg] 6'n klg ;a}nfO{ lgMz'Ns pknAw
x'g'k5{ . xfdLn] o; jif{sf] cGTo;Dddf k|sflzt u/]sf b[Zof+sgsf ;fydf To;;Fu ;DalGwt tYof+s
dfq xf]Og b[Zof+sg ug{ pkof]u ul/Psf] sf]8 klg ;a}nfO{ l;Q}df pknAw u/fpg] cfzf u/]sf 5f}+ .
tYof+snfO{ b[Zodf abNg] w]/}h;f] 6'n clxn] ;a}n] kfpFb}gg\, lgMz'Ns kfpFb}gg\ . s]xLsf]
nfO;]G; ;zt{ lbOPsf] x'G5 . h'g h'g 6'n ;a}nfO{ lgMz'Ns pknAw 5g\ ltgsf cfwf/df h:tf]
rfXof] To:tf] ug{ ;ls+b}g . o;n] ubf{ cfd dflg;n] tYof+snfO{ b[Zodf abNg] sfd ug{ kfPsf
5}gg\ . of] cj:yf x6fpg xfdLn] cGt/lqmofTds 9+un] :6f]/L eGgsf nflu rflxg] 6'n agfP/ lgMz'Ns
pknAw u/fpg] sfd -theMisoProject(@themisoproject_ yfn]sf 5f}+ .
xfdL o; sfdsf af/]df c¿ ;~rf/ dfWod;Fu klg s'/f ul//x]sf 5f}+ . ;a}nfO{, lgMz'Ns pknAw
x'g] ;ˆ6j]o/sf] k"0f{ ;DefJotf dx;'; ug{sf nflu o; If]qdf sfd ul//x]sf ;a}nfO{ ;xefuL
u/fpg'k5{ . o; sfddf xfdL ;kmn eof}+ eg] o;n] xfd|f kf7snfO{ clxn]eGbf Psbd} km/s
cj:yfdf k'¥ofpF5 . pgLx¿n] xfd|f] :6f]/Ldf sd]G6 ug{] sfddf dfq ;Lldt x'g'kb{}g . pgLx¿ au
lkmS; ug{ / tYof+snfO{ xfdLn] g;f]r]sf] tl/sfn] pkof]u ug{;d]t ;Ifd x'G5g\ .
— cfn]:6]o/ 8fG6, b ufl8{og
173
8fpgnf]8 ln+s /flvlbg'
lat]sf kfFr jif{df k|f]h]S6 cyjf n]v tof/ ug{] qmddf d}n] s]xL luufafO6 tYof+s rnfpg'k¥of] . oL
tYof+sdf ;g\ !(^) sf] bzsdf 6fOk/fO6/df 6fOk ul/Psf tflnsfb]lv lnP/ ljlslnS;n] ;fj{hlgs
u/]sf !=% luufafO6 tYof+s;d]t lyP . cfk"mn] kfPsf tYof+s ;a}nfO{ lgMz'Ns / x]g{ ;lsg] 9fFrfdf
k|sfzg ug{ ;DkfbsnfO{ dgfpg hlxn] klg sl7g x'G5 . o; ;d:ofnfO{ 5Ngsf nflu d}n] n]vdf
ætYof+s 8fpgnf]8Æ ln+s /flvlbg] u/]sf] 5' h;df lSns ubf{ xfdLn] pkof]u u/]sf tYof+ssf] kmfOn
cyjf u'un 8s v'N5 . oL tYof+sdf yf]/} dfq o'h/sf] ?lr x'g ;S5 . ;/sf/n] /fv]sf tYof+s x]g{]
dflg; yf]/} dfq ePsf cfwf/df o;f] eg]sf] x'F . t/, yf]/}n] dfq pkof]u u/] eg] klg :6f]/Ldf ln+s lbgsf
nflu vr{ u/]sf] s]xL ldg]6 /fd|f];Fu ;b'kof]u ePsf] dfGg'k5{ .
cfˆgf] If]q yfxf kfpg'
cfˆgf] If]q yfxf kfpg'k5{ . dgf]/~hg lngsf nflu Xofs ug{' / lglZrt p2]Zosf nflu
sfd ug{' km/s s'/f x'g\ . cfˆgf] sfdsf nflu sf] dflg; pko'Qm x'G5 pm;Fu ldn]/ sfd
ug{'k5{ . l8hfOgnfO{ pk]Iff ug{'x'Fb}g . j]a;fO6 pkof]u ug{ ;lhnf] 5 ls 5}g egL x]g{'k5{ . o'h/n]
s:tf] cg'ej u/]sf 5g\ eGg] s'/f yfxf kfpg'k5{ / k|:t'ltsf] l8hfOg /fd|f] x'g'k5{ . cfˆgf] sfd
;kmn÷c;kmn x'gdf oL ;a} s'/fsf] w]/} 7"nf] xft x'G5 .
— ls|; j', XofS;÷Xofs;{
Go'h Pk s;/L agfpg]
Go'h PlKns];g :6f]/Ldf pkof]u ePsf tYof+sdf k:g] 9f]sf xf] . tYof+s w]/} lsl;dsf x'g ;S5g\M
vf]hL ug{ ldNg] vfnsf] 8]6fa]; x'g ;S5, rlDsnf b[Zo x'g ;S5g\, cyjf oLeGbf laNs'n} km/s
;"rgf klg x'g ;S5g\ . tL h] h:tf] ¿ksf eP klg Go'h Pkn] l/8/nfO{ cfk"mnfO{ pkof]uL -cfˆgf]
If]qsf] ck/fw k|j[lQ x'g ;Snf, cfˆgf] 7fpFsf 8fS6/n] slQsf] /fd|f] ;]jf lbG5g\ eGg] hfgsf/L
x'g ;Snf_ tYof+s x]g{ k|f]T;fxg lbG5 .
Go'h Pk pRr k|ljlwo'Qm OGkmf]u|flkmS; dfq xf]Ogg\ . /fd|f Go'h Pk kl5;Dd klg pkof]u
ul/G5g\ . ;dfrf/ h;/L rfF8} k'/fgf / sfd gnfUg] x'Fb}gg\ lsgeg] logn] kf7snfO{ Jofjxfl/s
hLjgsf ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ d2t u5{g\ cyjf kf7ssf dgdf nfu]sf k|Zgsf] hjfkm lb+bf ltgn] gf}nf]
kf/fn] lbG5g\ h;n] ubf{ tL ;w}+el/ sfd nfUg] ;fwg aG5g\ . k|f]klAnsfsf kqsf/n] cd]l/sfsf
ls8\gL 8folnl;; ug{] lSnlgs slQsf] ;'/lIft 5g\ egL vf]hL ug{] ljrf/ u/] . vf]hL ul/;s]kl5
pgLx¿n] Pp6f PlKns];g -projects.propublica.org/dialysis_ agfP h;sf cfwf/df o'h/n] cfˆgf]
zx/sf lSnlgs ;'/lIft 5g\ ls 5}gg\ egL r]s ug{ ;S5g\ . dxTjk"0f{ / w]/}nfO{ rflxPsf] o:tf] ;]jf lb+bf
o'h/;Fu o:tf] ;DaGw sfod x'G5 h'g lnlvt :6f]/Ln] dfq} sfod ug{ ;Sb}g .
pTs[i6 / kl5;Dd sfd nfUg] Go'h Pk agfpg] sfdsf] r'gf}tL / ;Defjgf oxL xf] . 8]enk/
cyjf d]g]h/ h;n] klg /fd|f] Go'h Pk s;/L agfpg] egL 5nkmn ubf{ ;fdu|L tof/ ug{] ;f]rfO
/fVg'k5{ . To;}n] PK; agfpg yfNg'eGbf klxn] tn n]lvPsf tLgj6f k|Zg cfk}+mnfO{ ;f]Wbf ;lhnf]
x'G5 .
174
lrq ^=!M 8folnl;; ;'ljwf /fd|f] 5 ls 5}g < -k|fk] lAnsf_
d]/f cl8oG; sf] x'g\ / ltgnfO{ s] rflxPsf] 5 <
Go'h Pkn] :6f]/LnfO{ xf]Og o'h/nfO{ kmfObf k'¥ofpg'k5{ . s'g} PK;n] o'h/nfO{ cfˆgf] 7fpFsf]
lSnlgsdf 8folnl;; ug{ x'G5 ls x'Fb}g eGg] s'/f yfxf lbg'knf{, s'g} PK;n] o'h/nfO{ pgsf] 3/
5]pdf ePsf] csf{] 3/ e"sDksf a]nf slQsf] vt/gfs 5 eGg] s'/f yfxf lbg'knf{ . o'h/ hf]
eP klg Pk agfpg yfNbf c¿ s'g} klg j:t' agfpg yfNbf h:t} Pk s;n], s] sfdsf nflu
pkof]u unf{ eGg] s'/f yfxf kfpg'k5{ .
w]/} o'h/nfO{ Pp6} Pkn] ;]jf lbg;Snf . pbfx/0fsf nflu, cf]dfxf -g]a|f:sf_ jN8{–x]/fN8n] agfPsf]
sa{jfOh -curbwise.com_ gfds k|f]h]S6n] cfk"mdfly a9L s/ yf]kl/Psf] 5 egL 7fGg] 3/wgLnfO{
klg ;]jf k'¥ofpF5, cfˆgf] 5]psf] 3/hUuf lsGg] ?lr ePsf dflg;nfO{ klg ;]jf k'¥ofpF5, xfn;fn
s:tf 3/hUufsf] s:tf] sf/f]af/ eO/x]sf] 5 egL yfxf kfpg vf]Hg] 3/hUuf sf/f]af/LnfO{ klg kmfObf
k'¥ofpF5 . o;n] ubf{ oL ;a} o'h/ cfk"mnfO{ rflxPsf] dxTjk"0f{ hfgsf/L lng o; j]a;fO6df 3/L3/L
cfpF5g\ .
pbfx/0fsf nflu, 3/hUufwgLnfO{ cfk"mnfO{ a9L s/ nufOPsf] 5 h'g plrt 5}g egL gu/kflnsf;Fu
ax; ug{ cfˆgf] l5d]ssf 3/hUuf ;DaGwL hfgsf/L lng d2t unf{ . oL hfgsf/L e]nf ug{ w]/} ;do
nfU5 / of] sfd hl6n klg x'G5 t/ sa{jfOhn] :yfgLo sfof{nodf uP/ xfdLnfO{ a9L s/ nufOof], o;f]
ug{'x'Fb}g egL ax; ug{ rflxg] ;a} hfgsf/L o'h/n] pkof]u ug{sf nflu ;lhnf] x'g] -curbwise.com/howto-protest_ 9fFrf /fv]/ of] ;d:of ;dfwfg ul/lbof] . sa{jfOhn] of] ;"rgf @) 8n/df a]Rof] . dflg;n]
olt k};f lt/] lsgeg] o;af6 pgLx¿n] ef]lu/x]sf] ;d:of ;dfwfg eof] .
sa{jfOhn] h;/L dflg;sf Jofjxfl/s ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ Go'h Pk agfpFbf xf];\ jf /f]rs b[Zo
lbP/ lnlvt :6f]/LnfO{ /fd|f] agfpg PK; tof/ ubf{ xf];\ o;nfO{ s;n] pkof]u u5{ eGg] s'/f
175
Vofn /fVg'k5{ . pgLx¿sf] cfjZostf k"/f ug{] lsl;dsf] l8hfOg / ljz]iftfdf Wofg lbg'k5{ .
o;df slt ;do lbg'k5{ <
;dfrf/ sIfsf 8]enk/ d?e"ldsf kfgL h:tf d"Nojfg\ x'G5g\ . logsf] dfu w]/} x'G5, cfk"lt{
sd . To;}n] sfd yfNg'cl3 of] s'/f ;f]Rg'k5{M ;dfrf/ sIfsf b}lgs cfjZostf k"/f ug{] vfnsf
sfd slt ug{] / Psbd} /fd|f, kl5;Dd sfd nfUg] Pk agfpg] sfd slt ug{] <
dfgf}+, ;Dkfbsn] tkfO{+nfO{ o;f] eg]M xfd|f] gu/df ePsf w]/}j6f P]ltxfl;s :yn eTsfpg] ls
geTsfpg] eg]/ gu/kflnsfn] csf{] xKtf ef]6 ug{ nfu]sf] 5 . P]ltxfl;s ejg sxfF sxfF 5g\ egL
b]vfpg] Pp6f ;fwf/0f Pk agfpg'k¥of] .
o;f] ug{] b'O{j6f tl/sf 5g\M oxL sfdsf nflu eg]/ agfOPsf ;ˆ6j]o/ pkof]u u/]/ cfˆgf]
OlGhlgol/ª a'l4 / w]/} ;do nufP/ Pk agfpg] cyjf u'un ô'hg 6]an cyjf l;Q}df kfOg]
gS;f agfpg] 6'n pkof]u u/]/ s]xL 306fd} of] sfd ;Sg] . klxnf] tl/sf ckgfpFbf /fd|f] Pk tof/
x'G5 . kl5Nnf] tl/sf ckgfpFbf tkfO{+n] o;df w]/} ;do lbg'kb{}g . o;af6 ar]sf] ;do kl5;Dd
l6Sg] /fd|f Pk agfpg nufpg kfpg'x'G5 .
:6f]/L hl6n 5 eGb}df tkfO{+n] Pk agfpg w]/} ;do vr{ ug{'k5{ eGg] 5}g . s'g s'/f dxTjk"0f{ xf]
egL x]g{' h¿/L 5 . s'g sfddf slt ;do lbg] eGg] lg0f{o ubf{ s] s'/f Vofn ug{'k5{ eg] of]
sfd ug{ dnfO{ ;do nfU5 . cyf{t\ of] Pk agfpg w]/} ;do lbPF eg] /fd|f] / a9L k|efj kfg{],
kl5;Dd l6Sg] Pk agfpg ;do lbg ;lSbgF .
clxn]sf] eGbf /fd|f] s;/L ug{ ;lsG5 <
Psbd} pRr :t/sf] Go'h Pk agfpg ;do nfU5, vlr{nf] x'G5 . To;}n] o;af6 s] kmfObf x'G5 eGg]
s'/f x]g{'k5{ . yf]/} sfd u/]/ ljz]if vfnsf] ;fdu|L s;/L agfpg ;S5' eGg] s'/f Wofg lbg'k5{ .
o;sf] Pp6f tl/sfM ;dfrf/ h;/L s]xL ;dod} k'/fgf] / cg'kof]uL x'g] xf]Og nfdf] ;do;Dd pkof]uL x'g]
Pk agfpg' . csf{] tl/sfM kl5 ;do art u/fpg] 6'n agfpg] -/ o;nfO{ ;a}sf nflu, lgMz'Ns pknAw
u/fpg]_ .
s'g} zx/sf] hg;+Vofsf] agf]6df cfPsf] kl/jt{g b]vfpg] hgu0fgf gS;f w]/} ;+:yfn] agfpF5g\ . l;sfuf]
6fOD;sf] Go'h Pk l6dn] cfˆg} gS;f agfof] -bit.ly/chicago-census_ . o;f] ubf{ p;n] o:tf] gS;f rfF8}
agfpg] 6'n / ljlw agfof] -o;f] ubf{ of] sfd dflyNnf] r/0fdf k'Uof]_ . To;kl5 Tof] l6dn]] Tof] 6'n /
ljlwnfO{ c¿n] klg pkof]u ug{ kfpg] -bit.ly/chicagotribune-maps_ Joj:yf ldnfof] .
cln r'OFof eP h:tf] 7fGg'xf]nf t/ Pk agfpFbf nfu]sf] nufgL s;/L p7\5 -bit.ly/cironline-return_ eGg]
s'/fdf hlxNo} klg Wofg lbg'k5{ . o'h/nfO{ ;+nUg u/fpg] gofF tl/sf agfpg';\, o'h/sf cfgLafgL yfxf
kfpg Pgflnl6S; pkof]u ug{';\ cyjf sa{jfOhn] h;/L k};f sdfpg] pkfo kQf nufpg';\ .
176
lgisif{
Go'h PlKns];g agfpg] sfdn] 5f]6f] ;dodf nfdf] km8\sf] df/]sf] 5 . Go'h Pk !=) OGkmf]u|flkmS;
@=) h:t} lyof] . vf]Hg ;lsg] 8]6fa]; ePsf] cGt/lqmofTds tYof+s b[Zof+sg . of] agfpg'sf] d"n
p2]Zo lnlvt :6f]/LnfO{ /fd|f] agfpg' lyof] . clxn] o:tf PK; yf]/} ;dodf sfd ;Sg'kg{] afWotf
ePsf l/kf]6{/n] rfF8} agfpg ;S5g\ . o;sf nflu hl6n 6'N; pkof]u ul//fVg' kb{}g . ;a}sf
nflu, l;Q}df pknAw ;lhnf 6'N; pkof]u u/]/ of] sfd ug{ ;lsG5 . o;n] ubf{ xfdL 8]enk/n]
o:tf sfddf cndlng' k/]sf] 5}g, cem /fd|f / 7"nf sfd ug{ ;do lg:s]sf] 5 .
clxn] xfdL Go'h PK; @=) lt/ hfFb}5f}+ . o;n] :6f]/L eG5 . ;fy} kqsfl/tfnfO{ ;fj{hlgs ;]jfd"ns
agfpg] sfd klg u5{ . o;n] ubf{ tYof+snfO{ ;fGble{s, /f]rs / cl8oG;sf nflu pkof]uL agfpg ljleGg
tl/sf kQf nufpg] sfddf qmflGt x'g]5 .
— r]; 8]le;, ;]G6/ km/ OGe]l:6u]l6e l/kf]l6{ª
k|f]klAnsfdf Go'h PK;
Go'h PlKns];g 7"nf] cGt/lqmofTds 8]6fa]; xf] h;n] :6f]/L eG5 . o;nfO{ kqsfl/tfsf c¿
;dfu|L h:t} 7fGbf x'G5 . km/s slt dfq xf] eg] o;df zAb / lrqsf 7fpFdf ;ˆ6j]o/sf]
pkof]u x'G5 .
o;n] kf7snfO{ pm;Fu ;DalGwt tYof+s b]vfOlbG5 . o;f] ubf{ x/]s kf7snfO{ cfk"mnfO{ ;fy{s x'g]
lsl;dn] :6f]/L a'e\mg ;lhnf] x'G5 . o;n] kf7snfO{ a[xt\ /fhgLlts kl/b[Zo;Fu cfˆgf] ;DaGw a'e\mg
d2t u5{ . pgLx¿n] hfg]sf s'/fnfO{ ghfg]sf s'/f;Fu ufF:g ;xof]u u5{ . o;f] ubf{ kf7snfO{ cd"t{
cjwf/0ff ulx/f] u/L a'e\mg k|f]T;fxg ldN5 .
xfdL;Fu hlt a]nf /fli6«o kl/b[Zo ePsf] / ;fy{s ljj/0f ePsf, b]vfpg nfos 8]6fl;6 x'G5
-cyjf hlt a]nf xfdLn] gofF 8]6fl;6 lnG5f}_+ Tolt a]nf xfdL Go'h Pk agfpg vf]H5f}+ .
Go'h Pkn] :6f]/L eGg'k5{ . c¿ Go'h :6f]/L h:t} o;df klg x]8nfOg, afOnfOg, ln8 / g6u|fkm
x'g'k5{ . cGt/lqmofTds ;ˆ6j]o/df cl3 elgPsf dWo] s]xL ljz]iftf em§ x]bf{ b]Vg ufx|f] k5{ .
t/ lgofn]/ x]¥of] ltgnfO{ b]Vg ;lsG5 .
Go'h Pk pTkfbgzLn x'g'k5{ . eGg'sf] dtna o;n] yk :6f]/L / yk l/kf]l6{ª hGdfpg'k5{ .
k|f]klAnsfsf ;a}eGbf /fd|fdWo]sf PK;sf cfwf/df c¿ w]/} :6f]/L aGg ;Sg] x'g'k5{ .
pbfx/0fsf nflu xfd|f] 8n;{ km/ 8S; Go'h PknfO{ -projects.propublica.org/docdollars_ lnpFm . o;n]
k/fdz{ lbPsf], s'/fsfgL u/]sf] / o:t} o:t} sfd u/]sf] egL cf}ifwL sDkgLn] 8fS6/nfO{ lt/]sf] nfvf}+
8n/ sxfF, s;/L lbPsf lyP egL b]vfPsf] 5 . o; Go'h Pkn] kf7snfO{ cfˆgf 8fS6/n] klg o:tf]
k};f lnPsf 5g\ ls egL vf]Hg] ;'ljwf lbPsf] 5 . oxfF lbOPsf tYof+snfO{ c¿ ;~rf/ dfWoddf sfd ug{]
l/kf]6{/n] klg pkof]u u/] . o;df lbOPsf tYof+ssf cfwf/df af]:6g Unf]a, l;sfuf] 6fOD;, b ;]G6 n'O;
kf]:6–l8:Kofr nufotsf !@% j6f ;~rf/ dfWodn] vf]hd"ns :6f]/L tof/ u/] .
177
oLdWo] s]xL :yfgLo :6f]/L tof/ ug{ xfdLn] ljleGg ;~rf/ dfWod;Fu ldn]/ sfd u/]sf lyof}+ t/ clwsf+z
:6f]/L tL ;~rf/ dfWodn] cfk}+m tof/ u/]sf x'g\ . k|sflzt geOGh]n xfdLnfO{ pgLx¿n] tL ljifodf :6f]/L
tof/ ub{}5g\ eGg] s'/f yfxf lyPg . xfd|f] h:tf] ;fgf] t/ /fli6«o ;~rf/ dfWodsf nflu of] dxTjk"0f{ s'/f
xf] . xfdLnfO{ !@% j6f zx/df s] x'Fb}5 eGg] s'/f yfxf x'Fb}g . t/ xfd|f tYof+ssf] ;xof]u lnP/ :yfgLo
txsf af/]df 1fg ePsf l/kf]6{/n] :6f]/L tof/ ug{' / To;sf] k|efj kg{' eg]sf] xfd|f] ld;g ;kmn x'g' xf] .
dnfO{ dg kg{]dWo]sf] Pp6f Go'h Pk nh PGh]n; 6fOD;sf] Doflkª Pn=P= -projects.latimes.com/
mapping-la/neighborhoods_ xf] . nh PGh]n;sf w]/} 7fpFsf] gS;f agfpg cfd dflg;nfO{
ul/Psf] cg'/f]w -qmfp8;f]l;{ª_ af6 of] sfd ;'? ePsf] lyof] . of] Pk ;fj{hlgs gubf{;Dd
PGh]n;df :jtGq, ;a}n] :jLsf/ ug{] vfnsf] l;dfgf lyPg . ;'?df qmfp8;f]l;{ª u/]kl5 nh
PGh]n; 6fOD;n] o;df :yfgLo txsf w]/} ljifodf l/kf]6{ª ug{ ;Sg] eof] . h:t}, ljleGg 7fpFsf]
ck/fw b/, :s"nsf] u'0f:t/ cflb . of] sfd ug{'eGbf klxn] o;f] ug{ ;Dej lyPg . of] Pk
a[xt\ 5 / o;af6 vf; sfd klg x'G5 . o;sf ;fy}, of] ;a} ljifosf hfgsf/L lbg klg sfd
nfU5 . o;dfk{mt cfd dflg;n] cfˆgf :6f]/L cfk}+m atfpg ;S5g\ .
Go'h Pk agfpgsf nflu s] s:tf ;|f]t;fwg rflxG5 egL o;} eGg ;ls+b}g lsgeg] yf]/}
;|f]t;fwgaf6 klg Go'h Pk agfpg ;lsG5 . s'g} Go'h Pkdf w]/} ;|f]t;fwg rflxg klg ;S5 . b
Go' of]s{ 6fOD;df Go'h Pk / OG6/PlS6e u|flkmS; agfpg] sfddf w]/} dflg; nfu]sf 5g\ . csf{lt/, 6lsª
KjfOG6 d]df]n] sDKo'6/ ;fOG; gk9]sf b'O{ hgf :6fkm nufP/ /fhgLlts dt lng] pTs[i6 Pk -polltracker.
talkingpointsmemo.com_ agfof] .
clwsf+z ;dfrf/ sIfsf sf]8/n] h:t} u/L PK; agfpgsf nflu xfdL klg kl/dflh{t l56f] ljlw
pkof]u u5f{}+ . xfdL 8«fˆ6 rfF8} agfpF5f}+ / ;dfrf/ sIfsf ;fyLx¿nfO{ b]vfpF5f}+ . xfdL l/kf]6{/;Fu
ldn]/ sfd u5f}{+ . pgLx¿n] tof/ u/]sf ;dfrf/sf d:of}bf x]5f}{+ . Psbd} k|f/lDes cj:yfs}
eP klg x]5f{}+ . xfdL k/Dk/fut 8]enk/n] h;/L xf]Og l/kf]6{/n] h;/L sfd u5f{}+ . xfdL sf]8
agfpg] dfq xf]Og ;|f]tnfO{ kmf]g ug{], ;"rgf ;+sng ug{] / Ifdtf a9fpg] sfd klg u5f{}+ . cfk"mn]
ga'e]msf ;fdu|L pkof]u u/]/ /fd|f] Go'h Pk agfpg Psbd} sl7g x'G5 .
;dfrf/ sIfn] tYof+sdf cfwfl/t Go'h Pk agfpg] sfddf lsg ?lr /fVg'k5{ < o;sf tLgj6f
sf/0f 5g\M of] /fd|f] kqsfl/tf xf] . of] Psbd} w]/} nf]slk|o x'G5 . k|f]klAnsfsf ;a}eGbf a9L
nf]slk|o ;fdu|Ldf Go'h PK; k5{g\ . xfdLn] o;f] u/]gf}+ eg] csf{]n] u5{ . o;f] u/]gf}+ eg] xfdLn]
:s'k dfg{ kfpFb}gf}+ . ;a}eGbf h¿/L s'/f s] xf] eg] ;dfrf/ sIfn] of] sfd ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] s'/f
a'e\mg'k5{ . em§ x]bf{ cK7\of/f] b]lvP klg of] sfd ;lhnf] 5 .
b[Zof+sg tYof+s kqsfl/tfsf] cfwf/ xf]
tYof+snfO{ b[Zodf abNg yfNg'eGbf klxn] l:y/ / cGt/lqmofTds u|flkmsn] kqsfl/tfdf s] s:tf]
e"ldsf v]Ng ;S5 eGg]af/]df Ps ldg]6 ;f]Rg';\ .
178
l/kf]l6{ªsf r/0fdf tYof+snfO{ b[Zodf abNbf
• ljifo kQf nufpg / s'g s'g hfgsf/L vf]Hg'k5{ eGg] s'/f yfxf kfpg ;lhnf] x'G5
• tYof+saf6 /fd|f] :6f]/L kQf nufpg ;lsG5 cyjf To;df uNtL e]6\g ;lsG5
• ljz]if lsl;dsf pbfx/0f vf]Hg ;lhnf] x'G5
• cfˆgf] l/kf]l6{ªdf ePsf sdhf]/L kQf nufpg ;lsG5
b[Zof+sg ubf{ :6f]/L k|sfzg ug{ klg ;lhnf] x'G5M
• :6f]/L pNn]v ePsf s'/fnfO{ cem a9L ljZj;gLo 9+un] b]vfpg ;lsG5
• lnlvt ;fdu|Ldf cgfjZos ¿kn] k|fljlws hfgsf/L /fVg' kb{}g
• b[ZonfO{ cGt/lqmofTds / cGj]if0f ug{ ldNg] agfof] eg] l/kf]l6{ª k|lqmofsf af/]df kf7snfO{ ;a} s'/f
yfxf x'G5
o;sf] dtna s] xf] eg] b[Zof+sg ug{] sfd l/kf]l6{ªsf ;'?s} r/0fdf ug{'k5{ . o;nfO{ l/kf]l6{ªeGbf
cnu sfd, cyjf :6f]/L tof/ ul/;s]kl5 ljrf/ u/] x'g] sfdsf ¿kdf lng'x'Fb}g . b[Zof+sgn]
l/kf]l6{ªnfO{ af6f] b]vfpg'k5{ .
cfk"mn] e]nf u/]sf hfgsf/LnfO{ b[Zodf /fv]/ klg of] sfd yfNg ;lsG5 . lrq ^=@ nfO{ /fd|/L
x]/f}+ . of] jfl;ª6g kf]:6df ;g\ @))^ df 5flkPsf] lyof] .
lrq ^=@M s[lifdf lbOPsf] cg'bfg -jfl;ª6g kf]:6_
o;df ljut $% jif{df s[lifaf6 ePsf cfDbfgLdf cg'bfgsf] dfqf slt 5 / s[lifnfO{ cg'bfg lbg]
ljifodf ePsf d'Vo 36gf s] s] x'g\ egL b]vfOPsf] 5 . nfdf] ;dosf Ps} vfnsf tYof+s kfpg
ufx|f] x'G5 . o;df cfPsf ptf/r9fj ;DaGwL hfgsf/L vf]h]sf v08df ljifoj:t'nfO{ /fd|f];Fu
a'e\mg ;lhnf] x'G5 . o;f] ubf{ Pp6f sfd :6f]/L n]lv;Sg'eGbf klxNo} l;l4O;s]sf] x'G5 .
tYof+s vf]Hg yfNbf b[Zof+sgsf] s;/L pkof]u ug{] eGg]af/]df tn s]xL ;Nnfx lbOPsf 5g\ .
;Nnfx !M ;fgf tYof+saf6 7"nf tYof+s vf]Hg'
hh{ 8An' a'zsf] k|zf;gn] 7f]; cfwf/df xf]Og /fhgLlts cfwf/df u|fG6 lbg] u/]sf] egL xfdLn]
kfPsf] ;'/fs ;xL xf] ls xf]Og egL hfFRg d}n] jfl;ª6g kf]:6df of] ljlw k|of]u u/]sf] lyPF .
kGw| ;oj6f u|fG6 ljt/0f k|lqmof x]bf{ o;sf] lglZrt 9fFrf b]Vg ;lsG5 eg]/ xfdL Tof] 9fFrf
x]g{ pT;'s lyof}+ .
179
d}n] x/]s sfo{qmdsf] u|fkm agfPF . /fi6«kltsf] r'gfj ePsf jif{nfO{ /ftf yf]Knfn] b]vfOPsf] 5 clg xl/
of yf]Knfn] s+u|]; rNg] jif{ egL b]vfOPsf] 5 . o;f] ubf{ w]/}j6f u|fG6 /fi6«kltsf] lgjf{rgeGbf ^ dlxgf
cufl8 dfq lbOPsf] kfOof] .
lrq ^=#M o:tf] nfOgn] :6f]/L kQf nufpg ;lhnf] agfof] -jfl;ª6g kf]:6_
o:tf] s'/f x]g{ 6]andf eGbf w]/}j6f u|fkmdf w]/} ;lhnf] x'G5 . cGt/lqmofTds ePsfn] o;df
u|fG6sf k|sf/, If]q / ;+:yf nufotsf cfwf/df hfgsf/L vf]Hg ;lsG5 . l:y/ gS;fdfk{mt ;do
/ 7fpFsf] hfgsf/L /fVg / t'ngf ug{ ;lsG5 . slxn]sfxL+ o;f] ubf{ cGt/lqmofTds gS;fdf
x]bf{ eGbf ;lhnf] x'G5 .
of] pbfx/0f lkPrkLdf tof/ ul/Psf] 5f]6f] k|f]u|fddf agfOPsf] lyof] . clxn] PS;]n @))&
/ @)!) sf] :kfs{nfOgsf] pkof]u u/]/ of] sfd w]/} ;lhnf];Fu ug{ ;lsG5 . oL æuxg, ;/n /
zAb h:tf nfUg] u|flkmS;Æ sf] cfljisf/ b[Zof+sg ljz]if1 P8ju{ 6ˆ6]n] u/]sf x'g\ . o;f] ubf{ 7"nf]
180
8]6fl;6df /x]sf hfgsf/L em§ x]g{] lalQs} a'e\mg ;lsG5 . cfhef]ln :6s dfs{]6sf] ptf/r9fj
cyjf v]ns'bdf lhtxf/ b]vfpg] h:tf sfddf htftt} o;sf] k|of]u eO/x]sf] 5 .
;Nnfx @M tYof+snfO{ ljleGg sf]0faf6 x]g{]
:6f]/L cyjf tYof+s a'e\mg vf]Hbf To;nfO{ ljleGg b[li6sf]0faf6 x]bf{ a]kmfObf x'Fb}g . ck/fw ;DaGwL
tYof+ssf] cWoog ubf{ ljleGGg b[li6sf]0fn] x]g{ ;lsPnf . h:t}, lx+;fTds ck/fw ;DaGwL rf6{ agfP/
x]g{ ;lsPnf cyjf ck/fw slt k|ltztn] 36]a9]sf 5g\ egL x]g{ ;lsPnf cyjf cfˆgf zx/sf]
ck/fw b/ / c¿ zx/sf ck/fw b/sf aLrdf t'ngf u/]/ x]g{ ;lsPnf cyjf nfdf] ;dosf] ck/fw b/ x]g{
;lsPnf . o;sf nflu ck/fw ;+Vof, k|ltzt / ;"rs cflbsf] pkof]u ug{ ;lsG5 .
ljleGg b[li6sf]0fn] x]g{] qmddf ha gofF s'/f yfxf x'g 5f8\of] ta o;/L x]g{ 5fl8lbP x'G5 .
;Nnfx #M cg'dfg gug{';\
tYof+snfO{ y/Ly/Lsf sf]0faf6 x]l/;s]kl5 tkfO{+nfO{ /]s8{ 7Ls geP h:tf] nfUg ;S5, tYof+sn] s]
b]vfPsf 5g\ eGg] a'e\mg jf ga'e\mg ;lsG5 cyjf c¿ s'g} lsl;dn] cndlng ;lsG5 .
hfgsf/L ;+sngsf] k|f/lDes r/0fd} s]xL ;"rgf k|sflzt ul/xfNg dg nfu]sf] 5 eg] o:tf]
cndn x6fpg'k5{ . ltgaf6 /f]rs :6f]/L eGg ;lsG5 ls ltgdf uNtL kfOPsf] 5 eGg] s'/fsf]
lgSof{}n ug{'k5{ .
:yfgLo ;/sf/sf tYof+sdf uNtL e]l6g' cgf}7f] xf]Og . ;/sf/n] 8]6fl;6df /fv]sf hfu{gn] xfdLnfO{
;lhn};Fu cNdNofpg ;S5 .
o:tf] cndn x6fpgsf nflu cfk"mn] kfPsf] 8s'd]G6 r]s ug{'k5{ . o:tf] uNtL d"n tYof+sd} ePsf]
/x]5 ls egL kQf nufpg'k5{ . tkfO{+n] u/]sf ;a} lx;fa ;xL /x]5g\ eg] tYof+sdf lsg u8a8L
ePsf] xf] egL ;f]Wg'k5{ . oxL ljifodf :6f]/L agfpg] xf] eg] ;xL tYof+s k]mnf kfg{'k5{ .
;a} vfnsf uNtL uDeL/ uNtL x'Fb}gg\ . ;fgfltgf uNtLn] ;du| :6f]/Ldf vf;} c;/ kfb{}gg\ To:tf
uNtLnfO{ TolQs} 5fl8lbP klg x'G5 . tYof+ssf] pkof]u ug{'eGbf klxn] of] k|Zg cfk"mn] cfk}+mnfO{ ;f]Wg'k5{M
d}n] of] tYof+s pkof]u ubf{ tYof+sn] h] eGg vf]h]sf] xf] Tof] s'/f kf7sn] a'e\mnfg\ ls ga'e\mnfg\ <
;Nnfx $M Psbd} b'?:t x'g] k|of; gug{';\
tkfO{+n] pkof]u u/]sf] u|flkmS; ;fdfGotof ;xL x'g'k5{ . o; lgodnfO{ TofUg' x'Fb}g t/ tkfO{+n] pkof]u
u/]sf k|ltztsf cfFs8f hf]8\bf 7\ofSs} ztk|ltzt k'u]g eg] klg lrGtf lng'kb{}g . aL; jif{sf] cj:yf
b]vfpg tYof+s vf]Hbf aLrsf Ps jf b'O{ jif{sf tYof+s kfOPg eg] klg :6f]/L k"/f ePg eg]/
cflQg'kb{}g . Ps–b'O{ jif{sf tYof+s gx'Fbf klg tkfO{+sf] :6f]/Ln] eGg vf]h]sf] s'/fdf cfsfzkftfnsf] cGt/
x'Fb}g eg] tL tYof+s kfOPgg\ eg]/ lrGtf ug{'kb{}g . tkfO{+n] b]vfpg vf]h]sf ljifosf nueu b'?:t tl:a/
b]vfpg k'Ug] tYof+s vf]lh;lsPsf] 5 eg] :6f]/L tof/ ug{ x'G5 .
;Nnfx %M s]; / 36gfsf] ;doqmd ldnfpg';
hl6n :6f]/L tof/ ubf{ ;'?df d'Vo 36gf cyjf s];nfO{ ;doqmddf /fVg';\ . o;sf nflu
181
PS;]n, j8{ 8s'd]G6 h:tf ;fdfGo k|f]u|fd pkof]u ug{ ;lsG5 cyjf 6fOdˆnf] h:tf ljz]if 6'n
pkof]u u/] klg x'G5 . slxn] kqkqdf tYof+s /fVg klg ;lsG5 . o;nfO{ cWoog ubf{ cfˆgf]
:6f]/Lsf nflu s'g} hfgsf/L ck'u 5 ls egL x]g{ ;lsG5 .
;Nnfx ^M u|flkmS; ljefu;Fu ;'?d} 5nkmn ug{], nuftf/ 5nkmn ug{';
:6f]/Lsf nflu s:tf] u|flkmS; agfpg ;lsPnf egL ;dfrf/ sIfsf l8hfOg/ / snfsf/;Fu 5nkmn
ug{';\ . pgLx¿n] tYof+s x]g{] /fd|f tl/sf atfOlbg ;S5g\, o;nfO{ cGt/lqmofTds agfpFbf s:tf]
x'G5 egL atfpg ;S5g\ cyjf tYof+s / :6f]/LnfO{ s;/L hf]8\g] eGg] s'/f pgLx¿nfO{ yfxf
x'G5 . cfk"mn] :6f]/Lsf nflu s] s:tf hfgsf/L e]nf ug{'k5{ eg] s'/f ;'?d} yfxf ePsf v08df
l/kf]l6{ª ug{ ;lhnf] x'G5 .
k|sfzgsf nflu ;Nnfx
hfgsf/L ;+sng s]xL lbgd} jf s]xL 306fd} u/] klg :6f]/L tof/ ug{ w]/} ;do nfUg ;S5 . :6f]/L
k|sfzgsf a]nfdf b'O{j6f s'/f dxTjk"0f{ x'G5g\ .
hfgsf/L ;+sng ug{] qmddf Ps jif{sf] tYof+s 5'6]sf] lyof] . o; s'/fsf] tkfO{+nfO{ ;Demgf 5
t/ clxn] Tof] hfgsf/L ljgf :6f]/L x'Fb}g h:tf] nfUof] . l/kf]l6{ªsf a]nfdf tYof+s /fd|f];Fu lnOPg
eg] :6f]/L n]Vg ;ls+b}g . of] s'/fn] tkfO{+nfO{ ;w}+el/ t;f{O/xG5 lsgeg] tYof+s v/fa /x]5g\ eg]
:6f]/L aGb}g . u|flkmssf b[li6n] ls t ;a} hfgsf/L /fVg'k5{ ls s]xL klg /fVg'x'Fb}g . clncln
eP k'U5 eGg kfOFb}g .
tYof+s ;+sng / cGt/lqmofTds u|flkms
cGt/lqmofTds u|flkmsdf s]xL klg s'/f n'sfpg ;ls+b}g . cfk"mn] :6f]/L agfpgsf nflu pkof]u
u/]sf] tYof+s kf7snfO{ pgLx¿n] rfx] h:tf] u/L x]g{ lbg] xf] eg] :6f]/Ln] h] eg]sf] 5, tYof+sn]
klg To;} eGg'k5{ . l/kf]6{/n] uNtL u/]sf] /x]5 eg] o'h/n] h'g;'s} a]nf klg o:tf] uNtL kQf
nufpg ;S5 . o:tf] uNtL ePdf kl5;Dd k5'tfpg'k5{ . c¿sf tYof+ssf cfwf/df cfˆg} 8]6fa];
agfpg] eg] 8]6fl;6sf] k|'km /fd|f];Fu x]g{'k5{, tYof+s ?h" ug{'k5{ / To;sf] ;Dkfbg ug{'k5{ .
;/sf/L tYof+s pkof]u ug{] xf] eg] o;df uNtL 5 ls egL slt 7fpFdf r]s ug{] / tYof+s uNtL /x]5 eg]
s] ug{] eGg] ljifodf lg0f{o ug{'k5{ .
b'O{ vfnsf kf7ssf nflu l8hfOg ug{]
u|flkms -cfk"m PSn}n] :6f]/L eGg ;Sg] cGt/lqmofTds u|flkms xf];\ jf :6f]/Lsf ;fydf /flvg] l:yt
u|flkms h] eP klg_ n] b'O{ lsl;dsf kf7ssf cfjZostf k"/f ug{'k5{ . of] em§ x]g{] lalQs} a'lemg] x'g'k5{
t/ yk s'/f hfGg rfxg] kf7snfO{ o;n] s]xL /f]rs s'/f eg]sf] x'g'k5{ . cGt/lqmofTds u|flkmsn
kf7snfO{ ;+Vof / gfd afx]s c¿ hfgsf/L klg lbg'k5{ .
Pp6f dfq ljifo atfP/ To;nfO{ ;/n agfpg';\
:6]/Ldf s'g} Pp6f d"n ljifo dfq} b]vfOG5 eGg] s'/f olsg ug{';\ . kf7ssf] dgdf ;du|df s]
d'Vo ;Gb]z lbg] eGg] s'/f ljrf/ ug{'k5{ . To; ;Gb]z;Fu c;DalGwt c¿ ;a} s'/f x6fpg'k5{ .
182
o;sf] cy{ xf] OG6/g]6df w]/} hfgsf/L /fVg ;lsg] eP klg d'Vo ;Gb]z;Fu c;DalGwt
ePsf s'g} klg hfgsf/L glbg] . :6f]/Lsf nflu vf]lhPsf clwsf+z hfgsf/L cfd dflg;nfO{
sfd nfUb}gg\ . tL Pp6} p2]Zosf nflu dfq sfd nfU5g\M :6f]/L tof/ ug{] k|lqmof kf7snfO{
atfpg . l:y/ u|flkmsdf o:tf hfgsf/L /fVbf ltgn] kf7snfO{ t;f{pF5g\ . cGt/lqmofTds u|flkmsdf oL
s'/f /fVbf ltgn] kf7snfO{ af]/ nufpF5g\ .
— ;f/f sf]x]g, 8\o"s o'lgel;{6L
:6f]/L eGg b[Zosf] k|of]u
tYof+snfO{ b[Zodf kl/0ft ubf{ w]/} kmfObf x'G5g\ . oL Psbd /fd|f x'G5g\, logn] dflg;sf] Wofg
tfG5g\, b[Zon] kf7snfO{ cfˆgf s'/f atfpg / tL s'/flt/ cfslif{t ug{ of]ubfg lbG5 egL
7flgG5 . b[Zo pkof]u ug{'sf] oL afx]s csf{] sf/0f klg 5 . Tof] xf]M dflg;sf] lbdfusf] cfwf efu b[Zodf
b]vfOPsf hfgsf/L k|zf]wg ug{sf nflu 5'6\ofOPsf] x'G5 . u|flkmsdfk{mt ;"rgf lb+bf pgLx¿sf] lbdfudf
;a}eGbf a9L AofG8ljydf hfgsf/L lbg ;lsG5 . tYof+snfO{ /fd|f];Fu l8hfOg u/L b[Zodf abNbf l/8/
dfly tTsfn 7"nf] k|efj k5{ . ;"rgf kfpg p;n] hl6n :6f]/L k9\g' kb{}g .
lrq ^=$M a]/f]huf/L b/ -Go' of]s{ 6fOD;_
t/ of] kmf]6f]u|fkmL / lel8of] h:tf b[Zo dfWodeGbf km/s 5 lsgeg] o;df gfKg ;lsg] tYof+s /flvPsf
x'G5g\ . ;'Gb/tfsf b[li6n] t oL bz{snfO{ ;dfO/fVg] vfnsf x'G5g\ t/ logn] kf7ssf] dgdf efjgf
pTkGg u/fpg] sfd rflx+ sd u5{g\ . vf; b[li6sf]0f ePsf dflg;nfO{ :6f]/L eGg] rng cfPsf] o; ;dodf
tYof+snfO{ b[Zodf b]vfpg] ljlw -/ ;du| tYof+s kqsfl/tf_ tYo cyjf sNkgfdf cfwfl/t eP/ :6f]/L
eGg] ljlweGbf w]/} k|efjsf/L x'G5 .
zAbdf n]v]/ ul/g] kqsfl/tf h:t} tYof+snfO{ b[Zodf abn]/ ul/g] kqsfl/tf ;dfrf/ a|]s ug{ -36gf:yn
jf d/]sf dflg;sf] ;+Vof gS;fdf b]vfpg_ cyjf ljifosf] ulx/fOdf k'u]/ gofF b[li6sf]0f lbO{, kf7sn]
yfxf kfO;s]sf hfgsf/L klg laNs'n} gofF kf/fn] k|:t't ug{] lkmr/ :6f]/L b'j}df k|efjsf/L x'G5 .
183
b]v]s} s'/f gofF 9+un] b]vfOlbg';
tYof+snfO{ b[Zodf abNg] tl/sfn] xfd|f] ;dfhsf] k/Dk/fut ;f]rfOnfO{ r'gf}tL lbg ;S5 . ;+;f/
JofkL cfly{s ;+s6 ;'? ePsf] Ps jif{kl5 ;g\ @))( sf] cGTodf b Go' of]s{ 6fOD;n] 5fk]sf] Pp6f
cGt/lqmofTds gS;f (http://nyti.ms/employment-lines) o;sf] Pp6f pbfx/0f xf] . cd]l/sfsf] /fli6«o
a]/f]huf/L b/ gf} k|ltzt lyof] . t/ s]xL vfnsf dflg;df of] b/ Psbd} a9L lyof] eg] s]xLdf sd . Go'
of]s{ 6fOD;sf] of] gS;fdf o'h/n] s'g vfnsf dflg;sf] a]/f]huf/L b/ slt 5 eGg] s'/f yfxf kfpg
;S5g\ . pRr lzIff lnPsf dWod ju{sf dlxnfdWo] rf/ k|ltzt dfq a]/f]huf/ lyP eg] xfO{:s"n kf;
gu/]sf sfnf o'jfdWo] emG8} cfwf a]/f]huf/ lyP . of] s'/f laNs'n gofF eg] xf]Og .
tYof+snfO{ /fd|f];Fu b[Zof+sg ul/Psf] 5 eg] bz{sn] Psl5g x]/]/ To;kl5 x]g{ 5f8]sf v08df klg
of] b[Zo / o;df b]vfOPsf ;"rgf p;sf] lbdfudf kl5;Dd al;/xG5g\ . ;'gfdL cg';Gwfgstf{n]
ljt/0f u/]sf] Plgd];g -http://nctr.pmel.noaa.gov/indo_1204.html_ slt hgf dflg;n] x]/]sf
5g\ < o;df ;g\ @))$ sf] l8;]Da/df OG8f]g]l;odf e'OFrfnf] uPkl5 cfPsf] ;'gfdL s;/L k}mlnof]
-h;n] blIf0f Pl;of / k"jL{ clk|msfdf ;d'b| lsgf/df a:g] nfvf}+ dflg;nfO{ c;/ kf/]sf] lyof]_ egL
b]vfOPsf] 5 .
b[Zo tYo s'/f atfpg] zlQmzfnL dfWod klg xf] . Go' of]s{ 6fOD;sf] ;g\ @))^ sf] gS;f
-nyti.ms/diaspora-graphic_ o;sf] Pp6f pbfx/0f xf] . o;df Go' cf]lnG;af6 p2f/ ul/Psf dflg; sxfF
sxfF a;fOPsf 5g\ egL b]vfpg 7"nf ;fgf yf]Knfsf] pkof]u ul/Psf] 5 .
xfdLn] tYof+snfO{ b[Zodf b]vfpFbf slt k|efjsf/L x'G5 eGg]af/]df 5nkmn u¥of}+ . ca k|Zg
;f]Wg] a]nf cfPsf] 5M o;sf] pkof]u slt a]nf ug{] < o;sf] hjfkm kfpgsf nflu kf7snfO{ cfˆgf]
:6f]/L eGg] sfddf tYof+s atfOPsf b[Zo pkof]uL ePsf s]xL pbfx/0f x]/f}+ .
184
lglZrt ;dodf ePsf] kl/jt{g b]vfpg
klxn] / clxn]sf aLrdf cfPsf] kl/jt{g b]vfpg] b[Zof+sg cfd ¿kdf pkof]u ePsf] b[Zof+sg
xf] . ;g\ !(^) otf a9]sf] rLgsf] hg;+Vof cyjf ;g\ @))* df cfPsf] cfly{s ;+s6 otfsf]
a]/f]huf/L b/ b]vfpg] b[Zo -bit.ly/google-china-population_ o;sf /fd|f pbfx/0f x'g\ . ljleGg
;dodf cfPsf] kl/jt{gnfO{ c¿ tl/sfn] klg b[Zof+sg ug{ ;lsG5 . kf]r{'unsf cg';Gwfgstf{
k]b|f] Pd= q'mhn] pGgfO;f}+ ztfAbLsf] ;'? b]lv ePsf] klZrd o'/f]k]nL ;fd|fHosf] ktgnfO{
/f]rs 9+un] b]vfpg Plgd]6]8 ;s{n rf6{sf] -pmcruz.com/visual-experiments/visualizing-empires_
pkof]u u/]sf 5g\ . o;df la|6]g, k|mfG;, :k]g kf]r{'unsf] cfsf/ s'g a]nf slt dfqfdf 36\of] egL
b]vfOPsf] 5 . tL b]zx¿sf] cfsf/ ltgsf] hg;+Vofsf cfwf/df agfOPsf] 5 . pgLx¿sf] ;fd|fHo ePsf
7fpF :jtGq b]z aGb} hfFbf ltgsf] cfsf/ klg 36]sf] 5 .
jfn l:6«6 hg{nn] agfPsf] Pp6f u|fkm -on.wsj.com/tech-empire_ df ;oj6f pBdnfO{ cfˆgf]
cfDbfgL %) nfv 8n/ k'¥ofpg slt ;do nfUof] eGg] b]vfOPsf] 5 . 6\ofAn' klAns gfdsf],
lgMz'Ns kfOg] 6'n pkof]u u/]/ agfOPsf] o; rf6{df ljleGg sDkgLsf aLrdf t'ngf ul/Psf]
5 . rf6{df ljleGg sDkgLnfO{ Kn]g hldgaf6 p8] h:tf] b]vfOPsf] 5 . s'g} l9nf] p8]sf 5g\, s'g} l56f] .
o:t} csf{] Pp6f u|fkmdf cd]l/sfsf ljleGg ljdfg sDkgLsf] lat]sf w]/} jif{sf] ahf/sf] lx:;f
-nyti.ms/airline-merger_ b]vfOPsf] 5 .
t'ngf ug{'
tYof+snfO{ b[Zodf ptfbf{ b'O{ jf b'O{eGbf a9L km/s s'/fsf aLrdf t'ngf ug{ kf7snfO{ ;lhnf]
x'G5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu, O/fg / ckmuflg:tfgsf n8fOFdf dfl/Psf ;}lgssf] ;+Vof aLrsf] t'ngf -cyjf
leotgfd / bf];|f] o'4df dfl/Psf ;}lgssf] ;+Vof t'ngf ug{ klg ;lsPnf . lala;Ln] Plgd]6]8 :nfO8
zf]df -bbc.in/animated-slideshow_ b]vfP e}+m_ ug{ ;lsG5 . cyjf Gof;gn lhof]u|flkmsn] ljleGg
sf/0fn] dflg; dg{ ;Sg] b/ — d'6'sf] /f]un] -kfFr hgfdf Ps hgf_, :6«f]sn] -@$ hgfdf Ps hgf_,
ljdfg b'3{6gfdf -%)%! hgfdf Ps hgf_ cyjf dfx'/Ln] 6f]s]/ -%^,&*( hgfdf Ps hgf_ b]vfP e}+m
-bit.ly/ngm-hearts_ b]vfpg ;lsG5 .
lrq ^=^M n8fOFdf dfl/Psf dfG5] -lala;L_
185
lala;Ln] a|]u l8hfOg gfds Ph]G;L;Fu ldn]/ 8fOd]G;g gfd j]a;fO6
o;df ljZjsf k|d'v 36gfsf] ljj/0f yKg ;lsG5 .
-bit.ly/ngm-hearts_
agfPsf] 5 .
;DaGw / k|jfx b]vfpg'
k|mfG;n] ;g\ !(*! df tLj| ultsf] /]n rnfof] . t/ o;n] ubf{ k|mfG;sf] Ps 7fpFaf6 csf{] 7fpFdf k'Ug klxn]
h:tf] w]/} ;do nfu]g -cyf{t\ k|mfG; ;fgf] eof]_ eGg] ;Gb]z uPg . t/ a'l4 k'¥ofP/ agfPsf] Pp6f b[Zon]
k'/fgf] vfnsf] /]ndf r9\bfeGbf tLj| ultsf] /]ndf r9\bf ljleGg 7fpFdf k'Ug slt sd ;do nfUof] eGg]
s'/f b]vfOlbof] . o;df klxn] ofqf ug{ nfUg] ;do / clxn] ofqf ug{ nfUg] ;do b]vfOPsf] 5 . clxn]
klg tLj| ultsf] /]n ;]jf ePsf 7fpFdf nfUg] ;do sd ePsf] b]vfOPsf] 5 . k'/fgf /]naf6 ofqf ug{'kg{]
7fpFdf clxn] klg w]/} ;do nfUg] tYo o;df b]vfOPsf] 5 .
b[Zof+sgn] csf{] s'/f klg k|:6 kf5{ . pbfx/0fsf nflu, v]nf8Lx¿sf] tna / pgLx¿sf] v]naLrsf] ;DaGw
-benfry.com/salaryper_ b]vfpg ;lsG5 . b]a|] sf]nddf ljleGg l6dnfO{ pgLx¿n] /fv]sf]/]s8{ adf]lhd /flvPsf]
5 eg] bflxg] sf]nddf l6dsf v]nf8Ln] kfPsf tna . /ftf] /]vfn] tnasf 5 eg] gLnf]n] tnasf t'ngfdf
a9L /fd|f] v]Ng] eGg] b]vfOPsf] 5 . o;n] s'g l6dn] dxFuf v]nf8L /fv]sf]df k5'tfpg' k/]sf] eGg]
b]vfPsf] 5 .
lrq ^=&M tna / v]n -a]g k|mfO{_
186
tYof+s l8hfOg
ˆnf] 8fOu|fdn] klg ;"rgfnfO{ /]vfdf ablnlbG5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu, Go' of]s{ 6fOD;n] o'/f]hf]g ;+s6df
k/]sf] / o;sf w]/} ;b:o /fi6«x¿ C0fdf k/]sf] af/] :6f]/L u/]sf] lyof] . To;df o'/f]k]nL o'lgogsf
;b:on] cfˆgf Jofkfl/s ;fe]mbf/af6 lnPsf] C0f ;DaGwL hfgsf/L -nyti.ms/eurozone-crisis_ lbPsf]
lyof] . b[Zosf] Ps æ:6]6Æ df /]vfsf] df]6fOn] Pp6f b]z;Fu csf{] b]zn] lnPsf] C0fsf] dfqf b]vfPsf] 5
eg] kx]+nf]af6 ;'Gtn] aGb} uPsf] ¥ofDkn] of] slQsf] lrGtfsf] ljifo xf] -of] C0f ltl/g] ;Defjgf 5}g_ eGg]
s'/f atfPsf] 5 .
Gof;gn lhof]u|flkms Dofulhgn] cd]l/sfsf Go' of]s{, l;sfuf] / nh PGh]n; zx/ / jfOg agfpg] d'Vo
7fpFsf aLrsf] ;DaGw :yflkt u/]/ ;fdfGo rf6{ -bit.ly/sankey-wine_ agfof] . o;f] ubf{ jfOg agfpg]
7fpFaf6 tL zx/df jfOg 9'jfgL ug{] tl/sf km/s x'Fbf pT;h{g x'g] sfa{g slt dfqfdf km/s x'G5 eGg]
b]vfof] . Go' of]s{sf dflg;n] Soflnkmf]lg{ofsf] jfOg lsGg'eGbf a|f]8]S;sf] jfOg lsGg' jftfj/0fLo b[li6n]
pko'Qm x'g] s'/f klg o;n] b]vfof] .
Pdcf6L lalhg]; :s"ndf yflnPsf] æ;f];{DofkÆ gfds k|f]h]S6n] ;+;f/sf sf/vfgfdf pTkflbt ;fdfg,
ltgsf cjoj / sRrf kbfy{sf] vl/b ;DaGwdf ;"Id cWoog u¥of] . o; uxg cWoogn] ubf{ clxn]
o'h/n] Osf] a|fG8sf h'Qf -sourcemap.com/view/1760_ b]lv lnP/ c/]Gh h';;Ddsf ;fdfgsf
-sourcemap.com/view/1011_ af/]df o;cl3 pgLx¿nfO{ yfxf gePsf s'/f yfxf kfpF5g\ . pgLx¿n]
Tof] ;dfg ;+;f/sf] s'g s'gfaf6 cfk"msxfF cfOk'u]sf] xf] / Tof] ;fdfg oxfF;Dd NofOk'¥ofpFbf slt sfa{g
lg:Sof] eGg] s'/f klg o'h/n] yfxf kfpF5g\ .
tx b]vfpg]
;g\ !((! df cg';Gwfgstf{ a]g :gfO8/Dofgn] æl6«DofkÆ gfds ;"rgfnfO{ b[Zodf b]vfpg] tl/sfsf]
cfljisf/ u/] . o;df Pp6f afs;leq c¿ afs; /flvPsf x'G5g\ . afs;sf] cfsf/n] o;sf] dfqf b]
vfPsf] x'G5 . ljleGg lgsfo / To; dftxftsf zfvfsf] ah]6 b]vfpg -openspending.org_ cyjf ljleGg
If]q / sDkgLsf z]o/ ahf/ b]vfpg o;sf] pkof]u ug{ ;lsG5 . s'g} If]q / To;leqsf pkIf]qsf lx:;f
b]vfpg] of] 7f]; / pko'Qm OG6/k]m; xf] . 8]G8«f]u|fd csf{] /fd|f] kmDof{6 xf] h'g ;f+u7lgs rf6{ h:tf] b]lvG5
h;leq v08 v08 x'G5g\ .
7"nf] dfqfdf 8]6fl;6 a|fph ug{'
slxn]sfxL+ cfk"mn] yfxf kfO/fv]sf hfgsf/L b[Zodf kl/0ft x'Fbf k|efjsf/L b]lvG5g\ . ltgn] gofF
s'/fdf k|sfz kfg{ ;S5g\ . t/ laNs'n} gofF tYof+s k]mnf k/] / tL tYof+s dflg;n] vf]tNg
rfxG5g\ eg] s] ug{] < clxn] w]/}eGbf w]/} o:tf hfgsf/L pknAw x'Fb} uPsf 5g\ .
ha o'h/n] 8]6fl;6 vf]tn]/ cfk"m;Fu ;DalGwt ;"rgf e]6\g ;S5g ta dfq} oL 8]6fl;6 k|efjsf/L x'G5g\ .
;g\ @)!) sf] ;'?df g]6lkmS;n] s'g If]qsf dflg;n] s'g d'eL a9L vf]H5g\ eGg] ljifo;Fu ;DalGwt
hfgsf/L Go' of]s{ 6fOD;nfO{ lbof] . o:tf] hfgsf/L ;fdfGotof uf]Ko /fVg] ul/G5 . g]6l˚S;n] s'g d'eL
187
slt hgfn] ef8fdf lnP eGg] hfgsf/L rflx+ uf]Ko} /fv]sf] lyof] . Go' of]s{ 6fOD;n] cGt/lqmofTds 8]6fa];
-nyti.ms/interactive-database_ tof/ u¥of] h;df ljleGg 7fpFsf dflg;n] ;a}eGbf a9L ef8fdf lng] !))
j6f d'eLsf] ;"rL o'h/n] x]g{ ;Sg] eP . o;df o'h/n] lglZrt d'eL ;a}eGbf a9L nf]slk|o d'eL xf] ls
xf]Og egL yfxf kfpg ;S5g\ .
;f]xL jif{sf] cGTolt/ cd]l/sfsf] hgu0fgfsf] kl/0ffd -nyti.ms/census-explorer_ ;fj{hlgs ePsf] s]xL
306fd} Go' of]s{ 6fOD;n] o;nfO{ k|sflzt u¥of] . P8f]aL ˆNof;df agfOPsf] o; OG6/k]m;df b[Zof+sg
ug{] ljleGg pkfo /flvPsf lyP . o;n] ubf{ o'h/n] hgu0fgfsf] ;a}eGbf ;fgf] PsfO -hDdf *@ nfv
PsfO lyP_ dWo] Pssf dflg;sf] gZn, cfo / lzIff ;DaGwL hfgsf/L lng ;Sg] eP . tL tYof+ssf]
l/hf]n';g o:tf] /fd|f] lyof] ls k|sfzg x'g] lalQs} tL 8]6fl;6 x]bf{ oL 8]6fa]; x]g{] klxnf] dfG5] d} kf]
x'F ls h:tf] nfUYof] .
lala;Ln] oftfoft;Fu ;DalGwt d[To'sf af/]df u/]sf] vf]hsf kl/0ffdnfO{ klg b[Zodf abn]/
Go' of]s{ 6fOD;n] h:t} /fd|f];Fu /fv]sf] 5 .
-bbc.in/road-deaths_
lrq ^=*M
OpenSpending.org (cf]kg
gn]h kmfpG8];g_
^% xhf/
ljlslnS;n] ;fj{hlgs u/]sf] ckmuflg:tfg o'4;Fu ;DalGwt clt w]/} tYof+s k]mnf kfg{] lalQs} tL
tYof+s k|zf]wgdf nfu]sf] l6d olt w]/} ;}lgs /]s8{ kfPsf]df v';Ln] kfun eof] .
t'?Gt}, o; l6ddf /x]sf, dfOqmf];ˆ6 PS;]n ;DaGwL hfgsf/ dflg;n] c¿nfO{ ;ts{
u/fP . PS;]nn] ^%,%#^ j6f nx/ -/f]_ tYof+s dfq ODkf]6{ u¥of] . afFsL @%,))) nx/ -/f]_
sf tYof+s ODkf]6{ ePgg\ .
188
o; syfsf] kf7 s] xf] eg] ^%,))) eGbf a9L nx/ -/f]_ df tYof+s h;n] /fV5 p;k|lt z+sf ug{'k5{
-o:tf] 7"nf] sfdsf nflu PS;]n pkof]u ug{ vf]Hg' x'Fb}g eGg] csf{] kf7 t 5Fb}5_ .
— cfnf:6]o/ 8fGt, b ufl8{og
lrq ^=(M u|]6 la|6]gdf uf8L b'3{6gfdf ePsf d[To' ;g\ !(((–@)!) -lala;L_
eO/x]sf] eGbf km/s agfpg ;lsG5 ls <
Go' of]s{ 6fOD;df cdG8f sf]S;n] Pp6f rf6{ -nyti.ms/porcupine-graph_ agfP . o;df pgn] Ps
bzs;Dd n8fOF n8]kl5 / s/ 5'6 lbPkl5 cd]l/sfsf] ah]6 3f6f slt sd x'g] cg'dfg ul/Psf] lyof] /
jf:tjdf slt sd eof] eGg] tYof+snfO{ /]vfn] b]vfOPsf] 5 . o; b[Zon] ah]6 3f6f hlt sd x'G5 egL
cfzf ul/Psf] lyof] Tolt sd gePsf] b]vfPsf] 5 . o;af6 s] k|:6 x'G5 eg] slxn]sfxL+ s] eof] eGg] s'/f
eGbf klg s] ePg eGg] s'/f a9L ?lrs/ x'G5 .
nfdf] ;do;Dd PKkn OG6/k]m; l8hfOg u/]sf a|]6 leS6/n] l/PlS6e 8s'd]G6sf] Pp6f pbfx/0f
agfP . o;df pgn] s] b]vfP eg] cd]l/sfdf dfG5] gePsf sf]7fdf aQL gafNg] xf] eg] @ b]lv
$) j6f sf]Onf e§Laf6 pTkfbg eP hlt lah'nL hf]luG5 .
b Go' of]s{ 6fOD;sf DofYo' Ol/S;gn] -bit.ly/ericson-links_ tYof+snfO{ b[Zodf abn]sf yk pbfx/0f /
;Nnfx e]nf ul/lbPsf 5g\ . ltgaf6 o; ;DaGwL yk hfgsf/L kfOG5 .
189
lrq ^=!)M ah]6 3f6fM cg'dfg / jf:tljstf -Go' of]s{ 6fOD;_
tYof+snfO{ b[Zodf gabNg'
;"rgf /fd|f, ;kmf, ;xL / ;fy{s 5g\ eg] dfq} tYof+snfO{ b[Zodf abNbf k|efjsf/L x'G5 . egfO, tYo
/ j0f{g hlt /fd|f x'G5g\ :6f]/L Tolt g} /fd|f x'G5g\ . b[Zodf elgg] :6f]/Lsf xsdf klg oxL s'/f nfu"
x'G5 . cyf{t\ tYof+s hlt /fd|f x'G5g\ b[Zo klg TolQs} /fd|f x'G5g\ .
tnsf cj:yfdf tYof+snfO{ b[Zodf gabNbf a]; x'G5 .
zAb / dlN6ldl8ofdfk{mt :6f]/L eGbf /fd|f] x'g] cj:yfdf
slxn]sfxL+ tYof+sn] dfq} /fd|f];Fu :6f]/L eGg ;Sb}g . rf6{n] s'g} ljifosf] k|j[lQ b]vfpg
;Snf cyjf ;+If]kdf tYof+s b]vfpg ;Snf t/ kf7snfO{ tTsfn ePsf] s'g} 36gfaf6
cfk"mnfO{ s] s:tf] k|efj k5{ eGg] s'/f hfGg a9L ?lr x'g ;S5 . o:tf a]nfdf zAbdf
JofVof ubf{ /fd|f] x'G5 .
tYof+s yf]/} ePsf a]nf
elgG5, æ;+Vof dfq}sf] s]xL klg cy{ x'Fb}g .Æ …kmnfgf ;fdfg bz ?k}ofF dxFuf] eof]Ú eg]/
l/kf]6{/n] ;dfrf/ n]v]sf] /x]5 eg] ;Dkfbsn] …s]sf t'ngfdf -csf{] sDkgLsf] To:t} ;fdfgsf
t'ngfdf ls < b'O{ jif{cl3 ToxL sDkgLsf] ToxL ;dfgsf t'ngfdf <_ <Ú egL ;f]W5 . t]nsf] efp
olt eof] egL b]vfpg tYof+snfO{ b[Zodf abNg] ljrf/ 5 eg] s]xL jif{ otfsf t]nsf] efpsf]
tYof+s x'g' h¿/L 5 . To;sf cfwf/df dfq b[Zon] t]nsf] efp a9\b} /x]5 ls 36\b} /x]5 egL
b]vfpg ;S5 . o:tf tYof+s 5}gg\ eg] tYof+snfO{ b[Zodf abNg]lt/ nfUg' x'Fb}g .
190
tYof+s :ki6 5}g eg]
slxn]sfxL+ cfk"mn] e]nf u/]sf tYof+s PS;]n jf o:t} Pkdf /fVbf s]xL s'/f yfxf gkfOg ;S5 .
s'g} s'/f clncln dfq 36a9 ePsf] /x]5 h;n] ubf{ lrqdf of] s'/fnfO{ :ki6 b]vfpg ;ls+b}g
eg] o:tf] a]nfdf tYof+snfO{ b[Zo agfpg vf]Hg' x'Fb}g .
hlt a]nf gS;f gS;f h:tf] b]lv+b}g
slxn]sfxL+ ef}uf]lns gS;fn] s]xL cy{ lb+b}g cyjf Tof] cfsif{s x'Fb}g cyjf To;n] dxTjk"0f{
cfFs8fnfO{ cf]e]mndf kf5{ . o:tf] a]nfdf gS;f agfpg' x'Fb}g .
6]ann] sfd rNg] ePdf
yf]/} dfq tYof+s 5g\ t/ tL pkof]uL 5g\ h:tf] nfU5 eg] ltgnfO{ 6]an agfP/ /fVg klg
;lsG5 . o;df c¿ hfgsf/L x'Fb}gg\, kf7snfO{ a'e\mg ;lhnf] x'G5 . kf7snfO{ To;df x'Fb}
gePsf] æ:6f]/LÆ vf]Hg] emGem6 kb{}g . yf]/} hfgsf/L lbgsf nflu 6]an /fd|f] pkfo xf] .
— h]km Dof3L, :6\ofGkmf]8{ o'lgel;{6L
km/s km/s rf6{n] km/s km/s :6f]/L eG5g\
cfhsf] l8lh6n o'udf xfdL s] la;{G5f}+ eg] nfdf] ;do;Dd dflg;n] sfuhdf xftn]
n]v]/ sfd rnfPsf lyP . clxn] xfdL l:y/ b[ZonfO{ e2f / bf];|f] bhf{sf] 7fGg] u5f{}+ . t/ n]Vg
/ 5fKg yfn] otfsf ;of}+ jif{df xfdLn] tYof+snfO{ k]hdf ptfg{] ax'd"No 1fg ;l~rt u/]sf
5f}+ . To;sf nflu ljleGg cEof; u/]sf 5f}+ . cGt/lqmofTds rf6{, tYof+s b[Zof+sg / OGkmf]u|flkmS;
/fd|f eP klg ltgn] xfdLn] o;cl3 pkof]u ul/cfPsf w]/} /fd|f cEof; la;f{OlbG5g\ . xfdLn]
/fd|f rf6{ / u|fkmsf] Oltxf; x]¥of}+ eg] dfq} xfdL xfd|f] o:tf] 1fgsf af/]df a'e\mg ;S5f}+ / To;nfO{
gofF dfWoddf abNg ;S5f}+ .
w]/} tYof+s ePsf tflnsfnfO{ /fd|f];Fu JofVof ug{'k/]sfn] nf]slk|o rf6{ / u|fkmsf] cfljisf/ eof] . ljlnod
Kn]k]mo/ !&)) sf] cGTo / !*)) sf] ;'?sf :sl6; lyP . xfdLn] clxn];Dd pkof]u ul//x]sf w]/} rf6{
/ u|fkm pgn] PSn} cfljisf/ u/]sf x'g\ . ;g\ !&*^ df lgsfn]sf] lstfa sdl;{on PG8 kf]lnl6sn
P6n;df pgn] :s6NofG8sf] cfoft lgof{t ;DaGwL cfFs8f gofF / b[ZofTds tl/sfn] k|:t't u/L :ki6 kfg{
af/sf] pkof]u u/] .
To;kl5 ;g\ !*)! df 5flkPsf] lstfa :6fl6l:6sn a|]leo/Ldf pgn] kfOrf6{nfO{ nf]slk|o agfP . Jofkf/
a9\b} uPsfn] oL gofF vfnsf rf6{ / u|fkm agfpg'k/]sf] xf] t/ ;do laTb} hfFbf c¿ rf6{ agfpg /
pkof]u ug{ yflnof] . ;g\ !*%$ df hg :gf]n] Vofltk|fKt ænG8gsf] sn]/f gS;fÆ agfP . o; gS;fdf
sn]/fn] dflg; d/]sf 7fpFdfly sfnf] af/ /fv] . o;sf cfwf/df s'g 7fpFdf sn]/fn] w]/} dflg; d/] eGg]
s'/f yfxf eof] / o;sf] /f]syfdsf nflu sfd ug{ ;lsg] eof] .
;do laTb} hfFbf gofF rf6{ / u|fkmsf] pkof]u ug{]x¿n] o;df ;'wf/ ub{} uP, gofF k/LIf0f ub{}
uP . o;n] ubf{ of] dfWod cfhsf] cj:yfdf ljsl;t eof] . cfGb|]–ld;]n u'/L{ ljleGg cj:yf
ePsf 7fpFnfO{ ljleGg /ªdf b]vfpg] gS;f pkof]u ug{] klxnf] JolQm x'g\ . ;g\ !*@( df pgn]
191
k|mfG;sf ljleGg If]qsf] ck/fwsf] cj:yf b]vfpg gS;fdf 5fofFsf] pkof]u u/] . o; cl3o;f]
ug{] rng lyPg . clxn] lgjf{rgdf s'g If]qn] s;nfO{ ef]6 lbof], ;DklQsf] ljt/0f s:tf] 5 eGg]
s'/fsf ;fy} ef}uf]lns cj:yf;Fu ;DalGwt ljleGg hfgsf/L b]vfpg o; dfWodsf] pkof]u
eO/x]sf] 5 . x]bf{ of] ;/n h:tf] nfU5 t/ clxn] klg xfdLnfO{ o;sf] pkof]usf af/]df bIf x'g /
a'e\mg sl7g eO/x]sf] 5 .
lrq ^=!!M plxn] k|of]u ePsf af/ rf6{ -ljlnod Kn]k]mo/_
lrq ^=!@M nG8gsf] sn]/f gS;f -hg :gf]_
192
lrq ^=!#M k|mfG;sf] ck/fw b/ -cfGb|]–ld;]n u'/L{_
cfhef]ln o:tf /fd|f 6'n pknAw 5g\ h;sf af/]df /fd|f kqsf/n] hfGg'k5{ / ltgnfO{ pkof]u
ug{'k5{ . Ps} rf]l6 hl6n vfnsf b[Zof+sgsf] pkof]u ug{ vf]Hg'eGbf rf6{ / u|fkmsf] pkof]u ;DaGwL
cfwf/e"t s'/f hfGg'k5{ . xfdLn] tof/ ug{] ;a} s'/fsf] ;'?cft rf6{ / u|fkmaf6 x'G5 . cfwf/e"t
s'/f /fd|f];Fu hfGof] eg] a9L hl6n b[Zof+sg ug{ ;lsG5 lsgeg] tL b[Zof+sg ;fdfGo b[Zof+sg
ug{] l;4fGtd} cfwfl/t x'G5g\ .
af/ rf6{ / nfOg rf6{ ;a}eGbf cfwf/e"t rf6{ x'g\ . s]xL s'/fdf logsf aLrdf ;dfgtf 5 t/
s]xL s'/fdf logLx¿sf aLrdf cGt/ klg 5 . x/]s sDkgLsf], x/]s jif{sf] laqmL ;DaGwL s'/f
lnpFm . o;sf nflu, x/]s dlxgfsf] cfDbfgL b]vfpg] !@ j6f af/ agfpg ;lsG5 -lrq ^=!$_ .
o:tf cf+s8fnfO{ lsg af/df /fVg'k5{, nfOgdf /fVg' x'Fb}g eGg] s'/f x]/f}+ . nfOg u|fkm lg/Gt/ ylkg]
vfnsf cfFs8fsf nflu pko'Qm x'G5 . Ps dlxgfsf laqmLsf cfFs8f ;w}+el/ ylk+b}gg\ . dlxgfsf] cGTodf
hlt x'G5 To;eGbf a9\b}g . o; af/n] s] b]vfPsf] 5 eg] hgj/L dlxgfdf sDkgLn] !)) 8n/ cfDbfgL
u/]5 / k]ma|'c/Ldf !@) 8n/ cfDbfgL u/]5 . nfOgdf o;nfO{ b]vfpFbf ;xL 9+un] b]vfpg ;ls+b}g .
lg/Gt/ ga9\g] vfnsf cfFs8fnfO{ af/df b]vfpg'k5{ eg] tfkqmd h:tf lg/Gt/ ylkg] cfFs8fnfO{ nfOgdf
b]vfpg'k5{ .
193
lrq ^=!$M ;/n af/ rf6{M gylkg] vfnsf cfFs8fnfO{ b[Zof+sg ug{sf nflu pkof]uL
lrq ^=!%M ;/n nfOg u|fkmM lg/Gt/ ylkg] cfFs8f b]vfpgsf nflu pkof]uL
o;df xfdLn] s] b]V5f}+ eg] * ah] tfkqmd @) l8u|L ;]lN;o; lyof] eg] ( ah] @@ l8u|L
;]lN;o; . *M#) df tfkqmd slt lyof] egL cg'dfg ug{'kbf{ xfdL @! l8u|L eG5f}+ . of] ;xL xf]
lsgeg] lg/Gt/ a9\g] x'gfn] *M#) ah]sf] tfkqmd * ah] / ( ah]sf aLrsf] -@) / @@ sf aLrsf]_
tfkqmd x'g cfpF5 .
af/ / nfOg b'j}df leGg leGg vfnsf cfFs8f 5g\ -lrq ^=!&_ . of] :6f]/L eGg] /fd|f] 6'n xf] h;nfO{
ljleGg tl/sfn] pkof]u ug{ ;lsG5 . tLgj6f 7fpFdf k;n /x]sf] Pp6f sDkgLsf] pbfx/0f x]/f}+ .
o;nfO{ af/df abNbf x/]s dlxgf x/]s k;nsf] Pp6fsf b/n] tLgj6f k;nsf !@ dlxgfsf] laqmL b]vfpg
#^ j6f af/ x'g] eP . lognfO{ ;Fu} /fVbf xfdLn] s'g k;nn] s'g dlxgfdf ;a}eGbf a9L cfDbfgL u/]5
eGg] s'/f b]Vg ;S5f}+ . of] :6f]/L eGg] Pp6f /f]rs / ;xL tl/sf xf] . ;a} :6f]/sf] laqmL hf]8]/ dlxg}lkR5]
sf] af/ agfof}+ eg] s'g k;nn] ;a}eGbf w]/} laqmL u/]5 eGg] s'/f yfxf kfpFb}gf}+ t/ sDkgLsf ;a} k;nn]
s'g dlxgf /fd|f] cfDbfgL u/]5 eGg] rflx+ b]lvG5 .
194
lrq ^=!^M w]/} 7fpFsf s'n cfFs8f b]vfpg] af/ u|fkm
lrq ^=!&M ljleGg 7fpFsf Ps} vfnsf hfgsf/L 5'6\ofP/ /flvPsf] af/ u|fkm
oL Pp6} hfgsf/L b]vfpg] b'O{j6f tl/sf x'g\ . b'j} ;xL 5g\ t/ logn] Pp6} tYof+s pkof]u u/]/
klg b'O{j6f :6f]/L eg]sf 5g\ . kqsf/sf ¿kdf tYof+s pkof]u ubf{ ;a}eGbf a9L dxTjk"0f{ s'/f
xf] — cfk"mn] s'g :6f]/L eGg rfx]sf] xf] ;f] lgSof{}n ug{' . s'g dlxgfdf ;a}eGbf a9L laqmL eP5
eGg] s'/f atfpg vf]h]sf] xf] ls < s'g k;nn] ;a}eGbf w]/} laqmL u/]5 eGg] s'/f atfpg vf]h]sf]
xf] < of] Pp6f ;/n pbfx/0f xf] . tYof+s kqsfl/tfdf of] s'/fsf] w]/} 7"nf] dxTj x'G5 . s:tf]
:6f]/L eGg] nfu]sf] xf] To;sf cfwf/df b[Zof+sg s;/L ug{] eGg] s'/f lgwf{/0f x'G5 .
af/ rf6{ / nfOg u|fkm tYof+s kqsf/sf nflu geO{ gx'g] s'/f x'g\ . kl5 lx:6f]u|fd, xf]/fOhg u|fkm,
:kfs{nfOg, l:6«d u|fkm / c¿ pkfo klg pkof]u ug{ ;lsG5 . oL ;a}df s]xL ;dfg ljz]iftf x'G5g\ .
s]xL km/s ljz]iftf x'G5g\ . tYof+s slt 5, tYof+ssf] ;|f]t s] xf] cflb s'/fsf cfwf/df s'g pkfo pko'Qm
x'G5 egL lg0f{o ug{'k5{ .
kqsfl/tfdf gS;f w]/} dfqfdf pkof]u x'g] b[Zo xf] . o;df ;do, dfqf / ef}uf]lns cj:yf h:tf hfgsf/L
lbOG5 . xfdLn] k|fozM b'O{ 7fpFsf] cj:yfsf] t'ngf ug{'kg{] x'G5, s'g} s'/f Ps 7fpFaf6 csf{] 7fpFlt/
uO/x]sf] k|jfx b]vfpg'kg{] x'G5 . o:tf a]nfdf gS;f pkof]uL x'G5 . kqsfl/tfdf b[Zof+sgsf nflu
ˆnf] 8fou|fd / sf]/f]Kn]w -yl/yl/sf /ª / uf9fkgsf] pkof]u ul/Psf_ gSzf Psbd} pkof]uL pkfo x'g\ .
uNtL gu/Lsg cyjf kf7snfO{ e|d gkg{] u/L gS;fdf /ªsf dfWodn] hfgsf/L lbg hfGg' clt g} h¿/L
5 . gS;f ;DaGwL 1fg kqsfl/tf ug{] dflg;nfO{ x'g}k5{ . gS;fn] kmfOe 8An'dWo] Xj]o/ -sxfF_ eGg]
k|Zgsf] hjfkm lbG5 .
195
;fdfGo vfnsf rf6{ / u|fkmdf bIf eO;s]kl5 tfdemfd ePsf b[Zof+sgsf sfd yfNg ;lsG5 . cfwf/e"t
s'/} a'e]msf] 5}g eg] To;eGbf dflysf sfd ug{ ;ls+b}g . /fd|f] n]vs aGg -5f]6f jfSo n]Vg, s;nfO{
n]Vb}5' eGg] s'/fdf Wofg lbg, cfk"mnfO{ hfGg] b]vfpg] nf]en] ljifonfO{ hl6n agfpg] uNtL gug{ /
kf7snfO{ cy{ a'emfpg_ h:t} xf] b[Zof+sgsf sfd l;Sg klg . ;'?d} a9L tYof+s yf]kg{' x'Fb}g . ;fgf]af6
;'? ug{' g} :6f]/L eGg] ;a}eGbf k|efjsf/L tl/sf xf] . yk sfd la:tf/} ug{'k5{ .
k|efjsf/L n]vg vFlbnf] x'G5 . jfSodf cgfjZos zAb x'g'x'Fb}g, Kof/fu|fkmdf cgfjZos jfSo
x'g'x'Fb}g . b[Zof+sgdf klg oxL lgod nfu" x'G5 . lrqdf cgfjZos nfOg x'g'x'Fb}g,
d]l;gdf cgfjZos kf6{\; x'g'x'Fb}g . o;sf] cy{ n]vsn] 5f]6f jfSo dfq} n]Vg'k5{ eGg] xf]Og
lj:t[t hfgsf/L lbg'x'Fb}g eGg] xf]Og, cfp6nfOg dfq} sf]g{'k5{ eGg] xf]Og, x/]s zAbn] s]xL
g s]xL s'/f eGg'k5{ eGg] dfq xf] .
— ljlnod :6«+s h'lgo/, Olnd]G6\; ckm :6fOn -!(!*_
;a} tYof+s :6f]/Ldf g/fVbf x'G5 . 5f]6s/Ldf k|:t't ug{ s;}sf] cg'dlt rflx+b}g, of] t tkfO{+n]
ug{}kg{] sfd xf] .
— a|]g ;'8f, (optional.is)
DataVisualizationDIY
b[Zof+sg ug{] s:tf s:tf, pkof]u ug{ ;lhnf 6'N; j]adf kfOG5g\ < ltgLx¿ l;Q}df
kfOG5g\ < 8]6fAnu / 8]6f:6f]/df xfdL ;s];Dd OG6/g]6df l;Q}df kfOg] 6'N; -www.guardian.co.uk/
data_ pkof]u u5f{}+ .
;a}eGbf /fd|f 6'N;M
u|flkmS; / cGt/lqmofTds Pk agfpg] ultnf] l6d -h;n] P8f]aL ONo':6«]6/ pkof]u u/]/ (http://bit.ly/
guardian-spending / bit.ly/guardian-riots h:tf b[Zof+sg u/]sf 5g\_ ePsf] ufl8{ogdf a;]/ o;f] eGbf
;To gaf]n] h:tf] nfU5 t/ lbg}lkR5] ug{] :6f]/Lsf nflu xfdL k|fozM To:tf 6'N; pkof]u u/]/ u|flkmS;
agfpF5f}+ h'g hf]sf]xLn] pkof]u ug{ ;S5 .
xfdL s'g 6'n k|of]u u5f{}+ t <
u'un ô'hg 6]an
lj:t[t hfgsf/L ePsf] gS;f -vf;u/L h'd Og ug{'kg{] a]nfdf_ t'?Gt} agfpgsf nflu of] 6'n -google.
com/fusiontables/Home_ pkof]u u5f{}+ . o;df u'un Dofksf] xfO{ l/hf]No';g x'G5 . klxnf]kN6 of] rnfpFbf
cln cK7\of/f] nfU5 t/ of] rnfpg g5f8\g';\ . lrq ^=!* sf] O/fssf] gS;f / lrq ^=!( df b]vfP h:tf]
a]3/af/ ;DaGwL gS;f agfpg xfdLn] oxL 6'n pkof]u u/]sf lyof}+ .
o;sf] d'Vo kmfObf eg]sf] nrstf xf] . o;df If]qLo l;dfgf ePsf] s]PdPn kmfOn cknf]8 ug{
/ tYof+s tflnsf ldnfpg ;lsG5 . o;n] gofF o'h/ OG6/k]m; agfpFb}5 h;n] o;nfO{ pkof]u
ug{ cem ;lhnf] agfpnf .
of] rnfpg sf]8/ x'g'k5{ eGg] 5}g . o;sf] ô'hg n]o/ 6'nsf -http://bit.ly/fusion-layers_ ;xfotfn]
ljleGg gS;fnfO{ Ps 7fpFdf /fVg ;lsG5 cyjf ;r{ / lkmN6/ cK;g /fVg ;lsG5 . o;nfO{ kl5 Anu
cyjf ;fO6df hf]8\g ;lsG5 .
196
lrq ^=!*M ljlslnS; jf/ nu -b ufl8{og_
u'unsf Sofly|g xn{]n] tof/ u/]sf] of] lgb{]lzsf -http://bit.ly/fusiontables-tutorial_ l;Sgsf nflu w]/}
pkof]uL 5 .
kmfOnnfO{ ô'hg 6]andf abNg of] -http://www.shpescape.com/" \h_ 6'n pkof]u ug{';\ . t/ ofb /fVg';\
x} ô'hgn] Pp6f ;]ndf !) nfveGbf a9L KjfOG6 wfGg ;Sb}g .
lrq ^=!*M ljlslnS; jf/ nu -b ufl8{og_
197
6\ofAn' klAns
k];]j/x¿n] pkof]u ug{] vfnsf ;a} ;'ljwf rflx+b}g eg] 6\ofAn' klAnssf] lgMz'Ns ;+:s/0f pkof]u ubf{
x'G5 . o;sf] k|of]u u/]/ Ps nfv nx/ -/f]_ ePsf tYof+snfO{ ;/n / ;lhnf] kf/fn] hl6n
b[Zodf abNg ;lsG5 . y/Ly/Lsf rf6{nfO{ Ps} 7fpFdf Nofpg'kbf{ xfdL o;sf] k|of]u u5f{}+ .
;+;f/e/sf ;a}eGbf a9LdWo]sf s/sf b/sf af/]df :6f]/L -http://bit.ly/guardian-top-tax_ ubf{ xfdLn] oxL
6'n pkof]u u/]sf lyof}+ . o;df af/ rf6{ klg 5 .
o;nfO{ 8]6f PS:Knf]//sf ¿kdf pkof]u u/] klg x'G5 . lrq ^=@) tof/ ug{ xfdLn] o;}sf]
pkof]u u/]sf lyof}+ . o;df cd]l/sL ;+3Lo r'gfj vr{ ;DaGwL tYof+s -(http://bit.ly/guardianelectionsus_ pkof]u ul/Psf] 5 . lgMz'Ns ;+:s/0fdf xfdLnfO{ :k]; k'u]g . of] s'/f Vofn /fVg'xf]nf_ .
6\ofAn'af6 clwstd kmfObf lngsf nflu tYof+s ljz]if 9fFrfdf /flvPsf] x'g'k5{ . o;f] u/]sf v08df
o;af6 /fd|f] sfd lng ;lsG5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu, ch{]lG6gfsf] nf gfl;of]gdf tYof+s kqsfl/tfsf
-http://blogs.lanacion.com.ar/data/" \h_ ;a}h;f] sfdsf nflu 6\ofAn'sf] pkof]u ul/G5 .
6\ofAn' s;/L rnfpg] eGg]af/]df hfgsf/L oxfF lbOPsf] 5
http://www.tableausoft ware.com/learn/training.
of] lk;Lsf nflu l8hfOg ul/Psf] xf] . o;sf] Dofs ;+:s/0f klg aGb}5 .
lrq ^=@)M ;g\ @)!@ sf] /fi6«klt lgjf{rg cleofgsf] vr{ -b ufl8{og_
198
u'un :k|]8l;6 rf6{
of] 6'n oxfFaf6 8fpgnf]8 ug{ ;lsG5
http://www.google.com/google-d-s/spreadsheets/.
lrq ^=@!M o's] ;/sf/sf] vr{ / s/ -b ufl8{og_
;/n sfd -af/ cyjf nfOg rf6{ cyjf kfO rf6{_ df xft al;;s]kl5 u'un :k|]8l;6 rnfpg
;lsG5 -u'un csfpG6sf] 8s'd]G6 la6af6 o;nfO{ lqmo6 ug{ ;lsG5_ . o;sf] pkof]u u/]/
Plgd]6]8 aaN; -UofkdfOG8/df -http://www.gapminder.org_ xfG; /f]l:nªn] tof/ u/] h:tf_
nufotsf w]/} /fd|f rf6{ agfpg ;lsG5 . rf6{ PkLcfO{ -http://code.google.com/apis/chart_ rnfpFbf
h:tf] o;df sf]8sf af/]df lrGtf ug{'kb{}g . o;df sfd ug{ PS;]ndf rf6{ agfpg' h:t} 5 . o;sf]
s:6dfOh];g cK;gdf s] s] ug{ ;lsg] /x]5 egL x]bf{ /fd|f] x'G5 . o;df /ª, x]l8ª / :s]n
k]mg{ ;lsG5 . nfOg rf6{df w]/} ljsNk 5g\ .
rf6{ s:6dfOh];g cK;g s]xL ;do rnfof] eg] cfk"mnfO{ rflxP h:tf] sn/ Kofn]6 agfpg ;lsG5 .
of] 8]6f ;Knfo/sf ¿kdf a9L lrlgG5 . o;n] cfFs8fnfO{ b[Zodf abNg] sfd klg u5{
. o;df cfˆgf tYof+s cknf]8 ug{ klg ;lsG5 . o;sf] k];]j/n] rnfpg]
;+:s/0fdf w]/} ;'ljwf 5g\ .
(http://bit.ly/datamarket-explore)
8]6fdfs{]6 6fOd l;l/h 8]6fsf nflu /fd|f] x'G5 .
199
d]gL cfOh
ljdf]rg u/]sf a]nfdf -http://ibm.co/ibm-manyeyes_ o;n] Tolt a]nf;Ddsf c¿ 6'N;n] glbPsf ;'ljwf
lbPsf] lyof] h;n] ubf{ o'h/n] 8]6fl;6 cknf]8 u/]/ To;nfO{ b[Zodf abNg kfpFy] . of] agfpg]x¿ clxn]
u'undf sfd u5{g\ . s]xL ;do otf o;df gofF ;'ljwf ylkPsf 5}gg\ .
o;df Ps k6s cknf]8 u/]sf tYof+s abNg ;ls+b}g . To;}n] cknf]8 ug{'eGbf klxn] tYof+s /fd|f];Fu
hfFRg'k5{ .
lrq ^=@@M 8S6/ h;n] km6\ofOF u/], b ufl8{og
sn/ la|pc/
of] vf;} b[Zof+sg ug{] 6'n xf]Og t/ /+uLg gS;fsf nflu of]
-colorbrewer2.org_
sfd nfU5 .
yk 6'N;
dfly atfOPsf 6'N;af6 sfd gx'g] eof] eg] 8]ln6]s lk; -bit.ly/dailytekk-infographic_
n] sfd lbG5 ls eg]/ x]bf{ x'G5 . o;df cem w]/} cK;g 5g\ . oL afx]s tn lbOPsf 6'N; klg
pkof]u eO/x]sf 5g\ .
• Chartsbin, lSns
ug{ ldNg] gS;f agfpg] 6'n .
• iCharts, o;af6 ;fgf rf6{ agfpg ldN5 .
• Geocommons, o;af6 tYof+s / afpG8«L 8]6f z]o/ u/]/ ;+;f/sf] / s'g} lglZrt 7fpFsf] gS;f
agfpg ;lsG5 .
• piktochart.comdf zAb÷cfFs8fnfO{ b[Zof+sg ug{] 6\ofDKn]6 kfOG5 .
200
e]8]{G; Uofªdf tYof+s k|:t't ug{] tl/sf
;dfrf/ eGg] lalQs} kf7snfO{ ;s];Dd rfF8f] hfgsf/L lbg'k5{ . lel8of], kmf]6f], zAb, u|fkm, tflnsf
cyjf oL ;a} ePsf] ;fdu|L lbg' ;a}eGbf l56f] pkfo x'g;Snf . b[Zof+sgsf] p2]Zo klg pxL
xf]M ;"rgf rfF8} lbg' . tYof+s ;DaGwL gofF 6'nn] kqsf/nfO{ klxn] k]mnf kfg{ g;lsPsf :6f]/L kQf nufpg
/ :6f]/LnfO{ gofF tl/sfn] k|:t't ug{ ;lhnf] agfOlbPsf 5g\ . oxfF xfdLn] gj{]sf] ;a}eGbf a9L kl9g] klqsf
e]8{]G; Uofªdf tYof+s s;/L k|:t't u5f{}+ egL s]xL pbfx/0f b]vfPsf 5f}+ .
;+Vof
of] :6f]/L -bit.ly/vg-lotto_ gj{]nL tYof+s ljefu, s/bftf ;DaGwL tYof+s / nf]§f] df]gf]kf]ln:6sf]
tYof+sdf cfwfl/t 5 . o; cGt/lqmofTds u|fkmdf kf7sn] gj{]sf ;a} ufpF cyjf gu/sf
y/Ly/Lsf hfgsf/L kfpF5g\ . tflnsfn] rflx+ dflg;n] cfDbfgLsf] slt lx:;f v]ndf nufpF5g\ egL
b]vfPsf] 5 . of] agfpg PS;];, PS;]n, dfOP;So'Pn / ˆNof; k|of]u ul/Psf] lyof] .
g]6js{
xfdLn] gj{]sf ;a}eGbf wgL cfdfafa'sf !%& hgf 5f]/f5f]/Ln] sf];Fu ;DaGw /fv]sf 5g\ eGg]
ljZn]if0f ug{ ;fdflhs g]6js{ ljZn]if0f u¥of}+ . o;af6 s] b]lvof] eg] gj{]sf ;a}eGbf wgL dflg;sf
pQ/flwsf/Lx¿ pgLx¿sf cfdfafa's} g]6js{ pkof]u ubf{ /x]5g\ . pgLx¿sf @^,))) hlt sg]S;g
lyP . of] ;DaGw b]vfpg] u|flkmS; kmf]6f];ksf] pkof]u u/]/ tof/ ul/Psf] xf] . xfdLn] PS;];,
PS;]n, gf]6Kof8 / ;fdflhs g]6js{ ljZn]if0f 6'n Ucinet klg pkof]u u/]sf lyof}+ .
lrq ^=@#M s/bftf / nf]§f] ;DaGwL tYof+
201
gS;f
o; Plgd]6]8 lx6Dofk / ;/n af/ rf6{df -bit.ly/vg-heatmap_ cf]:nf]sf] dWo zx/df 306f 306fdf x'g]
ck/fwsf 36gf, ;KtfxGtsf 36gf b]vfOPsf] 5 . ;f]xL gS;fdf sfddf vl6Psf k|x/Lsf] ;+Vof klg
b]vfOPsf] 5 . hlt a]nf ck/fw a9L ePsf] x'G5 Tolt a]nf ;a}eGbf sd k|x/L 8\o'6Ldf vl6Psf x'Fbf
/x]5g\ . of] gS;f agfpg Arc View with Spatial Analyst k|of]u ul/Psf] lyof] .
lrq ^=@$M wgLsf 5f]/f5f]/L wgLs} ;+ut u5{g\ -e]8{]G; Uofª_
lrq ^=@%M Plgd]6]8 lx6 Dofk -e]8{]G; Uofª_
202
zAb
o:tf] -bit.ly/vg-vis_ b[Zof+sgsf nflu xfdLn] gj{]sf ;ftj6f bnsf g]tfn] cfˆgf kf6L{sf] ;Dd]ngdf
u/]sf efif0fsf] ljZn]if0f u¥of}+ . oL ;a} efif0f ljZn]if0f ubf{ s]xL :6f]/Lsf nflu gofF P+un k]mnf
k/] . x/]s :6f]/LnfO{ u|fkm;Fu ln+s ul/of] . o;n] kf7snfO{ efif0f k9]/ /fhgLlt1x¿sf] efiffsf]
cWoog ug{ ;lhnf] agfPsf] 5 . of] agfpg PS;]n, PS;];, ˆNof; / ONo':6«]6/ k|of]u ul/Psf]
lyof] . ;g\ @)!@ df o:t} lrq agfpg'k/]sf] eP xfdL hfefl:qmK6df cGt/lqmofTds u|fkm agfpg]
lyof}+ .
lrq ^=@^M /fhgLlts bnsf g]tfsf] efif0f -e]8{]G; ufª_
lgisif{
:6f]/LnfO{ s:tf a]nfdf b[Zof+sg ug{'k5{ < clwsf+z :6f]/LnfO{ b[Zof+sg ug{'kb{}g t/ slxn]
sfxL+ kf7snfO{ ;lhnf] xf];\ eg]/ o;f] ug{'k5{ . w]/} tYof+s ePsf :6f]/LnfO{ k|foMh;f] b[Zof+sg
ug{'k5{ . t/ s:tf] tYof+s kf7snfO{ lbg] eg]/ lg0f{o ug{] a]nfdf xfdLn] lgs} ljrf/ k'¥ofpg'k5{ .
l/kf]l6{ª ubf{ xfdLnfO{ To; ljifosf af/]df w]/} s'/f yfxf x'G5 t/ o;/L ;+sng ul/Psf hfgsf/L
k|:t't ug{] a]nfdf o; :6f]/Ldf kf7snfO{ s] s'/f lbg] eGg] yfxf kfpg'k5{ . tflnsf dfq} kof{Kt
x'Fb}g ls cyjf lglZrt jif{sf aLrdf ePsf ljsf; b]vfpg] ;/n u|fkm kf] rflxG5 ls < tYof+s
kqsfl/tfsf] cEof; ubf{ w]/} tYof+s k|:t't ug{}k5{ eGg] 5}g .
203
lat]sf b'O{–tLg jif{df cGt/lqmofTds gS;f / tflnsf agfP/ kf7snfO{ ljleGg ljifosf hfgsf/L cfk}+m
vf]Hg lbg] rng rn]sf] 5 . /fd|f] b[Zof+sg /fd|f] lrq h:t} xf] . Ps} l5g x]g{] lalQs} of] s] xf] eGg] s'/f
yfxf x'g'k5{ . b[Zo hlt x]¥of] plt w]/} s'/f b]lvG5 . b[Zo x]bf{ bz{snfO{ sxfFaf6 ;'? ug{] clg sxfF cGTo
ug{] eGg] s'/fdf cndn eof] eg] To:tf] b[ZonfO{ /fd|f] dflgb}g . w]/} hfgsf/L y'kfl/Psf] b[Zo klg /fd|f]
x'Fb}g . b[Zo o:tf] x'g] eof] eg] t zAbdf :6f]/L n]Vbf /fd|f] x'G5 .
— hg af]G;, -e]8{]G; Uofª_
;fj{hlgs tYof+s ;fj{hlgs ;DklQ x'g\
tYof+s cd"No x'G5g\ . tYof+s kfpFbf To;;Fu ;DalGwt ljifodf k|sfz kg{ ;S5 h;n] ubf{ To;
ljifodf kl/jt{g cfpg ;S5 . t/ tYof+snfO{ g/fd|/L k|:t't ul/of] eg] To;af6 s]xL klg ;~rf/
x'Fb}g . tYof+sn] 5nkmn a9fPg / ;fGble{s 1fg a9fPg eg] cfd dflg;nfO{ To;sf] s]xL cy{
x'Fb}g .
nfdf] ;dosf] ;}lgs zf;gkl5 gfOh]l/ofdf k|hftGq :yfkgf eof] . ;}lgs zf;gsf a]nfdf tYof+ssf
k5fl8sf tYo vf]Hbf zf;s lrl9Gy], h'Gtf zf;gsf] nf]slk|otfdfly k|Zg p7fPsf] 7xl/GYof] . ;/sf/L
uf]kgLotf P]gn] ;/sf/L sd{rf/LnfO{ ;/sf/L ;"rgf atfpg /f]s nufPsf] lyof] . k|hftGq :yfkgf ePsf]
!# jif{kl5 klg ;fj{hlgs tYof+s kfpg sl7g 5 . ;fj{hlgs vr{ ;DaGwL tYof+s clwsf+z dflg;n]
a'e\mb}gg\ lsgeg] pgLx¿ ljQLo /]s8{ / hl6n c+sul0ft a'e\mb}gg\ .
df]afOn pks/0f / cgnfOg a9]sfn] xfd|f] k|f]h]S6 ahcfO6L ;fd' gfOh]l/ofsf] ;fj{hlgs vr{
;DaGwL tYof+snfO{ b[Zof+sg u/L o;sf af/]df cfd dflg;nfO{ atfpg] / o; ;DaGwL 5nkmndf
pgLx¿nfO{ ;+nUg u/fpg] 7"nf] cj;/ 5 . o;sf nflu xfdLn] ;a}lt/sf o'h/nfO{ ;+nUg u/fpg'k5{
/ u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfdfk{mt cfd dflg;;Dd k'Ug'k5{ . o; k|f]h]S6n] ;fj{hlgs tYof+snfO{ ;fj{hlgs
;DklQ agfpg] / kl/jt{gsf/L zlQmsf] ljzfn g]6js{ agfpg] nIo lnPsf] 5 .
o'h/nfO{ /fd|f];Fu ;+nUg u/fpg xfdLn] pgLx¿sf rfxgf s] 5g\ eGg] s'/f yfxf kfpg'k5{ . gfOh]l/ofsf
gful/snfO{ s] s'/fsf] rf;f] 5 < pgLx¿n] s'g vfnsf ;"rgf kfPsf 5}gg\ < tYof+snfO{ pgLx¿sf]
hLjg;Fu s;/L ;fGble{s agfpg ;lsG5 < ahcfO6Lsf] tTsfnLg nIo gfOh]l/ofsf cf};t ;fIf/
dflg;nfO{ cgnfOg kmf]/d / ;f];n ldl8of;Fu hf]8\g' xf] . g]6df ljleGg vfnsf sfd ug{ -u]d v]Ng,
k9\g, c¿ dflg;;Fu 3'nldn x'g_ afgL k/]sf o'h/nfO{ cfslif{t ug{ xfdLn] tYof+snfO{ 5f]6f] / vFlbnf]
lsl;dn] k|:t't ug{'k/]sf] 5 . tYof+ssf] ;fgf] emns 6\jL6 cyjf OGkmf]u|flkmssf ¿kdf k|sfzg u/]kl5
o'h/nfO{ cGt/lqmofTds ;fdu|Lsf dfWodn] o;df kl5;Dd ;+nUg u/fpg / o; ljifodf yk hfgsf/L
lbg ;lsG5 .
tYof+snfO{ b[Zodf abNbf cfˆgf o'h/ tYof+s slt dfqfdf a'e\m5g\ eGg] s'/f yfxf kfpg' h¿/L
5 . hl6n 8fou|fd / cGt/lqmofTds PlKns];g x]bf{ hlt ;'Gb/ / /fd|f b]lvP klg o'h/nfO{ ltgn]|
s]xL klg s'/f gatfpg ;S5g\ . o;cl3 tYof+ssf] JofVof ug{] sfd ubf{ xfdLn] o:tf] cg'ej u/]sf 5f}+ .
tYof+snfO{ /fd|f];Fu b[Zof+sg ul/of] eg] ltgnfO{ o'h/n] a'e\m5g\ . o:tf b[Zof+sgn] o'h/nfO{ pgLx¿;Fu
;DalGwt :6f]/L atfpF5g\ .
204
rq ^=@&M ahcfO6Lsf] s6 Pk -ahcfO6L gfOh]l/of_
xfdLn] ah]6sf ljifodf !) xhf/ eGbf a9L gfOh]l/ognfO{ ;+nUg u/fof}+ . xfdLn] xfd|f o'h/ tLg
k|sf/sf ePsf] kfPsf 5f}+ . tL o;k|sf/ 5g\M
slxn]sfxL+ cfpg] o'h/
o:tf o'h/n] ;/n 9+un] / t'?Gt} hfgsf/L vf]H5g\ . pgLx¿ tYof+ssf] lrq rfxG5g\, lj:t[t ljZn]if0f
xf]Og . xfdLn] pgLx¿nfO{ 6\jL6 cyjf cGt/lqmofTds u|flkmS;dfk{mt hfgsf/L lbg ;S5f}+ .
;lqmo o'h/
oL o'h/n] 5nkmn cl3 a9fpF5g\, s'g} ljifosf] 1fg a9fpg tYof+ssf] pkof]u u5{g\ cyjf
tYof+ssf dfGotfnfO{ r'gf}tL lbG5g\ . oL o'h/sf nflu xfdLn] k|ltlqmof lbg] / tYof+sn] p7fPsf
ljifosf cGt/1fg ;fdflhs ;~hfndfk{mt cfˆgf ;fyLx¿;Fu z]o/ ug{ kfpg] Joj:yf ldnfPsf 5f}+ .
tYof+s k|]dL
oL o'h/ ck|zf]lwt tYof+s rfxG5g\ h;nfO{ pgLx¿ cfˆg} kf/fn] b[Zof+sg / ljZn]if0f ug{
;S5g\ . pgLx¿sf nflu xfdL tYof+s pknAw u/fpF5f}+ .
205
ahcfO6Ldf o'h/ lgDg lsl;dn] ;+nUg x'g ;S5g\M
;d;fdlos rngsf af/]df 5nkmn rnfpg
ahcfO6Ln] cgnfOg / ckmnfOgdf s:tf ljifodf 5nkmn eO/x]sf] 5 eGg] s'/f a'e]m/ o:tf ljifo;Fu
;DalGwt tYof+s pknAw u/fpg] u5{ . pbfx/0fsf nflu, hgj/L @)!@ df OGwgsf ljifonfO{ lnP/
ePsf] x8tfndf lj/f]wstf{x¿n] OGwgdf cg'bfg lbg'kg{] / e8\lsnf / cgfjZos ;/sf/L vr{
s6f}tL x'g'kg{] dfu u/]sf lyP . xfdLn] #^ 306f Jo:t eP/ Pp6f Pk agfof}+ h;n] ubf{
gfOh]l/ofsf] ah]6 k|0ffnL k]mg{] sfddf gful/sn] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Ng ;s] .
k|ltlqmof÷;Nnfx÷;'emfj lng] /fd|f] ;+oGq
xfdLn] o'h/nfO{ 5nkmn / ;f];n ldl8ofdfk{mt OGu]h u/fof}+ . w]/} o'h/ tYof+s;Fu ;DalGwt
:6f]/Lsf af/]df yk s'/f hfGg rfxGy], sltn] xfdLnfO{ lglZrt ljifodf xfd|f] ljrf/ s] 5 egL
;f]w]sf lyP . pgLx¿nfO{ hjfkm lb+bf xfdL tYof+s;Fu ;DalGwt tYosf] JofVof dfq u5f{}+, To;df
xfd|f] JolQmut cyjf /fhgLlts ljrf/ ld;fpFb}gf}+ . xfdLn] o:tf] ;+oGqnfO{ v'nf /fVg'k5{, cfPsf
k|ltlqmofsf] hjfkm lbg'k5{ / o'h/nfO{ /rgfTds tl/sfn] OGu]h u/fpg'k5{ h;n] ubf{ tYof+sdfk{mt
ag]sf] of] ;d'bfo nfdf] ;do;Dd l6S5 .
:yfgLos/0f
lglZrt ;d"xnfO{ nlIft ul/Psf 8]6fl;6sf nflu ahcfO6Ln] ljifoj:t' :yfgLo agfpg sf]l;; u5{ /
lglZrt vfnsf cfjZostf / ?lr ePsf o'h/sf aLrdf 5nkmn a9fpg sf]l;; u5{ . xfdL pgLx¿nfO{
pgLx¿n] g} p7fO/x]sf ljifodf P;PdP;dfk{mt OGu]h ug{ rfxG5f}+ .
vr{ ;DaGwL cfFs8f xfd|f] j]a;fO6 yourbudgit.com df pknAw u/fPkl5 xfdL ljleGg u}/;/sf/L
;+:yfdfk{mt gful/s;Dd k'U5f}+} . xfdLn] ;xeflutfTds 9fFrf tof/ ug{] ljrf/ u/]sf 5f}+ h;n] ubf{ gful/s
/ ;/sf/L ;+:yf Ps} 7fpFdf a;]/ ah]6df k|fyldstf kfpg'kg{] ljifo lgwf{/0f u5{g\ .
o; k|f]h]S6sf af/]df ;LkL–clk|msfb]lv lnP/ lala;L;Ddsf :yfgLo / ljb]zL ;~rf/dfWodn] ;dfrf/
agfP . PkLsf kqsf/sf nflu xfdLn] ;g\ @))@ b]lv @)!! ;Dd ;'/Iff If]qsf nflu 5'6\ofOPsf]
ah]6sf] ;dLIff u¥of}+ . clwsf+z ;~rf/ dfWodn] xfdL;Fu ck|zf]lwt tYof+s dfU5g\ h;nfO{ pgLx¿
l/kf]6f{hsf nflu pkof]u u5{g\ . cfufdL lbgdf xfdL kqsf/ / ;~rf/ dfWod;Fu yk ;xsfo{ ug{]
ljrf/ ul//x]sf 5f}+ .
— cf]lnl;pg clglUaG8]], ahcfO6L gfOh]l/of
tYof+sdf dflg;nfO{ ;+nUg u/fpg'
cl8oG;af6 k|ltlqmof lng] sfd tYof+s k|sflzt ug{] sfd hlQs} dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . xfdLn] uNtL u/]sf x'g
;S5f}+, s]xL s'/f 5'6fPsf x'g ;S5f}+ / unt cfOl8of lnPsf x'g ;S5f}+ . xfd|f cl8oG;n] tYo hfFr ug{
;S5g\ / xfdLn] Vofn gu/]sf s'/f p7fpg ;S5g\ . o; cy{df cl8oG; xfd|f ;a}eGbf d"Nojfg\ ;DklQ
x'g\ .
206
cl8oG;nfO{ OGu]h u/fpg] sfd cln hl6n 5 . o;sf nflu xfdLn] o:tf dflg;;Fu Jojxf/ ug{'k5{
hf] jiff{}+b]lv ljleGg ;fO6 rxfg{ / 5'Rrf k|ltlqmof n]Vg afgL k/]sf 5g\ . xfdL / xfd|f o'h/sf aLrdf
ljZjf;sf] jftfj/0f agfpg h¿/L 5 . pgLx¿nfO{ xfdLn] s] lbG5f}+ eGg] s'/f yfxf x'g'k5{, pgLx¿nfO{
o;sf af/]df k|ltlqmof, ;Nnfx / ;'emfj s;/L lbg] eGg] s'/f yfxf x'g'k5{ / pgLx¿n] lbPsf k|ltlqmof,
;Nnfx / ;'emfj ;'lgG5g\ eGg] s'/f klg pgLx¿nfO{ yfxf lbg'k5{ .
;a}eGbf klxn] cfˆgf cl8oG; sf] x'g\ eg]/ yfxf kfpg'k5{ . of] s'/f yfxf ePkl5 s:tf tYof+sdf
sfd ug{] eGg] s'/f yfxf x'G5 cyjf xfdLn] s:tf tYof+s vf]H5f}+ To;n] xfd|f cl8oG; sf] x'g\
eGg] s'/f yfxf x'G5 . xfdLn] vf; If]qsf dflg;nfO{ nlIft u/]sf 5f}+ eg] ToxL If]qsf dflg;;Fu
vf; ljifodf ;~rf/ ug{'k5{ . xfdL;Fu ePsf ;fdu|L / xfdLn] tof/ u/]sf :6f]/L cfd cl8oG;;Dd
k'¥ofpg rfxg] s'g} lgsfo 5 h;nfO{ xfdL ;Dks{ ug{ ;S5f}+< s'g} ;fd'bflos j]a;fO6 cyjf
kmf]/d 5 h;nfO{ xfdL ;Dks{ ug{ ;S5f}+ < s'g} vf; k|sfzg 5g\ h;df xfdL cfk"mn] tYof+sdf
kfPsf :6f]/L k|sfzg ug{ rfxG5f}+ <
;f];n ldl8ofn] 7"nf] ;xof]u ug{ ;S5 oBlk o:tf] ;xof]u xfdL s:tf tYof+sdf sfd ub{}5f}+ eGg]
s'/fdf e/ k5{ . pbfx/0fsf nflu, l;lkª ;DaGwL ljZjJofkL tYof+sdf sfd ub{}5f}+ eg] k]m;a's
cyjf 6\jL6/df o; ljifodf ?lr /fVg] vf; ;d"x ge]l6g ;S5 . csf{lt/, ;+;f/sf] e|i6frf/ cyjf
:yfgLo txsf] ck/fw ;DaGwL tYof+s vf]Hb}5f}+ eg] xfd|f ljifodf cfd dflg;nfO{ ?lr x'g ;S5 .
6\jL6/df xfO k|f]kmfOn dflg;;Fu ;Dks{ ug{' ;a}eGbf /fd|f] pkfo xf] . p;nfO{ cfk"mn] u/]sf] sfdsf]
af/]df 5f]6s/Ldf j0f{g u/]/ To;sf] ln+s k7fOlbg ;lsG5 . pgLx¿nfO{ xfd|f] sfd /fd|f] nfUof] eg]
pgLx¿n] cfˆgf l/8/nfO{ l/6\jL6 ug{ ;S5g\ . ;fgf] k|of;df w]/} k|rf/ ug{] of] /fd|f] tl/sf xf] . t/ o;f]
ul/b]pm eg]/ dflg;nfO{ hah{:tL ug{' rflx+ x'Fb}g .
xfd|f k]hdf cfpg] kf7sn] xfd|f] sfd;Fu s;/L cGt/lqmof ug{ kfpF5g\ eGg] s'/f ljrf/ ug{'k5{ .
pgLx¿n] xfd|f] :6f]/L k9\g ;Snfg\, OGkmf]u|flkmS; jf gS;f x]g{ ;Snfg\ . olQ dfq} kof{Kt x'Fb}g .
kf7snfO{ k|ltlqmof lbg] ;'ljwf lbg' Psbd} h¿/L 5 . o:tf] k|ltlqmof, ;Nnfx÷;'emfjn] xfdLnfO{
cfk"mn] n]v]sf] :6f]/Lsf af/]df 7"nf] cGt/1fg lbG5, eljiodf s] s;/L sfd ug{] eGg] af6f] b]vfpF5 .
:6f]/Lsf ;fydf ck|zf]lwt tYof+s klg k|sflzt ug{'k5{ . o:tf] tYof+snfO{ :6f]/L;Fu} xf]:6 ug{ ;lsPnf
cyjf u'un 8S; h:tf ;]jfdf xf]:6 ug{ klg ;lsG5 . o;f] ubf{ Pp6} tYof+s dfq k|sflzt x'G5 . kl5
tYof+sdf uNtL ePsf] kfOPdf Ps 7fpFdf ;RofpFbf k'U5, cBfjlws ug{'k¥of] eg] klg Ps 7fpFdf dfq} u/]
k'U5 . :6f]/L tof/ ubf{ cfk"mn] pkof]u u/]sf tYof+s cfd dflg;n] ;lhn} pkof]u ug{ kfpg] ;'ljwf lbg'
h¿/L x'G5 .
To;kl5 cl8oG;n] xfdL;Fu cGt/lqmof ug{ ;Sg] c¿ s'g} pkfo 5 ls egL ljrf/ ug{'k5{ . xfd|f]
tYof+slt/ s;n] Wofg lbPsf 5g eGg] s'/f yfxf kfpg'k5{ . h'g 7fpFaf6 ;a}eGbf w]/} 6«flkms
xfd|f] :6f]/Ldf cfPsf 5g\ To; 7fpFsf dflg;n] ltdLn] of] s'/f 5'6fof} egL b]vfpg vf]h]sf x'g
;S5g\ . pbfx/0fsf nflu, cfO;NofG8sf] ul/aLsf] tYof+s x]g{ xfdLn] 5'6fPsf] x'g ;S5 . cfˆgf]
:6f]/L k9\g]dWo] cfO;NofG8sf dflg; klg 5g\ eg] To; ljifodf Wofg lbg'kg{] x'g ;S5 .
207
sd]G6 aS; afx]s cGoq klg sd]G6 ug{ ;lsG5 ls egL x]g{'k5{ . :k|]8l;6sf] lglZrt ;]ndf sd]G6
P6]r ug{] ;'ljwf kf7snfO{ lbg ;lsG5 ls < cyjf, OGkmf]u|flkmS;sf] lglZrt 7fpFdf kf] o;f] ug{] ;'ljwf
lbg ;lsG5 ls < o;f] ubf{ x'g] kmfObfnfO{ sd cfFSg' x'Fb}g .
Ps hgfn] u/]sf] sd]G6 c¿n] klg x]g{ kfpg] Joj:yf ug{'k5{ . w]/}h;f] cj:yfdf, o:tf sd]G6
xfdLn] /fv]sf] tYof+s cyjf :6f]/L hlQ g} d"Nojfg\ x'G5g\ . sd]G6 cfk"mn] dfq} x]g{ kfpg] Joj:yf
u/]sf v08df kf7sn] o;af6 kmfObf lng kfpFb}gg\ .
cGTodf, s;}nfO{ xfdLn] pkof]u u/]sf] tYof+s pkof]u u/]/ 5'§} :6f]/L jf OGkmf]u|flkmS; tof/
ug{ dg nfUnf . To:tf tYof+s cfˆgf :6f]/Ldf s;/L /fVg] eGg]af/]df ;f]Rg'k5{ . Xof;6\ofusf]
pkof]u u/]/ x'G5 ls lˆns/ u|'kdfk{mt z]o/ ug{ kf] ;lsG5 ls egL x]g{'k5{ .
slxn]sfxL+ s;}nfO{ cfk"m;Fu ePsf hfgsf/L ;fj{hlgs ¿kdf z]o/ ubf{ c;'/lIft eOG5 eGg] nfUg
;S5 cyjf To;f] ug{ pgLx¿ ;xh gdfGg ;S5g\ . pgLx¿n] o:tf hfgsf/L Od]ndfk{mt cyjf
u'dgfd sd]G6 aS;dfk{mt z]o/ ug{ vf]Hnfg\ . o:tf a]nfdf uf]Ko tl/sfn] hfgsf/L z]o/ ug{ ;Sg]
pkfo sfd nfU5g\ .
;a}eGbf dxTjk"0f{ s'/f cfˆgf] tYof+snfO{ hlt ;Sbf] w]/} / ;a}nfO{ z]o/ ug{' xf] . kf7sn] cfˆgf]
sfd hfFr ug{ ;Sg], cfˆgf] sfddf ePsf uNtL kQf nufpg ;Sg] / cfk"mn] 5'6fPsf ljifo p7fpg
;Sg] jftfj/0f tof/ u/]sf v08df xfd|f] kqsfl/tf ;'w|G5 / kf7sn] klg ;'vb cg'ej lng kfpF5 .
— 8+sg u]o/, Wired.co.uk
208
;Dkfbssf af/]df
hf]gfyg u|] cf]kg gn]h kmfpG8];g (http://okfn.org) sf ;d'bfo / ;+:s[lt ljefusf k|d'v
x'g\ . of] ljleGg If]qsf tYof+s / k7g ;fdu|L ;a}n] lgMz'Ns kfpg'kg{] jftfj/0f k|j4{g ug{
nfluk/]sf] Vofltk|fKt u}/gfkmfd'vL ;+:yf xf] . pgn] cf]s]PkmPgdf tYof+s kqsfl/tf ;DaGwL w]/}j6f
k|f]h]S6 rnfPsf 5g\ . OpenSpending.org o:t} Pp6f k|f]h]S6 xf] h;n] ;+;f/sf ljleGg b]z / o'/f]kn] pmhf{df u/]sf] ;/
sf/L vr{sf] dfkg u/]sf] 5 . pgL bz{gzf:q / cfOl8ofsf] Oltxf; ljifodf nG8g ljZjljBfno, /f]on xf]nf]j]df cg'';Gwfg
ub{}5g\ . pgsf af/]df yk hfgsf/L oxfF 5 jonathangray.org .
lnlnofgf
af}g]u|'
DataDrivenJournalism.net
sL
;Dkfbs
/
o'/f]lkog
hgf{lnhd
;]G6/sf]
(http://www.ejc.net/) tYof+s kqsfl/tf ;DaGwL k|f]h]S6 d]g]h/ x'g\ . pgn] www.datajournalismawards.
org sf] ;dGjo ug{'sf ;fy} tYof+s kqsfl/tf gfds k':tssf] ;x;Dkfbg u/]sL l5g\ . lnlnofgf
;dGjofTds cg';Gwfg kl/of]hgf EMAPS (ElectronicMapstoAssistPublicScience) df klg cg';Gwfg
ul5{g\ . pgL cfD:68{d ljZjljBfnosf] ldl8of cWoogdf :gftsf]Q/ txdf cg';GwfgsL ljBfyL{ klg
x'g\ . pgsf] cg';Gwfgsf] ljifo ldl8of, ;+:s[lt / ;dfhdf k|ljlwsf] k|efj xf] . pgL lilianabounegru.org df Anu ul5{g\ .
n';L RofDa;{ cf]kg gn]h kmfpG8];gdf ;d'bfo ;+of]hs x'g\ . pgL cf]s]PkmPgsf] OpenSpending.org project and
SpendingStories df sfd ul5{g\ . ToxfF pgL tYof+ssf] ;Gbe{ kQf nufpg / ;fj{hlgs vr{ ;DaGwL tYof+s hfFr ug{
kqsf/nfO{ d2t ul5{g\ . pgL cf]kg gn]h kmfpG8];gsf tYof+sdf cfwfl/t kqsfl/tf ;DaGwL ultljlw / kqsf/ tflnd
-h;df tYof+s kQf nufpg], ltgnfO{ a'e\mg] / k|:t't ug{] ;Lk l;sfOG5_ ;+of]hg klg ul5{g\ .
kl/of]hgf ;+of]hssf af/]df
o'/f]lkog hgf{lnhd ;]G6/ (http://www.ejc.net/) n] o'/f]ksf] ;df;fdlos ljifodf x'g] se/]hsf] :t/ psf:g / o'/f]k]nL
ldl8ofnfO{ /0fgLlts ;xof]u k'¥ofpg tflnd k|bfg ug{] u5{ .
cf]kg gn]h kmfpG8];g (http://okfn.org/) ;+;f/df lgoldt ¿kdf ;a}n] v'nf 1fg -cgnfOg / ckmnfOg_ kfpg] jftfj/0f
tof/ xf];\ eGg] rfxG5 . o;n] v'nf 1fgnfO{ k|j4{g u5{ lsgeg] o;n] ;dfhnfO{ bL3{sfnLg kmfObf k'¥ofpg ;S5 .
209
210
211

Nepal Data Journalism

Transcription

Similar documents

v M

Milestone-2013 Sitting row (L to R)

E:\Rajbiraj dainik 2070

d'n'sdf ePsf s[lif ;dfrf/sf nflu x/]s If0f x/]s lbg Û

Løsningsforslag til Tal, algebra og funktioner 1

Global produktion og salg af æg-produkter i LACTOSAN

INTRODUKTION TIL TALTEORI

Katalog Fredericia april 2011