Maximilian Kolbe - Hymns and Chants

Maximilian Kolbe
1.2 Franciscan friar
Saint Maximilian Maria Kolbe, O.F.M. Conv., (Polish:
Maksymilian Maria Kolbe [maksɨˌmiljan ˌmarja ˈkɔlbɛ]; 8
January 1894 – 14 August 1941) was a Polish Conventual
Franciscan friar, who volunteered to die in place of a
stranger in the Nazi German death camp of Auschwitz,
located in German-occupied Poland during World War II.
Before his death he was very active in promoting the veneration of the Immaculate Virgin Mary, founding and supervising the monastery of Niepokalanów near Warsaw,
operating a radio station, and founding or running several
other organizations and publications.
In 1907, Kolbe and his elder brother Francis decided
to join the Conventual Franciscans.[8] They enrolled at
the Conventual Franciscan minor seminary in Lwów later
that year. In 1910, Kolbe was allowed to enter the
novitiate, where he was given the religious name Maximilian. He professed his first vows in 1911, and final
vows in 1914,[2] adopting the additional name of Maria
(Mary).[5]
Kolbe was sent to Rome in 1912, where he attended the
Pontifical Gregorian University. He earned a doctorate
in philosophy in 1915 there. From 1915 he continued
his studies at the Pontifical University of St. Bonaventure where he earned a doctorate in theology in 1919[5]
or 1922[2] (sources vary). He was highly active in the
consecration and entrustment to Mary During his time as
a student, he witnessed vehement demonstrations against
Due to Kolbe’s efforts to promote consecration and enPopes St. Pius X and Benedict XV in Rome during an
trustment to Mary, he is known as the Apostle of Conseanniversary celebration by the Freemasons. According
[4]
cration to Mary.
to Kolbe,
Kolbe was canonized on 10 October 1982 by Pope John
Paul II, and declared a martyr of charity. He is the
patron saint of drug addicts, political prisoners, families,
journalists, prisoners, and the pro-life movement.[2] John
Paul II declared him “The Patron Saint of Our Difficult
Century”.[3]
1
1.1
They placed the black standard of the
extquotedblGiordano Brunisti extquotedbl under the windows of the Vatican. On this
standard the archangel, St. Michael, was depicted lying under the feet of the triumphant
Lucifer. At the same time, countless pamphlets were distributed to the people in which
the Holy Father (i.e., the Pope) was attacked
shamefully.[9][10]
Biography
Childhood
Future Saint Maximilian was born Raymund Kolbe on
8 January 1894 in Zduńska Wola, in the Kingdom of
Poland, which was a part of the Russian Empire, the
second son of weaver Julius Kolbe and midwife Maria
Dabrowska.[5] His father was an ethnic German[6] and his
mother was Polish. He had four brothers. Shortly after
his birth his family moved to Pabianice.[5]
Soon afterward Kolbe organized the Militia Immaculata
(Army of the Immaculate One), to work for conversion
of sinners and enemies of the Catholic Church, specifically the Freemasons, through the intercession of the VirKolbe’s life was strongly influenced by a childhood vi- gin Mary.[2] So serious was Kolbe about this goal that he
sion of the Virgin Mary that he received in 1906 in added to the Miraculous Medal prayer:
Pabianice.[2] He later described this incident as follows:
O Mary, conceived without sin, pray for us
who have recourse to thee. And for all those
who do not have recourse to thee; especially the
Masons and all those recommended to thee.[11]
That night I asked the Mother of God what
was to become of me. Then she came to me
holding two crowns, one white, the other red.
She asked me if I was willing to accept either
of these crowns. The white one meant that I
should persevere in purity, and the red that I
should become a martyr. I said that I would
accept them both.[7]
The Immaculata friars utilized the most modern printing
and administrative techniques in publishing catechetical
and devotional tracts, a daily newspaper with a circulation
of 230,000 and a monthly magazine with a circulation
of over one million. Kolbe also used radio to spread his
1
2
1 BIOGRAPHY
Catholic faith and to speak out against the atrocities of the Dziennik (The Little Daily), in alliance with the politiNazi regime. He is the only canonized saint to have held cal group, the National Radical Camp (Obóz Narodowo
an amateur radio license, with the call sign SP3RN.[12]
Radykalny).[2][5]
Poor health forced Kolbe to return to Poland in 1936.[2]
Two years later, in 1938, he started a radio station at
Niepokalanów, the Radio Niepokalanów.[2][15]
1.3 Death at Auschwitz
Maximilian Kolbe, on a West German postage stamp, marked
Auschwitz
In 1918, Kolbe was ordained a priest.[13] In July 1919
he returned to the newly independent Poland,[2] where
he was very active in promoting the veneration of the
Immaculate Virgin Mary.[5] He was also strongly opposed
to leftist - in particular, communist - movements.[5] From
1919 to 1921 he taught at the Kraków seminary.[2][5]
Around that time, as well as earlier in Rome, he suffered
from tuberculosis.[2][13] In 1922 he founded the monthly
periodical Rycerz Niepokalanej (Knight of the Immaculate),[2] a devotional publication based on French Le Messager du Coeur de Jesus (Messenger of Jesus’ Heart).[5]
From 1922 to 1926 he operated a religious publishing
press in Grodno.[5] As his activities grew in scope, in
1927 he founded a new Conventual Franciscan monastery
at Niepokalanów near Warsaw, which became a major religious publishing center.[2][13][5] A junior seminary was
opened there two years later.[2]
Between 1930 and 1936, Kolbe undertook a series of
missions to East Asia.[5] At first, he arrived in Shanghai,
China, but failed to gather a following there.[5] Next, he
moved to Japan, where by 1931 he founded a monastery
at the outskirts of Nagasaki (it later gained a novitiate and a seminary) and started publishing a Japanese
edition of the Knight... (Seibo no Kishi).[2][13][5] The
monastery he founded remains prominent in the Roman
Catholic Church in Japan.[2] Kolbe decided to build the
monastery on a mountainside that, according to Shinto
beliefs, was not the side best suited to be in harmony
with nature. When the atomic bomb was dropped on Nagasaki, Kolbe’s monastery was saved because the other
side of the mountain took the main force of the blast.[14]
In mid-1932 he left Japan for Malabar, India, where he
founded another monastery; this one however closed after
a while.[2] Meanwhile, the monastery at Niepokalanów
began in his absence to publish the daily newspaper, Mały
Stained glass image of Kolbe as a concentration camp prisoner,
at the Conventual Franciscan church of Szombathely, Hungary
After the outbreak of World War II, which started with
the invasion of his country by Nazi Germany, Kolbe was
one of the few brothers who remained in the monastery,
where he organized a temporary hospital.[5] After the
town was captured by the Germans he was briefly arrested by them on 19 September but released on 8
December.[2][5] He refused to sign the Deutsche Volksliste.[16] Upon his release he continued work at his
monastery, where he and other monks provided shelter to refugees from Greater Poland, including 1,0002,000 Jews whom he hid from Nazi persecution in their
friary in Niepokalanów.[14][13][17][2][18][16] Kolbe also received permission to continue publishing religious works,
through significantly reduced in scope.[16] The monastery
thus continued to act as a publishing house, issuing a
number of anti-Nazi publications.[2][13] On 17 February 1941, the monastery was shut down by the Nazi
German authorities.[2] That day Kolbe and four others
were arrested by the German Gestapo and imprisoned in
the Pawiak prison.[2] On 28 May, he was transferred to
Auschwitz as prisoner #16670.[19]
Continuing to act as a priest, Kolbe has been subject to
cruel punishment, and had to be smuggled to a prison hospital by friendly inmates.[2][16] At the end of July 1941,
three prisoners disappeared from the camp, prompting
SS-Hauptsturmführer Karl Fritzsch, the deputy camp
2.1
Controversies
3
commander, to pick 10 men to be starved to death in tuberculosis in Angela Testoni, and in August 1950, the
an underground bunker in order to deter further escape cure of calcification of the arteries/sclerosis of Francis
attempts. When one of the selected men, Franciszek Ranier was attributed to Kolbe’s intercession.[2]
Gajowniczek, cried out, “My wife! My children! extquotedbl, Kolbe volunteered to take his place.[8]
According to an eye witness, an assistant janitor at that
time, in his prison cell, Kolbe led the prisoners in prayer
to our Lady. Each time the guards checked on him, he
was standing or kneeling in the middle of the cell and
looking calmly at those who entered. After two weeks of
dehydration and starvation, only Kolbe remained alive.
The guards wanted the bunker emptied and they gave
Kolbe a lethal injection of carbolic acid. Kolbe is said to
have raised his left arm and calmly waited for the deadly
injection.[13] His remains were cremated on 15 August,
the feast day of the Assumption of Mary.
2
Canonization
The statue of Kolbe (left) above the Great West Door of Westminster Abbey.
After his canonization, St. Maximilian Kolbe’s feast day
was added to the General Roman Calendar. He is one
of ten 20th-century martyrs who are depicted in statues above the Great West Door of Westminster Abbey,
London.[20]
2.1 Controversies
Kolbe’s recognition as a Christian martyr also created
some controversy within the Catholic Church[21] in that,
while his ultimate self-sacrifice of his life was most certainly saintly and heroic, he was not killed strictly speaking out of odium fidei (hatred of the Catholic faith), but as
the result of an act of Christian charity, which Pope Paul
VI himself had recognized at his beatification by naming
him a Confessor and giving him the unofficial title “martyr of charity”. Pope John Paul II, however, when deciding to canonize him, overruled the commission he had
established (which agreed with the earlier assessment of
heroic charity), wishing to make the point that the systematic hatred of (whole categories of) humanity propagated
by the Nazi regime was in itself inherently an act of hatred of religious (Christian) faith, meaning Kolbe’s death
equated to martyrdom.[21]
The first monument to Maximilian Kolbe in Poland in Chrzanów
On 12 May 1955 Kolbe was recognized as the Servant
of God.[16] Kolbe was venerated by Pope Paul VI on 30
January 1969, beatified as a Confessor of the Faith by the
same Pope in 1971 and canonized as a martyr by Pope
John Paul II on 10 October 1982.[2] Upon canonization,
the Pope declared St. Maximilian Kolbe not a confessor, but a martyr.[2] The miracle which was used to confirm his beatification was the July 1948 cure of intestinal
Kolbe has also been accused of anti-Semitism based on
the content of these newspapers, which included claims
of a Zionist plot for world domination, a claim made several times in the American press.[22][23][24] Slavoj Zizek
describes his activities as “writing and organizing mass
propaganda for the Catholic Church, with a clear antiSemitic and anti-Masonic edge.”[25] [23] A number of
writers pointed out that the “Jewish question played a
very minor role in Kolbe’s thought and work”.[26][23][23]
On those grounds allegations of Kolbe’s anti-semitism
have been denounced by Holocaust scholars Daniel L.
Schlafly Jr. and Warren Green, among others.[23] Dur-
4
6
ing World War II Kolbe’s monastery at Niepokalanów
sheltered Jewish refugees,[23] and, according to a testimony of a local: “When Jews came to me asking for
a piece of bread, I asked Father Maximilian if I could
give it to them in good conscience, and he answered me,
'Yes, it is necessary to do this because all men are our
brothers.' extquotedbl[26][18] Kolbe “often vilified in Jewish literature as an avowed anti-Semite”, despite extquotedbl hundreds of testimonials of gratitude for the assistance... several from the survivors of the Polish Jewish community”.[18] Kolbe’s antisemitism was a source
of the controversy in the 1980s in the aftermath of his
canonization.[27] As of 2014, Kolbe has still not been recognized as Righteous Among the Nations.[28]
2.2
Relics
REFERENCES
Saint Maxymilian in Zduńska Wola or the Church of
Saint Maxymilian Kolbe in Szczecin.[32][33] A museum,
Museum of St. Maximilian Kolbe “There was a Man”,
was opened in Niepokalanów in 1998.[34]
In 1963 Rolf Hochhuth published a play significantly
influenced by Kolbe’s life and dedicated to him, The
Deputy.[16]
In 2000, the National Conference of Catholic Bishops (U.S.) designated Marytown, home to a community of Conventual Franciscan friars, as the National
Shrine of St. Maximilian Kolbe. Marytown is located
in Libertyville, Illinois, and also features the Kolbe Holocaust Exhibit.[35]
Polish Senate declared the year 2011 to be the year of
Maximilian Kolbe.[36]
First-class relics of Kolbe are hairs from his head and
beard, preserved without his knowledge by two friars 4 Immaculata prayer
at Niepokalanów who served as barbers in his friary
between 1930 and 1941.[29] Since his beatification in Kolbe composed the Immaculata prayer as a prayer of
1971, more than 1,000 such relics have been distributed consecration to the Immaculata, i.e. the immaculately
around the world for public veneration.[29] Second-class conceived Virgin Mary.[37]
relics such as his personal effects, clothing and liturgical vestments, are preserved in his monastery cell and
in a chapel at Niepokalanów, and may be viewed by 5 See also
visitors.[29]
• Holocaust theology
3
Influence
Kolbe’s influence has found fertile ground in his own
Order of Conventual Franciscan friars, in the form
of continued existence of the Militia Immaculatae
movement.[30] In recent years new religious and secular
institutes have been founded, inspired from this spiritual
way. Among these the Missionaries of the Immaculate
Mary - Father Kolbe, the Franciscan Friars of Mary Immaculate, and a parallel congregation of Religious Sisters, and others. The Franciscan Friars of Mary Immaculate are even taught basic Polish so they can sing
the traditional hymns sung by Kolbe, in the saint’s native
tongue.[31] According to the friars,
“Our patron, St. Maximilian Kolbe, inspires us with his unique Mariology and apostolic mission, which is to bring all souls to
the Sacred Heart of Christ through the Immaculate Heart of Mary, Christ’s most pure,
efficient, and holy instrument of evangelization – especially those most estranged from the
Church.”[31]
Kolbe’s views into Marian theology echo today through
their influence on Vatican II.[2] His image may be found
in churches across Europe.[20] Several churches in Poland
are under his patronage, such as the Santctuary of
6 References
[1] “Biographical Data Summary”. Consecration Militia of
the Immaculata. Retrieved 10 October 2012.
[2] Saints Index; Catholic Forum.com, Saint Maximilian
Kolbe
[3] “Holy Mass at the Brzezinka Concentration Camp”. Vatican. Retrieved 10 October 2012.
[4] Regis J. Armstrong; Ingrid J. Peterson (2010). The Franciscan Tradition. Liturgical Press. p. 51. ISBN 978-08146-3922-1.
[5] Czesław Lechicki, Kolbe Rajmund, Polski Słownik Biograficzny, Tom XIII, 1968, p. 296
[6] Kinga Strzelecka (1984). Maksymilian M. Kolbe: für
andere leben und sterben (in German). S[ank]t-BennoVerlag. p. 6.
[7] Regis J. Armstrong; Ingrid J. Peterson (2010). The Franciscan Tradition. Liturgical Press. p. 50. ISBN 978-08146-3922-1.
[8] Saint Maximilian Kolbe, Catholic-Pages.com
[9] Czupryk, Father Cornelius (1935). Mugenzai no Seibo no
Kishi (Mugenzai no Sono Monastery) (18th Anniversary
Issue).
5
[10] “Saint Maximilian Tells How the MI Began”. Consecration. Retrieved 10 October 2011.
[11] “Daily Prayers”. Marypages.com. Retrieved 10 October
2011.
[12] “SP3RN @ extquotedbl. qrz.com. Retrieved 18 December 2012.
[13] “Blessed Maximilian Kolbe-Priest Hero of a Death Camp
by Mary Craig”. Ewtn.com. Retrieved 10 October 2012.
[14] Hepburn, Steven. “Maximilian Kolbe’s story shows
us why sainthood is still meaningful”. London: The
Guardian. Retrieved 10 October 2011.
[15] “Historia”. Retrieved 30 September 2014.
[16] Czesław Lechicki, Kolbe Rajmund, Polski Słownik Biograficzny, Tom XIII, 1968, p. 297
[30] Catholic Way Publishing (27 December 2013). My Daily
Prayers. Catholic Way Publishing. p. 249. ISBN 978-178379-029-6.
[31] “O.F.M.I. Friars”. Franciscan Friars of Mary Immaculate. Retrieved 10 October 2012.
[32] “Sanktuarium Św.
Maksymiliana - Zduńska Wola
- DIECEZJA WŁOCŁAWSKA -KURIA DIECEZJALNA WŁOCŁAWSKA”. Retrieved 30 September
2014.
[33] “Parafia p.w. �w. M.M. Kolbego w Szczecinie - Aktualności”. Retrieved 30 September 2014.
[34] “Niepokalanów”. Retrieved 30 September 2014.
[35] “National Shrine of St. Maximilian Kolbe”. Retrieved 30
September 2014.
[17] “Kolbe, Saint of Auschwitz”. Auschwitz.dk. Retrieved 10
October 2012.
[36] UCHWAŁA SENATU RZECZYPOSPOLITEJ POLSKIEJ z dnia 21 października 2010 r.o ogłoszeniu roku
2011 Rokiem Świętego Maksymiliana Marii Kolbego
[18] Mark Paul, January2010Wartime Rescue of Jewsby the
Polish Catholic ClergyThe Testimony of Survivors, Polish
Educational Foundation in North America, 2009, p.2324.
[37] “University of Dayton Marian prayers”.
Campus.udayton.edu.
24 March 2009.
Retrieved 10
October 2011.
[19] “Sixty-ninth Anniversary of the Death of St. Maximilian Kolbe”. Auschwitz-Birkenau Memorial and Museum.
Retrieved 10 October 2012.
7 Bibliography
[20] “Maximilian Kolbe”. Westminster Abbey. Retrieved 10
October 2012.
[21] Anna L. Peterson (1997). Martyrdom and the Politics
of Religion: Progressive Catholicism in El Salvador’s Civil
War. SUNY Press. p. 94. ISBN 978-0-7914-3182-5.
• Rees, Laurence. Auschwitz: A New History, Public
Affairs, 2005. ISBN 1-58648-357-9
8 External links
[22] Alan M. Dershowitz (1 May 1992). Chutzpah. Simon and
Schuster. p. 143. ISBN 978-0-671-76089-2.
• Patron Saints Index: Saint Maximilian Kolbe
[23] “Scholars Reject Charge St. Maximilian Was Antisemitic”. Jewish Telegraphic Agency. Retrieved 30
September 2014.
• Kolbe’s Gift, a play by David Gooderson about Kolbe
and his self-sacrifice in Auschwitz based on factual
evidence and conversations with the late Józef Garliński
[24] Robert Michael (1 April 2008). A History of Catholic
Antisemitism: The Dark Side of the Church. Palgrave
Macmillan. p. 154. ISBN 978-0-230-61117-7.
[25] Slavoj Zizek (22 May 2012). Less Than Nothing: Hegel
and the Shadow of Dialectical Materialism. Verso Books.
pp. 121–122. ISBN 978-1-84467-902-7.
[26] Patron of Our Difficult Century, Becky Ready, EWTN
http://www.ewtn.com/library/ANSWERS/KOLANTI.
htm
[27] David Yallop (23 August 2012). The Power & the Glory.
Constable & Robinson Limited. p. 203. ISBN 978-14721-0516-5.
[28] Gene A. Plunka (24 April 2012). Staging Holocaust Resistance. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 21. ISBN 978-1-13700061-3.
[29] “The First-Class Relics of St Maximilian Kolbe”. Pastoral
Centre. Retrieved 5 Dec 2013.
• A Man Feared by the 21st Century: Saint Maximilian Kolbe from the Starvation Bunker in Auschwitz
- a drama by Kazimierz Braun
• Saint Maximilian Kolbe, a popular biography at
Catholicism.org
• Niepokalanów in English
6
9 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES
9
Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses
9.1
Text
• Maximilian Kolbe Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximilian_Kolbe?oldid=629341914 Contributors: AxelBoldt, William Avery,
Montrealais, DopefishJustin, Skysmith, Kaihsu, Smack, JASpencer, Tom Peters, Doradus, Fvw, Finlay McWalter, Hajor, Robbot, Dale
Arnett, Xiaopo, Nurg, Mirv, Desmay, Dina, Ncox, Connelly, Varlaam, LarryGilbert, Kpalion, Matthead, Bobblewik, Dingo, W4HTX,
Gadfium, Utcursch, Andycjp, Alexf, Jonel, Piotrus, Emax, Pritch, Necrothesp, Neutrality, Mike Rosoft, D6, Lithorien, Naive cynic,
ArnoldReinhold, Sahasrahla, Ibagli, ESkog, Steerpike, Dodoo, Bobo192, Carradee, ‫לערי ריינהארט‬, Towel401, Polylerus, Hooperbloob,
ADM, Patsw, Alansohn, DavidHoag, SlimVirgin, Velella, RainbowOfLight, Computerjoe, JALockhart, Woohookitty, FeanorStar7,
Pol098, WadeSimMiser, Stefanomione, Graham87, Cuchullain, Sjö, JHMM13, Cfortunato, Yamamoto Ichiro, FlaBot, Mishuletz, Ayla,
Anonym1ty, Gameres, Physchim62, Valentinian, DVdm, Random user 39849958, ShadowHntr, YurikBot, StuffOfInterest, RussBot, Briaboru, Hede2000, Wwilly, Grafen, Bloodofox, ExRat, RazorICE, Lexicon, Midnite Critic, Moe Epsilon, Mlouns, JHCaufield, Evrik, Cinik,
CLW, Nlu, FF2010, Bdell555, 21655, Cspalletta, Closedmouth, Fang Aili, KGasso, Appleseed, Tom Morris, Attilios, SmackBot, Tlozano,
Ma8thew, Hydrogen Iodide, Rbreen, Lifebaka, HeartofaDog, Primaryspace, Gilliam, Hmains, Ludi, Savio mit electronics, Kurykh, Rakela,
KiloByte, Roscelese, SchfiftyThree, Xx236, TheFeds, MaxSem, Jwillbur, OrphanBot, Addshore, Mr.Z-man, Jmlk17, Mistico, RFD, Iapetus, Kismetmagic, Kendrick7, FelisLeo, Ged UK, Ohconfucius, SashatoBot, Ser Amantio di Nicolao, Valfontis, Atkinson 291, Mathiasrex,
Andrewjuren, Gobonobo, Vumba, Prorokini, Jurand, Slakr, Major Bonkers, MrDolomite, Kevin W., SimonD, Clarityfiend, DJGB, Benbristol, Lloegr-Cymru, Aherunar, LotR, Zureks, NickW557, ShelfSkewed, WeggeBot, Balloonman, Equendil, Jac16888, Vaquero100,
Cydebot, Jackyd101, Poeticbent, Lugnuts, Michael C Price, Shirulashem, DumbBOT, UberScienceNerd, Gimmetrow, Kingstowngalway,
Thijs!bot, Epbr123, Biruitorul, WilliamH, Merkurix, Turkeyphant, CarbonX, Mentifisto, AntiVandalBot, Seaphoto, Stevecull, Antique
Rose, Smith2006, Fayenatic london, DOSGuy, HanzoHattori, Andonic, Bencherlite, Magioladitis, Connormah, Bongwarrior, VoABot
II, Kuyabribri, Plain jack, Rivertorch, Seelig, Nyttend, [email protected], 28421u2232nfenfcenc, DerHexer, JaGa, Patstuart,
Laura1822, Langdon341, Arjun01, Whiteman, Desquinn, Tgeairn, J.delanoy, Captain panda, Pharaoh of the Wizards, DrKiernan, Trusilver, Numbo3, Horel, Uncle Dick, Jerry, Lantonov, DarkFalls, McSly, L'Aquatique, Skier Dude, Dmitri Yuriev, NewEnglandYankee,
SJP, MKoltnow, HighKing, Signalhead, Sam Blacketer, Gunnerdevil4, Rick570, VolkovBot, ABF, Pouyand, VasilievVV, Philip Trueman,
A4bot, Hqb, Donatus, JayC, Aymatth2, ANB, John Carter, Lradrama, RomWikiArt, DeVeritate, Master Bigode, Bearian, M0RD00R,
Kasnie, Madhero88, VanishedUserABC, Sleepsong, Northfox, Brandon97, Jean-Christophe BENOIST, Ponyo, SieBot, Triwbe, Ulysses54,
Keilana, Anglicanus, Flyer22, FRaNCHiZe1115, Hexham, Moonraker12, Antonio Lopez, Jc3schmi, Polbot, Jan morovic, COBot, Jstanmeyer, Vojvodaen, Pinkadelica, Richard David Ramsey, Escape Orbit, Saint-Louis, Gr8opinionater, ClueBot, Binksternet, Fyyer, The
Thing That Should Not Be, Joe12811, Saddhiyama, Drmies, SuperHamster, Niceguyedc, Otolemur crassicaudatus, Drbwinter, Piledhigheranddeeper, Pumpmeup, Jusdafax, Panyd, PixelBot, Tylerdmace, Eeekster, Tradypaul1, Illuvitar, JasonAQuest, Thingg, Versus22,
Porchcorpter, SoxBot III, Editor2020, EstherLois, DumZiBoT, XLinkBot, Maddy123465, Paulmnguyen, 99Perfectos, Max5659, Akda18,
Airplaneman, Addbot, Narayansg, Beau6944, LatitudeBot, Kiejstut9, Fieldday-sunday, Fluffernutter, ShepBot, Sumbuddi, SamatBot, Organic Cabbage, Numbo3-bot, Tide rolls, Lightbot, Rojypala, LuK3, Legobot, Luckas-bot, Yobot, Vague, Ptbotgourou, Fraggle81, ThinkingTwice, Egosintrick, TestEditBot, Roltz, AnomieBOT, Marauder40, Jim1138, JackieBot, AdjustShift, Kingpin13, Law, Materialscientist, Rtyq2, Jock Boy, ArthurBot, Halfmonkey, Xqbot, Jayarathina, Polemyx, Ruy Pugliesi, Frankie0607, RibotBOT, Amaury, N419BH,
Catfish82, SD5, Spongefrog, GT5162, FrescoBot, Pepper, Dmoerner, Catfish9297, Rup1352, Swipe pk3r, Jschnur, RedBot, SpaceFlight89,
Piandcompany, Ozhistory, GlendaleNative, Reaper Eternal, Jeffrd10, Suffusion of Yellow, Daniel the Monk, Legendistom, RjwilmsiBot,
TjBot, Bento00, Hoops gza, Jacobgreen35, EmausBot, WikitanvirBot, Excel97, Kittykittyraw, RenamedUser01302013, Tommy2010,
Wikipelli, K6ka, ZéroBot, Daonguyen95, Traxs7, Wayne Slam, Willthacheerleader18, J.WILL777, Physco12, Mojo2132, Alexandriensis, ElevenEleven, HandsomeFella, DASHBotAV, Pehazet, Ebehn, AMD, ClueBot NG, Demonkid95, Lmoss77, Hazhk, -davied is a
umb shit\, Mannanan51, CopperSquare, Widr, Vibhijain, North Atlanticist Usonian, Helpful Pixie Bot, Titodutta, Juhoalander, Jvck28,
Juro2351, MusikAnimal, Secret Agent Julio, Jamortify, Altaïr, DaHuzyBru, Cengime, BattyBot, LuckierPrawn, Liam987, Andrej Mohorcic, Dhutch86, Dominiktesla, Webclient101, Numbermaniac, CaSJer, Frosty, Sriharsh1234, The Anonymouse, RandomLittleHelper,
GreasySam19, Ilikecaramel, JamesMoose, Cole2411, JMV121, Internuncio, Vzaak, AddWittyNameHere, FrateFrancesco, Lachster212,
NuncioInter, St170e, Vieque, Theodaboss132, UniOfOxford, CoffeeGiraffe, Jacklikedick187, Brabazon.jack, ThatGuyThatLikesSharks,
TheBananaBoatSweg, Thetruthderntlie, YoloSw4g696969GG and Anonymous: 605
9.2
Images
• File:DBP_1973_771_Maximilian_Kolbe.jpg Source:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/DBP_1973_771_
Maximilian_Kolbe.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: scanned by NobbiP Original artist: scanned by NobbiP
• File:Fr.Maximilian_Kolbe_1939.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e9/Fr.Maximilian_Kolbe_1939.jpg
License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.v-like-vintage.net/uploads/images/Cropped700/00130919.jpg Original artist: http:
//www.v-like-vintage.net/uploads/images/Cropped700/00130919.jpg
• File:Gloriole_blur.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/Gloriole_blur.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Eubulides
• File:Kolbe-szombathely.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/Kolbe-szombathely.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Primaryspace
• File:Kościół_MB_Ostrobramskiej_w_Chrzanowie_13.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8e/Ko%C5%
9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_MB_Ostrobramskiej_w_Chrzanowie_13.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist:
Gosu
• File:WestminsterAbbey-Martyrs.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/WestminsterAbbey-Martyrs.jpg
License: CC-BY-2.5 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Jean-Christophe BENOIST
9.3
Content license
• Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0