the Abstract Book - 2nd ICOCEE

Transcription

INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON
CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
Dedeman Cappadocia Hotel & Convention Center, Nevşehir, Turkey
Conference Book
20 – 23 May 2015
Welcome to Cappadocia, Nevşehir
The idea of providing a scientific basis for discussing and solving, emerging problems in the fields of
only environmental engineering such as water sources, pollution treatment technologies, aquatic life
and etc. This idea initiated the first “International Conference on Environmental Science &
Technologies (Cappadocia, Turkey in 2013)” that we also hosted and involved in the organization.
However, environmental engineering is a whole with civil engineering in many countries in the World.
Thus, basis idea of the second conference, which is named as International Conference on Civil
and Environmental Engineering (ICOCEE), has been formed.
“International Conference on Civil and Environmental Engineering” will provide a
comprehensive overview of effective strategies on the fields of civil and environmental engineering.
Also, the ICOCEE conference will provide the opportunity to discuss and evaluate the solutions to the
regional and global problems. All parties of civil and environmental engineering areas such as
universities, industrial organizations, public institutions and organizations, local governments and
legislators are welcome to attend to the conference in order to the share their experiences and to bring
a common body of knowledge for the solutions of problems in the fields of civil and environmental
engineering. The topics of the conference will include almost all areas of civil and environmental
engineering.
Cappadocia (named as “land of the beautiful horses”) is selected as the conference venue since it is one
of the most fascinating and historical place in Turkey. It is also famed for its wine, valleys,
underground cities, carved-from-rock churches & hotels, hot-air balloons, trekking and horseback
riding tours. Owing to these prominent features of the place, participants will enjoy their stay besides
benefiting from the conference.
The four- day ICOCEE – Cappadocia’2015 conference that is going to be launched on May 20, 2015 in
Cappadocia, Nevsehir, Turkey, provides a fruitful, international and unique forum for exchange of
views among participants currently working in the areas of civil and environmental engineering.
We hope you enjoy ICOCEE – Cappadocia’2015 conference and your stay in Cappadocia, Turkey.
Conference Chairmen
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Serkan ŞAHİNKAYA
Assist. Prof. Dr. Erkan KALIPCI
CONTENTS
1
Comparison Of Exhaust Emissions Of A DI Diesel Engine Fueled With Methyl Ester, Ethyl
Ester, Petro-Diesel And Their Blends
H. Sanli, M. Canakci, E. Alptekin, A. Turkcan, A. N. Ozsezen
2
Pcbs In Ambient Air In Istanbul And Izmir-Turkey
Kurt-Karakus PB, Gungormus E, Okten E, Celik H, Ugranlı T, Sofuoglu A, Gedik K, Sofuoglu
S, Alegria H, Jones KC
3
Prediction Of Surface Ozone Concentration By A Semi-Empirical Photochemical Model
Kh. Ashrafi, M. Zamani, Gh.R. Nabi-Bid Hendi
4
Air Quality Modelling In Barcelona From The Analysis Of Climate, Territorial And Traffic
Variables
D. Jato-Espino, E. Castillo-Lopez, S. M. Charlesworth, J. Rodriguez-Hernandez
5
Pbdes In Ambient Air In Istanbul And Izmir-Turkey
P.B. Kurt Karakus, E. Gungormus, H. Celik, E. Okten, T. Ugranlı, A. Sofuoglu, K. Gedik, S.
Sofuoglu, H. Alegria, K.C. Jones
6
The Research Of CO And Nox Emissions Revealed From Linear Sources İn Kocaeli City Korfez
District By ISCST-3 And AERMOD Model Programs
K.O. Demirarslan, Ş. Çetin Doğruparmak
7
Levels Of Bioaerosols In Indoor Environments In Ankara
E. Aghlara, G. Güllü
8
Bioaerosol Removalby Simultaneous Adsorption And Photo-Oxidation Of Ag-Doped Tio2/PU
Under Visible Irradiation
Thanh-Dong Pham, Byeong-Kyu Lee
9
An Overview Of Chiral Pollutants As A Tracer Of Cycling Of Pops
E. Can Güven, D. Bolat, K. Gedik, P.B. Kurt Karakuş
10
A Preliminary Investigation Of Legacy Organochlorine Pesticides In The Atmosphere Of An
Agricultural Area In Antalya
E. Can Güven, D. Bolat, K. Gedik, P.B. Kurt Karakuş
11
Analysis And Assessment Of Heavy Metal Pollution Of Road Dust In Düzce, Turkey
F. Taşpınar, M. Atasoy, Z. Bozkurt, B. Poyraz, O. Uzun
12
Compration Of Indoor And Outdoor Vocs Levels At Children Homes
S. Lakestanı, B. Karakaş, S. Acar Vaizoğlu, B. Güçiz Doğan, Ç. Güler, B. Şekerel, A. Taner, G.
Güllü
13
Economic And Environmental Contributions Of Declaration Of The Marmara Region As
Emission Control Area (ECA).
D. Yıldırım Pekşen, G. Bilen Alkan
14
Airborne Particle Concentrations Prediction Using Artificial Neural Network
Ya-Chin Teng, Ho-Wen Chen, Wei-Yea Chen, Wei-Lun Lin
15
Illustration Of Air Quality Change Using Innovative Trend Analysis Method
Y.S. Güçlü, E. Şişman, İ. Dabanlı, Z. Şen
16
Clear-Cut, Easy And Safe Air Purifying Technique
H. Habibazarfard, A. Cemal Saydam
17
Atmospheric Pollution Monitoring Using Neural Networks
M. Rouaïnia, N. Djebri
18
Heavy Metal Concentration Of House Dust
P. Babaei, İ. Durukan, G. Güllü
19
Analysis Of Vocs In The Indoor Air
L. Meciarova, S. Vilcekova
20
Dispersion Of The Nox Emissions From Chimneys And Road Traffic Around Industrial Sites:
Case Study Of The Company Fantazia.
H. Gourgue, A. Aharoune, A. Ihlal Ahmed
21
Indoorairqualityand Construction Specifications
B. Öztür, H. Aykaç, H. Çelebi
22
Analysis Of SO2 And PM Concentrations With Artificial Neural Network: A Case Study Of
Erzurum City Center
F. Ekmekyapar Torun, Z. Bingül, M.Y. Çodur
23
Investigation Of Air Pollution Parameter Variation On Between 2007-2014: The Case Of Igdir
(Turkey)
S. Dogru, T. Bayram, Y.A. Argun, A. Altikat
24
Level And Sources Of Particulate Matter (Pm10, Pm2.5) In Turkey
G. Güllü, Z. Gemici, B. Keskin Çatal
25
Dynamic Stiffness Of Resilient Materials For Reduction Of Floor Impact Sound
Jung-Min Kim, Jung-Yoon Lee, Hye Sun Lim, Byungkoo Jun, Seong Jun Hong
26
Thinking Of Noise Control In A Positive Way: Soundscape Concept
N. Akbulut-Çoban, K. Gedik
27
Evaluation Of Quiet Area Characteristics Of An Educational Area: A Case Study Of
Akdeniz University Campus, Antalya
A. G. Göküş, H. Güleç, Z. Aslan, N. Akbulut-Çoban, K. Gedik
28
Determination Of Noise Pollution In Main Arterial Roads Of Nevsehir City Center
E. Kalıpcı, İ. Bilgen
29
Hydrogen Peroxide Aided Sulphuric Acid Pre-Treatment Of Electronic Waste For İmproving
Gold Recovery By Metabolically-Engineered Strain Of Chromobacterium Violaceum
S. Das, Y.P. Ting
30
Düzce Potential Investigation Of Domestic And Industrial Solid Waste Recoverable
G.F. Gökçe, N. Mazlum, P. Hasanoğlu
31
Ground Improvement Via Chrome And Steel Slags
M. Vekli, C.C. Çadır, F. Şahinkaya
32
A Newbitumen Geosynthetic Barrier Mainly Based On Boron Production Waste Clay For
Landfill Liner Systems
D. Ulutaş, Z. Çokaygil, A. Özkan, Y. Güney, M. Banar
33
Solid Waste Management In Erzurum
Z. Bingül, F. Ekmekyapar Torun
34
Effect Of Soil Minerology On Electrokinetic Remediation
G. Demirel Bayık, A. Altın, Ö.F. Çapar
35
Environmental Quality Of Compost: Can Composting Earthworms (Eisenia Fetida) Help
Manage Compost Nutrient Ratios?
K. Bellitürk, J.H. Görres, H.S. Turan, S. Göçmez, M.C. Bağdatlı, M. Eker, S. Aslan
36
Evaluation Of The Mechanical And Hydrological Characteristics Of A Bioreactor Landfill
Using Laboratory Simulators.
P. Lakshmikanthan, L.G. Santhosh, G.L. Sivakumar Babu
37
Environmental Research Of Old Waste Landfill “Vardariste”, Skopje, Macedonia
B. Kovachevikj, E. Raleva, M.Markov, Z. Ilijoski
38
Bioconversion Of Food Wastes For The Production Of Value Added Products Bioconversion Of
Food Industry Wastes
B. Zorlugenç, F. Kiroğlu Zorlugenç
39
Utilization Of Food Industry Wastes
F. Kiroğlu Zorlugenç, B. Zorlugenç
40
Effects Of Different Barn Planning System On Waste Characteristics – Case Study Of
Turkey
H. E. Polat
41
Constraints Of Local Waste Management System In Lagos, Nigeria
A.O Abisuga, A.A Akinpelu, D.O Olanrewaju
42
California Bearing Ratio Of A Clay With Waste Carpet Jute
M. Öztürk, A. F. Çabalar
43
Porosity Analysis Of Ceramic Wall Tile Derived From Blast Furnace Slag
E.Eren Gultekin, Z. Bayer Ozturk
44
Selective Sodium Hydroxide Leaching Of Zinc From Waste Zinc-Carbon And Alkaline
Battery Mixture
B. Andak, A. N. Bulutcu
45
Evaluation Of Performance Of MSW Landfill Barrier Systems At Laboratory Scale And Using
HELP Model Simulations
L.G. Santhosh, P. Lakshmikanthan, G.L. Sivakumar Babu
46
Solid Waste Management And Recycling In Igdir
Y.A. Argun, A. Altikat, S. Dogru, T. Bayram
47
Management Of Solid Waste In The Sample Of A Small Sized Turkish Town, Erzurum
T. Bayram , Y.A. Argun, A. Altikat, S. Dogru
48
Industrial Waste – Red Mud As Catalyst For Hydro-Dealkylation
Á. Rédey, T. Juzsakova, T. Fráter, A. Csavdari, L. Ráduly, I. Ráduly
49
GIS Application On Disposal Of Dredge Materials
S. Dağlı, A.Dönertaş, H. M. Basar, İ.Yolcubal, E.Sangu, L. Tolun
50
Preventative Medicine For The Environment: Developing And Implementing
Environmental Programs That Work
F. Oztaş
51
A Proposed Designed Of Compost Pile Facility In Batangas State University Main Campus I
J.A. Almarez, S.J. R. Driz, R. Joy I. Jumangito
52
Recycling Ways Of Waste Bread Crumbs
S.M. Seçen, K.E Gerçekaslan
53
Characterization Of Wastewaters From Eskişehir State Hospital
P. Gültekin
54
Key Environmental Challenge Of Seawater Desalination
F. Saffarimiandoab, I. Koyuncu, H. Kilzer
55
Identification Of A Potential Isolate For Degradation Of Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate In
Wastewater Systems
H. Ulusoy, F. Yilmaz, A. Ergene, B. Icgen
56
Isolation Of Bacteria Efficient In The Removal Of Anionic Detergents
S. B. Salik, F. Yilmaz, A. Ergene, B. Icgen
57
Potential Of Pseudomonas Species For The Treatment Of Heavily Detergent-Polluted
Waters
L. Goksu, F. Yilmaz, A. Ergene, B. Icgen
58
Halonitromethanes Formation In Drinking Water: Occurrence And Precursors
S. Genisoglu, Z. Ozturk, B.İ. Harman, S.S Kaplan Bekaroglu
59
Chlorine Dosing Management Strategies For Water Utilities Using GIS, SCADA And Modelling
Tools: Case Study Of Yeşilbayir-Antalya
T. Akdeniz, H. Muhammetoğlu
60
Influence Of Characteristic Of Butterfly Valve Closing On Water Hammer Run.
A. Kodura
61
Utilization Chitosan As A Color Absorbent On Textile Industry Liquid Waste
H.H. Mumtaza
62
Biosorption Of Commercial Yellow 2G And Indigo Textile Dyes By Powder Hawaiian
Spirulina Pacifica
G. Dogdu, A. Yalcuk
63
Efficiency Of UV And UV H2O2 Processes For Amoxicillin Treatment
Ş. Doğan, R. Kidak
64
Ceramic Membrane Applications In Industrial Wastewater Treatment
M. Genisoglu, H. Koseoglu, B.I. Harman
65
Evaluation Of The Dispersive Component Of The Surface Energy Of Al-Pillared Sepiolite And
Al-Pillared Montmorillonite As Determined By Inverse Gas Chromatography
C. Bilgiç, N. Karakehya
66
Occurrence Of Illicit Drugs And Pharmaceuticals In Municipal Wastewater And
Possibilities For Their Removal
I. Bodík, T. Mackuľak, M. Fáberová, M. Mosný
67
Isolation Of Efficient Diesel Oil Degraders Harbouring Alkb And C23O Genes
G. Onur, F.Yilmaz, B. Icgen
68
A Clean Technology For Tanneries Unhairing Waste Waters: Neutralization By CO2 , Water
Recycling And Free Amino Acids Recovery
S. Tamersit, Kamel-Eddine Bouhidel
69
Effect Of Some Pharmaceuticals On The Production Of Biogas At Anaerobic Digestion
Process
M. Fáberová, L. Ivanová, I. Bodík, T. Mackuľak
70
Study On The Sorption-Desorption-Recovery Performance Of Ion Exchange Resin For
Removing Phosphate From Aqueous Solutions
T. E. Köse, B. Kıvanç
71
Flow Reactor Model For UV Treatment Of Amoxicillin
R. Kidak, Ş. Doğan
72
Treatment Of Olive Mill Wastewater By Photooxidation To Nano-Zno-Bentonite Composite
And Recovery Of OMW
M. Balaban, D.T. Sponza
73
Removal Of Olive Mill Wastewater Pollutants By UV And Sunlight Irradition With NanoSio2/Fe3O4 Composite And Reuse Properties
Ç. Ulusoy, Delia Sponza
74
A New Approach For Sludge Disintegration & Stabilization: Solid Tio2 Thin Films
T. Tunçal, D. İ. Cifci, O. Uslu
75
Wastewater Treatment In Poland Taking Into Special Consideration Anaerobic Reactors
K. Umiejewska
76
The Cycle Of Pharmaceuticals, Drugs And Their Metabolites In Four Dominant Treatment
Plant In Slovakia And The Czech Republic
T. Mackuľak, L.Birošova, I. Bodík, M. Fáberová
77
Biodegradation Of The Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Pharmaceutical Flurbiprofen
K. Yanaç, R.W. Murdoch
78
Effect Of Impregnation Ratio On Properties Of Activated Carbon Prepared From Biochar
By Chemical Activation
D. Angın, S. Güneş, S. Şensöz
79
Adsorption Of Orange 13 From Aqueous Solutions Using Activated Carbon Prepared From Orange
(Citrus Sinensis L.) Pulp
D. Angın, G. Demir, S. Güneş, A. Ilci
80
Biogas Production By Anaerobic Digester Exposed To Ammoniachangedwith Changing
Bacterial Population Dynamics
M. S.Ak, F. Yilmaz, B. Icgen
81
Adsorption Of Methylene Blue Dye On Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (Mwcnts) - A Response
Surface Methodology (RSM) Approach
V. Selen, Ş. Taşar, M. Çakmak, D. Özer, A. Özer
82
Removal Of Astrazon Golden Yellow 7GL From Colored Wastewater Using Activated Clay
M. Çakmak, Ş. Taşar, V. Selen, A. Özer, Dursun Özer
83
Assessment Of Anaerobic Microbial Community Structure In The Presence Of
Nonylphenoldiethoxylateusing Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization
F. Kara Murdoch, F.Dilek Sanin
84
Comparison Of Methylene Blue Removal Efficiency From Aqueous Solutions By Walnut
Shell And Activated Walnut Shell
S.N. Giray, D. Aktaş, M. Kozak, T. Kaymaz, M. Dolaz
85
The Separation Of Emulsified Oils From Wastewater By The Application Of Electric Field
C. Eryılmaz, A. Genç
86
An Economic Analysis Of Sewage Sludge Management Methods In Kocaeli
Ö. Kaplan, M. Gündüz, G. Turan, K.S. Yiğit
87
The Effect Of Different Ph At Constant Temperature On Biohydrogen Production From Sewage
Sludge
I. Senturk, H. Buyukgungor
88
Biodegradation Of Various Azo Dyes In Anaerobic Batch Reactors
Ö. Aktaş, Y. Toker, E. Şahinkaya
89
Simultaneous Nitrate And Perchlorate Reduction In Elemental Sulfur Based Autotrophic And
Heterotrophic Processes
D. Ucar, E. Cokgor, E. Sahinkaya, A. Yurtsever
90
Aerobic Treatment Of Olive Mill Wastewater By Batch Reactor: A Kinetic Study
S. Kul, A. Nuhoğlu, E. Aladağ
91
Synthesis Of Carboxymethyl Starch From Food Industry Waste
S. Akarsu, C. A. Zıba, F. Dincer, M. Dolaz
92
Evaluation Of The Adsorption Capacity Of The Expanded Perlite To Remove Linear Alkyl
Benzene Sulphonic Acid (LABSA) From Aqueous Solution
D. Akin Sahbaz, S. Balbay, C. Acikgoz
93
Investigating Color Removal Of Textile Wastewater Using Constructed Wetlands
E. Karaçetin, Sevim, O.
94
Adsorption And Kinetic Studies Of Molecular Size Fractions Of Humic Acid Onto Anion-Doped
TiO2 Specimens
P. Akan, M. Bekbolet
95
Comparision Of Biological And Advanced Treatment Processes For Ciprofloxacin Removal In
Raw Hospital Wastewaters
G. Guney, D.T. Sponza
96
Integrating Storage Sizing And Slow Sand Filtration For Residential Rainwater Harvesting
Applications In The Philippines
M.P. Lumbera, R. Ello P. Cabungcal
97
Removal Of Color From Textile Wastewater By Adsorption On Sunflower Seed Shell
E.B. Duran, S. Akarsu, Y. Cuci, M. Dolaz
98
Do Personal Care Detergents Pose Risk In The Aquatic Environment: Characterization And
Ecotoxicity Investigation
O. Kizek, İ.D. Çiftçi, F. Ekmekyapar, A. Sicigliano, S. Meriç
99
Adsorption Of Dyestuff From Wastewater Using Calcined Waste Eggshell
T. E. Köse
100
Comparative Photocatalyticdegradation, Detoxification And Demineralization Of A
Biologically Treated Textile Effluent Using Tio2 And Znonanoparticles
D.İ. Çifçi, S. Terzi, S. Meriç
101
Role Of Plant Biomass Structures On Performance Of Engineered Wetland For Treating
Boron (B) Mine Effluents
O. C. Türker, C. Türe, H. Böcük, A. Çiçek, A. Yakar
102
Removal Of Eriochrome Black-T From Aqueous Solutions Using Nzvi And S. Cerevisiae
Modified With Nzvi
U. A. Guler, O. Kundakci
103
Removal Of Tetracycline From Aqueous Solutions By Nanostructured Fe(III)-Cu(II) Binary
Oxide
U.A. Guler, H. Celik
104
Decolorication Of Reactive Black 5 By Potassium Ferrate (K2FeO4)
S. Şahinkaya, E. Kalıpcı, H. Cüce
105
Recovery Of Acid And Heavy Metal In Surface Coating Industry By Best Available Techniques
T. Kotan, G. Bakan
106
Removal Of Acid Violet 90, Basic Yellow 28 And Direct Blue 86 By Fe3O4 Embedded
Polymer
C.S. Keskin
107
Decolorization Of Disperse Blue 56 And Reactive Yellow 145 By Acrylamide Based Polymer
C.S. Keskin
108
Biosorption Of Disperse Blue 56, Basic Yellow 28 And Acid Violet 90 By Aspergillus Tamarii
S. Yılmazer Keskin, A. Güler
109
Removal Of Direct Blue 86 And Reactive Yellow 145 By Dead Biomass
S. Yılmazer Keskin, A. Güler
110
Effect Of Anions On Arsenic Removal From Groundwater By Air Feed Electrocoagulation
Reactor Using Iron Ball Anodes
E. Şık, E. Gengeç, M. Kobya, E. Demirbas, M.S. Oncel
111
Preparation Of Polyacrylonitrile Ion Exchange Fibre (PAN-IEF) For The Removal Of Arsenic
K. Qureshi, I. Bhatti, Z. Solangi
112
Applıcatıons Of Hybrıd System In Water And Wastewater- Review
G.K. Akkaya, M.S. Bilgili
113
Removal Of Nickel (II) Pollution In Water By Diatomite
M. Bilgin, Ş. Tulun
114
Adsorption Kinetic Studies For The Removal Of NH4-N From Landfill Leachate By Natural
Adsorbent
F.A. Temel, A. Kuleyin
115
Preparation Of The Poly(Glycidyl Methacrylate) Grafted Onto Crosslinked Poly(3-Chloro2-Hydroxypropyl-Co-EGDMA) With Sorbitol Group And Use For Removing Boron From
Water
G. Torunoglu Turan, B.F. Senkal
116
Removal Of Maxilon Red GRL From Aqueous Solutions Using Niğde (Bor) Grape Molasses
Soil As A Low-Cost Adsorbent
F. Çiner, S. Şahin, S. Battal, E. Sezer, A. Dumlu
117
Removal Of Total Nitrogen By Juncus Acutus And Cortaderia Selloana From Domestic
Wastewater In Horizontal Subsurface Flow Constructed Wetland
F.Aydın Temel, Y. Ardalı, E. Avcı
118
Removal Of Nitrate From Domestic Wastewaters Using Algae
M. Izhar, S.L. Sanin, A. Akbulut
119
Heavy Metals Contamination And Chemical Speciation Of Water And Soils İn The Vicinity Of
Sungun Porphyry Copper Deposit, NW Iran
K. Esmaeili, N. Pirouznia, F. Moore
120
European Market For Decentralized Waste Water Systems
E. Dorgeloh, D. Verschitz
121
Comparison Of Wastewater Treatment Potential Between Arthrospira Platensis And
Chlorella Vulgaris
R. Rezaei, A. Akbulut, S.L. Sanin
122
Bioelectricity Generation From Wastewater Sludge Using Microbial Fuel Cells
S. Ömeroğlu, F.D. Sanin
123
Treatment Of Anaerobic Batch Reactor Of An Automotive Industry Wastewater: Influence Of
Substrate-İnoculum Ratio And Wastewater Co-Substrate Ratio
M. Sarioglu Cebeci, Ö.B. Gökçek
124
Laboratory Scale Submerged Membrane Bioreactors (SMBR)
For The Treatment Of Rural Areas Wastewater
O. Özkan, M. Oğuz, Ö. Özdemir, Ş. T. Azgın, A. Solmaz, İ. Uyanık
125
Effect Of Influent COD/TAN Ratio On Carbon And Nitrogen Removal Efficiency And Stability
Of Aerobic Granules
I. Kocaturk, T.H Erguder
126
Monitoring Of Molecular Weight Distribution By HPSEC With Ultraviolet Diode Array And
Refractive Index Detectors In Biologically Treated Bakery Yeast Wastewater
E. Gengeç, M. Kobya
127
Nickel Removal From Aqueous Solution By Iron Oxide Coated Sepiolite
İ. Kıpçak, C. Gürakan Akın
128
Effects Of Operational Parameters On The Removal Of Acid Blue 161 Dye From Aqueous
Solutions By Electrocoagulation With Aluminum And Stainless Steel Electrodes
S. Ustun, N. Beyazit, H. Büyükgüngör
129
Evalution Of Non-Catalytic Wet Air Oxidation Variables For Removal Of Orgonophosphrous
Pesticide Malathion Using Box-Behnken
M. Isgoren, E. Gengec, S. Veli
130
Partial Nitrification Of Domestic Wastewater Under Oxygen Limited Conditions
B. Alpaslan Kocamemi, E. Çiçek
131
Tetracycline Removal Via Waste Turkish Coffee
M. Erşan, F. Düğenci, Ü.A. Güler
132
Adsorption Of Basic Yellow 2 From Aqueous Solutions Onto Montmorillonite
O. Sözüdoğru, B.A.Fil, R. Boncukcuoğlu, E. Aladağ, S. Kul
133
Investigation Of Nitrate Treatment Potential Of Tea Waste
A. Bilgin
134
Preparation Of The Poly (Styrene) Based Quaternary Chloroacetamide Modified Sorbent
For Removal Of Phenol
E.Yavuz, F.Bildik, B.F. Şenkal
135
Transport Of Heavy Metals Through The Supported Liquid Membrane
B. T. Gemici, S. Altin
136
Adsorption Of Heavy Metals From Aqueous Solution By Non-Modified Clinoptilolite In
Fixed-Bed System
M. Balintova, M. Holub
137
Cluster Analysis Of Water Quality In Water Reservoir Ruzin I., Slovakia
E. Singovszka, M. Balintova
138
Decolorization Of Brillant Blue R Contaminated Solutions By Chitosan-Eggshell Modified
Products
İ. Tosun Satır, B. Bulut Kocabaş
139
The Role Of Water In Recycling The Physicochemical Treatment Sludge As Concrete
Admixture
M. Sogancioglu, U. Sultan Keskin, E. Yel
140
Removal Of Oil-Grease From Dairy Industry Wastewater Using An Adsorbent Obtained From
Waste Material
N. C. İskender, M. Sogancioglu, E. Yel, N. Yilmaz
141
Reduction Of Nitrate By Combined Ultrasound And Zero-Valent Magnesium Under Ph
Uncontrolled Conditions
O. Ayyildiz, B. Ileri, O. Apaydin
142
Degradation Of Synthetic Textile Dyes Using Fungal Bioreactor And Photocatalytic Reactor
E.Ü. Deveci, N. Dizge, H.C. Yatmaz, Y.Aytepe
143
Batch And Column Removal Of Textile Dye From Aqueous Solution Using Activated
Carbon Prepared From Olive Stone
Ö.Gerçel, H.F. Gerçel
144
Adsorption Of Remazol Blue RN From Aqueous Solutions Using Activated Carbon Prepared
From Black Cumin Residue
U. Selengil, H.Demiral
145
Removal Of Natural Organic Matter By Hydrogen Peroxide In The Presence Of IronCoated Pumice Particles
A. Alver, M. Karaarslan, A. Kılıç
146
Removal Process Of Chloroform In Treatment Wetlands: From Mass Balance To Microbial
Analysis
Y. Chen, J. Vymazal
147
The Effect Of Mixing Time On Rate For Ammonium Removal From Waters By Emulsion
Liquid Membrane Technique
İ. Şimşek, L. Altaş
148
Effects Of Winemaking Practices On The Characteristics Of Wastewater Originated From
Wineries
K. Şen, F. Kiroğlu Zorlugenç
149
Monitoring Of Antibiotics In Urban Wastewater In Tekirdag City: A Comparison With
Predicted Environmental Concentrations
G. Varol Saraçoğlu, C. B. Özkal, S. Göçmez, F. Ekmekyapar, A. Koruyucu, S. Meriç
150
Energy And pH Dependency Optimization Of Degradation, Mineralization And
Detoxification Of Ampicilline By Photocatalysis
C. B. Ozkal, A. Koruyucu, S. Meric
151
Anion Selectivity Of Sepiolite And Its Surface Active Agents-Modified Forms
S. Dikmen, H. Bircan, G. Yılmaz
152
Optimization Of Electrocoagulation Process To Treat Young Landfill Leachate Using Response
Surface Methodology
A. Aygun, B. Nas, A. Berktay
153
Adsorption Of Cationic Dye (Methylene Blue) From Aqueous Solution By Eggshells
Z. Hattab, Y. Berredjem, R. Mazouz, N. Filali, K. Guerfi
154
An Exploitation Evaluation Of Pimuce Stone For Water And Wastewater Treatment Use
D.İ. Çifçi, M. Yıldırım, B. Birden, S. Meriç
155
Organic Pollutants In The Groundwaters Used For Irrigation Purpose Within A Coal-Bearing
Basin Of Northern Greece
A. Iordanidis, J. Schwarzbauer, K. Gudulas
156
Methicillin-Resistant Surface Water Isolates Monitored By Meca-Specific DNA Probes
E. Seyedmonir, F.Yilmaz, B. Icgen
157
Numerical Modelling And Monitoring Of Coastal Water Quality
K. Cebe, L. Balas
158
Assessment Of The Cations And Anions Concentration Distribution İn Underground Potable
Waters, Ph Solution Analysis Subject To The Temperature And Content Of Technogenic
Sodium Chloride.
Z. Maymekov, D. Sambaeva, J. Izakov, A. Isaev, J. Sydykov
159
Monitoring Of Seasonal And Spatial Variations In Marine Water Quality At The Mid-Black Sea
Coast Of Turkey
I. Senturk, S. Ustun, M. Oztel, H. Ozkaynak, E. Akcam, E. Gecer, F. Akbal, G. Bakan, H.
Buyukgungor
160
Spatial Variation And Heavy Metal Concentration In Sediments Of Bued River: A
Preliminary Assessment Of A River Nearby Small-Scale Mining Sites In The Philippines
C.R. Orozco, R.Q. Macasieb, B.J.M. Tapales, A.C. Resurreccion
161
Evaluation Of Uncertainty For Trace Elements Measurement In Drinking Water With ICPMS
O. Tunc Dede
162
Eastern Black Sea Region Of Domestic Water Capacity: The Case Of Artvin
B. Yalçın Çelik, K.O. Demirarslan
163
Assessing The Mobility And Bioavailability Of Metals In An Aquatic Environment
G. Jacks, X. Kumanova, G. Leka
164
Numerical Prediction Of The Efficacy Of Treated Wastewater Recharge To Impede Seawater
Intrusion In The Coastal Aquifer Of Gaza- Palestine
H. Sirhan, M. Koch, K. Qahman
165
The Knowledge Of The Residents From The Blackfoot Disease (BFD) Area Concerning The
Health Risk Of Arsenic (As) Pollution
Ming-Chao Lin, Jen-Chun Ou, Ting-You Liu, Bo-Sen Huang, Ying-Tai Hsu
166
Determination Of Diyarbakır Basalt Aquifer Water Quality Parameters And Obtain
Thematic Maps With Using GIS Technique
R. Çelik
167
Occurence And Precursors Of Haloacetonitriles In Drinking Water –A Review
C. Ozgur, S.S. Kaplan Bekaroglu
168
Mogan Lake (Ankara) Water Quality
Ö. Saylar, S. Benzer, S. Düzel, G. Gül, A. Gül, M. Yılmaz
169
Sediment And Water Pollution Status Of The Mid-Black Sea Coast Of Turkey
E. Akçam, G. Bakan
170
A Research Of The Effects Of Sedıment Layer On Trophıc Level In Shallow Lakes;
The Case Of Cernek Lake
H. Cüce, G. Bakan
171
Investigation Of Relationship Between Water Pollutants: A Case Study From Istanbul
A.O. Pektas, I.I. Ozyigit, I.E. Yalcin, N. Yilmaz, G. Demir
172
Microcosm Evaluation Of Greenhouse Gas Emission Potentials Of Aan
Eutrophic Lake
E. Ogun, A. Aksoy, S.L. Sanin
173
Evaluation Of Greenhouse Gas Emissions Of A Shallow Eutrophic Lake Using A Field
Column
E. Ogun, A. Aksoy, S.L. Sanin
174
Water Management Policies In The European Union: Finnish Integrated Water
Management Example
Ç.F. Karafakı
175
Application Of Low Intensity Ultrasound To Enhance Biological Phosphorus Removal
B.Alpaslan Kocamemi, N. Gure, F. Sarialioglu, C. Kuzey, A.M. Saatçi
176
Effects Of Forest Fires On Water Sources
A. Bilgin, M. Aybar, B. Sağlam
177
Characterıstıcs And Phosphorus Release Rates Of Sedıments In Two Shallow Lakes
(Kızılırmak Delta, Turkey)
H. Cüce, G. Bakan
178
Water Quality Of The River To The Kızılırmak River In The Province Of Nevsehir
S. Aras, Ö. Fındık, E. Kalıpcı, S. Şahinkaya
179
Beneficial Use Alternatives For Dredged Materials: Landfill Daily Cover
H.M. Başar, S. Dağlı, P. Özer, Erdoğan, B. Güzel, L. Tolun
180
Quantitative Determination Of Policyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons İn Drinking And Potable
Water Resources Of Diyarbakir Region
H. Kara, Z. Tunay, M.A. Yilmaz, H. Temel
181
Disinfection By-Product Formation Of Natural Organic Matter
A.
Alver, E. Baştürk, A. Kılıç
182
Biofilms In Drinking Water Distribution Systems, Cappadocia 2015
I. Var, B Zorlugenç, Ö. Atasever Savaş, S. Sağlam
183
Assessment Of Natural Radioactivity By Gross Alpha And Beta Measurements In Drinking
Water Samples In Ereğli, Turkey
M. E. Korkmaz, O. Agar
184
Modeling The Relationships Between Water Temperatures And Meteorological Parameters
At Kızılırmak River Using Artificial Neural Networks
M. Temizyürek, F. Dadaser-Celik
185
A Study On Importance Of Pollution Monitoring And Control In Buyuk Menderes Basin
C. Koc, Y. Bayazıt
186
Interaction Of Low-Impact Development Techniques And Urban River Flooding On The
Zoning – Case Study Qomroud
1M.R.Kavianpour, A. Behzadipour
187
Integrated River Basin Management
M.Y. Kılınç, E. Alkan
188
The Effect Of Heavy Metals In Soil And Plants Around A Lime Factory In The Bartin City In
Western Black Sea Region
H.B. Özel, H. Ucun Özel
189
An Investigation Of Lead Metal Pollution Along The Tem Motorway Agricultural Soils İn
Tekirdağ
S. Adiloğlu, M.T. Sağlam
190
Used The DPSIR Framework And Structural Equation Models To Applied To
Environmental Risk Communication - As Emerging Contaminants In Wuxi River
Yu-Ting Su, Wei-Yea Chen , Wei-Lun Lin, Yu-An Yu
191
Some Inorganic Species In Groundwater Of Health Concern – A Global Overview
G. Jacks, P. Bhattacharya, M. Hossain
192
Lead Content In Local Paints In Pakistan
A.K. Durrani, M. Rehan Khan, M. Ahmad
193
Environmental Modeling Approaches For Exposure And Risk Assessment Of Prioritize
Chemicals In Industries
G. Bakan, S. Laçin
194
Multicriteria Analysis For Flood Vulnerable Areas In Southeastern Slovakia
M. Zeleňáková, P. Blišťan, P. Purcz
195
Implementation Of Watershed Sustainability Index On Turkey: Meriç-Ergene Specimen
C. Gök, S. L. Sanin
196
Enviromental Impacts Of Medical Drugs And Cosmetics Waste
Ç.F. Karafakı, L. Karafakı
197
Land Use Change In Izmit Bay Catchment
G. Önkal Engin, M. Çelen
198
Unplanned Urbanization Be Evaluation in Terms Of Landscape Architecture
(ICOCEE), Cappadocia 2015
G. Sandal Erzurumlu
199
Life Cycle Assessment Of Fossil Fuel-Fired Thermal Power Plant
E.Ü. Deveci, Ç.Ş. Sağlam, Ü.K. Çakir, K. Bayraktar
200
From Environmental Audit Of Land To Baseline Report: Polish Implementation Of The EU
Directive On Industrial Emissions In The Context Of Soil Protection
A. Kulig
201
Development Of Novel Cements With Optimized Carbon Capture Capabilities
C. Unluer
202
Different Climate Conditions Effect On Thermal Conductivity Coefficient And Indoor
Environment
D. Yilmaz, H. Bezci Zeren, C. Yilmaz, T. İnce
203
Some Physical And Chemical Properties Of The Building Structure Stones Used In Arapgir,
Malatya
S. Aksungur, T. Koca, A.T. Özgüler
204
Investigate Some Physical Properties Of The Structure Stones Located In Çemişgezek And
Analysis Of The Use As Building Element
A.T. Özgüler, T.Koca, S. Aksungur
205
Development Of Lightweight Cement Composites With Low Thermal Conductivity For
Energy Efficient Buildings
Min-Hong Zhang, Yunpeng Wu
206
A Study On Anisotropy Of Composites And Nanomaterials Used In Construction Industry
Ç. Dinçkal
207
Experimental Study On Stabilization Of Sand Soil By Cement And Marble Dust
A. Pekrioğlu Balkıs
208
The Moisture Damage Characteristic Of Polymer And Wax Modified Asphalt Mixtures
M. Bayazit, Y.Taşdemir, E. Kolay, G.Küçük
209
Mgo-Cement Based Matrix Composites Reinforced With Hemp Hurds
N. Stevulova, J. Cigasova, I. Schwarzova, J. Junak
210
Multi-Objective Decision Model Of Supplies Performed By Means Of Distribution Center
For Small And Medium Construction Enterprises
M.Tomczak, R. Bucoń
211
Thermal Energy Storage Using Phase Change Materials In A Building For Better Energy
Efficiency In Summer Period
F. Boudali Errebai, S. Chikh, L. Derradji, M. Amara
212
Use Of Phase Change Materials In The Walls To Improve Thermal Comfort
L. Derradjı, A. Hamıd, M. Amara, F. Boudalı Errebaı, Y. Maoudj
213
Investigation Of Infill Wall Effect For The Seismic Performance Of RC Structures
S. Mert, Ö. Boztaş, G. Arslan
214
Contribution To The Amelioration Of Mechanical Behavior Of Mortar Based On Limestone
Mineral Admixture Substitution At Curing Temperature
I. Aguida Bella, A. Asroun, N. Bella
215
Correlation Analysis As A Method For Concrete Deterioration Investigation
V. Ondrejka Harbulakova, A. Estokova, P. Purcz, A. Luptakova
216
The Effect Of Zeolite Additive As A Durability Improver Of Building Materials
A. Estokova, M. Kovalcikova, A. Sicakova
217
The Water Absorption By Capillarity In Structural Lightweight Concrete
J. Alexandre Bogas, M. Glória Gomes, S. Real
218
Chloride Migration Resistance Of Structural Lightweight Concrete
J. Alexandre Bogas, Sofia Real, M. Glória Gomes
219
Effect Of Sand Gradatıon On The Engıneerıng Propertıes Of Sand-Cement Mıxtures
(A Comparative Study)
S. H. Al-Hadama, A. Al Shenawy, T. Y. Elkady
220
Improvements In Folding And Tessellation As Plate Structures
M.M. Balkıs
221
Investigation Of Relation Of Between Compressive Strength And Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity
In The Foam Concrete With Different Density
M. Davraz, Ş.Kılınçarslan
222
Investigation Of Salt Effect On Stability Of Warm Mix Asphalt
H. Köse, M. Bayazit, Y. Taşdemir
223
The Effects Of Different Plasticizers On The Behavior Of Mortars
E. Arıöz, Ö. Ariöz, Ö.M. Koçkar
224
An Investigation On Suitability Of Dredge Materials On Road Construction
G. Cevikbilen, B. Teymur, U. Karadogan, H. M. Basar, S. Dağlı, L. Tolun
225
Turkey’s Public-Private Partnership Model In The Health, Energy, And Educational
Sectors: An Overview And Critique Of The Issues With Recommendations For
Improvement
G. Tunc, E. Ozsarac
226
Investigating The Relationships Between The Main Contractors And Subcontractors In
Turkey
G.Polat, E. Eray, E.M. Goktepe
227
The Barriers To Adoption Of Electronic Document Management Systems On Turkish
Construction Industry
S. Aydınlı, M. E. Öcal, E. Laptali Oral
228
Predicting Construction Project Duration For Bid Packages: A Case Study Of Pakistan
S.H. Khahro, T.H. Ali, M.A.A. Talpur
229
Supplier Selection In The Construction Industry: Evidence From Turkish Contractors
G.Polat, E. Eray
230
Multi-Criteria Decision Model For Supporting Residential Building Maintenance
R. Bucoń, M. Tomczak
231
Key Performance Indicators (KPI) Model For Measuring Performance Of Subcontractors
B.N. Bingol, G. Polat
232
5S Systematic Practice Steps On A Corporate Business
G. Gürsoy, A.E. Keleş
233
A Conceptual Perspective Via Meta-Heuristic Optimization Algorithms For Resource
Leveling Problem In Project Networks
Ş. Ebesek, H. Yaman
234
Application Of An Engineering Method For Preservation Of Cultural Heritage: Fuzzy Logic
M. Ulukan
235
The Structural Analysis And Design Of Buildings With Shear Wall And Rigid Basements
G. Tunc, Z. Khayyat
236
The Outsourced Design Coordination In Brazilian Civil Construction
P.S. Okamoto, S.B. Melhado
237
Impact Of Physical Treatment Of Hemp Hurds On The Biocomposites Properties
N. Stevulova, I. Schwarzova, E. Terpakova, J. Junak
238
Seismic Response Of Cylindrical Liquid Storage Tanks According To The Characteristics
Of Structure
D. Bae, C.K. Oh, J.H. Park
239
Construction Stage Analysis Of Prefabricated Structure
F. Sunca, M. Akköse
240
A Study On Concrete-FRP-Steel Composite Honeycomb Structure For Bridge Deck
M. Suh, D.H. Ha, J.F. Choo
241
Seismic Isolation Of Reinforced Concrete Structures «Nonlinear Dynamic Method»
N. Adjou, N. Haddadou
242
An Analysis Of The Influence Of Wall Stiffeners On The Fundamental Periods Of Steel Liquid
Storage Tanks
M. Hadj Brahim, M. Djermane
243
Determination Of The Importance Of Materials In Structural Cost Via Architectural Project
Examples
Z. Ö. Parlak Biçer, E. İlhan, D. Kırmızıgül, A. Akmeşe, E. Davutoğlu, A. Keskin, A. Can Koç, R.
Gurbangeldiyev
244
A Sample Study Area For The Costs Of Arrangements Intended For Disabled People Erciyes
University
Z. Ö. Parlak Biçer, İ. Kuşkaya, Ç. İşbilir
245
The Study Of Advantages And Disadvantages Of Tunnel Design Construction System Based On
Mass Construction Approach
A. Arefian, Z. Mohammadkhani, O. Moarrefianfard
246
Shape Optimization Of Sheeting Cross Section For Roof Subjected To Different Loading
Combination
A. Janushevskis, A. Melnikovs
247
Design Of Roofing By Using: Tensile Structures
A.T. Al-Shareef, T. Ekmekyapar, D. Bakbak
248
Towards An Sustainable Architecture By Use Of Ancestral Knowledge
O. Kadouri
249
Response Spectral Analysis Of Orthotropic Steel Deck As Per Turkish Local Design Spectrums
A. Fettahoglu, S. Bekiroglu, İ. E. Bal
250
A Case Study Of Green Building Design
E. Geçer, H. Büyükgüngör
251
Variation Of Poisson Ratio Depending On Different Tensile And Pressure Creep Moduli In
IDT Test
A. Fettahoglu
252
Producibility Of Cement-Based Lightweight Construction Material From Coal Bottom Ash
Of The Bor Sugar Factory (Turkey)
N. Doğan-Sağlamtimur, A. Bilgil, H. Akbulut, M. Dursun, S. Yıldırım
253
Stability Analysis For A Deep Landslide In Istanbul: A Case Study
S. A. Berilgen, G. Allamyradov
254
Optimum Design Of Reinforced Concrete Retaining Walls Using Artificial Bee Colony
Algorithm
U. Dağdeviren, B. Kaymak
255
Real-Time Monitoring Of Pavement Structures For Geo-Environmental Purposes
B. Hatipoglu, C.H. Benson, T.B. Edil
256
Comparative Life Cycle Assessment Of Ground Improvement Techniques
M. Kucukvar, N. C. Onat, O.Tatari, A. Elgamal, K. Mackie
257
Influence Of Separation Gap On The Structural Response Of Colliding Structures Under
Earthquake Excitation
B. Sołtysik, R. Jankowski
258
Determining The Behavior Of Gravity Retaining Walls Under Dynamic Loads Constructed
In Saturated Clay
O. Yavan, M. İnanç Onur, A. Tuncan
259
Vertical Stress Isobars For Rectangular Foundations Under Different Loading Conditions
U. Dağdeviren, M.A.Salman
260
Effect The Lowering Ground Water Table On Behavior Of Piled Raft Under Vertical Load
On Dense Sandy Soil
A.O. Alshenawy, T.O. Al-Refeai, N.M. Al-Sanabani
261
Comparison Of Damage Criteria For Structures To Near-Field Blast-Induced Ground
Motion Damage Estimated By The Different Countries
D.M. Özcan, A. Bayraktar, A.C. Altunışık
262
Determination Of Horizontal Bulk Material Pressures In Rigid Cylindrical Slender Silos
Under Seismic Excitation Using FEM And EN1998-4
A. Durmuş, R. Livaoğlu
263
The Effects Of Local Soil Conditions On Structural Behaviour In Adapazarı
Z. Kaya, E. Uncuoğlu, A. Erol, A. Erken, H.B. Kara, Ş. Yaltır
264
Evaluation Of Seismic Performance Of Prefabricated Structures Using Push-Over Analysis
F. Sunca, M. Akköse, A. Türkay
265
Improving Seismic Behavior Of Vierendeel And X-Diagonal Stmfs By Their Configuration
Optimization
A. Badakhshan, F.A. Koloo
266
Experimental Behavior Of The 1/3 Scaled Composite Shear Wall Having L Shape Steel
Made-Up Sections As Longitudinal Reinforcement In Boundary Regions
S.B. Yüksel, A. Ünal
267
Experimental Behavior Of The 1/3 Scale Reinforced Shear Wall With Intensive Boundary
Reinforcement
A. Ünal, S.B. Yüksel
268
Investigation Of Bracing Performance On High Rise Circular Steel Buildings Under
Dynamic Loads
T. Ekmekyapar, M. Rashid
269
Dynamic Analysis Of A Cantilever Retaining Wall Including Soil-Structure Interaction
T. Cakir
270
Experimental And Analytical Investigation Of Modal Parameters Of A Historical Masonry
Arch Bridge
E. Alpaslan, K. Hacıefendioğlu, O. Köksal
271
Finite Element Based Investigation Of Backfill Effects On Seismic Behavior Of A Cantilever
Wall
T. Cakir
272
Evaluation Of Geotechnical Properties Of Soils With Geographic Information System (GIS):
A Case Study In Gürsu, Turkey
E. Seyrek, S. Topçu, A. Orhan
273
Performance Of A Conceptual Hydrological Model In Hydropower Generation For A
Mountainous Tropical Catchment In Costa Rica
M. Mendez
274
Uncertainty Analysis Of Open Channel Flow: Stochastic Approach To Advection–Diffusion
Equation
H. Khorshidi, N. Talebbeydokhti, G. Rakhshandehroo
275
Frequency Analysis Of Low And High Flows In Climate Change
Y.S. Güçlü
276
Experimental And Numerical Investigation Of Flow Around A Pipeline With Spoiler
A.A. Öner
277
Comparison Of Performance Of Labyrinth And Piano Key Weirs In Increasing The
Spillway Capacity Of Dams
D. Karaeren, Z. Bozkuş
278
Improving Design Storm Estimation By DAD Curves In Watershed Considering NonUniform Rainfall. Case Study: Khersan Basin
M. Fazaee, A. Sourinejad, B. Jamshidieini
279
A New Area Based Parameter Estimation Methodology For Leaky Aquifer System
A.U. Şahin
280
Numerical Simulation Of Wave-Structure Interaction Using A Ghost-Cell Immersed
Boundary Method
E. Demirel
281
Assessment Of Diyarbakır Basalt Aquifer Hydrogeological Analyzed And Obtains Thematic
Maps With GIS Geostatistical Analyst Tool.
R. Çelik
282
The Effect Of Some Aquifer Characteristics On Permeable Reactive Barriers Efficiency For
Groundwater Remediation
S. Atashin, A. Abrishamchi, M. Vossoughi
283
Potential Of Image Processing Methods Based On Intensity Values Captured By TLS For
Surface Condition Assessment
J. Zaczek-Peplinska, K. Osińska-Skotak, D. Wujanz, M.E. Kowalska
284
Selection Of Reference Fields For Statistical Analysis Of Point Clouds (TLS) In A Process
Of Technical Condition Assessment Of Concrete Water Dam
J. Zaczek-Peplinska, M. E. Kowalska, E. Nowak
285
Flow Measurement Using One Point Method For The Rectangular And Triangular Free
Overfalls
E. Abrari, M. Ergil, M.K. Beirami
286
Assessing The Sensitivity Of SWMM Model To Variations In Hydrological And Land Use
Parameters
Z. Akdoğan, B. Güven, I. Balcıoğlu
287
Determination Of System Deficiencies With WDS Models
A. Uslu, G. Bakan
288
The İmpact Of The Soil Data Quality On The Effectivness Of Hydrological Modelling. Case
Study: Upper Raba Catchment (Poland)
E. Wojtas, M. Sawczak, T. Bergier, W. Drzewiecki
289
Remote Sensing Based Impermeability Coefficient Estimation And Its Influence On
Hydrological Modelling Efficiency
E. Wojtas, T. Bergier, W. Drzewiecki, M. Sawczak
290
The Importance Of Land Use Changes And Data Quality For Hydrological Modelling
E. Wojtas, M. Sawczak, T. Bergier, W. Drzewiecki, M. Pierzchalski, P. Wężyk
291
Comparative Study For Discharge Coefficient Prediction Of Compound Broad Crested Weir
By Two Soft-Computing Techniques
G. Yıldırım
292
State-Of-The-Art Review On Explicit Approximations To The Implicit Colebrook-White
Friction Factor Equation
G. Yıldırım
293
Innovative Test Set Up On Shake Table To Assess Out-Of-Plane Behavior Of Infill Masonry
Walls
O. Onat, P.B. Lourenço, A. Koçak
294
Fabrication And Critical Decomposition Of High Resistance Interlocking Flooring With
Magnetically Treated Water From Iron-Boron-Neodymium Magnets
P.H.S. Queiroz, F.H.S. Sales, A. Lopes
295
Experimental Bearing And Abrasion Analysis Of Concrete Specimen Produced By Waste
Marble Dust And Waste Marble Particle
S. Cemalgil, O. Onat
296
Experimental And Numerical Analysis Of Flow Around Circular Pier
O. Şimşek, M.S. Aköz, N.G. Soydan, V. Gümüş
297
Structural Behavior Of RC And PSC Concrete Members With High Strength Shear
Reinforcement
B. Jun, S.J. Hong, J. Lee, J.-M. Kim, H.S. Lim, J.Y. Lee
298
Effects Of Soil Foundation Structure Interaction On Performance Based Seismic Design: A
Case Study
A. Abdelhamid, B. Tiliouine
299
A Simple Structural Evaluation Technique For Building Components
N. Djermane, N. Lahbari
300
Effect Of Curing Conditions On Fiber Concrete Roads
C. Karakurt. Y. Bayazıt, K. Kahveci
301
Effect Of Supplementary Cementing Materials On Fresh Properties And Stability Of SelfConsolidating Rubberized Concrete
M.K. Ismail, A.A.A. Hassan
302
Mechanical Properties Of Self-Consolidating Rubberized Concrete With Different
Supplementary Cementing Materials
M.K. Ismail, M.T. De Grazia, A.A.A. Hassan
303
Seismic Fragility Of Weir Structures Due To Sliding Effect
W.Y. Jung, K.Y. Kim, B.S. Ju
304
Comparison Of Static Pushover And Nonlinear Dynamic Analyses Of Reinforced Concrete
Buildings
B. Yön, M.E. Öncü, Y. Calayır
305
A Parametric Study On The Response Of Cooling Towers Experiencing Various
Circumferential Distribution Of Wind Loading
A.İ. Karakaş, K. Ozgan, A.T. Daloğlu
306
Seismic Behavior Dependence On The Geometrical Characteristics Of Cooling Towers
A.İ. Karakaş, K. Ozgan, A.T. Daloğlu
307
Strength Performance Of Pervious Concrete Subjected To Acid Rain
C.R. Orozco, M.D.M. Ibanez, P.J.F. Robles
308
Utilization Through Immobilization Of Dredged Sediment Using Alkali-Activated Slag
Jae-Ho Shim, Joo-Yang Park
309
The Importance Of The Validation Of Numerical Models With The Experimental Modal
Analysis
F. Aras
310
Assessing The Seismic Performance Of Reinforcement Coupler Systems In Turkey
K. Taskin, K.Peker
311
Design Factors And Finite Element Modeling Of Cubic Type Voids In RC Slabs
K. Taskin, K.Peker
312
The Influence Of Fibers And Mineral Additives On Self Compacting Concrete
H. Naima, C. Rabah, A. Naima, B. Malik
313
Direction Effects Of Travelling Waves On Nonlinear Seismic Response Of Arch Dams
M. Akköse
314
Effects Of Mıx And Water/Cement Ratıo On Compressıve Strength And Modulus Of Elastıcıty
Of Laterızed Concrete
O.O. Deborah, A.A Akinpelu
315
Deterministic And Probabilistic Analysis Of The Fire Resistance Of The Technology
Support Structures In NPP
J. Králik, J. Králik, Jr.
316
Risk Assessment Of NPP Safety In Slovakia
J.Králik
317
Predicting The Performance Of Roadheaders From The Needle Penetration Resistance
S. Kahraman, A. S. Aloğlu
318
Analytical Evaluation Of Thermal Expansion Of Steel Construction İn Buildings Using Debye
Model
A.Yamçicier
319
Removal Of Zinc Via Chlorination Roasting From Steelmaking Byproduct
I. Jaafar, A. Griffths
320
Stabilization Of Clayey Soil By Waste Steel Pieces
Z. Karabash, A.F. Çabalar
321
Development Of Fragility Curves For Self-Supporting Trussed Towers In The Philippines
Considering Severe Wind Loads
D.H.M. Aquino, J.Y. Hernandez, Jr., E.A.D. Robles
322
The Empirical Correlation Using Linear Regression Of Settlement Ratio Under
Embankment Load For Surabaya Compressible Soil
Putu Tantri KS, Yudhi Lastiasih
323
Influence Of Blast-İnduced Ground Motion On Dynamic Response Of Masonry Minaret Of
Yörgüç Paşa Mosque
K. Hacıefendioğlu, O. Köksal
324
Structural Performance Of Sheikh Suleiman Masjid And Its Strengthening
T. Tetik, Z. Celep
325
Effect Of Stress Increase On The Geotechnical Properties Of Sand
A. K. Hindu
326
Measurement Of Small Strains In Steel Samples Using Digital Imaging Technigues
Ş.Sözen, M.Güler
327
Investigation Of Design Criteria For The Type Of Gabion Walls
E. Uray, Ö. Tan
328
The Importance Of Tie-Rods In Masonry Arches
S. Tugrulelci, M. Kayabasi, F.K. Firat
329
Design Parameters And Special Features Of Next Generation Wind Energy Structures
E. Efthymiou
330
On The Buckling Analysis Of Steel Tubular Wind Turbine Towers With Vertical And
Horizontal Stiffeners
N. Stavridou, E. Efthymiou, C.C. Baniotopoulos
331
Compressive Strength Of Steel And Polypropylene Fiber Reinforced Coal Ash Concrete
A. Akyıldız
332
Investigation Of Mode I Fracture Toughness And Fracture Process Zone Of Rock-Like
Material With Continued Thermo-Induced Damage Under Semi-Circular Bend Using
Acoustic Emission Technique
H.W. Liu, L.H. Chen, Y.C. Chen, Y.C. Chang
333
Equilibrium Scour Depth Calculation With Artificial Neural Networks (Ann)
M.Ö.Yeleğen, A. Uyumaz
334
Reduction Of The Settlment Of A Collapsible Soil By The Addition Of Lime, Use Of The Double
Consolidation Methode.
N. Bakir, K. Abbeche, A. Lahmadi
335
Production Of Pumice-Based Geo-Polymer Concrete
A. Bilgil, E.Yeşilyurt, M.V. Gökçe
336
Mechanical, Dynamic And Durability Analysis Of Structural Concrete Reinforced With
Nano-Silica Particles
S.Erdem, E. Gürbüz
337
Buckling Restrained Braces With Different Casing Systems
R. Ozcelik, Y. Dikiciaşık
338
Nano-Scale Investigation Of Passive Layer For Corroding Steel Bars In Concrete Under
Severe Environmental Conditions
R.R. Hussain, A.M. Alhozaimy, A.I. Al-Negheimish, R.Z. Al-Zaid
339
Free Vibration Analysis Of Axially Accelerating Timoshenko Beams Using Differential
Transform Method
B. Bozyigit, Y. Yesilce
340
The Behavior Of Beam To Column Connections Which Contain Shape Memory Alloys In
Moment Steel Frame
S. Jamalpour, A. Akbarpour
341
Numerical Simulation Of Dynamic Load On Pavements
J. Melcer
342
Effect Of Aggregate Maximum Size On Properties Of Fiber Reinforced Concrete
G.İ. Sezer, Ş. Yazıcı
343
Unconfined Compressive Strength, Chloride-Ion Penetration And Freezing-Thawing Resistance
Of Cement Stabilized Clay
İ. Kalıpcılar, A. Mardani-Aghabaglou, A. Sezer, G.İ. Sezer, S. Altun
344
Mechanical Properties Of Heavy And Normal Weight Concretes Produced With Barite And
Limestone
H. Bozkurt, C. Karakurt, C. Kandemir
345
Investigating The Effect Of Joint Behaviour On The Optimum Design Of Semi-Rigid Steel
Frames
S. Şeker, E. Doğan, M.P. Saka, C. Kozanoğlu
346
The Effects Of Viscous Bulk Compressibility For Cantilevered Cylindrical Helices
M. Ermiş, H. Argeso, N. Eratlı, M.H. Omurtag
347
Influence Of Steel Fibers On The Shear Strength Of RC Beams Without Stirrups
M.İ. Birincioğlu, S. Ulusoy, G. Arslan
348
Study On Flow And Compressive Strength Properties Of Mortars Using Waste Slag
O. Karahan, C.D. Atiş, S. İlkentapar, Z.A. Özcan
349
CFRP Strengthening Of Solid Wood Under Bending Loads
A.W.E. Shahreen, J.M. Zamin, A.K.M.K. Alam
350
Dynamic Characterization Of Timber Beams Strengthened With CFRP Plate
A.W.E. Shahreen, J.M. Zamin
351
Use Of Fly Ash In The Design Of Controlled Low-Strength Material Mixture
Ma. D.E. Candelarıa, K.M.David S. Maurıllo, N.B. Dıola
352
Utilization Of Geopolymers In Self-Consolidating Concrete
K. Mermerdaş, S.M. Oleiwi
353
Strength And Durability Characteristics Of Soil Stabilized With Local Philippine Cements
For Slope Protection Applications
J.A.S. Victor, L.B. Martinez
354
The Use Of Fly Ash In Self Compacting Fiber Reinforced Concrete Pavements
Ş. Bilgiç, M. Canbaz, S. Mutyilmaz
355
A Delamination Modeling Based On Fracture And Contact Theories For Multilayered
Composite Plate
E. Kormaníková, K. Kotrasová
356
A Comparison Of The Effect Of Pre-Stressed Strand Diameters, Providing Beam-To-Column
Connection
M. Kaya
357
The Investigation Of Concrete Quality In Aksaray Region
C. Tanrıverdi, D. Koç, İ. Kayabaşı, İ. Çıtak
358
Applicability And Limitations Of 4th Power Law In Design Of Low Volume Roads Against
Rutting
V.E. Uz, M. Saltan, İ. Gökalp
359
Computerized Decision Tree For Anti-Icing/Pretreatment Applications As A Result Of
Laboratory And Field Testings
N. İkiz, E. Galip
360
The Aspects Of The Urban Transformation Process In Turkey
C. Avci Karatas
361
Alternative Signalized Intersection Design To Enhance Left Turn Efficiency
E. Radwan, H. Abou-Senna, S. Tabares
362
Effect Of Waiting Time, Flow And Speed On U-Turn Critical Gaps At Median Openings
Under Mixed Traffic
Suprabeet Datta, P.K. Bhuyan
363
Sustainable Landscape Maintanance For Highway Planning
H. Bozkurt, E.T. Bozkurt
364
The Effect Of Lane Discipline To Intersection Capacity: A Sample Study Of Isparta
E. Eriskin, B. Capali, S. Sargin Karahancer, S. Gokova, M.C. Bayrak, S. Terzi, M. Saltan
365
Examining The Effect Of Sustainable Traffic Control Of The Safety Belt And Helmet Use: A
Sample Study In Isparta
B. Capali, E. Eriskin, S. Sargin Karahancer, S. Gokova, M.C. Bayrak, S. Terzi, M. Saltan
366
Development Of Regression Based Trip Generation Models For Intercity Bus Journeys In
Turkey
Y. Vitosoglu
367
Why Are Trees Still Such A Major Hazard To Drivers In Poland?
M. Budzynski, K. Jamroz, L. Jelinski, M. Antoniuk
368
Road Safety Inspection As A Tool For Road Safety Management – The Polish Experience
M. Budzynski, M. Kiec
369
Polish District Heating Systems – Development Perspectives
K. Wojdyga
370
Establishment Of The Recycling Plants For Fresh Concrete Wastes: A Cost Management
Perspective
A. Kazaz, S. Ulubeyli, B. Er, V. Arslan, M. Atici , A. Arslan
371
Educational Experiments Performed On A Model Structure Made Up Of Balsa Wood.
A.Elif Özsoy, H.Özkaynak, M. Çağlar, M.Şenturk
372
The Structure Of Academic Surveying Programs In Nigeria As An Educational Pathway To
Land Surveyor Registration
A.A Akinpelu, A.O. Abisuga
373
Examination And Comparison Of Level For Radon Awareness At High School Institutions: A
Sample Of Nevşehir
D. Sarıtaş, M. Polat
374
An Investigation Into The Environmental Sensitivity In Sarayönü
M.K. Öden, S. Küçükçongar, Z. Gök
375
Education In The Field Of Sustainability Assessment Of Buildings
S. Vilcekova, E. Kridlova Burdova
376
Green Cıvılızatıon Strategy (Jakarta Coastal Management Of The Concept Based Mangrove
Forest Green Environment In The Future)
Hadiana, Akrom Muflih
377
Modeling Of Drying Kinetics Of Potatoes And Fresh Carrot In South Algeria.
S. Manaa, N. Moummi, D. Karlo
378
Effects Of Lining Concrete Cooling Towers On The Growth Of Legionella Pneumophila
K.R. Jaroor, M.A. Maraqa, K.A. El-Tarabily
379
Experimental Study Of Natural Sorbent For Oil Spill
J.A. Al-Najar, A.A. Alwassiti, Ş. Saçmacı
380
The Impact Of Different Growth Media On The Algae Development: An Association With
Atmospheric Dust
A. Rashidi, A. Akbulut, A.C.Saydam
381
An Opportunity For The Sustainable Ecological Renewal: European Green Capitals
N.S. Özcan
382
Compaction Mitigation Potential Of Biotillage And Subsurface Tillage
In Dairy Pasture Soils
J.H. Görres, Rachel Gilker, J.J. Colby, K. Bellitürk
383
Environmental Contamination And Residential Exposure Of Mercury In Artisanal Gold
Mining Area In Benguet, Philippines
Ma. B.L.D. Diola, A.C. Resurreccion
384
Mathematical Modeling Of The Drying Kinetics In Thin Layers Of The Local Potato Of
Adrar
S. Manaa, A. Beatrız, D. Karlo, N. Moummi
385
Detoxification Of Aflatoxin B1 In Various Foods By Nocardia Corynebacteriodes Nrrl B-184
B. Zorlugenç, İ.B. Evliya
386
Cypermethrin Induced Changes In Oxidative Stress Biomarkers In Paramecium Tetraurelia
And Elevation Effect Of Some Antioxidant
A. Rima, D.M. Reda, M. Ouissem, A. Zoubir, A. Amel, O. Hadjer, B. Marwa, Z. Ibtissem, A.
Amira, B. Sana, B. Houria
387
Evaluation Of Two Ornamental Plants For Phytoremediation Of Cd-Contamined Soil
S. Çay, A. Uyanık
388
Chickpea Ascochyta Blight Disease Severity İn The Bosphorus Region Of Turkey
S.Bulgak, F.N. Kafadar, K. Sarpkaya, C. Can, S.Güneş
389
Elevated Salinity Effects On White Clover (Trifolium Repens L.) Growth
A. Karlsons, G. Cekstere
390
Application Of Artificial Neural Networks For Growth Forecasting Of Crayfish (Astacus
Leptodactylus Eschscholtz, 1823)
S. Benzer, R. Benzer, Ç. Karasu Benli
391
Comparison Between Traditional Methods And Artificial Neural Networks For Growth
Forecasting In Crayfish (Astacus Leptodactylus Eschscholtz, 1823)
392
Effects Of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles On Hemocytes Of Galleria Mellonella (L.) (Lepidoptera:
Pyralidae)
Z.U. Nurullahoğlu, A. Eskin, S. Kaya
393
Effects Of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles On Hemocytes Of Galleria Mellonella (L.)
(Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)
T. Zorlu, Z.U. Nurullahoğlu, S. Kaya
394
Investigation Of Heavy Metals In Soil Transport Mechanism
M. Bilgin, Ş. Tulun
395
Separation And Purification Of Lipase Using Cu Nanoparticle Embedded Poly (HEMAMatrp) Cryogels
K. Erol, K. Köse, D.A. Köse, G. Alp Avcı, L. Uzun
396
Fe(II)-Co(II) Double Salt Incorporated Magnetic Hydrophobic
Microparticles For Invertase Adsorption
K. Köse, K. Erol, A.A. Emniyet, D.A. Köse, G. Alp Avcı, L. Uzun
397
The Determination Of Oxidative Stress Level Of Nano And Non-Nano Boron İn Chodatodesmus
Mucranulatus
B. Yilmaz Öztürk, Y. Özkan, B. Aşikkutlu, C. Akköz
398
Effect Of Agtio2 Nanoparticles On Chlorophyll-A, B And Carotenoids Of Desmedesmus
Multivariabilis
Y. Özkan, B. Yilmaz Öztürk, C. Akköz, B. Aşikkutlu
399
The Comparative Effects Acute Toxicity Of Nano And Non-Nano Boron Particles İn Artemia
Salina (Brine Shrimp)
Y. Özkan, G. Kilinç
400
Determining The Effect Of The Bioaccumulations And Oxidative Stres Of Chodatodesmus
Mucranulatus Exposed To Zno-Tio2 Nanoparticles
Y. Özkan, B. Yilmaz Öztürk
401
The Comparative Determination Of Oxidative Stress Level Of Nano And Non-Nano Boron İn
Desmodesmus Multivariabilis
Y. Özkan, B. Yilmaz Öztürk
402
Investigation Of The Effect On The Pigment Density Of Zno-Tio2 Nanoparticles On
Chodatodesmus Mucranulatus
B. Yilmaz Öztürk, Y. Özkan, B. Aşikkutlu
403
The Effects Of Levels Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) And Bioaccumulations Desmodesmus
Multivariabilis Exposed To AgTiO2 Nanoparticles
B. Yilmaz Öztürk, Y. Özkan
404
A Study On Electrochemical Investigation Of Histamine In Bee Venom
A. Kekillioğlu, M. Çalışkan
405
Polen Analysis Of Regional Propolis Of Turkey
A. Kekillioğlu, Z. Koçal
406
Ecological Succession Of Arthropoda (Insecta) In Forensic Entomology
A. Kekillioğlu
407
The Importance Of Planting Open - Green Field: The Case Of Nigde
G. Sandal Erzurumlu, B. Kahveci
408
The Mixture Toxicity Of Synergistic Compounds Combined With Pesticides In Tuta
Absoluta
M. Yalcin, C. Turgut, P.B. Kurt-Karakus
409
The Acute Toxicity Of Mercury (II) Chloride Upon Pseudorasbora Parva
(Temminck & Schlegel, 1846)
M. Yılmaz, A.Gül, N. Uzel, S. Kubilay, Ö. Saylar, S. Benzer
410
The Acute Toxicity Of Fenitrothion Upon
Pseudorasbora Parva (Temminck & Schlegel, 1846)
A. Gül, M. Yılmaz, S. Kubilay, S. Benzer, Ö. Saylar
411
Effect Of Ph Level On Bacterial Induced Cementation Of Sands
A. Gurbuz, Y. Dursun Sarı, Z.N. Yuksekdag
412
Determination Of Pesticide Residual Levels Of Grapes Produced In Nevsehir
E. Kalıpcı, S. Şahinkaya, K. Şen
413
Physiological And Cytogenetic Effects Of Insecticide Korban 25 W On Allium Cepa L.
N. Gömürgen, G. Baysal Furtana, R. Tıpırdamaz
414
Paleoenvironment Setting And Benthic Foraminiferal Assemblage Of Çamardı (Niğde)
Eocene Sediments
F. Dinçer, N. Avşar
415
Phytoremediation Of Cadmium (Cd) From Agricultural Soils Using Dock (Rumex Patientia L.)
S. Adiloğlu, A. Adiloğlu F. Eryilmaz Açıkgöz T.Yeniaras, Y. Solmaz
416
Ammonia Removal From Chicken Manure
R.Ö. Surmeli, A. Bayrakdar, R. Molaey, B. Calli
417
Distribution Of Copepoda Species In The Southern Black Sea In 2006-2007
F. Üstün, L. Bat, Ş. Beşiktepe
418
Western Blot Analysis Used To Detect Van-Encoded D-Alanine-D-Lactate Ligase In Surface
Water Isolates
M. Nakipoglu, F. Yilmaz, B. Icgen
419
The Effect Of Vitamin Supplement On Reproduction And Growth Of Guppy (Poecilia
Reticulata Peters, 1860)
D. Şahin, O. Aral
420
A Smart Solar Energy-Based Cooling System Design&Application For Sustainable Trout
Farming In Keban Dam Lake
G. Bayrak, M. Cebeci, A.A. Uslu, G. Karakaya, N. Örnekçi
421
Some Biochemical Blood Parameters In Mogan Lake Economic Fish Species
S. Benzer, Ö.Saylar, S. Düzel, G. Gül, M. Yılmaz, A. Gül
422
Capacity Building Key Issues On Integrated Coastal Zone Management For Turkey Black
Sea Coast
O. Gökkurt Baki, L. Bat
423
Water Quality Simulation Of Lakes Cernek And Balık At The Kızılırmak Delta Of The
Black Sea Region Of Turkey
K. Küçük, H. Cüce, G. Bakan
424
Monitoring The Thermal Stratification Of Lakes Using Simple And Current Single Point
Temperature Measurement Equipment’s
S. Göncü
425
Effect Of Seasons On Fatty Acid Composition Of Carassius Carassius L. In Beysehir Lake,
Turkey
A.Aktumsek, G. Zengin, G.O. Guler, O.B. Citil, Y.S. Cakmak
426
Fatty Acid Composition Of Trout Species In Gezende Dam Lake
G. Zengin, A. Aktumsek, G.O. Guler, Y.S. Cakmak
427
The Negative Effects Of High Temperature And Low Moisture On Aftercrop Silage Maize
A. Beyhan Ucak, M.C. Bagdatli
428
Evaluation Of Agricultural Drought With GIS In Some Irrigation Areas: The Sample Of
Nevsehir Province In Turkey
M.C. Bagdatli, S. Savci, A.B. Ucak, O. Gokdogan
429
Trend Detection In Climatic Time Series Using Mann-Kendall
M. Zeleňáková, P. Purcz, H. Hlavatá
430
Drought Analysis In Konya Closed Basin
A. Bilgil, O. Arslan, E. Aras
431
An Investigation Of The Effect Of Climate On Global Solar Radiation Using The Satellite
Data For Nevşehir
S.E. Rusen
432
Do Cultural Differences Matter In Education On Environment?
D. Nedelcheva Bebenova-Nikolova
433
To Explore The Use Of Analysis Of Cognitive Hillside By Using SEM
– An Example Of Te-Chi Reservoir Watershed
Tzu-Yin Chen, Ho-Wen Chen , Wei-Lun Lin, Yao-Jhou Zeng
434
Use Of Unconventional Water With Sustainability Approach In Iran
J. Tabatabaei
435
Prospect Of Iran Natural Gas Export Projects
H. Omıdvar
436
Use Of The Wind Energy As A Renewable Energy İn Traditional Architecture Of Iran As
Natural Ventilation
D. Rezaei, S. Rezaei
437
Advances Of Energy Tree Method In Calculation Of Gross Hydropower Potential
S. Alashan, Z.F. Toprak, Z. Şen
438
The Use Of Active Solar Energy Systems For Heating Greenhouse: Central Anatolia Case
Study
B.Kendirli, H.E.Polat, S.Avcı
439
Energy Effıcıncy Of A Residentıal Flate In Egypt
N.M. Guirguis
440
Prediction Of Basic Wind Speed For Oman
S.S.S. Al-Maawali
441
Biodiesel Feedstock Production From Mixed Culture Of Microalgae And Yeast Using
Fermented Rice Noodle Wastewater As Substrate
M. Puangbut, T. Papone, R. Leesing
442
Effect Of Trace Metal Supplementation In Anaerobic Digestion Of Chicken Manure
R. Molaey, A. Bayrakdar, R.Ö. Surmeli, B. Calli
443
New Chernobyl Metsamor Nuclear Power Plant
A.Altikat, S. Dogru, Y.A. Argun, T. Bayram
ICOCEE COMMITTEES
Honorable Chairs of ICOCEE
Prof. Dr. Filiz KILIC
Rector of NevsehirHaciBektasVeliUniversity
Prof. Dr. Ali SURMEN
Rector of BursaTechnicalUniversity
Chairs of ICOCEE
Nevsehir Haci Bektas Veli University
Organizing Committee
Assist. Prof. Dr. Seval ARAS
Assist. Prof. Dr. Hüseyin CUCE
Assist. Prof. Dr. Ahmet AYGÜN
Bursa Technical University
Assoc. Prof. Dr. G. Özmen GÜLER
Necmettin Erbakan University
Scientific Committee
Prof. Dr. Ali Fuat AYDIN
Istanbul Technical University, Turkey
Prof. Dr. Ayfer ERKEN
Prof. Dr. Aynur KAZAZ
Akdeniz University, Turkey
Prof. Dr. Baolin DENG
University of Missouri, USA
Prof. Dr. Bulent KESKINLER
Gebze Institute of Technology, Turkey
Prof. Dr. Bulent TOPKAYA
Prof. Dr. F. Dilek SANIN
Middle East Technical University, Turkey
Prof. Dr. Fehiman CINER
Nigde University, Turkey
Prof .Dr. Ferhan CECEN
Bogazici University, Turkey
Prof. Dr. Gülay ALTAY
Bogazici University, Turkey
Prof. Dr. Güleda ENGİN
Yildiz Technical University, Turkey
Prof. Dr. Gülfem BAKAN
OndokuzMayıs University, Turkey
Prof. Dr. Gülen GÜLLÜ
Hacettepe University, Turkey
Prof. Dr. Haydar OZTAS
Necmettin Erbakan University, Turkey
Prof. Dr. Hilmi ACAR
Prof. Dr. Işık KABDAŞLI
Prof. Dr. Iwona SKOCZKO
BialystokUniversity of Technology, Poland
Prof. Dr. Jan Peter Van Der HOEK
DelftUniversity of Technology, Holland
Prof. Dr Julia STEGEMANN
London’s Global University, England
Prof. Dr. Kemal Önder ÇETİN
Middle East Technical University, Turkey
Prof. Dr. Kemalettin YILMAZ
Sakarya University, Turkey
Prof. Dr. Krzysztof WOJDYGA
WarsawUniversity of Technology, Poland
Prof. Dr. Madalena ALVES
University of Minho, Portugal
Prof. Dr. Mehmet Emin AYDIN
Necmettin Erbakan University, Turkey
Prof. Dr. Mehmet Faik SEVİMLİ
Selcuk University, Turkey
Prof. Dr. Mete SÜMER
Istanbul University, Turkey
Prof. Dr. Mustafa ODABAŞI
DokuzEylul University, Turkey
Prof. Dr. Nadezda STEVULOVA
Technical University of Kosice, SlovakRepublic
Prof. Dr. Neşe TÜFEKÇİ
Istanbul University, Turkey
Prof. Dr. Oral BÜYÜKÖZTÜRK
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA
Prof. Dr.PascaleCHAMPAGNE
Queen's University, Canada
Prof. Dr. Rainer HELMIG
University of Stuttgart, Germany
Prof. Dr. Rédey ÁKOS
University of Pannonia, Hungary
Prof. Dr. Recep BONCUKÇUOĞLU
Ataturk University, Turkey
Prof. Dr. Robert DAMO
University of Korça, Albania
Prof. Dr. Seval SÖZEN
Prof. Dr. Shun-Cheng LEE
Hong Kong Polytechnic University, China
Prof. Dr. Sureyya MERIC PAGANO
Namık Kemal University, Turkey
Prof. Dr. Tze Ling NG
Hong KongUniversity of Science and Technology, Hong
Kong.
Prof. Dr. Uwe STILLA
Technical University of Munich, Germany
Prof. Dr. Yiannis G. MATSINOS
University of the Aegean, Greece
Prof. Dr. Yücel TAŞDEMİR
Uludag University, Turkey
Prof. Dr. Yusuf CHISTI
Massey University, New Zealand
Prof. Dr. Yuh-Shan HO
Asia University, Taiwan
Prof. Dr. Zekai ŞEN
KEYNOTE SPEAKERS
Prof. Dr. Beatrice LE DESERT, University of Cergy-Pontoise, FRANCE.
Prof. Dr. Derin ORHON, Istanbul Technical University, TURKEY.
Prof. Dr. Erdogan YUZER, Istanbul Technical University, TURKEY.
Prof. Dr. F. Necati CATBAS, University of Central Florida, USA.
Prof. Dr. Mohamed ABDEL-ATY, University of Central Florida, USA.
Prof. Dr. Oral BUYUKOZTURK, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA.
Prof. Dr. Uwe STILLA, Technical University of Munich, GERMANY.
Prof. Dr. Zekai SEN, Istanbul Technical University, TURKEY.
CONFERENCE INFORMATION
Conference Date
The ICOCEE – Cappadocia2015 conferencewill beheldbetween 20 – 23 May, 2015.
Conference Venue
The 5 star Dedeman Cappadocia Hotel & Convention Center in Nevşehir, Türkiye.
Conference Language
The official language of the conference is English.
Conference Web Site
Further information and updates about the conference can be found at http://www.icocee.org
CONFERENCE TOPICS
The ICOCEE - Cappadocia 2015 is an interdiciplinary scientific forum focusing on first Civil and
Environmental Engineering for the presentation of technological advances and scientific research
results in a wide spectrum. The ICOCEE - Cappadocia 2015 is soliciting state-of-the-art research
papers in the following areas of interest:
Air Pollution & Control
Building Materials
Engineering Economics
Noise Pollution & Control
Construction Management
Engineering Law, Politics and Policy
Solid Waste Management
Construction Technologies
Aquatic Livings
Water Technologies
Digital Methods
Ecology
Wastewater Technologies
Geotechnical Engineering
Hydrobiology
Water Pollution
Hydraulic Engineering
Education on Environment
River Basin Management
Structural Engineering
Engineering Education
Environmental Impact Analysis
Structural Mechanics
Climate Change
Water Chemistry
Transportation Engineering
Renewable Energy Sources
PRESENTATIONS
Oral Presentations
A slide projector and a computer will be available in the presentation rooms. Each presenter
will have 15 minutes for his/her presentation.
Poster Presentations
Poster should be prepared according to the poster template (80 cm widthand, 120 cm height).
The poster presenters are kindly requested to stand in front of the irown posters during the
poster sessions to answer arising questions. The posters should be hanged/withdrawn by the
presenters.
THE SOCIAL PROGRAMME
Welcome Lunch and Openning & Award Ceremony, 20 May 2015 from
11:00 to 13:30
The participants (delegates, students and listeners) warmly invited to join us for the Openning& Award
Ceremony that takes place in the main hall of the DedemanCapadocia Hotel and Convention Center,
after the conference registration. It will be an entertaining and eventful introduction to the meeting.
After the Opening Ceremony, the organization committee will give an award to the authors presenting
the best paper(s) and the invited speakers. After the award ceremony, the participants will go to the
lunch meeting.
Gala Dinner, Cappadocia Turkish Night Show, 22 May 2015 from 20:00
to 22:00.
The gala dinner will take place in the Social Facilities of Nevşehir Hacı Bektaş Veli
University. The participants (delegates, students and listeners) warmly invited to experience
Turkish culture, traditions and meals by the performers in a Turkish Night Show.
ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA 2015
Nevsehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015
Comparison of Exhaust Emissions of a DI Diesel Engine Fueled with Methyl Ester, Ethyl Ester,
Petro-diesel and Their Blends
H. Sanli* 1,3, M. Canakci 2,3, E. Alptekin 2,3, A. Turkcan 2,3, A. N. Ozsezen 2,3
1
Golcuk Vocational School, Kocaeli University, 41650, Golcuk, Turkey.
(E-mail: [email protected])
2
Department of Automotive Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Kocaeli University, 41380, Izmit, Turkey.
(E-mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected],
[email protected])
3
Alternative Fuels R&D Center, Kocaeli University, 41275, Izmit, Turkey
ABSTRACT
Petroleum-based fuels are still the dominant energy sources for the road transportation sector. In 2035, the
amount of petroleum used in road transport is predicted to be 60% of total consumption which was 57% in
2010. As an expected result of this high usage, road transport is one of the main reasons of air pollution,
contributing to global warming, acid rains and ozone formation, etc. Among the petroleum -based fuels, the
largest usage belongs to diesel fuel and it is estimated to increase. For example, in Turkey, between 2009
and 2013, the number of gasoline engine cars decreased 14.38% while the number of diesel engine cars
increased 124.6%. When considering the increasing petro-diesel usage, it can be said that environmentally
friendly alternative diesel fuel is very important. In the literature, it is well known that biodiesel has better
emission profiles than petro-diesel. However, when the related literature is viewed, it is seen that the
number of engine emission tests performed with ethyl ester fuel is too stricted when compared to methyl
ester. Therefore, in this study, methyl and ethyl ester fuels were produced from waste frying oil. Bioethanol
was used in transesterification reaction to get a complete bio-fuel which is ethyl ester. And then, to
compare the exhaust emissions of the ester fuels, petro-diesel and their blends (20% ester fuel – 80% petrodiesel), a six-cylinder, turbo-charged, intercooled, direct injection (DI) diesel engine was used. The engine
tests were carried out at constant load of 600 Nm and three engine speeds of 1100 rpm, 1400 rpm, and 1700
rpm. When compared to petro-diesel, ester fuels emitted less CO and THC emissions but they caused to more
NOx. CO2 emissions were very close to each other. In general, ethyl ester released relatively less emissions than
methyl ester.
Keywords: Air Pollution, Diesel Engine, Exhaust Emissions,
1
PCBs in Ambient Air in Istanbul and Izmir-Turkey
Kurt-Karakus PB1,*, Gungormus E2, Okten E3, Celik H4, Ugranlı T5, Sofuoglu A6, Gedik K7, Sofuoglu S8,
Alegria H9, Jones KC10
1
EnvironmentalEngineeringDepartment, Bursa Technical University, Turkey.
2,5,6,8
EnvironmentalEngineeringDepartment, İzmir Institute of Technology, Turkey.
[email protected])
3
EnvironmentalEngineeringDepartment, BahcesehirUniversity, Turkey.
4,7
EnvironmentalEngineeringDepartment, Akdeniz University, Turkey.
(E-mail: [email protected], [email protected])
9
Chemistry Department, University of South Florida St. Petersburg, FL, USA.
10
LancasterAcademicCentre, LancasterUniversity, UK.
ABSTRACT
Levels and sources of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in Turkey should be determined regularly due to the
requirements of Stockholm Convention that has been signed by Turkey in 2001. Polychlorinated biphenyls
(PCBs) are classified as one of the restricted/banned groups of POPs. In this study, the concentration profiles of
PCBs were obtained for the ambient air of Istanbul and Izmir. These metropolitan provinces in Turkey are
populated with industrial facilities in and around, thus have potential sources areas for PCBs.Atmospheric PCBs
collected from two background sites between December 2013-March 2014 on a weekly basis by using high
volume samplers and were measured individually in gas and particle phase. Gas chromatography–mass
spectrometry was used to detect and quantify PCB congeners in the collected samples after the preparation
procedure (extraction, cleanup, concentration). Results showed that the measured PCB concentrations in Izmir
were higher in some cases compared to those in Istanbul. This study was a preliminary assessment study to
extend the research for a long term monitoring starting in May 2014.
Keywords: Istanbul, Izmir, PCBs, POPs
Acknowledgment: This study is being conducted in frame of a TUBITAK Research Fund (TUBITAK Project #
112Y315). The authors would like to thank to The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey
(TUBITAK) for the financial support.
2
ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA2015
Prediction of Surface Ozone Concentration by a Semi-empirical Photochemical Model
Kh .Ashrafi1, M. Zamani* 1 and Gh. R Nabi-Bid hendi1
1
Graduate Faculty of Environment, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
(E-mail:[email protected], [email protected], [email protected])
ABSTRACT
Modelling of photochemical smog and the prediction of tropospheric ozone require utilization of a proper
chemical procedure. One of these procedures is the Generic Reaction Set (GRS) photochemical mechanism,
which consists of seven condensed reactions and is based on principal reactions of photochemical smog
production. This method has been developed by the Division of Energy Technology of Commonwealth
Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO) and uses the smog chamber data. Unlike common
methods for chemical processes which are complicated and time consuming, the GRS method is simple and
requires a much less calculation time. The main concern of present work is to predict the surface ozone using
box model in Tehran, in 2010. Photochemical production of ozone is simulated by GRS. For this purpose, 14
days of summer days which were polluted by ozone have been selected, 10 days for calibration and four days for
prediction. An average correlation factor of 0.848 between modelling results and observations as well as a
Relative Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of 0.43 indicate a good precision and accuracy for the model. Also,
an Index of Agreement (IOA) greater than 0.7 for all days is another verification of proper performance for the
model.
Keywords: tropospheric ozone, GRS mechanism, semi-empirical, box modeling, smog.
3
Air quality modelling in Barcelona from the analysis of climate, territorial and traffic variables
Daniel Jato-Espino*1, Elena Castillo-Lopez2, Susanne M. Charlesworth 3 and Jorge RodriguezHernandez4
1, 4
GITECO Research Group, Universidad de Cantabria, Spain
(E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected])
2
Department of Geographical Engineering and Graphic Expression Techniques, Universidad de Cantabria, Spain
3
Centre for Agroecology, Water and Resilience (CAWR), Coventry University, United Kingdom.
ABSTRACT
Air has become a key factor when assessing human welfare over the years, since its cleanliness is vital to
ensure the health and development of any living being. However, its quality is being progressively
compromised by population growth and environmentally harmful human activities, such as industrialization or
increased energy use and transportation. Big and crowded cities like Barcelona are particularly conducive to
the generation of this kind of effects and are therefore more sensitive to undergo dangerous decreases in air
quality. For this reason, this paper aims to model the air quality in such city by building regression models that
enable estimating the relationship between two air pollutants (NO2 and PM10), whose point measurements are
interpolated throughout the area enclosed by Barcelona’s boundaries using GIS techniques, and a series of
explanatory variables related to the climate (wind and proximity to coast and mountains), territory
(greenspaces and building density) and traffic volume. The results provided by these models are intended to
bring an improvement in urban planning, since they allow the detection of areas requiring of priority actions to
control air pollution.
Keywords: Air quality; Geographic information system; Regression analysis; Urban planning.
Acknowledgments: This paper was possible thanks to the research project RHIVU (Ref. BIA2012-32463),
financed by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness with funds from the State General Budget
(PGE) and the European Regional Development Fund (FEDER). The authors also wish to express their gratitude
to the Barcelona City Council for providing the data necessary to develop this study.
4
PBDEs in Ambient Air in Istanbul and Izmir-Turkey
Kurt-Karakus PB1,*, Gungormus E2, Celik H3, Okten E4, Ugranlı T5, Sofuoglu A6, Gedik K7, Sofuoglu S8,
Alegria H9, Jones KC10
1
EnvironmentalEngineeringDepartment, Bursa Technical University, Turkey.
2,5,6,8
EnvironmentalEngineeringDepartment, İzmir Institute of Technology, Turkey.
[email protected])
3,7
EnvironmentalEngineeringDepartment, Akdeniz University, Turkey.
4
EnvironmentalEngineeringDepartment, BahcesehirUniversity, Turkey.
9
Chemistry Department, University of South Florida St. Petersburg, FL, USA.
10
LancasterAcademicCentre, LancasterUniversity, UK.
ABSTRACT
Taking into account that there is a lack of database on polybrominateddiphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in Turkey, PBDE
levels were investigated in air samples collected from background sites in Izmir and Istanbul between December
2013-March 2014 on a weekly basis. Particle and gas phase samples were collected on glass-fiber filters and
polyurethane foam, respectively, with a high volume sampler. The samples were extracted, cleaned up,
concentrated and then analyzed using a gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. PBDEs are at detectable levels
in ambient air of Istanbul and Izmir with concentration ranges of 2.53-18.77 pg/m3 and 15.12-458.29 pg/m3,
respectively. These statistics showed that higher concentrations of PBDEs were found in Izmir, most probably
due to the sampling location which shows more semi-urban characteristics compared to that in Istanbul. Besides,
PBDEs tended to be more in gas phase in both locations. This was a preliminary assessment study to extend the
research for a long term monitoring at 32 different locations across Turkey starting in May 2014.
Keywords: Istanbul, Izmir, PBDEs
Acknowledgment: This study is being conducted in frame of a TUBITAK Research Fund (TUBITAK Project #
112Y315). The authors would like to thank to The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey
(TUBITAK) for the financial support.
5
The research of CO and NOx emissions revealed from linear sources in Kocaeli city Korfez district by
ISCST-3 and AERMOD Model Programs
Kazım Onur Demirarslan*1, Şenay Çetin Doğruparmak2
1
2
Artvin Çoruh University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Environmental
Engineering, TURKEY. (E-mail: [email protected])
Kocaeli University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Environmental Engineering,
TURKEY. (E-mail: [email protected])
ABSTRACT
In this study the distributions of CO and NOx emissions occurring in Istanbul – Ankara highway 25 km of
which passes through Kocaeli city Korfez district and D-100 highway 20 km of which passes through Kocaeli
city Körfez district were examined by using AERMOD (American Meteorolojical Society/Environmental
Protection Agency Regulatory Model) and ISCST-3 (Industrial Source Complex Short Term) model
programs. These two highways on the area of study have very dense traffic. The reason of this can be shown
as these routes being a connection between Istanbul and Trachea region to Anatolia and as they are dense in
terms of industry. The daily numbers of vehicles passing from these routes were taken from the reports
prepared by Strategy Development Head of Department Transportation and Cost Researches Branch
Directorate in May 2009, while the CO and NOx emission rates used as a data in modelling were calculated
by task based emission factors of CORINAIR. As a result of the modeling study, daily and yearly distribution
maps were obtained. When the maps were examined, highest daily concentrations obtained for CO were
found respectively for AERMOD and ISCST-3 as 1031,66 µg/m3, 274,03 µg/m3, while yearly calculated
concentrations were found to be 103,53 µg/m3, 55,13 µg/m3 Highest concentration amounts forecasted for
NOx emission were found respectively for AERMOD and ISCST-3 as 1650,75 µg/m3, 438,91 µg/m3, while
yearly calculated concentrations were calculated as 165,52 µg/m3, 88,16 µg/m3 . When distribution maps
formed by using the programs were examined for both polluters, the most densely polluted section was found
to be Körfez district section of D-100 highway in terms of both daily and yearly time options. When the
results of programs were examined it was understood that two programs give different results from each
other. The reasons of this fact were interpreted after being supported by literature research.
Keywords: AERMOD, ISCST-3, Körfez District, Traffic Pollution
6
Levels of bioaerosols in indoor environments in Ankara
Elham AGHLARA1*¹ ,Gülen GÜLLÜ¹
1
.Hacettepe University, Faculty of Engineering, Environmental Engineering Department
E-mail: [email protected], [email protected]
ABSTRACT
Asthma and allergy has become more frequent worldwide during the past decades. Even though the air in
many cities is much cleaner than in the past, the prevalence of allergy and asthma has increased worldwide.
This study was undertaken in Ankara inorder to identify the effects of the indoor bio-aerosols and their effects
on indoor air quality. Air samples were collected from indoor and outdoor environments of 94 dwellings at
15 different districts of Ankara during the summer and winter of 2011. The concentration and type of
bacteria and fungi were measured by NIOSH Method-0800 with three types of agar plates (Plate -Count,
Sabourad-Antibiotic and Blood Agar) and one vacuum pump with a flowrate of 28.3 L/min for 4 minutes
duration. Throughout the study, environmental parameters such as temperature (°C), relative humidity (%)
and CO2 (ppm) concentrations were also recorded in in-and outdoor environments.
It was found that,
bacteria and fungi levels were generally higher in the bedrooms compared to sitting room and outdoor
environments. The dominant bacteria species present in the air of examined dwellings are Staphylococcus
spp.(56%), Corynebacterium spp.(20%), Bacillus spp(15%). The fungi dominant in the air of examined
dwellings are Penicillium spp(52%), Sporothrix spp,(43%) and Stachybotrytis spp(15%).
Home characteristics as predictors of multiple microbial biomarkers were also taken in account. Air samples
that were taken from 15 sampling sites, located in Ankara showed that, concentration of bacteria were high in
Sincan (857 CFU/m³), Altındağ (496.4 CFU/m³), Etlik (435.3 CFU/m³) and for fungi, Akyurt (459 CFU/m³),
Çankaya(335.6 CFU/m³).
Keywords: Bio-aerosol, Bacteria, fungi, Indoor air pollution
7
ICOCEE –CAPPADOCIA 2015
Bioaerosol removalby simultaneous adsorption and photo-oxidation of Ag-doped TiO2/PU under
visible irradiation
Thanh-Dong Pham, Byeong-Kyu Lee*
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Ulsan, Daehakro 93, Namgu, Ulsan 680749, Republic of Korea
E-mail: [email protected].
ABSTRACT
Ag doped TiO2 immobilized on polyurethane (Ag-TiO2/PU) was synthesized by a sol-gel method. Ag was
used as a doping agent to enhance photocatalytic activity of TiO 2 to apply photocatalyst under visible light.
Polyurethane (PU), a porous honeycomb material, was used as a substrate to immobilize the Ag doped TiO 2
in order to integrate the adsorption property to the photocatalysts.The prepared photocatalysts were
characterized usinga scanning electron microscope (SEM) for morphology, a Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET)
isotherm for specific surface area, an UV-Visible absorption spectrometer (UV-Vis) for optical properties
and X-ray photoelectron spectroscope (XPS) for elemental state determination. The synthesized materials
were used for removal of Candida famata(C. famata), a very common yeast in aerosols.Under dark
conditions, the removal capacities of C. famata in the aerosol by PU, TiO2/PU, and Ag-TiO2/PU were
1.6×105, 3.5×105, and 7.5.0×105 (CFU/Cm3), respectively. The Ag-TiO2/PU exhibited much improved
removal capacity of C. famata in the aerosol because the photocatalyst had the highest specific surface area
and surface roughness. Under visible light irradiation, the removal capacities of C. famata in an aerosolby
PU, TiO2/PU, and Ag-TiO2/PU were 1.6×105, 3.5×105, and 2.1×106 (CFU/Cm3), respectively. The main
reason for the greatly improved C. famata removal capacity by Ag-TiO2/PU under visible light was Ag
dopant effect.
Keywords: Bioaerosol removal, Ag doped, photo-oxidation, adsorption, removal capacity.
Acknowledgment: This work was supported by the National Research Foundationof Korea (NRF) grant,
funded by the Ministry of Education(2013R1A2A2A03013138).
8
An Overview of Chiral Pollutants as a Tracer of Cycling of POPs
Emine Can-Güven* 1, Dilek Bolat 1, Kadir Gedik1, Perihan B. Kurt-Karakuş2
1
Department of Environmental Engineering, Akdeniz University, Antalya, TURKEY.
(E-mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected])
2
Department of Environmental Engineering, Bursa Technical University, Bursa, TURKEY.
ABSTRACT
The increase of pollution due to population growth, urbanization and industrial activities has led to a stress on
all living organisms and environment. Any undesirable and toxic chemicals present in the environment may
be considered as an environmental pollutant. Among these pollutants, especially synthetic organic chemicals
draw attention because of their toxic effects and have a feature of chirality. The term of chirality comes from
the Greek word “hand” and human hands are probably the most universally recognized example of chirality.
It is because the left hand is a non-superimposable mirror image of the right hand; no matter how the two
hands are oriented, it is impossible for all the major features of both hands to coincide. In this study, chirality
and the chiral chemicals which have significance for the determination of environmental cycling of persistent
organic pollutants were reviewed. Chirality exists everywhere in the universe from living organisms to
natural or synthetic organic materials. The most common chiral pollutants are pharmaceuticals, pesticides,
polycyclic musks, drugs, etc. The enantiomers have same physical and chemical properties but they show
different biological activities. The degradation of these chemicals is enantioselective which is a useful tool in
the assessment of fate of chiral chemicals in the environment. This means that the nature of pollution may be
interpreted as whether it is newly released or not. Enantiomer fraction is a tool to evaluate the enantiospecific
analysis of chiral pollutants. A deviation from 0.5 in samples is an indicator of bioactivity. In the literature,
there exist many studies that conducted to measure chiral pollutants in environmental mediums. On the other
hand, chiral pollutants have already become subject to environmental monitoring studies in Turkey.
Therefore, a general overview of potency of chiral pollutants in the Turkish environment and the needs for
future research trends were discussed.
Keywords: Achiral, Biodegradation, Chromatography, Enantiomer, Pesticides.
Acknowledgment: This study was supported by The Scientific and Technological Research Council of
Turkey (TÜBİTAK: CAREER Project No. 112Y175).
9
A Preliminary Investigation of Legacy Organochlorine Pesticides in the Atmosphere of an
Agricultural Area in Antalya
Emine Can-Güven* 1, Dilek Bolat1, Kadir Gedik1, Perihan B. Kurt-Karakuş2
1
Department of Environmental Engineering, Akdeniz University, Antalya, TURKEY.
2
Department of Environmental Engineering, Bursa Technical University, Bursa, TURKEY.
ABSTRACT
Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) have been used for agricultural purposes until some were banned
globally due to their toxic characteristics. The aim of this study is to investigate the presence, levels and
distribution of these legacy OCPs in air in an agricultural region considered to be released from past
sources or illegal usage. The current work is a part of a larger scale project and the sampling was
conducted in Kumluca, a district of Antalya located in the Mediterranean coast and a region with intense
agricultural activities such as greenhouse facilities. Passive air samplers consisting of polyurethane
foam disks were used to collect atmospheric OCPs and located at three sampling points near greenhouse
facility areas that have a potential risk of contamination to represent an initial spatial distribution of
contamination in the region. In addition, a background point which is far from settlement and
agricultural activities was selected as reference site. Accordingly, 17 passive air samples (monthly (n=6)
and bimonthly (n=3) from one sampling point, and quarterly (n=2) from four sampling point) were
collected at four different sites from May to November 2013. Sampling rate and the amount of air
volumes collected were derived from the losses of depuration compounds. Soxhlet extraction method
was used to extract pollutants and the analyses were performed by using Shimadzu QP2010 Ultra GCMS. While the concentration of Ʃ 29 OCPs ranged from 42.1 to 61.9 pg/m3 (45.9±6.76),
pentachlorobenzene and o,p'- DDE were the most abundant ones in samples. Total OCPs concentration
showed an increasing trend by increased temperature and these were comparable to studies conducted in
similar regions. Although the production and usage of OCPs has been banned, results show that some of
them could still be found in air. Their presence may be result of atmospheric transport or the
degradation of formerly used pesticides.
Keywords: Greenhouse area, Passive sampling, Persistent organic pollutants.
Acknowledgment: This study was supported by The Scientific and Technological Research Council of
Turkey (TÜBİTAK: CAREER Project No. 112Y175).
10
Nevşehir, TURKEY, May 20-23, 2015
Analysis and Assessment of Heavy Metal Pollution of Road Dust in Düzce, Turkey
F. Taşpınar 1, M. Atasoy 1*, Z. Bozkurt1, B. Poyraz2, O. Uzun3
1
Düzce University,Engineering Faculty, Environmental Eng. Dept., Düzce, TURKEY
2
3
Düzce University, Central Research Laboratory, Düzce, TURKEY
Düzce University, Faculty of Forestry, Dept. of Landscape Architecture, Düzce, TURKEY
ABSTRACT
An environmental monitoring survey on metal contamination in road dust was conducted to assessthe
extent of metal pollution due to dense vehicle traffic, collecting many samplesfrom the state roadD-100
passing through in Düzce, Turkey. According to characteristics of the road, more than twenty sampling
point were selected for characterizing the entire area, following a route alongfrom west to eastand to
north of the city. The concentrations of Fe, Ba, Al, Mo, Sr, Pb,Cu, Mn, Sn, Cr, V, Co, Sc, Ni, B, Sb, As
andCd in road dust samples have been determined using ICP-MS. The meanconcentrations with
standard deviations(mg/kg) of these heavy metals and metalloidsare in decreasing order as follows:
Fe (106527,46±40620,50),
Ba (10023,77±6130,57),
Al (6585,48±2917,55),
Mo (4857,98±2407,09),
Sr (4498,13±2228,78), Pb (1007,54±826,2), Zn (842,96±331,88), Cu (531,1±318,4), Mn (528,82±259,26),
Sn (481,72±130,56), Cr (397,61±194,93), V (342,08±98,38), Co (337,95±147,18), Sc (288,47±114,05),
Ni (220,89±103,24), B (144,85±60,65), Sb (96,34±26,11), As (36,47±18,95) and Cd (3,75±1,13). The metal
contamination of road dust anddegree of enrichmenthave been assessed using enrichment factors (EFs),
geo-accumulation index (Igeo) and pollution index (PI). Considering the values of Igeo per element
obtained fromthe mean concentrations, results showed that some sampling sites moderately polluted,
namely grade-2 pollution with respect to Pb, Fe, Cr, Cd, Cu and Mn, while most of the samplingpoints
were at grade-1 pollution level with respect to Al, Mo, Sn, Co, Ni and grade-0 with respect to the rest of
elements. Also, EFs give an insight of human influence degree of urban road dusts and PIs indicate
heavy metals of road dust polluted moderately high. High contents of the elements could be attributed to
anthropogenic effects clearly related to dense traffic volume of the state road studied.
Keywords:Road Dust, MetalPollution, Pollution Indices, Vehicle Traffic.
Acknowledgment: The authors thank toDüzce University, Scientific Research Project Funding (DÜBAP)
for their financial support [DÜBAP-2013.06.02.203].
11
Compration of indoor and outdoor VOCs Levels at children homes
S. LAKESTANI1, B. KARAKAŞ1, S. ACAR VAİZOĞLU2, B. GÜÇİZ DOĞAN2, Ç. GÜLER2, B.
ŞEKEREL3, A. TANER4, G. GÜLLÜ1
1
Hacettepe University, Faculty of Engineering, Environmental Engineering Department; Hacettepe
University, Environmental Engineering Department, 06800 Beytepe, Ankara-TURKEY;
[email protected], [email protected], [email protected]
2
Hacettepe University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health; Hacettepe University, Department
of Public Health, 06100 Sihhiye, Ankara-TURKEY;[email protected], [email protected],
[email protected]
3
Hacettepe University, Faculty of Medicine, Pediatric Allergy and Asthma Unit; Hacettepe University,
Pediatric Allergy and Asthma Unit,06100 Sihhiye, Ankara-TURKEY; [email protected]
4
TOBB ETÜ Hospital, Microbiology and Clinical Microbiology; Yasam Caddesi No: 5 06510 Sögütözü,
Ankara-TURKEY; [email protected]
ABSTRACT
Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) are a large group of carbon-based chemicals that easily evaporate at
room temperature. Volatile Organic Compounds are chemicals that easily turn into gases and contaminate
indoor air.
Some of these chemicals cause developmental damage as well as damage to the liver and central nervous,
respiratory, and reproductive systems. Many products we have in our homes release VOCs. Some examples
of sources of VOCs are building materials, home and personal care products and behaviors. Indoor air VOCs
were collected simultaneously from variety of indoors (e.g. living rooms, baby’s rooms) and outdoor
environments which were voluntarily selected throughout Ankara. Studies have shown that the level of
indoors VOCs is generally higher than the level of outdoors. Babies spend about 95% of their time in indoor
environment, the time has been spent in indoor might be more during winter times. Their organs, immune
system and neurological system are still developing, and because of their lower body weight, they breathe in a
relatively greater volume of air than adults.
This is the first comprehensive study done in Turkey including prenatal and postnatal periods. VOCs levels
were measured over 74 homes. Average of total VOCs in the living rooms and baby’s rooms in winter varied
between 159.77 to 172.60 µg/m3 .According to the sampled indoor environments of the study, it was found
that the levels of indoor air volatile organic compounds in the baby’s rooms were higher than the living
rooms. Our findings suggest that there is a relationship between indoor VOCs levels and infants health. As
there are no standards for indoor residential air quality, additional researches are needed to assess the impacts
of indoor pollution exposure for infants.
Keywords: Indoor air, Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs), Infant health, Living Rooms, Baby’s Rooms
Acknowledgment: This study was supported by grants obtained by The Scientific and Technological
Research Council of Turkey (TÜBİTAK, Project No: 110Y082). We are grateful to all the mothers who are
taking part in the Project, especially those who have allowed us access to their homes.
12
Economic and Environmental Contributions of Declaration of the Marmara Region as Emission
Control Area (ECA).
D. Yıldırım Pekşen 1, G. Bilen Alkan 2
1
Maritime and Port Management, Yalova University, Yalova, TURKEY.
2
Maritime Transportation Management Engineering, Istanbul University, Istanbul, TURKEY
ABSTRACT
Nowadays maritime transport has become an essential part of the international trade due to the massive
capacity of carriage of cargoes overseas. In fact that it also impacts to global economy as positively by
providing to transport of almost 90 percent of total cargoes between countries. On the other hand, air
pollution caused by exhausts emissions of ship traffic which is increasing day by day has led to global
warming and health problems. This situation has forced the International Maritime Organization (IMO)
to bring new regulations. As a result, Annex VI ‘Prevention of air pollution from vessels’ has been
added to 73/78 MARPOL Convention and it brings global and regional limits on SO x and NOx
emissions. Turkey has also adopted above-mentioned annex on 26.02.2013 but not announce any
Emission Control Area (ECA) yet. Every year more than 50,000 ships are passing from the Sea of
Marmara and the Turkish Straits which are important seaways in international maritime transport and
surrounded by the crowded cities about 20 million people. Therefore, it is appear that how human
health and environment can be benefited by reducing ship emissions if such a cruci al important area as
Marmara Region has been announced as ECA.
In this study, amount of total emissions caused by ships will be estimated by comparing released
exhaust gases into air in a year before and after ECA proclamation on Marmara Region. In addition,
methods to reduce ship emissions according to ECA limits such as alternative fuels and new engine
technologies will be discussed. On the other hand, from an economic point of view, external costs of
ship emissions on human health and environment will be calculated by using EXIOPOL (A New
Environmental Accounting Framework Using Externality Data And Input-Output Tools For Policy
Analysis) formula.
Keywords: Air pollution, ECA, Marpol Annex VI, the Sea of Marmara, ship emissions.
13
Airborne Particle Concentrations Prediction Using Artificial Neural Network
Ya-Chin Teng* 1, Ho-Wen Chen 2, Wei-Yea Chen 3, Wei-Lun Lin4
1,2,3,4
Department of environmental science and engineering, Tunghai University, Taiwan
(Address: No.1727, Sec.4, Taiwan Boulevard, Xitun District, Taichung 40704, Taiwan R.O.C.)
(E-mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected])
ABSTRACT
As the wind velocity is increased, it will increase the emission of airborne particles from bare
ground. In the dry season, the river dust has become an important emission source of PM10. To
avoid the damage from airborne particle, it is important for decision makers to develop a
reliable prediction model to control air quality. Thus, this study uses official monitoring data
around Da-Jia River and Ta-An River as database to build a prediction model by using
artificial neural network (ANN).
It was building three kinds of models with different time series, namely yesterday (t-1), two
days ago (t-2), three days ago (t-3) to predict today concentration of PM10(t). The best
architecture of artificial neural network has a hidden layer and nine neurons in hidden layer,
then the assessment of all the simulation results were reasonable. Delimit the PM10 > 75µg/m3
to be a standard of warning issued, then the current discriminant ratio were 70~85%.
Represents this model can be used as the basis warning mode of river dust for future.
Keywords: river dust, PM10, artificial neural networks (ANN)
14
Illustration of Air Quality Change Using Innovative Trend Analysis Method
YavuzSelimGüçlü*1, EyüpŞişman2, İsmail Dabanlı3, Zekai Şen4
1, 3
Istanbul Technical University, Faculty of Civil Eng., Department of Hydraulics,TURKEY
2
Yildiz Technical University, Faculty of Civil Eng., Department of Hydraulics,TURKEY
4
Turkish Water Foundation, TURKEY
ABSTRACT
Insurance and protection of fresh air is necessary not only for people, but also for many species to survive
and maintain a healthy life. For this purpose, air pollution records in Turkey by fully automatic stations since
2005 provide a basis to control air pollutionandimproveair quality. In this study, different major Turkish
cities,namely, Nevşehir, Şanlıurfa, Antakya, Ereğli ve Zonguldakare selected for the application of
innovative trend analysis. Air pollutants’data such as SO2, NO2, NO, PM10 and COmeasured at these cities
provide the basic data setfor the model application. The methodology requires division of the available record
length into two parts as for the first and second halves. The ranked data in these two halves are plotted
against each other for the visual identification of the possible trend components in the low, medium and high
pollutant values.
Keywords: Air quality,air pollutants, analysis, innovation,trend.
15
Clear-cut, easy and safe air purifying technique.
H. Habibazarfard1 and A. Cemal Saydam1
1,
Environmental Engineering Department, Hacettepe University, Ankara, TURKEY.
(E-mail: [email protected],[email protected])
ABSTRACT
Indoor air quality is inevitably linked to ambient air quality. What controls ambient air quality also
affects indoor air quality. The desert belts and their respective dust plumes on a global basis regula te
ambient air quality. Each desert has its own exclusive extension zone and during the period of cyclonic
depressions millions of tones of dust is injected into the atmosphere. These dust particles having 10micron size or less can traverse long distances and are composed of clay minerals and embedded
bacteria fungus and viruses. It has been shown that when inhaled it may trigger genes that is responsible
from the production of specific proteins that results with the triggering of migraine. Basing on this work
we have developed simple water based air purifier system that can effectively removes 90 % of
particles in an hour and ultimate purification is reached within 120 minutes in one cubic meter
experimental chamber. Of course increase in air flux will inevitably shorten the time necessary for
ultimate purification for a given environment. The air purifying system consists of an aquarium pump
hose and air stone and simple 1.5 l water bottle. The basic principle behind the purification system
based on the fact that during the rise of air bubble the friction with water creates a vortex assisting the
transfer of clay particles and associated bacteria fungus and virus to water phase. With this simple
purification system the adverse effect of dust particles can effectively be removed from indoor.
Renewing the water is the only thing required for the continuation of effective purification. The water is
not wasted and can be used to irrigate the flowers lawns etc. Such systems also offer an ideal low cost
pre- cleaning filtering that can be used to extent the operational life of expensive filtering systems.
Keywords: Air quality, bacteria, dust, filtration,
16
Atmospheric pollution monitoring using neural networks
Mounira Rouaïnia* 1, Nadjet Djebri
1,
2
Department of petrochemistry and process engineering, University 20 août 1955- Skikda, Algeria
([email protected], [email protected])
3
Department of electrical engineering, University 20 août 1955- Skikda, Algeria
([email protected])
ABSTRACT
Air pollution is a global environmental challenge that receives more worldwide attention since last decades,
despite the recent declining concentration of atmospheric pollutants following stringent environmental
protection regulations. The major source of this pollution remains industrial emissions. The evolution of
pollutants in the atmosphere depends on varied a phenomenon, that is why it is necessary to follow these
pollutants and to predict the evolution of their concentrations in the atmosphere. In this study we consider
industrial emissions monitoring using neural networks.
After a review of the models applied in monitoring ambient air quality, we will focus on the application of
the MLP neural networks ( Multi-Layers Perceptron ) in the forecast of pollutants of air. Considering three
atmospheric pollutants in an industrial site (NO2, SO2 and O3) and after dispersion modelisation by the MLP,
we study the adaptation of neural networks to their concentrations evolution prediction. Then we develop
and assess neural network soft sensors for emission prediction based on simulated and reel emissions data
measurements. The performance of the proposed soft sensor is then evaluated using actual data from an
industrial boiler. The developed soft sensor achieves comparable accuracy to the continuous emission
monitor analyzer, however, with substantial reduction in the cost of equipment and maintenance
Keywords: Air quality monitoring, dispersion models, neural networks, Multi-Layer Perceptron
17
Heavy Metal Concentration Of House Dust
Parisa.BABAEİ 1, İlknur DURUKAN 2 and Gülen GÜLLÜ 3
1, 3
Hacettepe University, Environmental Engineering Department, 06800 Beytepe, Ankara, Turkey.
(E-mail:[email protected]; [email protected])
2
Hacettepe University, Chemistry Department, 06800 Beytepe, Ankara, Turkey.
ABSTRACT
Poor indoor air quality is widely regarded as a significant health, environment and economic problem. In this
study, house dust samples were collected from 47 dwellings in several spots of the Ankara during the period
April, 2012 to June, 2012 in order to investigate the occurrence of heavy metals (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mg,
Mn, Ni, Pb, Sb, Sn, V and Zn) and associated levels according with locations. All samples were analyzed
using AAS. According to the statistical analysis the highest arithmetic means were observed for the elements
Mg (8900.34 μgg-1), Fe (4408.57 μgg-1), Zn (449,983 μgg-1) and Cu (104,515 μgg-1). Results of heavy
metal analysis revealed that the concentrations change with the proximity to the main street of houses, to the
floor type of the houses, wall paint type, home heating source type, frequency of disinfectant use and smoking
in the house. Factor analysis (FA) model was used for source allocation and estimation of contributions from
specified sources to the concentration of each parameter. By factor analysis, five source types were identified
as the house wall paint type, frequency of disinfectant use, traffic and roadside soil, Coal burning and polluted
soil explaining about 63.27% of the total variance.
Keywords: Abstract, indoor air quality, house dust, Ankara, heavy metals, AAS, Factor analysis
Acknowledgment: We would like to thank the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey
(TÜBİTAK-CAYDAG-110Y082) for its financial support.
18
Analysis of VOCs in the Indoor Air
L. Meciarova* 1, S. Vilcekova 2
1, 2
Faculty of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Kosice, SLOVAKIA.
ABSTRACT
Volatile organic compounds have been studied over recent years in many countries . However,
construction processes, building materials, building types and the method used for the collection and
analysis of VOCs vary from one country to another. At the same time constant technical and scientific
progress has brought new materials that can emit completely different VOCs than older mater ials. A
similar type of study was carried out long time ago also in Slovakia. The results from this study already
do not provide representative data for today. Therefore, this study is focused to determine the current
state of occurrence and level of concentrations of VOCs. The studied building is located in east
Slovakia. Gas chromatography with surface acoustic wave technology was used for analysis of
individual VOCs in the indoor air. Total volatile organic compounds concentration was determined
with photoionization detector with UV lamp and expressed as concentration of toluene. Air temperature
and relative humidity was also set during measurements. The results were compared with the guide
values of other countries, because there are no guideline values for TVOC concentrations and limits are
set only for a small amount of VOCs in Slovakia.
Keywords: Emissions, GC/SAW, Indoor air, VOCs
Acknowledgment: This study was financially supported by Grant Agency of Slovak Republic to support of
projects No. 1/0405/13.
19
Dispersion of the NOx emissions from chimneys and road traffic around industrial sites:
case study of the company Fantazia.
H. Gourgue 123*, A. Aharoune 1, A. Ihlal Ahmed 2
1
2
3
Laboratoire de ThermodynamiqueetEnergétique (LTE), FSA Agadir, Morocco
Laboratoire de Matériauxet Energies Renouvelables (LMER), FSA Agadir, Morocco
Laboratoire de Procédés, Energieetenvironnement (P2E) Universiapolis, Agadir, Morocco
*Corresponding Author. E-mail: [email protected]; Tel: (+212660008349)
ABSTRACT
Urban areas are major sources of air pollution. This case is particularly serious close to industrial sites or
traffic, industrialization and energy consumption are remarkable. This work represents a combination, of a
model of emissions from road traffic, and a dispersion improved Gaussian model of pollutants from point
sources, in order to estimate emissions from point and line sources, and predict the dispersion of these
emissions.
In this work, we developed a new numerical model that combines the two approaches top-down and bottomup to quickly produce the inventory of road traffic emissions by calculating the total emissions and distribute
them in time and space. A first attempt was made using the model and the data available. The results and
analysis of their uncertainties have led to the development of strategies to improve the input parameters and
results of the second application of the model. We also used a Gaussian model that we had improved to
calculate the emissions generated by the chimneys (point sources) and the dispersion of these emissions in
the surrounding area of the industrial site.
We chose the industrial site of the company FANTAZIA in the industrial area of Agadir city-Morocco to
study the dispersion of NOx emissions generated by the company and those generated by road traffic around
the surrounding area. We also used the NOx analyzer to measure the concentrations of this pollutant in order
to compare them with the results obtained using numerical models.
The simulations performed by the models give encouraging results compared to measurements. This helps to
understand the physical and chemical phenomena related to the dispersion to well suggest emission reduction
scenarios, and improve the air quality in agglomerations.
Keywords:air pollution, industrial sites, road traffic, emission factors, dispersion.
Acknowledgment: The authors thank the leaders within the company Fantazia, for their collaboration in
this work.
20
IndoorAirQualityand Construction Specifications
Bahtiyar ÖZTÜR, Hülya AYKAÇ, Hasret ÇELEBİ
OndokuzMayisUniversity, EngineeringFaculty, Environ. Engng. Dept. 55200 Samsun
ABSTRACT
Indoor air pollution (IAP) is a case that pollutants such as gas, particulate and vapour exist in indoor
atmosphere at a level that affects health and comfort of people who live inside. Indoor air quality
(IAQ),which affects occupant health, comfort, and productivity, and in some cases even building usability,
may suffer due to any number of problems in design, materials and equipment selection or construction.
Preventing of air circulation between indoor and outdoor, wrong design or lack of ventilation and air
conditioning systems, existing of pollution sources in indoor and entering pollutants from outdoor create air
pollution inside the buildings. Also, construction materials cause health hazard for human. Therefore U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency (US-EPA) developed new specifications to recognize new homes equipped
with a comprehensive set of indoor air quality features. Potential benefits of an improved IAQ include lower
healthcare costs, reduced sick leaves of occupants, better performance in work, lower turnover of employees,
and lower cost of building maintenance due to fewer complaints about indoor air quality.
People consider that energy efficient homes have poorer indoor air quality. Not necessarily, it is possible to
achieve both energy efficiency and healthy indoor air quality through (1) properly designed building
construction and technologies, and (2) proper home maintenance practices.Effective, properly designed
heating, ventilation, and air conditioning systems, bathroom and kitchen exhaust fans, and a tight building
shell not only remove excessive moisture and cooking odors in the building, but also can ensure that most
outdoor pollutants do not enter the home in the first place.
Many design decisions that can lead to poor IAQ are made in the early phases of design and are difficult to
modify or correct later on. Early design missteps can be avoided if IAQ is put on the table as a key design
issue at the start. Examples are inadequate space for mechanical equipment, limiting access for inspection and
maintenance, and selection of interior finishes that can lead to high levels of volatile organic compound
(VOC) emissions or to moisture problems in the building envelope.There are two primary reasons to include
IAQ considerations in the earliest stages of project planning: avoiding problems that occur when IAQ is
treated as an afterthought and allowing consideration of alternative design concepts that involve decisions
made early in the design process.
Keywords: Indoor air quality, building design, construction
21
Analysis of SO 2 and PM Concentrations with Artificial Neural Network: A Case Study of
Erzurum City Center
F. Ekmekyapar Torun* 1, Z. Bingül 2, M.Y. Çodur 3
1
2
3
Atatürk University, Department of Environmental Engineering, Erzurum, TURKEY.
Erzurum Provincial Directorate of Environment and Urbanization, Department Directorate of
Environmental Impact Assessment, Permit, Erzurum, TURKEY.
Erzurum Technical University, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Department of Civil Engineering,
Erzurum, TURKEY.
(Email: [email protected])
ABSTRACT
Erzurum where is one of the highest and the coldest city of Turkey has a harsh continental climate. Climate
conditions usually last as freezing cold and snowy in winters and hot and dry in summers. For this reason in
Erzurum during the winter months air pollution originated from heating reaches high values by the effects of
city topography with bowl-shaped, irregular urbanization and meteorological factors. In this study, during
2014-2015 winter period, air pollution level in terms of SO 2 and particle material parameters were studied in
the center of Erzurum city and the results were evaluted. Data for the period of 2014 October-2015 April
were taken from Ministry of Environmental and Urbanization Air Quality Monitoring Station which is located
at the city center and compared with the air quality values prescribed by Air Quality Assessment and
Management Regulation and the World Health Organization and Environmental Pollution Agency. The
relationship between air pollutants and climate elements such as temperature, wind speed and humidity is
determined by using artificial neural network.
Key Words: Erzurum, air pollution, artificial neural network, SO2 , particle material, meteorological factors
22
Investigation of Air Pollution Parameter Variation on Between 2007-2014: The Case of Igdir (Turkey)
Dogru S. *1, Bayram T. 2, Argun Y.A. 3 and Altikat A. 4
1, 3
2
Environmental Helath Programme, Vocational School of Health Services, Igdir University, TURKEY.
Department of Environmental Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Yuzuncu Yil University, TURKEY.
4
Department of Civil Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Igdir University, TURKEY.
ABSTRACT
In the study it has been investigated the annual and winter’s season air pollution values of Igdir centrum
between the years 2007-2014 by means of the data obtained from the meteorological observation station
found in the same city. For this purpose, it has been used the values of sulfur dioxide (SO2) and particle
substance (PM10) in Igdir city center between 2007 and 2014, which were obtained from the web site of the
Ministry of Environment and Urban Planning. Measurement values have been analyzed in deference to Air
Quality Evaluation and Management Regulation and limit values determined by the European Union (EU).
When analysing the results of air qualities of Igdir between 01 January 2007 and 31 December 2014, the
average PM10 has been found out 118 µg/m3 and the average of SO2 has been determined as 11 µg/m3. When
analysing the results of air qualities for heating season between 01 October 2006 and 31 March 2014, the
average PM10 has been found out 172 µg/m3 and the average of SO2 has been ascertained as 18 µg/m3. The
annual PM10 and SO2 value averages have been found lower than the heating season averages. When the
obtained average values were compared with the Long-term Turkey Limit Value (LTL) it has been observed
that PM10 was above the expected limit values between 2007 and 2014 and SO 2 did not exceed the expected
value limits within the same years. Simultaneously, when EU and LTL values were compared, annual PM10
values have been observed to be exceeded for all years and SO2 values have been observed to be acceptable
only in 2011. According to the results, measurements for the refinement of the air quality of Igdir must be
taken. The Ministry of Environment and Urban Planning must increase the air pollution inspections and take
the necessary precautions during the days when critical limit is exceeded.
Keywords: Air pollution, Igdir, Particulate matter 10 (PM10), SPSS, sulfur dioxide (SO2).
23
LEVEL AND SOURCES OF PARTICULATE MATTER (PM10, PM2.5) IN TURKEY
Gülen GÜLLÜ 1, ZELİHA GEMİCİ 2, Betül KESKİN ÇATAL 2
1
([email protected])
2
Ministry of Environment and Urbanization, General Directorate of Environmental Impact Assessment,
Permit and Inspection, Department of Laboratory, Measurement and Monitoring, Ankara, Turkey
([email protected]; [email protected])
ABSTRACT
Spatial and temporal variations of PM and factors affecting these variations in Turkey from the year 2009 to
the end of 2014 are investigated in this study. The PM characteristics were identified according to three main
stations types; industry, curbside, residential and urban background stations.
The PM10 levels (anual mean) ranged from 11 to 120 µg/m3 at industry sites, 17 to 39 µg/m3 at urban
background sites, from 12 to 143 µg/m3 at residential sites and 44 to 106 µg/m3 at curbside sites. PM2.5
levels were ranging from 16 to 56 µg/m3 at residential sites and 27 to 55 µg/m3 at curbside sites. The
PM2.5/PM10 ratio is highly dependent on the types of site and season and varied from 0.28 to 0.50 with a
mean of 0.40. The PM2.5/PM10 ratio in European cities generally in the range of 0.6 to 0.8, indicating
majority of the particulate mass is in the fine fraction, whereas majority of particulate mass is in the coarse
fraction in Turkey.
State of PM levels of Turkey is determined through comparison with air quality data generated in other
countries and available air quality standards. Based on this comparison, although air quality has improved in
recent years, it is still not one of the clean cities around the world. Although measured concentrations of
pollutants mostly comply with standards in the Turkish Air Quality Regulation, further reduction in
concentrations will be necessary, when EU directives become effective in the country.
Keywords: Particulate matter, PM10, PM2.5, urban air quality, Turkey.
24
Dynamic Stiffness of Resilient Materials for Reduction of Floor Impact Sound
Jung-Min Kim*1, Jung-Yoon Lee 2, Hye Sun Lim3, ByungKoo Jun4, and Seong Jun Hong5
1, 2, 3
Department of Civil. Architectural, and Environmental System Engineering, Sunkyunkwan University,
Republic of Korea
4, 5
Department of Global Construction Engineering, Sunkyunkwan University, Republic of Korea
ABSTRACT
High-rise apartment houses have advantages to use effectively relatively small land area, whereas they have
also disadvantages in housing environments. One of the big residential environment concerns in living
apartment houses is noise pollution induced by floor impact sounds caused by footsteps, falling objects,
moving furniture, etc. There are two types of floor soundproofing solutions to reduce impact noise, acoustic
matting or floating floors; both solutions can reduce impact noise transferring through wooden and concrete
floor structures. In case of floating floors, resilient materials are normally placed between concrete or wooden
slab and finishing materials. The resilient materials effectively reduce impact sound through a floor by
reducing the vibration caused as an item hits the floor. The dynamic stiffness of resilient material is strongly
influenced on the sound reduction level of resilient material which decreased as the increase of dynamic
stiffness. If resilient materials with low dynamic stiffness are layered on top of resilient materials with high
dynamic stiffness, the dynamic stiffness of the layered structure is similar to that of the resilient materials with
low dynamic stiffness. Many studies on the effects of types and density of resilient materials have been
performed to examine the sound insulation of buildings. On the other hand, few test results are currently
available regarding the long-term dynamic stiffness of resilient material for the floor sound insulation
systems. In this study, a total of 16 resilient material specimens subjected to long-term load for 270 days were
tested and the long-term dynamic stiffness was thus assessed. The experimental and analytical results indicate
that the dynamic stiffness of resilient material increased as the loading period increased. As a result, the sound
reduction level of resilient material subjected to long-term load was much smaller than that of resilient
material subjected to short-term load.
Keywords: Dynamic stiffness, Floating floors, Floor impact sound, Long-term load, Resilient materials.
25
Thinking of Noise Control in a Positive Way: Soundscape Concept
Nilgün Akbulut-Çoban* 1,2 and Kadir Gedik1
1
2
Department of Environmental Engineering, Akdeniz University, TURKEY.
Provincial Directorate of Ministry of Environment and Urbanization, Antalya, TURKEY.
ABSTRACT
Noise pollution which is considered as the third most hazard environmental type of pollution after air and
water pollution has been increasing day by day due to rapid urbanization and industrialization. In this noisy
life situation, people try to access calm areas to take fresh breath. Directive 2002/49/EC implying the
assessment and management of environmental noise confirmed the need for preventing or reducing noise
levels that may negatively affect human health, including annoyance and sleep disturbance. In addition, it
emphasizes the need to preserve quiet areas. However, in spite of the attempts to develop the criteria for
identification of quiet areas, there is still no common guide. This leads “soundscape concept mainly focusing
on how people perceive the acoustic environment” as an alternative method to be able to use in defining quiet
areas in urban places. In this study, the point of soundscape concept in environmental noise control and
approaches used to determine the soundscape perception which is a hot topic in recent scientific researches
especially in European countries were reviewed. Moreover, the current situation of research trends in noise
pollution in Turkey was investigated by conducting bibliometric and content analysis. According to the
preliminary results based on Web of Knowledge and Scopus database, the percentage of studies resulting
from traffic, industrial plants, mechanical equipment and air conditioners is found as 24%, 13%, 10%, 8%,
respectively. Moreover, 48% of those were on sound level measurement and modeling, and approximately
%20 was related to the noise exposure and annoyance. The other point to be attracted is that researches are
not necessarily concentrate on soundscape concept. This shows that the soundscape concept will become a
potential study area especially on defining the quiet areas required to be determined also according to Turkish
Environmental Noise Regulation.
Keywords: Bibliometric analysis, Noise directive, Quiet area, Urban planning.
26
Evaluation of Quiet Area Characteristics of an Educational Area: A case study of Akdeniz
University Campus, Antalya
Ahmet Gökhan Göküş1, Hasan Güleç 1, Zeynep Aslan 1, Nilgün Akbulut-Çoban* 1,2 and Kadir
Gedik1
1
2
Department of Environmental Engineering, Akdeniz University, TURKEY.
Provincial Directorate of Ministry of Environment and Urbanization, Antalya, TURKEY.
ABSTRACT
Environmental noise pollution has been becoming an important issue to be solved in the last decades
especially for densely populated urban areas considering its negative impacts to human health and their wellbeing. The present study provides an evaluation of environmental noise levels in Akdeniz University Campus
and also it provides an assessment of this campus in terms of “quiet area” characteristics according to the
Turkish Regulation on Environmental Noise (with an official number of 2011/27601). To determine the
environmental noise levels, 20 measurement points were selected and A-weighted equivalent noise levels
(LAeq) were obtained. Moreover, the questionnaire was held with 378 people in order to take the perception of
people on noise levels in the campus and to evaluate the “quiet area” characteristic of this area based on
people’s thought. According to results, the equivalent noise levels in the campus were in the range of 41,4
dB(A) -74,1 dB(A) with an arithmetic average of 55,4±6,03 dB(A). Although, there is no certain and
common guide for which areas should be considered as a quiet area, the approach mostly used for
identification of such areas in the first step is the use of noise mapping to conclude whether the noise levels
are below or equal to 55 dB(A) deciding that human beings are not affected negatively. Accordingly, this area
with some exemptions can be regarded as “quiet area” based on acoustic measurements. However, the results
of the study show that acoustic parameters alone are not enough to define the quiet areas. The data obtained
from questionnaires show that the environmental noise leading to change in natural sound balance in campus
has become a serious factor that affects the social life of people.
Keywords: Environmental noise, Noise perception, Noise pollution, Urbanization.
Acknowledgment: The authors thank to TUBITAK (Project: 2209-A) for their financial support.
27
Determination of Noise Pollution in Main Arterial Roads of Nevsehir City Center
Erkan KALIPCI* 1 and İsmet BİLGEN 2
Department of Environmental Engineering, Nevsehir Hacı Bektas Veli University, 50300 Nevsehir, Turkey.
(E-mail:[email protected], [email protected])
ABSTRACT
In this study, the precautions that might be taken in order to determine the level of noise pollution caused by
traffic in main arterial roads of Nevsehir city center and to minimize negative effects of this experienced noise
pollution on people were indicated. Moreover, it was aimed to form a database by using the measurements via
authorized institutions in order to take precautions for the areas having high noise pollution caused by traffic.
Totally 20 measurement points were determined on main arterial roads in Nevsehir city center where traffic is
heavy. The noise measurements were carried out in accordance with TS ISO 3744, TS ISO 1996-1 and 19962 standards. The coordinates of measurement points were determined by Magellan brand hand-held GPS
receiver. During measurements, temperature and wind measurements were carried out with anemometer
device. The noise levels at measurement levels were measured via Svantek brand Type I noise measurement
device. It was determined in noise measurements of totally 20 measurement points that equivalent noise
measurement levels of streets were in the range of 78-95 dBA in the afternoon and 65-85 dBA in the evening.
Since the results obtained were harmful in terms of human health, the precautions that should be taken are
mentioned briefly. Consequently, it was determined that equivalent noise measurement levels (Leq) of totally
20 measurement points on the main streets and arterial roads in Nevsehir city center were higher than limit
values mentioned in regulations, OSHA, ISO and WHO and were at such a level which threatens the health of
human beings.
Key Words: Noise pollution, Traffic, Nevsehir, Effects on human health.
Acknowledgment: The authors gratefully acknowledge the Nevsehir Haci Bektas Veli University, Scientific
Research Project Funding (NeU BAP) for financially supporting this work.
28
Hydrogen peroxide aided sulphuric acid pre-treatment of electronic waste for improving gold recovery
by metabolically-engineered strain of Chromobacterium violaceum
Subhabrata Das and Yen-Peng Ting*
4 Engineering Drive 4, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering,
National University of Singapore,
Singapore 117585.
ABSTRACT
Electronic waste (e-waste) contains higher concentration of gold than natural gold ores. The use of
bioleaching microbes for the extraction of gold from e-waste is a sustainable and environment-friendly
approach. However, the presence of a large amount of copper in e-waste competes with the gold extraction
process since copper also forms a stable complex with the cyanide lixiviant produced by the bioleaching
microbes. Hence, to mitigate the problem, pre-treatment of e-waste from printed circuit boards (PCBs) was
conducted in sulphuric acid solution using hydrogen peroxide as an oxidant to remove copper from the
shredded particles. This work evaluated the effect of different system parameters on copper removal, such as
sulphuric acid concentration, hydrogen peroxide concentration, e-waste particle size, temperature and
treatment time. Sulphuric acid and hydrogen peroxide had a significant influence on the overall pre-treatment
process. The reaction orders of sulphuric acid and hydrogen peroxide were determined as 1.11 and 1.09,
respectively. Particle size also played an important role in the pre-treatment; the leaching rate was
proportional to the inverse of the square of the initial average particle diameter. The pre-treatment of e-waste
for copper removal was found to be diffusion-controlled and fitted the kinetic model: 1 - 2x/3 - (1-x)2/3 = kt.
A metabolically engineered strain of Chromobacterium violaceum pBAD was used for bioleaching
experiments to achieve greater cyanide production and enhanced gold recovery. As e-waste is toxic to the
microorganism, two-step bioleaching and spent medium leaching were adopted. At 0.5% (w/v) pulp density
of e-waste, spent medium bioleaching using bacterial cell free secondary metabolites achieved a gold
recovery of 36.4%, compared to 24.7% under two-step bioleaching for Chromobacterium violaceum pBAD
strain. Over all our results demonstrated the advantages of e-waste pre-treatment and metabolic engineering
of bioleaching microbes for improving the efficiency of gold recovery.
Keywords: e-waste; bioleaching; cyanide lixiviant; kinetic model; metabolically engineered strain.
29
Düzce Potential Investigation of Domestic and Industrial Solid Waste Recoverable
G.Funda GÖKÇE* 1, Nazire MAZLUM 2 and Pınar HASANOĞLU 3
1,
2,3
Environmental Protection and Control, Düzce University, TURKEY
(E-mail:[email protected])
Environmental Engineering, Süleyman Demirel University, TURKEY.
ABSTRACT
In this thesis, Düzce City investigated the potential for domestic and industrial solid waste, recyclable waste.
Potential of domestic and recyclable waste was determined by survey, the views of the people. The
information was compiled from relevant authorities in determining the recoverable potential of industrial
waste. 56.07% of household waste in the province of Düzce and kitchen waste was determined as 43.93% of
recyclable waste. Industrial establishments operating in the province of Düzce First Organized Industrial
Zone consist of an annual 370 tonnes of packaging waste. Information on waste accumulation and disposal of
industrial organizations has been compiled.
In this study, the most important environmental problems of Düzce City, which is one source, separate
collection for household and industrial waste and recycling collection can be provided in large quantities have
been determined.
Keywords: Integrated waste management, Solid waste, Solid waste management, Solid waste recycling.
30
GROUND IMPROVEMENT VIA CHROME AND STEEL SLAGS
First M. Vekli* 1, Second C.C. Çadır2 and Third F. Şahinkaya 3
1, 2, 3
Civil Engineering, Bozok University, TURKEY.
ABSTRACT
There are many types of waste materials in Turkey. Unless these materials are recycled in different ways, they
will cause negative effects on environment and thus on nature. This damage will be minimized by reusing
these materials and ensuring their recycling. There have been many scientific studies conducted and still
being conducted on recycling of waste materials around the world and also in Turkey. In this study, the
exchange rate of the physical characteristics and strength features of the ground will be experimentally
examined as a result of Liquid limit, Plastic limit, Grain size curve, Permeability test, Compaction test,
Unconfined compression test and Shear box test practiced by separately adding chrome and steel slags onto
an argillaceous ground in the rates of 5%, 10% and 15% in terms of weight. As a result of this study, while
improvement will take place in the physical characteristics and strength features of argillaceous grounds, the
environmental damage of an industrial waste material will be minimized by ensuring recycling.
Keywords: Chrome slag, Extrinsic stabilization, Ground stabilization, Steel slag,
31
A NewBitumen Geosynthetic Barrier Mainly Based on Boron Production Waste Clay for Landfill
Liner Systems
DeryaUlutaş*1, Zerrin Çokaygil2, Aysun Özkan3,Yücel Güney4, Müfide Banar5
*1
Anadolu University, Department of Chemical Engineering, Turkey
2,3,5
Anadolu University, Department of Environmental Engineering, Turkey
(Email: [email protected], [email protected],[email protected])
4
Anadolu University, Research Institute of Earth and Space Sciences, Turkey
ABSTRACT
Geosyntheticbarriers are generally used for various construction applications and contain a broad range of
different materials. Among the geosynthetic barriers geomembranes and reinforced geosynthetic were usedas
an impermeable liner forsolid waste landfills. Bituminous geosynthetic barriers, one types of the reinforced
geosynthetics, include a molten mix of bituminous, an elastomeric polymer and mineral fillers. In this study,
unlike available applications, boron production waste clay (CW) was used to produce a geosynthetic barrier
with bitumen as a binder. CW/waste tire/bitumen mixtures were prepared by using a laboratory mixer at
150°C. Hot mixtures were extruded into strips by using a lab-scale co-rotating twin screw extruder (L/D:40)
at the screw speed of 20 rpm followed by die casting (2 mm x 100 mm). The temperatures of the various
barrel elements were set between 70°C (bitumen introduction) and 38°C (extruder exit). The extruded strips
were thenpassed on a conveyor belt at a speed of 1 rpm. The required main characteristics for geosynthetic
sampleswere determined as to be thickness, mass per unit area, water permeability and tensile properties
according to TS EN 13493.
According to analyses resultsthe optimum material was determinedas to be an impermeable liner for solid
waste landfill. As a conclusion, this study has an importance from the point of sustainable waste management
principles with its aim to product a new material by usingwaste materials.
Keywords: Boron waste clay,Bitumen,Geosynthetic, Landfill, Waste tire
Acknowledgement: This study was supported by TUBITAK (The Scientific and Technological Research
Council of Turkey) under the Grant No.: 113Y122 and Anadolu University Scientific Research Projects
Commission under the Grant No.: 1301F037.
32
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN ERZURUM
Z. Bingül* 1, F. Ekmekyapar Torun 2
1
Erzurum Provincial Directorate of Environment and Urbanization, Department Directorate of
Environmental Impact Assessment, Permit, Erzurum, TURKEY.
2
Atatürk University, Department of Environmental Engineering, Erzurum, TURKEY.
ABSTRACT
Nowadays, the amount of municipal solid waste increased with the effects of the population growth,
technological development and industrialization. The solid waste, which is a major problem for the
environment and human health, should be collected and disposed to reduce the harmful effects. One of the
duties of the municipalities is to collect, transport and dispose of solid wastes. There are three district
municipalities within the boundaries of Erzurum Metropolitan Municipality, the total population of which is
380.000. The wastes are collected by district municipalities and are brought to the landfill that is operated by
Erzurum Metropolitan Municipality. “Erzurum Solid Waste Landfill” was established in Aziziye District,
Adaçay Neighborhood and it is 18 kilometers away from the city center. The landfill has three business stages
and its total area is 55 hectares. Lot 1 of the landfill which has the economic life of 20 years has almost been
completed and the construction of Lot 2 has started. The wastewater treatment in the plant, which has 280400 tons average daily rate of disposal solid waste, is performed by reverse osmosis which is one of the
advanced treatment systems. In this study, the quantity, collection, transportation and disposal and the
municipal management of solid wastes in Erzurum were examined.
Keywords: Erzurum, solid waste, solid waste management, collection, landfill
33
Effect of Soil Minerology on Electrokinetic Remediation
Gülçin Demirel Bayık* 1, Ahmet Altın 2 and Ömer Faruk Çapar 3
1,2
Environmental Engineering Department, Bulent Ecevit University, TURKEY.
3
Civil Engineering Department, Bulent Ecevit University, TURKEY.
ABSTRACT
While remediating a polluted site, the physical and chemical properties of soil is very important just
because it affects the degree of the treatment and which method to choose. Electokinetic remediaton is
an emerging technology which relies on the application of direct current on soil. Use of electrokinetics
has been studied by several authors but there are few studies that reveals the effects of soil minerology
on electrokinetic remediation.
This study investigates the effect of soil minerology on electrokinetic heavy metal removal. A benchscale electrokinetic remediation set up which consist of an electrokinetic extraction cell, fluid and gas
volume measurement devices, a DC power supply and a multimeter was conducted. Cadmium polluted
soil samples were prepeared by mixing different amounts of dolomite (2.5%, 5%, 10%) in kaolin.
Throughout the experiment the current and fluid level change were continously monitored.
Results of the study shows that cadmium concentration is higher near the cathod e due to accumulation,
while concentrations decrease close to the anode. Removal efficiency of %0 dolomite and %2,5
dolomite sample is smilar and higher, whereas efficiency decreases for %5 and %10 dolomite
concentrations. For %10 dolomite concentration very little accumulation was occured which supports
the adverse effects of minereological structure to electrokinetic remediation.
Keywords: Electrokinetics, Heavy Metal, Soil Remediation,
34
Environmental Quality of Compost: Can Composting Earthworms (Eisenia fetida) Help Manage
Compost Nutrient Ratios?
Korkmaz Bellitürk*1
Josef H. Görres2 H. Sevim Turan3
Selçuk Göçmez4
5
6
M. Cüneyt Bağdatlı
Merve Eker
Sevinç Aslan7
1
Namık Kemal University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition,
Tekirdağ/Turkey
2
The University of Vermont, Plant and Soil Science, Burlington/Vermont/USA
3
Republic of Turkey Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock, Olive Research Institute,
Bornova/İzmir/Turkey
4
Adnan Menderes University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Soil Science an Plant Nutrition,
Tekirdağ/Turkey
5
Nevşehir Haci Bektaş Veli University, The Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Department of
Biosystem Engineering, Nevşehir/Turkey
6
Yapı Kredi Bank, Head Office/ Retail Credits Management, İstanbul/Turkey
7
Agriculture Chamber, Tekirdağ/Turkey
ABSTRACT
While composts are important organic and conventional fertility amendments, the stoichiometry of mature
composts can affect environmental sustainability of organic food production. High P:N ratio wastes may
cause an over-application of P to cropland which can result in algal blooms and thus surface water
degradations in agricultural watersheds. This is of particular importance in watershed with high dairy
production where manure application enriches soil phosphorus content. Composting agro-industrial wastes,
such as manure and olive pruning wastes, may not affect the P:N ratio of the waste. In vermicomposting
however growing populations of earthworms may reduce the amount of P by bio-accumulation of P and thus
diminishing it in the final product. In this project, vermicompost was prepared under laboratory conditions
from olive prunings, cow manure and a mixture of the two with and without Red Wiggler earthworms
(Eisenia fetida). There were three replicates per treatment. All treatments were incubated for 180 days in the
laboratory. Samples were taken after 30, 60, 90 and 180 days. We tested the hypothesis that total P:total N
ratio will be significantly reduced by vermicomposting. After 180 days vermicompost had lower P:N ratios in
all treatments, probably due to accumulation in the earthworm biomass. There were strong inverse linear
relationships of P:N ratio (P< 0.001) with time for the earthworm treatments, but for the compost produced
without earthworms, P:N ratio increased or did not change over 180 days. Earthworms can thus be used to
engineer composts with lower P:N ratios and thus less impact on water quality. Vermicompost may become a
tool in the environmental management of sustainable soil fertility.
Keywords: Vermicompost, P:N Ratio, Environmental Management, Sustainable, Agriculture
Acknowledgment: The authors thank Namık Kemal University, Scientific Research Project Funding (NKU
BAP) for their financial support [Project number: NKU.BAP.00.24.AR.13.15].
35
Evaluation of the Mechanical and Hydrological Characteristics of a Bioreactor Landfill using
Laboratory Simulators.
Lakshmikanthan P*1, Santhosh L. G2, Sivakumar Babu G. L3*
1
Research Scholar, Centre for Sustainable Technologies,
Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India, e-mail: [email protected]
2
3
Professor, Department of Civil Engineering,
ABSTRACT
Municipal solid waste disposal has become a challenge to the engineers in the present world. Good pretreatment methods coupled with landfilling are looked as potential means of disposal of municipal solid
waste (MSW). Bioreactor landfill is a suitable option which increases the biodegradation rate of MSW
through leachate recirculation. Enhanced biodegradation affects the properties of MSW. In the present study
two bioreactor landfill simulators were used to investigate the effect of limited leachate recirculation and
enhanced leachate recirculation on the compressibility and strength characteristics of mechanically
biologically treated (MBT) municipal solid waste (MSW) at a laboratory scale. The setup was monitored for
a period 365 days. After one year of operation, the residues of the waste in the simulators were analysed.
Consolidation tests, creep tests and triaxial tests were performed on initial and final wastes. The variation in
the primary compression ratio, secondary compression ratio, cohesion and friction angle values are analysed
and the results are presented.
Keywords: Bioreactor landfill, Sustainability, stabilization, leachate recirculation
36
Environmental research of old waste landfill “Vardariste”, Skopje, Macedonia
B. Kovachevikj* 1, E. Raleva 2 , M.Markov 3, Z. Ilijoski
4
1
Institute for Energy, Construction and Environment, Drezdenska 52, MACEDONIA
2,3,4
Geotechics Department, Civil Engineering Institute Macedonia, Drezdenska 52, MACEDONIA
(E-mail: [email protected],[email protected], [email protected];)
ABSTRACT
The aim of the research study is determination of current state of the old landfill "Vardarište" in city of
Skopje, Macedonia, in order to develop strategy for remediation and redevelopment of the area.
The landfill "Vardarište" is located on the left bank of the river Vardar at about 7 km downstream from
the town center. Between 1976 and 1996 year landfill was operational as not engineered dump site. The
total surface of the landfill is 42ha and the thickness of the body of the landfill is about 10 - 12m. In the
landfill are deposited municipal waste, non-hazardous industrial waste, medical waste, construction waste,
etc.
Different tests of examination are carried out at “Vardariste” and are determined composition and
volume of the waste, morphology of the landfill, hydro-geological conditions and permeability, distance
from surface and underground water, and biogas detection. Also analysis of contamination of soil,
surface and underground water were performed. Waste from different depth was analyzed and
compared related to composition and leachate constituents.
Results from analysis of underground water indicate highly contaminated environment with different
pollutants. Parameters that are characteristic for organic species pollution have high values and are
typical for leachate from the landfill waste. Great content of organic components indicates a process of
fermentation that will last long, probably decades. Heavy metals are present in water samples, where
chromium and nickel exceed the limit values.
According to the results of analyzes of groundwater, waste and biogas can be concluded that the landfill
is in methanic (IV) or long time phase .
The Landfill “Vardariste” examined in this study, will be example for development of strategy for
remediation and redevelopment of contaminated areas and old landfills for municipal waste in
Macedonia.
Keywords: landfill, leachate quality, strategy for remediation, waste composition
Acknowledgment: The authors thank to City of Skopje , Macedonia for their support
37
Bioconversion of Food Wastes for The Production of Value Added Products Bioconversion of Food
Industry Wastes
ZORLUGENÇ, Bülent* 1,KIROĞLU ZORLUGENÇ, Feyza 1
1,
ZORLUGENÇ, B., KIROĞLU ZORLUGENÇ, F., Food Engineering Department, Nevşehir Hacı Bektaş
Veli University Engineering and Architecture Faculty. TURKEY
ABSTRACT
Food waste is a serious global problem. Currently, landfilling and incineration are the major practices for
managing these wastes in many countries. These practices, however, may cause severe environmental
pollutions and adds burden to the economy. Food industry produces a lot of waste products and these wastes
contain useful organic components such as carbohydrates, proteins, etc. Many efforts have been recently
made to exploit waste biomass through a biorefinery approach, for the production of value added products
such as single-cell protein, enzymes, animal feeds and feed additives, organic acids, pigments, ethanol,
biofuels and various other products.
This work is an overview of the value-added products that obtained by bioconversion of food industry wastes.
Keywords: Food, Waste, Industry, Microorganism, Biorefinery
38
Utilization of Food Industry Wastes
KIROĞLU ZORLUGENÇ, Feyza* 1, ZORLUGENÇ, Bülent 1
1,
KIROĞLU ZORLUGENÇ, F., ZORLUGENÇ,B., Food Engineering Department, Nevşehir Hacı Bektaş
Veli University Engineering and Architecture Faculty. TURKEY
ABSTRACT
Food wastes represent a serious environmental problem. Currently, the animal and plant origin wastes are
treated in traditional ways, such as land filling, incineration, composting, low quality animal feed and land
spreading. Recent years, there is an increasing global trend towards the efficient utilization of natural
resources. Sustainable food production and value-addition of wastes is the most important issue in the food
processing industries. At present, the European Union legislation encourages the exploitation of by-products.
This valorization can be achieved through the extraction of high-value components such as proteins,
polysaccharides, pectins, fibers, flavor compounds, and phytochemicals, which can be re-used as nutritionally
and pharmacologically functional ingredients.
This work is an overview of the value-added products that only obtained by various extraction techniques
from food industry wastes.
Keywords: Food, Waste, Industry, High Value Product
39
Effects of Different Barn Planning System on Waste Characteristics – Case Study of
Turkey
Havva Eylem Polat *
*
Assist.Prof.Dr., Department of Farm Structures and Irrigation, Faculty of Agriculture, Ankara University,
TURKEY.
ABSTRACT
Determining the daily amount of manure produced and which characteristics of manure are important
issues in designing the livestock waste management systems. In this study, the amounts of solid and
liquid manure from 140 barns were measured daily period for two years. Total nitrogen, total
phosphorus, unit volume weight, moisture content and total solids parameters were determined by th e
standard methods on waste samples taken each 15 days from barns. According to the results, 28.0 kg ±
4.2 kg/day of solid manure and 10.2 ± 1.08 kg/day liquid manure were obtained as average from the
live weight of 452 kg of cattle. The total amount of waste derived from a cattle average of 38.4 kg /
day, this value was calculated as 35.0 kg/day in tie-stall systems, 33.0 kg/day in free-stall systems, 36.3
kg/day closed and loose housing system, 32.4/day kg in closed and grid -based systems, 42.1 kg/day in
semi-open system and 39.8 kg/day in open the systems. According to the calculations, solid waste was
obtained from 6.7% of barns, semi-solid waste from 73.3% of barns and liquid waste from 20% of
barns. These changes are seen in barn to barn were found statistically significant (P<0.01). Total
nitrogen ratio, total phosphorus ratio, unit volume weight, total solids and moisture content are varies
in the range of orderly 5.0% - 1.9%, 5.6% - 2.3%, 888 kg / m3 - 1286 kg / m3, 53.0% - 1.7% and are
also 98.3% -% 47.0. These changes in different planning systems were found statistically significant
(P<0.01). It was determined that solid waste is obtained from open systems, liquid waste from closed free-stall system and closed -grid-based systems and semi-solid waste from closed-tie-stall systems,
loose housing systems and semi-open systems. Briefly, it was concluded that the different planning
systems have important effects on amount of waste produced, waste characteristics and so waste
management system design.
Keywords: Cattle, Manure, Moisture, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Total Solids, Waste Amount
40
Constraints of Local Waste Management System in Lagos, Nigeria
A.O Abisuga 1, A.A Akinpelu 2*, D.O Olanrewaju 3
1,2,3
Department of Building Technology, Lagos State Polytechnic, Nigeria.
( [email protected],2aaakinpelu@ yahoo.com,3 [email protected])
1
ABSTRACT
Lapses in the waste management system in Nigeria are causing serious societal, environmental menace,
especially in highly populated cities like Lagos State in the country. Stakeholder participation in waste
management, administration at the local district level have not been effective and efficient. These local waste
administrators deserve more attention from researchers and government to improve service delivery. The
factors that hinder the effective performance of the local waste management administrators in Lagos State
were assessed in this study. A systematic and simple random sampling methods were employed in the
sample survey across the local government areas (LGAs) and local council development areas (LCDAs) in
the State . A descriptive research approach was adopted for the analysis of collected data. The results of the
study show that a lack of organizational structure, professional competence and education, funding and
incentives, non cooperation of the residents, accessibility to residence and disposal locations, high level of
illiteracy of home users were identified as significant constraints on the local waste management system. If a
corrective measure can be driven along these outcomes, an environmentally sound waste management system
will be achieved.
Keywords: Lagos State, Local waste administrator, stakeholder, waste management
41
California Bearing Ratio of a Clay with Waste Carpet Jute
Murat Öztürk1, Ali Fırat Çabalar *,2
1, 2
Civil Engineering Department, University of Gaziantep, TURKEY.
(e-mail: [email protected])
ABSTRACT
Proper management of waste carpet jutes is an environmental problem in many regions of the world. Instead
of disposal in landfills, waste carpet jutes can be used in some engineering applications, thereby reducing
their potential impact on the environment. The goal of this study is to investigate the behaviour of a clay
using waste carpet jutes. We prepared various mixtures of clay containing 0, 1, 3 and 5% waste carpet jutes
by weight, and determined their California Bearing Ratio (CBR) values. The test results indicate that the CBR
value of specimens increases with the addition of waste carpet jute.
Keywords: CBR, clay, waste carpet jute.
42
Porosity analysis of ceramic wall tile derived from blast furnace slag
Elif Eren Gultekin* 1, Zahide Bayer Ozturk 2
1
2
Department of Ceramic and Glass Design , Nevşehir Hacı Bektaş Veli University, Nevsehir, TURKEY.
Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Nevşehir Hacı Bektaş Veli University, Nevsehir,
TURKEY.
ABSTRACT
Recycling of industrial wastes for production of building material and cement is very important for preventing
environmental pollution, reducing production costs and saving of energy, storage. In production of iron-steel
process, great amounts of solid wastes are produced especially in the flotation. These wastes have consisted
of oxides of silicon, calcium, aluminium and magnesium which may be a good source for building ceramic
production. The production of building materials is still based mainly conventional raw materials such as
clay-quartz-feldspar. In this research the possibility of using a blast furnace slag as a raw material for
production of ceramic wall tile is studied. A basic mixture, almost suitable for producing ceramic wall tiles
with raw materials provided from Yurtbay Ceramic Company (Eskişehir/Turkey), with the same composition
as that used in industry was prepared. The compositions were prepared where the waste replaces limestone
and kaolin in the basic mixture, either partially or totally. The physical (color parameters of body, water
absorption, and linear shrinkage) and mechanical properties of tiles were analyzed. The crystallinity of the
obtained samples was evaluated by X-ray diffraction (XRD). In order to determine porosity measurement
mercury porosimetry is performed. The results showed that the new wall tile samples with waste showed low
water absorption. The mechanical properties measured according to ISO 10545-4. When observed samples
were compared with standard, the samples with waste showed high strength due to amount of crystalline
phases. The results indicate that there is a potential secondary raw material for production of wall tile from
this blast furnace slag
Keywords: Blast furnace slag, Ceramic wall tiles, Recycling, Waste.
43
Selective Sodium Hydroxide Leaching of Zinc from Waste Zinc-Carbon and Alkaline Battery
Mixture
Bayram Andak* 1, Ahmet N. Bulutcu 2
1
2
Chemistry Institute, TUBITAK Marmara Research Centre, Kocaeli 41470, Turkey
Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul 34469, Turkey.
ABSTRACT
This paper describes the multi-staged sodium hydroxide leaching behavior of zinc, manganese and iron
from waste zinc-carbon and alkaline battery mixture. For experimental studies, a 250-kg-sample was
randomly collected from waste zinc-carbon and alkaline batteries at such a ratio that it could simulate
the waste battery characteristics in Turkey. A physical procedure which includes crushing, sieving and
magnetic separation was applied to this mixture. All fractions of non-magnetic materials were collected
and ground under 250 microns. The ground black mass with a metal composition of 23,26 % Zn,
27,53% Mn, 2,60 K and 1.93% Fe was used for multi-staged leaching experiments under different
temperatures. The concentration of sodium hydroxide, agitation speed and pulp density were kept
constant as 30 % w/w, 250 rpm and 1/5 respectively. The black mass was washed with distillated water
three times at 25°C before leaching experiments.
Potassium extraction of 92,8% was achieved after 3-staged washing at 25°C and with 1/5 pulp density.
Zinc concentrations of the first stage leachates were analyzed as 2,98 %, 2,97 % and 2,98 % at 40 °C,
60°C and 80°C respectively. It is determined as 5,59 %, 5,48 % and 5,56 % at 40 °C, 60°C and 80°C
respectively for second stage. At final stage, zinc concentrations were 6,29 %, 6,47 % and 6,96 % at 40
°C, 60°C and 80°C respectively. It was observed that temperature does not have a serious effect on the
zinc concentration obtained expect for the one at third stage. This is due to the fact that at third stage
the solubility limit is reached and solubility is a function of temperature.
Keywords: Alkaline, battery, selective leaching, zinc-carbon.
Acknowledgment: Most of the work reported in this paper was performed within a continued project funded
by TUBITAK (The Scientific and Technological Council of Turkey) through its 1007 Support Programme
for Research Projects of Public Institutions (1007). The financial support is gratefully acknowledged.
44
Evaluation of performance of MSW landfill barrier systems at laboratory scale and using HELP
model simulations
Santhosh L. G*1, Lakshmikanthan P2, Sivakumar Babu G. L3*
1
2
Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India, e-mail [email protected]
3
Professor, Department of Civil Engineering,
ABSTRACT
Municipal Solid Waste landfills are one of the significant sources of environmental pollution. This has
become a challenge to the engineers to design landfills to avoid threat to the environment. A typical
engineered MSW landfill includes cover system and liner system which act as barriers between waste and
environment. Evaluations of these components are essential to check its performance at local climatic
conditions prior construction of landfills. In the presented study, a MSW landfill cover system was
monitored 90 days during the monsoon season in an open field to estimate the head accumulated above the
liner system. The studies conducted at laboratory scale were validated and simulated in HELP model for a
period of five years. The accuracy of the model predictions by HELP model was found to be more than 94%.
Therefore the HELP model, though a simple model was able to predict the results appropriately for
Bangalore, India.
Keywords: Cover system, HELP model, Landfill, Liner system, Municipal solid waste
45
Solid Waste Management and Recycling in Igdir
Argun Y.A. *1, Altikat A.2, Dogru S. 3 and Bayram T. 4
1, 3
2
4
ABSTRACT
Iğdır, was raised to the status of the province in 1992 by splitting up Kars, is a settlement of 190.409 people
according to 2013 census and has four municipalities of the districts named Center, Aralık, Karakoyunlu and
Tuzluca and four municipalities of the towns named Taşburun, Halfeli, Hoşhaber and Melekli. Because of the
province experience and history limited as a local management, some problems have been encountered about
the fulfillment of the responsibilities required of urbanization by understanding, planning and bureaucratic.
Solid waste and recycling are the most important of the ongoing problems.
It was given information about solid waste type and quantities of Iğdır, its districts and towns, existing storage
methods and locations and landfill which was come into operation in 2013 and packaging waste collection
separation facility that have been designed. Landfill is constructed and operated to solve problem about solid
waste of Municipality of Iğdır, its four districts and its four towns and Iğdır Special Provincial
Administration, Municipality of Doğubayazıt and Diyadin. Solid Waste Management Project made by these
10 municipalities and Iğdır Special Provincial Administration is a plant required for disposal and recycle
complying with National Solid Waste Regulations and EU Directives.
A project about collecting and recycling of packaging wastes has been presented and accepted to SERKA by
Igdir province of Environmental Services Association. Area that planned as a garage in solid waste landfills
has been transformed to Collecting and Separation of Packaging Wastes facility (TAT) within the project but
could not operate due to the cancellation of the procurement. It has been assessed current status of the
landfill, the problems about packaging waste collection and separation facilities, TAT facilities in terms of
cost.
Keywords: Igdir, Local management, Landfill, Recycling, Solid waste.
46
Management of Solid Waste in the Sample of a Small Sized Turkish Town, Erzurum
Bayram T. *1, Argun Y.A. 2, Altikat A. 3 and Dogru S. 4
1
2, 4
3
ABSTRACT
Rapid and consistent growth of human population has caused a considerable increase in the total
amount of solid waste disposed to nature all over the world, which has turned out to be a great threat
for public health and environment. Ever increasing threat of solid waste on humans and their
environment forced nations to seek for efficient and suitable technologies and make effective
regulations to eliminate this threat and control waste at least at its so urce. Until recently, solid wastes
were disposed without considering possible consequences of disposal techniques in this process.
Turkey is a country at the edge of accessing the European Union, therefore; it must regulate its legal
frames conveniently with those of the Union in every sector and subject including environmental
matters. The city of Erzurum is small sized and nearly unindustrialised city in the north -eastern part of
Turkey, which suffers less from any type of pollution than the western part of the country; however
among main environmental problems of which is solid waste. The aim of this study is to present a road
map on legal basis for developing countries like Turkey considering and comparing the current legal
frames for environment and giving an application example for the management of solid waste in a
Turkish city.
Keywords: Environmental laws, Environmental matter, Erzurum, Solid waste, Solid waste management.
47
Industrial Waste – Red Mud as Catalyst for Hydro-Dealkylation
Á. Rédey* 1, T. Juzsakova 2, T. Fráter 3, A. Csavdari 4, L. Ráduly 5 and I. Ráduly 6
1, 2
Institute of Environmental Engineering, University of Pannonia, Veszprém, HUNGARY.
3
Introduction of the National Food Chain Safety Office (NFCSO), Pesticide Residue Analytical Laboratory,
Velence, HUNGARY (E-mail: [email protected])
4
Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Babes-Bolyai, Cluj-Napoca, ROMANIA (Email: [email protected])
5,6
Faculty of Economics and Business Management, University of Babes-Bolyai, Cluj-Napoca, ROMANIA.
ABSTRACT
Red mud is a waste of the bauxite processing industry obtained during the alkaline extraction of
alumina from bauxite ore. The worldwide aluminum production in large scale has generated huge
amounts of red mud for decades. Red mud is a caustic material having pH=11-13. Thus its storage has
potential threats to environment, to flora, fauna and human beings. Several suggestions/trials for the
comprehensive utilization of the red mud were made such as recovery of metal components from the red mud,
utilization as construction material. Unfortunately, these technologies have not been used in wide scale. The
red mud is a mixture of metal oxides/metals such as Fe2O3, Al2O3, ZnO, MgO, Ni, Ga etc. which have
catalytic feature. Therefore the red mud can be utilized as cheap catalyst as well. The aim of this work was to
investigate the Hungarian red mud catalytic activity in hydro-dealkylation of toluene. The acidic treatments of
red mud were applied in order to reduce its pH value. The toluene hydro-dealkylation reactions were carried
out in batch reactor in the temperature range from 250 to 450°C. For all runs the starting hydrogen pressure of
the reaction was 30 bar. The main products of reaction were cyclohexane in the liquid phase and methane in
the gas phase. The conversion of toluene to cyclohexane was below 1-6 % up to 400°C and increased to 1520 % at 450°C depending on pretreatment of red mud. Influence of the acidic treatment of the red mud on the
catalytic activity was studied and it was compared with earlier work on ethyl-benzene hydro-dealkylation
where conversion was up to 58%. The specific surface areas of the samples were determined by BET method.
The acidity of the samples was determined using the pulse chemisorption with ammonia as acid probe
molecule. The catalytic activity of the red mud samples were correlated with their morphology and surface
properties.
Keywords: BET, Hydro-dealkylation, Toluene, Red mud as catalyst.
48
GIS application on disposal of Dredge Materials
S. Dağlı*1, A.Dönertaş 2,H. M. Basar 3, İ.Yolcubal 4, E.Sangu5 , L. Tolun6
4,5
Department of Geology Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kocaeli University, TURKEY.
1,2,3,6
TUBITAK Marmara Research Center, Environment and Cleaner Production Institute, TURKEY.
ABSTRACT
Uncontrolled dumping of dredged material in coastal and marine areas had been a common practice for
a long time in Turkey. However, some of the dredged material is contaminated to an extent that major
environmental constraints need to be applied when developing management options. Considering the
possible adverse environmental effects, contaminated sediments need to beneficially used or be
disposed on land if it is categorized as hazardous waste. In other words, regulations ban dumping of
these sediments if they behave as hazardous waste. Turkish Regulation on landfilling of wastes describe
the technical requirements on landfill facilities such as distance to surface water, depth to the wa ter
table, permeability, geological, geomorphologic and geotechnical conditions, natural risks (flood,
landslide, avalanche, erosion and earthquake) etc. It is important to use GIS (Geographical Information
Systems) software by sort of the criteria as precedence factors as a tool of multiple decision support
system. This study illustrates the preliminary results of the selection of possible landfill sites placed at
pilot locations at Black Sea, Marmara Sea, Aegean Sea and Mediterranean Sea of Turkey. The ma in
parameters processed by GIS are as follows; regular-irregular storage location (distance-availability),
the current-abandoned mine sites, geological structure of current storage sites, local hydrological - hydro
geological systems, transportation infrastructure, land use, water basins and protected sites, existing
local restrictions, current environmental territorial plans etc. The findings as an output of GIS were
evaluated and selected sites were inspected on site respectively. All the sites were evalua ted according
to Turkish Master Plan on Waste Management.
Keywords:GIS, dredge materials, landfillingAcknowledgment: The work is a part of DİPTAR Project,
financially supported by the Turkish Scientific and Technological Research Council (TUBITAK)
1007Programme [Project Number 111G036]. We specially acknowledge the Ministry of Environment and
Urbanization, Ministry of Transport, Maritime Affairs and Communications and Highways 1 st Regional
Directorate for their supports in the ports. The authors would like to thank, BarışGüzel,PembeErdoğan and
RecepKarademirfor their helps in the field .
49
Preventative Medicine for the Environment: Developing and Implementing
Environmental Programs that Work
Dr.Fulya Oztas
Selçuk University, Vocational Health School, Campus, Konta
e-mail:[email protected]
ABSTRACT
Hospitals are the largest sector that operating, continuously twenty-four hours per day. The medical
waste products contribute to a wide variety of environmental and related health concerns. It is well known
that the use and disposal of medical materials are threatening the availability of clean air, water, and
ecosystems.
Medical waste materials generate in hospitals are in tremendous variety and quantity which thus
waste matters may represent real occupational and environmental health threats. Also hospitals are
consistently within the top water users that their waste water products mostly contain toxic lab and cleaning
chemicals and pharmaceutical compounds, many of which are not broken down in sewage treatment plants
and are disposed of in landfills, result in sewage sludge applied to farmland, or are released in rivers and
streams. In the past it has been largely ignored by the environmental regulators. However, it has been known
that medical wastes was the largest source of dioxin emissions, The hospital waste contamination sourced
by the way may cause the acid rain and heavy metal particulate emissions mostly cause to asthma and other
health problems.
In this study we intend to work out how hospital managing their hazardous chemicals identifies and
disposing of them properly? The goal of this paper is also to suggest steps in moving from the theoretical
aspects of why hospital facilities should adopt acceptable environmental principles and to how to do it.
Key words: Hospital waste, environment, education, medical waste
50
A PROPOSED DESIGNED OF COMPOST PILE FACILITY IN BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
MAIN CAMPUS I
Joeylyn A. Almarez1, Sarah Jane R. Driz*2 and Roxette Joy I. Jumangito3
Civil and Environmental and Sanitary Engineering Department, Batangas State University, Philippines.
( [email protected], [email protected])
Civil and Environmental and Sanitary Engineering Department, Batangas State University, Philippines.
([email protected])
ABSTRACT
The compost pile facility is designed to accommodate compostable wastes to be converted into compost as
fertilizer. This facility has significant positive impact to the environment, benefits to the management such as
hygienic surrounding and income generation for sold fertilizer.
The study focused on the design of the compost pile facility in Batangas State University Main Campus I,
including the calculation of the compostable waste, preparation of the facility layout plans, detailed drawings of
the compost pile structures, and detailed estimate of the total project. Project management plan for the
implementation of the proposed design and construction were presented in the study. Quantitive method was
used in the data collection that developed the questions and hypothetis distinctively.
The average daily generation of compostable wastes collected during one week in the summer was 265.5 kg. The
total volume generation in a week was 1547.5 kg. With this, there would be 90 percent of compostable wastes
that can be turned into compost as a fertilizer. From the bill of materials and cost estimation of the compost pile
facility, the cost of construction of the facility is sustainable due to availability of the fund from the
Environmental Management Unit, and cost-effective due to standard materials available at mínimum cost. The
Environmental Management Plan for the operation and maintenance of the compost pile facility with five
elements that induces positive impact to the environment, health and property.
Keywords: Compostable, Fertilizer, Pile, Structure, Waste
51
Recycling Ways of Waste Bread Crumbs
Selçuk Mustafa SEÇEN * 1 and Kamil Emre GERÇEKASLAN
1,2
2
Nevşehir Nevşehir Hacıbektaş Veli University, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Department of
Food Engineering, Nevşehir/TURKEY
(e-mail: [email protected], [email protected])
ABSTRACT
Bread is the most basic foodstuffs of people from all walks. Bread production technology is simple and
cheap, and bread can be stored easily, it plays an important role in daily nourishment consumption.
However, there is considerable amount of bread loss and waste in our country. The bread waste is the
difference between production and consumption amount of bread and this waste leads to an ineffective
use of resources of the country. Approximately 6% of the bread produced in our country’s is wasted.
We can approach to this matter from two aspects. Firstly, there are too many bakeries and their
capacities are higher than those needed in big villages, and because of competition, bread production is
beyond the consumption. Secondly, consumers are buying bread more than their need.
Improvements can be considered important were achieved as a result of s ustained campaigns about
daily bread waste since the beginning of 2013. In 2012, 5.9% of the daily bread production was being
wasted; in 2013, this rate has dropped to 5.4%. Therefore, more than 1 million daily bread has been
saving and the total amount of waste has been reduced from 5.9 million to about 4.9 million units.
According to the researches, the stale bread has had many ways of using it again. Foremost, in order to
make bread fresh, water is sprinkled on them and put in the oven wrapped in foil t o heat or convert to
completely dried bread flour by drying them. One of the largest customers of stale bread are the feed
mills. Another way to recycle the stale bread is drying sliced bread and using it as bread -shaped pizza
base.
Keywords: Bread, economic loss, staling, recycling.
52
CHARACTERIZATION OF WASTEWATERS FROM ESKİŞEHİR STATE HOSPITAL
Pınar GÜLTEKİN*
Technology and Production Command, Department of Quality Assurance, 1. Air Supply and
Maintenance Center Command, Eskişehir, Turkey
([email protected])
ABSTRACT
Medicines for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes are used on patients both in hospitals and at homes
after prescribed by doctors. While some of the medical substances are used with metabolisms, some of
them excreted by the patients after administration and therefore reach the municipal sewage and
wastewater treatment plants with the excretion. If they are not biodegraded or eliminated in the
wastewater treatment plants, they are emitted into surface water and finally they may reach drinking
water. Hospital wastewaters include wastewaters having household characteristics and wastewaters
coming from different departments such as services, laboratories, morgue, blood bank and laundry.
Waters from each department have a high concentration of contamination but they seem to be dissolved
in the waters having household characteristics. In this project, the wastewaters from Eskişehir State
Hospital were analyzed to define their characteristics. Therefore, chemical and bacteriological analyses
were done. Furthermore, anion and cation analyses of the hospital wastewaters were also performed.
According to the results of these analyses, the wastewater of the hospital was found to be very
contaminated.
Key words: Eskişehir, hospital, wastewaters.
53
Key Environmental Challenge of Seawater Desalination
Farzin Saffarimiandoab* 1, Ismail Koyuncu 1 and Hanna Kilzer 2
1
Environmental Engineering Department, Istanbul Technical University, Turkey.
2
Mechanical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Germany.
ABSTRACT
Earth as a water rich planet contains 71% water. Freshwater makes only 3.5% of this abundant water
resource and occurs in glaciers, ground waters, rivers and lakes; on the other hand, rapid growth of
population, industrial, agricultural activities, and diminishing fresh water resources make it necessary
to provide alternative water resource. Desalination of sea water as alternative way becomes prevalent
chiefly in arid countries. Desalination plants generate highly saline byproduct as well as chemicals from
pre-treatment and post-treatment side-streams which dumped back into the ocean. This discharge has
unavoidable potential of adverse effect on marine environment and life, so in order to debarment any
negative chronic and acute effect on aquatic life and environment, discharge has to be managed and
disposed in sustainable way. In this paper, composition and characteristics of byproducts as well as
their potential impacts on marine environment and life were studied. Concentration management,
disposal options based on regulatory organization limits beside their advantages and drawbacks were
investigated in order to evaluate these methods from cost profitability and effectiveness perspectives.
Keywords: Seawater desalination, concentrate management, disposal methods, environmental effects.
54
Identification of a Potential Isolate for Degradation of Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate in Wastewater
Systems
H. Ulusoy* 1, F. Yilmaz 2, A. Ergene 3 and B. Icgen4
1,3
2,4
Department of Biology, Kırıkkale University, TURKEY.
Department of Environmental Engineering, Middle East Technical University, TURKEY.
ABSTRACT
Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) is one of the most widely used anionic detergent in households and industry. It
is mostly discharged in large quantities into the water bodies like lakes and rivers. The toxicity of SDS to the
health and survival of aquatic organisms in these water bodies is well-documented. Therefore, the bacteria
efficient in SDS degradation are of great importance due to their potential in the biological removal of these
anionic detergents from the contaminated waters. Current study aimed at isolating and identifying SDS
degrading bacteria from the detergent contaminated river water. Initial selection of SDS degraders from the
collected water samples was done by the use of enrichment culture technique with a minimal medium
containing 1% SDS as a sole source of carbon. After enrichment method, the efficient isolates were
determined by using maximum tolerable SDS concentration and degradation capabilities of the isolates
selected. Out of four, one SDS degrading isolate showed significantly (p<0.05) high SDS degradation
capability with 88% after two days incubation. This isolate was identified as Pseudomonas fluorescens
through phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA gene. The results indicated that P. fluorescens might be a
potential isolates for the treatment of SDS-contaminated wastewaters.
Keywords: Anionic detergents, SDS-contamination, SDS degraders
Acknowledgment: The authors would like to thank Middle East Technical University Research Fund Project
for their financial support.
55
Isolation of Bacteria Efficient in the Removal of Anionic Detergents
S. B. Salik* 1, F. Yilmaz 2, A. Ergene 3 and B. Icgen4
1,3
Department of Biology, Kırıkkale University, TURKEY
2,4
Department of Environmental Engineering, Middle East Technical University, TURKEY
ABSTRACT
The anionic detergents remain chemically unchanged during the washing process and they are discharged
down the drain with the dirty wash water. In the vast majority of cases, the drain is connected to a sewer and
ultimately to a wastewater treatment plant; where the detergents present in the sewage can be removed by
biological and physical-chemical processes. Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) is one of the anionic detergents
with high industrial usage. Therefore, its biodegradation by potential microorganisms has taken greater
attention for the biological processes. In this study, out of fifty, four SDS-degrading bacteria designated as
SDS4, SDS7, SDS10-2, and SDS10-3 were isolated from SDS-contaminated surface waters and searched for
their ability to degrade SDS. The isolates exhibited optimum growth at an SDS concentration of 1 g/L, but
tolerated up to 55-75 g/L SDS. The isolates were identified by 16S rRNA sequence analysis as Pseudomanas
corrugate, P. resinovorans, Aeromonas veronii, and P. koreensis with SDS degrading abilities of 52, 55, 74
and 87%, respectively. Preliminary experiments showed that four isolates obtained in this study were strong
gratuitous degraders of SDS. However, their relative importance in soil, sewage, and wastewater treatment
plants remains to be assessed.
Keywords:
Anionic detergents, SDS-degrading bacteria, surface waters
56
Potential of Pseudomonas Species for the Treatment of Heavily Detergent-Polluted Waters
L. Goksu* 1, F. Yilmaz 2, A. Ergene 3 and B. Icgen4
1,3
2,4
Department of Biology , Kırıkkale University, TURKEY.
Department of Environmental Engineering , Middle East Technical University, TURKEY.
ABSTRACT
Detergents, originating from domestic-industrial discharges, reach to the aquatic environments, accumulate
and cause negative effects on the aquatic life. Due to their high foaming capabilities, they also cause serious
problems in wastewater treatment plants. Efficient biological treatment of detergent-contaminated waters at
the wastewater treatment plants help decreasing these problems. Thus, isolation and identification of bacteria
efficient in the biological treatment of detergent like sodiım dodecyl sulfate are a big challenge. In this study,
detergent-degrading bacteria were screened for their efficiency in the detergent-polluted waters. Detergent
degradation ability of the screened isolates was varied in between 88-94%. These isolates were found to be
the species of Pseudomonas after 16S rRNA sequence analysis. The distance matrix generated highlighted the
distances among the sequences aligned. These distances were used for the phylogenetic analysis at species
level. The 16S rRNA gene sequences were deposited to GenBank using Bank It submission tool. Based on
the phylogenetic analysis, the isolates were identified as P. migulae, P. kilonensis, P. koreensis and P.
baetica. The result revealed that Pseudomonas species could be the potential candidates to decrease the
problems in wastewater treatment plants under the pressure of detergent-contaminated waters.
Keywords: SDS pollution, SDS treatment, wastewater treatment plants
57
Halonitromethanes formation in Drinking Water: Occurrence and Precursors
Sebnem GENISOGLU* 1, Zehra OZTURK 1, B. İlker HARMAN 1, S. Sule KAPLAN
BEKAROGLU 1
1,
Department of Enviromental Engineering, Suleyman Demirel University
[email protected],)
ABSTRACT
Drinking water disinfection by-products (DBPs) result from the reaction of disinfectants, such as chlorine or
chloramines, with natural organic matter (NOM) and/or bromide/iodide present in drinking water supplies.
Over the last 30 years, significant amount of research efforts have been directed towards improving our
understanding of DBPs, and to date it is estimated that 600–700 DBPs have been reported from the use of
chlorine, ozone, chlorine dioxide and chloramines. Characteristic functional group is nitrogen for nitrogenous
DBPs (N -DBPs) such as haloacetonitriles (HANs), cyanogen halides (CH), and halonitromethanes (HNMs).
Among these N-DBPs, HNMs received special attention because of their potential hightoxicity and their
occurrence in finished waters at some treatment facilities. There are a total of 9 species of chorine and
bromine substituted HNMs including chloro-(CNM), dichloro- (DCNM), trichloro- (TCNM), bromo(BNM), dibromo- (DBNM), tribromo-(TBNM), bromochloro- (BCNM), bromodichloro-(BDCNM), and
dibromochloronitromethane (DBCNM). The concentrations of N-DBPs are generally at a lower level (ng/L to
μg/L) than those of carbonaceous-DBPs, but are more toxic. The recent toxicology studies conducted on
emerging DBPs showed that HNMs are one of the most cyto- and genotoxic classes among the emerging
DBPs, having orders of magnitude higher toxicity than trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs).
Especially brominated halonitromethanes (HNM) is expected to be regulated by U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency (USEPA). For the sum of HNMs, median and maximum levels of 1 and 10 µg/L were
recorded during the 2000-2002 US survey. Chloropicrin is the most frequently reported HNM and was
quantified at 0.2–0.5 µg/L in the US 2000–2002 and 2006–2007 surveys, respectively. Recent studies
showed that dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) that could be a source of precursors for nitrogenous DBPs
such as HNMs. Laboratory FP tests showing that various disinfection protocols produced HNMs in the
following order: ozonation −chlorination ˃˃ ozonation − chloramination > chlorination > chloramination.
Ozonation before chlorination can dramatically enhance HNM formation. Meanwhile, UV and ozone
disinfection of the same effluents formed insignificant levels of HNMs. This paper aims to review the state of
research on HNM formation in drinking water including with their types and occurence, possible health
effects and precursors. up to date information on HNMs in drinking water available in the literatures have
been reviewed in this paper.
Keywords:, Disinfection, Disinfection by products (DBPs), Drinking Water, Halonitromethanes (HNMs),
Toxicity.
58
Chlorine Dosing Management Strategies for Water Utilities Using GIS, SCADA and Modelling Tools:
Case Study of Yeşilbayir-Antalya
Tuğba AKDENİZ 1 & Habib MUHAMMETOĞLU
2
(1) Antalya Metropolitan Municipality, Antalya Water and Waste Water Authority (ASAT), Antalya, Türkiye
(2)Dept. of Env. Engineering, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Türkiye.
ABSTRACT
Antalya City is one of the most preferred touristic destinations of Turkey. Antalya Water and Wastewater
Administration (ASAT) of Antalya Metropolitan Municipality is responsible to provide water and wastewater
services all over Antalya Province. Municipal water demand of Antalya city is supplied from Duraliler,
Gürkavak, Boğaçay and Termessos groundwater resources. Termossos drinking water distribution network
(WDN) consists of three sub-zones namely Yeşilbayır, Odabaşı-Kirişçiler and Duacı.
In 2005, SCADA system was put into use by ASAT to monitor water distribution networks in Antalya City.
ASAT SCADA System, that cost approximately 4 million Euros, provides online surveillance of water quality
and hydraulics in many monitoring stations throughout the current WDN. The system comprises 9 pumping
stations, 17 reservoirs and several groundwater wells. SCADA Stations collect continuous on-line data on
energy consumption of pumps, flow rate, pressure, and many water quality parameters including chlorine
concentration in WDN in order to increase the system efficiency.
The aim of the current study is to emphasize the importance of SCADA, GIS and modelling tools for water
quality management. For this purpose, EPANET hydraulic and water quality model has been applied to a
certain section of Antalya drinking WDN. The study was carried out on Yeşilbayır sub-zone of Termessos
WDN using data obtained from SCADA and GIS. The model calibration and verification were carried out
using both on-site manual and online measurements of water pressures and free residual chlorine
concentrations.
Comparison of modelling results to field measurements in the study area of Yeşilbayır showed that model
predictions agrees with field measurements. The average prediction errors of water pressures, chlorine
concentrations and flow rates were 0.16 bar, 0.06 mg L-1 and 1m3 h-1, respectively.
It was possible to determine the required suitable chlorine dosage at the chlorine feeding station and chlorine
concentrations throughout the WDN using the SCADA, GIS and modeling tools. Based on this study, the
developed system can be defined as a useful tool for local authorities, planners and decision makers for
similar applications in other regions.
Keywords: Chlorine, Drinking Water Distrubition Network, GIS, Modelling, SCADA.
Acknowledgment: The authors thank Akdeniz University, Scientific Research Project Funding for their
financial support, ASAT and Antalya Metropolitan Municipality.
59
Influence of characteristic of butterfly valve closing on water hammer run.
Apoloniusz Kodura
Warsaw University of Technology, Environmental Engineering Faculty, POLAND.
(E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
Water hammer is the most common example of transient flow in pressure pipelines. During this
phenomenon, transformation of kinetic energy to pressure energy makes significant changes of pressure,
which can lead to significant problems in management of pressure networks. The phenomenon is very
complex and a large number of different components has influence on its run. In the case of water hammer
determined by valve closing, the characteristic of gate operating is one of very important issues. However,
this factor is rarely investigated. In this paper, the results of physical experiments of water hammer run in
steel and PE pipelines were described and analyzed. For each water hammer run, characteristic of pressure
change and butterfly valve closing were stored. The results were compared with calculations by using
common methods, applied by engineers - Michaud's and Wood and Jones.
As the result, very significant differences between calculations and results of experiments were observed. In
addition, characteristic of butterfly valve closing has significant influence on water hammer run, what should
be taken under consideration by analyzing the phenomenon. The analysis of comparison of experiments with
theoretical methods of calculations leads to indicating the necessity of improving methods of calculations and
ways of searching for new solutions.
Keywords: butterfly valve, pressure characteristic, transient flow, water hammer.
60
Utilization Chitosan As A Color Absorbent On Textile Industry Liquid Waste
Hamasyah Hamzah Mumtaza* 1
1
Department of Aquatic Product Technology, Bogor Agricultural University, INDONESIA
ABSTRACT
Textile industry is one of the major industries in Indonesia. The industry produces a lot of waste as a result of
looking side. Liquid waste generated in the form of color components that will pollute the
environment.Textile industry is one of the producers of wastewater from dying processes which have a high
pigment content. If this Textile wastewater flowed directly into the aquatic environment without any prior
management of the environment will degrade the quality of these waters. a wide variety of aquatic
environments polluted by color components generated from textile iindustri. This study was expected to
reduce the adverse effects of wastewater from textile industry. Textile wastewater treatment may be done
using chitosan as absorbent material. Chitosan can be used as an absorbent in Textile wastewater treatment
industry. The research was conducted using the method of deposition and fluidation. The success of this study
was to analyze the water quality, including measurement of levels of color substance use chromameter, pH
value and turbidity measurement use a multimeter, DO and BOD measurement use DO-meter and
measurement of metal content use Atomic Absorbent Spectrophotometry (AAS). Study the effectiveness of
the use of chitosan as an absorbent material in the Textile wastewater by the method of deposition and
fluidation performed with various concentrations of chitosan, namely 1.5 ppm, 15 ppm, 150 ppm and 1500
ppm. pH value result is between 8.07 to 8.43. Turbidity value result is between 0 to 14.8 NTU. Brightness
value result is between 53.14 to 74.86. DO value result is between 4.10 to 6.03. BOD value result is between
1.93 to 4.4 Textile mg / l. COD value result is between 700-1000 mg / l. The results of the analysis of metal
content of Textile wastewater shows that wastewater Textile are still in a safe condition for its metal content
is less than the standard.
Keywords: Textile, chitosan, wastewater, BOD, COD.
Acknowledgment: The authors thank Bogor Agricultural University
61
Biosorption of Commercial Yellow 2G and Indigo Textile Dyes by Powder Hawaiian Spirulina
pacifica
Gamze Dogdu* 1, Arda Yalcuk2
Department of Environmental Engineering, Abant Izzet Baysal University, Faculty of Engineering and
Architecture, Gölköy Campus-Bolu, Turkey
1,2
ABSTRACT
Approximately 10,000 different dyes and pigments are used industrially and over 7x
tons are produced
annually worldwide. Two out of three of these dyes are azo dyes. Considerable amount of dyestuff that are
used in textile industry are discharged to natural environment after production and it leads to many hazards
about environment and people health. As a result of the degredation of many azo dyes produce aromatic
amines that are carcinogenic. Hence, dyestuffs in textile wastewaters must be removed before discharge to the
environment. Pollution causing these dyestuffs is possible to reduce with biological methods. Today,
biosorption process is very popular due to its efficiency and cost. Low-cost and effective biomaterials used
for dyes removal from wastewater have been of great concerns for environmental scientists. Until now, new,
economical, locally available and highly effective dye biosorbents are still under development and using
certain low-cost biosorbents for dye removal has been extensively reviewed.
On the basis of this concern, the objective of our study is biosorption of commercial Yellow 2G and
Indigo dyes using of new, commercially available, low cost as regards to production processes and
completely ecological powder Hawaiian Spirulina pacifica biosorbent. For these dyes, biosorption
potential of powder Hawaiian Spirulina pacifica investigated variation in parameters of pH, agitation
time, initial dye concentration, adsorbent concentration, contact time and temperature to estimate
equilibrium conditions at batch mode within 120 minutes. Optimum conditions were found as 100 rpm,
60 min pH 2, 25 °C, 100 ppm dye concentration, 3 g/L adsorbent concentration for Indigo and 150 rpm,
10 min, pH 2, 25 The equilibrium biosorption data were analyzed by Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm
models. Equilibrium data fitted well to the Freundlich isotherm model for commercial Yellow 2G and
Indigo dyes. Moreover, adsorption of dyes on the cell surface was proved by SEM (scanning electron
microscope) of biomass before and after of dye loading.
Keywords: Biosorption, Commercial Hawaiian Spirulina pacifica, Dyestuff, Indigo, Yellow 2G.
Acknowledgment: The authors thank Abant İzzet Baysal University, Scientific Research Project Funding
(İBU BAP) for their financial support [Project number: 2013.09.04.677].
62
Efficiency of UV and UVH 2O 2 Processes for Amoxicillin Treatment
Şifa DOĞAN* 1, Rana KIDAK 2
1, 2
Environmental Engineering Department, Cyprus International University, Nicosia, North Cyprus.
ABSTRACT
Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) are the powerful oxidation techniques to apply in such
conditions where conventional treatment processes are inefficient to treat organic pollutants such as
pharmaceuticals. Nowadays, pharmaceutical compounds are concerned to cause various adverse effects
on living organisms including, development of resistant microorganisms to pharmaceutical compounds
in ecosystems and endocrine disruptive effects. UV and UV/H 2O2 techniques are the mostly applied
advanced oxidation technologies in large scale treatment plants therefore; investigation of the
elimination of these “newly discovered compounds” is a serious task to provide complete treatment of
wastewaters.
In this study removal efficiency, byproduct profile, mineralization and toxicity of the model compound,
amoxicillin, were discussed and compared for the UV and UV/H 2O2 techniques. The UV dose has been
calculated by chemical actinometry and it was found as 2.3 W.m-2. Three different concentration of H2O2
(2.85, 5.70 and 17.03 mM) was used to find the optimum dose. The maximum removal was recorded as 27 %
(UV) and
43 % (UV/H2O2) amoxicillin after the optimum residence time (25.6 minutes). Carbon
mineralization was measured as COD in mg O2.L-1 and found as 14 % after UV and 30 % after UV/H 2O2
processes. Sixteen byproducts were identified after UV treatment and eight products were observed after
UV/H2O2. Phenol, aminophenol, pyridine, benzene, aliphatic and heterocyclic organic compounds have been
formed after UV based treatment of amoxicillin. UVH2O2 treatment showed different aliphatic and
heterocyclic structures.
Generally treated effluents showed toxic nature (EC50% < 15) for each process. For total elimination more
reaction time was needed such as 150 minutes (UV/H2O2) and 270 minutes (UV). Further investigations
should be done to reduce toxicity. This might be achieved by using more UV lamps in a reactor or increasing
the total reaction time to cause more elimination.
Keywords: Amoxicillin, UV, UV/H2O2, removal, toxicity.
Acknowledgment: Cyprus International University, Instrumental Analysis Laboratory.
63
Ceramic Membrane Applications in Industrial Wastewater Treatment
Mesut GENISOGLU* 1, Hasan KOSEOGLU 2 and Bilgehan Ilker HARMAN 3
1, 2, 3
Department of Environmental Engineering, Suleyman Demirel University
ABSTRACT
Industrial pollution is a major threat on aqueous environment. Specific treatment necessity of industrial
wastewaters is another challenge for treatment plant operators and decision makers. The concern to
control the environmental impact lead to the European Directive 2008/1/EC on integrated pollution
prevention and pollution control (IPPC), which sets out measures to prevent or reduce emissions of
defined industrial activities. It is essential to select appropriate techniques, especially when an
operating company is functioning in an environmentally sensitive area. The character of industrial
wastewater depends on the type of industry. Some industrial wastewaters may contain toxic substances or
high percentages of organic materials or solids which make treatment difficult via conventional treatment
processes. Membrane filtration is a powerful alternative for the treatment of industrial effluents. Both
organic and inorganic membranes have been applied for the treatment of industrial effluents; however,
ceramic membranes offer several advantages over polymeric ones such as superior thermal,
chemical, mechanical stabilities and long lifetime. They work well within a pH range of 1 to 14 and
can be operated at temperatures as high as 500 °C. They can also operate under high pressure
differentials. These characteristics make them particularly appropriate for the treatment of industrial
effluents. Nevertheless, ceramic membranes are substantially more expensive though this may be
compensated by higher fluxes and extended lifetime. Moreover, the cost of cera mic membranes has
been continuously reduced during the last years. As a result, several authors have proven the feasibility
of bringing this technology to the industrial wastewater management systems. In this context, the
application of ceramic membranes has been proposed as a promising technology for treatment of
industrial wastewater. In this paper; innovative technologies in ceramic membranes and success stories
in industrial wastewater treatment have been discussed in detail.
Keywords: Ceramic Membrane, Heavy Metal, Industrial Wastewater, Separation
64
EVALUATION OF THE DISPERSIVE COMPONENT OF THE SURFACE ENERGY OF ALPILLARED SEPIOLITE AND AL-PILLARED MONTMORILLONITE AS DETERMINED BY
INVERSE GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY
Ceyda Bilgiç*, Naile Karakehya+
*
Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Eskişehir Osmangazi
University, 26480 Eskişehir, Turkey
[email protected]
+
Environmental Control and Protection Programme, Eskişehir Vocational School, Eskişehir Osmangazi
University, 26480 Eskişehir, Turkey
[email protected]
ABSTRACT
Inverse gas chromatography (IGC) is a derivation of conventional gas chromatography but, unlike
analytical chromatography, the material being evaluated is in the stationary phase in the gas chromatography
column. The retention volume of mobile phase (probe) indicates the interaction between the probe and the
surface of the material in the column. IGC provides an excellent method to measure the surface energy of
rough and porous powders [1,2].
According to the IUPAC definition of pillared clays (enlarged to pillared layered solids): pillaring is
a process by which a layered compound is transformed in a thermally stable micro- and/or mesoporous
material with retention of the layer structure [3]. Pillared clays are a new class of materials, in which large
surface and pore volumes can be obtained according to the type of pillars [4]. These solids have enormous
potential for application in adsorption and catalytic processes [5].
In this study, two kinds of pillared clays were investigated. Al-pillared sepiolite was prepared from
meerschaum processing wastes and Al-pillared montmorillonite was purchased from commercial supplier.
Pillared clays were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and IGC. For IGC
studies, retention time of n-hexane, n-heptane, n-octane and n-nonane were measured at infinite dilution
conditions, between 300 and 330 °C. Dispersive component of the surface energy of pillared clays were
calculated. The dispersive component of the surface free energy for the Al-pillared montmorillonite was
higher than the Al-pillared sepiolite. FTIR spectra of Al-pillared sepiolite and Al-pillared montmorillonite
were compared.
Keywords: Sepiolite; Montmorillonite; Pillared-clay; Inverse gas chromatography; Waste utilization
65
Occurrence of illicit drugs and pharmaceuticals in municipal wastewater and possibilities for their
removal
I. Bodík* 1, T. Mackuľak2, M. Fáberová 3 and M. Mosný 4
1, 2,3,4
Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak
University of Technology, SLOVAKIA.
ABSTRACT
The aim of this study was to analyse illicit drugs and pharmaceuticals and their metabolites in
wastewater from Slovak wastewater treatment plants. Urinary bio -markers of Methamphetamine
(pervitine), Cocaine, Cannabis (marihuana) and Ecstasy use were analysed by LC-MS/MS. More than
300 wastewater samples from all larger Slovak towns were analysed between March 2013 and
November 2014. Based on the concentrations of drugs in wastewater and the corresponding d aily flow
rate of wastewater in the treatment plant, daily quantities of drugs in wastewater were obtained. These
values were specifically related to 1000 inhabitants of the city connected to the WWTP. The
information thus obtained represents the specific presence of the drug in relation to the population on a
given day (mg/day/1000 inhabitants). Thus obtained drug consumption values can be compared with the
results achieved by other researchers.
It was found that Methamphetamine and Cannabis have a relatively constant consumption rate during the
week, and only a slight increase was observed over the weekend. Ecstasy is used mainly during the weekend
in Bratislava (9 mg/day/1000 inhabitants) and in Petržalka (8 mg/day/1000 inhabitants). In large cities, the
loads of Ecstasy during weekends were doubled or even quadrupled (Bratislava on Wednesday - 2
mg/day/1000 inhabitants, Sunday - 9 mg/day/1000 inhabitants), this was not observed in Piešťany.
Important part of presented study was also to define the removal efficiency of target illicit drugs and
pharmaceuticals on treatment processes on WWTPs. Some of analysed drugs are removed under very low
removal efficiency, on the other hands, some of drugs are successfully removed from wastewater.
Keywords: illicit drugs, pharmaceuticals, removal processes, Slovak WWTPs, wastewater.
Acknowledgment: This work was supported by the Slovak Research and Development Agency under the
contract No. APVV-0122-12
66
A Clean Technology For Tanneries Unhairing Waste Waters : Neutralization By CO2 , Water
Recycling And Free Amino Acids Recovery
Sabrina.TAMERSIT*1 ,Kamel-eddine.BOUHIDEL2,
1,2
Laboratory of Chemistry & Environmental Chemistry LCCE , Team : Water Chemistry , Environment &
Desalination . Faculty of Sciences , University Hadj Lakhdar Batna 05000 Batna Algeria
ABSTRACT
This research work proposes a clean technology application for CO 2 direct capture . This gas is used to
neutralize unhairing alkaline waste waters , effluent of the tanning industry .
Contrarily to the nowadays expensive capture technologies , the present application has given excellent
economical and environmental experimental results :
 The treated waste waters are totally recyclable : The pH ( from 13 to 4.5 ) , conductivity ( from 8000 to
2000 μS ) and COD ( 20000-80000 to 3000 mg O2/l ) , are drastically reduced .
 The injected CO2 has permitted to precipitate selectively CaCO3 , then different proteins according to
their pKa ; These precipitated proteins are an excellent bioressource ( agriculture , …) .
 The neutralization by CO2 permits a smooth pH decrease ;
 The treated water contains free valuable and recoverable identified collagen amino acids ;
Briefly , It is really a clean technology : Water economy , polluting by products (COD) recovery and
environment protection .
This original applied study is completed by a deep theoretical chemical study : optimal pH of CaCO3
precipitation , sulphide and calcium speciation ( evolution , complex formation with proteins , …) ,
neutralization curves study ( comparison of CO2 , HCl and H2SO4, …) , free amino acids identification and
CO2 consumption …
This laboratory pilot scale study has used synthetic CO2 and , both , synthetic and industrial waste waters
from an industrial large plant .
Keywords: Amino acids, COD, tanning industry, CO2 neutralisation
67
Isolation of Efficient Diesel Oil Degraders Harbouring alkb and C23O Genes
G. Onur* 1, F.Yilmaz 2 and B. Icgen 3
1,2,3
Middle East Technical University, Department of Environmental Engineering, TURKEY
ABSTRACT
Hydrocarbon contamination can be as a result of various sources such as; accidents during fuel transportation
by trucks and ships; leaking of oil from underground storage tanks, extraction and processing oil. Interests
about the possibility of water and soil contamination by oil and oil byproducts gains importance since they are
one of the major pollutants in the environment. Petroleum hydrocarbon polluted areas can be treated through
physical, chemical and biological methods. During cleaning up, microbial degradation processes aid the
elimination of spilled oil from the environment after critical removal of large amounts of the oil by different
physical and chemical methods. Therefore, this study aimed at isolating bacteria from diesel oil contaminated
surface waters and measuring their degradation ability to use in the remediation processes. The catabolic
genes and enzymes responsible for diesel oil degradation were also investigated in the bacteria. Presence of
the enzymes alkane monooxygenase encoded by alkb and catechol 2, 3- dioxygenase encoded by C23O were
confirmed in the bacteria isolated. 61-92% diesel oil degradation by two bacteria harbouring both alkb and
C23O genes was determined through gas choromatographic analysis.
Key words: Diesel oil, alkb, C23O, alkane monooxygenase, catechol 2, 3- dioxygenase
for their financial support and Petroleum and Natural Gas Engineering Department of Middle East Technical
University for their helps in gas chromatographic analyses.
68
Effect of some pharmaceuticals on the production of biogas at anaerobic digestion process
M. Fáberová* 1, L. Ivanová2, I. Bodík3, and T. Mackuľak4
1, 2,3,4
ABSTRACT
Many of the current pharmaceuticals are not completely removed by the natural decomposition, or they are
resistant to degradation at all. This means that they are ever-present in the water sources and the land areas.
Their biodegradation may take months, particularly in anaerobic conditions. The aim of this study was to
determine the biodegradability of selected pharmaceuticals (diclofenac, tramadol, ibuprofen, carbamazepine
and amoxicillin) in the waste water in the process of mesophilic (37oC) and thermophilic (55oC) anaerobic
fermentation and monitoring of their inhibitory effect. The pharmaceuticals concentration in the tested sludge
was 10 mg / l and 500 mg / l, respectively.
The results have shown that the pharmaceuticals have an influence on the amount of biogas produced in the
case of the same therapeutic group. Higher temperatures in the thermophilic reactor caused a reduction in
production of biogas compared to mesophilic process.
Keywords: pharmaceuticals, wastewater, anaerobic biodegradation, biogas production
69
Study on the Sorption-Desorption-Recovery Performance of Ion Exchange Resin for Removing
Phosphate From Aqueous Solutions
T. E. Köse*, B. Kıvanç
Chemical Engineering, Eskişehir Osmangazi University, TURKEY.
(E-mail: [email protected], bkivanc@[email protected])
ABSTRACT
Phosphate anions concentration exceeding about 2 µM in water reservoirs can negatively impact aquatic
ecosystems and human health. Therefore, extra phosphate in water should be removed with an
appropriate method. To obtain low phosphate concentration, advanced treatment methods such as
adsorption and ion exchange must be used. In this study, phosphate removal from aqueous solutions was
examined using Lewatit Monoplus M600 anion exchange resin. The sorption behaviour of resin was
investigated as a function of contact-time and temperature, resin dosage, initial phosphate concentration
of solution, initial pH of the solution and effect of the other ions. The maximum sorption (99%) value
for phosphate from 100 mg/L phosphate solution was observed at pH 10 and 25 oC for 3 hours. Poor
effect of sulfate, nitrate and ammonium ions on phosphate removal was observed. Desorption (with
NaOH or NaCl) and recovery (with CaO) of phosphate studies were carried out. The ion exchange
mechanism was determined as the Ash Layer Control according to Unreacted Core Model and the
Particular Diffusion Control according to Infinite Solution Volume Model. In the isotherm studies, the
Langmuir, Freundlich and Dubinin–Radushkevich (DR) isotherm models were applied. The results
indicate that Freundlich equation is well described with the phosphate sorption. The thermodynamic
parameters such as ΔG◦, ΔH◦ and ΔS◦ were calculated to estimate the nature of sorption.
Keywords: Ion exchange, Isotherm, Kinetic model, Lewatit Monoplus M600, Phosphate
70
Flow Reactor Model for UV Treatment of Amoxicillin
Rana KIDAK* 1, Şifa DOĞAN 1
1,
Environmental Engineering Department, Cyprus International University, Nicosia, North Cyprus.
ABSTRACT
Based on the worldwide surveys, antibiotics are reported to be the mostl y used pharmaceutical
compounds. This extreme consumption and production of the drug pose great threat for the safety of
drinking and consumable water standards. Researchers have been marked pharmaceutical compounds as
an endocrine disruptive due to their adverse effects may cause disorder in common functio ns of
endocrine systems in living organisms.
Several studies including European Union projects selected “Advanced Oxidation Techniques” to be
the best option to treat pharmaceutical compounds because they are not easily biodegradable and they
are mostly high soluble in water matrices which provides their escape in conventional treatment
facilities without being decomposed.
In this study UV treatment process was experimented to remove 25mg.L -1 model antibiotic compound,
amoxicillin, from aqueous media. A cylindrical flow reactor was used to carry out the UV process. UV
lamp and the quartz protection glass were place in the middle of the reactor. The dimensions of the
cylindrical flow reactor were as follows: 3.55 cm radius, 33 cm length, 550 cm 2 surface area of
irradiation, 1.75 cm radius of the quartz tube, and the path length was 1.8 cm. Total reaction volume
was 650 ml and various pumping rates (30, 40, 50, 60 and 90 rpm) were applied to the system by using
a peristaltic pump to optimize the residence time. UV dose was calculated by chemical actinometric
method and found as 4.86×10-6 Einstein.m-2.s-1.
The maximum removal rate was observed when the system was operated under 30 rpm conditions and
the residence time was calculated as 25.6 minutes. According to the results 27 % removal of
amoxicillin and 14% COD mineralization were occurred after the optimum residence time. Under 60
and 90 rpm pump rate conditions no removal was achieved. Kinetics studies were showed in order to
totally eliminate amoxicillin, 270 minutes is needed. Phenol, aminophenol, pyridine, benzene, aliphatic
and heterocyclic organic compounds have been formed after UV based treatment of amoxicillin. This study
provides information for a flow reactor model which has not been studied in literature up to date.
Keywords: Amoxicillin, UV treatment, Flow reactor, byproduct, removal.
Acknowledgment: Cyprus International University Instrumental Analysis Laboratory.
71
Template for Abstracts of the International Conference on Civil and Environmental Engineering
Treatment of Olive Mill Wastewater by photooxidation to Nano -ZnO-Bentonite Composite and
Recovery of OMW
1, 2
Merve Balaban* 1 and Delia Teresa Sponza 2
Dokuz Eylül University, Engineering Faculty, Environmental Engineering Department, 35160, İzmir;
TURKEY ([email protected]; [email protected])
ABSTRACT
Olive mill wastewater (OMW) has a COD value of 220 g/L and also contain large amounts of
suspended solids (190 g/L) and high phenolic compounds (10 g/L) exhibiting hard non-biodegradable
and quite phytotoxic properties. In this study, Bentonite was immobilized to Nano-ZnO to treat the OMW
by photodegradation of the pollutants with Nano-ZnO-bentonite composite. Magnetite minerals, is an
excellent filter for Nano-metal composites. Economic advantages of the magnetite are their low cost and they
are widely distributed around the world. Magnetites have specific surface area, high chemical and mechanical
stability and variety of surface and structural properties. Magnetite’s swelling and adsorption properties make
them supporting materials for nanoparticles. ZnO nanoparticles also are stable, recyclable and easily
separable and have many advantages, such as low price and high initial rates.
In this study the removals of COD, total phenol and total solids (TS) in OMW were investigated by
photocatalytic oxidation on the Nano-ZnO-Bentonite at concentrations varying between 0,5 g/L, 2, 3,
4, 8 and 16 g/L. The effects of irridation times, nanocomposite concentrations and pH on photocatalytic
oxidation were investigated.
The photocatalytic oxidations were performed under sun light and UV irradiation. The effects of sun
and UV lamp powers and irradiation time on photocatalitic oxidation were investigated.
The maximum pollutant removal efficiencies for COD, total phenol and TS were obtained as 78%,
63% and 61% , respectively, under sunlight at 8 g/L Nano-ZnO-Bentonite for 24 hours, while the
removals for COD, total phenol and total solids were 80%, 56% and 71%, respectively, under UV as
under throughout photocatalysis at 8 g/L Nano-ZnO-Bentonite after 24 hours retention time in OMW.
It was continued to the removal of OMW were steps three and four sequential times to research the
recovery of the treated OMW as quenching of soils and washing subjects.
Keywords: Bentonite, Nanoparticles, Photocatalytic degradation, Sunlight, UV Irradiation, ZnO.
Acknowledgment: The authors would like to express appreciation for the support of the sponsors;
(TUBİTAK PROJECT NUMBER: TOV 113O558).
72
Template for Abstracts of the International Conference on Civil and Environmental Engineering
Removal of Olive Mill Wastewater Pollutants by UV and Sunlight Irradition with Nano- SiO2/Fe3O4
Composite and Reuse Properties
Çağlar Ulusoy * 1, Delia Sponza
1, 2
*2
Dokuz Eylül University, Engineering Faculty, Environmental Engineering Department ,Buca- Izmir,
Turkey. (e-mail:[email protected], [email protected])
ABSTRACT
Olive mill wastewater (OMW) are found primarily to process olives for the extraction of olive oil, but they
produce olive kernel residue and olive mill effluent wastewater as by-products. OMW can be a serious
nuisance when disposed of untreated, due to its significantly high organic load, its phototoxic properties and
its relatively low biodegradability. SiO2 microcrystal showed also good photocatalytic activity for
wastewater containing phenol. One of the most promising methods to increase the photocatalytic
efficiency is the surface modification of SiO 2, with the addition of metal oxides such as Fe3O4 and
doping into the of SiO2 catalyst.
This work aims to treatment of OMW with photooxidation under UV and sunlights with using nano- SiO2/
Fe3O4 synthesized under laboratory conditions for the removal of COD, total phenol and total solids
present in the olive mill wastewaters. The photocatalytic activity of the synthesized nano- SiO2/ Fe3O4
nanoparticles was evaluated by degradation possibilities of phenol, COD and total solids in batch
reactor made in kuvars glasses under UV and sun lights. The effects of irradiation time and light power
were investigated on the photocatalytic activity of nano- SiO2/ Fe3O4 nanoparticles and COD, total
solids and phenol removals.
The maximum removal yields of COD, total phenol and total solids were obtained as 76 %, 66 %, 43%,
respectively, at 8 g/L nano- SiO2/ Fe3O4 under sunlight irradiation after 24 hours retention time while
COD, total phenol and total solids treatment efficiencies of OMW under UV irradiation were detected
as 80%, 61%, 73%, respectively, at 8 g/L nano- SiO2/ Fe3O4 for 24 hours retention time. These
treatments were sequentially three and four times to detect the utilizability of the treated OMW as
irrigation or as refrigeration waters.
Keywords: Nano- SiO2/ Fe3O4 , Olive Mill Wastewater, Photooxidation, Sunlight, UV
Acknowledgment: The authors would like to express appreciation for the support of the sponsors;
(TUBİTAK PROJECT NUMBER: TOV 113O558).
73
A New Approach for Sludge Disintegration & Stabilization: Solid TiO 2 Thin Films
T. TUNÇAL1, D. İ. CİFCİ 1, O. USLU 3
1
Department of Environmental Engineering, Çorlu Engineering Faculty, Namık Kemal university, 59860,
Çorlu, Tekirdağ, Turkey
2
Civil Engineering Department, Engineering Faculty, Yeditepe University, 34755, Kayışdağı, İSTANBUL
E-mail of the corresponding author: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
Disintegration of mechanically dewatered sludge (MDS) using thin film (TF) method was
investigated scientifically. MDS samples were placed between two TF coated glass substrates and
irradiated by four different UV sources emitting around 240 nm, 310 nm, 380 nm and 450 nm.
Obtained TF(s) were annealed at 550°C for 1h and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD),
scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and X-ray photoelectron
spectroscopy (XPS). The effectiveness of the applied method was assessed observing the changes in
physicochemical structure of the sludge. In addition to the direct mass distortion (MD), variations in
several critical parameters including, lost on ignition (LOI), drying rate (SDR), and sludge bound
water content sludge (BWC) were also investigated through the experimental study. Economics of
the method were also discussed considering the energy demands of current dewatering/drying
equipment. After 3-hour irradiation period under the wavelengths shorter than 400 nm, average
decrease in volatile solids (VS) level was 40%±5. Average BWC(s) of raw and photo-catalytically
treated MDS samples were %52±1 and %30.6±1 respectively. The average light energies used
through photocatalytic and drying experiments were 1,142±10 Joule g-1 VSremoved and 861±28 Joule
g-1 H2Oevaporated respectively. Following the advanced oxidation period (λ<400 nm), sludge was
irradiated at 450 nm for 2 hours and sludge moisture content decreased from 60±1% to 10±0.6%.
Keywords: Sludge minimization, disintegration, TiO2 thin film, nano-technology, dewatering, drying
Acknowledgment: This work is founded by The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey
TÜBİTAK (Project 111Y209) and Çerkezköy Organized Industrial Zone Management.
74
Wastewater Treatment in Poland Taking into Special Consideration Anaerobic Reactors
Katarzyna Umiejewska*
Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Environmental Engineering, Division of Water Supply and
Sewage Disposal, Poland
e-mail:[email protected]
ABSTRACT
Poland has been European Union’s member since May 1 st 2004. Therefore, EU regulations including
The Council Directive 91/271/EEC concerning urban wastewater treatment, became obligatory in our
country. According to the Directive, the National Program for Municipal Wastewater Treatment was
endorsed in December 2003. It states that all of the agglomerations above 2000 PE (Population Equivalent)
should be equipped with sewage network and municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTP).
The aim of the article is to indicate changes in Polish wastewater treatment in 2000-2014, including the
progress in the usage of anaerobic reactors.
Nitrogen and phosphorus removal from wastewater has become priority in the National Program for
Municipal Wastewater Treatment. Hence, a new Decree was introduced on July 24th 2006 by the
Environment Minister. It concerns the conditions of discharging sewage into water and ground. As a
consequence of the Decree, the number of wastewater plants, removing biogen compounds has risen
significantly. From 2005 to 2012 the percentage of municipal wastewater plants with biogen removal
increased from 55,9% to 80,4%.
According to the Directive, discharges from food-processing industry shall be treated biologically
(aerobically or anaerobically) as well. First anaerobic reactor in Poland was built in 1997. At present, there
are 33 anaerobic reactors treating 75400 m3d-1 and 399,4 tons COD per day which is equivalent to the
population of 6,65 milion PE. These represent 2,04% of industrial wastewater treated biologically. The
reactors IC (11), EGSB (8) and UASB (6) are most frequently used.
As an effect of European and Polish legislation, capacity of aerobic plants with increased biogen removal has
been rising. Also, anaerobic reactors has been used for the treatment of high strength industrial effluents most
frequently
.
Key words: anaerobic reactors, Poland, wastewater
75
The cycle of pharmaceuticals, drugs and their metabolites in four dominant treatment plant in
Slovakia and the Czech Republic
T. Mackuľak* 1, L.Birošova2, I. Bodík3 and M. Fáberová 4
1,,3,4
2
Department of Nutrition and Food Assesment, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak
(E-mail: [email protected], lucia. [email protected], [email protected], [email protected],
[email protected])
ABSTRACT
Nowadays, the attention of experts in the analysis of environmental micropollutants is predominately
aimed on the incidence, fate and the impact of drugs and their metabolites on the aquatic organisms.
In our study, we have analyzed and compared the incidence of 30 frequently prescribed pharmaceuticals,
illicit drugs and their metabolites in Slovak and Czech wastewater. We were also interested in their fate in
various technological stages of WWTP. Using LC-MS / MS analysis, we have found that antibiotics
(ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, azithromycin) and beta blockers (metoprolol) are the most concentrated
pharmaceuticals in wastewater of both countries. Concentration of illicit drugs and psychoactive
pharmaceuticals has not exceeded micrograms per liter. In case of these micropolutants, tramadol,
methamphetamine and venlafaxine have dominated in wastewater.
Fate of pharmaceuticals and drugs in WWTP differs; some of them only partially undergo biodegradation,
photodegradation, oxidation or sorption. Many of them pass into recipient. This was confirmed especially
for tramadol, venlafaxine and certain types of antibiotics such as clarithromycin or azithromycin. According
to analysis of sludge water, we have also found that certain types of pharmaceuticals and drugs are capable to
concentrate itself in the anaerobic process. Analysis of sludge water revealed the presence of clarithromycin,
azythromycin, tramadol, or methamphetamine in the concentration higher than microgram per liter. However
sludge water is returned to the water line of WWTP, micropollutants such as pharmaceuticals and drugs are
circulating in different technological parts of WWTP.
Keywords: illicit drugs, pharmaceuticals, WWTPs, sewage water, wastewater.
76
Biodegradation of the Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Pharmaceutical Flurbiprofen
Kadir Yanaç1 and Robert W. Murdoch 2*
1
Environmental Engineering Department, Middle East Technical University, TURKEY.
2
Environmental Engineering Department, Middle East Technical University, TURKEY.
ABSTRACT
2-(3-fluoro-4-phenyl-phenyl)propanoic acid, or flurbiprofen, is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory
(NSAID) pharmaceutical popularly sold in Turkey under the brand-name Majezik®. Approximately
22% of consumed flurbiprofen (flb) is excreted unmodified or as an easily hydrolysable conjugate. In
Turkey, flb is the most popular NSAID and the third most popular pharmaceutical overall. However,
the fate of flb in the environment is entirely unknown. In order to begin to understand how bacteria
metabolize flb, flb was spiked into activated sludge samples at concentrations of 50 and 500 ppm. Flb
was quantified by reverse phase HPLC with detection at 247nm. Only ~30% of spiked flb was removed
from the 500ppm treatment after 76 days while an average of ~80% was removed from 50 ppm
treatments after 76 days, indicating that flb is recalcitrant and potentially toxic. During degradation, a
novel peak was detected that appeared as flb was disappeared and in proportion to the amount of
disappearance. The novel peak was fractionated by HPLC and subjected to GC/MS structural
characterization. Spiked activated sludge was also used as a source of enrichment cultures with the
goal of isolating bacteria able to use flb as sole carbon and energy source. Enrichments on 100 ppm flb
in minimal medium were monitored for flb concentration and culture density. A fter three rounds of
serial enrichment, which took three weeks each, cultures were streaked onto 100 ppm flb solid medium
with 20 ppm yeast extract and twelve unique isolates were recovered. Isolates were grouped by RFLP
analysis of the 16S rRNA gene and unique strains were sequenced in order to characterize their
phylogenies. This work represents the first investigation of the bacterial metabolism of the NSAID
pharmaceutical flurbiprofen.
Keywords: Emerging contaminants, pharmaceuticals and personal care products, non-steroidal antiinflammatory, biodegradation
Acknowledgment: This project was funded by Middle East Technical University BAP [Project number:
20130080].
77
Effect of Impregnation Ratio on Properties of Activated Carbon Prepared from Biochar by
Chemical Activation
D. Angın* 1, S. Güneş 2, S. Şensöz 3
1, 2
3
Department of Food Engineering , Sakarya University, Sakarya, TURKEY.
Department of Chemical Engineering, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskişehir, TURKEY.
([email protected])
ABSTRACT
Activated carbon is a black solid substance resembling granular or powder charcoal and are carbonaceous
material that have highly developed porosity, internal surface area and relatively high mechanical strength.
They have been used for a long time as adsorbents in many applications. The properties of biochar are
different from activated carbon, though both of them are carbon -rich material. Generally, biochar is a
not fully carbonized product because its production by pyrolysis is often operated under low
temperatures. However, after physical or chemical activation, the surface areas and internal pore
structures of activated carbon are greatly enhanced and improved compared to biochar that only
experiences the carbonization treatment. Thus, biochar may act as a precursor matter to manufacture
activated carbon. The most important characteristics of an activated carbon is its surface area and adsorption
capacity, which are highly influenced by the activated carbon preparation conditions, such as activation
temperature, impregnation ratio and activation time. In this study, the influence of impregnation ratio on the
product yield, chemical and surface properties of the activated carbons were investigated. This purpose,
activated carbons were prepared by chemical activation with potassium hydroxide (KOH) of the biochar
obtained through pyrolysis of safflower seed press cake. The biochar were activated at KOH:biochar
impregnation ratio ranging from 1:1 to 4:1, heating rate of 10 °C min-1 and 900 °C activation temperature
under nitrogen atmosphere. The chemical and surface properties of the activated carbons were investigated by
elemental analysis, BET surface area, and scanning electron microscope (SEM) images. The highest BET
surface area was achieved as 1652 m2 g-1 at 4:1 of KOH:biochar impregnation ratio. The results showed that
both chemical and surface properties of the activated carbon were significantly affected by the impregnation
ratio.
Keywords: Activated carbon, Biochar, Characterization, Impregnation ratio.
Acknowledgment: The authors thank Sakarya University, Scientific Research Project Funding (BAP) for
their financial support [Project number: 2010-01-16-003].
78
Adsorption of Orange 13 from Aqueous Solutions Using Activated Carbon Prepared from Orange (Citrus
sinensis L.) Pulp
D. Angın* 1, G. Demir 2, S. Güneş2, A. Ilci2
1, 2
Department of Food Engineering , Sakarya University, Sakarya, TURKEY.
([email protected], [email protected], [email protected],
[email protected])
ABSTRACT
Nowadays, dyes have created serious environmental problems with the rapid development of various
industries, such as paper, plastic, textile, cosmetic, leather, and coating. Colored dye effluents have mainly the
complex nature and most of them are toxic to aquatic life, mutagenic and carcinogenic and can cause some
health problems. The adsorption method was proven to be more sophisticated and efficient compared to
traditional physico-chemical methods such as coagulation, ultrafiltration, ozonation, oxidation, sedimentation,
reverse osmosis, flotation etc. for dye removal from wastewater, due to its low-cost, easy availability,
simplicity of design and ease of operation. Activated carbon can be produced from any carbonaceous solid
precursor, which is largely dependent on its availability, cost and purity. Activated carbon is the most widely
used adsorbent for the removal of dyestuff from wastewater because it has an excellent high surface area and
high adsorption capacity for organic compounds, but its use is usually limited due to its high cost. For this
reason, many researchers have investigated more cheaper and efficient activated carbons for the removal of
dyes from wastewater. In this study, activated carbon was produced from orange (Citrus sinensis L.) pulp by
chemical activation with zinc chloride (ZnCl2) and an adsorption capacity of activated carbon for removal of
reactive dyestuff (Orange 13) from aqueous solutions was investigated. The characteristics of activated
carbon were examined by scanning electron microscopy, nitrogen adsorption isotherm and elemental analysis.
In the batch mode adsorption studies, the effects of initial pH, adsorbent dosage, and initial concentration of
solution were examined. Equilibrium data were fitted to the Langmuir, Freundlich and Dubinin-Radushkevich
(DR) isotherm equations. Also, this study has demonstrated that high surface area activated carbons can be
prepared from the chemical activation of orange pulp with zinc chloride as activating agents.
Keywords: Activated carbon, Adsorption, Characterization, Orange 13, Orange pulp.
Acknowledgment: The authors thank Sakarya University, Scientific Research Project Funding (BAP) for
their financial support [Project number: 2013-01-16-014].
79
Biogas Production by Anaerobic Digester Exposed to AmmoniaChangedwith Changing Bacterial
Population Dynamics
M. S.Ak* 1, F. Yilmaz 2and B. Icgen3
1,2,3
ABSTRACT
Anaerobic treatment is more favorable process than other unit operations due to its high loading rate capacity
and low sludge production rate. In addition to these advantages, biogas (methane) production makes this
process more attractive. The sensitivity of the process towardschanging concentrations of inhibitors like
ammoniaisone of the main drawbacks. For the efficient biogas production, the knowledge about the changes
in the microbial population within the digester exposed to varying concentrations of ammonia needs to
berevealed. However, up to now, this requirement is mostly predicted without revealing the real population
dynamics. Therefore, in this study, the effect of ammoniaon microbial population of anaerobic sludge
digester and its biogas productionwere investigated. For this purpose, total gas production, methane
percentage in the off-gas, chemical oxygen demand (COD), total solids (TS), volatile solids (VS)of the
sludge, and changes in bacterial population were followed during digestion process with lab-scale bioreactors
exposed tovaryingconcentrations of ammonia. The changes in microbial population were followed by using
fluorescence in situ hybridization technique with oligonucleotide probes specific for each anaerobic
consortium.
Keywords:Biogas production, anaerobic digestion, ammonia, population dynamics
Acknowledgment: The authors thank The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey for their
financial support through a 1001 project.
80
Adsorption of Methylene Blue Dye on Multi-walled Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNTs) - A Response
Surface Methodology (RSM) approach
Veyis Selen 1*, Şeyda Taşar 1, Meltem Çakmak1, Dursun Özer 1 and Ahmet Özer 1
1
Department of Chemical Engineering, Firat University, 23279 Elazig, Turkey.
(E-mail: [email protected]*; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected];
[email protected])
ABSTRACT
Dyes may be defined as organic compounds used to color other substances, and usually may be found in
effluent water from many sectors of industry. These colored compounds are widely used in the textile, food,
cosmetic, pharmaceutical, tanneries, electroplating factories and other industries. Adsorption techniques have
been proved to be an excellent way to treat effluents, offering advantages over conventional process,
especially from the environmental point of view.
In this study, the adsorption potential of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) was investigated for
removal of Methylene blue (MB) from aqueous solutions. The multi-walled carbon nanotubes used in this
study were characterized by XRD, TEM, FTIR and pHzpc. Adsorption of MB in aqueous solution by
MWCNTs was studied by using Placket–Burman (PB) and Central Composite Design (CCD). Adsorption
process was described mathematically by using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Initial MB
concentration, initial pH of solution, adsorbent dosage, temperature, particle size, shaking speed and contact
time were selected as independent variables and the adsorption yield was chosen to be response for the
adsorption process in the PB design. The adsorption experiments were conducted in 12 runs to study the
effect of the selected variables. All of the experiments were repeated twice, ie a total of 24 experiments were
performed for adsorption of MB. Based on the results of PB and the combined effect of contact time, initial
pH of solution, MB concentration and adsorbent dosage on the MB adsorption was studied using CCD. Other
parameters for adsorption process were kept constant at a temperature of 298 K; particle size of -200 mesh,
shaking speed of 150 rpm. Each factor in the design was studied at five different levels. Data obtained from
experimental runs were analyzed using the “Design Expert” software (version 6.0, Stat-Ease, Inc.,
Minneapolis, USA) statistical package. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed a high coefficient of
determination value (R2 = 0.94). It was observed that the linear and quadratic effects of the adsorbent dosage,
initial pH of solution and initial concentration of MB, additionally linear effect of contact time were very
significant (P<0.05) for adsorption of MB. The interaction between initial MB concentration and contact time
showed remarkable effect on adsorption process. This study showed that MWCNTs particles can effectively
remove MB from wastewater.
Keywords: adsorption, central composite design (CCD), methylene blue (MB), multi-walled carbon
nanotubes (MWCNTs) and placket–burman (PB) and.
81
Removal of Astrazon Golden Yellow 7GL from Colored Wastewater Using Activated Clay
Meltem Çakmak1, Şeyda Taşar 1*, Veyis Selen 1, Ahmet Özer 1, Dursun Özer 1
1
Department of Chemical Engineering, Firat University, 23279 Elazig, Turkey.
(E-mail:
[email protected];
[email protected];
[email protected];
[email protected];
[email protected])
ABSTRACT
The dyes and pigments which are generally complex aromatic molecular structure and synthetic origin are
contain more double bonds and various functional groups. The wastewaters polluted by dyes and pigments
impairs the aesthetic nature of the receiving environment, reduces the light penetration through the water’s
surface and the solubility of gases. This pollution affects the photosynthetic activity of aquatic life. It is
known that discharging the untreated wastewater containing organic dyes into natural water reserve can cause
a serious environmental hazard. For that reason the removal of synthetic organic dyestuffs from waste
effluents is becoming important for water ecosystem. In this study, chemically modified clay (CMC) was
used as an adsorbent for the removal of Astrazon Golden Yellow 7GL (AGY-7GL), which is a basic
dye, from wastewater. For this purpose, firstly the chemically modified clay was characterized by
determining zero point of charge (pH zpc), and using BET, SEM and FTIR. Then effects of operational
parameters on adsorption of AGY-7GL were studied in a batch system. The efficiency and capacity of
adsorption were investigated under various parameters such as contact time (0 -180 min), pH (2-8),
temperature (293-323 K), CMC dosage (0.075-0.5 mg/g) and initial AGL-7GL concentration (75-250
mg/L) for the removal of AGY-7GL. The adsorption experimental result revealed that pH was not
significant effect on uptake of dye, whereas adsorption capacity was increased when contact time,
temperature and initial dye concentration were increased. As a result of evaluation of the research
data’s was concluded that the adsorption process was endothermic. Optimum conditions for the removal
process were found to be contact time of 105 min, initial dye concentration 250 mg/L, initial pH 6 and
adsorbent concentration 0.25 g/L at 323 K. The maximum adsorption capacity was determined to be
about 370 mg/g at the optimum condition. Thermodynamic and kinetic parameters were calculated from
the results of the adsorption experiment. The pseudo first order and the pseudo second order kinetic
model equations were used to predict the adsorption parameters. The evaluation of kinetic models
showed that data were best fitted by the pseudo second order model. The adsorption data were
evaluated with linear and nonlinear Freundlich and Langmuir isotherm models equations and compare
with each other. It was determined that the adsorption equilibrium data showed an excellent description
to the Freundlich isotherm model. Thermodynamic parameters such as ∆H° (19.0 kj/mole), ∆G°
(28.8 kj/mole) and ∆S° (0.148 kj/mole) were also determined. These parameters showed that the
adsorption mechanism was physical and spontaneous. According to experimental results, it was
concluded that CMC could be used as an alternative and low cost potential adsorbent for the removal of
AGY-7GL from wastewater.
Keywords: adsorption, astrazon golden yellow 7GL (AGY-7GL), chemically modified clay (CMC),
thermodynamic and kinetic parameters.
82
Assessment of Anaerobic Microbial Community Structure in the Presence of
NonylphenolDiethoxylateUsing Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization
Fadime Kara Murdoch* 1 and F.Dilek Sanin 2
1,
2,
Department of Biotechnology, Middle East Technical University, TURKEY.
ABSTRACT
Due to their properties such as being lipophilic, toxic and endocrine -disruptor,
Nonylphenol(poly)ethoxylates (NPnEO) received special attention during the last years for their ability
to accumulate in sludge. Nonylphenols can be degraded to a certain extent in wastewater treatment
plants especially in activated sludge units; however since they accumulate in sludge, understanding of
their fate during sludge treatment and determination of microbial community structure becomes
important. In this respect, the aim of this research was to monitor degradation of NP2EO into
degradation products (nonylphenolmonoethoxylate (NP1EO) and nonylphenol (NP)) in lab -scale semicontinuous anaerobic digesters with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and to assess
microbial community structure at taxonomic level by using Fluorescence in Situ Hybridization (FISH)
method.
Lab scale semi-continuous anaerobic digesters having 2L working volume were operated as replica at
35oC. 3 mg/L NP2EO was dosed and then degradation products were monitored for 145 days of digester
operation period. Extraction of NP compounds from sludge samples was carried out by sonication assisted extraction for 5 min. The biogas composition of the anae robic digesters was determined with a
Gas Chromatography equipped with Thermal Conductivity Detector (TCD). For in situ identification
and quantification of the relative abundances of five different phylogenetic groups (alpha, beta and gamma
proteobacteria, archaea and methanogens) in anaerobic digesters, taxon-specific fluorescently-labeled
oligonucleotide probes were used. Samples were examined with a Carl Zeiss Axio Scope.A1 epifluorescence
microscope equipped with a 100 W high pressure mercury lamp and a charged coupled device (CCD)
camera.The results indicated that following NP2EO spike into semi-continuous anaerobic digesters, there
were changes in the relative abundances of major phylogenetic groups.
Keywords:anaerobic digester, fluorescence in situ hybridization, nonylphenol, nonylphenoldiethoxylate,
phylogenetic groups.
83
Comparison Of Methylene Blue Removal Efficiency From Aqueous Solutions By Walnut Shell
And Activated Walnut Shell
Giray, S.N* 1, Aktaş D. 2, Kozak, M. 3, Kaymaz T3., and Dolaz M. 4
1,2,3,4
Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, Engineering and Architecture Faculty, Department of
Environmental Engineering, TURKEY
[email protected], [email protected])
ABSTRACT
Methylen blue (MB) removal from aqueous solution by adsorption using wa lnut shell (WS) and
activated walnut shell (AWS) was aimed in this study, Dyes are released into the environment and lead to
the acute toxic effects on the flora and fauna of the ecosystem. In addition to being aesthetically displeasing,
the release of colored effluents in water bodies reduces the photosynthesis as it impedes penetration of light in
water. Thus, dye-containing wastewaters should be treated before their discharge. Adsorption is an effective
and cheap method for treatment of this kind of wastewaters. In this study, waste WS were used as adsorbent.
All experiments were carried out with the adsorbent sample in 200 mL flasks at the jar test to optimize the
experimental parameters including pH, MB concentration, adsorbent concentration, contact time, agitation
speed. In the first part of this study, waste WS were collected locally, washed, dried, grinded and stored in an
airtight container until use. The optimum MB removal was found 86,37% under the optimum conditions as
pH 2, 5 ppm of MB concentration, 10 g/L of adsorbent concentration, 90 minutes of contact time, 150 rpm of
agitation speed at room temperature. by adsorption using WS. In the second part of this study, washed, dried
and grinded WS was treated with HCl for 24 hours. pH of the WS was arranged to 7 by NaOH, washed by
dilute water, dried and placed into a muffule furnace at 550 oC for 2 h. Prepared adsorbent was stored in an
airtight container until use. The optimum MB removal was found 86,37% under the optimum conditions as
pH 6.2, 5 ppm of MB concentration, 5 g/L of adsorbent concentration, 9 minutes of contact time, 150 rpm of
agitation speed at room temperature by adsorption using AWS.
Keywords: activated, dye removal, Methylen blue, walnut shell
84
The Separation of Emulsified Oils from Wastewater by the Application of Electric Field
C. Eryılmaz* 1, A. Genç2
1,2
Department of Environmental Engineering, Bülent Ecevit University, TURKEY.
(E-mail: [email protected], [email protected],)
ABSTRACT
Emulsified oils (cutting fluids) are widely used in metal working industries and usually composed of a
mineral oil (40-80 %), a surfactant, and some additives such as biocides, anti-degrading and anti-corrosive
chemicals. Cutting fluids lose their properties and effectiveness because of thermal degradation and the
production of suspended metal particles during their usage. Therefore, cutting fluids have to be replaced
periodically. But their treatment from wastewaters can be problematic because they form stable emulsions.
Coagulation, flotation and membrane technologies are generally used for the treatment of wastewaters
containing metal cutting fluids. Biological processes can also be used for the treatment since cutting oils can
contain biocides to prevent their degradation. In addition, the electrokinetic treatment methods have been
attracting great attention recently for the treatment of oily wastewaters. It has been shown in the literature that
as high as 99% cutting oil removal efficiencies can be reached in electrocoagulation using aluminum/iron
electrodes.
In this study, the synthetic wastewaters were prepared by using two metal cutting fluids and their separation
was investigated by electroflotation/electrosedimentation using stainless steel electrodes. The experiments
were performed by using horizontal and vertical electrokinetic units. Turbidity, pH, conductivity, current and
voltage were monitored during the experiments. In addition, chemical oxygen demands (COD) were
measured at 15 minutes intervals. The oil removal efficiency shows a trend of increasing with electric field
strength. In addition, the attained removal efficiencies at the vertical electrokinetic unit were higher in
comparison to the horizontal ones.
Keywords: Electrokinetic methods, electrosedimentation, emulsified oils, cutting fluids.
Acknowledgment: The financial support by Bulent Ecevit University [BAP: 2014-YDK-77047330-02] is
gratefully appreciated.
85
An Economic Analysis of Sewage Sludge Management Methods in Kocaeli
Özgür Kaplan* 1, Mustafa Gündüz 2, Gülcan Turan 3 and Kadri S. Yiğit 4
1, 4
2
Mechanical Engineering Department, Kocaeli University, TURKEY.
BRG Energy, Kocaeli University Technology Development Zone , TURKEY.
3
42Evler WWTP, Kocaeli Water and Sewage Administration, TURKEY
ABSTRACT
Sewage sludge is produced continuously by the waste water treatment facilities (WWTPs). Sewage
sludge management includes transportation, treatment and disposal of the sludge. 35000 m 3/day waste
water is treated in ISU 42Evler WWTP in İzmit, Kocaeli, Turkey and sewage sludge is produced as
byproduct. Currently this sludge is dewatered and 35 tons/day dewatered sludge is transferred by trucks
to either cement factories or landfill sites for final disposal. In this study two cases are investigated
under economic terms which are current disposal method and anaerobic digestion of the sewage sludge.
Monthly electricity, polymer, truck renting and sludge disposal costs and monthly sludge production
are considered in the economic analysis. It’s found out that under current disposal method and
anaerobic digestion process total costs are 1,101,606 $ and 470,155 $ respect ively. It is determined that
with anaerobic digestion process, sludge disposal is 57% cheaper than current method.
Keywords: Anaerobic digestion, Sewage Sludge, WWTP.
Acknowledgment: The authors thank ISU 42Evler WWTP for providing data.
86
The Effect of Different pH at Constant Temperature on Biohydrogen Production from Sewage Sludge
I. Senturk* and H. Buyukgungor
Ondokuz Mayis University, Engineering Faculty, Environmental Engineering Department, Samsun,
TURKEY.
(E-mail: [email protected]*, [email protected])
ABSTRACT
The aim of this study is to investigate the usability of sewage sludge, a waste from waste water treatment
facility, at constant temperature and different pH conditions in the biohydrogen production by dark
fermentation.
Activated sludge used in the study was obtained from return sludge pumping station of a sewage treatment
plant located in Bafra, Samsun. In order to product hydrogen from sludge, a 2 liter bioreactor operating in
batch system was used. Before fermentation, the internal part of the reactor was purged with nitrogen gas for
3 minutes to provide anaerobic conditions. After sealing, the reactor was placed into an incubator operating at
35±1 °C and 150 rpm and operated at pH values ranging from 4 to 8. Gas production and gas contents of
each reactor were measured at certain intervals daily. H2 and CH4 concentrations in the biogas produced were
measured using a gas chromatography equipped with a thermal conductivity detector and the measured
values were expressed as
mL/m 3 (ppmv = gas / gas). With the samples obtained at
different times (before and after fermentation), characteristics of the sludge in the fermentor was identified.
All experiments continued until hydrogen production stopped or decreased.
It was understood from the results that biohydrogen production varies according to the characterization of
activated sludge. In the experiments performed at different pH values at 35±1 °C, maximum hydrogen
production was achieved within the first 24 hours. Except for one performed at pH 8, H 2 gas release was
observed at other pH values within 2 hours. However, according to the results obtained at the 24th hour,
maximum H2 production (2489 mL/m3H2) was observed at pH 8. With the increase in methane bacteria in the
medium, hydrogen producing ability and hydrogen content of the sludge gradually decreased. In general,
hydrogen production after the second day was less. In addition, there was a relationship between protein,
carbohydrates and chemical oxygen demand concentration in the medium and hydrogen production.
Keywords: Biohydrogen production, Dark fermentation, Renewable energy sources, Sewage sludge.
87
Biodegradation of Various Azo Dyes in Anaerobic Batch Reactors
Ö. Aktaş*, Y. Toker and E. Şahinkaya
Istanbul Medeniyet University, Bioengineering Department, Goztepe, Istanbul, TURKEY
(E-mail: [email protected], [email protected],
[email protected])
ABSTRACT
In the treatment of textile wastewaters, classical activated sludge process usually cannot remove color
sufficiently and the discharge limits are exceeded because of the toxic effects of dyes on aerobic
microorganisms. Particularly successive anaerobic-aerobic biological treatment is mandatory for azo
dyes which are very difficult to be biodegraded in aerobic conditions. Anaerobic treatment serves as
pretreatment for color removal and also has the advantages such as the production of methane gas for
energy recovery and less sludge production. The azo bond (-N=N-), which is the chromophore group in
the chemical structure of these dyes, can be much more easily broken down in anaerobic conditions
compared to aerobic. Anaerobic degradation of various azo dyes was examined in this study. Remova l
of organic matter and color as well as biogas production were tested in batch reactors fed with azo dyes
at various concentrations. For this purpose, anaerobic sludge, synthetic wastewater involving glucose
and dye within a total volume of 100 mL were placed in 200 mL bottles fixed with aluminum screw
caps to prevent air intake. The azo dyes used were Remazol Brilliant Violet 5R (λmax: 560 nm), Acid
Orange 8 (λmax: 488 nm), Naphtalene Blue Black (λmax: 610 nm) and Remazol Black B (λmax: 595
nm), which have different colors and chemical structures. These batch studies showed that significant
biogas production was obtained in the presence of azo dyes at concentrations ranging between 10 -500
mg/L. This showed that azo dyes did not inhibit the anaerobic process even at high concentrations.
Besides, color removal reaching up to 98% showed that azo dyes were degraded almost completely.
However, removal of COD with an initial concentration of about 2000 mg/L remained usually below
50% and this was attributed to inhibition caused by aromatic amines produced as a result of anaerobic
degradation of azo dyes.
Keywords: anaerobic process, azo dyes, biological methane potential, textile wastewater.
Acknowledgment: The authors thank Istanbul Medeniyet University, Scientific Research Project Funding
(IMU BAP) for their financial support [Project number: FBA-2013-354].
88
Simultaneous nitrate and perchlorate reduction in elemental sulfur based autotrophic and
heterotrophic processes
D. Ucar*1, Cokgor E2, E. Sahinkaya3 A. Yurtsever 4
1, 2
Environmental Biotechnology Department, Istanbul Technical University, Turkey.
3
4
Bioengineering Department, Istanbul Medeniyet University, Turkey.
([email protected])
Environmental Engineering Department, Yildiz Technical University, Turkey.
([email protected])
ABSTRACT
Perchlorate is a persistent inorganic pollutant often used in its salt form. It has been used an oxidizer in
rocked propellants, explosives, road flares and air bags. It also found in some fertilizers together with nitrate
and commonly found in groundwater together with nitrate. Perchlorate competitively inhibits the iodine
uptake by the thyroid which results a decrease in thyroid hormones. Two elemental sulfur based autotrophic
processes with different alkalinity sources (NaHCO3 and limestone fed) and a methanol based heterotrophic
process were investigated to simultaneous nitrate and perchlorate reduction in ground water. In batch assays,
excellent nitrate reduction with NaHCO3 fed autotrophic and heterotrophic processes was obtained under 25
mg/L NO3--N and various (100–1500 µg/L) initial perchlorate concentrations. Average nitrate reduction for
limestone fed reactor was between 95% in the end of 90h. Complete perchlorate reduction was observed in
72h for heterotrophic reactor whereas NaHCO 3 fed autotrophic reactor showed 97% perchlorate removal in
the end of 90h. The perchlorate reduction performance of limestone fed reactor was varied between 51.8 and
92% depending on the influent perchlorate concentration. Sulfate was produced as a result of elemental sulfur
based autotrophic denitrification and 257.20±12.50 and 238.90±28.9 mg/L SO 42- were produced for NaHCO3
and limestone fed reactors respectively. Organic electron donors are of concern due to risks for bacterial
growth in distribution systems and disinfection byproducts. Study shows that simultaneous nitrate and
perchlorate reduction is possible with elemental sulfur without using organic electron donors.
Keywords: Autotrophic Denitrification, Heterotrophic Denitrification, Nitrate Reduction, Perchlorate
Reduction
Acknowledgment: This research was supported by The Scientific and Technological Research Council of
Turkey (TUBITAK/Project no: 113Y023).
89
Aerobic Treatment of Olive Mill Wastewater by Batch Reactor: a Kinetic Study
Sinan KUL*1, Alper NUHOĞLU 2 and Erdinç ALADAĞ 3
1, 2
Atatürk University, Department of Environmental Engineering, TURKEY.
3
Yüzüncü Yıl University, Department of Environmental Engineering, TURKEY.
ABSTRACT
Olive oil production has a economic and social importance in Mediterranean countries. This study includes
the investigation of olive mill wastewater treatment, which is a significant contaminant, under aerobic
conditions in a batch reactor and calculation of its kinetic parameters and values. Treatment of olive mill
wastewater concentration within 50-1000 mg COD/L has been examined. 42,63 % removal rate was achieved
for 12.44 mg COD/L for initial concentration, for 130.34 mg COD/L initial concentration that reached
maximum reproduction rate, the removal rate was 57.18 %. In other attempts as initial concentration has
increased, microorganisms’ adaptation time has lengthened, and concordantly COD relief time has increased.
Finally, in the attempts with 927 mg COD/L initial concentration, removal rate has receded up to 8.88%.
Specific growth rate has been calculated for each test through taking the logarithm of division of initial
microorganism concentration by microorganism concentration at the t time and through drawing a graph
between found values and time and using the slope of linear part. Initial COD concentrations (S 0) and
specific growth rate (µ) has been subjected nonlinear regression and µmax, Ks and Ki values included in
Haldane equation have been calculated. For nonlinear regression nonlinear estimation module has been used
in STATISTICA 6.0 software by using Statistica 6.0 Userguide. For the relation between initial olive mill
wastewater concentration and specific growth rate Haldane bio-kinetic equation has been preferred, and in
this equation, the values belong to µ max, Ks and Ki parameters has been calculated as 0.44 h-1, 56.69 mg/L and
497.14 mg/L, respectively.
Keywords: Biological treatment, chemical oxygen demand (COD), Haldane, Kinetic parameters, Olive Mill
Wastewater.
90
Synthesis of carboxymethyl starch from food industry waste
Sümeyye Akarsu* 1, Cengiz A. Zıba 2, Ferhat Dincer 3 and Mustafa Dolaz 4
1,4
Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, Engineering and Architecture Faculty, Dept. of Environmental
Engineering, Kahramanmaras, Turkey.
2
Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, Vocational School of Goksun, Kahramanmaras, Turkey.
3
Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, Vocational School of Afsin, Kahramanmaras, Turkey.
ABSTRACT
Using the potential of raw materials in our country, to increase our competitiveness in the industry, should be
given great importance to technological, research and development activities. Increasing population and
technological developments have resulted reduction of the raw materials and growing need for renewable
energy sources. The effects of oil and its derivatives are harmful to human health. As a result of this, the
increase in demand for biomaterials and modified biomaterials for various i ndustrial applications in recent
times is caused by their qualities such as low cost, biocompatibility, biodegradability and non -toxicity. Among
these materials, carboxymethyl starch (CMS) is one of the most important starch ether derivatives. CMS is a
biodegradable and non-toxic natural polymer. It has popular applications in the oil drilling industry,
pharmaceutics, cosmetics, nutrients, pesticides, foodstuff, and capsulation of cell (Fedorova ve Bordarenco,
1985). CMS is also used in recovery of materials from waste water (Kim ve Tim, 1999; Xu ve ark., 2005).
The purpose of this work is to synthesize CMS samples from waste potato. Waste potato starch is obtained from
potato chips production while slicing, peeling and cleaning water. Before carboxymethylation waste potato
purified with H 2O2 and NaOH at desired temperature. Carboxymethyl reaction of potato starch was carried out
in a aqueous-isopropanol (IPA) media. Potato starch, IPA and sodium hydroxide were added in into a flask with
a mechanical stirrer. The temperature was raised to 35 oC and the mixture was constantly stirred for 45 min. The
reaction was started by adding sodium monochloro acetic acid (SMCA). At the desired reaction time the
reaction was stopped. The sample was cooled, neutralized, filtr ated and washed a few times with 80% alcohol.
CMS was characterized by FT-IR, 1H-, 13C-NMR and X-ray diffraction. The morphology of these composites
was studied by SEM.
Keywords: Starch, carboxymethylation, waste, potato, SEM
References
Kim, B.S., Lim, S.T. Removal of heavy metal ions from water by cross-linked carboxymethyl corn starch.
Carbohydr. Polym. 1999, 39,
217–223.
Fedorova, G.A., Bordarenco, N.T. Preparation and study of carboxymethyl starch. Chem. Nat. Comp. 1985, 20
(6), 653–657.
Xu,S., Feng, S., Peng, G., Wang, J., Yushan, A. Removal of Pb (II) by crosslinked amphoteric starch containing
the carboxymethyl
group. Carbohydr. Polym. 2005, 60, 301–305.
Acknowledgment: The authors thank Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, Scientific Research Project Funding
(BAP) for their financial support [Project number: 2014/3-12 YLS].
91
Evaluation of The Adsorption Capacity of The Expanded Perlite to Remove Linear Alkyl Benzene
Sulphonic Acid(LABSA) from Aqueous Solution
D. Akin Sahbaz*1, S. Balbay2, C. Acikgoz3
1
Afyon Kocatepe University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, TURKEY.
2, 3
Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Chemical and Process
Engineering, TURKEY.
ABSTRACT
Linear alkyl benzene sulphonic acid (LABSA) is the major anionic surfactant material used in detergent
formulations so that it is frequently present in domestic and civil wastewater. In this study, r emoval of
LABSA has been carried out from its aqueous solutions by using the expanded perlite (EP) as potential
adsorbent. Perlite products are made from an amorphous alumino-silicate rock, which has some very special
properties: it contains water, which expands into steam on heating, producing a foamed structure. The EP
particles used for adsorption process were in the range of 0.85 -1.6 mm. Optimum parameters for the
adsorption of LABSA over EP have been determined by studying the effect of pH, temperature,
concentration of LABSA, amount of adsorbent and contact time. LABSA has been adsorbed over under
batch measurements and adsorption process is monitored using UV spectrophotometer. The optimum pH
value for adsorption capacity and removal efficiency of LABSA were 9.00 by (EP). The contact time of 3
hours was found to be sufficient to reach equilibrium, and so it was selected in further experiments.
Thermodynamic parameters such as enthalpy change (∆H°), free energy change (∆G°) and entropy
change (∆S°) were estimated. The experimental isotherm data were analyzed using Langmuir and
Freundlich isotherm models. Experimental data were also evaluated in terms of kinetic characteristics of
adsorption and it was found that the adsorption process obeyed the pseudo second order kinetic model.
The present study has demonstrated that PE can be employed for the removal of LABSA from
wastewater and potential as a cheap alternative to commercial adsorben ts.
Keywords: Adsorption, Expanded perlite, LABSA.
92
Investigating Color Removal of Textile Wastewater using Constructed Wetlands
E. Karaçetin* 1, Sevim, O.
1
Erciyes University, Environmental Engineering Department, Kayseri, Turkey.
ABSTRACT
Constructed wetlands are designed systems to treat wastewater in a semi-controlled environment, imitating
the natural processes. Currently, these systems are being adapted to different purposes from treating
municipal wastewater to agricultural runoff and one of these purposes is the treatment of textile wastewater.
This study concentrated on the color removal of textile wastewater. Because of the recent and increasing
trend in natural dyeing, especially in rural areas, we concentrated on natural dyeing. We prepared our textile
wastewater using walnut extract, one of the most commonly used natural dye.
We prepared a laboratory scale hybrid constructed wetland composed of two reactors; a vertical flow
cylindrical reactor combined to a horizontal flow rectangular pool. To test the influence of plants, two
systems with plants and without plants were constructed. The plants in the “with plant system” were Typha
latifolia in the vertical flow reactor and Phragmites australis in the horizontal flow reactor. The system was
fed with wastewater continuously for a month and color removal was recorded. COD efficiency was
approximately 90% and color removal was between 71% and 96%.
This study shows that constructed wetlands are quite effective in removal of color and can be very
practical especially in small residential areas where natural dying methods are readily applied.
Keywords: color removal; constructed wetlands, textile wastewater.
Acknowledgment: The authors thank Erciyes Universtiy, Scientific Research Project Funding (ERÜ BAP)
for their financial support [Project number: 4596].
93
Adsorption and Kinetic Studies of Molecular Size Fractions of Humic Acid onto Anion-Doped TiO2
Specimens
P. Akan*1 and M. Bekbolet2
1
*([email protected]).
2
Bogazici University, Institute of Environmental Sciences, 34342, Bebek, Istanbul, Turkey.
([email protected]).
ABSTRACT
Natural organic matter mainly composed of humic substances react with various oxidants and disinfectants
used during purification of drinking water produces disinfection by-products (DBPs) namely trihalomethanes
and haloacetic acids. Due to various toxic effects, fromation of DBPs cause serious public health problems
primarily related to central nervous system and bladder cancer. Photocatalysis occurring through a surface
oriented mechanism is one of the novel methods applied for the removal of humic substances from water in
treatment facilities. Currently, visible light activated TiO2 specimens are developed by modifications through
the use of various dopants. In the assessment of the degradation of humic substances during photocatalysis,
understanding of the surface interactions prevailing between doped oxide surface and humic subfractions is
required. The objective of this study was to explore equilibrium and kinetic studies of surface interactions
between diverse humic molecular size fractions and TiO2 namely bare TiO2 and anion doped TiO2 (C-doped,
N-doped, S-doped and N-S co-doped) Hombikat UV-100 specimens used as adsorbents in the range of 0.11.0 mg mL-1. Batch adsorption experiments were implemented with humic acid solutions having different
molecular size fractions (0.45 µm filtered fraction, 100 kDa fraction and 30 kDa fraction). In equilibrium
studies, the data obtained by adsorption experiments were evaluated by Freundlich, Langmuir and DubininRadushkevich isotherm models. The results representing the relationship between decreasing humic
molecular size fractions and dopents on TiO2 specimens exhibited significant differences in relation to the
respective morphological properties of TiO2 specimens. Kinetic data were further evaluated by various kinetic
models.
Keywords:
Adsorption,
kinetic
studies,
anion
doped
TiO2
specimens,
humic
acid
Acknowledgment: The support provided by the Research Fund of Bogazici University [Project number:
6750]. The authors thanks to Prof. Z. Cinar from Yildiz Technical University for the preparation of the anion
doped TiO2 specimens.
94
Comparision of Biological and Advanced Treatment Processes for Ciprofloxacin Removal in Raw
Hospital Wastewaters
G. Guney* 1 and D.T. Sponza 2
1, 2
Dokuz Eylul University, Engineering Faculty, Environmental Engineering Department, Tinaztepe
Campus, 35160, Buca/Izmir/TURKEY.
ABSTRACT
This study presents the comparision of biological and advanced treatment of ciprofloxacin antibiotic which is
an important micropollutant from hospital effluents. The treatability of this antibiotic was investigated using
an anaerobic/aerobic sequential reactor system, sonicator, and a photocatalytic reactor with titanium (IV)
oxide nanoparticle in a raw hospital wastewater. Effect of temperature, sonifiction time and sonicator
frequency were chosen for operating parameters of the sonicator. UV light power, effect of retention time
and effect of nanoparticle concentration on the micropollutant yield were determined for the operating
parameters of photocatalytic process. COD and ciprofloxacin yields were determined. Methane gas
productions and VFA concentrations were also monitored in anaerobic reactor. pH changes, dissolved
oxygen variations, and redox potentials were monitored in anaerobic and aerobic reactors. Furthermore, the
effects of HRT on the pollutant yields was researched in both reactors. For the mentioned reactors, it was
found that the high treatment yields for COD (90%) and ciprofloxacin (95%) pollutants were obtained with
sonication and photocatalytic processes.
Keywords: Biological treatment, Ciprofloxacin, Photocatalytic, Sonication, Titanium (IV) oxide
nanoparticle.
95
Integrating Storage Sizing and Slow Sand Filtration for Residential Rainwater Harvesting
Applications in the Philippines
Engr. Maxell P. Lumbera* 1, Engr. Rodgie Ello P. Cabungcal 2
1, 2
Institute of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, University of the Philippines – Diliman,
PHILIPPINES.
ABSTRACT
With the increase in population coupled with the inadequacy of water supply, rainwater harvesting
technology plays a vital role. Rainwater harvesting (RWH) technologies refer to methods employed to
collect and store rainwater to supplement the demand of the population. The design of its components,
specifically the storage component, is highly dependent on the rainfall pattern for a given locality. The main
objective of the study is to develop guidelines that for rainwater harvesting that will provide water for
residential non-potable applications. In this study, the researchers analyzed the rainfall patterns of each
climatic region by considering representative areas such as Sangley (Cavite), Daet (Camarines Norte), Tanay
(Rizal), and Davao City (Davao del Sur) to determine the recommended tank size for each region. Using the
Yield-After-Spill Algorithm, we found out that rainwater harvesting systems are more reliable in Daet in
Camarines Norte Province (Type II Climate) and least for Sangley in Cavite Province (Type I Climate).
Reliability curves, showing the portion of the time that the demand is being met by the RWH system, are
made to aid in decision making. To improve the quality of harvested rainwater, the study proposed to
incorporate the following treatment technologies: leaf guards, first flush diverters and slow sand filtration.
Actual rainwater harvesting and treatment systems were incorporated to the UP BRS Model House. Finally,
ways to promote RWH technology were also discussed such as education and awareness programs,
demonstration projects, and networking between government and non-government institutions.
Keywords: Rainwater harvesting, Reliability, Slow sand filtration, Yield-after-spill algorithm
Acknowledgment: To be filled up soon
96
Removal of Color From Textile Wastewater By Adsorption On Sunflower Seed Shell , Cappadocia
2015
Elif B. Duran* 1, Sumeyye Akarsu 2, Yakup Cuci 3 and Mustafa Dolaz 4
1,2,3,4
Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, Engineering and Architecture Faculty, Dept. of Environmental
Engineering, Kahramanmaras, TURKEY
ABSTRACT
Carbon prepared from waste plants for the treatment of dyeing industry effluents has high significance
in environmental sustainability and economic viability. There are five main methods used for the
treatment of dye-containing effluents: adsorption, oxidation–ozonation, biological treatment,
coagulation–flocculation and membrane process [1]. Adsorption process is noted to be superior to other
removal techniques because it is more economical, simpler and it is capable to efficiently treat dyes in a
more concentrated form. Activated carbon is the most popular and widely used dye absorbent. Because ;
its surface area is very large.
In this paper, the potentional of low-cost adsorbent such as sunflower seed shells in the removal of the
synthetic dye from aqueous solutions was investigated. Sunflower seed shells were preferred because it
has a rich content of organic angle.
In this study, it was carried out that two different types of activated carbon were produced and
characterized from sunflower seed shell with chemical and physical activation. Optimum conditions for
the adsorption process were determined by using of resulting activated carbons for removal of methylene
blue and Mn from aqueous solution, investigating adsorption properties under various conditions (pH,
temperature, adsorbent dosage, contact time, methylene blue and Mn concentrations). Adsorption kinetics,
isoterms and thermodynamic (ΔH0, ΔS0, ΔG0) parameters were examined.
Results obtained indicate that the removal efficiency of Methylene Blue varies from 88 to 91,3% by rising
the temperature from 30 to 60°C at pH from 6 to 8. The removal efficiency of Mn varies from 83 to 83,7%
by rising the temperature from 30 to 60 °C at pH from 6 to 8. With reference to the values obtained in the
study result shows that the chemical adsorption occurs . The results fit the Freundlich model for adsorption of
Methylene Blue and Mn on sunflower seed shell carbon.
Keywords: Adsorption , Methylene Blue , Sunflower Seed , Activation , Textile Wastewater
References
[1] G.M. Walker, L. Hansen, J.A. Hana, S.J. Allen. Kinetics of a reactive dye adsorption onto dolomitic
sorbents. Water Res., 37 (2003), pp. 2081–208.
97
Do Personal Care Detergents Pose Risk in the Aquatic Environment: Characterization and
Ecotoxicity Investigation
Kizek O. 1, Çiftçi İ. D. 2, Ekmekyapar F. *3, Sicigliano A.4 and Meriç, S5.
1, 2, 3, 5
Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Çorlu Engineering, Namık Kemal University,
TURKEY.
(E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected], [email protected])
4
Department of Biology, Ecotoxicology Research Laboratory, Naples University, ITALY (E-mail:
[email protected]).
ABSTRACT
Micro-pollutants (MP s) are mainly known to originate from human activities and discharged to aquatic
environment. Most of MP are harmful to aquatic organisms. Acute and chronic toxicity tests have been
reported that some of MPs displayed different end points of corresponding aquatic organisms even at
low concentrations. Personal care products, composed of various chemicals as comp lex mixture nature,
are evaluated among those MPs found often in treated sewage or grey water. Among personal care
products, detergents are forming specific complex mixtures containing various endocrine disruptor
chemicals, to be handled accurately. Hence, in this study, acute toxicity of seven personal care
detergents was investigated.
Two main groups of personal care detergents including shampoo (4) and shower gel (3) collected from
different Hotels located in different countries were studied. Chemical characterization (Chemical
oxygen demand, Total organic carbon) and pH were performed according to Standard Methods. TOC was
measured using a Shimadzu TOC analyzer (6KVA model) at Center Laboratory of Namık Kemal University
(NABILTEM). Acute toxicity of synthetic solutions prepared by dissolving personal care detergents in
distilled water was assessed on two freshwater crustaceans Daphnia magna and Ceriodaphnia dubia
according to ISO 6341 Method. New born daphnids (<24 h) were exposed to the solutions at various dilution
ratios after adjusting pH at 8.0. Experiments were performed as four replicate and 5 daphnids were tested in
each replicate. Acute toxicity was assessed for 24 and 48 h of exposure time by dividing the number of
immobile organisms by total tested organisms (20) and immobilization percentiles were scored for each
sample tested. By this way it was possible to calculate the concentration which gave rise to a 50% population
immobilization, indicated as EC50 using PROBIT program.
The results of chemical characterization showed that the biodegradability by means of TOC/COD ratio of
personal care detergents was low. Ceriodaphnia dubia was observed to be more sensitive than Daphnia
magna regarding lower EC50. All tested chemicals were found to be harmful according to EC toxic
chemical’s evaluation scoring system.
Keywords: Acute toxicity, characterization, personal care detergents, risk evaluation
98
Adsorption of dyestuff from wastewater using calcined waste eggshell
T. E. Köse
ABSTRACT
Many industries like the textile industry used dyes to color their products and thus produce wastewater
containing organics with a strong color. The removal of color from waste effluents becomes
environmentally important because even a small quantity of dye in water can be toxic and highly visible
[1]. In this study, removal of dyestuff (Reactive Levafix Rot, 543 nm) from wastewater was examined
using calcined waste eggshell (CWE). The pore properties including the BET surface area, pore volume,
pore size distributions of waste eggshell (WE) and calcined waste eggshell (CWE) were characterized.
After calcinations, the major inorganic composition was identified as CaO (95.91%) and MgO (1.5%) , C
(2.5%) was the minor compositions. Calcination increased the pore structure of the eggshell. In the
batch mode adsorption studies, the effects of calcinations temperature of eggshell, contact time, initial
dyestuff concentration of solution, adsorbent dosage, on the dyestuff adsorption by the CWE have been
studied. The maximum sorption (100%) value for dyestuff from 50 mg/L dyesstuff solution with 0,5 g
CWE with calcination temperature of 800oC was observed at 25 oC for 4 hours. A comparison of kinetic
models applied to the adsorption of dyestuff onto CWE was evaluated for the pseudo -second order
kinetic model. In the isotherm studies, the Langmuir, Freundlich and Dubinin–Radushkevich (DR)
isotherm models were applied. The results indicate that Langmuir equation is well described with the
dyestuff adsorption.
Keywords: Dyestuff, Adsorption, Eggshell, Kinetic, Isotherm.
Reference
[1] A.Y. Zahrim, C. Tizaoui, N. Hilal. “Coagulation with polymers for nanofiltration pre-treatment of highly
concentrated dyes: A review” Desalination, 266, 1-16 (2011).
Acknowledgements
I thank to my diploma project students.
99
Comparative photocatalyticdegradation, detoxification and demineralization of a biologically
treated textile effluent using TiO 2 and ZnOnanoparticles
DenizİzlenÇifçi1*, Sema Terzi 1, SüreyyaMeriç 1
Department of Environmental Engineering, Çorlu Engineering Faculty,Namık Kemal University, Çorlu
59860- Tekirdağ, TURKEY.
ABSTRACT
Textile industry wastewater treatment effluent generally contains large volume of colored effluents, and
contain various textile chemicals which are assessed to be toxic,carcinogenic posing harmful effect to aquatic
environment.Besides, soluble or particulate COD in the effluent in the biologically treated effluents general
cause a need to search advanced treatment technologies to comply with the strict discharge limits. Advanced
Oxidation Processes (AOPs) have been studied as innovative and emerging alternativesin this manner.AOPs
provides a high or complete removal of color, COD and toxicity in the effluents. However these processes
always need a toxicity based optimization to obtain safe effluent for the environment.
The present study aimed to compare the photocatalytic activity of TiO2 and ZnO in textile wastewater
treatment effluents and to investigate the effect of catalyst concentration and pH on the rate of photocatalytic
degradation. Tretated textile wastewater effluents were collected by three different times from a dyeing
and finishingtextile industry biological wastewater treatment plant. Chemical oxygen demand (COD),
Total organic carbon (TOC), total suspended and volatile solids (TSS and VSS), conductivity, total
khejdahlnitrogen, ammonia-nitrogen, alkalinty, and pH parameters of the effluents were determined
according to Standard Methods.Photocatalytic treated samples using ZnO and TiO2 namoparticles (Sigma
Aldrich) were analyzed by means of COD, TOC (Shimadzu TOC analyzer (6KVA model)), color (UV436UV525 and UV620), and aromaticity (UV254) (Shimadzu UV-2401).Acute toxicity of the oxidized samples was
assessed on freshwater crustaceans Daphnia magna(new born daphnids <24 h)according to ISO 6341
Method. All analyses and treatment studies were performed at NKU Environmental Engineering Department
and Central Laboratory (NABİLTEM).
Photocatalytic experiments displayed a complete decolorization within 3 hoursfor both TiO2 and ZnO catalyst
treated samples.The oxidation results indicate that removal rates of TOC, COD and color are severely
dependent on catalyst concentration and pH. Photocatalytic oxidation rate in TiO2treated samples were
obseved to be higher than the ZnO treated samples. This is attributed to the lower nanoparticle size of TiO2
than ZnO. Acute toxicity significatly decreasedin both TiO2 and ZnO treated samples after 3 hours
ofoxidation. It is concluded that photocatalytic process is promising for reuse of treated textile wastewaters.
Keywords:Acute toxicity, textile wastewater, photocatalytic degradation
100
Role of plant biomass structures on performance of engineered wetland for treating boron (B)
mine effluents
Onur Can TÜRKER* 1, Cengiz TÜRE2, Harun BÖCÜK 2, Arzu ÇİÇEK 3 and Anıl YAKAR
2
1
Aksaray University, Faculty of Science and letters, Department of Biology, TURKEY
2
Anadolu University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, TURKEY (E-mail: [email protected],
3
Anadolu University, Center for Applied Environmental Research, TURKEY (E-mail:
[email protected])
ABSTRACT
Engineered or constructed wetlands (CWs) are designed for different type of wastewaters such as mine
effluent due to their simple operation, low cost construction and maintenance. In recent years, several
studies corresponded to determine how constructed wetlands can be applied for boron (B) removal in
laboratory and field conditions. However, effect of plant biomass on B treatment process in constructed
wetlands is still lacking. The objection of this research was to investigate effect of plant biomass
structures on performance of CWs for B mine effluents. The study was performed for 154 days in
Kırka-Eskisehir where the largest borax reserves in all over the world. Totally, ten subsurface CWs
with different plant biomass structure have been established in research area for treating B mine
effluent. The constructed wetlands were to: 1 unplanted, 4 monocultures (15 plants/CW) of Typha
latifolia, Typha angustifolia, Phragmites australis and Juncus gerarrdii, and 5 polycultures of four
species mixtures (5 plants/species/CWs). The CWs were operated under controlled by environment and
influent and effluent from each CWs were sampled every 2 weeks and physico -chemical parameters
(pH, EC and Temperature) and B concentration were analyzed. The results of this study indicated that
monoculture CWs have shown better B removal performance compare to polyculture CW systems. On
average, we found that monoculture CW planted by T. latifolia has greater B removal capacity among
the monocultures CWs. Consequently, the study had shown that B removal performance of CWs could
be affected by presence of plants in CWs, plant community structure and wetland type in terms of
monoculture or polyculture.
Keywords: Constructed wetland, Boron (B) removal, B mine effluent, plant structure.
Acknowledgment: The authors thank the scientific and technological research council of Turkey
(TÜBİTAK) [Project number: 113Y335] and Anadolu University, Scientific Research Project Funding
(AUBAP) for their financial support [Project number: AUBAP 1403F098].
101
Removal of Eriochrome Black-T from aqueous solutions using nZVI and S. cerevisiae modified with
nZVI
U. A. Guler*1, O. Kundakci 1
Department of Environmental Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Cumhuriyet University, Sivas 58140,
TURKEY
1
ABSTRACT
Azo dyes are the major group of dyestuffs and have been extensively used in textile, printing, cosmetics and
leather industries. The azo dyes such as Eriochrome black-T (EBT) is hazardous and its degradation products
are stil more carcinogenic. In the present study, nZVI and S. cerevisiae modified with nZVI (S.cerevisiaenZVI) have been synthesized and used as adsorbents for removal of EBT from aqueous solutions.
S.cerevisiae-nZVI was used to enhance reactivity of nZVI and prevent aggregation. The nZVI and
S.cerevisiae-nZVI were characterized by FTIR, XRD and SEM. The specific surface areas (SBET) of nZVI
and S.cerevisiae-nZVI were found as 12.41 m2/g and 21.01 m2/g, respectively. The adsorption studies were
carried out under various parameters, such as pH, composite amount, contact time, initial EBT concentration,
temperature and different cations (Cu2+ and Na+). The maximum removal efficiency of EBT by nZVI and
S.cerevisiae-nZVI was found as 45% and 85%, respectively. Langmuir, Freundlich and DubininRadushkevich (D-R) isotherm models were applied to the equilibrium data. The maximum adsorption
capacities for EBT of nZVI and S.cerevisiae-nZVI were determined as 5.38 mg/g and 30.27 mg/g from
Langmuir isotherm model, respectively. The kinetic and thermodynamic studies were done. As a result,
S.cerevisiae-nZVI have better removal efficiency compared with nZVI and it plays an important role in the
treatment process of EBT wastewaters.
Keywords:
Eriochrome
Black
T,
S.
cerevisiae,
nZVI,
characterization,
removal
Acknowledgment: The authors thank Cumhuriyet University, Scientific Research Project Funding (CUBAP)
for their financial support [Project number: M-547].
102
Removal of tetracycline from aqueous solutions by nanostructured Fe(III)-Cu(II) binary oxide
U. A. Guler*1, H. Celik1
Department of Environmental Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Cumhuriyet University, Sivas 58140,
TURKEY
1
ABSTRACT
Antibiotics are widely used therapeutically for humans and animals and disease control. Significant concerns
have been raised over the presence of antibiotics including tetracyclines (TCs) in aquatic environments. In
the present study, a novel nanostructured Fe(III)-Cu(II) binary oxide has been synthesized with basic coprecipitation method and used as adsorbent for removal of TC from aqueous solutions. The Fe(III)-Cu(II)
binary oxide was characterized by FTIR, XRD and SEM. The experimental studies were carried out under
various parameters, such as pH (2-4-6-8-10), initial TC concentration (25-50-75-100-150-200-300-500
mg/L), amount of Fe(III)-Cu(II) binary oxide (1-2.5-5 g/L), contact time (5-10-15-30-60-120-180 min), and
temperature (298-308-318 K). The maximum removal efficiency of TC by Fe(III)-Cu(II) binary oxide was %
93 at pH 4. Langmuir, Freundlich and Dubinin-Radushkevich (D-R) isotherm models were applied to the
equilibrium data. The maximum adsorption capacities for TC of Fe(III)-Cu(II) binary oxide was found as
157.48 mg/g from Langmuir isotherm model. The kinetic and thermodynamic studies were done. As a result,
Fe(III)-Cu(II) binary oxide could be a very promising material in the removal process of TC from wastewater
because of its a good performance and simple and low-cost synthesis process.
Keywords: Tetracycline, Fe(III)-Cu(II) binary oxide, characterization, removal
103
Decolorication of Reactive Black 5 by Potassium Ferrate (K2FeO4)
Serkan Şahinkaya*, Erkan Kalipci and Huseyin Cüce
Department of Environmental Engineering, Nevsehir Hacı Bektaş Veli University, TURKEY.
ABSTRACT
In this study, the color removal from the solution containing Reactive Black 5 (RB 5) dye and polyvinyl
alcohol (PVA) was investigated by potassium ferrate (K2FeO4). K2FeO4 is an environmentally-friendly
chemical reagent containing iron in the + 6 oxidation state and can be used for color removal from the
wastewaters as an oxidant. The effects of the oxidant concentration, initial solution pH, dye concentration and
temperature on color removal were studied, and the removal efficiencies of chemical oxygen demand (COD)
and total organic carbon (TOC) were also examined at room temperature. While approximately 90%
decolorizing efficiency was achieved by K2FeO4, the removal of COD and TOC removal were 55,4% and
18,6%, respectively.
Keywords: COD, color removal, potassium ferrate, PVA, RB 5.
104
Recovery Of Acid And Heavy Metal In Surface Coating Industry By Best Available Techniques
Tarık Kotan a, Gülfem Bakanb
A
Yeşilyurt Demir Çelik Vocational School of Higher Education, 19 Mayıs University, 55300 Tekkeköy,
Samsun, Turkey, e-mail: [email protected]
B
Department of Environmental Engineering, 19 Mayıs University, 55215 Atakum, Samsun, Turkey,
e-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
This study focuses on improvements in process and acid (H2SO4) and metal (Cu) recovery with recovery
technologies through use of Best Available Techniques in metal plating industry. Chances of recovery during
activation stage and plating stage have been evaluated. Administrative and technological measures to
minimize the losses resulting from drag out in system have been reviewed. Concerning this, it was noted that
an acid and metal recovery of 25-30% could be obtained if the shaking duration was between 15 and 20
seconds. However, activation and plating baths have been handled separately and especially technologies on
acid and metal recovery from the wash water within these processes have been reviewed. Acid retardation
system has been used for activation process and this system has been designed to work as a closed system
with the addition to water. As a result of the laboratory scaled applications, it was noted that an acid (H2SO4)
recovery of 75-80% could be obtained. By this means, it was noted that S04-2 concentration to wastewater
treatment plant has been reduced by 80%. However, Best Available Techniques for metal recovery in plating
system have been reviewed and two different processes for cyanide and acidic plating have been designed.
This system has been added to the end of washing baths at the end of the plating baths. Here, ion exchange
system and nanofiltration (NF) have been used and thanks to this, 70-80% of copper has been recovered. In
addition 80-85% of water has also been recovered. It was estimated that copper concentration to wastewater
treatment plant may have been reduced by 75-80%. With regard to this study, it was determined that
evaluation of recovery chances would be more economic and the investment would pay for itself in a shorter
period. Besides, waste production may be prevented substantially by first taking administrative measures in
best technique practices.
Keywords:Sustainable production, Best Available Techniques, Surface Coating Industry
105
Removal of Acid Violet 90, Basic Yellow 28 and Direct Blue 86 by Fe3O4 Embedded Polymer
C.S. Keskin* 1
1
Faculty of Arts and Science, Department of Chemistry, Sakarya University, TURKEY.
ABSTRACT
Dyes are extensively used in many fields such as textile, leather, paper, food industries. These
extensive applications of synthetic dyes create environmental pollution and the ir toxic properties cause
health risk. In recent years, nanomaterials are also commonly used for the removal of dyes. The non modified and modified magnetic nanoparticles are also used for removal processes. The iron oxide
based magnetic nanomaterials are preferred due to small size, high surface area, easy separation and
reusability features of these nanoparticles.
The objective of the present work was to find out the dye removal capability of Fe 3O4 embedded
polymer. For this purpose, the Fe 3O4 nanoparticles were synthesized and added to the polymer network
while polymerization. The synthesized Fe3O4 embedded polymer is treated with aqueous solution
containing Acid Violet 90 (AV 90), Basic Yellow 28 (BY 28) and Direct Blue 56 (DB 56) by batch
system. The dye concentrations in treated solutions were analyzed in UV-VIS spectrometer after
centrifugation. The treated and non-treated Fe 3O4 embedded polymer were analyzed by fourier
transform infrared spectroscopy to prove the adsorption.
The obtained results showed that BY 28 can be fully adsorbed by Fe 3O4 embedded polymer. The color
removal efficiencies for AV 90, BY 28 and DB 56 were 33.5%, 100% and 22% respectively under the
conditions of adsorption time 150 min, agitation rate 150 rpm, temperature 25°C, initial dye
concentration 50 mg/L and the Fe 3O4 embedded polymer dosage 0.2 g.
Keywords: Fe3O4, Dye, Removal.
106
Decolorization of Disperse Blue 56 and Reactive Yellow 145 by Acrylamide Based Polymer
C.S. Keskin* 1
1
Faculty of Arts and Science, Department of Chemistry , Sakarya University , TURKEY.
ABSTRACT
Increasing international demand for textile materials has led to increasing demands for dyes. As more
dye is used, huge amounts of polluted water is discharged into rivers. If those pollutants are not
removed from the water, they affect the ecological system. Acrylamide is a monomer used to produce
copolymers of polyacrylamide. Triazine derivatives have found widespread applications in the
pharmaceutical, textile, plastic, rubber industries and also used as copolymer agent.
This study aims to investigate the decolorization of Disperse Blue 56 (DB 56) and Reactive Yellow 145
(RY 145) from aqueous solution using Fe 3O4 embedded acrylamide based polymer. The acrylamidetriazine polymer was synthesized by UV photo initiation radical polymerization method. The synthesized
polymer was washed with double distilled water and vacuum drying at 25°C. The removal experiments were
carried out by adding 0.2 g acrylamide based polymer with rotary shaker. In order to measure dye
concentrations, the solutions were analyzed by UV-Vis spectrometer. A single wavelength used to calculate
the amount of dyes in solutions. The functional groups of acrylamide-triazine polymer were characterized by
fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.
According to the results, it is observed that the Fe3O4 embedded acrylamide based polymer is useful for
the decolarization of DB 56. The color removal efficiencies for DB 56 and RY 145 were 100% and
41.1% respectively under the conditions of adsorption time 150 min, agitation rate 150 rpm,
temperature 25°C, initial dye concentration 50 mg/L and acrylamide based polymer dosage 0.2 g.
Keywords: Acrylamide, Decolorization, Polymer.
107
Biosorption of Disperse Blue 56, Basic Yellow 28 and Acid Violet 90 by Aspergillus Tamarii
S. Yılmazer Keskin* 1 and A. Güler 1
1
(E-mail: [email protected], agü[email protected])
ABSTRACT
Biosorption is one of the widely used methods for the removal of dye pollutants from dye contaminat ed
effluents. Low cost, high efficiency, minimization, no additional chemical, regeneration are some
advantages of biosorption. Mechanism of biosorptions is classified as extracellular accumulation, cell
surface sorption, and intercellular accumulation. Fungi, yeast and algae are some of biomass materials
used for biosorption studies. Aspergillus is a fungus widely used for most of removal of organic and
inorganic pollutants. Several Aspergillus species have been used for biosorption such as niger,
fumigatus, niveus, versicolor, flavus, terreus, cristatus and tamarii.
This study aims to investigate the potential of dye adsorption capability of A. tamarii. For this purpose,
A. tamarii is treated with aqueous solution containing Disperse Blue 56 (DB 56), Basic Yellow 28 (BY
28) and Acid Violet 90 (AV 90) by batch system. In order to measure dye concentrations, the solutions
were analyzed by UV-Vis spectrometer. A single wavelength used to calculate the amount of dyes in
solutions. The treated and non-treated biomass were analyzed by fourier transform infrared
spectroscopy to prove the adsorption.
According to the results, it is observed that AV 90 is more powerfully adsorbed dye among the studied
dyes by dead A. tamarii biomass. The color removal efficiencies for DB 56, BY 28 and AV 90 were
69.5%, 8.2% and 95.5% respectively under the conditions of biosorption time 150 min, agitation rate
150 rpm, temperature 25°C, initial dye concentration 100 mg/L and biomass dosage 0.5 g.
Keywords: Aspergillus tamari, Biosorption, Dye.
108
Removal of Direct Blue 86 and Reactive Yellow 145 by Dead Biomass
S. Yılmazer Keskin* 1 and A. Güler 1
1
(E-mail: [email protected], agü[email protected])
ABSTRACT
Dyes are common pollutants in a large variety of industrial wastewaters and the treatment of these
wastes has been extensively studied by adsorption. The greatest environmental concern with dyes is
their absorption in water and reflection of sunlight, which interferes with the growth of bacteria,
limiting it to levels which are insufficient to biologically degrade impurities in the water. For the
removal of pollutants from the wastewaters, many chemical and physical methods different techniques
have been used and adsorption have gained considerable importance in recent years because of their
proven efficiency.
The objective of the present study is to investigate the removal of Direct Blue 86 (DB 86) and Reactive
Yellow 145 (RY 145) from aqueous solution via adsorption using dead biomass. The fungus A. tamarii
Kita MRC 72400 was autoclaved to obtain dead biomass and filtered off and washed with double distilled
water. UV-VIS spectrometers are used for concentration calculations which based on measurement at a
wavelength corresponding to maximum absorbance of dye. The calibration procedure was carried out
by using 9 calibration standards prepared using different concentration of each dye. DB 86 and RY 145
concentrations were varied between 0.1 to 100 mg/L. The functional groups of dead biomass were
characterized by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.
The color removal efficiencies for DB 86 and RY 145 were 93.5% and 84.6% respectively under the
conditions of adsorption time 150 min, agitation rate 150 rpm, temperature 25°C, initial dye
concentration 100 mg/L and dead biomass dosage 0.5 g.
Keywords: Adsorption, Dye, Dead biomass.
109
Effect of Anions on Arsenic Removal from Groundwater by Air Feed Electrocoagulation Reactor
Using Iron Ball Anodes
E. Şık1, E. Gengeç 2, M. Kobya 3, E. Demirbas 1 and M.S. Oncel 3
1
Environment and Cleaner Production Institute, Tübitak Marmara Research Center, TURKEY.
2
Department of Environmental Protection, Kocaeli University, Arslanbey-Kocaeli,TURKEY.
3
Department of Environmental Engineering, Gebze Technical University, TURKEY.
4
Department of Chemistry, Gebze Technical University, TURKEY.
ABSTRACT
Removal of arsenic from groundwater by the air-injected electrocoagulation (EC) reactor using Fe ball anodes
was investigated and the operating conditions were optimized. Effects of anions such as CPO4-P (1-10 mg/L),
CSiO3-Si (20-80 mg/L), CHCO3 (130-670 mg/L), CF (2-10 mg/L), CB (5-10 mg/L), CNO3-N (5-35 mg/L) on the
removal efficiency of arsenic at 0.15 A, Fe ball size of 7.5 mm, pH 7.5 and air flow rate of 6.0 L/min in the
EC reactor were evaluated with Box-Behnken statistical experiment design. The model program provided
with responses such as effluent arsenic concentration, removal efficiency, and operating cost of the EC
process. Analysis of variance for all variables had confirmed the predicted models by the experimental design
within 95% confidence level (R2: 0.92, Adj-R2: 0.83), which ensured a satisfactory adjustment of the
quadratic model with the experimental data. Removal efficiency of arsenic was reduced with increasing
concentrations of CSiO3-Si from 50 to 80 mg/L and CPO4-P from 5.5 to 10 mg/L while its removal efficiency is
increased with increase in operating time. The rest of the anions show hardly noticable effect on the removal
effciency of arsenic. The maximum removal efficiency of arsenic and minimum operating cost at the
optimized conditions (CPO4-P = 1.80 mg/L, CSiO3-Si = 22.95 mg/L, CHCO3 = 623.6 mg/L, CF = 2.07 mg/L CB =
7.88 mg/L, CNO3-N = 23.12 mg/L ve tEC = 6.9 min for As concentration of 200 μg/L were obtained as 99.4%,
0.0384 $/m3, 9.0 μg As/mg Fe (removed capacity of arsenic per mg) and effluent concentration of 0.4 μg/L,
respectively.
Keywords: Arsenic removal, Anion, Electrocoagulation, Operating cost, Optimization
Acknowledgment: The authors thank TUBITAK for their financial support [Project number: 111Y103].
110
Preparation of Polyacrylonitrile Ion exchange fibre (PAN-IEF) for the removal of arsenic
Khadija Qureshi* 1, Inamullah Bhatti 2 and Zulfiqar Solangi 3
1, 2
Department of Chemical Engineering, Mehran University of Engineering and Technology
Jamshoro,PAKISTAN.
(E-mail:[email protected] [email protected]
3
Department of Chemical Engineering, Mehran University of Engineering and Technology Jamshoro,
PAKISTAN
ABSTRACT
Efficient Ion exchange fiber was produced from semi-carbonized
polyacrylonitrile fiber
using
diethylenetriamine as crosslinking agent and hydrolyzed to develop the carboxyl and amine groups. .
Different techniques such as Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
were used for modification of the PAN fiber The FTIR showed the adsorption peaks in the range of 2220 cm 1,
nitrile group 1700-1750 cm-1 carboxyl group and 500-900 cm-1 amines groups. The SEM showed that the
surface of ion exchange fiber got rougher due to hydrooxlation of nitrile group. GA/TGA study indicated
lowest degradation temperature 40 C and highest degradation temperature of 525 C. With the reduction in
time the Tenacity 90% and elongation rate reduced to 70 %. The average stretching resistance of 0.9 N was
detected. The column study was also conducted which revealed arsenic adsorption capacity of 9mg/gm.
Keywords: Crosslinking, Column, Fiber, FTIR, SEM,
Acknowledgment: The authors thank Pak-US Science and Technology Program for providing the research
project to conduct this study.
111
APPLICATIONS OF HYBRID SYSTEM IN WATER AND WASTEWATER- REVİEW
1
Gülizar K. Akkaya, 2M. Sinan Bilgili
1,2
Gülizar Kurtoğlu Akkaya, Mehmet Sinan Bilgili, Yıldız Technical University, Faculty of Civil Engineering,
Deparment of Enviromental Engineering, İstanbul.
(E-mail: [email protected], [email protected] )
ABSTRACT
One of the major challenges facing many countries around the world with incresing population is to provide
clean water for various human activities such as agricultural, industrial and drinking. Recently, the available
conventional wastewater treatment tecnologies are no longer responding to new standarts in conjuction with
thightened wastewater discharge standards. Therefore, there is an increasing desire for the development of
innovative, more effective and inexpensive techniques for wastewater treatment. The aim of this work was to
review studies, conducted with submerged electro-membrane bioreactor “seMBR” system which is a new
treatment method. “seMBR system”. seMBR system is one hybrid system which comprise of the three main
processes in only unit: biological treatment, electrocoagulation and membrane filtration. Their combination
would produce an excellent quality effluent. There are a lot of studies related to waste water and water
recovery with this system and these studies showed that this method realized better a biological treatment and
it is well good in developing floc formation compared to convantional systems. Also, when it is looked at the
recent researches related to this system, the problems in membrane fouling is observed in much less quantities
as opposed to conventional systems. Reseaches on the treatment of real and synthetic wastewater which have
different and specific properties are still continuing. The obtained data showed that seMBR system is a
promising method in water and wastewater treatment owing to advantages such as a system containing many
processes together, remediation of the sludge characteristics and decreasing of problems in membrane
fouling.
Keywords: Wastewater, seMBR, Biological, Membrane, Electrocoagulation.
112
Removal of Nickel (II) Pollution in Water by Diatomite
Melayib BİLGİN 1, Şevket Tulun* 2
1, 2
M. Bilgin, Ş.Tulun’ Faculty of Engineering, Aksaray University, AKSARAY.
ABSTRACT
In our industry one of the biggest environmental problem is the water which is mixed nickel and its
compounds. In this study the nickel which is the reason of pollution was tried to be eliminated by the
absorption method using diatoma. In this study NiCl2 * 6H2O solution was used and firstly discontinuous
system optimization was made. In the first step specifications of the sorbent was determined for this reason
proper quantity and 4 different amount of sorbent was used. After then contact time to effect of absorption
was determined. The effect of the pH to absorption was evaluated with using 5 different pH value.
As a result of experiments Nickel was removed % 81, 47 from the waste water in conditions of using 5 gr
material at pH 5 for 60 minutes.
Figure 1. Effect of pH on the removal of Ni(II) (initial concentration of Ni(II), 100 mg/L; diatomite
concentration, 5g/L; shaking speed, 250 rpm; contact time, 60min.; temperature, 293 K).
Key words: Nickel, Diatomite, Adsorption, Water Pollution.
113
Adsorption kinetic studies for the removal of NH4-N from landfill leachate by natural adsorbent
Fulya Aydın Temel* 1, Ayşe Kuleyin 2
1
Department of Environmental Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Giresun University, TURKEY.
2
Department of Environmental Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Ondokuz May University, TURKEY.
ABSTRACT
The aim of this study is to investigate the removal of NH4-N from landfill leachate using natural Turkish
zeolite by adsorption process. The effects of pH (2-8), contact time (5-1440 min), adsorbent dosage (30-150 g
L-1), agitation speed (100-300 rpm), initial concentration (263.2-1363.6 mg L-1) and particle size (10-65
mesh) were examined on the adsorption process. The optimum conditions in the adsorption process were
established as follows: pH (no significant in this study), 60 min of contact time, 100 g L-1 of adsorbent
dosage, 200 rpm of agitation speed, 263.2 mg L-1 of initial concentration, and -20+35 mesh of particle size.
The adsorption kinetics was used to understand the adsorption mechanism using three kinetic models, i.e.,
Elovich, intraparticle diffusion, the pseudo second order reaction kinetic models. Correlation coefficients of
kinetic parameters were calculated. It is shown that the best conformity kinetic model is the pseudo second
order reaction kinetic model (R2>0.99) for present study. The results indicate that zeolite was the most
efficient cation-exchanger for NH4-N removal from landfill leachate.
Keywords: landfill leachate, zeolite, kinetic, NH4-N, adsorption
Acknowledgment: This work was financed by a scholarship of the Ondokuz May University for support of
Scientific/Technological Research (Project MF-054). I thank the Ondokuz May University for providing the
opportunity to research.
114
Preparation of the poly(glycidyl methacrylate) Grafted onto Crosslinked poly(3 -Chloro-2Hydroxypropyl-Co-EGDMA) with Sorbitol Group and Use for Removing Boron from Water
Gulcin Torunoglu Turan* 1, Bahire Filiz Senkal 1
1
Chemistry Department, Istanbul Technical University, TURKEY
ABSTRACT
Although boron is an important micronutrient for plants, animals, and humans, its range between
deficiency and excess is very narrow [1].
Molecules with three or more hydroxyl functions tend to bind boric acid tightly by forming either
neutral boron ester or borate complex anion with a proton as counter io n. Since hydroxyl functions are
non-reactive for common metal ions and other species in ordinary conditions complexation of these
types of compounds produces a means of specific boron binding.
In aqueous environments (neutral pH), boron is mainly present as boric acid, which cannot be easily
removed by desalination membranes and conventional water treatment processes due to its high
solubility mostly in an undissociated form. Up to the present, the most efficient adsorbent for
separating
boron
from
aqueous
media
is
the
boron-specific resin, typically the polystyrene-based resin with N-methyl-D-glucamine functional group
[2-4].
In this study, crosslinked poly(3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl-co-EGDMA) was synthesized and
poly(glycidyl methacrylate) (PGMA) was grafted onto the prepared resin. PGMA grafted resin was
reacted with excess of sorbitol to give sorbitol modified polymeric sorbent.
The resulting polymeric sorbent has been demonstrated to be an efficient and regenerable specific
sorbent for removal of boron in parts per million (ppm) levels. Kinetics of boron sorption and
regeneration of the polymer were also investigated.
Keywords: Boron removal, polymeric sorbent, sorbitol, glycidyl methacrylate
References:
[1] I. Novozamsky, V.J.G. Houba, J.J. van der Lee, R. van Eck, M.D. Mignorance (1993). A convenient wet
digestion procedure for multielement analysis of plant materials. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 24,
pp. 2595–2605.
[2]. W.R. Lyman, A.F. Preuss (1957). Boron adsorbing resin and process for removing boron compounds
from fluids. US Patent 2813838, Rohm & Haas Company, 1957.
[3]. R. Kunin, A.F. Preuss (1964). Characterization of a boron specific ion exchange resin. Ind. Eng. Chem.:
Prod. Res. Dev. 3, pp.304–306.
[4]. S. Sahin (1996). Mathematical model of boron adsorption by ion exchange, ACH: Models Chem. 133,
pp.143–150, 1996.
115
Removal of Maxilon Red GRL from Aqueous Solutions Using Niğde (Bor) Grape Molasses Soil as
a Low-cost Adsorbent
F. Çiner* 1, S. Şahin2, S. Battal 3, E. Sezer 4 and A. Dumlu5
1, 2,3,4,5
Environmental Engineering Department, Niğde University, TURKEY.
(E-mail:[email protected], [email protected], [email protected],
[email protected], [email protected] )
ABSTRACT
Dyes are widely used in industries such as textiles, dyestuff, leather, paper, cosmetics, plastics, foods,
etc., to color their products. Because many organic dyestuffs are harmful to human beings and
hazardous to aquatic organisms, removal of dyestuffs from wastewater has received considerable
attention over the past decades. Various methods such as adsorption, coagulation, advanced oxidation,
aerobic and anaerobic degradation, membrane separation process, and reverse osmosis are used in the
removal of dyes from wastewater. Adsorption is one of the most effective processes of advanced
wastewater treatment which industries employ to reduce hazardous inorganic/organic pol lutants present
in the effluent.
In this study, the removal of Maxilon Red GRL from aqueous solutions by adsorption onto raw soil sample
known as Niğde (Bor) grape molasses soil was studied. This soil which constituted of mostly calcite was used
for sedimentation for making grape molasses.
The effects of various experimental parameters such as pH, temperature, contact time, initial adsorbent dose,
and initial dye concentration on adsorption efficiency were investigated. Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm
models were applied to the equilibrium data. The experimental data were modeled by Langmuir and
Freundlich isotherm models. Langmuir model resulted in the best fit of the adsorption data. This study
indicated that the Niğde (Bor) grape molasses soil can be used as a low-cost adsorbent for the removal of a
textile dye Maxilon Red GRL from its aqueous solutions.
Keywords: Adsorption, Color, Isotherm, Grape molasses soil, Maxilon Red GRL.
Acknowledgment: The authors thank the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey
(TÜBİTAK), for their financial support [TÜBİTAK 2209-A Project].
116
Removal of total nitrogen by Juncus acutus and Cortaderia selloana from domestic wastewater in
horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetland
Fulya Aydın Temel*1, Yüksel Ardalı 2, Esin Avcı3
1
Department of Environmental Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Giresun University, TURKEY.
2
Department of Environmental Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Ondokuz May University, TURKEY.
3
Department of Statistics, Science and Art Faculty, Giresun University, TURKEY
ABSTRACT
In this study, a horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetland (HSFCW) system was designed and built to
treat domestic wastewater in Kızılcaören village. The treatment bed was divided into two equal parts using
curtain walls to evaluate the efficiencies of two different plant species (Juncus acutus and Cortaderia
selloana) during the construction. Total nitrogen was evaluated during the operation period of 7 months. The
average removal efficiencies of Juncus acutus and Cortaderia selloana plants were found as % 24 and % 40
for TN, respectively. However, two-way ANOVA between groups was applied to determine any difference
for the removal of TN parameter between the plant types and months on the mean values of pollutant
removal. As a result of the performed studies, it is seen that the subsurface flow constructed wetlands are
quite efficient in the treatment of domestic wastewater. Moreover, it is proved that these systems are much
more economical in terms of establishment and maintenance costs in comparison with the conventional
treatment systems.
Keywords: Juncus acutus; Cortaderia selloana; wastewater; constructed wetland, statistic
Acknowledgment: This work was financed by a scholarship of the Ondokuz May University for support of
Scientific/Technological Research (PYO.1904.11.017). I thank the Ondokuz May University for providing
the opportunity to research.
117
Removal of Nitrate from Domestic Wastewaters Using Algae
Mohammad Izhar, Dr. Selim L. Sanin, Aydın Akbulut
Hacettepe University, Department of Environmental Engineering, ANKARA, TURKEY.
ABSTRACT
Nitrogen is the most widely occurring element in our environment forming many inorganic ionic species, such
as nitrate, nitrite and ammonium ions.The main anthropogenic sources of nitrates in the environment are
domestic and industrial wastes and artificial fertilizers. The reactive form of N is nitrate, is the prominent
form of nitrogen impurities in surface and groundwater. As like other world in Afghanistan also most
communities rely on groundwater and surface water for their drinking needs. Nitrate is sensible in
groundwater in Afghanistan and it has significant human health concern. Drinking water with high levels of
nitrates may lead to health issues, including methemoglobinemia (also called blue-baby syndrome). Nitrate
cause to many more negative effects including: euthrophication, turbidity, odor, taste and color etc. In this
study three type of microalgae are investigated including spirulina platensis, chlorella vulgaris and
scenedesmus obliquus in two medium, normal culture medium (BG11 and BBM) and the second one
domestic wastewater (DWW) medium. The method of culture was batch reactor, in 600ml of culture medium
(BG11, BBM and DWW) 60ml of microalgae was added From our laboratory stock by 1/10 part. 24 hours
after cultivation the chlorophyll-a and COD has measured. The chlorophyll-a and COD of spirulina
platensis, chlorella vulgaris and scenedesmus obliquus were measure for 8days, 26day and 26days
respectively and the filtered sample have kept in refrigerator for further analysis by ion chromatography at
next coming days. During the examinations COD shows decreases in early days, but increases by end of
experiments. Some part of chlorella vulgaris in DWW medium has examined and shows the predominant
decrease in nitrate that consumed by chlorella vulgaris.
Keywords: COD, Nitrate, DWW, BG11,BBM
DWW: domestic wastewater
118
Heavy Metals Contamination and Chemical Speciation of water and Soils in the Vicinity of Sungun
Porphyry Copper Deposit, NW Iran
Kobra Esmaeili1, Naser Pirouznia2 and Farid Moore3
1: Department of Earth Sciences, College of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
[email protected]
2: superintendent in geology at sungun copper mine,ahar,iran
[email protected]
3:professor of department earth science,shiraz university,shiraz,iran
[email protected]
ABSTRACT
In recent decades, attentions to preservation of environment have increased which affected the mining plans and
activities. In this way, the Sungun Porphyry Copper Deposit which is located in the east Azerbaijan province,
northwest of Iran was studied in this paper from the environmental point of view. It seems that river water and
soils (pasture land) of this area are exposed to heavy metals contamination due to the geological condition and
mining activates.
The contamination degree of selected heavy metals (Cu, Mo, Pb, Zn and Ni) in water samples (44 samples) was
calculated by the ratio of metal concentration to local background and global standards. Also, the relation
between the elements in water and sediment samples was investigated using correlation coefficients analysis and
factor analysis. The results show that concentration of selected heavy metals (Cu, Mo, Pb, Zn and Ni) exceeds
the maximum allowable concentrations in water. Also, the results of multivariate analyses indicate that heavy
metals in the water samples have similar behavior (except for Mo) during transportation in the riverine
environment.
The mean concentrations of Cu, Mo, Pb, Zn, Ni and Cd in the soil samples (39 samples) are above the critical
levels of these elements in the soils. The results of sequential extraction (Tessier's method) of the above metals
indicate that the most percentages of Cd and Mo are associated with the exchangeable fraction and have high
environmental risk. According to risk assessment code, the soils of the Sungun area show medium environmental
risk with respect to Zn. Also Cu, Pb and Ni contents in the third fraction are imperceptible in most of the samples
which are posing a low environmental risk.
Key words: Sungun Porphyry Copper Deposit, Environmental Assessment, Heavy Metal Contamination, Factor
Analysis, Sequential Extraction, Risk Assessment Code.
119
European Market for Decentralized Waste Water Systems
Dr.-Ing. Elmar Dorgeloh, Daniel Verschitz
Development and Assessment Institute in Waste Water Technology at RWTH Aachen University, Germany
E-mail: [email protected]
PIA GmbH, Testing Institute for Wastewater Technology, Germany (NB 1739)
ABSTRACT
In terms of decentralized wastewater treatment, small wastewater treatment plants are suitable and state of the
art. In Europe there is a need of approximately 20 million plants. A successful CE-marking and a correct
declaration of performance is necessary to enter this market. To ensure a functional product all requirements
regarding to construction and environmental aspects must be fulfilled. These requirements are defined in the
European Construction Products Regulation and they are implemented in detail in EN 12566. This
harmonized standard describes the different tests applicable to small waste water treatment plants. These are
as follows:







Proof of structural behaviour
Treatment efficiency
Test of watertightness
Release assessment of dangerous substances
Reaction to fire
Determination of durability
Power consumption
Beside the activated sludge method, sequencing batch technology and fixed bed systems are common
treatment processes among others. Beyond that small wastewater treatment plants can consist of different
materials like concrete, plastic or steel and they can be deployed underground or in the basement of a house.
The diversity and complexness leads to a significant number of applicable tests which shall be carried out by
a notified testing laboratory. This procedure of assessment and verification of constancy of performance is the
basic prerequisite of unimpeded access to the European single market.
Keywords: CE-marking, Construction Products Regulation, Declaration of Performance, European
Harmonized Standard, Notified Body, Small Wastewater Treatment Plants
120
Comparison of Wastewater Treatment Potential between Arthrospira platensis and Chlorella
vulgaris
Reza Rezaei, Aydın Akbulut and Selim L. Sanin
Hacettepe University, Department of Environmental Engineering, Ankara, TURKEY.
ABSTRACT
Nutrient removal is one of the major challenges in the urban wastewater treatment. Excess
concentrations of nitrate and phosphate in the wastewater can lead to algal bloom which is one of the
main causes of fish deaths. Also some subsequent effects of algal bloom include release of toxins and
its further health and environmental problems, depletion of dissolved oxygen in the water, intensive
biomass accumulation and economic losses in some sectors like fishing and tourism.
This study investigates the ability of nutrient removal in optimum pH and temperature in the artificial
wastewater via two microalgae species Arthrospira platensis and Chlorella vulgaris. Achievement
results show that more than 90% of nitrogenous compound (nitrate, nitrite and ammonium) and 70% of
phosphate are removed over a short time from incubation. Because of the fluctuation in urban
wastewater circumstance, the ability of adaptation is probed in two algae species and the removal
amount of nutrient is measured in high nutrient concentration. To best of our knowledge the effect of
algae acclimation to wastewater over the removal rate has been less rega rded in the literature, thus we
consider this issue in this study.
Keywords: Algal acclimation, Microalgae, Nutrient removal.
121
Bioelectricity Generation from Wastewater Sludge Using Microbial Fuel Cells
Seçil ÖMEROĞLU* 1 and F. Dilek SANİN 2
1, 2
ABSTRACT
Today, the energy of the global community is met using fossil fuels. The exploitation of oil and coal
reserves resulted in a global energy crisis, raising questions about the future energy supply. Besides,
current energy practices emit large amounts of greenhouse gases (GHGs) to the atmosphere, polluting
the air we breathe in and contributing to global warming. As a result, within the last decade, countries
have devoted significant efforts to investigate renewable energy technologies and bioenergy is one of the
examples. Bioenergy is the conversion of biomass resources (i.e. agricultural residues, wastes, sludge) into
useful energy forms through different technologies. Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) are one of the bioenergy
technologies converting the chemical energy in organic wastes into electricity through the biocatalytic
reactions of microorganisms. The fact that energy can be produced via degradation of organic wastes has
been known for a century, but the use of this information to generate energy via MFCs has started to draw
attention recently. MFCs can serve multiple purposes, not solely energy production. The microorganisms
degrade the organic waste while generating electricity and this makes MFCs not only a renewable energy
alternative but a perfect candidate for wastewater and sludge treatment. Especially, considering the energy
consumption of conventional wastewater and sludge treatment systems, MFCs offer a sustainable solution that
supply the energy required while achieving high levels of treatment. In addition to these, MFCs can be used in
sensors, biohydrogen production and bioremediation. However, the technologic and economic problems with
MFCs and their solutions have not been very well understood, limiting their large scale applications. The
purpose of this study is to investigate the energy production and efficiency in MFCs fed with different types
of wastewater sludges. The effect of key operational parameters will be identified and optimized to achieve
high energy conversion efficiencies.
Keywords: Bioenergy, Electricity Generation, Microbial Fuel Cell, Wastewater Sludge, Sludge Stabilization
122
Treatment of anaerobic batch reactor of an automotive industry wastewater: Influence of substrateinoculum ratio and wastewater co-substrate ratio
M.Sarioglu(Cebeci) * 1, Ö.B. Gökçek2
1,
Environmental Engineering, Cumhuriyet University, TÜRKİYE.
*2
Environmental Engineering, Niğde University, TÜRKİYE.
ABSTRACT
A study of the anaerobic treatment of an automotive industry wastewater was conducted at mesophilic
temperature in batch mode. In this study, molasses was used as a co-substrate. The batch experiments were
carried out with sample prepared as 500 ml bottles using a shaker in 35 ◦C temperature conditions. The
concentration of inoculum was prepared to be 5000 mg/l VSS. Substrate-inoculum ratios (SIR) was
determined as 0.5, 0.75, 1.0, and 1.25 and also molasses-waste water ratio was 1/3, 1.00 and 3. All tests were
carried out against controls of inoculum without substrate. Speed of 150 rpm for the sample bottles was
applied and in experiments were examined COD, pH, alkalinity, total solid, volatile fatty acid (VFA) and total
gas analysis.
Keywords: anaerobic batch reactor, ınoculum, substrate, co-substrate ,automotive industry.
Acknowledgment: The authors thank Cumhuriyet University, Scientific Research Project Funding (CUBAP)
for their financial support [Project number: CUBAP M-542].
123
Laboratory Scale Submerged Membrane Bioreactors (SMBR)
for the Treatment of Rural Areas Wastewater
O. Özkan1, M. Oğuz 1, Ö. Özdemir 2, Ş. T. Azgın 1, A. Solmaz 3, İ. Uyanık* 1
1
Department of Environmental Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Erciyes University, TURKEY.
2
Malatya Water and Sewerage Administration, TURKEY.
3
Kayseri Organize Industrial Zone Treatment Plant, TURKEY.
ABSTRACT
Membrane systems have advantages over conventional treatment methods as they are small, easy to
operate and low investment costs. Rural areas like small villages and towns have the capacity of
pollution because their wastewater is not treated in most of the developing countries. Although they
have small volumes of wastewater their potential to pollute water sources are huge. This study
investigated the operation of a lab scale Submerged Membrane Bioreactor (SMBR) treating synthetic
domestic wastewater. We set 2 polyethylene reactors (1 for primary settling, 1 for membrane filtration)
as shown in Figure 1. Effective volume of the SMBR was 600 L and the flowrate was 50 L/h in two
different recycle rates 100% and 200 % in a constant hydraulic retention time of 15 hours (HRT). 140
days of operation of the SMBR reactor was successfully finished in two phases: 90 days of constant
influent COD concentration, (1090 mg/L), and 2 fold of this concentr ation for the rest of the study.
COD removal efficiencies of the reactor were always more than 97,2% which indicated a good removal
efficiency. The removal rates of the SMBR system for Total Nitrogen (TN) was between 60 -70% as the
recycle rate was 100 %. It was increased to 76-84 % when the recycle rate was 200%. This difference
was arise from the increase of the denitrification potential. When the COD of the wastewater were
doubled, there was almost no difference in TN removal rates (between 52 % and 73 %) .
Keywords: Membrane, Removal, Rural areas, Submerged
Acknowledgment: The authors thank Erciyes University, Scientific Research Project Funding (ERU BAP)
for their financial support [Project number: FBA-09-557
124
Effect of Influent COD/TAN Ratio on Carbon and Nitrogen Removal Efficiency and Stability of
Aerobic Granules
Irem Kocaturk, Tuba H Erguder*
Environmental Engineering Department, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, TURKEY
ABSTRACT
Granular sludge is advantageous over the conventional activated sludge due to its high biomass content,
settleability and tolerance for shock loadings. Aerobic granules eliminate the drawbacks of anaerobic granules
such as long start-up period, relatively high operation temperature and inability to remove N. In particular,
aerobic biogranulation is a suitable and up-to-date technology for N removal.
There are many factors affecting the aerobic granulation and treatment efficiency. One of these is the
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) to Total Ammonifiable Nitrogen (TAN) ratio. Relative amounts of N and
COD in the substrate are also known to affect the composition and characteristics of the granules. The aim of
this study was, therefore, set as to determine the optimum influent COD/TAN ratio and concentration range
that provides the maximum TAN and COD removal efficiencies and stable aerobic granules.
Two identical sequencing batch reactors (SBRs) seeded with aerobic granules were operated with varying
COD/TAN ratios (1-30). R1 was operated at increasing COD/TAN ratios (7.5, 10, 20, 30), while R2 was
operated at decreasing COD/TAN ratios (7.5, 5, 3.5, 2, 1). The results indicated that high COD/TAN ratios
(7.5-30) provided high COD removal efficiency (around 92%) and low TAN removal (33%), favoring
heterotrophs that form white, fluffy flocs and large granules. Maintenance of high treatment efficiency and
granular stability is hard due to high growth rate of heterotrophs. On the other hand, low COD/TAN ratios (25) provided high TAN removal efficiency up to 100%, while COD removal was relatively low (60%); leading
to small, dense, orange granules enriched in nitrifiers with slow-growing but stable characteristics. The
optimum COD/TAN ratio in terms of high COD and TAN removal and granular stability was found as 7.5. It
was found out that bacterial population distribution among nitrifiers and heterotrophs can be adjusted by
changing influent COD/TAN ratios.
Keywords: COD/TAN ratio, granulation, nitrification, SBR, simultaneous denitrification
Acknowledgment: The authors thank Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK)
for their financial support [Project number: 111Y176].
125
Monitoring of molecular weight distribution by HPSEC with ultraviolet diode array and refractive
index detectors in biologically treated bakery yeast wastewater
Erhan Gengeç*1, Mehmet Kobya2
1
2
University of Kocaeli, Department of Environmental Protection, 41275, Kartepe, Kocaeli, Turkey
Gebze Institute of Technology, Department of Environmental Engineering, 41400, Gebze, Turkey
ABSTRACT
Treatment of Baker’s yeast wastewater (BYW) is a necessary operation in order to recycle water and to meet
discharge limits for the natural water environment. Effluents generated from Baker’s yeast manufacturing
plants contain numerous organic matters as well as dark brown colored components (melanoidins). Several
treatment processes such as chemical oxidation, adsorption, membrane processes, chemical coagulation,
biological oxidation such as anaerobic-aerobic and electrocoagulation have been used in treatment of the
BYW. Generally, anaerobic – aerobic treatment systems are used for removal of Chemical Oxygen Demand
(COD). However, they are not effective for complete removal of color. The different removal efficiencies of
COD and color intensity show that components causing COD and the color intensity are different from each
other. Therefore, it is important to monitor the molecular weight distributions (MWDs) to understand the
removal mechanism during anaerobic – aerobic stages. In this study, MWDs during anaerobic – aerobic
stages is investigated by High Performance Size Exclusion Chromatography (HPSEC) with ultraviolet diode
array (DAD) and refractive index detectors (RID). The chromatograms results show that there are three main
fractions; high molecular weight components (HMWCs), intermediate molecular weight components
(IMWCs) and low molecular weight components (LMWCs). IMWCs and LMWCs are biodegradable
compounds in BYW. IMWCs have high amount of COD and low color intensity whereas LMWCs have low
amount of COD and high color intensity. On the other hand the HMWCs are hardly biodegradable
compounds which have low amount of COD and high color intensity in BYW. So conventional biological
treatment systems are effective in removing COD from BYW; however, they are not sufficient for the
removal of color. Probably the insufficient color removal in biological treatment systems is due to the
aromaticity of components. The removal mechanism depends on the biodegradation of LMWC and
biotransformation from HMWCs to LMWCs in the biological treatment.
Keywords; Baker’s yeast wastewater, Molecular weight distribution, HPSEC
126
Nickel Removal from Aqueous Solution by Iron Oxide Coated Sepiolite
İ. Kıpçak* and C. Gürakan Akın
Department of Chemical Engineering, Eskişehir Osmangazi University, Eskişehir, TURKEY
ABSTRACT
Industrial wastewater very often contains nickel because it is widely used in a large number of
industries such as electroplating, batteries manufacturing, mining, metal finishing , porcelain enameling
and paint formulations. Nickel and its compounds are carcinogenic and may pose danger to human
health and other life forms. Therefore, the concentration of nickel ions in wastewater should meet the
applicable water quality criteria. Many conventional methods including adsorption, ion exchange,
membrane filtration, flotation and precipitation have been reported in the literature to remove nickel
ions from waste water. Adsorption can be considered as one of the most popular methods due to its low
cost, simplicity of design and high removal efficiency. Iron, aluminum and manganese oxides are
frequently used for coating of adsorbents, because these oxides usually have a large surface area, porous
structure and an abundance of binding site metal ions are easily bound to them.
The aim of this study was to investigate the removal of nickel ions from aqueous solution by adsorption
using iron oxide coated sepiolite. Batch adsorption experiments were conducted using synthetic
aqueous solution of nickel ions and the effects of adsorbent dosage, pH, contact time, initial metal
concentration and temperature were investigated. The kinetics of adsorption has been studied, and
various kinetic models, such as pseudo first order, pseudo second order and intraparticle diffusion
models were tested with experimental data for their validity. The pseudo second order kinetic model
was determined to correlate well to the experimental data. The Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms
were utilized for the analysis of adsorption equilibrium. The Langmuir isotherm model was found to
describe adequately the adsortion process. Maximum Langmuir adsorption capacit y was found as 46.95
mg/g for 25°C. Thermodynamics of the adsorption process has also been studied and the changes in
Gibbs free energy, enthalpy and the entropy have been determined.
Keywords: Adsorption, Iron oxide, Nickel removal, Sepiolite.
127
Effects of operational parameters on the removal of Acid Blue 161 dye from aqueous solutions by
electrocoagulation with aluminum and stainless steel electrodes
Sevde USTUN* 1, Nevzat BEYAZIT2 and Hanife BUYUKGUNGOR 3
1,2,3
Ondokuz Mayis University Environmental Engineering Department, 55200, Samsun,TURKEY.
ABSTRACT
Pollutants such as dyes are harmful to humans and the environment. Therefore, it must be properly
treated so that it does not cause more damage to the environment. Electrocoagulation (EC) is based
on creating metallic ions and hydroxide flocks within the water by electrodissolution of the anode,
usually made of iron or aluminum. The resulting metal ions and hydroxides have the ability to break
emulsions and colloidal solution and to remove metal ions and organic pollutants, such as dyes by
adsorption.
The aim of this study is to investigate removal of Acid Blue 161 of 100 mg/L (color index number:
15706; anhydrated molecular weight: 1353.2; molecular formula: C 20H13N2O5SNaCr x; dye content:
45%; a commercial mono-azo dye, Sigma-Aldrich catalog number A4770) from synthetic solution by
EC in a batch mode using aluminum (Al) and stainless steel (SS) electrodes. For this aim, effects of
operating parameters such as electrocoagulation time (5-100 min), initial pH (3-9), current density (50150 A/m2), presence of NaCl as electrolyte (500-2000 mg/L) on the removal efficiencies and electrical
energy consumptions have been investigated.
For EC experiments, a rectangular Plexiglas reactor with dimensions of 9x9x8.5 cm was used.
Aluminum and stainless steel electrodes were used as anode and cathode, respectively. The electrodes
(grade 304 with 4.35 cm width x 5.70 cm length x 0.3 cm thickness) were placed in the reactor in
monopolar parallel mode and vertical position, and connected to a direct current power source. In ea ch
stage of the experiment, 2 anode and 2 cathode electrodes with 94.64 cm 2 total active anode surface
area were used. The distance between the anode and cathode were set to 9 mm. In order to determine
the changes in dye concentrations in the EC cell, 6 ml samples taken periodically from the EC reactor
were filtered through a micro-porous membrane filter with 0.45 µm pores, then dye concentrations
remaining in aqueous solutions were measured colorimetrically using a spectrophotometer.
Keywords: Acid Blue 161, Aluminum and Stainless Steel Electrodes, Electrocoagulation
128
EVALUTION OF NON-CATALYTIC WET AIR OXIDATION VARIABLES FOR REMOVAL OF
ORGONOPHOSPHROUS PESTICIDE MALATHION USING BOX-BEHNKEN
M. Isgoren*1, E. Gengec2 , S. Veli3
1,2
University of Kocaeli, Department of Environmental Protection,41275 Izmit, Kocaeli,Turkey
e-mail: [email protected], [email protected]
3
Department of Environmental Engineering, University of Kocaeli, 41380 Izmit, Kocaeli, Turkey
e-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
This paper deals with finding optimum reaction conditions for wet air oxidation (WAO) of malathion aqueous
solution (organo phosphorous pesticide) by Box-Behnken. Malathion is an insecticide widely used in
agricultural areas and observable in environmental samples and food chain. They are reported to be genotoxic
and endocrine disrupter that entail infertility. Treatment of malathion with different techniques are subjected
to many researches such as fotocatalytic and radiolytic degradation, nanofiltration, photo-fenton oxidation
etc. Efficiency of WAO process is based upon the proportion of dissolved oxygen in the aqueous media at
different reaction conditions. The reaction conditions; temperature (60-120 0C), pressure of the system (20-40
bar), pH value of solution (3-7) and reaction time (0-120 min), were chosen as independent parameters in
this study. The interactions of parameters were evaluated by Box-Behnken, and the quadratic model fitted
well with the experimental data (29 runs). R2 correlation coefficients (>95%) for the removal efficiencies
showed a high significance of the model. 600ml hestelloy reactor filled with 400 ml of synthetic wastewater
(20ppm malathion) and then the heater was opened and awaited until the internal temperature of the reactor
reach to the desired level. After that, the reactor was filled by dry air allowing to reach the reaction pressure
value that was determined before. This point was the beginning of the reaction. Malathion concentrations
were determined by HPLC (UV detector; 202 nm, C18 column; 1 mL/min of flow rate). And also, toxicity
tests were performed according to the BiotoxTM flash method based on the bioluminescent response of
Vibrio fischeri bacteria, which is probably the most widely applied bacterial test. The completely removal
efficiencies were obtained at pH of 3, 120 min, 20 bar and 120 0C. The toxicity results show that the WAO is
an important alternative for treatment of toxic materials.
Keywords: wet air oxidation, pesticide, malathion, optimization, Box-Behnken.
Acknowledgment: The authors thank Kocaeli University, Scientific Research Project Funding (KOUBAP)
for their financial support [Project number: 2013-073].
129
Partial Nitrification of Domestic Wastewater under Oxygen Limited Conditions
Bilge ALPASLAN KOCAMEMİ 1*, Esra ÇİÇEK 2
1, *
Environmental Engineering Department, Engineering Faculty, Marmara University, Istanbul Turkey
2,
Environmental Engineering Department, Engineering Faculty, Marmara University, Istanbul Turkey
ABSTRACT
Recently developed novel biological nitrogen removal processes (e.g., Anammox, Canon, Oland) seem
attractive alternatives to the conventional nitrification-denitrification process considering their potential for
minimization of oxygen and external carbon consumption in nitrogen removal. One of the main limitation in
the application of these processes is partial nitrification requirement as preliminary treatment. However, in
case of low ammonium containing wastewaters (e.g., domestic wastewater) it is very difficult to maintain
stable partial nitrification under normal operating conditions. The possibility of achieving partial nitrification
by modifying the dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration (i.e., aeration patterns) seems to be an attractive
solution considering energy consumption in air supply accounts for a high percentage of the total energy
consumption in wastewater treatment systems.
In the present study, partial nitrification of domestic wastewater was studied under limited DO conditions.
The effect of the DO level on ammonium oxidation and nitrite accumulation were investigated in the long
term through 365-days continuous-flow experiments in a suspended-growth sequential batch reactor (SBR)
and a submerged packed bed biofilm reactor. The results showed that in both systems limited DO conditions
caused ammonium and nitrite accumulation. In the SBR system, ammonium and nitrite accumulations were
initially observed upon decrease of DO from 1 to 0.54 mg/L, whereas in the biofilm system they were initially
observed upon decrease of DO from 3.64 mg/L to 1.21 mg/L. In both systems, nitrite accumulation and
ammonium accumulation occurred in parallel with each other, indicating that free ammonia concentration
partially effective on nitrite accumulation. In the biofilm system limited DO conditions caused higher nitrite
accumulation than in the SBR system and higher nitrite accumulation/ammonium accumulation ratio was
observed with respect to the SBR system. In the biofilm system, the stable ammonium and nitrite
accumulations observed under limited DOconditions exhibited changes in the long term due to increasing
population of bacteria in the system.
Keywords: Activated sludge, biological treatment, nitritification, partial nitrification, wastewater
Acknowledgment: The financial support of this study by the Scientific and Technological Research Council
of Turkey (TÜBİTAK) (1001-107Y117) is gratefully acknowledged.
130
TETRACYCLİNE REMOVAL VİA WASTE TURKISH COFFEE
Chemical Engineering (ICOCEE), Cappadocia 2015
Mehtap Erşan1,FerideDüğenci 2and Ülker Aslı Güler 3
1, 2
Cumhuriyet University, Faculty of Engineering,Chemical Engineering Department, 58140, Sivas , Turkey
Cumhuriyet University, Faculty of Engineering,Environmental Engineering Department, 58140, Sivas ,
Turkey
(E-mail:[email protected],[email protected])
3
ABSTRACT
Antibiotics are substances of widespread use, frequently detected in natural surface water. They are excreted
via urine and feces. Hence, substantial quantities of antibiotics are detected in wastewaters from hospitals,
residential, aquaculture, as well as waste from drug production facilities. Effluents containing antibiotics are
of concern as there is potential to promote or maintain bacterial resistance and disrupt key cycles/processes
critical to aquatic ecology or crop and animal production. Tetracyline is a wide spectrum antibiotic. In this
study the removal of tetracycline (TC) from aqueous environment by organic waste material, Turkish coffee,
was studied in a batch system. The experimental parameters (pH, Cinitial, time (min), temperature, ionic
strength) that affect the sorption of TC were optimized to achieve maximum removal yield. Coffee plant is a
genus of the family Rubiaceae. Coffee contains a lot of caffeine. Caffeine has an impact inhaler andit is good
for asthma patients. The stimulating effect has improves concentration. Therefore, quite a lot is consumed
and the waste Turkish coffee reusable for removal tetracycline can lead cheap adsorbent usage. The
Freundlich and Langmuir adsorption isotherms were conducted to deduce the mechanism of the tetracycline
removal process. The kinetics of TC adsorption was moderately fast and almost reached equilibrium in 150
min. The assessment results were obtained with the Freundlich isotherm. It was observed consistent with
Langmuir (R2 = 0.9 551). Examining the adsorption kinetics ΔH, ΔS and ΔG values were calculated. NaCl
was used to investigate the effect of ionic strength on the adsorption efficiency. The ionic strength was
observed to reduce the efficiency of adsorption. The results show that waste Turkish coffee can use removal
antibiotics, tetracycline.
Keywords:Waste Turkish coffee, tetracycline, adsorption, waste water, thermodynamic parameters.
131
Adsorption of Basic Yellow 2 from aqueous solutions onto Montmorillonite
Onur Sözüdoğru1 , Baybars Ali Fil2, Recep Boncukcuoğlu3, Erdinç Aladağ*4, Sinan Kul5
1, 3, 5
Ataturk University, Department of Environmental Engineering, Turkey
2
Balikesir University, Department of Environmental Engineering, Turkey
4
Yüzüncü Yıl University, Department of Environmental Engineering, Turkey
corresponding author: Erdinç Aladağ
corresponding author e-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
The removal of Basic Yellow 2 (BY2), a cationic dye, from aqueous solution by using montmorillonite as
adsorbent was studied in batch experiments. Basic Yellow 2 (BY2) is generally used in textile mills, paper
mills,
leather
and
carpet
production.
Basic
Yellow
2
(BY2),
Auramine,
(4,4’dimethylaminobenzophenonimide), and its hydrochloride salt are used in the coloring of paper, textiles and
leather; and also as food dye. The effect of agitation speed, adsorbent dosage and initial dye concentration on
the removal of BY2 was also investigated. Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin isotherms were applied to fit
the adsorption data of BY2 dye. Equilibrium data were well described by the typical Langmuir adsorption
isotherm. The maximum monolayer adsorption capacity was calculated as 434.196 mg·g -1 from the Langmuir
isotherm model. The adsorption data was fitted to both the pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, Elovich
and intra-particle kinetic models and calculated values of amount adsorbed at equilibrium (qe) by pseudosecond-order equations were found to be in good agreement with the experimental values.
Keywords: Adsorption; kinetic; isotherm; Montmorillonite
132
Investigation of Nitrate Treatment Potential of Tea Waste
Ayla Bilgin* 1,
1
Artvin Çoruh Üniversitesi, Mühendislik Fakültesi, Çevre Mühendisliği Bölümü
([email protected])
ABSTRACT,
Tea plants are commonly grown in the Eastern Black Sea/Turkey. Tea plants are s produce about 30.000
t/year in the Eastern Black Sea region/Turkey. Tea plants wastes are generally used as a fuel in the tea
production process. However, some small tea factory deposits them in depository area or occasionly
discharge in small bay in the Black Sea. In this study, tea waste was taken from tea factory. Studies were
conducted in batch reactors. Removal studies was made initial concentration 50 mg/L nitrate with 1,2,3,4,5
gram tea waste and pH=3,6,9. The contact time was kept constant for 1 hour. Chemicals were used as NaNO 3
(Merck). pH adjustment are made with H 2SO4/NaOH. As a result of work; Nitrate is desorbed from tea
waste acidic conditions at pH=3. Desoprtion rate varies according to tea waste amount. The rate of
desorption is for 1g tea waste 2%, 2g tea waste %6 and 3 gr tea waste %14. However, the desorption rate
decreases in the nitrate alkaline conditions (pH=9). The rate of desorption at pH=9 is for 1g tea waste 0%, 2g
tea waste %4, 3 and 4 gr tea waste %4 and 5 gr tea waste % 0. This study show that tea waste is not
removal nitrate.
Keywords: Nitrate, tea waste, water pollution
133
Preparation of the Poly (styrene) Based Quaternary Chloroacetamide Modified Sorbent for
Removal of Phenol
E.Yavuz*, F.Bildik and B.F. Şenkal
Department of Chemistry, Istanbul Technical University, Turkey.
ABSTRACT
Phenols are generally considered to be one of the most important organic pollutants discharged into the
environment causing unpleasant taste and odor of drinking wáter. Among several methods used in wastewater
treatment, adsorption is a convenient and effective technique to remove low concentrations of chemicals from
water. Various adsorbents such as zeolites, polymeric sorbents, carbon nanotubes and clay have been
investigated for the removal of phenol and phenolic pollutants from wastewater.
In this study crosslinked copolymer beads were prepared by suspension polymerization of 4-vinylbenzyl
chloride (VBC) and ethyleneglycole dimethacrylate (EGDMA) mixtures as a sorbent. The resulting
copolymer beads with quaternary amide functions were prepared in two steps: (1) modification of N,Ndimethylethylenediamine (DMEA) with PVBC and (2) quaternization of (PVBC-DMEA ) resin with
chloroacetamide (PVBC-DMEA-CAM). The phenol sorption capacity was around 0.22 g phenol / g resin in
non-buffered conditions.
The adsorption conditions (initial phenol concentration and pH) were varied to evaluate the mechanism of
adsorption of phenol on the prepared resin. This resin is also able to remove phenol completely even from
highly diluted aqueous phenol solutions.
Keywords: Adsorption, phenol removal, polymeric beads.
134
Transport of heavy metals through the supported liquid membrane
B. T. Gemici* 1., S. Altin 2
1
Department of Environmental Engineering, Bartın University, TURKEY.
2
Department of Environmental Engineering, Bülent Ecevit University, TURKEY.
ABSTRACT
Supported liquid membrane process has been developed to transport heavy metals such as Ag(I), Co(II) and
Cr(III) from various resources. The supported liquid membrane is soaked with the solution of a specific
extractant which facilitates the transfer of permeate from the feed to stripping solution in organic diluent. In
this paper the use of different extractants to transport Ag(I), Co(II) and Cr(III) in SLM has been discussed.
The recent literature data published in last 8 years showed that the special extractants were used for each
metal and in some cases two extractant mixture used such as the mixture DP8R and Acorga M5640 for
transport of Cobalt. Also for these metals, various parameters such as carrier concentration, initial metal
concentration, the stirring speed in the feed and stripping phases and flow rates effect transport of heavy
metals directly. Thus the effect of these parameters have been seperately discussed for each metal in detail.
Keywords: Supported liquid membrane, extractant, Silver (I), Cobalt (II), Chromium (III)
135
Adsorption of heavy metals from aqueous solution by non-modified clinoptilolite in fixed-bed
system
Magdalena Balintova* 1 and Marian Holub 2
1, 2
Institute of Environmental Engineering, Civil Engineering Faculty, Technical University of Kosice,
SLOVAKIA
ABSTRACT
The mining activities represent considerable negative effect to the country. According to stringent effluent
discharge regulations it is necessary to look into innovative technologies to remove considerable amount of
effluent rather than discharging into surface water. Effluents from mines containing large amount of pollutants
(heavy metals, sulphates) give rise to aesthetic unpleasantness as well as adverse effects on fauna, flora or
human beings. To prevent or minimize the negative impacts of contaminated effluent, cheap and effective
methods have to be applied. Sorption onto natural materials represents high efficient, low cost and easily
useable process. High degree of modifiability and regenerability of the sorbents predetermines their
utilization in various conditions and different setups.
The present study is aimed at evaluating the adsorption behaviour of natural zeolite (clinoptilolite) in order to
determine its applicability for heavy metals removal from model sulphuric acid solutions (pH 4) with the aim
of AMD treatment in the real condition. For the purpose of determination of pollutants removal efficiencies
using zeolite, adsorption experiments in fixed-bed column system were carried out.
Keywords: heavy metals, sorption, zeolite, column.
Acknowledgment: This work has been supported by the Slovak Grant Agency for Science (Grant No.
1/0563/15).
136
Cluster analysis of water quality in Water Reservoir Ruzin I., Slovakia
Eva Singovszka* 1 and Magdalena Balintova 2
1, 2
Technical University of Kosice, Civil engineering faculty, Institute of environmental engineering,
SLOVAKIA.
ABSTRACT
Water quality monitoring has one of the highest priorities in environmental protection policy. The main
objectives are to control and minimise the incidence of pollutant-oriented problems, and to provide water of
appropriate quality to serve various purposes such as drinking water supply, irrigation water, etc. Multivariate
statistical methods including cluster analysis have been used successfully in hydrochemistry for many years.
Surface water, groundwater quality assessment and environmental research employing multi-component
techniques are well described in the literature. Multivariate statistical approaches allow deriving hidden
information from the data set about the possible influences of the environment on water quality. Cluster
analysis attempts to explain the correlations between the observations in terms of the underlying clusters,
which are not directly observable.
In the present study, cluster analysis is applied to physico-chemical parameters of Water Reservoir Ruzin I.,
Slovakia, with the aim to classify and summarize data as well as segmentation of large heterogeneous data
sets into smaller homogeneous subsets that can be easily managed, separately modelled and analysed. Twelve
parameters (pH, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Al, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, Pb and SO 42-) were measured. This paper illustrates the
usefulness of using statistical techniques in analysing environmental data for better understanding of the
behaviour of different parameters.
Keywords: acid mine drainage, cluster analysis, heavy metals.
Acknowledgment: This work has been supported by the Slovak Grant Agency for Science (Grant No.
1/0563/15).
137
Decolorization of Brillant Blue R Contaminated Solutions by Chitosan-Eggshell Modified
Products
İlknur Tosun Satır* 1and Buket Bulut Kocabaş 2
1, 2
Chemistry Department, Hitit University, Turkey
ABSTRACT
Dyes and pigments are gradually being used in many industrial applications such as textile, paper,
cosmetics, plastics, food etc. The removal of dyes that are toxic, mutagenic and carcinogenic, from
contaminated effluents, is a major environmental problem due to the difficulty in treating such
wastewaters by conventional treatment methods. The practical applications of this conventional
treatment processes are sometimes restricted because of technical and/or economical draw back.
Adsorption technology has emerged as promising alternative method with the advantages of low -cost,
greater profitability, easy of operation and greater efficiency.
In this study, batch adsorption study was carried out using chitosan-eggshell modified products for the
removal of Brillant Blue R (BBR) dye from aqueous solutions. Adsorption conditions were examined
with respect to initial pH, adsorbent amount, contact time, initial dye concentration, ionic strength
effect. The results showed that the highest BBR adsorption capacity was found at pH 2 and the
equilibrium time was 40 min. with adsorbent concentration of 2.0 g L-1. Adsorption process was better
described by the pseudo-first-order kinetic and Freundlich isotherm models. All results found
concluded that chitosan-eggsell modified products could be effectively employed as an effective new
low cost adsorbent for the removal of BBR textile dyes from aqueous solutions.
Keywords: Adsorption, Dye, Modification, Eggshell, Chitosan.
138
The Role of Water in Recycling the Physicochemical Treatment Sludge As Concrete Admixture
Merve Sogancioglua, Ulku Sultan Keskinb, Esra Yela
a
Selcuk University, Department of Environmental Engineering, Konya, Turkey
b
Selcuk University, Department of Civil Engineering, Konya/Turkey
([email protected])
ABSTRACT
In this study, the andesite processing wastewater physico-chemical treatment sludge was directly used as
concrete admixture either in dried powder form or in suspension form (liquid sludge). The dried and liquid
sludges, obtained with alum, sepiolite and FeCl3 coagulants, were used as concrete admixture (250 kg/m3
cement dosage) at different cement replacement ratios. The effects of the presence and absence of extra water
coming with the liquid admixture on the concrete consistency and compressive strength were also
investigated. The significance of the differences between compressive strengths of the samples at warying
admixture conditions were statistically analyzed by one-way ANOVA. Admixture sludges produced with
alum resulted in the highest compressive strength, followed by the FeCl 3 and sepiolite. All the concretes with
these PCS admixtures can be characterized as medium-strength concretes according to resultant compressive
strengths. There are two advantages of utilizing the sludge in liquid form. First, the drying cost in terms of
time, energy, area, effort requirement could be saved. Second, the quantity water to be used in the mixture
could be reduced since some of the required water will directly come from liquid admixture.
Keywords: Admixture, concrete, consistency, compressive strength, excess water.
Acknowledgment: The authors thank Selcuk University, Scientific Research Project Funding (SU BAP) for
their financial support [Project number: 11101008].
139
Removal of Oil-Grease from Dairy Industry Wastewater Using an Adsorbent Obtained from Waste
Material
Nihan Canan İskendera , Merve Sogancioglua Esra Yela, Naciye Yilmazb,
a
Selcuk University Environmental Engineering Department, Konya, Turkey
b
Konya Seker Company, Konya, Turkey
ABSTRACT
Industrial milk processing wastewater contains high concentrations of oil-grease, organic carbon and
nutrients that lead to eutrophication and deterioration of aquatic ecosystems. Direct discharge of these
wastewaters into the environment will have considerable adverse effects.
Municipal solid wastes (MSW) have increasing quantity, dependingly disposal problem and cost. About 35%
by weight of MSW by weight is paper and paper products that a potential new material source for recycle.
In this study, waste newspapers were converted into adsorbent (WNA), with citric acid modification and
performence of this material in oil-grease adsorption from dairy industry wastewater was invastigated. Batch
adsorption experiments were carried out in batch reactors under continuous stirring at 200 rpm and of 40-70
0
C. The WNA obtained with waste newspaper was used at between 1920 mg/L-15385 mg/L dosage. The oil
concentration of wastewater samples were 10000-25000 mg/L. Maximum adsorbent capacity of 2500 mg/g
was achieved. Ultimate, oil adsorption performence of WNA were 96.7% and 85.2% for initial oil-grease
concentrations of 10000 and 25000 mg/L. Isotherm studies indicated that oil adsorption by these WNA
adsorbents can be characterized by Freundlich model for optimum temperature (50°C). The adsorption
sludge was dried and its utilization as alternative energy resource was evaluated.
Keywords: Adsorption, dairy wastewater, waste newspaper.
Acknowledgment: The authors thank TUBITAK for their financial support within the scope of 2241B-2014
projects.
140
Reduction of Nitrate by Combined Ultrasound and Zero-valent Magnesium under pH Uncontrolled
Conditions
Onder Ayyildiz1*, Burcu Ileri1, and Omer Apaydin2
Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Environmental Engineering,
Çanakkale, TURKEY
1
2
Yildiz Technical University, Faculty of Civil, Department of Environmental Engineering, Istanbul,
TURKEY
ABSTRACT
Zero-valent magnesium (ZVMg) was activated by ultrasound (US) in an aim to promote its potential use in
water treatment. Nitrate reduction was studied at batch conditions without controlling pH and using various
doses of magnesium powder ranging from 1.25 to 10 g/L, ultrasound powers of 25–100 watts, and
frequencies of 20–1144 kHz. Ultrasound alone did not appear to be effective in reducing nitrate, in that the
initial nitrate concentration remained almost constant throughout the treatment. Zero-valent magnesium itself
was not also effective for nitrate reduction providing only 10% removal after 60 min even at the highest dose
of magnesium powder (10 g/L) used. However, a combined use of US and ZVMg involved synergistic effects
in which the nitrate reduction by the combined method increased significantly beyond the additive effect of
individual treatments. For example, the sum of percent nitrate removal by individual US and ZVMg
treatments was less than 15%, but more than 90% reduction was attained by the combined method. The rate
of nitrate reduction by US/ZVMg enhanced with increasing ultrasonic power and magnesium dose, but
decreased with increasing acoustic frequency. Nitrogen gas (N2), nitrite (NO2-), and ammonia (NH3) were
detected as the major denitrification by-products. The proportion of nitrogen gas to the total amount of
denitrification by-products increased with increasing ultrasonic power and magnesium dose. The synergistic
effect of combined ultrasound and zero-valent magnesium treatment has been attributed to the surface
cleaning effect of ultrasonic mechanical forces. SEM-EDS results revealed that the surface oxide level
decreased significantly when the samples of ZVMg particles were exposed to high intense acoustic waves.
The surface passivation of magnesium particles was successfully minimized by mechanical forces of
ultrasound, which in turn paved the way to sustain the catalyst activity toward nitrate reduction.
Keywords: ultrasound, zero-valent magnesium, nitrate, denitrification, pH
141
Degradation of Synthetic Textile Dyes using Fungal Bioreactor and Photocatalytic Reactor
E.Ü. Deveci 1*, N. Dizge 2, H.C. Yatmaz 3, Y.Aytepe 4
1
Environmental Engineering Department, Engineering Faculty, Nigde University, TURKEY
2
Environmental Engineering Department, Engineering Faculty, Mersin University, TURKEY
3
Environmental Engineering Department, Gebze Technical University, Gebze, Kocaeli, TURKEY (E-mail:
[email protected])
4
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Science, Niğde University, TURKEY
ABSTRACT
The ligninolytic white-rot fungi are capable of breaking phenolic components of lignin and lignin
derivatives. They have been extremely used for biodecolourisation of textile effluents and conventional
dyes.
Especially bacteria and fungi, have gained great attention for the treatment of effluents from textile
industry. The present study was conducted using a white rot fungus, namely Phanerochaete
chrysosporium, for the decolorization of Reactive Red 180 and Acid Red 88 dye. The decolourisation of
these two dyes was investigated for using innovative hybrid process of fungal membrane bioreactor and
photocatalytic membrane reactors. Photocatalytic oxidation was conducted with semiconductor catalysts
(ZnO and TiO2) under UVA irradiation.
Hybrid design of fungal membrane bioreactor and photocatalytic processes was performed sequentially.
Initially the fungal membrane bioreactor was conducted and optimum pH value was found as 4.5 for
Phanerochaete chrysosporium. Applying photocatalysis after fungal membrane process improved the COD
degradation efficiency values and it reached 98% and 96% for Reactive Red 180 and Acid Red 88,
respectively. However, color removal values after degradation were 99.9% for both dyes.
Keywords: Photocatalytic fungal membrane bioreactor (PFMBR), Acid Red 88, Reactive Red 180, ZnO,
TiO2, UVA, Phanerochaete chrysosporium
Acknowledgment: The authors thank The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey
(TUBITAK) for their financial support [Project number: 113Y334].
142
Batch and Column Removal of Textile Dye from Aqueous Solution using Activated Carbon
Prepared from Olive Stone
Ö.Gerçel 1*and H.F. Gerçel 2
1
Environmental Engineering Department, Anadolu University, 26555, TURKEY.
2
Chemical Engineering Department, Anadolu University, 26555, TURKEY.
ABSTRACT
The present research deals with the production of activated carbon by chemical activation using olive
stones and its adsorption behavior. Olive stone was chemically activated using potassium carbonate.
Carbonization was performed under inert atmosphere to avoid oxidation of the carbonaceous material
with air. The prepared activated carbon was used for the adsorption of textile dye from aqueous
solution. Burderm Orange II was used as textile dye. In the batch and continuously adsorption study, granular
activated carbon prepared from olive stone is chosen as an adsorbent to understand the adsorption of dye
from aqueous system. Although batch adsorption studies provide useful information on the application of
adsorption to the removal of dye, continuous column studies provide the most practical application of this
process in wastewater treatment. In batch studies, the effects of initial pH, adsorption time and initial
concentration on Burderm Orange II adsorption onto olive stone based activated carbon. The adsorption
equilibrium parameters were determined from the Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherm equations.
The experimental equilibrium data were found to be well represented by the Langmuir adsorption isotherm
model. The calculated adsorption capacity for Burderm Orange II onto activated carbon was 500 mg/g at 25
o
C. The result of this study indicated the feasibility of fixed- bed adsorber for removing Burderm Orange II
from aqueous solution.
Keywords: Activated carbon, Adsorption, Chemical activation, Dye removal, Olive stone
143
Adsorption of Remazol Blue RN from Aqueous Solutions Using Activated Carbon Prepared from
Black Cumin Residue
U.Selengil* 1, H.Demiral2
1, 2
ABSTRACT
Activated carbon is an effective adsorbent for the separation and removal of unwanted matters from industrial
effluents. Agricultural wastes are very important starting materials for preparing activated carbon. Activated
carbons can be produced basically by two methods: physical activation or chemical activation. Chemical
activation is known as a single step method of preparation of activated carbon in the presence of chemical
agents which are normally alkali and alkaline earth metal containing substances and some acid such as KOH,
K2CO3, NaOH, Na2CO3, ZnCl2 and H3PO4. In this study, activated carbons were prepared from black cumin
residue by chemical activation and the prepared activated carbons were used to remove dyestuff (Remazol
Blue RN) from aqueous solutions. Chemical activation of black cumin residue was carried out using H 3PO4.
H3PO4 were dissolved in water then impregnated into the black cumin residue with the ratios of 1:1 and 3:1.
The impregnation ratio was calculated as the ratio of the weight of H 3PO4 in solution to the weight of the
used waste. Chemical impregnated residue was carbonized in a vertical furnace at 500 and 600 oC under the
nitrogen flow of 100 ml/min. Samples were held at the final temperature for 60 min. The resultant activated
carbons were washed with distilled water.
The N2 adsorption–desorption isotherms of the activated carbons were measured using an automatic
adsorption instrument at 77 K (Quantachrome, Autosorb 1C) in order to determine the surface areas, pore
volumes and pore size distribution. The maximum specific surface area of the activated carbon was about
1168 m2/g at 500 oC and at an impregnation ratio of 3:1.
The resulting activated carbon was used for removal of Remazol Blue RN from aqueous solution. The effects
of pH, initial concentration and contact time were investigated. Isotherm studies were carried out and the data
were analyzed by Langmuir and Freundlich equations. Langmuir equation was found to fit the equilibrium
data for Remazol Blue RN adsorption.
Keywords: Activated carbon, Adsorption, Black Cumin, Remazol Blue RN
144
Removal of natural organic matter by hydrogen peroxide in the presence of iron -coated pumice
particles
Alper Alver*, Mihrican Karaarslan and Ahmet Kılıç
Aksaray University, Engineering Faculty, Department of Environmental Engineering, Aksaray, TURKEY
ABSTRACT
Over the past 10–20 years the amount of the natural organic matter (NOM) has been increased in raw
water supplies on several areas. The presence of NOM causes many problems in drinking water
treatment processes, including: (i) negative effect on water quality by colour, taste and odor problems,
(ii) increased coagulant and disinfectant dose requirements (which in turn results increased sludge and
potential harmful disinfection by-product formation), (iii) promoted biological growth in distribution
system, and (iv) increased levels of complexed heavy metals and adsorbed organic pollutants.
In this study, removal of natural organic matter from water was investigated by catalytic oxidation
process which is an advanced oxidation process. Removal of THM precursors which is formed by the
reaction of natural organic matters with chloride, was performed with the hydroxyl radicals that is
produced in catalytic oxidation process.
The studies were carried out in three sections. In the first section, decomposition of hydrogen peroxide
in pure water with the catalysis of iron coated pumice, in the second section decomposition of hydrogen
peroxide in the humic acid medium with the catalysis of iron coated pumice, in the third section
removal of humic acid by hydrogen peroxide with the catalysis of iron coated pumice. Removal of
humic acid and total organic carbon content in water, and the variation of formation pot entials of THM
was followed. At the end of this study it was observed that the decompositi on of hydrogen peroxide in
the pure water and in the humic acid medium with the catalysis of iron coated pumice.
Keywords: Catalytic oxidation process, Fenton-like process, Iron-coated pumice, Natural organic matter,
Trihalomethane.
Acknowledgment: We thank the Environmental Engineering Department of Aksaray University for
providing laboratory equipment of the work described in this paper.
145
Removal Process of Chloroform in Treatment Wetlands: From Mass Balance to Microbial
Analysis
Yi Chen* 1, Jan Vymazal 1
1
Department of Landscape Ecology, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences
Prague,16521, Czech Republic.
ABSTRACT
Chloroform is one of the common disinfection byproducts, which is not susceptible to degradation and
poses great health concern. In this study, the chloroform removal efficiencies and contributions of
sorption, microbial degradation, plant uptake, and volatilization were evaluated in six model
constructed wetlands (CWs). The highest chloroform removal efficiency was achieved in litter -added
CWs (99%), followed by planted (46%–54%) and unplanted CWs (39%). Mass balance study revealed
that sorption (73.5%–81.2%) and microbial degradation (17.6%–26.2%) were the main chloroform
removal processes in litter-added CWs, and that sorption (53.6%–66.1%) and plant uptake (25.3%–
36.2%) were the primary contributors to chloroform removal in planted CWs. Around 60% of
chloroform got accumulated in the roots after plant uptake, and both transpiration and gas -phase
transport were expected to be the drivers for the plant uptake. Sulfate-reducing bacteria and
methanogenetic microorganisms were found to be the key microorganisms for chloroform
biodegradation through co-metabolic dechlorination, and positive correlations were observed between
functional genes (dsrA, mcrA) and biodegradation rates. Overall, this study suggests that wetland is an
efficient ecosystem for sustainable chloroform removal, and that plant and litter can enhance the
removal performance through root uptake and microbial degradation stimulation, re spectively.
Keywords: Constructed wetlands; Plant biomass; Chloroform; Mass balance; Cometabolism.
Acknowledgment: This work was financially supported by the National Science Foundation of China
(51378372), the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (20113139) and Czech University
of Life Sciences and ESF & MEYS (CZ.1.07/2.3.00/30.0040).
146
The effect of mixing time on rate for ammonium removal from waters by emulsion liquid
membrane technique
İsmail Şimşek* and Levent Altaş
ABSTRACT
The present study deals with the removal of ammonium from aqueous solutions by using the emulsion liquid
membranes (ELM) technique. ELM treatment process represents an efficient advanced separation technique
for the removal of ammonium from fertilizer and other industrial wastewaters, which contains high
ammonium. Mixing rate and time are also important parameters for ammonium removal due to interaction
between amonium and emulsion globules.
The components to prepare emulsion are mineral oil and toluene as solvent, span 80 as surfactant and H2SO4
as an internal reagent. In experimental study for ammonium removal, effect of mixing time and rate were
investigated. The optimum mixing rate was found 250 rpm at samples which are taken different time
intervals. It was observed that 72 % removal efficiency occurred at these conditions. In addition, shortness of
retention time presents an advantage rather than other treatment methods.
Keywords: Ammonium, Emulsion Liquid Membran, Mixing Rate
Acknowledgment: This study was supported by 2013-37 numbered project of Aksaray University Scientific
Research Project Department
147
EFFECTS OF WINEMAKING PRACTICES ON THE CHARACTERISTICS OF WASTEWATER
ORIGINATED FROM WINERIES
Kemal ŞEN*1 and Feyza KIROĞLU ZORLUGENÇ2
1, 2
Nevsehir Haci Bektas Veli University, Engineering Architecture Faculty, Department of Food
Engineering, Nevsehir 50300, Turkey
ABSTRACT
As long as it is not occured with an accurate engineering approach, winemaking industry produces high
volume of wastewater which threatens the environment. As the number of wineries is increased in the last
decade in Turkey, the adverse environmental effects of wastewater are deepened. Winemaking process
includes entire steps from harvesting to bottling. It is important to have comprehensive knowledge of
winemaking process to generate solutions for wastewater issue stemming from wineries. There are different
production practices in many wineries which produces wastewater with different characteristics. Taking into
account all of these, detailed characterization for every individual winery to manage wastewater has a great
importance. However, popularizing winemaking practices which decreases wastewater volume in order to
reduce work load of treatment systems and increase the effectiveness of solutions would be the primary step
to resolve this problem. For this reason, it is important that production engineers and environmental engineers
cooperate effectively in wineries. In this study, there have been made a general assessment by making a
compilation of the studies regarding the effects of winemaking practices on wastewater composition and
decreasing the volume of wastewater produced from wine industry.
Key Words: winemaking processes, process wastewater, characteristics of wastewater
148
Monitoring of Antibiotics in Urban Wastewater in Tekirdag City: a comparison with predicted
environmental concentrations
Gamze Varol Saraçoğlu 1, Can Burak Özkal 2, Selcen Göçmez
Koruyucu 4, Süreyya Meriç *2
1
3,
Füsun Ekmekyapar 2, Aslihan
2
Faculty of Medicine, Public Health Division, Namık Kemal Univesity, Tekirdağ, Turkey; Çorlu Engineering
3
Faculty, Environmental Eng. Depart., Namık Kemal University, Çorlu Tekirdağ, Turkey; Faculty of Medicine,
4
Pharmacology Department, Namık Kemal Univesity, Tekirdağ, Turkey; Çorlu Engineering Faculty, Textile
Eng. Depart., Namık Kemal University, Çorlu, Tekirdağ, Turkey (*E-mail: [email protected])
ABSTRACT
Antibiotics as the most common consumed group of pharmaceuticals, have been demonstrated to be
present in the effluent of urban wastewater treatment plants since they are not either adsorbable on
activated sludge or hardly biodegradable. There has also been evidence that antibiotics can promote the
resistance of certain bacteria versus specific for antibiotic groups. Monitoring of pharmaceuticals, in
particular, antibiotics have widely become emerging in the scientific literature during recent years while
there are a few studies yet in Turkey for the survey of pharmaceuticals in urban wastewaters. This study
attempts to determine spatial distribution of antibiotics in urban wastewater containing a major
component of the effluents of hospitals within the project NKUBAP.00.20.BAP.13.08. Grab raw sewage
samples were collected from 5 points through the main collector system in Tekirdağ city in June 2014
during morning hours (10:00-12:00 am). Antibiotics (Erithromycin (ERY), Clarithromycin (CLAR),
Levofloxacin (LVF), Ampicillin (AMP)) (Sigma Aldrich) were measured in the NKU Center Laboratory
(NABİLTEM) using LC-MS/MS (AB SCIEX, 300 QTRAP, USA) according to well described scientific
literature. MEC of antibiotics were defined with a high linearity approval (>99 %) and a very good ion
independency (80-95%) yielding high recoveries (>85%). Measured environmental concentrations (MEC)
were compared with predicted environmental concentrations (PEC) defined by European Medicine
Agency (EMEA) model, to assess the accuracy of sampling and sample handling procedures. Antibiotics
consumption data derived from main two hospitals and central pharmacies were used to predict
environmental concentrations after convertion to defined daily doses (DDD) value as described elsewhere.
MEC results were found at g/L levels in accordance with the PEC values. These concentrations were noted
to be suspected to antibiotic resistance. MEC values of antibiotics were defined versus sampling points as
from 0 to 55,5 g/L of ERY, 0 to 9.5 g/L of CLAR, 0 to 0.4 g/L of AMP which were varied significantly
among sampling points except LVF (2,6-2.7 g/L). The fluctuation of MECs were explained due to the
dilutions on basis of flow rates from sewage collecting areas.
Keywords: Antibiotics, Antibiotic resistance, LC-MS/MS, MEC, PEC, Urban Wastewater.
149
Energy and pH Dependency Optimization of Degradation, Mineralization and Detoxification of
Ampicilline by Photocatalysis
Can Burak Ozkal * 1, Aslihan Koruyucu 2, Sureyya Meric
1,
1
2
Envrionmental Engineering, Namık Kemal University, Faculty of Engineering, Tekirdag, Turkey; Textile
Engineering, Namık Kemal University, Faculty of Engineering, Tekirdag, Turkey (E-mail: [email protected],
ABSTRACT
Recent advances on safe re-use of treated wastewater effluents are globally progressing and legislations
and regulations are being updated accordingly. Since most of antibiotics have been demonstrated to be
low degradable in biological treatment systems, advanced oxidation processes (AOPs, particularly solar
photocatalytic (PC) oxidation) have gained an essential attraction to oxidize them. Between suspended
(SS) and immobilized photocatalysis processes, thin film (TF) has been reported being far less
competitive with SS since a relatively smaller total surface area is available for the adsorption of
organics which cause a reduced oxidation potential than. Unit ratio between quantities of catalyst and
compound is important for providing a larger surface area for the adsorption as well as the higher
potency of pairing of electrons to produce hydroxyl radicals for a higher oxidation effciency.
This study attempts to optimize suspended PC oxidation using TiO 2 of two initial concentrations (50
and 100 mg/L) of ampicilline (AMP) by means of energy dependency and pH influence to system
efficiency that was followed by degradation and mineralizaton rates as well as toxicity. The PC
experiments were performed under varying energy levels but a final value of 49,4 W/m 2 of UV-A
irradiation at 315-400 nm wavelength in heterogenous conditions to maintain most efficient total
degradation (UV- vis Lamda 1800, Schimadzu, Japan), mineralization (TOC, 6KVA model, Schimadzu,
Japan) as well as oxidation by-products (LC-MS/MS, AB SCIEX, 300 QTRAP, USA). Daphnia magna
acute toxicity test was performed according to ISO 6341 method using 24 h new born daphnids for 24
and 48 h exposure times.
Toxicity results and increasing TOC removal (30 to 60 min) for both initial AMP concentratio ns using
0.5 g/L TiO 2 indicated that simultaneous mineralization and degradation are essential to assure safe
effluent with reduced and stabilized toxicity. As a key factor affecting the oxidation efficiency, ratio of
TiO2/AMP was higher for the 50 mg/L AMP oxidation. That ratio was assumed to promote increased
formation of by-products while surface sites were assessed to be mostly occupied by parent compounds
rather than degradation by-products for the oxidation of 100 mg/L AMP.
Keywords: AOPs, ampicilline, Daphnia magna, photocatalysis, TiO2
Acknowledgment: This research was funded by Namik Kemal University (NKU.BAP.00.17.AR.13.13).
150
Anion Selectivity of Sepiolite and its Surface Active Agents-Modified Forms
S. Dikmen* 1, H. Bircan2 and G. Yılmaz 3
1
2
3
Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Anadolu University, TURKEY.
([email protected])
Physics Department, Faculty of Arts and Science, Dumlupınar University, TURKEY.
([email protected])
Physics Department, Department of Constructions Division, Program in Building Inspection, Anadolu
University, TURKEY.
([email protected])
ABSTRACT
In this research, firstly the a natural clay mineral, which is sepiolite, was transformed into Na-sepiolite forms
and then Na-sepiolite were modified by hexadecyltrimethylammonium (HDTMA) bromide
[CH3(CH2)15N(CH3)3Br]. The effect of adsorban dosage, contact time and pH on the adsorption of HDTMABr onto Na-sepiolite surface was modified in order to produce organo-sepiolite (HDTMA-sepiolite). The
characterization studies by using different methods (BET, XRF, XRD, SEM, FT-IR, TG/DTA, immersion
heat and zeta potential measurement) were also carried out to identify the modification of natural sepiolite
with HDTMA-Br and its adsorption behavior. Then, the adsorption of hazardous anions, which are present in
wastewater or underground water with HDTMA-sepiolite were investigated in batch technique. In this
manner, the effects of adsorban dosage, contact time and pH were investigated for the adsorption of nitrate,
sulphate and phosphate onto HDTMA-sepiolite. Anion concentrations were determined by ion
chromatography of the solutions. Adsorption kinetic and isotherm parameters were deduced by using
experimental data. Pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order and Weber-Morris models and Langmuir and
Freundlich isotherms were applied to the experimental data to obtain adsorption kinetics and adsorption
equilibrium, respectively. According to this, the adsorption of phosphate data fit well with the pseudo-second
order kinetic model (with high correlation coefficients)
Keywords: Adsorption; Anion; HDTMA-sepiolite; Isotherm; Kinetic; Sepiolite
Acknowledgment: The authors thank Anadolu University, Scientific Research Project Funding (AU BAP)
for their financial support [Project number: 1001F58].
151
Optimization of electrocoagulation process to treat young landfill leachate using response surface
methodology
Aygun Ahmet 1, Nas Bilgehan 2, Berktay Ali 3
1
Department of Environmental Engineering, Bursa Technical University, TURKEY
2
Department of Environmental Engineering, Selcuk University, TURKEY
3
Department of Civil Engineering, Usak University, TURKEY
ABSTRACT
In the present study, Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was employed to investigate the effects of
different operating conditions such as initial pH, applied electric current and electrolysis time on the removal
of COD by the Electrocoagulation Process (EP) with iron and aluminum electrodes. Experiments were
performed according to the Central Composite Design (CCD) experimental plan. A three factor-five coded
level CCD consisting of 17 experimental runs was performed including three replicates at the center points.
The statistical analysis of the results showed that the operating parameters had a significant effect on COD
removal efficiency. The model adequacy was checked and confirmed using ANOVA method. The RSM
results indicated that the fitted model could be appropriate to predict COD removal efficiency. Proposed
models to estimate the COD removal efficiency was independent of the electrode materials and modified
quadratic model was found to be suitable. The optimum conditions for COD removal (52.7 %) were
established as 2.6 A applied electric current, initial pH of 8.58 and 45 min electrolysis time for Al electrodes.
When using iron electrodes lower COD removal efficiency (46.5%) was achieved. At the optimum
conditions, the operating costs for Al and Fe electrodes in terms of €/m3 were 3.08 and 3.98, respectively.
From economic point of view, aluminum electrode is clearly preferable. A preliminary economic study shows
that electrocoagulation may be competitive with current treatment technologies.
Keywords: Electrocoagulation; Landfill; Leachate; Operating Cost; Response Surface Methodology (RSM)
152
Adsorption of Cationic Dye (Methylene Blue) from aqueous solution by eggshells
Z. Hattab*1, Y. Berredjem1, R. Mazouz1, N. Filali1 and K. Guerfi1.
1
Laboratoire de Traitement des Eaux et Valorisation des Déchets Industriels, Département de Chimie, Faculté
des Sciences, Université Badji-Mokhtar, Annaba 23000, Algérie.
(E-mail: [email protected] [email protected], [email protected],
[email protected] )
2
Centre Universitaire de Souk_Ahras 41000. Algérie
ABSTRACT
The adsorption of methylene blue by the eggshells was performed in static conditions. The study of the
influence of parameters (contact time, stirring speed, pH, initial concentration and temperature), were used to
determine the contact time which is equal to 10 minutes with a good removal efficiency for Initial substrate
concentration of 20 ppm. The equilibrium adsorbate / adsorbent were well described by the kinetic model of
pseudo-first order and the Freundlich adsorption model. The kinetic data led us to calculate some
thermodynamic parameters (ΔH0, ΔS ° and ΔG0) that inform us about the nature of the conservation process.
The negative value of ΔH° shows that the adsorption reaction is exothermic. The free energy Δ.G° is positive,
indicating that the adsorption process of methylene blue on eggshells is not that imply a spontaneous chemical
adsorption. The eggshells adsorbs better especially stirring speed = 50 rev / min, T = 25 °C and pH = 6.9 to
7.2.
Keywords: adsorption; dye; eggshells; isotherm; kinetic model.
153
AnExploitation Evaluation OfPimuce Stone For Water And Wastewater Treatment Use
DenizİzlenÇifçi1*, Mustafa Yıldırım1, BülentBirden 2, SüreyyaMeriç 1
1
Department of Environmental Engineering, Çorlu Engineering Faculty,Namık Kemal University, Çorlu
59860- Tekirdağ, TURKEY(E-mail:[email protected]; smericnku.edu.tr
2
SOYLU Group Raw Materials, İzmir, Turkey ([email protected])
ABSTRACT
Pumice
is
a
porousand
amorphous
material
which
mainly
consists
of
SiO2,havinglargesurfaceareaandskeletonstructure,
whichcontainsopenchannelsfollowingwaterandionstotravelintoandout
of
thecrystalstructure.It
is
formedwhenvolcanicgasesexsolvingfromviscous
magma
nucleatebubbles,
whichcannotreadilydecouplefromtheviscous magma priortochillingtoglass. It is a commonproduct of
explosiveeruptions (plinianandignimbrite-forming) andcommonlyformszones in upperparts of siliciclavas.
Pumice has an averageporosity of 90%, andinitiallyfloats on water. Pumice surface ends with OH groups and
oxygen bridges, which would perform as adsorption spots. In adsorption methods, it is vital to identify the
features of these various adsorption spots or sites and gain a better understanding of their role in the
adsorption process. Its surface principally comprises oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, halogen, etc.
Pumice is a valuablescouring, scrubbing, andpolishingmaterialboth in powdered form and as pumicestone.It
has been traditionally used in the construction industry and bio-medicine. Besides traditional applications,
pumice has been also investigated in the field of water, wastewater and air treatment.
The present study aimed to revise the use of pimuce stone for the treatment of water and wastewater. An
essential revision of the scientific publications showed that most of the number of scientific publications
from 1995 to 2014 deal with the construction materials and treatment use. Among 137 papers in the field of
water and wastewater treatment for the removal of cadmium, dyes, color, the catalytic degradation of pchloronitrobenzene in the presence of ozone, phenol and 4-chlorophenol, water softening and so on, a 50%
was dedicated on adsoption process while a 27% was used in biological treatment as a carrier media. Besides,
a 20% was used as filtration media. During recent years there have been some studies on intgerating pumice
with advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) too (15%). The use of pimuce in AOPs is expected to atract more
scientists, in particular, integration with nanotechnology which will be evealuated in this study in detail.
Keywords:Adsorption, micro materials, Pimuce stone, nanotechnology,water and wastewater treatment
154
Organic pollutants in the groundwaters used for irrigation purpose within a coal-bearing basin of
northern Greece
Andreas Iordanidis 1*, Jan Schwarzbauer 2 and Konstantinos Gudulas 1
1
Department of Geotechnology and Environmental Engineering, Technological Educational Institute (TEI)
of Western Macedonia, Kila, 50100 Kozani, GREECE
2
Institute of Geology and Geochemistry of Petroleum and Coal, RWTH Aachen University, Lochnerstrasse
4-20, 52056 Aachen, GERMANY
ABSTRACT
The aim of this study is to identify potential toxic or environmentally relevant organic compounds in the aquifers
of the Amynteo hydrogeological basin and to investigate a possible link of the identified organic contaminants
with the Pliocene Amynteo lignites. For these purposes ten groundwater samples were collected from this area.
A sequential liquid-liquid extraction procedure was applied to approximately 1000 mL aliquots of the
groundwater samples using dichloromethane as extractant. All extracts were analysed by Gas Chromatography
(GC) and Gas-Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) by means of a non-target screening approach. The
results of the GC-MS analyses of the extracts are presented and discussed in this work. The identified organic
compounds with a potential environmental relevance are: 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol diisobutyrate (TXIB),
triacetine, isopropyl palminate, isopropyl myristate, tributyl-, triethyl- and trioctylphosphates, N,N-dibutyl
formamide, methyl dihydrojasmonate, nonylphenols and bumetrizole. However, all these organic micropollutants can derive either by anthropogenic emissions (plasticizers, industrial pollutants, pesticides etc.) or by
contaminations from the pump and the borehole structure itself. Noteworthy, coal derived organic molecules
(such as anthracene, fluorene, pyrene, phenanthrene etc.) have not been detected. Hence, an influence of coal
deposits to the groundwater quality is considered negligible.
Keywords: Amynteo, GC-MS, liquid-liquid extraction, organics
155
Methicillin-Resistant Surface Water Isolates Monitored by mecA-Specific DNA Probes
E. Seyedmonir* 1, F.Yilmaz 2 and B. Icgen 3
1,3
2,3
Department of Biochemistry, Middle East Technical University, TURKEY
ABSTRACT
Staphylococcus aureus strains resistant to methicillin (MRSA) are a major cause of nosocomial infections
worldwide. Resistance to methicillin is caused by the mecA gene, which encodes the low-affinity penicillinbinding protein PB2A. The mecA gene is part of a 40- to 60-kb staphylococcal chromosome cassette
SCCmec, a mobile genetic element that may also contain genetic structures such as Tn554, pUB110, and
pT181, which encode resistance to non-β-lactam antibiotics. Although the origins of the mecA gene are
unknown, mecA homologues with high similarity are also ubiquitous in the methicillin-resistant surface water
isolates other than staphylococci. Our previous studies also revealed that the transfer of mecA from
staphylococcal to non-staphylococcal might frequently occur in surface water isolates. These findings make
the mecA gene a biomarker molecule for the monitoring of methicillin-resistant isolates. Therefore, this study
aimed at monitoring of mecA harboring surface water isolates by using mecA-specific DNA probes. For that
purpose, water samples collected from a river during the period of a year was monitored with mecA-specfic
DNA probe through in situ fluorescent hybridization technique and image-analyzed microscopy. The
oligonucleotide probe targeting mecA was labelled with fluorescein isothiocyanate at the 5’ end and was used
to calibrate the optimal hybridization stringency for mecA harboring isolate. Strong linear relationships
between the signal intensity and the target mecA gene was also observed (R2 = 0.91). Our results indicated
that the mecA-specific DNA probe might be a potential analytical tool in selecting and in situ monitoring of
methicillin resistant isolates in surface waters.
Key words: MRSA, mecA, mecA probe, methicillin resistant, surface waters
financial support through a 1001 project. [Project No.113Z198].
156
Numerical Modelling and Monitoring of Coastal Water Quality
Kağan CEBE*1 and Prof. Dr. Lale BALAS*2
1
PhD Student at Civil Engineering Department, Engineering Faculty, Gazi University, Ankara.
2
Civil Engineering Department, Engineering Faculty, Gazi University, Ankara.
ABSTRACT
In this study, water quality parameters have been modeled in enclosed coastal waters of inner Fethiye
Bay by HYDROTAM-3D. The model simulations are compared with the site measurements.
HYDROTAM-3D is a three-dimensional (3-D) baroclinic numerical model developed to simulate the water
quality parameters as well as the hydrodynamic and transport mechanisms in coastal waters. The model
predictions have been calibrated and tested by several field and laboratory measurements since 20 years.
HYDROTAM-3D has been applied successfully to the bays along the Turkish coastline like Bay of Fethiye,
İzmir, Marmaris, Bodrum, Mersin, İskenderun, İzmit, Antalya, Cardiff, Gökova and Göksu Lagoon and
Ölüdeniz Lagoon. The water quality component of HYDROTAM -3D is based on a marine ecological
submodel, aiming to simulate an idealized marine ecosystem. By using the gene ral conservation
equations the nitrogen, phosphorus and the oxygen cycles have been simulated in the ecological
submodel as well as the dominant aquatic life forms, namely phytoplankton, zooplankton and the
pelagic bacteria.
In this study, the physical and chemical parameters at -0,5m and -10m water depth (e.g. temperature,
salinity, density, pH, concentration of dissolved oxygen DO, nitrite NO2 -, nitrate NO3-, turbidity,
alkalinity and total dissolved solid TDS) are monitored by monthly field and laboratory measurements
for 6 months in Fethiye Bay. The measurements for nitrite, nitrate and dissolved oxygen concentrations
have been compared with the simulations of the water quality model. Measurements will be evaluated
in accordance with the Surface Water Quality Management Regulation (2012) of Turkey.
Keywords: water quality, ecological model, phytoplankton, zooplankton, pelagic bacteria
Acknowledgement: This study is supported by DLTM Software Technologies Industry and Trade Co.Ltd.
157
Assessment of the cations and anions concentration distribution in underground potable waters, pH
solution analysis subject to the temperature and content of technogenic sodium chloride.
Z. Maymekov1, D. Sambaeva2, J. Izakov3, A. Isaev4, J. Sydykov5
Kyrgyzstan Turkey Manas University, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan ([email protected]);
2,5
Institute of Mining and Mining Technologies KGTU, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan ([email protected])
1,3,4,
ABSTRACT
Research and evaluation of salts’ technogenic influence on concentrated scattering of charged particles
(cations and anions) in underground potable waters, as well as effects on the environments are vital from the
perspective of environmental and economic value now days, since the chlorides of alkaline and alkaline earth
metals are widely used in various fields of human activities. For instance, dry salts are used often for the
snow and ice melting on the roads in Kyrgyzstan in a winter time aiming to ensure a higher efficiency of the
frost gritting. However, those salts are imbibed by water and then diffuse in environment while water
evaporates in the air gradually. In this case the chloride salts concentration in the components of the
environment varies from 10-15 ppm to 130 -140 ppm.
In this work, formation of the physico-chemical model implemented by the search of potential phases in
equilibrium, dependent components and composition of the independent components of the system while
minimizing the isobaric-isothermal potential.
As a result of the research, for the first time is drawn up chemical matrix of groundwater according to the
data of 235 wells (in moles): Na (0.00179), Ca (0.00107), Mg (0.00055), C (0.00251), Cl (0.00068), S
(0.00085), N (0.00016), K (0.00006), H (111.02), O (55.52) and based on them performed simulations with a
minimum Gibbs energy.
Model takes into account the average chemical composition of groundwater and determined following pH
and Eh of solution, water pH changed from 7.48 to 7.94, an average pH of 7.74. This implies, that the pH
value of underground drinking water according to the data of 235 wells slightly alkaline (pH =7.74),
apparently due to the fact that the water contains low concentrations of salt CaMg(CO3)2 (1.15e-04 mol) и
KNO3 (4.53e-05 mol).
In this work the concentration distribution of charged particles in an aqueous solution was found that can be
used as the initial parameters for assessing the concentrations of cations and anions in water in the case of
potential changes caused by the techno genic impact to the environment.
There was studied content of technogenic sodium chloride in underground water model and based on them
were obtained working formula to express evaluation of solution pH and the concentration of chloride ion in
different waters: рН=29,17 ССl-0,44 (in the case of increasing the concentration of chloride ion in water,
mg/l); рН=8,49 CCl -0,015 (in the case of decreasing the concentration of chloride ion in water, mg/l).
Keywords: Anion, Cation, Sodium Chloride, pH value, Underground Water.
158
Monitoring of Seasonal and Spatial Variations in Marine Water Quality at the Mid-Black Sea Coast of
Turkey
I. Senturk*, S. Ustun, M. Oztel, H. Ozkaynak, E. Akcam, E. Gecer, F. Akbal,
Buyukgungor
G. Bakan, H.
Ondokuz Mayis University, Engineering Faculty, Environmental Engineering Department, Samsun,
TURKEY.
(E-mail: [email protected]*, [email protected], [email protected],
[email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected],
ABSTRACT
The aim of this study was to investigate the seasonal and spatial variations in marine water quality at the
Mid-Black Sea coast (Sinop, Samsun, Ordu) of Turkey. Marine water samples were collected from 39
stations at 3 different distances from the coast (500 m,
3 miles and 20 miles) during the winter (January),
spring (April), autumn (November) and summer (July) seasons between 2013 and 2014.
In this study, water quality data of several physical and chemical parameters for samples of shore, near-shore
and off-shore stations along the mid-Black sea coast of Turkey were analyzed. Phenol, methylene blue active
substances (MBAS), ammonium (NH4+-N) and nitrate-nitrogen (NO3--N) concentrations of the samples were
measured with proper analytical kits using a PG-T70 UV/VIS spectrophotometer. Dissolved oxygen (DO),
pH, temperature, total dissolved solids (TDS), electrical conductivity (EC), salinity and, redox potential (Eh)
were measured on site using a field multi-probe (Consort C535). Nutrients (NH4+-N and NO3--N), dissolved
salts (EC, TDS and, salinity), physical parameters (pH, Eh, DO and temperature) were the most important
parameters in contribution to seawater quality variations. Results would provide useful technical supports for
coastal pollution controls and environmental management works.
When the results are evaluated in terms of marine water general quality criteria’s given in the water pollution
control regulations of Turkey, it is seen that phenol concentration exceed 0,001 mg/L limit value. However,
pH and DO values are usually convenient. Phenol concentrations in collected marine water samples is
exceeded standard value (0,005 mg/L) required to provide of the coastal and marine waters used for
recreational purposes.
The highest concentrations of MBAS may be mainly due to domestic wastewater discharges. The highest
concentrations of phenol were found which may be attributed to the industrial wastewater discharges. The
result showed that contamination of coastal waters occurred mainly from domestic and industrial wastewater
discharges and agricultural runoff.
Keywords: Black Sea, Marine water quality, Monitoring, Physicochemical parameters.
159
Spatial Variation and Heavy Metal Concentration in Sediments of Bued Rive r: A Preliminary
Assessment of a River nearby Small-Scale Mining Sites in the Philippines
Christian R. Orozco* 1, Reygie Q. Macasieb 2, Ben Joseph M. Tapales3 and Augustus C.
Resurreccion 4
1, 2, 3, 4
Institute of Civil Engineering, University of the Philippines Diliman, PHILIPPINES
ABSTRACT
Water bodies nearby mining sites like the Bued river are especially at risk of heavy metal contamination. In
this study, preliminary assessment of Bued river in the Philippines was carried out by assessing heavy metal
concentration in its river sediments. Bed sediment samples were obtained along ten sampling locations from
upstream to downstream of Bued river. Concentrations of Hg, Pb and As in sediment samples were
determined in the laboratory using cold vapor atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), flame AAS and
hydride generation AAS respectively. Physico-chemical characteristics of sediment samples such as specific
gravity, particle size distribution and pH were determined and correlated with the measured heavy metal
concentrations. Strong correlation (r = 0.859; p<0.01) was observed between As and Pb which may be
indicative of common sources for these two metals. Unlike As and Pb, mercury is found to be loosely
correlated with the particle size. Significantly higher concentrations of Hg, Pb and As were observed in areas
near mining operations. Maximum measured values of Pb (2646.24 mg/kg) and As (30.47 mg/kg) in
sediments exceeded that of the toxic effects threshold of the Canada sediment quality guidelines while
maximum Hg (0.373 mg/kg) measurement exceeded that of the minimal effects threshold. This indicates that
heavy metals in Bued River may pose low to medium risk to the environment.
Keywords: Assessment, Bued river, Contamination, Heavy metal, Mining
Acknowledgment: The authors thank the Department of Science and Technology (DOST) of the Philippine
government for funding this study through the project Mineral Extraction with Responsibility and
Sustainability (MinERS) B: Modeling of Fate and Transport of Heavy Metals in Surface Water From Source
at Mining Site to Downstream Receiving Water
160
Evaluation of Uncertainty for Trace Elements Measurement in Drinking Water with ICP-MS
Ozlem TUNC DEDE, Asst. Prof. Dr.
Environmental Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Giresun University, TURKEY
ABSTRACT
The estimation of uncertainty in the analytical measurements is a critical part of any quantitative analysis and
it indicates the confidence of the produced results in the laboratories. It is also requirement of ISO/IEC
17025:2005 standard which is generally using as a guide for the accreditation of the laboratories. This study
covers the evaluation of measurement uncertainty related with the analysis of eight trace elements (Pb, Zn, Cr,
Mn, Cu, Cd, Hg and As) in drinking water by using Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICPMS) technique. Certified high purity standards were used for the preparation of the calibration solutions. All
measurements were carried out according to EPA 200.8 method. The EURACHEM guide for quantifying
uncertainty in analytical measurement was the main reference material for the estimation of uncertainty.
Uncertainty evaluation involved three steps. First, uncertainty components (purity of calibration standards,
volume, precision, recovery and calibration curve) were identified. In the second step, components were
assembled to get total uncertainty. The last step involved the calculation of expanded uncertainties by using
coverage factor of two (for an approximate level of confidence of 95%). The expanded uncertainties for eight
trace elements were between ±0.6 and ±0.1 µg/L. Calibration curve and recovery are the major contributions
to the measurement uncertainty.
Keywords: Uncertainty, analytical measurement, ICP-MS, drinking water.
Acknowledgement: The experimental part of this study has been conducted by the author during her
professional working life in General Directorate of State Hydraulic Works (DSI), The Technical
Research&Quality Control Department, Chemistry Laboratory (Turkey). The author would like to thank to
those who contributed to laboratory analysis in DSI Laboratories.
161
Eastern Black Sea Region Of Domestic Water Capacity: The Case Of Artvin
Beste Yalçın Çelik1, Kazım Onur Demirarslan*2
1
2
ABSTRACT
Water resources consist of the total of superficial resources such as a lake or river in a basin, a region or in a
country and the underground water resources. Humans satisfy their water needs from superficial waters and
underground water resources. The usable water potential of Turkey is 110 billion m3. Of this potential, 16% is
used as drinking and tap water, 72% is used in agricultural watering, and 12% is used in industry.
The mean annual superficial water amount in eastern Black Sea Region is 25,741 million m3, and this equals
with 13% of that of entire country. This indicates that eastern Black Sea cities are rich for superficial waters.
Despite that eastern Black Sea region is the region receiving the most precipitation, due to its excessively
sloping topography and volcanic character of its geologic structure, it is one of the poorest regions of our
country in terms of resource and underground water potential. Since topographical and geological structure
properties of southern part of eastern Black Sea region are different from that of northern part, this part is
richer for resource and underground water even though it receives less precipitation. Due to high calcium
carbonate content of geological units in southern part of Eastern Black Sea region and their aquifer character,
the amount of resource and underground water is higher. Artvin city is located in easternmost point of Eastern
Black Sea region. Its mean annual superficial water amount is 6.799 million m3, and it is the highest value
among the eastern Black Sea region cities. The reason of this is River Çoruh constituting 88% of mean
annual superficial water. Artvin city’s superficial water potential is 6,799.40 hm3/year. The largest river in the
city is River Çoruh, and its mean flow rate is 154 m3/sec. This corresponds with averagely 5.9 billion m3 flow
annually. Total securely withdraw able underground water potential of the city is 25 million m 3/year. Total
water potential of the city is 6.83 billion m3’tür. Artvin is a city having a water potential higher than Turkey’s
average.
In this study, by revealing the water potential of Artvin city, the regulations and investments required for
evaluating this potential in best way are discussed.
Keywords: Artvin, Eastern Black Sea, Water Potential
162
Assessing the mobility and bioavailability of metals in an aquatic environment
Gunnar Jacks* 1, Xhume Kumanova 2 and Gjovalin Leka 2
1
Div. of Land and Water Resources Engineering, KTH, SE-100 44 Stockholm, SWEDEN.
2
Albanian Geological Survey, Rruga e Kavajes 153, Tirana, ALBANIA
ABSTRACT
Metals released and transported in streams, rivers and lakes may be transported as suspended, colloidal and
more or less dissolved. Assessing the fractions of metals will give measures of mobility and bioavailability.
There are experimental methods like filtration, ultrafiltration and dialysis. These methods can be
complemented by speciation through geochemical modelling with PHREEQC and MINTEQ.
This study has used filtration and dialysis in a river in Albania and in some streams in northern Sweden. The
rivers Fani and Mati in northern Albania host large amounts of waste from mining and metallurgy in their
catchments. The concerns in this connection is biotoxicity in the river itself, risk of spreading heavy metals
into a large coastal aquifer (Kumanova et al. 2014) and uptake of heavy metals in blue mussels offshore. By
analysing unfiltered, filtered (0.2 m), and dialysed (10 and 1 kDa pore size) in the river water is has been
found that close to point sources, a large portion of notably copper is present in suspended form, thus less
mobile and bioavailable. More mobile were zinc and nickel. The levels of the heavy metal decreased rapidly
downstream point sources mirroring rapid settling of the suspended and colloidal fractions. Sequential
extraction of river sediments indicates that chromium and nickel are abundant in silicate minerals, olivine and
spinel, from the ophiolitic host rock of the ores. This is also evident from sequential extractions on sediments
offshore the Drin and Mati rivers at the Adriatic coast (Rivaro et al. 2007).Total elemental analysis of
sediments do overestimate the risk of notably chromium and nickel pollution. The study indicates that the
bioavailability of the metals is low. Arsenic is high in sediments close to point sources but the ferric
oxyhydroxides provide a very efficient sink for the arsenic at oxidising conditions (Jacks et al. 2013)
Provision of sedimentation dams close to the point sources would decrease the transport which is likely to
occur to a larger extent only during high flow occasions. An important factor in deceasing the mobility and
bioavailability is the good buffering in the river water provided by carbonate rocks and not least the ophiolitic
rocks that dominate the bedrock in the catchment.
References
Jacks G, et al. (2013) Appl. Geochem. 35:35-43.
Kumanova Xh, et al. (2014) Hydrogeol. J. 22:883-892.
Rivaro P, et al. (2007) Toxicol. & Environ. Chem. 87(4)481-498.
163
Numerical Prediction of the Efficacy of Treated Wastewater Recharge to Impede Seawater Intrusion
in the Coastal Aquifer of Gaza- Palestine
Hasan Sirhan*1, Manfred Koch1 and Khalid Qahman2
1,2
Authors’ Department of Geohydraulics and Engineering Hydrology, Institute of Geotechnology and
Geohydraulics, Kassel University, Germany.
2
Author’s Department of Water Resources, Gaza University, Palestine.
ABSTRACT
The ongoing depletion of the coastal aquifer in the Gaza Strip due to overexploitation has led to the process
of seawater intrusion, which has continually becoming a serious problem in Gaza over recent decades, as the
seawater has invaded deeply inland at many sections along the coastal shoreline.
In this context, prediction of the future behavior of the seawater intrusion process in the Gaza aquifer is thus
of crucial importance to safeguard the already scarce groundwater resources in the region. To that avail, the
coupled three-dimensional density-dependent groundwater flow and solute transport SEAWAT- model, as
implemented in Visual MODFLOW, is applied to the Gaza coastal aquifer system to simulate the location
and the dynamics of the saltwater–freshwater interface in the aquifer between the periods 2000-2010. After
successful calibration of the solute transport model, various future groundwater management scenarios for
the Gaza aquifer are studied.
In the first, pessimistic scenario, it is assumed that pumping from the Gazaaquifer continues to increase in the
near future to meet the rising water demands, and there is not further recharge to the aquifer than what is
provided by natural precipitation. The second, optimistic scenario assumes that treated surficial wastewater
can be used as a source of additional, artificial recharge to the aquifer which, in principle, could revert even
some of the adverse present-day conditions in the aquifer (i.e. seawater intrusion). This scenario has been
simulated using three distinct variants of the artificial recharge implementation that differ by the way of
injection and located across the Gaza strip.
The results obtained with the first (do-nothing) scenario indicate that there will ongoing negative impacts on
the aquifer, which induced the propensity for strong seawater intrusion into the aquifer, where the amount of
saltwater intrusion into the aquifer coastal part increases by about 35 %, meanwhile the saltwater-polluted
(salinity) will be increased by 34 %.In contrast, all three cases of the second (artificial recharge) scenario
group can partly revert the present seawater intrusion, as the artificial recharge option reduces the amount of
water entering the aquifer by seawater intrusion by 81 %, 77 and 72 %, for the three recharge cases,
respectively. Meanwhile, the saltwater-polluted (salinity) reduces by 15%, 32% and 26% for the three cases,
respectively.
Finally, one may note that the results of the various artificial recharge scenarios indicate that there is some
success of aquifer recovery, as the presently existing saltwater intrusion is partly been reverted by the end of
simulation period in year 2040.
Keywords: Gaza aquifer, seawater intrusion, SEAWAT, recharge.
164
The knowledge of the residents from the blackfoot disease (BFD) area conce rning the health risk
of arsenic (As) pollution
Ming-Chao Lin*1, Jen-Chun Ou2, Ting-You Liu2 , Bo-Sen Huang2 and Ying-Tai Hsu3
1
General Education Center, Nanhua University, TAIWAN.
2
Department of Environmental Biology and Fisheries Science, National Taiwan Ocean University,
TAIWAN.
(E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected])
3
Department of Ethnology, National ChengChi University, TAIWAN.
ABSTRACT
Arsenic (As) has been well documented as a carcinogen. A significant exposure-response between As
concentration and blackfoot disease (BFD) has been reported. Blackfoot disease, first observed in the
1930s and peaking in the 1950s, is correlated with the consumption of groundwater by local inhabitants
living in the coastal area, southwestern Taiwan. Nowadays most of the people living in this area do not
use groundwater as potable water, but the groundwater is still used for aquaculture. The groundwater cultured fish from this area have been evidenced contaminated with As. Ingestion of As-contaminated
fish could result in As accumulation in inhabitants and lead to adverse health effects; h owever, if the
residents from the BFD area realize this risk remains unknown until now. In this study, questionnaire
was conducted to interview 102 residents from the BFD area. The resulting data show that the residents
from the BDF area have lack of the knowledge concerning BDF and As contamination. There are 74%
of the residents from the BDF area do not know that BFD is caused by As; 72% of the residents have
never even heard of As. More environmental education concerning As pollution and the risk in human
health needs to be undertaken.
Keywords: Arsenic (As); Blackfoot disease (BFD); Environmental education; Groundwater; Water Pollution
Acknowledgment: This work was financially supported by the National Science Council (NSC) of Republic
of China [Project number: NSC101-2511-S-343-002]. The earlier draft of this manuscript benefited from the
comments of Mr. Rudolf Regout.
165
Determination of Diyarbakır Basalt Aquifer Water Quality parameters and obtain thematic maps
with using GIS technique
Recep ÇELİK* 1
1,
Authors’ Asst. Proff. Dr. Dicle University Engineering Faculty.
Civil Engineering Department, Diyarbakır/TURKEY.
ABSTRACT
In this study, groundwater quality and water features of Diyarbakır urban basalt aquifer which contains
Bağlar, Kayapınar, Sur and Yenişehir residential areas, aimed to determine. At this location, water wells
opened for drinking water as well as irrigation water is used in the agricultural field. Therefore in the study
area which opened in water samples taken from water wells were examined. It was reformed in the field,
water samples were taken from the predrilled water wells. Water wells in the same coordinates are determined
by Garmin etrex 30 handheld Gps system. Chemical analysis of water samples taken in the laboratory was
made. Some of the wells water’s pH, EC, and TDS features were acquired by Portable Hanna HI 98125
PH/EC/TDS/0C meter device at the field.
At this study, basalt aquifer features are considered and water quality and water chemical properties
determined in Diyarbakır City centre. PH, EC, TDS values of the water samples taken on site as well those
water chemical analyses measured in the laboratory. Then they were modelled by using ARC INFO GIS
programme and Geostatistical analyst extension tool. At the end of this process, thematic map of Diyarbakır’s
basalt aquifer PH, EC, TDS were produced.
Keywords: Groundwater, GIS, Water Quality, Diyarbakır City Center
Acknowledgment: The authors thank Dicle University, Scientific Research Project Funding (DUBAP) for
their financial support [Project number: MYO 147].
166
Occurence and Precursors of Haloacetonitriles in Drinking Water –A Review
Cihan OZGUR* 1, and S. Sule KAPLAN BEKAROGLU* 2
1
Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Suleyman Demirel,
TURKEY.
2
Water Institute, University of Suleyman Demirel, TURKEY.
ABSTRACT
Over the last 30 years, many academic studies, more than 700 disinfection by-products (DBPs) have been
identified in drinking waters. However, only a small fraction of those DBPs are currently regulated.
Trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloaceticacids (HAAs) are two major groups of DBPs commonly found in
chlorinated water. Characteristic functional group is nitrogen for nitrogenous DBPs (N -DBPs) such as
haloacetonitriles (HANs), cyanogen halides (CH), and halonitromethanes (HNMs). (N-DBPs) have been
reported to be much more cytotoxic and genotoxic than the regulated THMs and HAAs. HANs are an
unregulated class of N-DBPs. HANs are a group of emerging halogenated N-DBPs that can be formed as byproducts from the reactions between chlorine, chloramines or bromine disinfectants and organic nitrogen
present in source water. From previous studies, specific HANs were determined including bromoacetonitrile
(BAN),
chloroacetonitrile
(CAN),
dibromoacetonitrile
(DBAN),
dichloroacetonitrile
(DCAN),trichloroacetonitrile (TCAN), and bromochloroacetonitrile (BCAN). Although the total HANs
levels in finished drinking water are about 10% of the THMs concentrations, the cytotoxicity and
genotoxicity of some HANs are significantly higher than those of the regulated THMs or HAAs. The impact
of human activity upon drinking water sources is increasingly being felt in the form of wastewater effluent
and algal activity. Since these are both enriched in dissolved organic nitrogen (DON), their presence is likely
to lead to raised concentrations of N-DBPs. Of the components of DON, amino acids are known to act as
precursors of HANs. This paper aims to review the state of research on HANs formation in drinking water
including with their types and occurence, possible health effects and precursors.
Keywords: Disinfection, Disinfection by products (DBPs), Drinking Water, Haloacetonitriles
(HAN),Toxicity.
Acknowledgment: The authors thank Technical Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) for their financial
support [Project number: 113Y416].
167
Mogan Lake (Ankara) Water Quality
Ömer Saylar 1, Semra Benzer* 1, Sezin Düzel 2, Göktuğ Gül 3, Ali Gül 2and Mehmet Yılmaz 2
1
Science Education, Faculty of Education, Gazi Üniversity, TURKEY.
2
Biology Education, Faculty of Education, Gazi Üniversity, TURKEY.
3
Health Services Vocational School, Gazi Üniversity, TURKEY.
ABSTRACT
Environmental pressures on aquatic ecosystems are increasing rapidly in aquatic ecosystems and available
water resources are dwindling. Park, residential areas and agricultural lands cause some negative impact on
the lake water around Mogan Lake. Therefore, it is an aquatic system and ecological changes in terms of
research. This study has been aimed to determine and evaluate the water quality and physico chemical
parameters of Mogan Lake between September 2013 and June 2014. Physico-chemical parameters of water
were measured by YSI Oxygenmeters and Palintest Photometer. The significance of differences between
monthly values of water quality parameters t test (p <0.05) was determined. The obtained results of water
quality parameters were evaluated in comparison with national and international standards. Monthly average
annual value of the measured water quality parameters and maximum and minimum intervals were
determined. The average value the water temperature (12.67 ºC), pH (6.81), dissolved oxygen (7.76 mg/L),
conductivity (1665.55 µs/cm), SPC (2132.56 µs/cm), salinity (1.05 ppt), Total solids (1256.47 mg/L),
pressure (691.70 mm/Hg), NH3 (0.17 mg/L), NO2 (0.02 mg/L); NO3 (0.589 mg/L), PO4 (45.63 mg/L), SO4
(182.44 mg/L), alkalinity (362.78 mg/L), hardness (223.89 mg/L), F (1.42 mg/L), Ca (36.89 mg/L), Cl
(86.83 mg/L), Mg (80.778 mg/L), Si (3.22 mg/L), Mn (0.0005 mg/L); Fe (0.22 mg/L), Al (0.0001 mg/L), Cu
(0.007 mg/L), Br (0.06 mg/L), Zn (0.014 mg/L), H 2O2 (0.22 mg/L); Cr (0.027 mg/L) and Ni (0.11 mg/L)
were determined. The average hardness (223,89 mg/L), magnesium (80.78 mg/L) and nickel (0.11 mg/L) is
higher than the national (YSKYY, 2012; TSE 266, 2005) and international (WHO, 1996) referance values.
Conductivity (1665.55 S/cm) , sulfate (182.44 mg /L) and fluorine (1.42 mg/L) was found to be very close to
the maximum value is the reference range. Lake water was determined to be in close feature to limit threats to
some physico-chemical parameters. This should be based on the results of Mogan Lake continuous
monitoring of water quality parameters and take the necessary measures for environmental threats are
recommended.
Keywords: Mogan Lake, physico-chemical parameters, water quality.
168
Sediment and Water Pollution Status of the mid-Black Sea coast of Turkey
E. AKÇAM* 1, G. BAKAN 1
1,
Authors’ , Environmental Engineering Department, Engineering Faculty, OMÜ, TURKEY.
ABSTRACT
The Black Sea is the world’s largest land-locked sea and has an area of 4.2*10 5 km2 with average depth
of 1,240 m. Ninety percent of its water mass is anoxic, thus it contains the world’s largest anoxic water
mass. The Black Sea has suffered from extensive pollution over the last few years due to unrestricted
shipping, mineral exploitation, dumping of toxic wastes, discharge of domestic wastes from coas tal
cities and pollutants carried by rivers. Chemical and microbiological pollution, synthetic organic
contaminants, heavy metals, radionuclides and oil pollution have caused the environment of the Black
Sea to deteriorate dramatically in terms of biodiversity, habitats, fisheries resources, aesthetic and
recreational value and water quality.
The Black Sea has been increasingly threatened by pollutants over the past decades as a result of
accidental crude oil spills, dumping of toxic industrial wastes, dis charge of domestic wastes from
coastal settlements and industrial and domestic pollutants carried by rivers. Some industrial areas,
rivers, and coastal cities in the Black Sea have a tendency to create local pollution.
The main aim of this study was to investigate the surface water and sediment quality of the Yesilırmak,
Kızılırmak, Engiz, Kürtün, Mert rivers, discharged to Black Sea from the mid -Black Sea coast of
Turkey. In addition to this study was to investigate the seasonal and spatial variations in surface water
quality at the mid-Black Sea coast of Turkey.
The samples were collected from five stations. Investigated parameter s were total organic carbon
(TOC), dissolved oxygen (DO), pH, chl-a and electrical conductivity (EC) in water samples and
sediment samples.
The determine the trophic state and ecotoxicological potential of the streams, heavy metal analysis (Cr,
Cu) were also performed.
Keywords: Black Sea, Ecotoxicology, Sediment Pollution, Trophic State, Water Pollution
169
A RESEARCH OF THE EFFECTS OF SEDIMENT LAYER ON TROPHIC LEVEL IN
SHALLOW LAKES;
THE CASE OF CERNEK LAKE
Hüseyin CÜCE 1 Gülfem BAKAN 2
1,NevsehirHacıBektasVeli University, Faculty of Architecture and Engineering, Department of
Environmental Engineering, Turkey(E-mail: [email protected])
2,OndokuzMayıs University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Environmental Engineering, Turkey(Email: [email protected])
ABSTRACT
The aim of this investigation is to examine and to evaluate the effects of sediment layeron trophic
level of shallow lakes. Cernek Lake, one of the shallow lake ecosystems, is selected for the area and the
periodic changes on trophic level have been evaluated with geographic information systems by
identifying existing water and sediment quality of the lake. Physico-chemical analyzes were carried out
for the lake surface water/sediment samples taken from 6 stations periodically(for three seasons, 2010 2011). The trophic state of the lake was over eutrophic after the autumn turnover while it was
mesotrophic during the spring turnover with regard to lake surface water quality. It was also found that
there are increases in the nutrient levels of the southeastern coast of the lake close to the sea when
compared to inland.The results obtained from surface sediments in the field studies showed that there
was an increase in amounts of organic and inorganic pollution. The results also revealed that there were
high-phosphate (annual average of 541 mg / kg PO4-P, dry weight) and high-organic carbon contents
(annual average 22.4 g / kg TOC, dry weight) in the lake sediments. Findings, periodically monitored
distribution maps created with ArcGIS exposed that the contaminated lake sediment layer would be
higly effective in trophic level of the lake therefore it has revealed the necessity of taking measures for
eutrophication.
Keywords:lake sediment, lake eutrophication, trophic state, geographic information system (GIS), Cernek
Lake
170
Investigation of relationship between water pollutants: A case study from Istanbul
Ali Osman Pektas* 1, Ibrahim Ilker Ozyigit 2, Ibrahim Ertugrul Yalcin 1, Nese Yilmaz3 and Goksel
Demir1
1
Bahcesehir University, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Department of Environmental
Engineering, 34353, Besiktas / Istanbul – Turkey
(*Correspondent author mail: [email protected],
2
Marmara University, Faculty of Science and Arts, Department of Biology, 34722, Goztepe / Istanbul –
Turkey
([email protected])
3
Istanbul University, Fisheries Faculty, Freshwater Biology Department, 34470, Laleli / Istanb ul –
Turkey
([email protected])
ABSTRACT
Water is one of the most important resources on the earth required by all living organisms for
continuation of vital activities. However, water reservoirs are limited and anthropogenic factors have
adverse effects on water quality and quantity. Therefore, scientific studies regarding water pollution are
highly valuable. These studies mainly focus on the dynamic structure of pollutants, the origin of
pollution, the effects and results of pollutants, and pollution or time based analysis of pollution levels.
In the present study, interrelationship of water pollutants in three main water supplies of Istanbul,
which is one of the most crowded cities of Turkey as well as Europe, was investigated by cluster
analysis. A total of 560 water samples collected from three main water supplies in 18 different sub regions (these sub-regions were labeled with numbers 1 to 18) have been analyzed for their heavy metal
and mineral nutrient concentrations, and pH values. For this, concentrations of Al, B, Ca, Cd, Cr, Cu,
Fe, K, Mg, Na, Ni, Pb and Zn in 560 samples were measured. In this study, we aimed to investigate the
relationship between heavy metal concentration, mineral nutrient level and pH value as well as effects
of the location on pollution level and type.
Keywords: Cluster Analysis, Heavy Metal, Istanbul, Mineral Element, Pearson Moment, Water Pollution.
171
Microcosm Evaluation of Greenhouse Gas Emission Potentials ofAan
Eutrophic Lake
E. Ogun* 1, A. Aksoy 2 and S. L. Sanin 1
1
2
Department of Environmental Engineering, Hacettepe University, TURKEY.
ABSTRACT
Eutrophic lakes are important source of greenhouse gases (CO2, CH4 and N2O) as a result of increased
primary production CH4 emission in lakes is occurred under anaerobic conditions with easily degradable
nutrients and consumed in aerobic conditions N2O, can produced as an intermediate product during
nitrification and denitrification. Sediment is an important production and gas releasing zone of lake
ecosystems. Conditions like temperature, oxygen concentration, nutrients, organic matter and redox potential
are important factors which effect the mineralization and gas release from sediments. The main objective of
this study to investigate the effects of temperature and light intensity on CH 4 and N2O emissions from the
different zones of a hypereutrophic lake and determine the behaviour of a natural ecosystem with using a
closed and controllable media. Moreover gas production potential is calculated per gram sediment and water.
Sediment and water samples were collected and mixed from the five sampling points of eutrophic Lake
Eymir. Microcosms were prepare with 110±2 ml of colorless glass bottles. Suitable incubators were used to
obtain 4, 10 and 25°C temperatures with day-light fluorescent lamps. GC-µECD-FID system and was used to
measure CH4 and N2O gases. Microcosm bottles which shows the highest gas emission were used to isolate
pure microorganism cultures and 16S rRNA analysis were used to identify the bacteria species.
According to our results CH4 production was higher in dark and 25°C conditions than the others. However the
highest N2O production was observed both 25°C and 10°C temperature with dark conditions. The maximum
gas production per gram of sediment and water was measured from the bottles which contains water and
sediment together. The microcosm bottles under the dark conditions were used to identify dominant species
which responsible for gas production. Dominant species under anaerobic conditions were Clostridium
difficile, Bacillus amyloliguefaciens subsp. Plantarum, Paenibacillus apiaries, Achromobacter spanius.
Keywords: Microcosm experiment; Eutrophic lake; Greenhouse gas
Acknowledgment: This project is supported by The Scientific and Technological Research Council of
Turkey (TUBITAK) [Project number: 108Y116].
172
Evaluation of Greenhouse Gas Emissions of a Shallow Eutrophic Lake Using a Field Column
E. Ogun* 1, A. Aksoy 2 and S. L. Sanin 1
1
2
Department of Environmental Engineering, Hacettepe University, TURKEY.
Department of Environmental Engineering, Middle East Technical University,TURKEY.
ABSTRACT
Freshwater ecosystems especially shallow lakes relative to their surface area are very important zones for
greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions (CH4, N2O, CO2) and they are typically supersaturated with these gases.
Ammonia is the very important alkaline particle in the atmosphere and neutralizes acidic compounds. To fill
this gap, our aim in this study to investigate the GHG emission rates and calculates the gas flux from air-water
interface with using suitable equations.
Data was collected each month until September 2011 to December 2011, and once in June 2012 in a shallow
hypereutrophic and dimictic Lake Eymir. In this study, a constructed water column is placed in sampling
points and held overnight. Accumulated gas in the column was collected tedlar bags. This method is
performed at least more than one time in a day to show daily changes. GC-ECD-FID system is used to
evaluate greenhouse gases. Flux rates were calculated using two approaches, ideal gas and two film theory.
According to the three years of field measurements, advection of organic compounds to the Lake Eymir’s
surface water is changed between 19 – 157 mg/L (COD). Maximum and minimum ammonium and nitrate
concentrations were measured between 0.02 - 3.87 mg/L and 0.01 – 9.70 mg/L respectively. Average total
phosphorus (624 µg/L), chlorophyll-a (38 µg/L) concentrations, annual average (1,38 m) and minimum (0.25
m) secchi disk depths show that Lake Eymir is a hypereutrophic lake. Although CH4 flux results which were
calculated by IGT and two film theory (TFT) show significant relationship with R2 value of 0.6, we couldn’t
find the same relationship for N2O and NH3 gases. N2O, CH4 and NH3 fluxes were calculated with ideal gas
theory (IGT) change between 68.40 - 4872.24 µmol.m-2day-1, 0.24 to 12.24 mmol.m-2day-1 3.84 to 102.96
µmol.m-2day-1 respectively. These results shows that Lake Eymir’s average annual GHG fluxes equals to
annual electricity utilization of 577 houses for N2O and 118 houses for CH4 gases.
Keywords: Methane, Nitrous oxide, Ammonia, gas flux; eutrophic lake
Acknowledgment: This project is supported by The Scientific and Technological Research Council of
Turkey (TUBITAK) [Project number: 108Y116].
173
Water Management Policies in the European Union: Finnish Integrated Water Management
Example
Karafakı Ç. F. 1
1
Niğde Univercity, Faculity of Architecture, Department of Landscape Architecture, TURKEY.
ABSTRACT
Sustainable water management requires an equilibrium between the amount of water at our disposal and
the amount at demand. The water management policies of the EU aims to guarantee sufficient supply of
water even under the pressures of a rising population. The EU water management regulations recognize
the vital importance of water and thus focus on the prevention of wasteful use of it. The EU app roach to
water management is an important guidance to Turkey which has been able to develop only 36% of its
existing water resources.
Finland, which is among the water rich countries of the EU, was ranked number one on the 2003 water
development report published by UNESCO. Furthermore, Finland ranked amongst the richest of the
147 countries listed in a joint Water Poverty Index prepared by the World Water Council and the UK
Centre for Ecology & Hydrology. Finland has developed many successful approaches to water
management ranging from wastewater management to the development of local water resources for
communities.
The aim of this study is to analyze the water management strategies of Finland within the framework of
water management regulations presiding in the EU. The findings derived from this analysis will be
matched against the Turkish example and an effort will be made to investigate as to how the attainment,
usage, recycling and sustainability of water in Turkey compares to what is currently prevalent in
Finland.
Keywords: EU water management, Finland water management, Hydro-politics, Integrated water
management, Water regulations
174
Application of low intensity ultrasound to enhance biological phosphorus removal
Bilge ALPASLAN KOCAMEMİ 1*, Nazenin GURE 2, Feraye SARIALIOGLU 3, Cansu KUZEY 4,
Ahmet Mete SAATCI 5
1, *
Environmental Engineering Department, Engineering Faculty, Marmara University,Istanbul Turkey
2,3,4
Environmental Engineering Department, Engineering Faculty, Marmara University,Istanbul Turkey
5
Turkish Water Institute (SUEN), Ministry of Forestry and Water Affairs, Turkey
ABSTRACT
Phosphorus is a pollutant in water bodies since it causes diminished water quality, oxygen depletion,
eutrophication, which ends up with loss of aquatic life. Among the various kinds of phosphorus removal
technologies, chemical precipitation and biological phosphorus removal (BPR) are the most common
technologies. However, chemical precipitation is costly and BPR has difficulties to meet the discharge
standards. Recent studies have shown that the application of low intensity ultrasound to wastewater may
stimulate enzyme activity, cell growth and biosynthesis. In view of these findings, low intensity ultrasound
appeared as a possible effective tool that may increase the efficiency biological phosphorus removal by
stimulating cell metabolism and hence phosphorus release and uptake rates. In this study, the effect of the
ultrasound application on phosphorus release and phosphorous uptake were evaluated under oxic conditions
for ultrasound level ranging between 11.1 -86.2 W/L and exposure time ranging between 1 - 10 minute
through batch experiments. From the experimental results, optimum level and exposure time were determined
as 15.3 W/L and 2.8 min for PO4 – P release, 15.6 W/L and 2.3 min for PO 4 – P uptake processes. For both
release and uptake processes, optimum level and exposure time were defined as 14.7 W/L and 3 min.
Keywords: Wastewater, biological treatment, biological phosphorus removal, ultrasound
Acknowledgment: The financial support of Marmara University (Project number: FEN-A- 090512-01569) is
acknowledged.
175
Effects of Forest Fires on Water Sources
Ayla Bilgin* 1, Mustafa Aybar 2 and Bülent Sağlam3
1
Artvin Çoruh University, Engineering Faculty, Department of Environmental Engineering, Artvin, Turkey
([email protected])
2
Artvin Çoruh University, Artvin Vocational School, Forestry and Forest Products, Artvin, Turkey
[email protected]
3
Artvin Çoruh University, Forestry Faculty, Department of Forestry Engineering, Artvin, Turkey
[email protected]
ABSTRACT
Environmental pollution is the most important factor concerning destruction of water, soil and air ecosystems
in the world. Water sources are one of the areas mostly affected by environmental pollution. It is required to
obtain sustainable and accurate data concerning water quality so that qualifications, areal and temporal
change of water sources can be understood. Quality of water sources from water basins consisting of forest
lands might deteriorate due to natural disasters, forestry activities and use of forest lands for recreation
purposes. Quality of water from forests which are not destructed or deteriorated due to natural disasters is
generally quite high. Even though forest fires are favorable for the health of forests in the long term, they
affect water quality of streams, lakes and rivers in water basins negatively. Researches reveal that forest fires
or incineration of production waste in forests result in increase of chemical element amount on the soil
surface. Certain amount of such elements remain dissolved, while others reach water sources through
sediments. It is identified that N, P, K, Mg, Na, Ca, Mn, Cl and HCO 3 concentrations increase 2 to 100 times
in these sources. According to statistical data of the last 25 years, 2070 (on the average) forest fires break out
and 11245 ha forest area is damaged every year in our country. These forest fires result in pollution of water
sources in addition to major environmental effects.
Key words:Water quality, water pollution, forest fire
176
CHARACTERISTICS AND PHOSPHORUS RELEASE RATES OF SEDIMENTS IN TWO
SHALLOW LAKES (Kızılırmak Delta, Turkey)
Hüseyin CÜCE 1 Gülfem BAKAN 2
1, Nevsehir Hacı Bektas Veli University, Faculty of Architecture and Engineering, Department of
Environmental Engineering, Turkey (E-mail: [email protected])
2, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Environmental Engineering, Turkey
ABSTRACT
The sediment plays an important role in the overall nutrient dynamics of shallow lakes. The pollutants
may be released from the sediments if the overlying water quality changes. Shallow lakes typically act as a
phosphorus (P) sink during spring and winter whereas they become a P source for the downstream surface
waters during summer. Because phosphorus release occurs predominantly during late spring and early
summer. The release of P from lake sediments is a highly complex phenomenon which involves a number of
physical, chemical, and biological processes.
The study site, Kızılırmak Delta, is located at the Mid-Black Sea coast of Turkey. Within the delta area
(about 56 000 ha) can be found many shallow lakes, the surroundings wetlands are unique biological
resources and highly important for sustaining biodiversity. The site is interesting in that several
anthropogenic factors simultaneously have a marked effect on the quality of the wetland system. Two lakes
situated in the east of the Kızılırmak Delta, Balık Lake and Cernek Lake were chosen for this study. Cernek
Lake is one of the most important shallow water of the Delta coastline, with the average depth of about
1,5m and has an area of 4,1 km 2. The whole lake has suffered serious eutrophication. Balık Lake is a
meso-to-eutrophic lake, an average depth of about 2,3 m and has a much larger watershed of 13,8 km 2. The
water quality is much better than Cernek Lake; it is one of the better fishing lakes in the Delta area.
Main objective of this study was to investigate the sediment qualities of this shallow lakes based on
phsico-chemical parameters on seasonally basis. Secondary objectives were to (a) spatially characterize
surface sediments of lakes, (b) determine the sediment P release rates, (c) estimate the relationship
between P release and trophic state change as well as eutrophication in the lakes. A total of 6 surface
sediment samples were collected periodically in 2010-2011 to describe the seasonal and spatial variation in
sediments taken from Lakes Balık and Cernek. Laboratory studies were conducted to determine the effect of
the rates of P release in lake sediments on trophic state change of that lakes. It was found that the sediments
from Cernek Lake have P release rates ranging from 2.63 to 4.10 mg P/m2/d. Balık Lake exhibits lower P
release rates (average 3,10 mg P/m2/d) than Lake Cernek. However both lake sediment types had relatively
low P release rates compared with published values for eutrophic systems. These findings could contribute to
more effective management of the studied lakes.
Keywords: shallow lake, lake sediment, phosphorus release, Cernek Lake, Balık Lake
177
Water quality of the river to the Kızılırmak River in the province of Nevsehir
Aras Seval* 1, Fındık Özlem2 , Kalıpcı Erkan 3 and Şahinkaya Serkan 3
1, 3
2
Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Nevşehir Hacı
Bektaş Veli University, Nevşehir, TURKEY.
([email protected], [email protected], [email protected])
Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Nevşehir Hacı Bektaş Veli University,
Nevşehir, TURKEY.
([email protected])
ABSTRACT
The Physico-chemical parameters (Water temperature, BOD, COD, pH, dissolved oxygen
(DO),
conductivity, suspended solids, nitrite (NO3), ammonium (NH4), ammonia (NH3), phospate (PO4), sulphate
(SO4)) and some metal concentrations (Zn, Cu, B, Cr, Ni, Pb, Hg, As, Se, Cd and Al) were measured in the
water samples to determine the water quality of the Kızılırmak river. Kızılırmak is the length river of Turkey.
Six sampled stations are in the border Nevşehir province. The study was conducted seasonally in 2013-2014.
Measured metals are determined lower than limit of SKKY. When the water quality classes were examined
in terms of the measured physico-chemical parameters, it was detected that the river is IV class for nitrite, II.
and IV. class for ammonium at autumn and spring respectively, III. and IV. class for BOD at summer and
spring respectively.
Keywords: Metals, Physico-chemical parameters, Kızılırmak river, water quality
Acknowledgment: The authors thank Nevsehir Haci Bektas Veli University, Scientific Research Project
Funding (NEUBAP) for their financial support [Project number: NEUBAP13F22].
178
Beneficial Use Alternatives for Dredged Materials: Landfill Daily Cover
H.M. Başar* 1, S. Dağlı2, P. Özer Erdoğan 3, B. Güzel 4 and L. Tolun5
1,2,3,5
Environment and Cleaner Production Institute, TÜBİTAK MAM, TURKEY.
[email protected])
4
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Science, Abant İzzet Baysal University, TURKEY.
ABSTRACT
Dredging is substantial for the maintenance, enlargement, deepening and development of ports,
harbours and navigation waterways. This process generates high quantities of dredged material; hence,
management of dredged material is a common problem all over the world. Dumping at sea poses a risk
to the aquatic environment while upland disposal are expensive and require large areas. The
development of alternative management strategies for dredged materials is therefore necessary.
Conventionally, dredged material has been thought as a waste; however, it can be evaluated as a
valuable resource in many beneficial use alternatives such as topsoil creation/enhancement,
construction materials production, road applications, landfill daily cover, mine reclamation, beach
nourishment, wetland creation, habitat restoration. The purpose of this work is to investigate the
usability of dredged materials as an alternative landfill daily cover for our country in terms of technical
and economical view. Firstly, the physico-chemical, morphological, toxicological properties and
leaching potential of materials dredged from three pilot regions (Rize Port, Samsun Port, Yakakent
Fishing Port) from Black Sea were determined; then, the analysis results were compared with the limit
values stated in "The Regulation on the Landfilling of Waste-Appendix 2: The acceptance criteria of
the landfilling of waste" and "The Regulation on the General Principles of Waste Management Appendix 3B: Hazardous waste threshold limits". The cost analyses were also conducted in order to
compare three management options (dumping, disposal, landfill daily cover usage). The results showed
that dredged material can be used as an alternative landfill daily cover and provides economic
advantages among other management strategies.
Keywords: Beneficial Use, Characterization, Daily Cover, Dredged Material, Landfill.
Acknowledgment: This work is financially supported by the TÜBİTAK 1007 Programme [DİPTAR, Project
No. 111G036]. The authors wish to thank Ministries of Environment and Urbanization and Transport,
Maritime Affairs and Communications and İZAYDAŞ for their supports.
179
Quantitative Determination of Policyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Drinking and Potable Water
Resources of Diyarbakir Region
H. Kara*1, Z. Tunay2, Mustafa A. Yilmaz 3, H. Temel 4
1
GAP Agricultural Research Institute, Sanliurfa, Turkey
2
Vocational School of Diyarbakır, Dicle University, Diyarbakır, Turkey
3
4
Dicle University Science and Technology Research and Application Center (DÜBTAM)
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Dicle University, Diyarbakir, Turkey
([email protected],[email protected],[email protected],
4
[email protected])
ABSTRACT
It is a known fact that policyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are mutagenic, toxic and carcinogenic. Due
to these dangers, it is important to know their amount in foods, drinks and the environment. PAHs might
result from both natural and industrial reasons. Waste incineration, cement plants, oil refineries, coke and
asphalt production, aluminum, iron and steel production are the main industrial examples that for PAHs’
apperance [1-2]. Province of Diyarbakır is a region where oil production activities are intensely carried out.
Thus, for the sake of public health, it is significant to determine the PAH level in the water resources around
the oil fields. For this purpose, drinking and potable water samples were taken from the districts of
Diyarbakir close to the oil fields. HPLC-fluorescence technique was used to analyse. Some of the most toxic
and carcinogenic PAHs that are benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), benzo[b]fluoranthene (BbF), benzo[k]fluoranthene
(BkF), chrysene (Chy), dibenzo[a,h]anthracene (DBahA), benzo[g,h,i]perylene (BghiP) were determined. In
the majority of samples, the total PAH values were determined. It is lower than toxic limit value which are
the allowable limit of World Health Organization (WHO) and other national and international organization.
Key words: Diyarbakir, Drinking Water, PAH, HPLC- Fluorescence
their financial support [Project number: 12ZEF94].
180
Disinfection by-product formation of natural organic matter
Alper Alver, Emine Baştürk* and Ahmet Kılıç
ABSTRACT
Natural organic matter is the precursor for disinfection by products in treated drinking water. The NOM
concentration and characteristics significantly affect the formation of DBPs. NOM levels generally are
measured as total organic carbon or dissolved organic carbon.
Increasing the NOM level affect DBP formation in two ways. First, increasing the NOM level will increase
the level of DBP precursors, which increases DBP formation. Second, increasing the NOM level will increase
the chlorine demand of water. A high chlorine demand in turn requires a high chlorine dosage to maintain a
proper chlorine residual in distribution system. This high chlorine dosage leads to a further increase in the
formation of DBPs.
In this study, DBP formation potential formed by chlorination of Sigma Aldrich humic acid and required
chlorine dosage for various DOC concentrations, was investigated. The DBP concentration and speciation
affected by many water quality parameters and operating conditions, including NOM concentration, chlorine
residual, reaction time and bromide concentration.
Keywords: Natural organic matter, Sigma Aldrich Humic Acid, DBP, Trihalomethane.
Acknowledgment: We thank the Environmental Engineering Department of Aksaray University for
providing laboratory equipment of the work described in this paper.
181
Biofilms in Drinking Water Distribution Systems, Cappadocia 2015
Işıl VAR 1, Bülent ZORLUGENÇ 2, Özlem ATASEVER SAVAŞ 1, Selin SAĞLAM 1
1
2
Cukurova University Agricultural Faculty, Food Engineering Department, Adana, TURKEY
( E-mail :[email protected], [email protected], [email protected] )
Hacı Bektaş Veli University Engineering - Architecture Faculty, Food Engineering Department, TURKEY
ABSTRACT
Water for human consumption is required to be free from any microorganisms that might pose a health risk.
The microorganisms in drinking water systems can attach to piping materials and form biofilms on pipe
surface. The presence of biofilms in the drinking water distribution system may play a role in the presence of
pathogen microorganisms. Biofilms in drinking water distribution systems provide a mosaic of
electrochemical and nutritive environments for microorganisms. Microorganisms in biofilms are more
resistant than planktonic microorganisms to environmental conditions, so the presence of biofilms within a
water drinking distribution system may act as a form of protection against extreme environmental conditions.
Biofilms formed in water drinking distribution networks are known to cause public health problems, such as
protecting and supporting pathogenic microorganisms, bacterial regrowth, and depletion of disinfection
agents. Biofilms in drinking-water pipe networks can be responsible for a wide range of water quality and
operational problems. Biofilms also can be responsible for loss of distribution-system disinfectant residuals,
increased bacterial levels, reduction of dissolved oxygen, taste and odor changes, red or black water problems
due to iron- or sulfate-reducing bacteria, microbial-influenced corrosion, hydraulic roughness, and reduced
materials life.
Microorganisms in biofilms can include bacteria (including coccoid round, rod-shaped, filamentous, and
appendage bacteria), fungi, and higher organisms like nematode larvae. Recently, researchers have shown
that viruses and parasites like Cryptosporidium can be trapped in biofilms. Although viruses and
Cryptosporidium do not grow in a biofilm, they can attach to biofilms after a contamination event.
This review will research community composition of biofilms formed in a drinking water distribution
systems.
Keywords: Biofilms, Distribution, Drinking Water, Systems
182
Assessment of natural radioactivity by gross alpha and beta measurements in drinking
water samples in Ereğli, Turkey
Mehmet E. Korkmaz 1 and Osman AGAR 2,*
1
Karamanoglu Mehmetbey University, Department of Physics, Karaman, TURKEY
2
Karamanoglu Mehmetbey University, Department of Physics, Karaman, TURKEY
ABSTRACT
A monitoring of radioactivity content was carried out in drinking water samples collected from
surrounding of Ereğli in Turkey. The gross alpha and beta activity concentrations of 12 different water
samples were determined by using a gas-flow proportional counter. The measured values of gross alpha
and beta concentrations were compared with recommended for drinking waters WHO (World Health
Organisation) and ITS (Institution of Turkish Standards) guideline activity concentration. Radioactivity
contour maps were produced and their data were evaluated statistically.
Keywords: Radioactivity, drinking water, gross alpha, gross beta
Acknowledgment: This work was supported by Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey University Scientific Research
Project (14–M–14).
183
Modeling the Relationships between Water Temperatures and Meteorological Parameters at
Kızılırmak River using Artificial Neural Networks
Merve Temizyürek1 and Filiz Dadaser-Celik* 2
1, 2
Dept. of Environmental Engineering, Erciyes University, TURKEY.
ABSTRACT
River water temperature is one of the most important water quality parameters. It not only affects all chemical
and biological processes in water but also have important implications for aquatic life. Water temperature
variations in rivers can be influenced by different factors, which are generally characterized as meteorological
and geophysical parameters. This study aims to develop an artificial neural network (ANN) model to examine
the relationships between water temperatures and meteorological parameters at Kızılırmak River in Turkey. In
this study, monthly water temperatures measured at four stations and climatic data obtained from nearby
climatic stations were used. A multi-layer perceptron type ANN model with one hidden layer was selected.
The model included six input parameters: solar radiation, precipitation, air temperature, wind speed, relative
humidity and historical water temperatures. The model output consisted of water temperatures. All data were
available for the 1995-2007 period, with occasional missing records. Model training was accomplished by
using 70% of the data and a scaled conjugate gradient backpropagation algorithm. The remaining 30% of data
were used for model testing. The activation functions of the ANN model and the number of neurons in the
hidden layer were determined by trial-and-error method. The performance of the model was evaluated by
calculating the root mean square error (RMSE) between observed and simulated water temperatures. The
analysis showed that ANN models can be used for simulating the water temperatures based on meteorological
data at Kızılırmak River.
Keywords: Artificial neural networks, water temperatures, Kızılırmak River
Acknowledgment: The authors thank Erciyes University for the financial support [Project number: FYL2015-5645].
184
A Study on Importance of Pollution Monitoring and Control in Buyuk Menderes Basin
Cengiz Koc 1, Yıldırım Bayazıt* 2
1, 2
Civil Engineering Department, Bilecik Seyh Edebali University, TURKEY.
ABSTRACT
Water use in agriculture has adverse impacts on the environment by changing terrestrial and aquatic
ecosystems because of damming rivers and changing flow regimes, lowering groundwater, polluting
soils and water, salinization and draining wetlands. Environmental impacts of water use in agriculture
have been described and analyzed in numerous case studies and analyses, in particular, for large scale
irrigation
The study has been conducted at Büyük Menderes basin which is located in Southwest of our country
and where different sectors (irrigation, drinking and using, industry, touri sm, ecology) related to the use
and distribution of water sources compete with each other and where the water demands for important
ecological considerations is evaluated and where the river pollution has reached important dimensions.
Thus, in this study it is aimed to give importance of pollution monitoring and control in Buyuk
Menderes basin.
Keywords: Buyuk Menderes Basin, Control, Monitoring, Pollution
185
Interaction of low-impact development techniques and urban river flooding on the zoning – Case study
Qomroud
1M.R.Kavianpour , 2Arsalan Behzadipour,
1
Associate Professor and faculty member, Khaje Nasir University Of technology, IRAN.
2Arsalan Behzadi Pour ,M.A student of Civil Engineering - Hydraulic, Khajeh Nasir University of
Technology, IRAN
ABSTRACT
In recent decades, and with Increasing of urban population and development of the city, the amount of
impermeable surfaces has been increased. This cause urban runoff enhancement . This enhancement,
especially in cities with urban river, increases the possibility of urban flooding caused by the river flooding
interaction and urban runoff. In this research, we tried SWMM utilizes software development methods and
practices that seek to reduce the impact of runoff to the river flows to reduce Qomroud and Effects using Arc
GIS and HEC-RAS software on how we see the flood zone. As we will see in results, LIDs can reduce
amount of runoff and subsequent flood zone extends into the lower regions. This will cause the economic
profit.
Keywords: flood management, flood zone , , runoff ,SWMM.
186
Integrated River Basin Management
M.Y. Kılınç* 1, E. Alkan2
1, 2
Department of Civil Engineering, Hasan Kalyoncu University, TURKEY.
ABSTRACT
Ancient civilizations were born and developed along the rivers such as Euphrates of Mesopotamia,
Niles of Egypt, Indus-Ganja of India. Since ancient times, main requirements and demands of man-kind
had not been changed a lot. Since then, only means, tools and technologies were advanced. Basic
requirements of people’s are fooding, clothing and sheltering. They are the same as before. In general,
almost all these demands were supplied through engineering activities on the river basin (catchment or
watershed). Demands of man are getting more and more sophisticated in quality and quantity.
River basin includes all kind of natural resources which they are vital sources to produce goods and
services for mankind to be survived. Therefore river basin should be managed such a way that the
natural resources should be utilized in multipurpose and multi-use manner so that sustainable
development could be successfully realized. All natural resources should be managed with permanently
productive, without wasting; destroying, polluting and keeping enough sources for future generation .
The river basin should be well managed and integrated manner, sustaining quality and quantity of
production among the natural resources.
In this paper, how river basin should be managed with integration among the natural resources without
harming each other will tried to be explained and discussed.
Keywords: Basin, Watershed Management, Natural Resources, Renewable Energy Sources, Integrated
Watershed Management.
187
THE EFFECT OF HEAVY METALS IN SOIL AND PLANTS AROUND A LIME FACTORY IN
THE BARTIN CITY IN WESTERN BLACK SEA REGION
*Halil Barış ÖZEL1, Handan UCUN ÖZEL2
1)
2)
University of Bartın, Faculty of Forestry, Department of Silviculture, 74100-Bartın/TURKEY
University of Bartın, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Environmental Engineering, 74100Bartın/TURKEY
*Corresponding author: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
In this study, which has been carried out around the Bartın Lime Factory, 10 distance levels have been
established with 50m interval in order to determine the heavy metal pollution which the factory leads in soil
and plants, and a control point has been taken in 800m distance. Through collecting soil samples from each
of distance levels, it has been determined that Pb varied between 5.56 and 68.74mgkg-1, Zn varied between
23.18 and 988.34 mgkg-1, Ni varied between 6.48 and 21.33 mgkg-1, Cu varied between 4.36 and 17.86
mgkg-1, Cd varied between 1.73 and 13.54 mgkg-1, Mn varied between 65.58 and 258.69 mgkg-1, Cr varied
between 13.65 and 78.93 mgkg-1, Fe varied between 1665 and 9875 mgkg-1, and As varied between 2.36 and
30.54 mgkg-1. As a result of analyses of samples taken from the leaves of Helianthemum nummularium
subsp. nummularium (L.) Miller and Hypericum perforatum L. plants, it has been determined that Pb varied
between 6.32 and 37.42 mgkg-1, Zn varied between 441.28 and 1647.56 mgkg-1, Ni varied between 9.56 and
21.52 mgkg-1, Cu varied between 22.48 and 65.33 mgkg-1, Cd varied between 3.75 and 9.72 mgkg-1, Mn
varied between 15.42 and 62.53 mgkg-1, Cr varied between 7.52 and 48.52 mgkg-1, Fe varied between 130.45
and 894.53 mgkg-1, and As varied between 2.48 and 28.56 mgkg-1. As a result of implemented variance
analysis and Duncan test, it is possible to state that the heavy metal pollution is denser in approximately 200250m away from the factory, and that the pollution level decreases after this distance level.
188
An Investigation of Lead Metal Pollution Along The Tem Motorway Agricultural Soils in Tekirdağ
S. Adiloğlu* 1, M.T. Sağlam1
1,
Namık Kemal University, Faculty of Agriculture, Dept. of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, Tekirdağ,
ABSTRACT
Environment pollution is a big problem for our country and all over the world, nowadays. Heavy metal
pollution is very important in environmental pollution. It was investigated lead pollution of near the
motorway agricultural lands in this research. For this purpose, 25 different agricultural areas for each edge of
motorway and total 50 soil samples were taken from research areas in Tekirdağ. Then extractable lead
contents of soil samples were determined. According to the results, lead contents of soil samples were
determined between 1,346 and 6,546 mg kg-1. These results were compared with critical values of this heavy
metal. Lead pollution was obtained in research area soils. Lead pollution ratio was 60 % in the research are
soils. According to the research results it should be recommended phytoremediation methods application in
the research are lands for the improvement of lead pollution.
According to the results of this research, the Pb pollution in the depth of 0-20 cm in the agricultural
land along the motorways in the region should be treated through the use of hyperacumulator plants and
fitoremeditation technique in order to reduce this pollution under the limits of toxicity that would allow the
cultivation of plants.
Keywords: Heavy metal acumulation, agricultural soils, pollution, motorway, Pb
Acknowledgment: A part of phD Thesis.
189
Used the DPSIR framework and Structural Equation Models to applied to environmental risk
communication - as Emerging contaminants in Wuxi River
Yu-Ting Su *1, Wei-Yea Chen 2, Wei-Lun Lin 3, Yu-An Yu 4
1,2,3
Environmental Science and Engineering Taichung Tunghai University, Taiwan.
No.1727, Sec.4, Taiwan Boulevard, Xitun District, Taichung 40704, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
(Email: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected])
ABSTRACT
As the technology development, some Emerging Contaminants interfered with our hormone in a long-term
exposure. Using the DPSIR (Drive - Pressure - State - Impact - Respond) model to establishment architecture
of environmental risk assessment index system. Through the questionnaire and interview, know that people
understand level for the risk perception, stress and state. And use Structural Equation Models (SEM) to
search for the best respond to improve the Emerging Contaminants concentration in Wuxi River.
In this study, people do not know the Emerging Contaminants and the government’s policy. Though the
communication, the government policy of reducing Emerging contaminants emissions that people mostly
supported. In the Structural Equation Models, it shows that the Respond is higher relationship with Pressure
than others Latent variables. So the government wants to improve the Emerging Contaminants concentration
in Wuxi River, they have to ameliorate from Pressure’s index. And in Respond’s observed variables, the
people accept for the government to coach the people and factory to how to use the Emerging Contaminants
in the correct way and inspect the Emerging Contaminants concentration in the Wuxi River. So the
government has to disseminate the Emerging Contaminants property and how to deal with it when people are
left over.
Keywords：DPSIR、Structural Equation Models、Emerging Contaminants、Wuxi River
190
Some inorganic species in groundwater of health concern – a global overview
Gunnar Jacks* 1, Prosun Bhattacharya 1 and Mohammad Hossain 1
1, 2
Div. of Land and Water Resources Engineering, KTH, SE-100 44 Stockholm, SWEDEN.
(E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]; )
ABSTRACT
In general the inorganic species found in groundwater and of health concern tend to be a nions due to
the rather poor adsorption of anions in soils and in aquifers materials. While cationic metals are
adsorbed onto organic matter and clay minerals anions are adsorbed onto ferric oxyhydroxides. This
implies that while the adsorption of cations increase with pH, the opposite is found for anions. Species
found in excess in groundwater at levels considered to be a health threat includes fluoride, arsenic,
chromate, selenite, nitrate and manganese.
Groundwater with excess fluoride is a global problem especially in semi-arid areas. In India about 60
M people are exposed and dental and skeletal fluorosis is common. The sou rces of fluoride are
hydroxyapatite and hydroxyl-minerals like pyroxene and biotite. Commonly high fluoride content
occurs in groundwater of the Na-HCO3-type. In India it is seen that evapotranspiration causes
precipitation of calcite, Mg-calcite and dolomite removing the calcium from solution. It has been
considered that fluorite/fluorspar is a limiting specie for solubility of fluoride. However, fluorite tends
to be under-saturated even in groundwater with more than 10 mg/l of fluoride.
Arsenic has made a come-back as a major pollutant in groundwater the last three decades and the
permissible limit has been lowered in most countries from 50 to 10 mg/l. Bangladesh is the worst
affected country where about half the population is exposed to drinking water in excess of 10 mg/l.
Arsenic is mobilized under natural conditions under by two mechanisms, in reducing groundwater with
reduction of ferric hydroxides which under oxidating conditions are good sinks for arsenite.ánd under
high pH and oxidating conditions when the adsorption of arsenate is lost. In Bangladesh is has been
found that oxidating sediment layers provide As-safe water with little risk of cross-contamination.
Chromium as chromate is highly mobile and has been found at levels of several mg/l at depths of 50 m
in alluvial aquifers in connection to electroplating industries in India.
Manganese is mobilized under moderately reducing conditions in groundwater. While it has been
considered a technical problem is has recently been found that chronic exposure of children may cause
lowering of the intellectual capacity.
Nitrate is commonly exceeding the permissible limt. The main health concern, albeit not common, is
methaemoglobinemia in children below the age of about 8-10 months.
191
Lead content in local paints in Pakistan
Dr.Abdullah Khan Durrani * 1, Muhammad Rehan Khan 2 and Munir Ahmad 3
1, 2
Institute of chemical engineering & technology, Punjab University, Lahore, Pakistan.
3
Progressive traders, Lahore Pakistan.
ABSTRACT
Lead and its compounds in paints are added as a pigment and to impart specific properties like durability,
drying, fresh appearance and moisture resistant. Commonly used compounds of lead in paints are white lead
(PbCO3), chrome yellow (PbCrO4) and red lead (Pb3O4). Lead is one of the main health and environmental
hazard associated with paints. Lead is toxic and children are easily prone to it because of hand to mouth
activities from dislodged and deteriorated paints. Not good for their developing brains, leading to their
behavioral problems and low IQ scores. Lead can cause anemia, muscle weakness and brain damage, if
swallowed in large amounts. Considering above adverse effects of lead, it is advisable that we should have a
strict rules and regulations for the use of lead in paints. As some developed countries already have their
defined limits for lead in paints. In United States this limit is 90 ppm, China 600 ppm, Singapore 600 ppm,
South Africa 600 ppm and India has 1000 ppm limit for the lead in paints. Some developing countries
including Pakistan have failed to regulate their lead contents. The present study was undertaken to determine
the levels of lead in water-based, oil based and in dried old paint surfaces. Total 25 samples were analyzed of
different colour, different brands and different location of university area for dried paint samples. It was
founded that most of the samples contained much high level of lead contents comparing to international
standards. However, in water based paint lead level was less than oil based and dried surfaces.
Keywords:, Oil-based (enamel) paints, dried paint film. Water-based (latex) paints, Lead pollution
Acknowledgment: The authors thank Three Star Chemicals, Lahore for help and University of the Punjab,
Lahore Pakistan for financial support [Faculty research funding 2012].
192
Environmental Modeling approaches for exposure and risk assessment of prioritize chemicals in
industries
Bakan G* 1, Laçin S 1
1
Ondokuz Mayıs University, Engineering Faculty, Environmental End. Dept., Samsun/ TURKEY
ABSTRACT
The development of technology and industry, greater use of natural resources leads to big problems in
terms of environment. The resulting environmental degradation affects human health and the
environment in a negative way and creates the risk of contamination to the environment. Manufactured
chemicals are used extensively to produce a wide variety of consumer goods and are required by
important industrial sectors. Presently, information is insufficient to estimate risks posed to human
health and the environment from the over ten thousand chemical substances currently in use and the
hundreds more that are introduced each year.
New, more reliable approaches are needed to characterize thousands of environmental chemicals on the
basis of both hazard and exposure in a rapid and efficient manner, and to prioritize chemicals based on
potential risk. Exposure and risk assessment should be supported by a conceptual model. Exposure is
calculated via breathing, digestion, dermal routes. The exposure scenario, including the mode of entry into the
environment
( i.e. through air, water and sediment) appears to be an important determinant of the level of
agreement between modeling approaches.
Chemical Screening Tool For Exposures and Environmental Releases (ChemSTEER) estimates
occupational inhalation and dermal exposure to a chemical during industrial and commercial
manufacturing, processing, and use operations involving the chemical. It estimates releases of a
chemical to air, water, and land that are associated with industrial and commercial manufacturing,
processing, and use of the chemical. Exposure, Fate Assessment Screening Tool (EFAST2) provides
screening-level estimates of the concentrations of chemicals released to air, surface water, landfills, and
from consumer products. It estimates provided are potential inhalation, dermal and ingestion dose rates
resulting from these releases. It modeled estimates of concentratio ns and doses are designed to
reasonably overestimate exposures, for use in screening level assessment. Uncertainty in using
estimated properties for exposure and risk assessment model inputs is expected to be substantial. The
main aim of this study is to summarize environmental modeling approaches for exposure and risk
assessment of prioritize chemicals in industries.
Keywords: exposure and risk assessment, ChemSTEER, EFAST2, prioritize chemicals.
193
Multicriteria Analysis for Flood Vulnerable Areas in Southeastern Slovakia
M. Zeleňáková* 1, P. Blišťan2 and P. Purcz3
1
2
Institute of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Košice, SLOVAKIA
([email protected])
Institute of Geodesy, Cartography and Geographical Information Systems, Technical University of Košice,
SLOVAKIA
([email protected])
3
Institute of Construction Technology and Management, Technical University of Košice, SLOVAKIA
([email protected])
ABSTRACT
Floods are natural phenomena which cannot be prevented. The causes of flooding are extremely heavy rains
or rapid melting of snow combined with a significantly reduced ability to detain stormwater in areas.
However the negative human-based factors cause changes in runoff ratio and increase the risk of flooding.
Human activities change flood behavior in many circumstances. Activities in flood plains and catchment areas
such as land clearing for urbanization or agriculture, or construction of infrastructure such as highways, roads
and bridges across the flood plain may increase the magnitude of flooding, which in turn increases the
damage to property and lives.
Determining the flood vulnerable areas is important for decision makers for planning and management
activities. Multicriteria analysis methods (MCA) are used to analyze the flood vulnerable areas. Geographical
information system (GIS) applications are used for managing, producing, analyzing and combining spatial
data. The aim in integrating MCA with GIS is to provide more flexible and more accurate decisions to the
decision makers in order to evaluate the effective factors. Some of the causative factors for flooding in
watershed are taken into account as daily rainfall, size of watershed, land use, slope and the type of soil. The
selection of criteria that has spatial reference is an important step in MCA. The objective of this article is to
analyze the flood vulnerability in Bodva river basin, eastern Slovakia. We determined the flood-effective
factors, estimate their significance and applied two different approaches of MCA inside the GIS environment.
Keywords: analytical hierarchy process, causative factors, flood risk, geographical information system,
ranking method.
Acknowledgment: The contribution is written thanks to support of project VEGA 1/0609/14.
194
Implementation of Watershed Sustainability Index on Turkey: Meriç-Ergene Specimen
Caner GÖK* 1 and Selim L. SANİN 2
1
Department of Environmental Engineering, Hacettepe Univercity, TURKEY
2
Department of Environmental Engineering, Hacettepe Univercity, TURKEY.
ABSTRACT
Increasing demand for the water resources and the absence of these resources in terms of desired quality and
quantity depending on the spatial and temporal scale required to use the water resources in the most effective
way among the economic, environmental and the social benefits. In other words, the water resources are
required to be managed. Therefore, environmental, social, economic and political factors, which will affect
the quantity and the quality of the water resources, should not be left behind in the management of the water
resources. The integrated water resources management systems have to take into consideration all these
factors.
Several indices have been developed to see whether the integrated water resources management systems are
being implemented in an efficient way or not. Thanks to these indices which include many environmental,
social, economic and political factors, it can be identified whether the water resources management is carried
out in a sustainable way and which the parts have lacking points.
In this study, the current situation of the sustainable integrated water resources management in Turkey and its
development between 2008-2012 have been elaborated, especially in Meric-Ergene basin with the HSI index.
The lacking points and the positive developments have been identified, and the methods which will facilitate
the use of this index in Turkey has been discussed. However, in this study, the modifications of HSI index and
basins future development also has been interrogated.
Keywords: indices, integrated management, meriç-ergene watershed, sustainability, watershed management.
195
Enviromental Impacts of Medical Drugs and Cosmetics Waste
Karafakı Ç. F. 1, Karafakı L. 2
1
Niğde Univercity, Faculity of Architecture, Department of Landscape Architecture, TURKEY.
2
Doctor of Medicine, TURKEY.
ABSTRACT
Medical drugs and chemicals of personal care products harm the environment, through effluent water
and solid waste. Globally, this seems to be the most ignored problem. By medical drugs, it is not only
meant the synthetic drugs but also naturally produced ones. All the living creatures metabolize these
forementioned drugs and personal care products and release the end products by urine, faeces,
perspiration and respiration. Afterwards, at the postmortem period, these products pollute the soil,
water and air. The pollution revealed by these metabolites or their original molecules are not distinctly
defined by law yet. However, in 31.12.2004, a regulation was published numbered 25687, named
“Control of Water Pollution” defines “feacal waste” as “Urine, faeces or remains of people or warm
blooded animals that bacteriologically pollutes a water supply” İn fact, feacal waste not only contents
of bacterias but also contents antibiotics, hormones, anxiolytics, antidepressants, anesthetics and such
drug chemicals and personal care products metabolites. These products has the capacity to harm the
enviroment. Also, these drugs and products are designed to be resistant and last long. Moreover, it is
possible to see side effects when they are given at high dose, as they cause the formation of drug resistant bacterias and , to threat public health when they are given low dose.
The aim of this study is to determine the direct or indirect effects of the metabolites of drugs and
personal care products after they mix in the ecosystem. İn the design of the study, first we analysed
drugs and cosmetics as a pollution source, evaluating the elimination ways. Then, we manage to
determine the waste products which are not able to eliminated by classic ways, pro ducts of drug
factories and possible risks of them. At last we discuss possible precautions.
Keywords: Cosmetics Waste, Drug waste, Feacal waste, Medical waste, Waste
196
Land Use Change in Izmit Bay Catchment
Güleda Önkal Engin* 1, Meltem Çelen 2
1
Environmental Engineering Department, Yildiz Technical University, Turkey.
2
Environmental Engineering Department, Gebze Technical University, Turkey.
ABSTRACT
Izmit bay located in north-west part of Turkey has a surface area of 261 km2 and the catchment area of the
bay is 2255 km2. The bay can be divided into three sub-sections. The three sub-sections are connected to each
other by narrow openings. The eastern part is about 15 km in length with an average depth of 30 m. The
largest sub-region of the bay is the central part. Due to population increase, agricultural activity and
urbanization along the coastal areas, the catchment of the Izmit Bay is facing severe water quality related
problems. Some of the major problems faced by the region are deteriorating groundwater and stream water as
well as coastal water quality due to nutrient inputs (nitrogen and phosphorous). There are other environmental
problems related to land-use in the region. In this study it was intended to investigate the land-use change by
comparing the data produced in 1960’s and in 2000’s. For this purpose Geographical Information System
technology was utilized. It should be stated that the change in land use in the catchment started at the
beginning of 1960s with industrialization. Decrease in agricultural activities along with industrialization and
immigration are the most significant reasons that affect the change of land-use in the Izmit bay catchment. It
was observed that the number of industrial areas have increased 10 fold whereas agricultural lands reduced by
half. All these changes and their environmental impacts in the region are investigated thoroughly.
Keywords: Izmit Bay Catchment, Land Use Change, Environmental Impact
197
Unplanned Urbanization be Evaluation in terms of Landscape Architecture
Gülden SANDAL ERZURUMLU
Niğde University, Faculty of Architecture, Department of Landscape Architecture, Niğde, Turkey.
ABSTRACT
Unplanned Urbanization be Evaluation in terms of Landscape Architecture
Environmental degradation has occurred due to the rapid population growth from the village to the city.
Continuous flow of people from rural areas, has led to the growth of our city every year. A result of such a
rapid population growth , the city is surrounded by a slum ; A large proportion of the urban population is trying
to shelter in makeshift housing. Unconscious and unplanned development of settlements arisen itself without
taking into consideration of the natural beauties of the land harms the ecologic balance by hindering
sustainability of natural resources. This article reviews the studies on the effects of natural spaces on human
well being and health, and provides a critical discussion of their results.
Keywords:Environmental degradation, Landscape architecture, Nigde, Rural Areas, Urbanization.
198
Life Cycle Assessment of Fossil Fuel-Fired Thermal Power Plant
E.Ü. Deveci 1, Ç.Ş. Sağlam2*, Ü.K. Çakir 3, K. Bayrak4
1,3,4
2
Environmental Engineering Department, Engineering Faculty, Nigde University, TURKEY
Boğaziçi University Fuel and Energy Technologies Program, M.Sci ([email protected])
ABSTRACT
Thermal power plants are industrial facilities generating electricity power by means of combustion of fossil
fuels such as coal, fuel oil and natural gas. Considering all generation steps, it is obvious that there are many
environmental and social impacts resulted from termal power plant investments. If these impacts are not
assessed, adressed and mitigated sufficiently, adverse impacts are unavoidable. Potential environmental
impacts of a termal power plant can be classified as stack emissions, particulate matter emissions due to ash
transport and disposal, coal mining, storage and transportation and excavation activities ; raw water usage
from natural sources, waste water generation, environmental noise and vibration and solid wastes.
Life cycle assessment is a method utilized to identify, report and manage possible environmental impacts
throughout various stages of a product or service production starting from raw material supply to all related
production, transportation, end-user cycle including waste disposal.
In this study, it is aimed to apply life cycle analysis into thermal power plant investments and to determine
optimum power generation process causing less environmental impact, address the impacts likely to occur
during different life cycle stages and figure out how these impacts may change the environment if not
mitigated properly, to select best available technologies in order to abate air pollution, water pollution and
soil pollution. Emission abatement techniques are other focus area of the study to reduce environmental load
of a fossil fuel-fired power plant.
In the recent years, Turkey is one of the countries where many new thermal power plants are being invested
and many existing thermal power plants are being renovated. The main purpose of this study enlightens
environmental impacts of such facilities and how these impacts can be managed in a scientific point of view.
Keywords: Thermal Power Plant, Fossil Fuel, Life Cycle Assessment, Environmental Impact
199
From Environmental Audit of Land to Baseline Report: Polish implementation of the EU Directive on
Industrial Emissions in the Context of Soil Protection
Andrzej Kulig1
1
Technical University of Warsaw, Faculty of Environmental Engineering,
ul. Nowowiejska 20, 00-653 Warsaw, POLAND.
ABSTRACT
In Poland, in the past twenty five years, numerous transformations of the economic modus operandi and
social rules were accompanied by fundamental changes introduced in the area of technical, organisational
and, especially, legal environmental protection. Changes in the land protection proceeded at a relatively slow.
The first regulations were introduced in this subject area under Environmental Protection Law Act of 2001.
Regulation on Soil Quality Standards and Land Quality Standards from 2002, defined the permissible soil
pollution level depending on the type of land development, soil properties (water permeability) and the depth
of the examined horizon. A list of pollutants contains 57 substances, including 12 metals. The next regulation
comes from the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union as Polish Environmental
Damage Prevention and Repair Act in 2007.
Under Availability of Information on Environment and Environmental Protection, and General Public
Participation in Environmental Protection, and Environmental Impact Assessment Act of 2008,
environmental research and assessments conducted and made in Poland encompass projected outcomes of
implementation of various policies, strategies, plans or programmes as well as environmental impact
assessments for planned projects. Additionally, Environmental Protection Law Act of 2001 provides for
environmental (ecological) audits of installations or, more broadly, existing facilities. An Environmental
Audit of Land carried out in order to determine the extent of land degradation and the reasons behind it is a
specific form of analysis and assessment. Its scope depends mainly on the objective of the research as it is in
the case of an environmental audit of a plant, facility or installation. Interpretation of the results produced by
the field survey is made in accordance with formal requirements (i.e. qualitative criteria and standards).
After a few years of those laws being in force, amendments have been introduced, resulting from the need to
implement the EU directive on industrial emissions i.a. to soil and land. The paper present the brief history of
legal regulation of the land protection in Poland and development of methodological aspects of the
investigations of the state of soil pollution.
Keywords: baseline report, environmental audit, land protection, legal environmental protection, soil
pollution.
200
Development of Novel Cements with Optimized Carbon Capture Capabilities
C. Unluer* 1
1
School of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, SINGAPORE
ABSTRACT
Currently produced at a rate of >3 Bt/year, Portland cement (PC) is the most widely used construction
material in the world. It is responsible for 5-7% of anthropogenic CO 2 emissions, due to a combination
of the decomposition of limestone and high calcination temperatures used for the process (1450˚C).
Therefore, there are major global pressures on the cement industry to reduce its emissions. Mineral CO 2
sequestration, combining alkaline earth metals (i.e. Mg) with CO 2 to form stable carbonates, is a safe
and rapid approach for reducing industrial CO 2 emissions. Reactive magnesia (MgO) cements have
received significant attention in the technical press due to their technical and sustainability credentials
over PC including their lower manufacturing temperatures (~700°C); ability to sequester significant
quantities of CO 2, becoming carbon neutral and leading to high strengths; significant durability
advantages; and complete recyclability when used alone.
The presented work focuses on the use of reactive MgO in porous applications, where it carbonates by
absorbing CO 2 and gains strength accordingly. The main goal involves maximizing the amount of CO 2
absorbed within construction products, thereby reducing the overall impact of the construction industry.
Microstructural analyses including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and
thermogravimetry/differential thermal analysis (TG/DTA) are used in addition to porosity,
permeability, and unconfined compressive strength (UCS) testing to understand the performance
mechanisms. XRD Reference Intensity Ratio, acid digestion and TG/DTA are utilized to quantify the
amount of CO 2 sequestered, with the goal of achieving 100% carbonation through careful mix design,
leading to a range of carbon neutral products with high strengths. As a result, blocks stronger than those
of PC were produced, where up to 1 ton CO 2/ton MgO was achieved in terms of CO 2 sequestration.
This was equivalent to the amount emitted during the production of MgO, therefore resulting in carbon
neutral products.
Keywords: CO2 sequestration, Mechanical performance, MgO cements, Sustainable construction materials,
Thermal decomposition
201
Different Climate Conditions effect on Thermal Conductivity Coefficient and Indoor
Environment
Deniz YILMAZ* 1, Hande BEZCİ ZEREN 2, Cengiz YILMAZ3, Timuçin İNCE 4
1, 4
ISTANBUL AREL UNIVERSITY, Mechanical Engineering Department, TURKEY.
3
2
ISTANBUL AREL UNIVERSITY, Civil Engineering Department, TURKEY.
ISTANBUL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY, Mechanical Engineering Department, TURKEY.
ABSTRACT
One of the most important criteria for the selection of building materials is the climatic conditions where the
building is located. If traditional structures have been examined, it can be seen that they have been built with
the best materials depending on the climatic characteristics. Selection of appropriate materials according to
climate characteristics are very important in terms of energy savings which is today's most important research
topics. Due to the Energy performance of buildings directive, identification is mandatory for all buildings.
Due to the use of unsuitable building materials for present climatic conditions, the energy loss is occurred
from buildings through heat transfer to the environment. As is known, if a rigid body has temperature
differences, heat transfer takes place by conduction from low temperature to high temperature region. The
conduction heat transfer is determined by the Fourier law. Fourier law includes a proportionality constant “k”
called as the thermal conductivity coefficient that is a feature of the material and is a function of temperature.
Therefore it is one of the most important parameters in choosing materials for heat transfer.
In this study, considering the different climatic conditions (tropical, climate, moderate climate, cold climate
conditions separately) and for the different building materials, and temperatures, thermal conductivity
coefficient will be measured and determined.
Using this data a building modeling has been done and temperature distribution within the building will be
examined.
Keywords: Climate, CFD, Thermal Conductivity.
202
Some Physical and Chemical Properties of the Building Structure Stones Used in Arapgir,
Malatya
Serhat Aksungur* 1, Tarkan Koca 2 and Alper T. Özgüler 3
1
Inonu University, Malatya, TURKEY.
2
3
Tunceli University, Tunceli, TURKEY.
ABSTRACT
In this study, the physical properties of the stone have been investigated which is used intensively in
some village of Arapgir district of Malatya province, and preferred by the region people in terms of
ease of processing and thermal properties of this stones. The purpose of this study, determine what type
of features this stones have which is name "Sal Stone", as a structural element. For this, stone samples
were taken, chemical analyzes were carried out, thermal conductivity and strength tests are made. As a
result, the present day structural elements were compared with these stones.
Keywords: Arapgir, Concrete, Sal stone, Structural element, Thermal conductivity,
203
Investigate Some Physical Properties of the Structure Stones Located in Çemişgezek and Analysis
of the Use as Building Element
Alper T. Özgüler* 1, Tarkan Koca 2 and Serhat Aksungur 3
1
Tunceli University, Tunceli, TURKEY.
2
3
(E-mail: serhat.aksungur@,inonu.edu.tr)
ABSTRACT
In this study, the physical properties of the stone have been investigated which is preferred in terms of
ease of processing and situated extensively in Çemişgezek district of Tunceli province. The purpose of
this study, determine what type of features this stones have as a structural element. For this, stone
samples were taken, chemical analyzes were carried out, thermal conductivity and strength tests ar e
made. As a result, this stones compared with present day structural elements and usability of this stone
amongst present day structural elements was investigated.
Keywords: Compressive strength, Concrete, Çemişgezek, Physical properties, Structural element.
204
Development of lightweight cement composites with low thermal conductivity for energy efficient
buildings
Min-Hong Zhang* 1, and Yunpeng Wu 2
1, 2
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, SINGAPORE (Email: [email protected], [email protected])
ABSTRACT
Energy efficient building is defined as achieving satisfactory internal environment and service with minimum
energy consumption. One of the most important parameters that affect the heat transfer through building
envelope is thermal conductivity. For concrete, the thermal conductivity is influenced primarily by the
thermal conductivity of raw materials used, mix proportion, void content, and moisture condition of the
concrete.
The thermal conductivity of lightweight concrete is generally lower than that of normal weight concrete due
to the lower thermal conductivity of air (0.03 W/m.K). Although introducing voids in concrete will reduce its
thermal conductivity and increase its insulation capacity, mechanical properties such as strengths and elastic
modulus are generally compromised.
This study focuses on developing lightweight cement composites (LCC) which have low thermal conductivity
but sufficient strength that may be used for structural applications. The lightweight was achieved by
incorporating hollow cenospsheres from fly ash generated in thermal power plants. The LCC developed had
1-day densities of about 1150 – 1470 kg/m3 and 28-day compressive strengths of 33.0 - 69.4 MPa. Properties
of the LCC were compared with those of cement pastes with comparable water/binder (w/b) and those of a
concrete with 28-day compressive strength of about 65 MPa.
Results indicate that the compressive strength, flexural tensile strength, and elastic modulus of the LCC were
reduced with the decrease in density. However, compressive and flexural tensile strength of 69.4 and 7.3 MPa
were achieved for the LCC, respectively, similar to those of the cement paste with w/b of 0.35 and the
concrete. Thermal conductivity of the LCC was significantly lower than that of the cements pastes and
concrete. The thermal conductivity of the LCC was 80% lower that of the concrete of comparable 28-day
compressive strength.
Keywords: cement composite, cenospheres, lightweight, mechanical property, thermal conductivity.
Acknowledgment: Authors acknowledge the financiar support by Singapore National Research Foundation
through the Singapore-Berkeley Building Efficiency and Sustainability in the Tropics (SinBerBEST)
Program.
205
A Study on Anisotropy of Composites and Nanomaterials used in Construction Industry
Çiğdem Dinçkal*1
1*
Çiğdem Dinçkal’ Department of Civil Engineering, Çankaya University, TURKEY.
ABSTRACT
Anisotropic materials become the material of choice in civil engineering applications in the last century.
Many construction materials are anisotropic and inhomogeneous due to the varying composition of their
constituents. In order to perceive the physical properties of these materials, use of elastic constant tensor in
various representations become important.
Hence, this study aims at presenting a different procedure namely, orthogonal irreducible representations
of elastic constant tensor by which elastic constant tensor of a material is decomposed into orthogonal
irreducible decomposed parts. This means that decomposed parts are orthogonal to each other. Since
orthogonality conditions have been fulfilled. The term ''irreducible'' indicates sets that cannot be
resolved into subsets with separate linear transformations. The irreducible tensors of elastic constant
tensor have special names; scalar (zero-rank tensor of valence 0), deviator (second-rank tensor of
valence 2) and nonor (fourth-rank tensor of valence 4). In this study elastic constant tensor of any
nanomaterials and composites can be written as the direct sum of these irreducible tensors in the
Cartesian representation. This decomposition process has been applied to selected composites such as
laminates and nanomaterials. Numerical examples have been given by using elastic constants of these
materials.
There are significant results inferred from this study.
One of them is to demonstrate that it is possible to analyze anisotropic property of these materials in detail by
this method.
Other one is to introduce norm concept and its applications such as norm and norm ratio calculations of each
irreducible decomposed parts for determination of anisotropy degree of laminates and nanomaterials.
To summarize, this study offers a different outlook for investigating anisotropy of composites and
nanomaterials used in construction industry with use of elastic constants only.
Keywords: Anisotropy, Elastic constant tensor, Irreducible decomposed parts, Orthogonality, Norm.
206
Experimental Study on Stabilization of Sand Soil by Cement and Marble Dust
A. Pekrioğlu Balkıs 1
1,
Civil Engineering, Cyprus International University, TRNC.
ABSTRACT
Soil stabilization is needed to increase the soil strength and/or decrease its permeability. There are many
materials used in soil stabilization. Soil stabilization is done generally by using cement, lime, fly ash and
asphalt emulsions because of their relatively lower cost, ability to be applied easily and their existance. Due
to excessive mining, natural resources are getting exhausted. Thus, it is advantagous to find the utilization
area of waste materials in soil stabilization. Marble is one of the important materials used in the construction
industry. Marble dust creates worldwide environmental problems.
The present study is aimed to utilize waste marble dust in soil stabilization. In this study, marble dust which
is the by-product of marble cutting industries has been used as a replacement material in cement
mixtures to stabilize sand soil. Study covers, 5 mix groups (20, 40, 60 and 80% cement replacement) for a
slump value of 150 mm were studied with 20, 40, 60 and 80% sand to examine the effect of cement
replacement on the paste and how the mix proportions (combinations) changes the physical and mechanical
properties of the sand. The compressive strength and porosity properties have been determined after
stabilization. Test results indicated that the addition of cement to soil increases stiffness, brittleness, and peak
strength. Marble dust addition improves the soil properties as it shows cementitious properties.
Keywords: Marble dust, permeability reduction, sand, soil stabilization, strength
207
The Moisture Damage Characteristic of Polymer and Wax Modified Asphalt Mixtures
M. Bayazit 1, Y.Taşdemir* 1 , E. Kolay 2 and G.Küçük3
1,
2
Bozok University, Department of Civil Engineering, Yozgat, TURKEY.
(E-mail: [email protected], *[email protected])
Bozok University, Department of Geological Engineering, Yozgat, TURKEY.
3
11. Regional Directorate of Highways, Van, TURKEY.
ABSTRACT
The road construction phase is the one of sources of greenhouse gases which causes climatic changes.
Researches are done to decrease greenhouse gases and energy consumption. The asphalt industry is getting
more aware of the warm mix asphalt (WMA) technology. The viscosity of the bitumen which contain WMA
additive is lower than normal bitumen at high temperatures. Therefore the mixing and compaction
temperatures of the WMA mixtures may be lower, reduced mixing temperature leads to a reduction in
emission and energy consumption.
The scope of this study is to evaluate the moisture damage characteristics of the unmodified and polymer
modified asphalt mixtures which contain WMA additives. The polymer modified bitumen were produced by
adding polymer additive which is commonly used in Turkey in 70/100 penetration grade bitumen. Bitumen
properties were determined by conventional test methods and, the mixing and compaction temperatures of the
bitumen were determined by Brookfield viscometer.
Two different types of additives (Fischer Tropsch wax, S and Montan wax, MW ) by weight of %4 were
added to unmodified and polymer modified bitumen to produce asphalt mixtures. The crashed aggregate was
obtained from Karayazi quarry of Nevşehir/Turkey and used to prepare asphalt mixtures. The mixture was
designed using the Marshall Method. AASHTO T283 tests were used to evaluate the moisture susceptibility
of mixtures. The wax S and wax MW modification the unmodified asphalt mixture become more moisture
susceptible than unmodified asphalt mixture. The wax S and wax MW modification showed positive moisture
performance on polymer modified asphalt mixtures.
Keywords: AASHTO T-283 test procedure, Moisture Susceptibility, Polymer Modified Warm Mix Asphalt.
Acknowledgment: The authors thank Bozok University, Scientific Research Project Funding for their
financial support [Project number: 2013MMF A/59].
208
MgO-cement based matrix composites reinforced with hemp hurds
and
N. Stevulova* 1, J. Cigasova 1, I. Schwarzova 1 and J. Junak1
1
Department of Material Engineering/Institute of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering,
Technical University of Kosice, SLOVAKIA.
[email protected])
ABSTRACT
Innovative building solutions for conserving non-renewable resources are connected with the development
of sustainable building materials based on the use easily renewable natural raw material resources. There
is a growing interest in the utilization of natural lignocellulosic fibres (bio-fibres usually derived from plants)
as organic filler and/or reinforcement into lightweight composites for sustainable constructions providing a
healthy living in buildings. Such new materials made from natural fibres with inorganic matrix are called as
“green” composites/concretes. Excellent physical and mechanical properties of annual plant belonging to the
Cannabis family - hemp predetermine its use in building materials. Growing trend in using hemp hurds (fibres
from core) as waste material from bast fibres production in lightweight composite preparation is recorded in
recent years.
This paper aims to summarize the results of our experimental study intending to the application of hemp
hurds into composites using alternative binder of MgO-cement. The parameters (mean particle length, volume
portion and chemical composition of hemp hurds; hardening time) affecting the physical (density, thermal
conductivity coefficient and water sorption behaviour) and mechanical properties (compressive strength) of
hemp composite were studied. Impact of chemical modification of filler (in three reagents) on properties of
composites was monitored.
The progress in the values of the strength parameters in dependence on hardening time for all composites was
observed. The lower mean particle length and volume portion of hemp hurds led to higher compressive
strength values. The values of thermal conductivity coefficient and density of hemp composites were
comparable to other building materials. In case of composites based on chemically treated hemp hurds the
lower values of compressive strength and thermal conductivity coefficient were observed in comparison to
referential composite (based on original hemp hurds). The comparative study of long-term water sorption
behaviour of composites reinforced with original and chemically modified hemp hurds confirmed that surface
treatment of filler influences the sorption process. It relates to change in the chemical composition of hemp
hurds after chemical modification.
Keywords: hemp hurds, MgO-cement, lightweight composite
Acknowledgment: The authors are grateful to the Slovak Grant Agency for financial support of the project
[VEGA 1/0277/15].
209
Multi-objective decision model of supplies performed by means of distribution center
for small and medium construction enterprises
Michał Tomczak* 1 and Robert Bucoń 2
1, 2
Department of Construction Project Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Lublin University of
Technology, POLAND.
ABSTRACT
Despite the fact that 99% of construction firms in Europe are small and medium enterprises (SME), the
literature on supply chain management in civil engineering focuses on issues typical for large corporations.
Thus, the supply chain problems of small businesses are neglected. Furthermore, the character of the
building trade impedes the direct implementation of modern logistic solutions into project and enterprise
management. In this paper, authors present barriers and obstacles to applying the idea of integrated supply
chain management to small and medium construction enterprises. This study proposes the concept of cluster
supply chain which can contribute to increase of building SME’s competitive strength. Moreover, the paper
describes a multi-objective mathematical model, which depicts the “milk runs” problem. Values of the criteria
were based on a survey conducted among construction managers and engineers. The model can be
implemented to describe operations of a distribution center, which is the part of a cluster supply chain.
Keywords: mathematical programming, milk runs, multi-objective optimization, small and medium
enterprises, cluster supply chain.
Acknowledgment: This work was financially supported by Ministry of Science and Higher Education within
the statutory research number S/63/2015.
210
Thermal energy storage using phase change materials in a building for better energy efficiency in
summer period
F. Boudali errebai*1, S. Chikh2, L. Derradji3, M. Amara4
1, 3, 4
1, 2
Building Physics and Environment Devision (DPBE), National Centre for Building Integrated Studies
and Research (CNERIB), Algiers, Algeria.
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering & Process Engineering, University of Science and Technology Bab
Ezzouar Houari Boumediene (USTHB), Algiers, Algeria.
ABSTRACT
In order to reduce building energy consumption and improve indoors comfort conditions, the envelope
optimization is one of the most effective ways. Indeed, the supplied energy is not consumed by the building,
but by the installed equipment (heating, air conditioning ... etc). To correct defects in the building envelope
and ensure thermal comfort while reducing energy consumption and green house gas emissions, it is
necessary to optimize heat transfer by designing a more efficient building envelope.
This paper aims to study the thermal behavior of a building incorporating Phase Change Materials (PCM) in
its envelope (as a way to improveits thermal inertia), through simulations, with the dynamic DesignBuilder
software which uses the EnergyPlus calculation engine software. It aims too to study the influence of PCM on
thermal comfort and energy consumption in the summer period.
In this paper, a comparison is made between a home that has an ordinary envelope and homes which have an
envelope containing different types of PCM (different phase change temperatures) with and without the
integration of thermal insulation in the building envelope.
These simulations have been made, taking into consideration the climate of northern Algeria which is of the
mediterranean kind.
The results found showed that the choice of the MCP melting temperature plays an important role in ensuring
the energy efficiency of a home and the use of PCM in residential buildings contribute to the mitigation of
fast fluctuations of temperature and prevent over heating during the summer period which improves the
thermal comfort inside the home. It was also found that the use of MCP allows to limit heat gain through the
envelope, which is an energy saving factor for cooling in summer.
Keywords: Phase Change Material, Energy Efficiency, Energy Saving, Thermal Comfort.
Acknowledgment: The authors are grateful to GIZ (Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit) for
providing the DesignBuilder software license.
211
Use of phase change materials in the walls to improve thermal comfort
L. DERRADJI1,2*, A. HAMID3, M. AMARA4, F. BOUDALI ERREBAI5
,Y. MAOUDJ6
1,4,5,6
National Center of Studies and Integrated Research on Building Engineering (CNERIB), Cité Nouvelle
El Mokrani, Souidania, Algiers, Algeria.
2,3
Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Blida, BP 270 route de soumma, Blida, Algeria.
* (Corresponding author. Email: lotfi.derradji @ yahoo.fr)
ABSTRACT
In Algeria, the building sector is the largest consumer of energy among the economic sectors, with 41% of
national energy and 21% of CO2 emissions. Much of this energy consumption is derived from the use of
heating and air conditioning systems for thermal comfort to the occupants in winter time and summer,
respectively. It is therefore necessary to reduce the energy consumption and the environmental impact of the
sector in promoting the concept of low-energy buildings.
The use of phase change materials (PCM) is a solution to improve the energy efficiency of buildings. The
phase change materials (PCM) can store heat to compensate for the mismatch between supply and hourly heat
demand in a building, such as the storage of solar thermal energy for heating during the evening.
The main objective of this work is to demonstrate the possibility of using microencapsulated PCM with
plaster to improve the thermal comfort under the algerian climate and to achieve energy savings for buildings.
Three cells were built with the walls of the conventional type in Algeria using an interior coating
plaster/PCM. The cells are located in the Algiers region, more precisely in the village of Souidania.
Measurement instruments have been installed to determine the influence of PCM on the thermal behaviour of
these cells during summer without cooling and during winter with heating. Thermocouples were installed
inside the cells in order to measure the temperature of the inner face of the walls and the air temperature. The
outdoor temperature and the direct solar radiation were also measured. The measurement results show that the
use of a gypsum plaster incorporating 30 % PCM contributes to a reduction of the amplitude of indoor
temperature of the cell by 4 °C in the summer period.
Keywords: Phase change material, thermal behavior, energy efficiency, thermal comfort, cell.
212
Investigation of Infill Wall Effect for the Seismic Performance of RC Structures
S. Mert 1, Ö. Boztaş* 2 and G. Arslan 3
1, 2
Department of Civil Engineering, Yıldız Technical University, İstanbul, Türkiye
3
ABSTRACT
In this study, the effect of infill walls on the structural performance of reinforced concrete (RC) buildings with
distortional irregularity under earthquake excitation has been studied. With the aim to determine this effect, RC
buildings with and without infill walls of 5 and 7 floors were modeled by using SAP2000 analysis program and
their pushover curves have been obtained by Nonlinear Static Procedure (NSP) which is proposed in the Turkish
Seismic Code (TSC, 2007). Earthquake performance has been obtained by NSP. At the phase of adding infill
walls to the system material values indicated in TSC 2007 have been used and as a method which is accepted in
conducted studies, the method of equivalent compression strut model has been used. According to the results,
more damage has been said to occur in models without infill walls. Columns located in significant damage state
have transited to the minimum damage state with the inclusion of infill walls. Whereas beams in heavy damage
state have remained in significant damage state in the models with infill walls. As a consequence, RC buildings
that do not satisfy life safety performance level designated in the TSC have satisfied life safety performance
level when the contribution made to the building by infill walls against lateral loads is taken to account.
Keywords: Infill wall effect; Performance evaluation; Reinforced concrete; Structures; Pushover analysis;
Nonlinear analysis.
213
Contribution to the amelioration of Mechanical Behavior of Mortar Based on limestone Mineral
Admixture substitution at curing Temperature
Ilham Aguida Bella* 1, Aissa Asroun 2 and Nabil Bella 3
1, 3
Department of civil engineer, Mohammed TAHRI University, ALGERIA.
2
Department of civil engineer, Djillali Liabes University, ALGERIA.
ABSTRACT
Currently, the concrete material has become a very expensive material because the high price of
aggregates, the aggregate factories consumes a big quantity of energy; by consequence, it costs money,
in the other hand it produces a lot of SCM's. The main aspects which guide this study is the current
tendency to make concrete based on a very abundant material, which are crushed limestone aggregates.
The desired objective of this study is the use of local materials mainly SCM (sustainable concrete
materials) in our case crushed limestone. Our SCM, is the result of crushed manufactory, contain 40 %
of fine limestone, the other part is composed by different size of aggregates. Based on this context, This
research is based on the use of the local material existing in very large quantity and available locally,
the main aspect are economic and environmental parts, using local materials will be very important in
the field of construction to decrease the price of concrete. Nowadays the technology in construction
field offer several kind of chemical admixture, this different kind of chemical admixture offer different
behaviour at the fresh state of the batch and by Consequence its result with different mechanical
behaviour at the solid state of concrete, this study focus on the behaviour of the new kind of admixture
at fresh and solid states. The results obtained in this study summarize up the importance of the curing
temperature during development of the mechanical characteristics of mor tar based on SCM and new
generation of superplasticizer.
Keywords: curing temperature, limestone, mortar, substitution, superplasticizer.
Acknowledgment: The authors grateful acknowledge to Sika Aldjazair stuff, especially Mr Billal Announ
and Mm Khedim Khadidja (R&D Department) for providing chemical admixture. Also The authors grateful
LTPO laboratory and GC laboratory of Bechar University.
214
Correlation analysis as a method for concrete deterioration investigation
V. Ondrejka Harbulakova 1, A. Estokova* 2, P. Purcz 3, A. Luptakova 4
1
Technical University of Kosice, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Department of Environmental Engineering,
Institute of Environmental Engineering, SLOVAKIA
([email protected])
2
Technical University of Kosice, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Department of Material Engineering, Institute
of Environmental Engineering, SLOVAKIA
([email protected])
3
Technical University of Kosice, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Department of Applied Mathematics,
SLOVAKIA
([email protected])
4
Slovak Academy of Science, Institute of Geotechnics, SLOVAKIA
([email protected])
ABSTRACT
Existing evidence has shown corrosion problems in many concrete structures exposed to an aggressive
aqueous environment containing soluble sulphates. Soluble calcium and sodium sulphates occur
normally in the ground, in waste water and in various industrial processes. Magnesium sulphates are
less common, although they are more destructive. Because of a lack of standardized methods, different
test methods have been used, and various parameters have been modified to evaluat e the resistance of
the concrete materials against sulphates exposition.
The paper is aimed at the investigation of the aggressive aluminum sulphate influence on the concrete
material with and without coal fly ash as cement replacement. Distilled water was used as reference
medium. Si, Ca, Al, Fe, Mn and Cu ions dissolved from the cement matrix into leacha nts were
measured. The laboratory experiment proceeded in five 7-day cycles. Determination of concentration of
selected ions considering mutual dependence on pH and its dependency on time is presented. Very high
closeness between the correlation coefficient of chemical elements and pH was observed for both media
and both concrete compositions. High closeness was also determined between Ca-Si and Al-Fe in case
of reference samples in distilled water. On the contrary, no Ca-Si correlation was calculated in
aluminium sulphate solution.
Keywords: Sulphate environment, Cement composite, Concrete deterioration, Chemical attack, Concrete
leaching
Acknowledgment: This research has been carried out within the Grant No. 2/0145/15 of the Slovak Grant
Agency for Science.
215
The effect of zeolite additive as a durability improver of building materials
A. Estokova* 1, M. Kovalcikova 2 and A. Sicakova 3
1, 2, 3
Technical University of Košice, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Institute of Environmental Engineering,
Vysokoškolská 4, 042 00 Košice, SLOVAK REPUBLIC
ABSTRACT
The use of natural zeolites as pozzolanic materials in construction dates back 3000 years, to the Greek and
Roman periods when zeolites occurred as altered volcanic ash, tuff, and trass were used with lime in mortars
and concretes for construction. The present studies provide laboratory investigations of the effects of
incorporation of zeolite as a pozzolan at various levels of substitutions of portland cement (from 0 to 40
percent by mass of total cementitious materials) on the properties of fresh and hardened concrete and on
concrete durability (alkali-aggregate reaction, drying shrinkage, chloride permeability, and resistance to acid
and sulphate attacks). Sulphates and acids, naturally occurring in soil and groundwater, are the agents most
likely to attack concrete material. The destructive effects can be serious resulting in expansion and softening
of the concrete to mush. Therefore, durable concrete requires good specification for different uses and site
environmental conditions.
The paper presents the results of the comparative resistance study of the Slovak origin zeolite based cement
composites exposed to the sulphate and chloride environment. The various aggressive media was used for the
experiment: sulphuric acid with pH 4.2, hydrochloric acid with pH 5.07, drinking and distilled water,
respectively. The laboratory experiment proceeded over a period of 90 days under model conditions. The
mass changes of samples as well as the changes in the elemental concentrations of calcium and silicon in
liquid leachates were observed.
Experimental studies confirmed: the leaching of silicon ions calculated to 1 g of concrete sample was highest
(7.951 mg/g) for concrete sample exposed to the sulphuric acid. The highest concentration of leached
calcium ions (2.546 mg/g of sample) was observed for samples placed in distilled water. The calculated Si/Ca
ratios in leachates varied from 1.22 to 7.94 in dependence on the medium.
Keywords: cement composites, hydrochloric acid, leaching, sulphuric acid, zeolite.
Acknowledgment: The authors thank the Slovak Grant Agency for Science for their financial support [Grant
No. 2/0145/15].
216
The water absorption by capillarity in structural lightweight concrete
J. Alexandre Bogas * 1, M. Glória Gomes 2 and Sofia Real 3
1, 2, 3
Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture. Instituto Superior Técnico, Technical University of
Lisbon. Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal.
ABSTRACT
In this paper the capillary absorption of lightweight aggregate concrete (LWAC) produced with
different types of expanded clay aggregates is characterized. To this end, a comprehensive experimental
study was carried out on different concrete compositions with mea n compressive strengths from 30 to
70 MPa and density classes from D1.6 to D2.0. It was thus possible to cover the most usual LWAC.
The influence of different parameters in the capillary absorption are analyzed: the volume and initial
water content of lightweight aggregate (LWA); the cement content and its replacement by fly ash or
silica fume; the partial replacement of normal weight aggregate by lightweight coarse or fine aggregate;
different curing conditions. The initial and long-term absorption of LWAC shows to be higher than that
of normal weight concrete (NWC). However, the coefficient of absorption is little affected by the type
and volume of aggregate, even taking into account different w/c ratios. Silica fume shows to be
effective in the reduction of capillary absorption, but the sorptivity increase as the replacement of
cement by fly ash increases. The replacement of cement by fly ash increased The initial pre -saturation
of LWA increases the capillary absorption of concrete. For a given strength cl ass, the sorptivity of
LWAC tends to be lower that of NWC, because the capillary absorption is more strongly affected by
the quality of the paste.
Keywords: Lightweight aggregate; lightweight aggregate concrete; capillary absorption; pozzolanic
additions.
Acknowledgment: The research work presented herein was supported by the Portuguese Foundation for
Science and Technology (FCT), under grant PTDC/ECM-COM1734/2012. The authors also wish to thank
CEris-IST for funding the research and the Argex, Saint-Gobain Weber Portugal, BASF and SECIL for
supplying the materials used in the experiments.
217
Chloride migration resistance of structural lightweight concrete
J. Alexandre Bogas * 1, Sofia Real 2 and M. Glória Gomes 3
1, 2, 3
Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture. Instituto Superior Técnico, Technical University of
Lisbon. Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal.
ABSTRACT
In the present paper the chloride penetration resistance of structural lightweight aggregate concrete
(LWAC) of very distinct strength (LC12/13-LC55/60) and density (D1.6-D2.0) classes is characterized
by means of rapid chloride migration tests. The study takes into ac count four types of lightweight
aggregates with very distinct porosities, w/c ratios ranged from 0.35 to 0.55 and seven types of binders,
including different amounts of silica fume and class F fly. It was thus possible to perform a
comprehensive study where the chloride penetration behavior of the most common LWAC is accessed.
The resistivity of LWAC is also analyzed and compared to that of normal weight concrete of equal
composition. It is shown that the chloride penetration resistance is little affected b y the type of
aggregate and that high performance LWAC can be produced. However, the chloride penetration
resistance can be strongly affected by the quality of the paste, i.e., the type of binder and water/binder
ratio. A high exponential correlation is obtained between the coefficient of diffusion and w/c ratio,
regardless the type of aggregate. The resistivity is mainly affected by the microstructure of concrete and
composition of its pore solution. Contrary to what is suggested in some standards, the con crete strength
cannot properly predict the chloride penetration behavior of LWAC. It is concluded that the durability
performance of LWAC with less porous aggregates can be at least as high as that of normal weight
concrete.
Keywords: Lightweight aggregate; lightweight aggregate concrete; chloride penetration; pozzolanic
additions.
Acknowledgment: The research work presented herein was supported by the Portuguese Foundation for
Science and Technology (FCT), under grant PTDC/ECM-COM1734/2012. The authors also wish to thank
CEris-IST for funding the research and the Argex, Saint-Gobain Weber Portugal, BASF and SECIL for
supplying the materials used in the experiments.
218
EFFECT OF SAND GRADATION ON THE ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF SAND-CEMENT
MIXTURES
(A COMPARATIVA STUDY)
S. H. Al-hadama1, A. Al Shenawy1, T. Y. Elkady11
1
Civil Engineering Department, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
([email protected] , [email protected])
ABSTRACT
This paper aims to describe the comparative study of the (compaction curve, unconfined compressive
strength (UCS), and durability of Sand-cement Mixtures after curing 7 and 28days with cement content
3%, 6%, 9%, and 12% per dry weight for both red and white sand. The results of the study showed the
maximum dry unit weight of red sand and white sand was found to increase with the increase in the
cement content while the optimum moisture content increasing marginally for white sand but decreasing
for red sand with the increase in the cement content. White and red sands are satisfying the
requirements for unconfined compressive strength at 12% cement content. The durability (weight loss)
for white and red sands is satisfying the requirement for durability (weight loss) at 6% and 3%
respectively. The curing time has effect significant on strength and durability of sand –cement mixtures.
Keywords: Sand, Sand- cements mixture, unconfined compressive strength, Durability.
219
Improvements in Folding and Tessellation as Plate Structures
M.M. Balkıs * 1
1,
Architecture Department, Faculty of Fine Arts, Cyprus International University, TRNC.
ABSTRACT
Folded structures are three-dimensional structures - spatial structures and it defines a folded form of
construction, including structures derived from elements which form a folded structure by their mutual
relationship in space. For very long time this type of construction has been realized in practice only in
reinforced concrete and made on site, which conditioned the use of a very complicated shell.
Development of prefabricated building led to improvements of this type of construction so that the folded
structures could be derived by assembly of prefabricated elements. The principle of folding as a tool
to develop a general structural shape has been known for a long time. The aerospace and the
automotive industry, e.g. apply this principle to create self-supporting wall, mould and slab elements
with a high load capacity out of flat and thin semi-manufactured metals. Tessellation is a pattern in
which each side touches with no gaps or overlaps. The simplest type of tessellation is formed from regular
polygons. Regular tessellations are tessellations that are made up of only one kind of regular polygon.
Todays approach is to design a process and optimize the structures digitally and with analogue model.
On one hand it is possible to generate digital models out of an analogue model with the help of a 3dscanner, on the other hand it is also possible to materialize the digital 3d model with a 3d printer.
Through a parametric structure of the design in a CAD programme the different stages of the procedure
of the planning and the generation of alternatives was simplified. Algorithms of triangulation,
originally applied in finite elements analysis, are used for the discretisation and the form-finding of the
textures of folded plate shells. In this study historical approach and todays approach for application of
folded plates and tessellations will be detailed.
Keywords: 3D Modelling, Building Envelope, Design, Folded Plate Structures, Tessellation
220
Investigation of relation of between compressive strength and ultrasonic pulse velocity in the
foam concrete with different density
M. Davraz 1 and Ş.Kılınçarslan* 1
1
Natural and Industrial Building Materials Application and Research Center, Suleyman Demirel University,
Isparta, TURKEY.
ABSTRACT
Foam concrete is the type of lightweight concrete. Foamed concrete generally consists of slurry of cement,
water and prompted sand or fly ash. This slurry is further mixed with synthetic aerated foam in a concrete
mixing plant. There is no need to heat treatment to produce foam concrete. The foam is created using a
foaming agent, mixed with water and air from a generator. The foaming agent used must be able to produce
air bubbles with a high level of stability, resistant to the physical and chemical processes of mixing, placing
and hardening. Foam concrete is available floors and walls of the building. Foam concrete is provides heat,
sound and water insulation. Foamed concrete mixture may be poured or pumped into moulds, or directly into
structural elements.
In this study, used type CEM I 42.5 R Portland cement, limestone powder, polypropylene fibers and
superplasticizer additive was produced foam concrete in the range 12 different density from 300 to 1400
kg/m3. Produced samples (28 days) compressive strength, split tensile strength and ultrasonic pulse velocity
were tested. Depending on test results obtained of ultrasonic pulse velocity and dry density foam for
predicting the compressive strength of concrete relations is proposed.
Keywords: Compressive strength, Foam concrete, Ultrasonic pulse velocity
221
Investigation of Salt Effect on Stability of Warm Mix Asphalt
Hatice KÖSE1, Mehmet BAYAZİT2,* and Yüksel TAŞDEMİR2
1
Bozok University, Directorate of Building Maintenance and Technique, Yozgat, TURKEY.
2,
Bozok University, Department of Civil Engineering, Yozgat, TURKEY.
(E-mail: *[email protected], [email protected])
ABSTRACT
The deicing chemicals are used to prevent of freezing on the asphalt pavement on winter conditions. De-icing
chemicals have obvious negative impacts including asphalt concrete corrosion, and environmental
pollution.The salt which is one of the deicing chemicals has been generally used on pavement surface with
different amounts for winter maintenance.
The asphalt industry is getting more aware of the warm mix asphalt (WMA) technology. The viscosity of the
bitumen which contain WMA additive is lower than normal bitumen at high temperatures. Therefore the
mixing and compaction temperatures of the WMA mixtures may be lower, reduced mixing temperature leads
to a reduction in emission and energy consumption. Researches showed that warm mix asphalt may have
increased rutting resistance depending on the used types of WMA additives without decreasing low
temperature cracking resistance.
In this study the effect of salt on warm mix asphalt mixtures was investigated. 70/100 penetration grade
bitumen and FT Paraffin (Sasobit®) modified base bitumen were used in experimental study. Mixing and
compaction temperature of asphalt mixtures were determined by Brookfield viscometer. The salt was added
to distilled water by weight of 0.8%, 1.6%, 2.1%, 6.5%, 10.4% and salt solution was prepared. Marshall
samples were soaked in the solutions and pure water for seven days. After curing period, Marshall stability
and flow were determined.
According to Marshall Test results, the salt affected the stability negatively. It is observed that warm mix
asphalt samples are more resistance to salt effect than hot mix asphalt samples according to Marshall Stability
values.
Keywords: Marshall Stability, Salt, Warm Mix Asphalt.
222
The Effects of Different Plasticizers on the Behavior of Mortars
Evren Arıöz* 1, Ömer ARIÖZ2 and Ö. Mete KOÇKAR 1
1, 3
Anadolu University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, 26555, Eskisehir,
Turkey.
2
Central Asia CBU Zone Manager, Chryso KAT Construction Materials, Turkey.
ABSTRACT
Concrete is one of the most important and most consumed material among structural materials in the
world. In concrete ındustry, new technologies have been developed to improve the characteristics and
the properties of concrete which is produced by mixing cement, water, aggregate, and if required
admixtures. Cement, water, and fine aggregate mixture is called as mortar. Concrete is produced by
adding coarse aggregate to the mortar. Recently, chemical admixtures are mainly used to enhance the
performance of mortars and therefore concrete.
Water/cement ratio is one of the most important factors in mortar and concrete production. Adding
water increases the flowability and provides easy pumpability but reduces directly the compressive
strength. Plasticizers are kind of chemical admixtures which provide high workability with low water
amount.
Plasticizers reduce the water/cement ratio of the mortars and can develop the compressive strength for
cosntant workability. Plasticizers improve flowability for constant water/cement ratio.
In this experimental study, cement, sand, water and two different plasticisers were used to produce
mortars. The flowabilities and compressive strength of the mortars were measured and compared.
Keywords: Admixture, Mortar, Plasticizer, Compressive Strength, Flowability
223
An Investigation on Suitability of Dredge Materials on Road Construction
G. Cevikbilen* 1, B. Teymur 2 , U. Karadogan3, H. M. Basar4, S. Dağlı5, L. Tolun6
1, 2, 3
Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Istanbul Technical University,
TURKEY.
4, 5, 6
TUBITAK Marmara Research Center, TURKEY.
ABSTRACT
Ports must be dredged at the time of construction, expansion or deepening, and periodically for
maintenance. The dredged sediments are most commonly dumped in nearby marine waters. The use of
these sediments as construction fill materials might be one of the beneficial usage alternatives. The
nonhazardous dredged material can be assessed as a resource and therefore a raw material that will not
be wasted. This study illustrates the preliminary findings of geotechnical evaluation of dredged
sediments recovered from five port sites placed at Black Sea, Marmara Sea, Aegean Sea and
Mediterranean Sea of Turkey. The grain size distribution and the consistency limit tests were performed
to classify the samples according to AASHTO and Unified Soil Classification system. The variations of
the water content versus dry unit weight of the soils were examined at Standard Proctor energy. The
swelling characteristics of the soil samples compacted to Standard Proctor energy at optimum water
content were observed. Furthermore the strength of the compacted soil samples was tested by California
Bearing Capacity tests. The findings in accordance with the fill material properties determine by
Technical Specifications of Republic of Turkey General Directorate of Highways were discussed.
Keywords: CBR, consistency limits, dredge materials, fill layers
Acknowledgment: The work is a part of DİPTAR Project, financially supported by the Turkish Scientific
and Technological Research Council (TUBITAK) 1007 Programme [Project Number 111G036]. We
specially acknowledge to the Ministry of Environment and Urbanization, Ministry of Transport, Maritime
Affairs and Communications and Highways 1st Regional Directorate for their supports in the ports. The
authors would like to thank, Barış Güzel, Pembe Erdoğan and Recep Karademir for their helps in the field.
224
Turkey’s Public-Private Partnership Model in the Health, Energy, and Educational Sectors: An
Overview and Critique of the Issues with Recommendations for Improvement
G. Tunc* 1, E. Ozsarac2
1
2
Civil Engineering Department, Atilim University, TURKEY.
Project Controls & Proposals Department, Hidro Dizayn, TURKEY.
ABSTRACT
This paper focuses on projects in Turkey that are currently being built using the public-private
partnership (PPP) model. There are issues related to the model, and specifically to the projects, which
are unique to Turkey. Issues related to the model will be studied in two separate categories: one
pertaining to its legal aspects, the other pertaining to its engineering aspects.
For the legal category, deficiencies of the model specific to Turkey will be studied. Current laws and
legislation will be subjected to criticism in order to highlight uncertainties and problems plaguing the
public and private sectors. Past and future amendments to the existing legal binding documents will be
investigated and discussed in an attempt to understand the evolution of the PPP model in Turkey.
The engineering aspect of the model will also be studied from the contract and construction
management perspectives. Technical issues related to contract documents, as well as those related to
their construction management, will be evaluated. Current construction projects, as well as some in the
bidding phase, will be discussed at length in order to assess progress in this area.
Financing and contract/construction documents will also be investigated as key risk parameters in the
PPP model. Difficulties experienced during the adaption period of the PPP model to Turkey will be
evaluated. The technical shortcomings of the PPP model will be discussed, and a road map for
improvement will be determined to mitigate legal and technical setbacks.
Keywords: Contract Management, Construction Management, Public-Private Partnership
225
Investigating the Relationships between the Main Contractors and Subcontractors in Turkey
Gul Polat* 1, Ekin Eray 2 and Enis Murat Goktepe 3
1, 2, 3
Department of Civil Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, TURKEY.
ABSTRACT
In general, several parties involve in construction projects. These parties mainly include owners,
designers, consultants, main contractors, subcontractors, suppliers, etc. The overall success of
construction projects highly depends on how these parties can work together without any serious
problems. Subcontracting is a common practice in the construction industry. Nowadays, while main
contractors tend to act as construction management agencies, and only control and coordinate the works
of subcontractors, subcontractors carry out the actual production work. There fore, it can be concluded
that the physical performance of a construction project is highly dependent on the capabilities of the
subcontractors and good relationship between the main contractor and the subcontractors. In the
literature, a great number of studies focused on the subcontracting practices in the construction
industry. However, there are only a few studies, which predominantly investigate the relationship
between the main contractors and subcontractors. This study aims to investigate the relatio nship
between the main contractors and subcontractors in Turkey from the subcontractors’ viewpoints. For
this purpose, a questionnaire survey was conducted among 74 construction companies, all of which act
as subcontractors in different types projects. The questions in the questionnaire were based on an
extensive literature review on subcontracting. The questionnaire includes 18 questions. The first four
questions inquire about the background of the respondents. The second four questions ask about the
background of the respondent companies. The remaining ten questions generally inquire about the
relationship between the main contractor and subcontractor. The findings of this study revealed that the
subcontractors become more loyal to main contractors if they have been working together with the same
main contractors for a long period of time. In this case, the mutual trust becomes very important for
doing business.
Keywords: Construction projects, questionnaire survey, relationship, subcontracting.
226
The Barriers to Adoption of Electronic Document Management Systems on Turkish Construction
Industry
Serkan Aydınlı* 1, M. Emin ÖCAL 2 and Emel LAPTALI ORAL 3
1, 3
2
Department of Civil Engineering, Çukurova University, TURKIYE
Department of Civil Engineering, Osmaniye Korkut Ata University, TURKIYE.
ABSTRACT
Over the past decade the use of computer in business processes has been rapidly increased. Producing
documents using computer supported methods has become common practice in the construction industry but
the management of electronic documents is highly ignored by the majority of sector. The steakholders of the
industry can increase efficiency of their documents through such systems. The aim of this study, determining
the barriers of use of electronic document management systems (EDMS) in construction industry in order to
increase the adoption of such systems.
In this study, the survey was carried out in order to collect the research data. Survey was targeted 1.700
representative of companies in the Turkish construction industry. 149 of these responded the survey and
according to results the barriers to adoption of EDMS are determined. The survey revealed that the main
barriers to the rapid introduction of EDMS in construction are cost-related and organisational issues.
Keywords: Information Technologies, EDM, Construction Industry,
227
Predicting Construction Project Duration for Bid Packages: A Case Study of Pakistan
Shabir Hussain Khahro 1, Dr. Tauha Hussain Ali 2, Mir Aftab Ahmed Talpur 3
1
Lecturer, College of Engineering Management, Prince Sultan University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
2
Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, MUET, Jamshoro, Pakistan
3
Lecturer, Department of City & Regional Planning, MUET, Jamshoro, Pakistan
ABSTRACT
Accurate prediction of project duration for planning and bid preparation stage should contain realisti c
dates for the construction projects. Constructors use their previous experience to estimate the project
duration for the new projects based on experience and intuition. It has been constant concern to both
researchers and contractors to analyze the accurate prediction of project duration. In Pakistan, such
study for time cost relationship has been lacked to predict time performance for the construction
projects. This study is an attempt to explore the time cost relationship for construction projects, which
will come up with a mathematical equation to predict the time of the construction projects in province
of Sindh, Pakistan. The data of the projects has been collected from National Engineering Services
(NESPAK), Pakistan and regression analysis has been carried out for the results. Significant
relationship has been found between time and cost of the construction projects of Sindh and finally, this
study concludes with a mathematical equation, which can be used by the contractors to predict the
project duration for the upcoming projects. This provides the professionals with requisite knowledge to
make more informed decisions regarding project duration, which is believed as one of the key aspect to
win the projects in construction industry.
Keywords: Project Time, Regression Analysis, Time-Cost Relationship
Acknowledgment: The authors are thankful to Prince Sultan University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia for
providing financial support. The authors also extend their gratitude to NESPAK for proving data to complete
study.
228
Supplier Selection in the Construction Industry: Evidence from Turkish Contractors
Gul Polat* 1, Ekin Eray 2
1, 2
ABSTRACT
Selecting the right supplier for the right job is very important in the construction industry. Any problem that
occurs during the delivery of materials such as receiving fewer amount of material or receiving materials with
wrong quality, can effect project’ success directly. Therefore, construction companies should pay attention to
several criteria while choosing suppliers for their projects. In the literature, there are a great number of studies
dealing with supplier selection process. Some of these studies aim to identify selection criteria that can be
used in supplier selection process in many sectors, while other studies propose several methods and tools for
selection process. The aim of this study is to investigate the importance levels of the supplier selection and
evaluation criteria that are considered by small-scaled, medium-scaled and large-scaled construction
companies and to explore whether there are any differences between different scaled companies’ answers. For
this purpose, an extensive literature review was conducted and 17 supplier selection and 10 supplier
evaluation criteria were identified. A questionnaire, which consists of 12 questions, was designed based on
information gathered from the literature review. The questionnaire mainly comprises 5 sections. The first
section includes 4 questions that aim to investigate the size of the respondent construction companies. Four
questions in the second section inquire about the supplier selection process in the respondent company. The
third and fourth sections have only one question that aim to identify the importance levels of 17 supplier
selection and 10 evaluation criteria, respectively. The fifth section includes only one question that aims to
find out the main problems encountered when working with suppliers and their suppliers and the frequencies
of these problems. These questionnaires were completed by 52 construction companies. 20 of the respondent
companies are small- scaled, 15 of them are medium-scaled and rests of them are large-scaled construction
companies. The survey results revealed that the most of the responses of these companies do not significantly
differ.
Keywords: Construction projects, questionnaire survey, supplier selection, supplier evaluation.
229
Multi-criteria decision model for supporting residential building maintenance
R. Bucoń* 1, M. Tomczak2
1, 2
Department of Construction Project Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Lublin
University of Technology, POLAND.
(E-mail: [email protected], [email protected] )
ABSTRACT
Residential building management requires to maintain the building in non-deteriorated condition and obliges
the administrator to reasonably invest funds for repairs. It involves necessity of carrying out repair works
including modernisation. Deciding on the choice of repair solutions is a difficult and complex task. Building
administrators have to consider both, the benefits of some repair works, and limitations due to the availability
of funds. Selection of a repair solution, bearing in mind the above, requires a comprehensive approach that
will allow assessment of the building condition and determining the repair scope required.
The research conducted by the authors was aimed at developing a decision-making model and its computeraided implementation, taking into account a number of operating demands. The system algorithm proposed
comprises a few stages including: building condition assessment, repair classification, multiple variants of
repair and the choice of repair solutions. The article describes individual stages of the model in detail, giving
numerical application examples of the method for repair solution choice for multi-family houses. In order to
solve particular tasks the authors applied such methods as multicriterial decision making methods and linear
programming.
Keywords: building evaluation, operating requirements, repair, renovation solution.
Acknowledgment: This work was financially supported by the Polish Ministry of Science and Higher
Education within the statutory research number S/63/2014
230
Key Performance Indicators (KPI) Model for Measuring Performance of Subcontractors
Befrin Neval Bingol* 1 and Gul Polat 2
1, 2
ABSTRACT
In the construction industry, a general contractor is mainly responsible for delivering the project on
time, within budget and desired quality to the owner. In practice, general contractors usually perform
construction activities via subcontractors in order to reduce the cost and time, improve quality, and
share the risks of the project. Since the large portions of tasks are carried out by subcontractors, the
performances of subcontractors play a critical role on the successful completion of the project.
Selection of a subcontractor is mostly dependent on bid price in the construction industry. However,
selecting the subcontractors on the basis of low bid prices leads to work with unqualified
subcontractors and usually results in additional cost. Hence, it is necessary to measure the performance
of subcontractors before selecting them. The aim of this study is to identify key performance indicators
that can be used by general contractors when they select the subcontractors . In order to evaluate the
performances of the subcontractors, the key performance indicator (KPI) model is selected in this
study. For this purpose, an extensive literature review was conducted and the key performance
indicators, which can be used in the performance evaluation of the subcontractors, were determined.
Based on the literature review, 91 key performance indicators were identified. Then, these performance
indicators were categorized into 8 major groups. Having identified and categorized these key
performance indicators, a questionnaire was designed and delivered to the construction professionals
via e-mail. 39 construction professionals duly completed questionnaires, who predominantly work in the
large scale Turkish construction companies. In order to determine the importance levels of the key
performance indicators on the selection of the subcontractor , the reliability and ranking analyses were
performed on the collected data.
Keywords: KPI, performance measurement framework, subcontractor selection, reliability & ranking
analysis.
231
5S Systematic Practice Steps on A Corporate Business
G. GÜRSOY* 1, and A. E. KELEŞ2
1
Çukurova University, The Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Adana, TÜRKİYE.
2
Adana Science and Technology University, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Science, Adana, TÜRKİYE.
ABSTRACT
As well as the physical properties of the working environment for employees, ergonomics, easy access materials
and efficient use of terms etc. from the aspect of suitability and ensuring employees feel safe is very important
because of expectations of employee, workplace layout and health and safety. The systematic of management is
5S, which are created for the realization of these targets, was born in Japan. The initials which started 5-words in
Japanese covers implemented and studies carried out in order of ensure the layout in the workplace, the
prevention of unnecessary material stock, increasing employee productivity, made of smooth and easily
accessible archive, the reduction of material and labor wasting. When the production process of many inputs and
outputs of the investigation found that the construction and materials industries, is of critical importance for the
efficiency of the implementation of established business operating system as indicated. In this study, the
examining and sampling of implementation stages of the 5S Systematic which is applied in Iskenderun Iron and
Steel Co. is discussed. Workplace layout, employee productivity, reduction of occupational accidents, timely and
accurate archiving, removal of unnecessary documents, time management and etc. issues is considered to be
positive contributions, the operation of this business which the corporate is, discussed the functioning of
processes thereby awareness creation on a sectoral basis.
Keywords: 5S, Health and Safety, Productivity, Time Management, Workplace Layout.
232
A Conceptual Perspective Via Meta-Heuristic Optimization Algorithms For Resource Leveling
Problem In Project Networks
Şafak EBESEK* 1, Hakan YAMAN2
1
Istanbul Technical University, Faculty of Architecture, Building Science Division, TURKEY.
2
Istanbul Technical University, Faculty of Architecture, Building Science Division, TURKEY.
ABSTRACT
Scheduling plays a major part in project management. Indeed, the scheduling process amounts to
deciding when the project activities will start and how they will use t he available resources. The
standard resource-constrainedproject scheduling problem (RCPSP) can be defined as a combinatorial
optimization problem, in terms of decision variables, constraints and objective functions. These
algorithms are mainly used for computing lower bounds that are an interesting trade-off between
efficiency and computation time.The precedence constraints prevent each activity from starting before
the completion of its predecessors. The resource constraints ensure that, at each time peri od and for
each resource, the total activity demand does not exceed the resource availability. Once started, an
activity cannot be interrupted. Despite the simplicity of its definition, the RCPSP belongs to the class of
NPhard optimization problems and is actually one of the most intractable classical problems in practice.
The aim of this review is to present the latest results in the field, in an integrated manner and to describe
the main metaheuristics algorithms for RCPSP.
Keywords:metaheuristics,optimization, project management, resource leveling, scheduling.
Acknowledgment:
Funding:
Thisstudy
has
beensupportedby
[ ProjectNumber: 36237 ]
233
ITU-BAP
Application of an Engineering Method for Preservation of Cultural Heritage: Fuzzy Logic
Mehmet Ulukan*
Assistant Pr. Faculty of Architecture, Nigde University, TURKEY.
ABSTRACT
There are some important criteria for preservation of cultural heritages. The determination of these
criteria are undoubtedly based on the experiences that are works and studies of ver y long years. Proper
protection of cultural properties which are one of the most important and concrete components that
consolidate the identity case of a nation is the duty and social responsibility of that nation
So when or how should the right and best protection be? The answer to this issue is shortly; never! At
first glance, this kind of a response which is negative and revealing a desperate inference actually introduces a
natural truth: the change.
So how the change, which is an inevitable fact of the nature and the human, and the homoestatis, which
means the preservation of cultural properties, will integrate? If the concept of protection of the cultural
heritage would be addressed from the perspective of homoestatis, then would not it mean to contradict the
change, (the inevitable fact of the nature and human)?
It is clear that this creates a conflict when the subject is addressed by classical methods of thinking and
approach. Then, the conservation methods convenient to the nature of the human kind should not have an
unchangeable, rigid approach regarding the preservation of the cultural heritage. In a preservation work, an
approach whose target is “as could be done…” is a better one than the “none or all” one. The breakpoint here,
on the other side, is the implementation of this approach via scientific methods.
In this study, the assessment of international preservation criteria for the conservation via the intermediate
levels was studied. Fuzzy logic method which can make intermediate level assessments is recommended for
this purpose. Use of fuzzy logic method, a mathematical method being used in various fields of engineering,
in the decision mechanisms aimed at converting the verbal data of a field which has a verbal reasoning into
numeric ones and at preserving cultural heritage is one of the first applications in its field.
Keywords: Fuzzy Logic, Architectural Conservation, Preservation
Acknowledgment: The author thanks to Prof. Zekai Şen and remember in memory of Prof. Ahmet Ersen.
234
The Structural Analysis and Design of Buildings with Shear Wall and Rigid Basements
G. Tunc* 1, Z. Khayyat 2
1, 2
Civil EngineeringDepartment, Atilim University, TURKEY.
ABSTRACT
The seismic design of buildings is generally accomplished based on the results of dynamic analysis by
considering a fixed-base support condition. The effect of soil flexibility, on which the building is resting, is
usually ignored. Due to the differences in static and seismic responses of rigidly-supported buildings and
elastically-supported buildings, it is essential to study the impact ofelastic behavior of soil on safety and cost.
The behavior of soil flexibility causes the lengthening of the natural fundamental period due to the overall
decrease in the lateral stiffness of a building. This leads to a decrease in the internal forces and moments in
the connections. As a result, the overall cost of the building will be kept at a minimum.
In this study, the dynamic behavior of rigid basement walls will be investigated. Two different layouts of
reinforced concrete buildings will be utilized. These buildings will be assumed to be resting on a mat
foundation with different thicknesses depending on the number of stories. Different support conditions will
be used in this research to analyze and to design the buildings. A set of horizontal and vertical spring
supports will be used in order to take the soil’s elastic behavior into account. Moreover, the results obtained
by the different support cases will be compared with each other and the most suitable support case will be
discussed.
In this research, the dynamic behavior of the buildings will be assessed according to the response spectrum
method using the SAP2000 package. The parameters of the research are: building height (low, moderate and
high-rise); the soil parameter beneath the building (dense and medium-dense sand); and the number of
underground basement stories.
Keywords:Elastically-Supported Buildings,Rigid Basements, Dynamic Analysis
235
The outsourced design coordination in Brazilian civil construction
Patricia S. Okamoto* 1, Silvio B. Melhado 2
1, 2
Department of Civil Engineering – Escola Politecnica, University of São Paulo, BRAZIL.
ABSTRACT
This qualitative work aims to highlight, through a case study, the strategic advantages and the importance of
the activity called Building Design Coordination to a real estate and construction company in a context of
outsourced design development. Facing this goal and trying to demonstrate the Building Design Coordination
activity, a field research was carried out in a company specialized in residential projects. In this sense,
information was collected with the analysis of documents used by the design coordination and interviews
were conducted. It could be verified in this case study that the Building Design Coordination is very relevant
once it interferes in the work organization, encouraging more integration, collaboration and reducing the time
requested for the design development providing a better alignment between design tasks, outsourced
designers and the clients’ interests and needs. However, at the end of this study, it was concluded that the
performance and the strategic advantages potentially offered by the Building Design Coordination can be
compromised by the way the contracts are prepared and conducted.
Keywords: Work organizationl, Design process, Outsourcing, Strategy
Acknowledgment: The authors thank University of São Paulo
236
Impact of Physical Treatment of Hemp Hurds on the Biocomposites Properties
N. Stevulova* 1, I. Schwarzova 2, E. Terpakova 3 and J. Junak4
1, 2, 3, 4
Department of Material Engineering, Institute of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Civil
Engineering, Technical University of Kosice, SLOVAKIA.
(E-mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]
[email protected])
ABSTRACT
Biocomposites based on natural fibres as organic filler are studied for several years because traditional
building materials such as concrete are increasingly being replaced by advanced composite materials (fibre
reinforced polymers and fibre reinforced cement). In this paper, the attention is given to the study of the
properties of hemp hurds (the woody part of hemp plant) as filler and non-traditional binder. The hemp as a
building composite component is rapidly renewable, carbon-negative, non-toxic, mildew-resistant and pestfree. Technical hemp is becoming a major focus of green housing because of its energy-efficient cultivation as
well as its health benefits to living. Due to the low density and high porosity of the hemp hurds, the
combination of hemp and binder creates a building material with good thermal and acoustic insulation
properties. Today, hemp hurds can be used in high-quality products such as hemp concrete, fibre boards and
biocomposites. The cohesion of the filler and binder is very important factor in the development of
mechanical properties.
This article includes the results of characterization of the properties of physically modified hemp hurds.
Physical treatment of natural fibres was carried out in two ways: hydrothermal (by cooking in water for 1h)
and ultrasonic treatment (by ultrasound for 1h). Chemical composition and degree of cellulose polymerization
were also determined. Physically treated hemp hurds was used to the preparation of biocomposites based on
this organic filler and on alternative binder MgO-cement. The impact of physical treatment to changes in the
physical and mechanical properties (compressive strength, density, water absorbability, thermal conductivity)
of the lightweight composites hardened in indoor condition for a time period is studied.
Keywords: Biocomposites, Degree of polymerization, Hemp hurds, Physical treatment, Testing properties.
Acknowledgment: The authors are grateful to the Slovak Grant Agency for financial support of the project
[VEGA 1/0277/15].
237
Seismic Response of Cylindrical Liquid Storage Tanks according to the Characteristics of
Structure
D. Bae1, C. K. Oh* 2 and J. H. Park3
1, 2
School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Kookmin University, Korea.
3
Department of Civil System Engineering, Ajou University, Korea.
ABSTRACT
Cylindrical liquid storage tanks are widely used to store various type of liquid, such as water,
petroleum, chemical, and liquefied gas. Safety and performance of theses liquid storage tank are
required with respect to earthquake. However, inadequately designed liquid s torage tanks suffered
several types of damage. Large stress in the tank wall by hydrodynamic pressure caused buckling of the
tank wall, amplified sloshing of contained fluid damaged the roof or the top of the t ank wall, and base
uplifting or settlement damaged piping connections. The flexibility of the liquid storage tank wall may
cause the fluid-structure interaction and amplify hydrodynamic pressure acting on the tank wall and
sloshing height under earthquake motions.
Seismic analysis of cylindrical liquid storage tanks are performed by finite element met hod. This paper
deals with the flexible steel cylindrical liquid storage tanks fixed to rigid foundations. The fluid motion
is modeled as the irrotational motion of ideal fluid. Compatibility and equilibrium conditions are
imposed along the interface of fluid element and structure element. A comparative analysis of the
seismic response of cylindrical liquid storage tanks is conducted with various parameters of the tank,
such as type of the roof, stiffness of the wall, and aspect ratio of the tank, to investigate the seismic
response of cylindrical liquid storage tanks. Analysis results show aspects in dynamic characteristics of
the cylindrical tank and in the hydrodynamic pressure distribution acting on the wall. Also investigated
is sloshing motion in the cylindrical tank.
Keywords: Cylindrical liquid storage tank, Fluid-structure interaction, Hydrodynamic pressure, Seismic
response, Sloshing
Acknowledgment: This research was supported by a grant (14CTAP-C077504-01) from Infrastructure
and Transportation Technology Promotion Research Program funded by Ministry of Land,
Infrastructure and Transport of Korean government.
238
Construction Stage Analysis of Prefabricated Structure
Fezayil SUNCA* 1 and Mehmet AKKÖSE 2
1
2
Department of Civil Engineering, Cumhuriyet University, TURKEY
Department of Civil Engineering, Karadeniz Technical University, TURKEY
ABSTRACT
Prefabricated structures are built in some stages because of having individual characters. Therefore, stages of
construction are critical for prefabricated structures. In finite element analysis of these structures, it is
assumed that the structure is built and loaded in a second. Since construction periods of this type structures
continue along time and loads change during this period, construction stages should be considered in the
analysis to obtain reliable results.
In this study, it is presented the construction stage analysis of an existing RC prefabricated industrial
structure. This is performed by using a structural analysis program (SAP2000). The analysis results with and
without construction stages are compared with each other. As analysis results, displacement and internal
forces such as the moments, shear forces and axial forces for columns and other elements are presented in
detail. It can be seen results that there are some important differences between responses of prefabricated
structures with and without construction stages.
Keywords: Construction Stage Analysis, Prefabricated Structure, Finite Element Analysis.
239
A Study on Concrete-FRP-Steel Composite Honeycomb Structure for Bridge Deck
Minsung Suh* 1, Dong-Ho Ha 2 and Jinkyo F. Choo 3
1, 2, 3
Civil Engineering Department, Konkuk University, Republic of Korea
ABSTRACT
Bridges are indispensable structures in our modern cities. Most of these bridges were made of concrete and
erected in the seventies to sustain the economic development. Especially, prestressed concrete bridges were
mostly adopted owing to their outstanding properties. However, the bridges in most countries and cities are
today near the end of their service life and need to be replaced. Considering the tremendous costs required for
the reconstruction or replacement of these bridges, it appears that a lightweight deck would be interesting
since it may reuse the existing piers and allow accelerated construction in traffic-congested areas. Composite
honeycomb structures have been used in numerous engineering and scientific applications like gliders, rocket
substructure, furniture, etc. In the construction sector, the honeycomb structure has already extensively
adopted in architectural design but its application in bridge deck has not been considered to date. This
structure presents numerous advantages such as being economically efficient in terms of amount of material
and weight, and being a torsion-free structure.
Accordingly, this study proposes a new type of bridge deck presenting a thin concrete slab at its top, a
honeycomb structure made of fiber reinforced plastic (FRP) playing the role of stiffening girder and a thin
steel plate at its bottom. The presence of concrete and steel at the top and bottom of the section intends to
provide sufficient inertial stiffness and protect the girder from exposure to environmental attacks, and the
FRP honeycomb structure is adopted to offer high strength while having a minimal weight. In addition, this
paper intends to find the overall geometry of the deck and optimal dimensions for each of the composing
materials through a numerical example considering a single-span bridge and applying the serviceability
criteria of the Korea Highway Bridge Design Code.
Keywords: Bridge Deck, Fiber Reinforced Plastic, Optimal Dimensions, Serviceability, Steel Composite
Honeycomb Structure
Acknowledgment: This work is financially supported by Korea Minister of Ministry of Land, Infrastructure,
and Transport as 「U-City Master and Doctor Course Grant Program」.
240
Seismic isolation of reinforced concrete structures
«Nonlinear Dynamic Method»
N. ADJOU* 1 , N. HADDADOU 2
1
National Center of Studies and Integrated Research on Building Engineering, ALGERIA.
([email protected])
2
National Center of Studies and Integrated Research on Building Engineering, ALGERIA.
([email protected])
ABSTRACT
Seismic isolation is a relatively young technology compared to conventional met hods of prevention
against earthquakes, its appearance goes back to the Early 20th century, its principle is quite simple, it
consists in creating a discontinuity between the foundation and the superstructure, so that the seismic
energy cannot be completely transmitted in the structure. The objective of this article is to show the
effect of introducing seismic isolator in reinforced concrete structures built in zone of high seismicity
within the framework of Algerian earthquake resistant regulations « RPA99 /version 2003». Therefore,
the article includes numerical applications of nonlinear dynamics method on isolated structures.
Keywords: damping, energy dissipation, isolator, nonlinear dynamic method, seismic isolation.
241
An analysis of the Influence of Wall Stiffeners on the Fundamental Periods of Steel Liquid Storage
Tanks
Hadj Brahim M.* 1 , Djermane M. 2
1, 2
Laboratory FIMAS University of Bechar, Algeria.
1
National Centre for Integrated Studies and Research Building (CNERIB).
ABSTRACT
Steel storage tanks are widely used in municipal and industrial activities. Their good behavior after a seismic
is vital as well for aid operations as to avoid ecological catastrophes. The design of these structures is usually
subject to the application of international codes. Although these codes are constantly updated -especially in
the part governing the behavior of steel tanks under seismic loads- they have not yet examined the effect of
the wall stiffeners on the behavior of these structures after seismic excitation. The use of these reinforcements
in the design of steel tanks can be a suitable solution to improve their resistance in the absence of seismic
excitation; but in seismic zones their use is not always reliable and can cause undesirable effects. In this work,
we investigate the effect of the wall stiffening on the fundamental periods through a numerical frequency
analysis of the tanks with different geometrical parameters. The results show that the fundamental periods are
not disrupted by the wall stiffening.
Keywords: Tanks, Stiffeners, Finite Elements, frequency analysis.
242
Determination Of The Importance Of Materials In Structural Cost Via Architectural Project
Examples
Z. Ö. Parlak Biçer1, E. İlhan2, D. Kırmızıgül3, A. Akmeşe4, E. Davutoğlu5, A. Keskin6, A. Can Koç7, R.
Gurbangeldiyev8
1,
Architecture Department, Architecture Faculty, Erciyes University, TURKEY.
2,3,4,5,6,7,8
[email protected], [email protected], [email protected],
[email protected])
ABSTRACT
One of the most important inputs in the building of a structure is financial sources. The correct guidance of
these sources is distinctive for structural costs. The decision to use the materials determined by the architect is
important in determining the cost. It is important that the material usage decisions are given correctly and thus
the structural cost analysis is evaluated based on material. Structural cost is an area in which proper solutions
can be developed throughout the process starting from the first stage of the design. The effect of material
selection on structural cost has been examined in this study using important structures of significant architects
as examples. The structures used in the study have been determined as; Farnsworth House, Fisher House,
Glass House, Koshino House, Schröder House, Villa Kokkonen, Villa Savoye. Selecting examples of modern
architecture in different countries was a significant criteria in this selection process. Because it was observed
that local materials were used in every building according to the location. The use of local materials as well as
the use of materials such as ferroconcrete or glass is a factor that affects structural cost. First, the unit prices
of the current materials selected were calculated for the selected buildings. Afterwards, material selections
suited to the structure were selected from among the alternative materials used today and cost was calculated
using the unit prices of these new materials. It was determined that material selection has significant effects
on structural cost. It was aimed to put forth the importance of materials in cost determination via selection of
the sample buildings and the material study carried out. It is hoped that this study will contribute to the field
of structure regarding the effects of material selection on the cost.
Keywords: Cost analysis, materials
243
A Sample Study Area for the Costs of Arrangements Intended for Disabled People Erciyes University
Z. Ö. Parlak Biçer 1, İ. Kuşkaya 2 and Ç. İşbilir 3
1,
2
TURKEY.
3
TURKEY.
ABSTRACT
Studies targeting disabled people, elderly people and children with limited movement ability gain importance
for spatial designs intended to these groups. Architectural analyses that can enable disabled people to
overcome physical difficulties are especially important. Even though various laws and regulations have went
into effect for this issue, different problems can arise during the design and building stages of architectural
analyses. In addition, required applications are always late since it is believed that analyses intended for
disabled people will be costly. There are physical issues even in universities which are known as institutions
that generate knowledge and apply it among government institutions. It is thought that universities should
provide examples for their city with their social as well as physical attributes since they represent the highest
level of education. The objective of this study is to carry out a comparison between the current physical
attributes of universities and the attributes specified in the laws and regulations and to carry out a cost
calculation. Erciyes University Central Campus has been determined as the sample area for the study. All
buildings and additional structures of the different faculties, academies, vocational high schools and their
additional buildings have been examined in the study. The examination that started with the determination of
the suitability and/or inappropriateness of the physical arrangements intended for disabled individuals
continued by determining what the costs of these arrangements will be. Since it was thought that the scope of
the study would be too wide, the study that initially focused on disabled individuals later focused only on the
visually impaired and the walking disabled individuals. Costs for the approaches to the structures in the
campus and as well as the correct applications for the entry spaces have been calculated. It is hoped that this
study will contribute to determining the costs for the arrangements that are made and that will be made for
disabled individuals.
Keywords: Disabled individuals, Architectural Applications, Erciyes University
244
The Study of Advantages and Disadvantages of Tunnel Design Construction System Based on Mass
Construction Approach
Amir Arefian*1 , Zeinab Mohammadkhani2 ,Omid Moarrefianfard3
1
PhD Scholar in Civil Engineering, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
2
MA student in Civil Engineering, Shahriar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
)Email: [email protected](
3
MA student in Health,Safety and Environment Engineering, Ahar, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran
ABSTRACT
Regarding mass housing, one of the semi-industrial method which has been paid attention in recent years is
the construction of high-rise residential towers based on tunnel design.
In this system, bearing walls and reinforced concrete ceilings are concerted in a cellular and simultaneous
way.
In this study, after introducing this modern technology used in housing construction, some advantages and
disadvantages of using this methods are pointed out. Also, some necessities are provided based on structural
and architectural standpoints. Accordingly, some characteristics, capabilities, and limitations are raised so
that a suitable or appropriate decision should be made for implementing this system by considering the
available conditions. The factors under scrutiny were selected based on those variables which play a
significant role in the process of optimal construction.
The most important factors used in the present study include performance, elements, requirements,
capabilities, and economic features. All these factors consist of some components by which the system under
study is examined based on these elements. Finally, some conclusions are drawn for the scope of applying
this system regarding the potentials and limitations of the current system .
Key words: Tunnel design, performance speed, mass construction, industrializatio
245
Shape optimization of sheeting cross section for roof subjected t o different loading combination
A. Janushevskis 1, A. Melnikovs* 2
1, 2
Riga Technical University, Institute of Mechanics, LATVIA.
ABSTRACT
Many building companies have continuous attention to sustainable design of steel structures utilizing
advantages of stressed skin action. The implementation of such approach for the open plan buildings
might give considerable savings of material and erection time. However, in many cases, the structure of
roof trapezoidal sheeting that transfers load on the long sides of the frame to wind bracing is described
by simplified analytical model and different effects of diaphragm behavior are neglected. Thereby, for
instance, FOS may be overestimated, but the benefits of stressed diaphragm effect, in comparison with
common framework, would be unnoticeable. On the other hand, complex FE-models are able to describe
structural behavior of the roof diaphragms frame to some extent but such models usually require huge
computational resources.
Therefore, in this work, the alternative approach for designing of lightweight frames of the roof is
demonstrated for the hangar building. Firstly, 3D-models of the hangar and its roof are considered and
solved accurately using mixed shell-beam-solid FE. The combinations of loads on the structure are
considered in accordance to relevant Eurocodes, with special emphasis on the lateral loads. The problems of
structure stability and stiffness are solved in detail. The cross-section shape of sheeting for the roofs, as a
crucial factor of buildings stiffness, is parameterized using CAD based NURBS curves in such a manner that
number of control variables is minimal. Next, for the purpose of reduction of computational time,
metamodels are created by recently developed original code “KEDRO” for design of experiments, analysis
and multiobjective robust optimization, so cross-section shape of sheeting is bound to the structure responses.
Finally, cross-section shape of sheets subjected to different load combination is obtained by global
stochastic search procedure to maximize stiffness of stressed elements and at the same time with constrained
mass, appropriate stresses and deflections.
Keywords: Metamodeling, Shape Optimization, Roof Sheeting.
Acknowledgment: This work has been supported by the European Social Fund within the Project No.
2013/0025/1DP/1.1.1.2.0/13/APIA/VIAA/019 “New “Smart” Nanocomposite Materials for Roads, Bridges,
Buildings and Transport Vehicle”.
246
Design of Roofing by using : Tensile Structures
Alaa Tareq AL-SHAREEF* 1, Talha EKMEKYAPAR 2 and Derya BAKBAK 3
1, 2, 3
Authors’ Department of Civil Engineering University of Gaziantep, Gaziantep, Turkey,
([email protected], [email protected] and [email protected])
ABSTRACT
Civil engineering roof systems for outdoor environments find use in bazaars, car park, outdoor sport
facilities and places built to protect people or their goods from environmental effects such as sun and
heavy rain. Therefore, such roofing systems have great amount of application and each country spends
huge volumes of materials to build these roof systems to improve life quality of people in cities. Thus,
it is evident that further research on these civil engineering structures has the potential to decrease the
cost of these roof systems and build more efficient ones. Generally these roof systems are ma nufactured
employing structural steel material. As is well known, steel has promising mechanical properties such
as high strength and high stiffness which can be exploited in structures that expected to receive very
high magnitude of loadings, such as earthquake resistant buildings. However, there also exist some
disadvantages of completely using steel in these roof systems. Also steel construction is an expensive
process considering measure of covered area for outdoor roof systems. Moreover, these kinds of roofs
manufactured using completely steel are not flexible in use, that is to say, when it is unnecessary for
some period of time it is not possible to remove the roof covering and re -cover it when it is necessary
again. This paper investigates a novel concept in the world called as “tensile structures” used to cover
wide outdoor areas. This concept actually combines civil engineering designs and some architectural
aspects. Instead of using materials with high stiffness, tensile structures adapt membrane m aterials to
cover wide areas. Cable elements accompany those membranes to transmit the internal forces and
stresses to structural columns or ground. Although membrane materials have lower strengths compared
to steel, these structures offer flexibility in use, light coverings, lower costs and faster construction
time. In this paper special commercial software is used to investigate behaviour of tensile structures.
Three different configurations are employed to cover a wide area. Structural analysis procedure s of
those configurations are undertaken and stress distributions in membranes are investigated.
Keywords: Tensile structures, outdoor roofing, structural mechanics.
247
Towards an Sustainable Architecture by Use of Ancestral Knowledge
O. KADOURI *1
1
Department of Architecture, University of Béchar. Béchar, ALGERIA
([email protected])
ABSTRACT
Building according to the climate by integrating all its elements represents an alternative to improvements in
comfort indoor and outdoor. This calls for sustainable architecture whose first principle is adaptation to
climatic conditions of a given region. Although adaptation to climate has been a major concern for ancient
civilizations and few contemporary architects and planners take the climate in consideration when developing
their projects. The objective of this study is to have a clear idea about the degree of influence of the urban
tissue on variations in microclimates and subsequently propose solutions in order to remedy the problems of
overheating in summer, and to explain the harmful role of new cooling techniques. Although these systems
are an effective solution to soften the inner atmosphere, they contribute to temperature increases in external
environments. In order to show that the compact traditional tissue, made from local materials uses less
energy, and the transformation of the urban tissue in terms of shapes and building materials inevitably leads to
a transformation in the quality of the microclimate is itself the product of an interaction between the urban
and the prevailing climate; We have established a comparative study between two tissues in the town of
Bechar south of Algeria (our case study)which date from different periods (traditional and modern) allowed
us to deduce that the traditional compact tissue consumes less energy. The study also allowed us to learn from
traditional buildings and use our knowledge as a guiding principle in the design of contemporary buildings in
order to integrate climatic factors in our design and create a microclimate suitable and comfortable in the
spatial organization.
Keywords: Indicators, Microclimate, Saharan
Urban tissue.
climate, Sustainable development, Traditional architecture,
248
Response Spectral Analysis of Orthotropic Steel Deck as per Turkish Local Design Spectrums
A. Fettahoglu* 1, S. Bekiroglu 2 and İ. E. Bal3
1, 2
Y.T.U. Department of Civil Engineering, TURKEY.
3
Earthquake Engineering and Disaster Management Institute, TURKEY.
ABSTRACT
Orthotropic steel decks are used widely in construction of bridges due to their rather low self-weight when
spanned at long distances. An orthotropic deck is composed of deck plate, cross- beams and ribs, in which deck
plate forms the flange of cross- beams and ribs. The cross- beams provide the required stiffness, whilst ribs
supply longitudinal stiffness to the deck structure to maintain the required stiffness in both directions. In the
scope of this study, an orthotropic steel deck spanning between two cross- beams is modelled using a common
FE- method. Afterwards, natural frequencies and modes of the sample deck are obtained by using eigenvalue
analysis. Then response spectrum analyses are performed under four different seismic spectral curves, which
represent four different soil classes. Finally, results are given to evaluate the behaviour of steel deck under
seismic actions when various seismic load levels are applied. The novelty of the study is to incorporate the
seismic actions with the complicated FE models of the orthotropic decks.
Keywords: Orthotropic Deck; Natural Frequency; Free vibration; Response Spectrum Analysis, FEM.
249
A Case Study of Green Building Design
E. GEÇER* 1, H. BÜYÜKGÜNGÖR 1
1,
Authors’ , Environmental Engineering Department, Engineering Faculty, OMU, TURKEY.
ABSTRACT
Green Buildings are eco-friendly buildings which use natural energy sources effectively, do not damage
environment, reduce energy consumption, and protect living beings around and in it. Design process of these
buildings is studied by considering some topics and some certification systems are created.
LEED examine the buildings under six topics about sustainability issues. Each of these topics has different
point value on examination. These titles are sustainable land, effective usage of water sources, energy and
atmosphere, material and sources, quality of internal life and innovation.
In this study, Green Building concept and water and energy conservation which are results of this Green
Building concept in real estate are investigated. Also systems which are designated sustainability criterias are
studied and their contributions on Green Building design are presented. A rural house which is constructed on
3200 m2 area, 25 km from Samsun and 18 km from Çarşamba is selected to study and changes which are
based on green building implementations are determined. Especially water management is brought into the
forefront and rain water collection system, drip irrigation and grey water recycle systems are designed.
Different usage areas are determined to use recycled water.
Advantages and usability of solar and wind energy are studied for energy efficiency implementations on
selected house. According to results energy sources that should be used in house is selected.
Finally initial state of house and state of house after implementations are compared and point and certification
value that house can reach according to LEED criteria is determined.
Keywords: Ecological Building, Green Building Design, LEED, Sustainability, Water Management
250
ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA
2015
Assessment of stiffness moduli obtained from IDT test
A. Fettahoglu*
*Department of Civil Engineering, Yildiz Technical University, TURKEY.
ABSTRACT
Indirect tensile test (IDT) is used to obtain material properties of wearing surfaces, which are used pavements
of ordinary roads or bridges. In general, tensile and compressive displacements in orthogonal directions of
test specimen are accepted to have similar creep module to make calculations simpler. Afterwards, Poisson
ratio is obtained from classical equations as a function of time. Poisson ratio calculated based on this
assumption indicated that it does not vary depending on time, but can be assumed independent on time.
However, the first assumption, equal creep moduli for tensile and compressive strains results in nonsense
Poisson ratio values, which forces changing of calculation method. In this study, creep module and Poisson
ratio is calculated using classical assumptions and proved that the first assumption, same creep module under
tensile and compressive stresses, does not hold, whereas second assumption, constant Poisson ratio is true as
per IDT test results of Guβasphalt.
Keywords: IDT, Creep module, Poisson ratio.
251
Producibility of Cement-Based Lightweight Construction Material from Coal Bottom Ash of the
Bor Sugar Factory (Turkey)
N. Doğan-Sağlamtimur* 1, A. Bilgil 2, H. Akbulut 3, M. Dursun 4 and S. Yıldırım5
1, 3, 4, 5
Department of Environmental Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Nigde University, TURKEY.
2
Department of Civil Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Nigde University, TURKEY.
ABSTRACT
Bottom ash is a waste resulting from coal combustion. In Turkey, storage of this waste requires high costs
increasing day by day. In this study, the possibility of the production of cemented lightweight construction
materials from this kind of waste was investigated. The experimental study in which TS EN standard series
consisting of two stages were used. The lightweight construction material was produced from the bottom ash
under 1 mm square mesh sieve in the first step. It was produced from aggregates forming from the bottom ash
of appropriate granulometry with a maximum of 8 mm diameter in the second step. In the first step, mixing
depending on volume basis was applied to the samples since specific bulk density of bottom ash and cement
were different from each other. Cements were added in the weight range of 10-50% to the ash content and
then the samples were prepared. Axial compressive strengths and specific bulk densities of the samples that
were applied to cure conditions at different mixing ratios were measured from 6.30 to
9.05 N/mm2 and
3
1.2 to 1.8 g/cm , respectively. In the second step, lightweight construction materials have been planned to
produce from the aggregates with maximum of 8 mm diameter by calculating concrete mixing. 7, 14 and 28
days of axial compressive strengths and specific bulk densities of these samples which were applied to cure
conditions will be measured. Considering economic conditions for the first and second steps, after
determining the optimum parameters on the compressive strength, standard tests will be performed for the
produced lightweight construction material and then design parameters will be determined.
Keywords: Bottom ash, building, lightweight construction material, reuse.
252
Stability Analysis for a Deep Landslide in Istanbul: A Case Study
S. A. Berilgen *1, G. Allamyradov
1, 2
2
Civil Engineering Faculty Geotechnical Department, Yıldız Technical University, ISTANBUL.
([email protected], sberilgengmail.com)
ABSTRACT
Mass movements are natural disasters that are as old as history of humanity. That is why many scientists
in geotechnical engineering have been studying upon determining and preventing from destructive effects
of landslides. Instability of slopes depends on slip surface of soil, soil properties, underground water level
and some other mechanisms.
With development of computer programs many borehole data that are received from big areas can be
evaluated together. These programs can provide determination of soil properties and subsurface diagrams
of soil. Besides they allow data transfer between other engineering programs.
The scope of this study is to improve a stability of slope in landslide area and investigation of influence of
capped pile foundation groups to slope’s stability. Also to reveal importance of performing enough and
proper geotechnical investigations to calculate slip surface of landslide correctly. Studies also shown that
if enough drainage conditions are performed along with preventing increase of pore pressure ratios in soil
layers in landslide area, are enough to increase the factor of safety to a sufficient level. Moreover,
influences of parameters like pile diameter, amount of pile foundations, length of pile; to system’s
stability are researched.
Keywords: Mass movement, pile groups, slope stability.
253
Optimum Design of Reinforced Concrete Retaining Walls using Artificial Bee Colony Algorithm
Uğur DAĞDEVİREN* 1, Burak KAYMAK 2
1, 2
Dumlupinar University, Engineering Faculty, Department of Civil Engineering, TURKEY.
ABSTRACT
Reinforced concrete retaining walls (RCRW) are most widely used to support earth and water in the civil
engineering practices such as roads, bridge abutments and landscape constructions. Analysis and design of the
RCRW are one of the important problems in geotechnical and structural engineering.
In the design procedure of RCRWs, firstly, design variables such as cross-section dimensions and material
grades are selected based on previous design experiences. Then, the pressures and forces acted on the wall are
calculated by lateral earth pressure theories. Finally, static and dynamic analyses for wall are applied and
checked in terms of external and internal design criteria. If the selected initial design variables are insufficient
or excessive, design variables of the wall is redefined on a trial and error process. In order to economize the
cost of the wall under the design constraints, these procedures are repeated several times. Since it is extremely
difficult and time consuming to obtain optimal design satisfying all the stability requirements, it is beneficial
to cast the problem as an optimization problem.
In this paper, the artificial bee colony (ABC) algorithm was used to determine the optimum design of the
reinforced concrete retaining walls. ABC algorithm is an optimization algorithm based on a particular
intelligent behavior of honeybee swarms. The objective function of the optimization problem is to minimize
the cost of the RCRW. Structural design was performed based on TS 500/2000 which is the Turkish Code for
the requirements for design and construction of reinforced concrete structures. The numerical examples were
presented to illustrate the performance of the present algorithm. Statistical evaluation for the results obtained
by ABC algorithm was made for these examples. In order to determine the reliability of the ABC algorithm,
bee colony sizes were selected as 20, 40, 60 and 100 in the problems. Experiments were repeated 30 times
each starting from a random population with different seeds. Maximum number of cycle is limited by 1000.
The best, mean and worst solutions for the objective function due to the results of the ABC algorithm were
presented. The results showed that coefficient of variation was less than 0.2% for 100 bees .The results of the
study indicated that the artificial bee colony algorithm can be successfully used for optimal design of the
reinforced concrete retaining walls.
Keywords: Artificial bee colony (ABC), Optimization, Optimum design, Retaining wall.
254
Real-time Monitoring of Pavement Structures for Geo-Environmental Purposes
Bulent Hatipoglu 1, Craig H. Benson 2 and Tuncer B. Edil 3
1
Power Generation, Rizzo Associates, 500 Penn Center Blvs, Pittsburgh, 15235, PA, USA.
(E-mail: [email protected] )
2,3
University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1415 Engineering Drive, Madison, 53706, WI, USA
([email protected], [email protected] )
ABSTRACT
Monitoring systems were designed and installed at field sites in Wisconsin and Minnesota for environmental
monitoring of pavements incorporating fly-ash stabilized layers. Hydrological conditions within the
pavement are being monitored with water content reflectometers (WCRs) to determine water content and
thermocouples to assess soil temperature. Water draining from the profile is captured with a 3 m x 3 m
lysimeter. Meteorological conditions are monitored using a weather station adjacent to the roadway.
Dataloggers are used for automatic data collection and a server at the University of Wisconsin-Madison
regularly downloads data from the dataloggers. All of the instrumentation is powered by a battery that is
recharged by a solar panel. This paper describes details of instrumentation program, challenges faced during
the installation and data collection, a new method developed to calibrate the WCR sensors, and the data that
have been collected.
Keywords: Geo-Environmental, Geotechnics, Real-time monitoring, Pavement
255
Comparative Life Cycle Assessment of Ground Improvement techniques
M. Kucukvar1, N. C. Onat2, O.Tatari3, A. Elgamal4, and K. Mackie5
1
2,3,5
4
Department of Industrial Engineering, Istanbul Sehir University, Istanbul, TURKEY.
Department of Civil, Environmental, and Construction Engineering, University of Central Florida,
Orlando, FL, USA.
Department of Structural Engineering, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
ABSTRACT
Ground improvement techniques are promising in terms of producing less environmental impact than
other conventional deep foundation methods. Although economic saving is considered one of the most
important motivations of selecting ground improvement methods, many government agencies are now
suggesting a holistic analysis of environmental benefits of different ground improvement methods in
addition to economic criteria. In this sense, current research aims to compare the total environmental
impacts of traditional piling solution with a particular ground modification method, namely vibro stone
column. To achieve this goal, economic input-output life cycle assessment model is utilized to quantify
the direct and supply-chain related indirect environmental implications of both methods from a holistic
perspective. Five environmental impact categories including energy consumption, carbon footprint,
water withdrawal, hazardous waste generation, and toxic releases are analyzed. The results show that
using ground improvement as a technically acceptable alternative to piling can provide significance
environmental savings that exceed 92% depending on impact category. The use of alternative materials
as a partial cement substitute in concrete piling and recycled aggregate in vibro stone columns can be
sustainable strategies to reduce overall impacts of both methods. It is envisioned that the results of such
analysis will help the decision makers to understand the capability of ground improvement to provide
significant environmental benefits in comparison with piling solution.
Keywords: Concrete Piling, Economic Input-Output Analysis, Ground Improvement, Vibro Stone Column,
Sustainable Infrastructures.
Acknowledgment: This material is based upon work supported in part by the National Science Foundation
under Grant No. 1201195.
256
Influence of separation gap on the structural response of colliding structures under earthquake
excitation
Barbara Sołtysik1, Robert Jankowski 2
1, 2
Department of Metal Structures and Construction Management, Faculty of Civil and Environmental
Engineering, Gdansk University of Technology, POLAND.
ABSTRACT
The high level of urbanization in the XXIst century forces the designers to design closely-separated structures
and to take into account many factors influencing their response during moderate to strong ground motions.
Interactions between adjacent buildings, known as the earthquake-induced structural pounding, may cause
serious damage to the structures, leading even to its total collapse. The main reason of collisions between
adjacent buildings during earthquakes, aside from insufficient distances between structures is related to the
difference in dynamic parameters.
The aim of this paper is to present the results of an experimental study of collisions due to insufficient
separation gap between models of steel structures under earthquake excitation. To perform this study, models
of three steel towers, with different dynamic parameters were constructed. To obtain the seismic excitation,
the unidirectional shaking table, located at the Gdansk University of Technology (Poland), was used. To
obtain different dynamic characteristics of structures, additional mass – concrete plates with the dimensions
of 50 x 50 x 7 cm and 42.2 kg weight – were mounted at the top of each tower. In the experiment, two
configurations of the towers were analyzed. The paper shows the results obtained for the configuration no. 1,
in which two concrete plates were mounted at the top of external towers and only one concrete plate was
mounted at the top of the middle tower. The influence of different separation gap (=0 mm, =20 mm,
=40 mm, =60 mm ) was taken into consideration.
The results clearly indicate that insufficient in-between separation distance may result in interactions between
buildings with different dynamic properties during earthquakes, leading to the change of their responses. The
best behavior of structures has been observed for the case of zero gap size as well as when the gap size is
large enough to prevent pounding.
Keywords: structural pounding, earthquake excitation, steel structures, experimental study
Acknowledgment: The authors would like to thank Mr. Henryk Michniewicz and Mr. Hytham Ali Abd
Elaziz Elwardany for their help in conducting the experiments.
257
Determining the Behavior of Gravity Retaining Walls under Dynamic Loads Constructed In
Saturated Clay
Onur Yavan 1, M. İnanç Onur* 2 and Ahmet Tuncan3
1,
Department of Civil Engineering, Kırklareli University, TURKEY.
2, 3
Department of Civil Engineering, Anadolu University, TURKEY.
ABSTRACT
Retaining walls are the most chosen earth structures in engineering applications. Retaining walls are
constructed to provide lateral earth pressure for vertical slopes. Types of retaining walls can be said such as
gravity retaining walls, cantilever retaining walls and counterfort retaining walls. A retaining wall design
consists of determining lateral pressures acting on the wall and stability checks for overturning, sliding and
bearing capacity. There are different types of lateral earth pressure theories but all of them use unit weight,
friction angle and cohesion of the back soil.
Dynamic loads can be act to the wall and cause displacement and stability failures in earthquake zone such as
Turkey. In this study, behavior of gravity retaining walls under dynamic loads is investigated. For this
purpose, firstly design parameters of the wall are determined. Safety factors are chosen minimum 2.0 for
overturning, minimum 1.5 for sliding and minimum 3.0 for bearing capacity. Back soil is chosen as saturated
clay type of soil and to identify effects of the cohesion on the behavior, cohesion values are chosen 1.0 t/m 2,
2.0 t/m2, 4.0 t/m2. The heights of the wall are chosen as 5, 10, 15 meters. Rankine active earth pressure theory
is used for earth pressure calculations. Dynamic behavior is investigated by using Plaxis 2D Dynamic
Module. Van earthquake records are used for dynamic analysis. At the end of the study, additional forces and
displacements are found then recommendations are given for the safe design in the earthquake zones. The
results of the models are compared and behavior of the saturated clays under earthquake loads is determined.
Keywords: Gravity Retaining Wall, Dynamic Load, Plaxis 2D.
258
Vertical Stress Isobars for Rectangular Foundations under Different Loading Conditions
Uğur DAĞDEVİREN* 1, Mehmet Ali SALMAN2
1, 2
Dumlupinar University, Engineering Faculty, Department of Civil Engineering, Turkey
ABSTRACT
When the soils are subjected to external loads due to buildings, embankments or excavations the state of
stress within soil changes. Stress increments by the external loads are not constant under and around the
structure and they vary along the depth in soil. The distribution of stress in soil has a great importance in
foundation design. Vertical stress increment is particularly required to calculate the settlement values of the
foundations.
In geotechnical engineering, the stress increments are generally determined by Boussinesq’s equations which
based on theory of elasticity. Boussinesq (1885) presented a mathematical solution for the distribution of
stresses for a vertical point load applied on the soil surface. As the structure loads are transferred to the soil
through foundations, the stress equations given for a point load are not realistic in many civil engineering
problems. The stresses at any depth for the foundations subjected to different foundation geometries and
different loading types can be obtained by integrating Boussinesq’s solution for point load over the loaded
area. However, it is very difficult and time consuming process to make for all loading cases. In addition to,
the analytical solution can only give stress increment under the corner points of the rectangular foundations.
In case the vertical stress is desired at any point except the corner of the rectangular foundation, the loaded
area must be divided into different rectangular parts and total vertical stress can be calculated with
superposition rule. In order to eliminate these disadvantages of the analytical solution, the stress isobars can
be used. An isobar is a line which connects all points of equal stress below the ground surface. The
calculation of the vertical stress increment at any point with stress isobars is very easy and practical.
In this study, a computer program was developed to calculate the vertical stress increment at any point (x; y;
z) below the rectangular foundation under different loading conditions based on numerical solution of the
Boussinesq’s equations. The calculated vertical stress increments by computer program for different loading
conditions (uniform, triangular and trapezoidal) and ratio of foundation dimensions (L/B = 1, 2 and 5) were
given as stress isobars which can be easily used to determine vertical stress increments.
Keywords: Boussinesq’s equations, Numerical solution, Rectangular foundation, Vertical stress isobars.
259
Effect the Lowering Ground Water Table on Behavior of Piled Raft under Vertical Load on
Dense Sandy Soil
Abdulhafiz O. Alshenawy * 1, Talal O. AL-Refeai 2 and Naif M. AL-sanabani 3
1, 2,3
Department of civil Engineering, King Saud University , Saudi Arabia.
(E-mail: [email protected], [email protected] , [email protected])
ABSTRACT
The foundation concept of piled rafts differ from traditional foundation of pile group design, in which the raft
and piles in piled raft foundation are considered to transmit the superstructure load to subsoil. The piled raft
has been proven to be an economical option. The behavior of piled raft is complex, because it consists three
components raft, pile, and subsoil and it has three interaction raft-pile, raft-soil, and pile-soil. So the behavior
of piled raft depends on geometric of raft and pile and site conditions (type of soils, ground water table, ect)
In this paper, the three dimensional model of piled raft were developed by ABAQUS program to investigate
the behavior of piled raft with lowering ground water table, the parametric study was performed in length of
pile and lowering ground water table. The length of piles change as 10m, 15m, and 20m, the piled raft is
considered at the ground surface. Initially the ground water table assumed to be at the ground surface. Then
the GWT is lowering to -5m (case1) and to 10-m (case 2), after that the GWT is assumed to be at -5m from
ground surface. Then the GWT is lowering to -5m. The pile diameter was kept constant (D=0.5m), and the
space between the center of piles was also constant (S=5D).The verification was conducted by using PDR
(Poulos Davis Randolph) model. The result indicate that the lowering GWT has a significant effect in
increasing the average . the settlement of piled raft for lowering GWT to -10m is larger than settlement for
lowering GWT to -5m by 31.5 %0 settlement of piled raft. The lowering GWT has significant effect in
increase the load sharing of piles.
Keyword: ABAQUS, Piles, Load Sharing, Settlement
260
Comparison of Damage Criteria for Structures to Near-Field Blast-Induced Ground Motion
Damage Estimated by the Different Countries
D. M. Özcan* 1, A. Bayraktar 2 and A. C. Altunışık3
1,
2,3
Civil Engineering, Bozok University, TURKEY.
([email protected])
Civil Engineering, Karadeniz Technical University, TURKEY.
ABSTRACT
In this study, aims to compare the existing damage standard for structures subjected to near -field blastinduced ground motions. For this purpose 64 different blasting records were collected from the selected
quarry during twenty months in Trabzon, Turkey. Blasting characteristics such as peak particle
velocities, dominant frequencies, air pressures, maximum accelerations and maximum displacements
were measured during the blasting on hard soil. There are many damage criteria for d ifferent countries.
Longitudinal, transverse and vertical peak particle velocities were evaluated using vibration standards
or damage criteria such as Unites States, Germany, Sweden, India, England, Australia, and Turkey.
According to the U.S., English and Turkish vibration standards, the measured blast-induced ground
motions did not cause the significant damage on the structures as compared with the other standards. It
was observed that U.S., English and Turkish standards are more suitable than other stand ard to evaluate
the other standards the structural damage level of structures to near -field blast-induced ground motions.
In addition, nonlinear dynamic analyses of masonry stone arch bridge were performed. The analytical
model was constituted by ANSYS. From the analysis, displacements are increased along to the middle
of the bridge. The maximum and minimum principal stresses are obtained at the region around the base
of stone arch.
Keywords: Analytical model, Damage criteria, Nonlinear dynamic analyses, Maximum and minimum
principal stresses, Near-field blast-induced ground motion, Peak Particle Velocity, Structural damage.
261
Determination of Horizontal Bulk Material Pressures in Rigid Cylindrical Slender Silos under
Seismic Excitation using FEM and EN1998-4
Ayşegül Durmuş* 1, Ramazan Livaoğlu 2
1
Department of Civil Engineering, Karadeniz Technical University, TURKEY.
2
Department of Civil Engineering, Uludağ University, TURKEY.
ABSTRACT
The seismic design procedure is more complicated compared to the static design procedure for the silos
due to the destructive effects of the earthquakes. It can be observed from experiences that failures of
silos cause loss of stored material, environmental damage and probable injury or loss of life in recent
earthquakes. Moreover, these failures indicate that the seismic behavior of silos is still not understood
sufficiently. Hence, the reliability and/or stability of these special structures against failure under
seismic loads are of critical concern, and must be understood clearly. In this sense, directly groundsupported cylindrical slender silos were considered in this study. The present proceeding aims to
estimate the distribution and the magnitudes of the dynamic material pressures in such silos under
seismic loading. To this end, a three dimensional finite element model is described for the simulation of
the seismic behavior of such silos with ANSYS commercial program. The reinforced concrete silo and
stored material are modeled by solid elements. The surface to surface contact with coulomb friction law
is considered for the contact mechanism between the silo wall and the stored material. The obtained
results via numerical model and EN1998-4 are discussed in terms of dynamic material pressure and
equivalent shear force responses for the considered system, comparatively. Finally, the comparisons
showed that the seismic procedure proposed by Eurocode gives smaller dynamic material pressure
response values than those obtained from more realistic numerical models for slender silos and the
heightwise distribution of these responses are quite different especially for the silos with 3.0 and 4.0
aspect ratios.
Keywords: Bulk material-silo wall interaction, Cylindrical Reinforced Silos, Seismic response, Slender silos.
262
The Effects of Local Soil Conditions on Structural Behaviour in Adapazarı
Kaya, Zulkuf 1; Uncuoğlu, Erdal 2; Erol, Aykut 3; Erken, Ayfer 4; Kara, H. Bekir 5, Yaltır, Şebnem6
1,2,3,5,6
Erciyes University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, Kayseri, Turkey
([email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected];
[email protected])
4
Istanbul Technical University, Civil Engineering Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey ([email protected])
ABSTRACT
During the 1999 Kocaeli Earthquake, Mw=7.4, much structural damages and many casualties have been
occurred depending on the softening and the liquefaction of foundation soils. A widespread liquefaction
phenomenon was observed in central districts located on thick alluvial deposits.
In this study, an attempt is made to investigate the effects of local soil conditions on structural behavior. For
this aim, a four storey residential building site in which liquefaction settlement and bearing capacity failure
were observed has been selected as a case study. Local soil conditions at the site were determined using
borehole logs, laboratory and in-situ test results. Liquefaction analyses and bearing capacity calculations
have been performed. Also, post-liquefaction settlement has been predicted based on the methods proposed
by Ishihara and Yoshimine (1992) and Tokimatsu and Seed (1984, 1987). The settlement values have been
compared to results obtained from Plaxis 2D Dynamic.
Keywords: Liquefaction, Settlement, Structural Damage.
263
Evaluation of Seismic Performance of Prefabricated Structures Using Push-Over Analysis
Fezayil SUNCA* 1, Mehmet AKKÖSE 2 and Alperen TÜRKAY 3
1
2
3
ABSTRACT
In Turkey, %98 of the industrial buildings are located on high-risk seismic zones. These structures are ideal
solutions to pass large spans without columns. Since they are mostly built as hinge connected prefabricated
concrete buildings, their behavior under seismic loading is different from the moment resisting RC buildings.
Therefore, seismic response of prefabricated concrete structures is very important.
In this study, seismic performance of an existing RC prefabricated industrial structure is determined by nonlinear analysis method defined in Turkish Earthquake Code (TEC 2007). The seismic performance of the
structural system has been carried out by using incremental equivalent seismic load method (pushover
method) given in TEC-2007. The performance of the prefabricated structure has been evaluated under the
design earthquake (the probability of exceedance of the design earthquake within a period of 50 years is %10)
and maximum earthquake (the probability of exceedance of the design earthquake within a period of 50 years
is %2). The pushover analysis of the structural system is performed by using a structural analysis program
(SAP2000). The numerical results are given in tables and figures comparatively and discussed.
Keywords: Prefabricated Structure, Seismic Performance Evaluation, Push-Over Analysis
264
Improving Seismic Behavior of Vierendeel and X-diagonal STMFs by Their Configuration
Optimization
Armin Badakhshan 1, Farhad Ahadi koloo 2
1
Civil Engineering Department, Shahrood University of Technology, Iran.
2
Aerospace Engineering Department, University of Tehran, Iran.
ABSTRACT
In recent decades, the use of special truss moment frame (STMF) as a newly developed s teel frame
system for seismic regions is spreading. Seismic energy would be damped through frames special
absorber sections which are located near the girder beam span. In this paper, the Vierendeel and X diagonal configuration STMF with triangular load model has been studied. Behavior factor of STMF
due to strength and ductility has been determined by nonlinear finite element modeling method via
pushover static analysis. The plastic hinges are applied in the model in order to consider the nonlinear
elasto-plastic material model. Plastic hinges formation places are assumed at the beginning and end of
the beams and columns. The analysis for the Vierendeel and X-diagonal configuration of two and threespan for 3 to 8-storey building frames investigated and the results has been evaluated.
Based on the results of 3 to 5 floor structures “R” is located in the range of 3.94<R<6.35 and for 6 to 8
floors, it’s obtained in range of 7.77<R<12.53.
The results show that the behavior coefficient of Vierendeel frame than t he behavior coefficient of X
frame that represents the seismic performance of structures is more appropriate. Behavior coefficient of
Vierendeel frame is higher than X-diagonal configuration one that represents the more appropriate
seismic performance of Vierendeel structures.
The results show that, Behavior factor is strongly dependent on the structure height, so that by
increasing the height, the coefficient is significantly increased. Furthermore, the proper forms of
Vierendeel truss spans based on the ratio of the span wide of the truss special area and its height for is
discussed to achieve the appropriate Behavior factor. Based on the results, by increasing of the ratio,
the Behavior factor will be the subject of an increase.
Keywords: Pushover static analysis, Seismic behavior, STMF, Vierendeel, X-diagonal.
265
Experimental behavior of the 1/3 scaled composite shear wall having L shape steel made -up
sections as longitudinal reinforcement in boundary regions
S. Bahadır Yüksel1, Alptuğ Ünal* 2
1, 2
Civil Engineering Department, Selcuk University, KONYA.
ABSTRACT
The composite shear walls with steel encased profiles can be used as lateral-load resisting systems for
buildings that require considerable large lateral-load capacity. The aim of this work is to propose the
experimental work conducted on prefabricated composite shear walls (PKPD) h aving L section folded
plate (L shape steel made-up sections) as longitudinal reinforcement in boundary regions. Severe
complications occur during construction and placement of the longitudinal and transverse
reinforcements at the boundary regions of the shear walls especially in the lower stories of the shear
wall-frame type of buildings with large bays. High percentage of steel is needed at the end regions of
the walls and limited dimensions of the elements cause extensive problems during construction and
placing of the boundary reinforcements. The loss of material, labor and time due to the aforementioned
difficulties damage economy. To overwhelm this difficulties, experimental work was conducted in
order to be able to propose the new prefabricated composite shear walls (PKPD) with L sections as end
longitudinal reinforcement to the literature. In the scope of this experimental study, PKPD test
specimen was tested under reversed cyclic lateral loading in the Structural Mechanics Laboratory of the
Civil Engineering Department of the Selçuk University. The tested 1/3 geometric scaled composite
shear wall has aspect ratio of 3.2. The seismic behavior PKPD test specimen was investigated by
evaluating and interpreting the hysteresis curves, envelope curves, rigi dity and consumed energy graphs
of this tested element. In addition to this, the experimental results, deformation and cracking patterns
were evaluated, interpreted and suggestions of the design recommendations were proposed.
Keywords: Shear wall, composite shear wall, boundary reinforcement, earthquake resistant structural design,
L section.
Acknowledgment: The authors thank Selçuk University, Scientific Research Project Funding (SU BAP) for
266
Experimental behavior of the 1/3 scale reinforced shear wall with intensive boundary
reinforcement
Alptuğ Ünal* 1, S. Bahadır Yüksel2
1, 2
Civil Engineering Department, Selcuk University, KONYA.
ABSTRACT
Reinforced concrete shear walls are used commonly as the primary lateral -load resisting system because
of their large lateral stiffness and strength. Severe complications occur during construction and
placement of the longitudinal reinforcements and transverse reinforcements of the boundary regions of
the shear walls especially in the lower stories of the shear wall-frame type of buildings with large bays.
High percentage of steel is needed at the end regions of the walls and limited dimensions of the
elements cause extensive problems during construction and placing of the boundary reinforcements. To
be able to investigate seismic behavior of the shear walls having high percentage of vertical steel at the
boundary regions, 1/3 geometric scaled reinforced concrete shear wall test specimen was tested under
the reversible repeatable lateral loads simulating earthquake at the Structural Mechanics Laboratory of
Selcuk University. Reinforced concrete shear wall test specimen was detailed to modern code
requirements and standard practice and included heavily reinforced boundary elements. The hysteresis
curves, envelope curves, rigidity and consumed energy graphs of this tested element is evaluated. In the
final section, the experimental results, deformation and cracking patterns were interpreted and
suggestions were made. The test data documenting the global and local behavior of the test units can
serve as a reference point for the research community. The experimental results show the importance of
the reinforcement content and the ductility properties of the boundary reinforcement for the
deformation behavior of the walls.
Keywords: Shear wall, reinforced concrete shear wall, seismic design, boundary reinforcement, earthquake
resistant structural design.
267
Investigation of Bracing Performance on High Rise Circular Steel Buildings under Dynamic
Loads
Talha EKMEKYAPAR 1, Mustafa RASHID *2
1
Department of Civil Engineering, University of Gaziantep, TURKEY.
2
Natural and Applied Science, University of Gaziantep, TURKEY.
ABSTRACT
The present study assesses the effect of earthquake dynamic load on steel circular building for different
type of bracing. There exist many researches on the effect of earthquake dynamic load on the
rectangular buildings and a few or limited studies discuss the effect on circular buildings. Our study
will treat high rise steel circular buildings -10,-20 and 30 stories under one direction earthquake
dynamic load represented by response spectrum, and searching for the best bracing type to resist the
deformation in structural parts. For bracing in this study we use the concentric bracing (x) type and the
eccentrically bracing type with link distance equal to (L/5) in different locations in building inner, outer
and in the span between core and inner beam. These configurations are modeled considering both the
structural performance and properly use of building plan. The structural models will be subjected to
different levels of earthquake conditions in one axis of building. Comparative study shows that the type
and location of bracings lead different performances for steel circular buildings un der earthquake
conditions. Proper use of these bracings has the potential to save the building itself and the people who
live in it. Therefore, understanding the underlying mechanics of this behavior will help engineers to
consider more effective designs for high rise circular steel buildings.
Keywords: high rise steel buildings, earthquake analysis, bracing, circular building
268
Dynamic Analysis of A Cantilever Retaining Wall Including Soil-Structure Interaction
Tufan Cakir* 1
1
Department of Civil Engineering, Gümüşhane University, TÜRKİYE.
ABSTRACT
Examining the influences of earthquake on cantilever retaining walls has long been recognized as a
necessary step to understand the natural hazards and its risk to the society in the long run. Previous
investigations have shown that the material properties of the medium supporting the foundation play a
very significant role in modifying the responses of the retaining walls. Soil -structure interaction gives
rise to kinematic and inertial effects, resulting in modifications of the d ynamic properties of the
structure and the characteristics of the ground motion around the foundation. An increase in the natural
period and a change in the modal damping for the fundamental mode of vibration are produced by the
inertial interaction. The increase in period is a result of the flexibility of the soil, whereas the change in
damping results from the loss of energy in the soil by radiation and material damping.
The main purpose of this paper is to contribute to a quantification of the effect of soil-structure
interaction on seismic response of the cantilever retaining walls. Considering five different subsoil
conditions, the seismic analyses of backfill-cantilever wall-soil/foundation interaction system were
carried out in time domain through finite element method. The finite element model of the system was
constructed using the finite element package ANSYS. The backfill-wall interface behavior was taken
into account by using interface elements between the wall and soil to allow for de -bonding. Radiation
damping and wave reflection effects were also considered by using artificial viscous boundaries. The
response quantities examined incorporate the lateral displacements of the wall relative to the moving
base and the stresses in the wall. The results show that soil-structure interaction is of critical
importance for seismic design of cantilever retaining walls and accurate consideration of soil -structure
interaction in modeling may lead to more realistic and reliable predictions.
Keywords: Cantilever wall, Radiation damping, Seismic response, Soil-structure interaction, Wave reflection
269
Experimental and Analytical Investigation of Modal Parameters of A Historical Masonry Arch Bridge
Emre Alpaslan* 1, Kemal Hacıefendioğlu 2 and Olgun Köksal 3
1, 2
3
Department of Civil Engineering, Ondokuz Mayıs University, TURKEY.
Kavak Vocational Junior College, Ondokuz Mayıs University, TURKEY.
ABSTRACT
This study aims to investigate dynamic response of a one-span historical masonry arch bridge to earthquakeinduced ground motion. With this reason, Sarp Dere historical masonry bridge, in Ordu, Ulubey, has 15.5m in
length and 4.75m in width was chosen as a prototype model. A reduced-scaled model of one-span historical
masonry arch bridge has been built in laboratory to estimate the dynamic characteristics of the prototype
bridge model, which are natural frequencies, mode shapes and damping ratios. The reduced-scale bridge
model and structural details including masonry bricks, mortar joints and filling material were carried out in
the scale 1:12.5. In order to determine these modal parameters of the scaled model, Operational Modal
Analysis (OMA) was performed under laboratory conditions. Sensitive one-axis accelerometers were located
on critical points on the span and arch of the scaled model bridge and signals originated by accelerometers
were collected in order to quantify the vibratory response of scaled bridge model. The experimental natural
frequencies, mode shapes and damping ratios resulting from these measurements were figured out by using
Enhanced Frequency Domain Decomposition and Stochastic Subspace Identification techniques. Threedimensional model of the reduced-scale historical masonry bridge were created in ANSYS finite element
software to expose the analytical dynamic characteristics of the scaled bridge model. Experimental results
were compared with those of the finite element analysis of the bridge. Calibration of the finite element model
was utilized depending on the Operational Modal Analysis results of the reduced-scale model of the bridge.
Correlation studies were conducted between the experimental and analytical modal parameters results of the
reduced-scaled historical masonry arch bridge to minimize the uncertain finite element modeling parameters
such as material properties and boundary conditions.
Keywords: Operational Modal Analysis (OMA), Reduced-Scale model, Finite Element Model (FEM),
Historical Masonry Arch Bridge.
270
Finite Element Based Investigation of Backfill Effects on Seismic Behavior of A Cantilever Wall
Tufan Cakir* 1
1
Department of Civil Engineering, Gümüşhane University, TÜRKİYE.
ABSTRACT
Although retaining systems are seemingly simple and easily constructed structures, their seismic design
is a rather complicated task. This is mainly attributed to the fact that their dynamic response has not
been yet completely understood, despite the numerous studies that have been carried out in the past.
Moreover, cantilever retaining walls are critical geotechnical engineering structures which have become
widespread during the recent decades following the introduction of reinforced concrete construction
techniques, especially in connection with the protection of transportation facilities and/or residential
areas. For this type of retaining wall, structural weight is not predominant as equilibrium depends
mainly on backfill actions and the resistance of foundation soil. Dynamic loads have come to be
forefront of attention due to a number of events that affected retaining structures all over the world,
clearly indicating that this issue is important for purposes of stru ctural design. The widespread damage
to retaining structures due to earthquakes may have a substantial impact on the economy of the region
in terms of both direct and indirect losses. Therefore, knowing the behavior and seismic design of
retaining walls is of great importance.
In this study, a series of finite element analyses were conducted to investigate the backfill effects on
seismic behavior of a cantilever wall incorporating backfill and subsoil interactions. Considering four
different backfill soil conditions, the dynamic analyses of backfill-cantilever wall-soil/foundation
system were carried out in time domain. The cohesionless soil was modeled as an elasto-plastic medium
with viscous boundary applied on the artificial boundary of soil to simulate t he wave energy absorption.
Backfill-wall interface behavior was taken into account by using interface elements between the wall
and soil to allow for de-bonding. The magnitudes of lateral displacements and stresses were
determined. Consequently, based on the response amplification/reduction pattern observed, it is
highlighted that the earthquake behavior of cantilever walls can change considerably due to the backfill
interaction. Thus, it should be considered in design criteria of cantilever walls.
Keywords: Artificial boundary, Backfill interaction, Finite element analysis, Seismic behavior
271
Evaluation of Geotechnical Properties of Soils with Geographic Information System (GIS) : A
case study in Gürsu, Turkey
E. Seyrek1, S. Topçu2 and A. Orhan 3
1
Assist. Prof. Dr., Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Dumlupınar University,Turkey
2
Lecturer, Kütahya Technical Vocational High School, Dumlupınar University, Turkey
3
Assist. Prof. Dr., Department of Geological Engineering, Faculty of Engineering-Architecture, Nevsehir
Haci Bektas Veli University,Turkey
ABSTRACT
Gürsu, selected as investigation area is located at eastern of Bursa and is founded on arable soil. It spreads on
110 km2 area with a population about 70.000. There are many industrial investments around Gürsu and it
takes place on a thick bedded alluvium deposit. Scope of the study is to evaluate the properties of foundation
soil of Gürsu with Geographic Information Systems (GIS). Recently, geographic information systems
Software’s are widely used in geotechnical and earthquake engineering applications. In order to determine the
geotechnical behavior of the region, physical and mechanical characteristics of the soil profile were obtained
from geotechnical reports of private companies. Test results about ground water level (GWL), sieve analysis,
atterberg limits, soil classification, specific gravity and unconfined and/or triaxial compression were picked
up from these reports. Topographic, lithological and geotechnical data of the region were compiled as a
database in computer to produce geo-engineering maps. Geological cross-sections and also cross-sections for
Standart Penetration Test (SPT) values were drawn to decipher specifically the alluvial deposits in detail in
densely populated areas. In this respect, the sub-surface of the study area is fully visualized and useful
predictor maps and cross-sections are performed to be used in further studies for researchers and designers.
Keywords: Cross-sections, GIS, Gürsu, Micro-Zonation, SPT.
272
Performance of a conceptual hydrological model in hydropower generation for a mountainous
tropical catchment in Costa Rica
Maikel Mendez* 1
1,
Construction Engineering School, Department, Institute, Costa Rica Institute of Technology, Costa Rica.
ABSTRACT
The upper Toro River catchment, a mountainous tropical catchment located in north-western Costa
Rica plays an important role in the hydropower generation context of the country. The catchment is
situated in one of the rainiest and steepest mountainous areas of the country with a mean annual
precipitation of 3200 mm and an average slope of 23%.
Following the importance in water utilization, the conceptual HBV -light hydrologic model was selected
to study the watershed response to precipitation and develop water balances at daily and hourly
timesteps.
The HBV-light hydrological model was selected for this study. A 5-year weather and streamflow
historical record (2006-2010); was used for calibration (2006-2008) and validation (2009-2010).
The model-independent parameter optimization program PEST was used for calibration and sensitivity
analysis. The Nash and Sutcliffe efficiency criterion, the Nash and Sutcliffe efficiency with logarithmic
values, the Percent Bias and the Absolute Percent Bias were used to evaluate the goodness of fit and
model efficiency.
Model results indicate good representation of the hydrological processes for daily time -steps but poor
performance for hourly time-steps, suggesting that the model is unable to properly describe the
complex hydrological processes in steep terrains for high temporal resolutions. Regardless of the
temporal resolution; PERC (percolation) K1 (upper zone recession coefficient), K2 (lower zone
recession coefficient) and soilFC (maximum soil moisture storage) were the most sensitive parameters.
For hourly time-steps, a physically based model is recommended.
Keywords: Calibration and Validation, HBV, PEST, Sensitivity Analysis.
Acknowledgment: This research was supported by Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad (ICE). The author
is grateful to Dirección de Estudios Básicos at ICE for providing observed data for the Upper Toro River
catchment.
273
Uncertainty Analysis of Open Channel Flow: Stochastic Approach to Advection–Diffusion
Equation
Hossein Khorshidi * 1, Nasser Talebbeydokhti 2 and Gholamreza Rakhshandehroo 3
1
Department of Civil Engineering, Marvdasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Marvdasht, IRAN.
2,3
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering, Shiraz University, Shiraz,
IRAN.
ABSTRACT
Advection-Diffusion equation (ADE) arises in various field of applications such as modeling flood, dambreak flows, tides and storm surge. The flow field parameters are often accompanied with uncertainty due to
the lack of understanding of the natural open channel properties including roughness coefficient and bed
slope, initial and boundary conditions. This paper presents a stochastic approach to describe uncertainty and
its propagation based on the ADE. Our investigation is aimed at obtaining higher-order solutions to the
statistical moments of the flow depth. To assess the uncertainty in free surface flow, randomly initial
condition is imposed in the framework of one-dimensional open cannel flow. Karhunen–Loeve method
(KLM) is adopted to decompose the uncertain parameter (initial free surface elevation), as an infinite series
containing a set of orthogonal Gaussian random variables. Eigenstrucure (eigenvalues and eigenfunctions) of
the covariance function associated with free surface elevation is extracted from Fredhulm’s equation. They
play a key role in computing the coefficients of the series. The flow depth is also represented as an infinite
series of its moments which are obtained through decomposing by polynomial expansions in terms of the
products of random variables. The coefficients of these series are governed by a set of recursive equations
that are derived from the ADE. The mean value and variance for the flow depth were expanded up to the
third-order. Monte Carlo simulation (MCS), as a reliable approach, is carried out for several realizations and
compared with the results of different orders of the present stochastic scheme. The present results highlight
various statistical properties of free surface elevation including correlation length and variance. It was found
that when higher-order approximations are used, the results of KLM compare well with the Monte Carlo
simulation.
Keywords: Advection-Diffusion equation, Karhunen–Loeve method, Monte Carlo simulation, Open channel
flow, Stochastic solution.
274
Frequency Analysis of Low and High Flows in Climate Change
Yavuz Selim Güçlü
Istanbul Technical University, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Department of Hydraulics, TURKEY.
ABSTRACT
The climate change is an important factor affecting hydrological variables, significantly. In this study, the
frequency analyses of low and high flows are performed depending on the duration under the pressure of
climate change. Durations of average flows are selected as monthly, seasonal, 6-month and annual values
with considering the frequency of 2-year, 5-year, 10-year, 20-year, 50-year, 100-year, 200-year and 500-year.
Then, positive or negative trends are determined for the assessment of the low and high flows through the
obtained graphs. For the purpose, frequency-flow-duration (FQD) curves similar to frequency-intensityduration (FID) curves are obtained instead of flow-duration-frequency (QDF) curve analogous to intensityduration-frequency (IDF) curve. Additionally, the flow values for n-year frequency are calculated using two
parameter Gamma cumulative probability distribution function (CDF). Finally, application is made using the
measurement on Görele River as an intact river in Trabzon, Turkey.
Keywords: FQD curves, Frequency analysis, High flows, Low flows, QDF curves.
275
Experimental and Numerical Investigation of Flow Around a Pipeline with Spoiler
Öner, Ahmet Alper
Civil Eng., Dept., Erciyes Unv., Engineering Fac., TÜRKİYE.
ABSTRACT
This paper presents the experimental and numerical results of a 2D turbulent flow around a smooth pipeline
with and without a spoiler at ReD=4150 and 9500 with G/D=0.3. PIV technique is used to measure the flow
velocities around the pipeline and ANSYS® 11 (CFD) program package based on FEM is used to solve the
governing equations. The k- and k- turbulence models on different mesh densities are used to simulate the
flow field. The k- turbulence model on the finest mesh is found better than k-, in the simulation. The
results show that the spoiler increase the length of the separation areas around the pipeline and quite contrary
to the speculation that the increase in the process of local scouring under the pipeline with spoiler is due to
the increase of flow through the gap, in this study it was observed that the rate of flow through the gap do not
increase significantly due to the spoiler on the pipeline.
Keywords: Pipeline, Spoiler, Turbulent Flow.
276
Comparison of Performance of Labyrinth and Piano Key Weirs in Increasing the Spillway
Capacity of Dams
Deniz Karaeren* 1 and Zafer Bozkuş2
1, 2
Civil Engineering Department, Middle East Technical University, TURKEY.
ABSTRACT
Dams play an important role in infrastructure of our country and provide drinking water, flood protection,
renewable hydroelectric power, navigation, and irrigation as well as facilities for sports activities. However,
dams in Turkey are gradually aging and in order to assure the safety of those aging dams, rehabilitation is
necessary. Very often, increasing the capacity of a spillway would be required in rehabilitation works. Thus, it
is the main goal of this study to investigate some practical methods used in increasing the spillway capacity of
dams. In this respect, labyrinth and piano key weir types were selected as the two effective methods to
achieve that mentioned goal. Design procedure of labyrinth weirs and piano key weirs were outlined and each
one applied in five different existing projects. Comparisons were made with linear weirs, it was concluded
that labyrinth and piano key weirs increase the effective crest length of a dam spillway significantly for a
given spillway width, therefore, in return, they increase the flow capacity for a given operating head.
Moreover, different geometric parameters were also studied to see their effect in changing the discharge
capacity.
Keywords: spillways, capacity, labyrinth, piano key weirs
Acknowledgment: The authors thank State Water Works (DSI) for providing data for the dams used in the
study.
277
Improving Design Storm Estimation by DAD Curves in Watershed Considering Non-uniform
Rainfall. Case study: Khersan Basin
M. Fazaee* 1 and A. Sourinejad2 B. Jamshidieini 3
1
Ghods Niroo engineering company. IRAN
2
University of Payame-Noor. IRAN
3
University of Tehran. IRAN
ABSTRACT
A significant portion of disaster-related damage of hydraulic structures results from flash flooding.
Therefore, design flood estimation is a crucial part of design and sizing of all hydraulic structures such
as dams. Since storms are the main cause of the floods, reliable flood estimation needs accurate
estimation of the storms. Estimation of probable maximum precipitation (PMP) and using depth-areaduration (DAD) curves are two well-known techniques of the design storm approximation. Synoptic
based probable maximum precipitation is a reliable method for design storm estimation but the result
obtained for whole basin cannot be generalized to its subbasins. In contrast, DAD curves can be used in
subbasins as well as whole basin. However, it is not as reliable as the synoptic method.
Khersan basin is located in southwest of Iran and comprises of two wet areas in south and west and one
arid area in northeast. In this study, we use traditional DAD curves to estimate the design storm.
Afterwards, the basin is divided into three sub-basins according to long-term precipitation and DAD
curves plotted for each subbasin separately. The results showed that if a basin is a combination of arid
and wet areas, especially in the presence of barriers like mountains, there is a risk of design storm
overestimation in the arid areas. Finally, current study suggested that dividing the basin into a few subbasins can reduce the overestimation of design storm and prevent the overdesign of hydraulic
structures.
Keywords: DAD, Design storm, Flood estimation, Non-uniform
278
A New Area Based Parameter Estimation Methodology for Leaky Aquifer System
A. Ufuk ŞAHİN* 1
1
Department of Civil Engineering, Hacettepe University, TURKEY.
ABSTRACT
A new integration based estimation methodology is developed to elaborate the hydraulic parameters for leaky
aquifer systems. The field data obtaining from the pumping test are traditionally superimposed with the set of
non-equilibrium type curves drawn by the assumptions such as homogeneous aquifer, no well losses and
wellbore storage, etc. Any deviations from the ideal settings may lead a difficult matching with theoretical
curve family, which, therefore, causes the misinterpretation of aquifer parameters. In the proposed method,
referred as Area Based Estimation (ABE), the leakage factor ( r / B ) could be easily estimated to avoid the
need of curve match process. The performance and reliability of the ABE method were tested under different
aquifer settings including synthetically homogenous and real field examples and compared with the available
methods used in the groundwater literature. The results verify that the ABE procedure could be employed as a
viable approach in order to estimate leaky aquifer parameters.
Keywords: Aquifer Parameters, Area Based Estimation (ABE), Heterogeneity, Leaky aquifer.
279
Numerical Simulation of Wave-Structure Interaction Using a Ghost-Cell Immersed Boundary
Method
E. Demirel
Civil Engineering Department, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, TURKEY.
[email protected]
ABSTRACT
In this work, a ghost-cell immersed boundary method is proposed for the numerical simulation of
nonlinear free surface waves and their interaction with a stationary solid boundary. The numerical
method employs a second order accurate two-step projection algorithm to solve Navier-Stokes
equations on a staggered grid system. Two different test problems, flows over a stationary circular cylinder
and propagation of solitary wave on a sloping beach, are simulated to demonstrate the accuracy of the present
numerical method, and the results are compared with previous numerical and experimental results. The
comparisons show that the present immersed boundary method can accurately simulate the interaction of
surface waves with complex structures.
Keywords: Immersed Boundary Method, Solitary Wave, VOF, Wave-Structure Interaction.
Acknowledgment: The numerical calculations reported in this study were performed at TUBITAK
ULAKBIM, High Performance and Grid Computing Center (TRUBA Resources).
280
Assessment of Diyarbakır Basalt Aquifer hydrogeological analyzed and obtains thematic maps
with GIS Geostatistical Analyst Tool.
Recep ÇELİK* 1
1,
Authors’ Asst. Proff. Dr. Dicle University Engineering Faculty.
Civil Engineering Department, Diyarbakır/TURKEY.
ABSTRACT
Diyarbakır basalt aquifer is volcanic-rock aquifers which contains high quality water. It used to use for
drinking water of Diyarbakır city center drinking demand up to Dicle Drinking Water Project in 2005.
Somewhere basalt aquifer groundwater still uses for irrigation in rural areas of Diyarbakır city.
In our study, Diyarbakır city center’s -which is located on the Tigris river basin’s- basalt aquifer
groundwater potentials and hydrogeological features examined and modeled by using GIS programmer.
Firstly, general geological data, meteorological data and general information about natural water sources
collected together, afterwards logs of well drilled by public institutions and private individuals within the
Diyarbakır city center are analyzed . Static water level, dynamic water level, pumps productivity rates are
classified in these logs. Then, thematic maps produced with the help of Arc Info Professional GIS
programmer with Geostatistical Analyst tool. Groundwater source potential of Diyarbakır examined with by
means of these thematic maps. In hydrogeological research, productivity by aquifer features, water retention
capacity and groundwater level data evaluated with geological structure of area taken into consideration.
Key Words: Diyarbakır city centre,basalt aquifer, groundwater, groundwater static level, dynamic water
level, pump flowrate efficient, GIS (Geographical Information Systems)
Keywords: Groundwater, GIS, Water Quality, Diyarbakır City Center
their financial support [Project number: MYO 147].
281
The Effect of Some Aquifer Characteristics on Permeable Reactive Barriers Efficiency for
Groundwater Remediation
S. Atashin* 1, A. Abrishamchi 2 and M. Vossoughi 3
1
2
Civil Engineering, Student of Sharif University of Technology, IRAN.
([email protected])
Civil Engineering, Profesor of Sharif University of Technology and UNESCO Chair in Water and
Environment Management for Sustainable Cities, IRAN.
([email protected])
3
Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Profesor of Sharif University of Technology, IRAN.
([email protected])
ABSTRACT
Today, groundwater contamination has raised deep concerns among environmental scientists. Since
groundwater cleanup is generally very expensive and complex process, introducing cost effective ways
such as in-situ remediation method brings much benefit. This research has considered permeable
reactive barrier (PRB) method among in-situ remediation technologies and tries to find the suitable
condition for its reactivity. To achieve this goal, the effect of two aquifer characteristics, hydraulic
conductivity and hydraulic gradient, on the efficiency of groundwater contaminants removal by
permeable reactive barriers are studied. In this research, computer simulation is done via two
dimensional finite difference groundwater flow model, MODFLOW. The results show that the
contaminant removal percentage is reduced when the barrier gets less permeable such that at low
KAquifer /KPRB ratios the contaminant removal percentage is equal to zero. It is also concluded that,
hydraulic gradient has no significant effect on the contaminant removal percentage by PRB .
Keywords: Groundwater, Hydraulic Conductivity, Hydraulic Gradient, In-Situ Remediation, PRB,
Acknowledgment: We offer our sincere appreciation to Dr. Gholami and Dr. Alamolhoda, professors of
Sharif University of Technology, since this work is benefited from their comments and suggestions.
282
Potential of image processing methods based on intensity values captured by TLS for surface
condition assessment
J. Zaczek-Peplinska*1, K. Osińska-Skotak2, D. Wujanz 3 and M.E. Kowalska 4
1, 2, 4
Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Geodesy and Cartography, POLAND.
(E-mail: [email protected], [email protected],[email protected])
3
TechnischeUniversität Berlin, Institute for Geodesy and Geoinformation Science, GERMANY.
ABSTRACT
Laser scanning technology provide fresh opportunities for monitoring of engineering object s, such as
concrete water dams, whose failure might endanger both life and property of local inhabitants. Laser
scanning allow to collect in a very short time millions of highly accurate points, for which, apart from
spatial coordinates, intensity value is registered. Laser beam deflection intensity value depends in large
extent on properties of surface, allowing to analyze its condition. This paper presents examples of
application methods of digital image analysis in reference to data obtained in the proce ss of laser
measurements using Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS). Clustering algorithms applied among others in
the processing of multi- and hyperspectral images, in the following research, were utilized to indicate
areas of concrete surface with similar properties/characteristics, helping to determine areas requiring
closer inspection. Experiment utilize TLS measurements data, obtained using two laser scanners with
different technical parameters of laser beam, including electromagnetic radiation wavelength – Leica
C10 (green laser) and Z+F Imager 5006h (red laser). Measurements of surveyed objects were performed
at the same weather conditions, from exactly the same testing base positions. Measurement outcomes
were processed using following algorithms: ISODATA, minimum distance and maximum likelihood.
Obtained results indicate, that digital image processing methods adopted for Intensity images allow for
obtaining information regarding the condition of concrete surface. Effectively, conducted analysis
permitted for indication of areas requiring conservation and preservation.
Keywords:Clustering algorithms,Laser Scanning, Supervised classification, Technical Control of
Dams,Unsupervised classification.
283
Selection of reference fields for statistical analysis of point clouds (TLS) in a process of technical
condition assessment of concrete water dam
J. Zaczek-Peplinska *1, M. E. Kowalska 2 and E. Nowak3
1,2,3
Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty Geodesy and Cartography, Chair of Engineering Geodesy,
Measurement and Control Systems, POLAND
ABSTRACT
Periodical measurements of concrete dams conducted within geodetic monitoring can be performed using
terrestrial laser scanners (TLS), which allow for obtaining point models (of quasi-continuous character) that
are suitable to further processing and analysis. The main parameter distinguishing laser scanners from other,
classical geodetic instruments, apart from rate of work and high number of registered points, is a registration
of Intensity value (I) – laser beam reflection strength. Analysis of registered I values might have
a practical application for structure condition diagnosis. At present, spatial data obtained using laser scanning
are most often utilised to elaboratearchitecturalinventory. Performed experimental measurements indicate,
that the TLS technology can be successfully applied to assess condition, strength and hardness of concrete
surfaces, as well as filtration rates and cracks of a water dam surface (especially of the downstream face at
low
water).
This paper will present the new approach to data (point clouds) obtained using TLS technique. It will
also describe research leading to development of selection methodology for the reference fields .
Authors propose taking into consideration factors such as: points distribution depending on distances
between the scanner and the surveyed surface, laser beam angle, predefined scan density and reflection
intensity value. Condition for true analysis of point clouds obtained in a course of periodi cal TLS is the
correct definition of the quality and accuracy of analysed data (for both, separate scans and point
clouds). In order to enhance credibility of determined deformations and displacements authors propose
point clouds classifications method, that is marking out areas of different “quality” category, as well as
determining reference fields basing on research conducted “in situ” - e.g. non-destructive surface test
methods and visual techniques.
Keywords: deformations of engineering structures, engineering geodesy, reference fields, technical
condition assessment, terrestrial laser scanning (TLS)
284
Flow Measurement Using One Point Method for the Rectangular and Triangular Free Overfalls
Ehsan Abrari* 1, Mustafa Ergil 2 and Mohammad Karim Beirami 3
1, 2
3
Civil Engineering Department, Eastern Mediterranean University, T.R.N.C.
Civil Engineering Department, Islamic Azad University, Estahban Branch, Estahban, IRAN.
ABSTRACT
This paper presents a simplified theoretical method to analyze the free overfall in the rectangular, triangular
channels. Applying the continuity equation, a new theoretical approach is presented to obtain the end depth
ratio (EDR) using the non-uniform velocity distribution at the centroid of the brink section. In sub-critical
flow regimes, the EDR related to the critical depth are found to be 0.7071 and 0.8091 for the rectangular and
triangular channel cross sections, respectively. The method of estimation of the end depth discharge (EDD),
for sub-critical flow regime, is also presented. The computed results are in acceptable agreement using some
of the pertaining experimental and theoretical studies.
Keywords: End depth; Flow measurement; free overfall.
285
Assessing the Sensitivity of SWMM Model to Variations in Hydrological and Land Use Parameters
Zeynep Akdoğan* 1, Başak Güvenr2 and Işıl Balcıoğlu 3
1, 2, 3
Institute of Environmental Sciences, Boğaziçi University, TURKEY.
(E-mail: [email protected], [email protected], balcı[email protected])
ABSTRACT
Increasing human activities, urbanization and land use changes in recent years have contributed to
water quality degradation by affecting the transport of contaminants to receiving waters by overland flow.
This necessitates the development of modeling approaches for planning and management of catchments that
play a significant role on water supply. However, data gathering and harmonization are one of the most
challenging steps towards developing distributed catchment models due to the spatial variability of data. The
main objective of this study is to develop a semi-distributed hydrological model, and to determine the effects
of precipitation and land use changes on runoff production in the Marmara Region. Storm Water Management
Model (SWMM) was chosen to develop the catchment hydrological model. Spatial data obtained from
Geographical Information Systems (GIS), and land use and cover information were used as input parameters
for the SWMM. 55 years of time series precipitation data were used for model simulations. Finally, a one-ata-time parametric sensitivity analysis was carried out to determine the most important parameters affecting
SWMM outcomes. Model’s sensitivity was assessed based on the variations in eight major parameters of the
model affecting runoff quantity and quality. Sensitivity of runoff quality was assessed using buildup and
washoff functions, which were analyzed based on the loads of relatively soluble metals in water, such as Cu
and Zn. According to the analysis results, the most significant parameters include precipitation, area, and
maximum buildup of contaminants. The model is also quite sensitive to changes in buildup rate constant,
while exponential washoff functions has an average influence. On the other hand, percent imperviousness and
percent slope have the lowest influence on model outputs. Results also revealed that GIS incorporated
SWMM modeling approach could be used as an efficient tool for developing hydrological models for
catchments within the Marmara Region.
Keywords: Catchment hydrology, Geographical Information Systems (GIS)Land use, Parameter Sensitivity
Analysis, Storm Water Management Model (SWMM)
Acknowledgment: The authors thank Boğaziçi University, Scientific Research Project Funding (BAP) for
286
Determination of System Deficiencies with WDS Models
*1
Ayşenur USLU , Gülfem BAKAN
2
1
Department of Civil Engineering, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun/TURKEY
2
Department of Environmental Engineering, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun/TURKEY
ABSTRACT
Before the start of the construction, not to take into account the situations that may occur in a real system
causes errors of no return when designed system is presented to service. Therefore in order to help water
system designers, operators and managers, modeling tool has been developed by the time. The fundamental
goal of hydraulic modeling for water distribution systems is to develop and maintain a model that sufficiently
simulates the performance of the distribution system.
In this study, Samsun 19 Mayis district, the adequacy of drinking water distribution system was
examined in terms of using hydraulic modeling software. In the first stage, information about the existing
system was gathered and database of the drinking water distribution system was created using Geographic
Information System (GIS). In the second phase of the study, the network components of the real system is
transferred from Geographic Information System database to the model through MIKE URBAN WD water
distribution system software, the water demand inputs and topographic inputs have been identified. In the
third stage model results were compared with field observations and model input parameters were calibrated.
In the fourth stage of the study, steady state analysis of calibrated model of the 19 Mayis district drinking
water distribution system were performed according to maximum daily water consumption, maximum hourly
water consumption and maximum daily water consumption with fire flow scenarios. The adequacy of the
existing system was examined according to analysis results and suggestions were offered in order to
eliminate system deficiencies.
Keywords: Fire flow analysis, MIKE URBAN WD software, Steady state analysis, Scenario.
Acknowledgment: The authors thank Ondokuz Mayis University, Scientific Research Project Funding
(OMU BAP) for their financial support [Project number: PYO.MUH.1904.11.016].
287
The impact of the soil data quality on the effectivness of hydrological modelling. Case study: Upper
Raba Catchment (Poland)
E. Wojtas 1, M. Sawczak* 2, T. Bergier 3 and W. Drzewiecki 4
1, 2, 3
4
AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Mining Surveying and Environmental
Engineering, Department of Environmental Management and Protection,
al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, POLAND
AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Mining Surveying and Environmental Engineering,
Department of Geoinformation Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing of Environment, al. Mickiewicza 30,
30-059 Krakow, POLAND
ABSTRACT
Information about soils is beside the digital terrain model and the structure of land use an essential part
in delineation of the hydrological response units (HRU), which are the basis to perform the process of
hydrological modelling. The main factors affecting modelling results are soil map resolution and the
accuracy of parameters describing soil conditions, among others granulometric compositions, bulk
density, infiltration rate and organic matter content. The objective of this study was to determine and to
assess the impact of soil data quality on model efficiency. For this purpose data from two sources were
used: a detailed soil map by Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivati on (IUNG, State Research
Institute) and highly generalized The European Soil Database (ESDB).
Simulation of runoff and evaluation of its effectiveness was performed by using Jena Adaptable
Modelling System the hydrological model J2000-S and was carried out in the study area of Upper Raba
Catchment (~640 km2, Malopolska, Poland) and two subbasins (~90 km2 and ~165 km2) with different
characteristic. The spatial data preparation was covered by two different HRU delineations: a cluster
analysis with overlaying of soil map and cluster analysis with overlaying of land use map, allowing a
more complex soil data type importance analysis.
The results showed differences in modelling effectiveness depending on soil data resolution and source
as well as the role of the soil map in HRU delineation process.
Keywords: hydrological modelling, model J2000-S, soil data
Acknowledgment: The article was realized in SaLMaR project, funded by the National Centre for Research
and Development in the context of Polish-German Sustainability Research Cooperation.
288
Remote sensing based impermeability coefficient estimation and its influence on hydrological modelling
efficiency
E. Wojtas* 1, T. Bergier2, W. Drzewiecki 3 and M. Sawczak4
1, 2, 4
3
AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Mining Surveying and Environmental
Engineering, Department of Environmental Management and Protection,
ABSTRACT
A common approach in hydrological modelling in terms of impermeability distinguishes between two main
classes of land use called urban areas and rural areas. The values representing their impermeability are
assigned basing on expert knowledge or program recommendations which introduces a large simplification of
the data provided. Extensively studied and proven influence of urbanization and what follows surface sealing
on infiltration, surface runoff and consequently catchment runoff is the starting point to consideration about
providing more detailed land use and land surface impermeability information. The goal of this study was to
determine an optimum number of impervious areas classes basing on the data provided with use of remote
sensing.
For this purpose a mean impermeability coefficient for land use vectorised map features was estimated and
the reclassification of rasterized land use map was made in several different ways. The evaluation of each was
carried out by comparing runoff modelling efficiencies with each other and with basic results from two
classes approach modelling.
Keywords: hydrological modelling, impermeability.
289
The importance of land use changes and data quality for hydrological modelling
E. Wojtas*1, M. Sawczak2, T. Bergier 3, W. Drzewiecki4, M. Pierzchalski5 and P. Wężyk6
1-3
Department of Environmental Management and Protection,
4
5
6
ProGea Consulting, ul. Pachońskiego 9, 31-223 Kraków, POLAND
Laboratory of Geomatics, Department of Forest Management, Geomatics and Forest Economics, Institute of
Forest Resources Management, Faculty of Forestry, University of Agriculture in Krakow, POLAND
ABSTRACT
The significant influence of land use and land management on water cycle can be reflected in
hydrological modelling by entering a parameterized land use map into the program. However, relatively
long periods used in hydrology in the context of rapidly changing land cover exclude constant
projection of catchment response to the precipitation throughout the period of modelling, thereby
hindering model parameterization and evaluation.
The goal of this study was to estimate the actual size of these observations for the purpose of land use
scenario preparation. The implementation of JAMS (Jena Adaptable Modelling System) model J2000 -S
was carried out for a former rural mountainous catchment and its two subcatchments in order to
differentiate land use, scale and elevation impact on the land use data significance in modelling. In this
approach three models using different land development stages were parameterized and calibra ted for
the time interval of 20 years, while model efficiencies were calculated for years representing the state
of land cover reflected by land use map entered into the model. The comparison of model efficiencies
for all catchments and time intervals was used to assess the importance of the land use map accuracy
depending on the type of catchment and modelling period.
Keywords: hydrological modelling, land use, water cycle
290
Comparative study for Discharge Coefficient Prediction of Compound Broad Crested Weir by
two Soft-Computing Techniques
Gürol Yıldırım1
1
Gürol Yıldırım Civil Engineering Department, Aksaray University, TURKEY.
ABSTRACT
Compound broad-crested-weir is a typical hydraulic structure that provides flow control and measurements at
different flow depths. Compound broad-crested weir mainly consists of two sections; first relatively small
inner rectangular section for measuring low-flows, and wide rectangular section at higher flow depths. In this
paper, series of laboratory experiments was performed to investigate the potential effects of length of crest in
flow direction, and step height of broad-crested weir of rectangular compound cross section on the discharge
coefficient. For this purpose, 15 different physical models of broad-crested weirs with rectangular compound
cross sections were tested for a wide range of discharge values. The results of examination for computing
discharge coefficient were yielded by using multiple regression equations based on the dimensional analysis.
Then, the results obtained were also compared with Genetic Programming (GP) and Artificial Neural
Network (ANN) techniques to investigate the applicability, ability and accuracy of these procedures.
Comparison of results from the GP and ANN procedures clearly indicates, the ANN technique is less efficient
in comparison with the GP algorithm, for the determination of discharge coefficient. To examine the accuracy
of the results yielded from the GP and ANN procedures, two performance indicators (determination
coefficient (R2) and Root Mean Square Error (RMSE)) were used. The comparison test of results clearly
shows that, the implementation of GP technique is sound satisfactory regarding the performance indicators
(R2 = 0.952 and RMSE= 0.065), with less deviation from the numerical values.
Keywords: Broad-Crested Weir, Compound, Discharge Coefficient, Genetic Programming (GP), Artificial
Neural Network (ANN), Soft Computing.
291
State-of-the-Art Review on Explicit Approximations to the Implicit Colebrook-White Friction
Factor Equation
Gürol Yıldırım1
1
Gürol Yıldırım Civil Engineering Department, Aksaray University, TURKEY.
ABSTRACT
The implicit Colebrook-White equation has been widely used to estimate the friction factor for turbulent
fluid-flow in rough-pipes. In this paper, the state-of-the-art review for the most currently available explicit
alternatives to the implicit Colebrook-White equation, is presented. An extensive comparison test was
established on the 20×500 grid, for a wide range of relative roughness (  / D ) and Reynolds number (R)
6
2
3
8
values ( 1 10   / D  5  10 ; 4  10  R  10 ), covering a large portion of turbulent flow zone in the
Moody’s diagram. Based on the comprehensive error analysis, the magnitude points in which the maximum
absolute and the maximum relative error are occurred at the pair of  / D and R values, are observed. A
limiting case of the most of these approximations provided friction factor estimates that are characterized by a
4
3
mean absolute error of 5  10 , a maximum absolute error of 4  10 whereas, a mean relative error of 1.3%
and a maximum relative error of 5.8%, over the entire range of  / D and R values, respectively. For
practical purposes, the complete results for the maximum and the mean relative errors versus the 20 sets of
 / D value, are also indicated in two comparative figures. The examination results for error properties of
these approximations gives one an opportunity to practically evaluate the most accurate formula among of all
the previous explicit models; and showing in this way its great flexibility for estimating turbulent flow friction
factor. Comparative analysis for the mean relative error profile revealed, the classification for the best-fitted 6
equations examined was in a good agreement with those of the best model selection criterion claimed in the
recent literature, for all performed simulations.
Keywords: Fluid mechanics; turbulent flow; Colebrook-White equation, friction factor; Moody’s diagram;
closed form solution; explicit scheme; steady-state analysis; Excel spreadsheet; Techdig 2.0 software.
292
Innovative Test Set Up on Shake Table to Assess Out-of-Plane Behavior of Infill Masonry Walls
Onur ONAT* 1, Paulo B. Lourenço 2 and Ali Koçak3
1
Graduate School of Science, Yıldız Technical University, İstanbul, TURKEY.
2
3
Civil Engineering Department, ISISE, Guimaraes, PORTUGAL.
Civil Engineering Department, Yıldız Technical University, İstanbul, TURKEY.
ABSTRACT
This paper aims to discuss new test set up on shake table to assess out of plane behavior of infill
masonry walls subjected to bidirectional earthquake load. For this purpose 1:1 scale single bay single
storey reinforced concrete frame and infill wall was produced. Then special steel boundary conditions
were placed on shake table to simulate 7 th floor of 8 storey building. Also infill wall was connected to
reaction wall from one side with strut. Dimensions of this specimen are 6.4 m length and 3.25 m height.
Earthquake loads were applied in 5 steps with incremental load. However, during the test, there was a
problem with boundary condition. This problem was a gap between reaction wall and reinforced
concrete frame. Due to this gap problem, bizarre results were came up after processing datas. However,
processed datas are compatible with general cracks of structures and this specimen. General out-ofplane behaviors of mid part of infill wall were simulated with 3-D graphs. Crushed parts of infill are
demonstrated with damage maps along in-plane direction. Furthermore, other purposes of this paper are
to discuss result of this experiment, precautions for next tests and suggestions.
Keywords: Infill, Masonry, Out-of-Plane Behavior, Shake Table
293
Fabrication and Critical Decomposition of High Resistance Interlocking Flooring with
Magnetically Treated Water from Iron-Boron-Neodymium Magnets
Paulo H. S. Queiroz* 1, Fábio H. S. Sales2 and Andrey Lopes 3
1
Civil Engineering Department, Federal Institute of Technology of Maranhão, BRAZIL.
2
3
Physics Department, Federal Institute of Technology of Maranhão, BRAZIL.
Civil Engineering Department, Federal Institute of Technology of Maranhão, BRAZIL.
ABSTRACT
The presented project aims to fabricate and decompose critically concrete using instead of drinking water
available in the network common distribution, water conducted through magnetic treatment magnets
neodymium-iron-boron, also known as rare earth magnets. The
interlocking tiles are used extensively in construction, since besides being great aesthetic solution for a
multitude of uses are easy to maintain. However, the low quality in the manufacture of this floor type
interferes heavily in the choice of this material in construction sites works in general. By using the magnetic
ionization offered by magnets neodymium in the water used in the manufacture of concrete, we will be raising
quality of interlocking flooring high strength through the use of a non-polluting process, without the
involvement of chemical additives. Beyond determine the guidelines and bases for the production of
interlocking flooring quality, this project will bring results that enhance the production of this type of concrete
in Maranhão, which would generate employment opportunities and income. For ease of application and
maintenance, the use of this type of floor will increase the rate of employability of the workforce Maranhão,
which encounters difficulties when it comes to qualifying. The research will assess the compressive strength
of different specimens, and find the trace appropriate when the effects of past water by magnetic treatment
may be able to meet the aforesaid purpose. For magnetization water, massive permanent neodymium magnets
are used. We will make cylindrical specimens for the testing of Simple at 7, 28, 56, 120 and 240 days
compression according to the standards techniques (NBR 05 739; ABNT, 1994). The material produced in
this project present very low cost, which shows that it problematic streamlines the low quality of interlocking
floors in Maranhão and optimizes service and costs at the construction site, increasing productivity without
harming the environment.
Keywords: Concrete, Interlocked Floors, Magnetical Treatment, Water.
Acknowledgment: The authors thank Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Maranhão – FAPEMA
294
Experimental Bearing and Abrasion Analysis of Concrete Specimen Produced by Waste Marble
Dust and Waste Marble Particle
Selim Cemalgil 1, Onur ONAT *2
1
Civil Engineering Department, Tunceli University, Tunceli, TURKEY.
2
Civil Engineering Department, Tunceli University, Tunceli, TURKEY.
ABSTRACT
The head goal of this paper is to present mechanical properties of concrete specimen produced by
Waste Marble Dust used replaced by cement and Waste Marble Particles replaced by aggregate. Due to
huge amount marble production, there is a huge amount materials are wasted every year to
environment. The biggest challenge is to reuse waste materials in concrete in near future. Possibility of
using marble waste was investigated in this paper and also to show the differences of mechanical and
abrasion properties between marble dust replaced by cement and marble particles replaced by
aggregate. Only compressive strength and abrasion resistance was investigated in this study. In this
study two types of experiments were implemented on specimens. These are compressive strength and
abrasion resistance tests. For this purpose three set concrete were casted. Number M0 set represents
control specimen, number M1 set represents concrete specimens casted by Marble Aggregate and
finally number M2 set represents concrete specimen contains marble dust as cement and marble
aggregate as aggregate. Specimens were casted into 100x100x100 mm mold. Compression tests were
done on the base of regulation number TS EN 12390-3. Abrasion resistance was investigated on the
base of ASTM-C 944 regulation with rotating-cutter method. Experimental results were discussed and
explained by suitable graphs.
Keywords: Waste, marble, concrete, engineering properties, marble cement, marble aggregate
295
Experimental and Numerical Analysis of Flow around Circular Pier
Oğuz ŞİMŞEK 1, M. Sami AKÖZ2, N. Göksu SOYDAN* 3 and Veysel GÜMÜŞ 4
1, 2,3
Authors’ Civil Engineering, Cukurova University, TURKEY.
4
Author’s Civil Engineering, Harran University, TURKEY.
ABSTRACT
Measurement of the three-dimensional turbulent flow field around a circular pier is complex due to
separation and generation of multiple vortices. This topic has a great interests for researchers in recent
years due to design of bridge piers and determine of scour holes. In this study, the characteri stics of
open channel flow around a circular pier in a laboratory channel are investigated experimentally. The
governing equations of the present three-dimensional turbulent flows are solved numerically by using
ANSYS Fluent package program based on the Finite Volume Method for the flows having the same
conditions with experiments. The volume of fluid (VOF) method is used to compute the free surface of
the flow. Grid Convergence Index (GCI) is performed to examine the effect of the selected grid
structure on the numerical results. In the numerical simulations, Standard k-ε, Renormalization Group
k-ε and Realizable k-ε turbulence closure models are employed. The numerical results for the flow
characteristics from the turbulence models are validated by using t he experimental data. Experimental
validations of the numerical results show that computations by using the turbulence model are
successful in predicting the flow characteristics around circular pier.
Keywords: Circular Pier, Numerical Simulation, Grid Convergence Index, Volume of Fluid
296
Structural Behavior of RC and PSC Concrete Members with High Strength Shear Reinforcement
ByungKoo Jun* 1, Seong Jun Hong2, Jaeman Lee 3, Jung-Min Kim 4, Hye Sun Lim5, and Jung-Yoon
Lee6
1, 2
Department of Global Construction Engineering, Sunkyunkwan University, Republic of Korea
3, 4, 5, 6
Department of Civil. Architectural, and Environmental System Engineering, Sunkyunkwan University,
Republic of Korea
ABSTRACT
The use of high-strength concrete is indispensable for high-rise reinforced and prestressed construction to
ensure the sufficient strength of the structure. The effect of high-strength concrete can be significantly
improved by the use of high-strength, large size reinforcing bars. In particular, footing beams or the beams of
a concrete frame structure subjected to high lateral force are usually subjected to high shear force, and heavier
shear reinforcement is needed. Recently, due to a lack of raw materials, the price of reinforcement has
steadily increased. Accordingly, the demand for high strength steel reinforcement has significantly increased.
For the purpose of adopting high strength shear reinforcement, the concrete members in which the
reinforcement is employed need to be evaluated in terms of material properties, structural performance, and
serviceability. In particular, when adopting a very high strength shear reinforcement, extensive cracks and
deflection can occur in these members. Consequently, the evaluation needs to include ductility, fatigueresistance, shear and torsional resistance, anchoring, and seismic capacities. Although there are many studies
regarding the behavior of concrete beams subjected to shear, only a limited number of studies on concrete
beams regarding the yield strength of shear reinforcement are available. In this study, a total of eight concrete
beam specimens incorporating high strength shear reinforcement were tested and the applicability of the high
strength reinforcement was thus assessed. The experimental and analytical results indicate that the limitation
on the yield strength of shear reinforcement in the design code is somewhat under-estimated and needs to be
increased for high-strength concrete beams.
Keywords: Shear reinforcement, High strength, Concrete beams, Diagonal crack width, Shear design.
297
Effects of Soil Foundation Structure Interaction on Performance Based Seismic Design: A Case
Study
A. Abdelhamid* 1,2, B. Tiliouine 2
1
Structural Division, National Centre for Studies and Integrated Research on Building, ALGERIA.
2
Laboratoire de Génie Sismique et de Dynamique des Structures, Ecole Nationale Polytechnique,
ALGERIA.
ABSTRACT
Observations from past and recent earthquakes have shown that Soil Foundation Structure Interaction (SFSI)
can greatly influence the overall performance of building structures. Nevertheless, little attention, if any, is
usually given to SFSI effects on the dynamic behavior of structures despite the fact that their collapse is
often due to soil foundation system failure and that SFSI is prescribed in performance based seismic
design by various codes and agencies (e.g. Eurocode 8, IBC, FEMA 440, ATC 40…etc). Furthermore,
neglecting kinematic interaction and foundation damping effects may lead to erroneous conclusions in
the assessment of seismic performance of structures under strong ground motions.
In this study, effects of kinematic soil structure interaction and foundation soil damping, on the
performance based seismic design of a manufacturing plant of photovoltaic modules for solar power
exploitation purposes, are investigated. This structure with plan dimensions (171m x 108m), is
supported by a reinforced concrete slab founded at 1.5m depth over a soft soil. The plant is located in
Algiers an area of high seismicity. A site-specific spectrum has been developed and used as the basic
free field ground motion model. Pushover analyses based on nonlinear static procedures incorporating
suggested improvements from FEMA 440 are used to estimate maximum displacement, capacity curve
and hence the performance point. Issues concerning soils and structural nonlinearities are taken into
consideration in the methodology.
Results obtained from the present study show, among others, the importance of slab averaging and
foundation damping effects on the demand spectrum: in particular, the resulting Foundation Input
Motion is found to differ significantly from the free field motion. Effect of embedment has been found
insignificant in the present study. It also is concluded that safer and more economical building design
can be achieved by properly accounting for the SFSI effects.
Keywords: Case Study, Demand Spectrum, Seismic Design, Soil Foundation Structure Interaction,
Structural Performance.
298
A Simple Structural Evaluation Technique for Building Components
Nacerddine Djermane* 1, N. Lahbari 2
1
Department of mechanical engineering, Sciences and Applied Science, Oum el bouaghi University,
ALGERIA.
([email protected])
ABSTRACT
This research has explored the applicability of a simple structural evaluation technique for building
components such as masonry elements (load bearing walls, columns) or concrete elements (sl abs and
beams) based on the identification of their dynamic properties. It includes a state – of – the art review,
a parametrical sensitivity study, an experimental work under laboratory conditions and a study of
implementing dynamic testing for different purposes.
 A finite element model was developed to simulate the full load – unload process and to obtain the
natural frequencies after every load step.
 The non-linear parameters, like tension stiffening or constitutive equations of materials are
fundamental when damage models are studied.
 The modification of strain modulus or contour conditions due to loading influenced seriously the
dynamic properties of evaluated building components.
 Parameters such as dead load, boundary conditions, strain modulus, reinfo rcement ratio or
geometry properties have a direct influence in the dynamic response of the structural component.
 Stiffness degradation (due to flexural cracking) in RC beams produced an important reduction of
the frequencies (reaching 40%).
 Prestressed and reinforced concrete slab can be studied by two different test lay-outs:
o a deployment of multiple sensors with identification of frequencies and modal shapes;
o a reduced version using only one sensor and measuring only natural frequencies.
Finally, this study has permitted to conclude that a combined implementation of a simple dynamic
testing and numerical modeling is able to characterize the current structural conditions of single
concrete or masonry building elements such as concrete beams, concrete slab s, masonry walls or stone
piers.
Keywords: Concrete, Dynamic testing, building, Sensor technology, frequency
299
Effect of Curing Conditions on Fiber Concrete Roads
Karakurt. C 1, Bayazıt. Y*2, Kahveci.K 3
1, 2
Civil Engineering Department, Bilecik Seyh Edebali University, TURKEY.
3
Civil Engineering Department, Anadolu University, TURKEY.
ABSTRACT
Conrete roads are significant to heavily vehicles loads. As known there are lots of heavily vehicle in
our country. According to experiments, concrete roads more strength than other pavement types. Thus,
concrete roads should be develop in our country. In this study it is researhed that how effects of curing
condition of concrete roads. In experimental study, it is prepared three type of concrete as reference
(non-fiber), polypropylene fiber and steel fiber. Firstly, to supply site conditions con crete is prepared
out of the laboratory and the concrete was put in formwork has shape 1mx1mx0.15m. Beside, the same
concrete mixes have been put in cubic specimens 0.15mx0.15mx0.15m on laboratory conditions. Taken
core drilled has 10 cm diameter from formwork which out of the laboratory and hardened concrete
experiments have been done on the core drilled specimens and cubic specimens. Surface hardness with
Scmitdt hammer, pulse velocity, compressive strength, concrete density are tested on the examples. It
will be determined performance of concrete road mixes relations with fiber types and curing conditions
from the experimental studies. Mechanical properties of the specimens are out of the laboratory and on
the laboratory conditions are compared.
Keywords: Concrete roads, Core drilling, Curing conditions, Poylpropylene fiber, Steel fiber
300
Effect of Supplementary Cementing Materials on Fresh Properties and Stability of Self Consolidating Rubberized Concrete
Mohamed K. Ismail 1 and Assem A. A. Hassan 1*
1
Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s,
Newfoundland, Canada, A1B3X5
(E-mail:[email protected],[email protected])
ABSTRACT
This study was conducted to study the development of self-consolidating rubberized concrete
(SCRC) with enhanced fresh properties and stability. The study particularly aimed to maximize the
percentage of used crumb rubber (CR) in SCRC while minimizing the reduction of the strength
and stability of the developed mixtures. The experimental test para meters included percentage of
CR (0-40% by volume of sand) and different supplementary cementing materials (SCMs) (fly ash,
slag, and metakaolin). The performance of the developed SCRC was evaluated based on the results
of compressive strength, flowability, passing ability, high-range water-reducer admixture
(HRWRA) demand, coarse aggregate segregation, and the distribution of CR in the mixture. The
results indicated that mixtures with 550 kg/m 3 binder content showed acceptable strength, fresh
properties, and stability with up to 20% replacement of CR. Compared to the other tested SCMs,
the addition of metakaolin (MK) significantly improved the mixture viscosity and particle
suspension/distribution, which allowed up to 30% CR to be used with acceptable compr essive
strength (40 MPa) and without any sign of segregation.
Keywords: crumb rubber, fresh properties, metakaolin, self-consolidating concrete, stability.
301
Mechanical Properties of Self-Consolidating Rubberized Concrete with Different Supplementary
Cementing Materials
Mohamed K. Ismail 1, Mayra T. de Grazia1, and Assem A. A. Hassan 1*
1
Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s,
Newfoundland, Canada, A1B3X5
ABSTRACT
This paper investigates the mechanical properties of self-consolidating rubberized concrete (SCRC)
mixtures with high percentages of crumb rubber (CR). The effect of metakaolin (MK) compared to other
supplementary cementing materials (SCMs) on enhancing the mechanical properties and stability of
SCRC mixtures was highlighted in this research. The variables were percentage of CR (0-40% by
volume of sand), type of SCM (fly ash, slag, and metakaolin). The mechanical properties of the tested
mixtures were investigated based on their compressive strength, flexural strength (FS), splitting tensile
strength (STS), and modulus of elasticity (ME). The results indicated that increasing the CR
replacement from 0% to 40% decreased the 28-day compressive strength, STS, FS, and ME by 59.25%,
52.41%, 35%, and 46.1%. However, all developed mixtures exceeded the minimum strength for
structural applications (17 MPa).The results also indicated that using MK has the most significant effect
on improving the mixture stability and particle suspension, which facilitated the development of SCRC
mixtures with a high percentage of CR (30%) and with acceptable stability/strength and with a density of
less than 2100 kg/m3.
Keywords: crumb rubber, fresh properties,
supplementary cementing materials
mechanical
302
properties,
self-consolidating
concrete,
Seismic Fragility of Weir Structures due to Sliding Effect
Woo Young Jung 1, Ki Young Kim2 and Bu Seog Ju* 3
1
Department of Civil Engineering, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Korea
2
3
Infrastructure Research Center, K-water Institute, Korea
Institute for Disaster Prevention, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Korea
ABSTRACT
The damage or collapse of the hydraulic systems can comprise a significant proportion of the economic loss
in upstream and downstream area and the failure of the weir structures can cause loss of life and the serious
flooding problem in the area during a seismic event. Consequently, dams or weir structures as hydraulic
systems must remain functional and operational during and after an earthquake. In recent year, in order to
mitigate the risk or secure the safety of the hydraulic systems, the Probabilistic Seismic Risk Assessment
(PSRA) has been issued as a key area of the research. The primary objective of this paper was to evaluate
the seismic fragility of weir structures by incorporating nonlinear Finite Element (FE) model for the
contact interfaces among weir-mass concrete-soil foundation in the weir structure. Gangjeong-Goryeon weir,
located in Daegu Metropolitan City in Southeastern part of Korea was selected in this study. The seismic
fragility of the weir structure corresponding to the sliding Limit State 13 mm (LS I) and 153 mm (LS II) was
determined from multiple nonlinear time-history analyses based on Monte-Carol simulation accounting for
the uncertainties such as material nonlinearity and ground motions with respect to near field faults and far
field faults. The results showed that the sliding failure of the weir structure corresponding to LS I started from
0.1 g, but the weir system under LS II had no failure up to 0.4g. Besides, in the case of LS I, the weir
subjected to near field faults was more fragile than that subjected to far field faults, whereas the result
corresponding to LS II was reversed.
Keywords: Contact, Earthquake, Fragility, PSRA, Weir
Acknowledgment: This Research was supported by a grant (13SCIPA01) from Smart Civil Infrastructure
Research Program funded by Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport (MOLIT) of Korea government
and Korea Agency for Infrastructure Technology Advancement (KAIA).
303
Comparison of Static Pushover and Nonlinear Dynamic Analyses of Reinforced Concrete
Buildings
Burak Yön* 1, Mehmet Emin Öncü 2 and Yusuf Calayır 3
1, 2
Civil Engineering, Dicle University, TURKEY.
3
Civil Engineering, Fırat University, TURKEY.
ABSTRACT
In this paper, static pushover analysis and nonlinear dynamic time history analyses of reinforced
concrete buildings were compared by using the distributed plastic hinge approach which includes
material and geometric nonlinearity of the structural members. For numerical study, a sample
reinforced concrete frame building was selected and pushover analysis and nonlinear dynamic time
history analyses were performed. For nonlinear analyses, three earthquake acceleration records were
selected and adjusted to be compatible with the design spectrum defined in TSC by considering various
effective ground accelerations with soil classes. As result of analyses, interstory drifts, capacity curve
and maximum responses of the building were obtained. These analyses results were compared each
other and evaluated.
Keywords: Seismic zones, local site conditions; distributed plastic hinge; time history analysis.
Acknowledgment: The authors thank to Seismosoft for providing free academic license for SeismoStruct and
SeismoArtif software.
304
A Parametric Study on The Response of Cooling Towers Experiencing Various Circumferential
Distribution of Wind Loading
Ali İhsan Karakaş* 1, Korhan Ozgan 2 and Ayse T. Daloğlu 3
1, 2, 3
Civil Engineering Dept., Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey.
ABSTRACT
Cooling towers are the essential components of thermal nuclear power stations and industrial power
plants. They are huge thin shell structures with commonly complex double curvature hyperbolic
geometry. Cooling towers may be subjected to a variety of loading conditions such as d ead, wind,
earthquake, temperature and construction loads. In the present study only wind load is considered. The
wind pressure is sensitive to the vertical variation of the wind for most structure and also to the
circumferential variation which is peculiar to cylindrical bodies such as cooling towers. The
circumferential variation is strongly dependent on the roughness properties of the shell wall surface of
the towers. The circumferential distribution curves of wind pressure are determined by laboratory a nd
field measurements as a function of roughness parameter k/a in which k is the height of the rib and a is
the mean distance between ribs measured at about 1/3 of the height of the tower. The maximum
amplitude of the axial tension force in the shell wall along the meridian is strongly influenced by the
circumferential distribution of the applied wind pressure which is a function of the surface roughness.
Hence the required reinforcing steel is very sensitive to distribution curve considered. Therefore the
design of the ribs is an important issue for a pure cooling tower design.
For this purpose a computing tool coded in MATLAB employing SAP2000 OAPI (Open Application
Programming Interface) functions is used to evaluate numerically the influence of circumfe rential wind
load distribution curves for various k/a ratios on the responses of a hyperbolic cooling tower with
supporting columns fixed at the base. The complex realistic wind pressure distributions are represented
satisfactorily by the coded program as distributed pressure loads computed at thousand points of the
cooling tower wall. The pressure values suggested by VGB design code for various k/a ratios are
considered.
Keywords: Cooling tower, wind load, Open Application Programming Interface, finite element analysis.
305
Seismic Behavior Dependence on The Geometrical Characteristics of Cooling Towers
Ali İhsan Karakaş* 1, Korhan Ozgan 2 and Ayse T. Daloğlu 3
1, 2, 3
Civil Engineering Dept., Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey.
ABSTRACT
Cooling towers are thin walled slender structures employed in thermal and nuclear power stations to
reduce cooling-circuit water. They may be subjected to a variety of loading conditions such as self weight, wind load, earthquake load, temperature, construction and settlement loads. Earthquake loads
constitutes the main loading for the design of cooling towers constructed around earthquake -prone
areas. Therefore, seismic analyses of cooling tower structures are significant in the design process. The
loads applied by a design earthquake to the shell and components of a cooling tower can be determined
by the seismic dynamic analysis methods. In the present study a comprehensive parametric study is
carried out to investigate the influence of geometrical parameters such as meridional curvature,
thickness and throat level on the seismic response of cooling towers supported by V-shaped columns
fixed at the base by employing time history analyses. For this purpose a computer program is developed
in MATLAB to be able to model cooling towers parametrically by providing data flo w between
MATLAB and SAP2000 via Open Application Programming Interface (OAPI) feature of SAP2000.
The developed application provides an easy and fast way to model cooling towers parametrically. As a
result of this parametric work it can be concluded that earthquake-induced stresses and displacements
are considerable sensitive to geometrical properties of cooling towers. Results are presented in tabular
and graphical format.
Keywords: Cooling tower, seismic analysis, Open Application Programming Interface, finite element
analysis.
306
Strength Performance of Pervious Concrete Subjected to Acid Rain
Christian R. Orozco* 1, Mark Daniel M. Ibanez 2 and Patrick Joseph F. Robles 3
1, 2, 3
Institute of Civil Engineering, University of the Philippines Diliman, PHILIPPINES
ABSTRACT
Acid rain has been an issue of widespread concern in Asia as it can greatly contribute to damage of various
infrastructures. Pervious concrete, a new sustainable pavement construction material that allows water to
directly pass through it, is one of those infrastructures that may be exposed to acid rain attack. Therefore, this
study aims to investigate the strength performance of pervious concrete when exposed to acid rain. A total of
162 plain pervious cylinder concrete specimens with varying percent fine aggregates (5%, 10%, 15%) and
water-to-cement ratio (0.30, 0.35, 0.40) were prepared and cured in the laboratory for 28 days. After 28-day
curing, specimens were immersed for 30 days in a control solution with neutral pH and synthetic acid rain
solution with varying pH (4.0, 4.5, 5.0 and 5.5). The specimens were tested for both permeability and
compressive strength. Results of the experimental study showed that as the percent fine aggregate increases,
permeability decreases and compressive strength increases. The highest dfference in the compressive strength
(2.38 MPa) between the specimens immersed in the acid rain solutions and the control solution was observed
to occur at solution pH of 4.0. Statistical analyses showed that the compressive strength of specimens
immersed at pH 4.0 solution is significantly lower (p<0.05) compared to the compressive strength of
specimens immersed in higher pH (5.0 and 5.5), suggesting the effect of acidity to compressvive strength of
pervious concrete.
Keywords: Acid rain, Compressive strength, Permeability, Pervious concrete
Acknowledgment: The authors would like to thank the University of the Philippines Diliman Engineering
Research for Development Foundation, Inc. (ERDFI) and College of Engineering for funding this research
through the Faculty Research Dissemination Grant (FRDG).
307
Utilization through Immobilization of Dredged Sediment using Alkali-Activated Slag
Jae-Ho Shim* 1 and Joo-Yang Park2
1, 2
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro,
Seongdong-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
ABSTRACT
The smaller than 75 μm size of dredged sediment has be just in landfill, has not been used well for
useful purpose because the smaller size of dredged sediment is too small to recycle, and is difficult to
reduce the contaminants from strong ability of fine sediment to a bsorb contaminants. This paper
focuses on the use of 10~30 μm size of dredged sediment from the coast of Gijang, Busan, South Korea
by solidification/stabilization (S/S) with the alkali-activated slag (AAS). The ground granulated blastfurnace slag (GGBFS) is used as the binder that is an excellent alternative to the cement concrete.
GGBFS occurs as a by-product of the production of iron from a blast furnace, so this study is the use
two types of waste are immobilized. The S/S procedure relies on the alkali-activation of GGBFS-based
systems with fine dredged sediment. The NaOH solution was used as an alkaline activator with various
concentration (2, 4, 6, and 8% Na2O in the AAS matrix). The specimens were made according to the
ASTM C 305 standards, the mechanical (flexural/compressive) strength tests were carried out
according to the ASTM C 348 and 349. The S/S with slag was studied through the leaching
characteristics and microstructure characteristics of samples were measured. The results of the toxicity
characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) test on 3 days samples confirmed that heavy metals were
immobilized in AAS matrix as Not Detected (ND) of Cr, Cu, Cd, and Pb. The flexural/compressive
strength values was related to concentration of Na 2O. The immobilized fine sediment in AAS can be
utilized for some practical purposes such as breakwater and blocks that can be used in the construction
sector depending on the concentration of Na 2O.
Keywords: Alkali-activation, Dredged sediment, GGBFS, Immobilization
Acknowledgment: This research was supported by a grant (code 13IFIP-B065893-01) from Industrial
Facilities & Infrastructure Research Program funded by Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport of
Korean government.
308
The Importance of the Validation of Numerical Models with the Experimental Modal Analysis
Fuat Aras* 1
1
Civil Engineering Department, Istanbul Medeniyet University, TURKEY.
ABSTRACT
Numerical models are frequently constructed to investigate the civil engineering problems related to
design and assessment issues. Inherent characteristics of a struct ure are hidden in the dynamic
properties of it since these properties are independent from external effects such as loading and they are
related to the structure’s stiffness, mass and support conditions which govern the structural behavior.
In that respect the modal properties such as modal periods and mode shapes are the key parameters to
check the performance of a numerical model for a structure since the height of the structure, number of
floors, structural elements and their configurations can give initial idea for the prediction of modal
characteristics for a new design project. However there are always some uncertainties in modeling
stemming from generalizations, assumptions and ignorance. Discrepancies between the numerical
model and real conditions can be so huge that the numerical model cannot predict the real behavior of
the structure. This case may valid especially for the modeling of existing structures with complicated
structural system, not uniform material properties, complicated soil structur e interaction, undetermined
boundary condition, unknown and hidden damages and other effects due to the old age of the structure.
Under these conditions the numerical model should be validated. At this point, experimental modal
analysis fills a gap by obtaining dynamic properties of real structures and enabling to adjust the
suspicious parameters in the numerical model with dynamic identification procedures.
In this study, the application of experimental modal analysis over two existing structures (a historical
palace and a reinforced concrete building) is explained. The numerical models, before and after the
dynamic identification, are presented for both structures. The differences are discussed and the
importance of experimental modal analysis is underlined.
Keywords: Dynamic analysis, Experimental modal analysis, Numerical modeling.
Acknowledgment: The authors thank Istanbul Medeniyet University, Scientific Research Project Funding for
the financial support [Project number: FUY-2014-448].
309
Assessing the seismic performance of reinforcement coupler systems in Turkey
K. Taskin* 1 and K.Peker 2
1
2
Anadolu University, Engineering Faculty,Civil Engineering Department, Iki Eylul Campus, 26555
Eskişehir, TURKEY.
ERDEMLI Engineering and Consulting Co. Ltd., Spor Caddesi , Babaefendi Sokak , Ufuk Palas 3/1, 34357,
Beşiktaş / İstanbul, TURKEY.
ABSTRACT
Use of mechanical connection systems in reinforced concrete has become increasingly prevalent in
Turkey. Mechanical connectors are an alternative to lap and welded splices, and many are capable of
developing the full strength of the connected reinforcing bars. There are many advantages for using
mechanical connector systems over conventional reinforcing bar lapping. Such examples are
overcoming reinforcement congestion problems and convenience when installing precast constru ction
members at sites.
The design of reinforced concrete structures is based on several basic assumptions and
tenants. Among these fundamental concepts is that reinforcement will be provided to resist any
tension that may be present in themember. Moreover, it is assumed that the reinforcement is
anchored – that is, developed -- and continuous in the regions where it is shown by analysis to be
required.
International literature reporting on reinforcing mechanical connection s ystem testing protocols and
experimental studies conducted in the United States, Japan, and Europe were assessed to provide
recommendations for an upcoming review of the Turkey reinforced concrete design standard. Both
static and seismic conditions, in terms of their relevance in the Tukish context, were considered in the
literature review. At conclusion of this exercise, new standard criteria for the use of mechanical
connection systems in Turkey were proposed, and a range of couplers commonly used in Turkey were
subjected to preliminary tests in accordance with the proposed standard criteria. Testing indicated that
the couplers performed in a satisfactory manner.
Keywords:Aassessment, experimental,lap splice, mechanical coupler,Reinforced concrete.
Acknowledgment: The authors thank Bar-Us, Lenton, Sera Yapı A.Ş.
310
Design Factors and Finite Element Modeling of Cubic Type Voids in RC Slabs
K. Taskin* 1 and K.Peker 2
1
2
Anadolu University, Engineering Faculty,Civil Engineering Department, Iki Eylul Campus, 26555
Eskişehir, TURKEY.
ERDEMLI Engineering and Consulting Co. Ltd., Spor Caddesi , Babaefendi Sokak , Ufuk Palas 3/1, 34357,
Beşiktaş / İstanbul, TURKEY.
ABSTRACT
The behaviors of biaxial hollow slab are influenced by the shape of void and cage. Long span flat
slab systems with internal void formers have been used in Europe for a decade now. Nautilus® is the
brand name of successful system, recently introduced in Turkey. It’s a bi-axial reinforced concrete fat
slab system, with a grid of internal void formers. This paper examines a two -way, reinforced concrete
slab with plastic voids construction in comparison to traditional flat plate re inforced concrete slab
construction. The design process for plastic voided slabs is directly compared with traditional two -way
flat plate reinforced concrete slabs through a design comparison of typical bays of 6m by 6m, 8m by
8m’ 10m by 10m, 12m by 12m, 14m by 14m, 16m by 16m, 6m by 9m, 6m by 12m, 8m by 12m, 8m by
16m, 10m by 15m, 10m by 20m, 12m by 18m, 12m by 24m, 14m by 21m and 16m by 24m. In order to
understand the structural mechanism of the cubic spherical voided slabs, analysis are performed to
compare of this new type of floor with a typical flat, solid concrete flat. A 3D solid slab and a cubic
voided slab were constructed in SAP2000 with all the same dimensions and as two -way spanning floor
systems. The solid slab and voided slab models were analyzed static response under a dead load 0.200
t/m2 and five different live load (0.200 t/m2, 0.350 t/m 2, 0.500 t/m2, 0.750 t/m2 and 1.000 t/m2). The
traditional slab design process follows the TS 500 (Requirements for Design and Construction of
Reinforced Concrete Structures-Turkish Standard), EN-1992-2004, ACI-318, 2011(Building Code
Requirements for Structural Concrete) and CEB-FIB, 1990. The SAP2000 results show that the
maximum moments, shear forces and in-plane stresses in the cubic voided slab floor 30-40% less than
that of the solid concrete slab under the same conditions.
Keywords:Aassessment, experimental,lap splice, mechanical coupler,Reinforced concrete.
Acknowledgment: The authors thank Bar-Us, Lenton, Sera Yapı A.Ş.
311
THE INFLUENCE OF FIBERS AND MINERAL ADDITIVES ON SELF COMPACTING
CONCRETE
HADDADOU Naima1, 2, CHAID Rabah2, ADJOU Naima1& BOUZOUALEGH Malik1
[email protected]
1. National Center of Studies and Integrated Research on Building Engineering (CNERIB), Cité Nouvelle ElMokrani, Souidania, Algiers, Algeria
2. Research Unit: Materials, Processes and Environment (UR/MPE), University Boumerdes, Cité Frantz
Fanon, 35000 Boumerdes, Algeria
ABSTRACT
Time, cost and quality are three important factors that play a critical role in the construction industry. Any
progress or development that improves these factors is welcomed by civil engineers.
One of the major environmental concerns is recycling waste materials. Marble processing plants and kaolin
quarries produce millions of tons of waste in powder form every year. Having a considerable high degree
of fineness in comparison to cement, these materials may be used as filler for the production of selfcompacting concrete which offers several economical and technical benefits. To extend its possibilities,
the addition of fibers can improve a marginal improvement in the ultimate strength, but the critical
problem is to accomplish uniform dispersion of fibers.
Fibers act as a bridge by retarding crack’s propagation, and develop several characteristics and properties of
self-compacting concrete.
For this purpose, several self-compacting concretes were prepared by using three types of fibers made of
steel, polypropylene, and glass, and three different types of mineral additions (marble powder,
metakaolin and limestone powder). The water to cement ratio was held constant at 0.34 and fibers were
used in combination, keeping the total fiber content constant at 60 kg/m3. Slump flow time and diameter,
L-Box and stability were performed to assess the fresh properties of the concrete. Compressive strength,
splitting tensile strength and ultrasonic pulse velocity of the concrete were determined for the hardened
properties.
Noteworthy performances were generally obtained, particularly for the self-compacting concretes prepared
with steel fibers in association with polypropylene fiber and marble powder as mineral addition.
Key-Words: self-compacting concrete, mineral admixtures, fibers, workability, hardened properties.
312
Direction Effects of Travelling Waves on Nonlinear Seismic Response of Arch Dams
Mehmet AKKÖSE 1
1
ABSTRACT
In many cases the size of a dam may be close to the length of the seismic waves that would arrive to
the dam site in the event of an earthquake. As a consequence, when seismic waves reach on a large dam, the
excitation of the dam-foundation rock interface is not uniform. Different points along the interface are under
the effects of different foundation acceleration values at the same time. In other words, the seismic waves
travel along the dam-foundation rock interface. The importance of this effect depends on the dam size, the
length of the seismic waves and its direction of propagation but it seems clear that assuming a uniform
excitation along the dam-foundation rock interface may lead to erroneous consequences.
The objective of this study is to investigate direction effects of travelling waves on nonlinear seismic
response of arch dams. The finite element idealization of arch dam-water-foundation rock system is presented
in Fig. 1. The figure also depicts directions of the travelling waves on the arch dam-reservoir-foundation rock
interaction system. It is evident that the seismic waves can reach on the dam site from any direction. In this
study, it was considered that the seismic waves arrive to the dam site with several different angles (=0, 30o,
60o, 90o). The results obtained from non-linear analyses of the arch dam for the different angles are compared
with each other.
313
EFFECTS OF MIX AND WATER/CEMENT RATIO ON COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH AND
MODULUS OF ELASTICITY OF LATERIZED CONCRETE
Olanrewaju Deborah O*1. , Akinpelu A.A2
1,2
Department of Building Technology, Lagos State Polytechnic, Ikorodu, Lagos, Nigeria.
(E-mail; [email protected])
ABSTRACT
This paper reports the result of laboratory study, investigating the effects of mix and water/cement Ratio on
compressive strength and modulus of Elasticity of laterized concrete. The research is intended to contribute to
sustainable construction of low cost housing and development in Nigeria because of abundance of readymade laterite in the region.
The test specimens were made with sieved samples of selected grain sizes of lateritic soil used as fine
aggregate in conventional concrete. Batching of the specimens was by weight. Three mix ratios of (1:1.5:3),
(1:2:4) and (1:3:6) were used. Water/cement ratio of 0.6,0.65,0.75and0.85 were used for each of the mix
ratios. The specimens of size 150mm x 150mm cylindrical shape were tested at curing ages of 28 days using
ELE 2000 manually operated hydraulic compression machine armed with dial gauges to determine both the
longitudinal and lateral extensions in the specimens.
The results showed that the richer the mix, the higher the compressive strength and modulus of Elasticity. It
was also found that water/cement ratio have significant effects on both properties of laterized concrete. The
results can be used to estimate the structural behaviour and integrity of laterized concrete component.
Keywords: Concrete, Modulus of Elasticity, Laterized Concrete, Compressive Strength, Lateritic soil.
Acknowledgement: The authors would like to express their appreciation to Dr Kolapo Olusola and the entire
member of Building Department of Obafemi Awolowo University for providing us with insight and
equipments
314
Deterministic and Probabilistic Analysis of the Fire Resistance of the Technology Support
Structures in NPP
J. Králik * 1 and J. Králik, jr. 2
1,
Department of Structural Mechanics, FCE STU Bratislava, SLOVAKIA.
3
Department of Structures, FA STU Bratislava, SLOVAKIA.
ABSTRACT
This paper presents the methodology of the reliability analysis of the fire resistance of the s teel
structure of the cable way in nuclear power plants (NPP). The deterministic and probability analysis of
the fire resistance of the steel structures are considered. The executed fire resistance analysis of the
steel structures is investigated as the influence of temperature, permanent and variable loads. The
Response Surface Method (RSM) for the nonlinear probabilistic analysis of the fire structure reliability
was used on program ANSYS.
In consequence of the economic and life lost due to fire accident the new regulation was created in
European countries.
The objective of this paper is to describe a performance based more realistic
and credible approach to the analysis of structural safety in case of fire, which takes also account of
structural models, which should be as realistic as possible.
This paper deals with the possibility of the deterministic and probabilistic analysis of the reliability of
the cable way support structures depending on variability of the load, material and model
characteristics. The analysis of the fire resistance of four types of cable way structures by deterministic
as well as probabilistic calculation is shown in this paper. The 49 simulations using approximate
method RSM for four cases were calculated in the real time on PC ( max CPU=728sec). The nonlinear
solution was running in max 191 steps. The output quantities were determined from 10 6 MONTE
CARLO simulations. The probabilistic method shows that the probability of the failure of all structures
is less than target probability p d = 7,23.10 -5. However, the probabilistic calculation provides us with
possibility of sensibility analysis, on the base of which the extreme load conditions on the cable way
structures can be identified or also modified.
Keywords: Fire, nonlinearity, plasticity, probability, cable way, NPP, RSM, ANSYS
Acknowledgment: The project was realized with the financial support of the Grant Agency of the Slovak
Republic (VEGA). The project registration number is VEGA 1/1039/12.
315
Risk Assessment of NPP Safety in Slovakia
J.Králik * 1
1
Department of structural mechanics, FCE SUT Bratislava, SLOVAKIA.
ABSTRACT
This paper gives the results of the risk-based safety analysis of the nuclear power plants in Slovakia.
The probabilistic assessment of NPP structures for Probabilistic Safety Analysis (PSA) level 2 of
VVER 440/213 in the case of the extreme external even without the earthquake is presented. On the
base of the meteorological monitoring of the locality the extreme load parameters were defined for the
return period 10 4 years using the MONTE CARLO simulations. There is showed summary of
calculation models and calculation methods for the probability analysis of the structural resistance. The
general purpose of the probabilistic analysis of the NPP structure resistance was to define the critical
places of the structure elements and to estimate the structural collapse. The numeric al simulations on
the base of the LHS method were realized in the system ANSYS and FReET .
The International Atomic Energy Agency set up a program to give guidance to its member states on the many
aspects of the safety of nuclear power reactors. The risk of the NPP performance from the point of the safety
must be calculated by consideration of the impact of the all effects during plant operation. The probabilistic
safety analysis (PSA) is one from the effective methods to analyze the safety and reliability of the NPP.
This paper proposed the methodology of the PSA 2 level analysis of the NPP hermetic structures penetration
under accident events. The general purpose of the probabilistic analysis of the containment integrity was to
define the critical places of the structure elements and to estimate the structural collapse. The uncertainties of
the loads level (longtime temperature and dead loads), the material properties (concrete cracking and
crushing, reinforcement, and liner) and other influences following the inaccuracy of the calculated model and
numerical methods. The critical steel segment was the reactor hermetic door with failure pression
pu.0,95=839kPa (95% failure probability). The critical concrete structures were the walls of the rooms A525
and A526 under steam generator box. Their failure pressure is equal to pu.0,95= 486kPa (95% failure
probability).
Keywords: Risk, Safety, Reliability, Probability, Nonlinearity, Nuclear Power Plants.
Acknowledgment: The project was realized with the financial support of the Grant Agency of the Slovak
Republic (VEGA). The project registration number is VEGA 1/1039/12.
316
Predicting the Performance of Roadheaders from the Needle Penetration Resistance
S. Kahraman* 1, and A. S. Aloğlu 2
1
Mining Engineering, Hacettepe University, TURKEY.
([email protected])
2
CİNER Group, TURKEY.
([email protected])
ABSTRACT
Roadheaders have been widely used in the excavation of soft to medium strength rocks in tunneling and mine
developments for about 50 years. They are very flexible and can be used for excavating the openings with
different size and shape. The demand for tunnels and underground spaces has been increasing especially in
developed and developing countries. Having some prior knowledge of the potential performance of a selected
roadheader is very important for the planning and cost estimation purposes in tunnel projects.
Several researchers have suggested some performance prediction models for roadheaders. These models
generally include direct testing methods. The aim of this study is to investigate the predictability of
roadheader performance from the needle penetration test which is a simple and practical test, and can easily
be applied in the field. The performance measurements of Dosco Mk-2B roadheader were carried out during
roadway excavations in Çayırhan Coal Mine (Beypazarı/Ankara). The cutting times of the machine were
recorded at different locations. The volume of the material cut for each location was calculated by using the
sectional area of cut and the depth of cut. Then, the net cutting rate (NCR) values were calculated by dividing
the volume of the material cut by cutting time. The needle penetration tests were also carried out at the tunnel
faces during performance measurements and the needle penetration resistance (NPR) values were calculated.
The NCR and NPR values evaluated using regression analysis and a relation having a good correlation
coefficient was found between the two parameters. The validation of the derived equation was checked by the
t–test, the F-test. Concluding remark is that the derived model is significant and can be practically used for
the estimation of the NCR of roadheaders for the similar formations and conditions.
Keywords: Needle penetration resistance, Performance prediction, Roadheaders.
Acknowledgment: The authors thank TUBITAK (The Scientific and Technical Research Council of Turkey)
for the support of the project (Project No. 114M836).
317
Analytical evaluation of thermal expansion of steel construction in buildings using Debye model
A.Yamçicier
Department of Physics, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Gaziosmanpaşa University, Tokat, Turkey
ABSTRACT
It is well known that the steel construction is widely used in modern buildings because of its high tensile
strength and low cost. Notice that steel materials have thermal expansion which is the tendency of matter to
change in volume depending on a temperature variation through the heat transfer. Therefore, the steel thermal
expansion should be considered by civil engineers in junction points of buildings. In this study using Debye
model, efficient algorithm is presented for the accurate calculation of the thermal expansion of steel
depending on temperature. Notice that the Debye model plays a central role in the study of many problems
arising in solids.
Keywords: Steel construction, Thermal expansion, Heat capacity, Debye model.
318
Removal of Zinc via chlorination roasting from steelmaking byproduct
I. Jaafar1, A. Griffths2
1
School of Liberal & Fundamental Knowledge, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Terengganu,
Terengganu, Malaysia
(Email : [email protected])
2
School of Engineering, Cardiff University, Queen’s Building, The Parade, Cardiff CF24 3AA, United
Kingdom
ABSTRACT
Iron and steel production generates significant quantities of solid wastes in the form of dusts and sludge and
generally showing an increasing generation trend year on year. The recycling and utilisation of these byproducts has long been promoted in the industry. Due to the recent drive in improving environmental
regulations, these wastes must be treated safely or recycled completely. Zinc is the element that causes the
most problem in treating Basic Oxygen Steelmaking (BOS) dusts and also hinders the direct recycling of dust
back into steelmaking furnaces. Chlorination is the process by which metal chlorides are obtained by dry
methods. The process is applied to ores and concentrates; to isolate the metal values or convert them into a
more amenable form. In this study, chlorination roasting by means of pyrometallurgical extraction was
conducted towards BOS byproduct. Operational parameters such as roasting temperature, roasting time,
chemical stoichiometry and surface area were applied. It is possible to remove >90% Zinc from the BOS
byproduct, thus makes it possible to be reused in the steelmaking production route or safe disposal.
Keywords:. Basic Oxygen Steelmaking (BOS), Chlorination, Extraction, Pyrometallurgy, Zinc
Acknowledgment: The authors would like to thank Universiti Malaysia Terengganu and TATA Steel , for
their financial support.
319
Stabilization of clayey soil by waste steel pieces
Zuheir KARABASH1,2, Ali Fırat ÇABALAR1
1
University of Gaziantep, Department of Civil Engineering, 27310, Gaziantep, Turkey
2
University of Mosul, College of Engineering, Mosul, Iraq
ABSTRACT
The metal industry produces substantial amounts of the waste steel which have fairly engineering properties
and the disposal of these materials have financial and environmental problems. The objective of the present
study is to investigate the applicability of these waste materials in the soil stabilization and their effects on the
some geotechnical properties of clayey soil. A series of the unconfined compression and modified compaction
tests were conducted during the experimental work. The amounts of the waste steel pieces used were 0%, 5%,
10%, 15%, and 20% by the dry weight of the samples. The results showed that as the percentages of the waste
steel pieces content increases in the mixture the optimum moisture content decrease and the maximum dry
unit weight increase. Generally, a significant modification in the unconfined compression strength was
observed as the amount of the waste steel content increase until 10% and then decrease.
Keywords: Clay, waste steel pieces, compaction, UCS.
320
Development of Fragility Curves for Self-Supporting Trussed Towers in the Philippines
Considering Severe Wind Loads
Diocel Harold M. Aquino* 1, Jaime Y. Hernandez 2, Jr., Edgar Allan D. Robles3
1, 2, 3
Institute of Civil Engineering, University of the Philippines Diliman, PHILIPPINES.
ABSTRACT
On the average, eight or nine tropical storms make landfall in the Philippines every year, having severe
winds that cause damage and/or destruction to structures and other prope rties. Among the structures
susceptible to the effect of severe winds are the self-supporting trussed towers. This paper aims to
evaluate the fragility of self-supporting trussed towers to severe winds. Models of various
configurations and sizes for these trussed towers were developed and analyzed for wind speeds ranging
from 200 kph to 300 kph, in increments of 10 kph, considering different wind directions. Percentage of
failed members were recorded and tallied against damage states. Three d amage states were defined: no
damage, slight (>10% damage), and complete destruction – the state that renders the tower irreparable.
Self-supporting trussed towers were found to be vulnerable to progressive failure, wherein failure of a
member results to an instant redistribution of loads, which then leads to failure of more members.
Because of this, fragility curves developed for slight damage is almost coincident with that for
complete destruction. The towers were found assume a state of complete destruction at wind spe eds
greater than 260 kph with 100% probability.
Keywords: Fragility, Towers, Trusses, Wind.
Acknowledgment: The authors thank the Department of Science and Technology (DOST) through the ERDT
Faculty Research Dissemination Grant and the UP College of Engineering for financial support on this
research.
321
The empirical correlation using linear regression of settlement ratio under embankment load for
Surabaya compressible soil
Putu Tantri KS 1, Yudhi Lastiasih 2
1,2
Department of Civil engineering, Sepuluh Nopember Institute of Technology, Keputih Sukolilo,
Surabaya,Indonesia 60111.
ABSTRACT
The development of settlement calculation under an embankment is usually taken as granted that the
maximum settlement occurs in the center is the priority of soil settlement calculation under embankment. The
settlement at the toe of embankment is always assumed as zero value which means that there is no settlement
under the toe embankment. Whereas, soil settlement can occur in areas affected by embankment where not
appropriate under embankment. The possibility of the settlement value under the toe embankment can be
found from the stress increase under the embankment toe due to the embankment load itself. The one
dimensional settlement by Terzaghi empirical formula shows that the stress increase could impact the value of
soil settlement. It can be concluded that the settlement that occurs right at the toe embankment is not always
zero. So, the major part of this paper is on challenges to predicting the ratio of settlement under the toe
embankment, outer side of embankment and the center of embankment. The methods used in this study are
the empirical approach from the expert recent study to estimate the index compression value (Cc) for
compressible clay soil: Kosasih&Mochtar (1999), Nishida (1956), Shower (1970) and the formula of one
dimensional consolidation. This study uses several variables such as the depth of soft soil layer in accordance
with the soft soil in Surabaya Indonesia, the width of embankment and the height of embankment. Those
variable uses to compare the ratio of settlement depend on those variables. The results of this study are to
determine the empirical formula using linear regression of the settlement ratio in Surabaya compressible soil
under the toe embankment and under the center embankment due to the variable used.
Keywords: soil settlement, embankment, compressible soil, consolidation, settlement ratio, empirical
correlation
322
Influence of blast-induced ground motion on dynamic response of masonry minaret of Yörgüç Paşa
Mosque
K.Hacıefendioğlu 1, O.Köksal* 2
1
2
Ondokuz Mayıs University,Department of Civil Engineering, TURKEY.
Ondokuz Mayıs University, Kavak Vocational Junior College, TURKEY.
ABSTRACT
This paper focus on the dynamic response analysis and presents crack areas of masonry minaret of
Yörgüç Paşa Mosque subjected to artificially generated surface blast-induced ground motion by using a
three-dimensional finite element model. The mosque is located in the town Kavak of Samsun, in
Turkey. This study intended to determine the ground motion acceleration values due to blast-induced ground
motions (air-induced and direct-induced) calculated by a random method. In order to model blast-induced
ground motion, firstly, peak acceleration and the time envelope curve function of ground motion acceleration
were obtained from distance of the explosion center and the explosion charge weight and then blast-induced
acceleration time history were established by using these factors. Non-stationary random process is presented
as an appropriate method to be produced the blast-induced ground motion model. As a representative of blast
induced ground motion, the software named BlastGM (Artificial Generation of Blast induced Ground
Motion) was developed by authors to predict ground motion acceleration values. Artificial acceleration values
generated from the software depend on the charge weight and distance from the centre of the explosion.
According to the examination of synthetically generated acceleration values, it can be concluded that the
explosions cause significant effective ground movements. In the paper, three-dimensional finite element
model of the minaret was designed by ANSYS. Moreover, the maximum stresses anddisplacements as well as
crack areas of the minaret were investigated. The results of this study indicate that the masonry minaret has
been affected substantially by effects of blast induced ground motion.
Keywords: Masonry minaret, Blast induced ground motion, Random process
323
Structural Performance of Sheikh Suleiman Masjid and Its Strengthening
Tuğçe Tetik* 1 and Zekai Celep 2
1
2
Department of Civil Engineering, Namık Kemal University, TURKEY.
ABSTRACT
As being host to many civilizations in history, Turkey has a rich cultural heritage. Especially from the
Ottoman Empire, including mosques, mausoleums, bathhouses, bridges and aqueducts. On the other hand
Istanbul is very close to a major earthquake source of Turkey, i.e., the North Anatolian Fault Line. There are
several statements that a major earthquake is likely to strike Istanbul in a short time. Several Turkish national
institutions including the Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality and the Directorate General of Foundation are at
work to mitigate the effect of a probable earthquake on historical buildings, one of them is related to the
seismic evaluation of the historical buildings in the city. Generally a survey of the existing structural elements
is carried out and the material used and cracks or damages due to environmental conditions and abuse are
determined. All previous documents available related historical building is collected and all previous
structural and architectural interventions are determined. Structural safety is evaluated by modeling the
building and strengthening interventions are determined, when it is necessary. At the final state a application
drawings are prepared and implementation of the architectural and structural intervention is carried out under
proper supervision. In the present study, Sheikh Suleiman Masjid located in Istanbul Historical
Peninsula, is investigated by considering gravity loads and seismic loads. The masonry building is
modeled by adopting finite element technique where linear and plane elements are used. Proper
material properties have been assigned to the model. However, sensitivity of these parameters is studied
as well. Stress concentrations in the structural elements obtained from the analysis are compared with the
existing crack patterns and damages. Various strengthening methods for increasing the structural and seismic
performance of the building are discussed in detail. The paper presents a summary of the results of the
structural response analyses of the building, including its response under gravity and seismic loads.
Keywords: Finite elements method, Historical masonry structures, Seismic performance, Strengthening,
Structural Analysis
324
Effect of Stress Increase on the Geotechnical Properties of Sand
A. K. Hindu * 1
1
Professor and Co-Chairman, Department of Civil Engineering,
Mehran University of Engineering and Technology, Jamshoro, Sindh, PAKISTAN.
ABSTRACT
It is a common practice that before construction of civil engineering projects the soil properties were
evaluated and accordingly the foundations/embankments etc were designed. However due to
construction of structure/embankment or due to application of live loads the stress intensity on the soil
will increase. This may result in the crushing of underlying soil particles, particular when the soil is
coarse grained soil like sand. This study is thus aimed to evaluate the effect of increase in normal stress
on the various geotechnical properties of sand. In the study the pressure molds were utilized to apply 5
MPA, 10 MPA, 15 MPA and 20 MPA normal stress on the sand. The results showed that the increase
of stress caused breakage of soil particles which resulted in the decrease of coefficient of permeability
of the soil even for the same void ratio. It was also seen that with the increase of stress intensity the
relative density of soil gradually decreased. The shear strength test results showed that the soil
subjected under higher stresses possess lower angle of internal friction under same testing conditions. It
was also observed that with increase in stress the behavior of soil may change from dense state to loose
state.
Keywords: Permeability, Relative Density, Sand, Shear Strength, Stresses
Acknowledgment: The author thanks Department of Civil Engineering, Mehran University of Engineering
and Technology for providing facilities to conduct this research.
325
Measurement of Small Strains in Steel Samples Using Digital Imaging Technigues
Ş.Sözen* 1, M.Güler 2
1
Gaziosmanpaşa University, Department of Civil Engineering, TURKEY, 2Middle East Technical
University, Department of Civil Engineering, TURKEY.
ABSTRACT
Small strains are generally measured using electrical resistance strain gages in structural engineering
applications. Strain measurement using these sensors, however, has certain limitations depending on
measurement conditions, i.e., environment temperature, material type, and strain magnitude. Digital image
correlation method offers significant advantages over the other means of strain measurements under
demanding conditions. In this study, calculated strains based on the digital image correlation method are
compared with measured strains using electrical resistance strain gages. The study is carried out by uniaxial
tension tests conducted up to the yield point of test specimens that are furnished with strain gages. Digital
pictures are taken from the gage locations and recorded onto a hard disk for analysis. Based on the correlation
of successive images, on-surface deformations hence strains are calculated. The comparison of both methods
indicates that measured yield strains compare well with those of strains from digital images. The method
allows to measure strains without having contact with the specimen surface.
Keywords: Digital image correlation, strain, steel.
326
Investigation of Design Criteria for the Type of Gabion Walls
Esra Uray * 1 and Özcan Tan 2
1
Faculty of Civil Engineering, KTO Karatay University, TURKEY.
2
Faculty of Civil Engineering, KTO Karatay University, TURKEY.
ABSTRACT
In this study, design criteria of gabion wall which commonly used in civil engineering has been
investigated by using Taguchi method. Main factors affecting design of gabion retaining wall are
height, length of base, slope, angle of internal friction of backfill and slope of backfill of the wall.
In this study, in order to investigate affecting factors to shear safety factor, overturning safety factor
and tensile strength between gabion baskets, 16 different design tables have been chosen according to
Taguchi method. Designs obtained by using Taguchi method, has been modelled with computer
program. By using results of this program for each design “S/N, Signal/Noise”, “Variance, ANOVA”
and optimization analysis have been applied and plotted their diagrams.
The safety factors obtained by computer analysis for shear, overtur ning and tensile strength between
gabion baskets are studied and by using statistical methods found parameters which is effective on
stability of gabion retaining wall.
Keywords: Design Criteria, Gabion Structures, Gabion Retaining Wall, Retaining Structures, Taguchi
Method
327
The Importance of Tie-Rods in Masonry Arches
Sukran Tugrulelci* 1, Mehtap Kayabasi 1, Fatih Kursat Firat 1
1
Aksaray University, Department of Civil Engineering, Aksaray, TÜRKİYE
ABSTRACT
In the most of historical buildings made by the world’s most ancient civilizations and survived to modern
times, arches are the types of structures. In Anatolia, considering the historical buildings remaining from
especially Ottoman, arches have wood or iron tension members, commonly called tie-rods, is between the thin
and slender pillars; the main function of which is to ensure the stability of the arch when subjected to large
vertical loads.
In this study first of all, it is informed about the arches located in historical structure and also tie-rod is
examined in terms of the influence and importance on the general structural behavior. One arch model which
have no tie-rod and one model with tie-rod was evaluated by using the Finite Element Methods (FEM). The
nonlinear properties of materials are taken into consideration in numerical analysis. Numerical models are
constitued by using a computer program LUSAS (2012). At the end of the study, it is indicated that tie-rod is
of great importance for the protection of the stability of arches under vertical load. Besides, according to the
results obtained from the numerical analysis, the capacity of the arches with tie-rod increases considerably in
comparison with arches without tie-rod.
Keywords: Arches, Drucker-prager criterion, Finite element methods, LUSAS software, Tie-rod.
328
Design parameters and special features of next generation wind energy structures
Evangelos Efthymiou* 1
1
Department of Civil Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GREECE.
([email protected])
ABSTRACT
In the field of wind energy structures, the combination of industrial, technological and scientific
progress that has been carried out throughout the years, resulted in their evolution in terms of
morphology and constructional configuration. The traditional Dutch windmill of the 18th century has
given place to gigantic turbines with rotating machines, while in the last decade new taller towers with
hub height over 100m-120m have been adopted by relative companies, the so called next generation
wind energy structures, aiming to exploit the greater wind speeds corresponding at this altitude. The
latter represent an attractive choice towards the goal of making onshore wind energy the most
competitive energy source, however due to their recent introduction, structural behavioural aspects of
these structures are characterized by uncertainties and issues related to their cost -efficiency need to be
enlightened.
The present paper examines the design parameters of next generation wi nd turbine towers and identifies
their special features with respect to transportation, economy and construction. It involves primarily the
design loads determination as wind profile at these heights combined with seismic actions compose a
complex loading framework, particularly in earthquake prone areas. For the purposes of the current
work, prototypes of steel wind turbine towers are configured and finite element analysis is
implemented, towards achieving better understanding of the tower’s structural response. In this context,
the study summarizes the latest developments concerning the structural forms and innovative design
concepts of the towers, so that both safety and material economy can result in cost -efficient power
generators.
Keywords: design parameters, morphology, next generation wind energy structures, special features.
Acknowledgment: The author would like to express his gratitude to Aristotle University of Thessaloniki’s
Research Committee (ELKE AUTH) for the financial support provided regarding his research on the field of
next generation wind energy structures.
329
On the buckling analysis of steel tubular wind turbine towers with vertical and horizontal
stiffeners
Nafsika Stavridou* 1, Evangelos Efthymiou 2 and Charalambos C. Baniotopoulos 3
1, 2
Civil Engineering Department, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GREECE.
3
School of Civil Engineering, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom.
ABSTRACT
The constantly increasing energy demand makes the use of alternative energy sources imperative in
order to sustain and improve the current environmental conditions. Wind energy as a promising
sustainable energy sector necessitates the exploitation of the infinite wind potential in benefit of energy
production. Therefore the increase in number of wind turbines and the amelioration of their components
is considered of high importance in order to expand the wind energy production facilities and meet the
future energy needs. Towards taking advantage of greater wind speeds, the construction of taller wind
power plants is encouraged and the challenge for civil engineers i s to design and construct safer, more
durable and more robust structures. The most common structural configuration of such structures is a
tapered steel shell with circular cross-section due to its capability of carrying heavier loads coupled
with facilitation in mounting. In this present work a new attempt to secure steel shells against buckling
is introduced. Configurations consisting of internal stiffening rings and vertical stiffeners are
investigated separately and a parametric study is being conducted to explore the correlation between
the number of stiffeners and their effectiveness against buckling phenomena. For the investigation of
the proposed stiffening methods, finite element models are analyzed and significant outcomes are being
obtained. The overall tower response is being addressed and special remarks are made concerning the
tower’s structural behavior against variable loading.
Keywords: numerical analysis, steel structures, stiffening rings, vertical stiffeners, wind turbine tower.
Acknowledgment: The first author wants to express her gratitude to IKY for financial support of the research
activities on performing her PhD thesis through the IKY Fellowship of Excellence for Postgraduate Studies in
Greece – SIEMENS Program
330
Compressive Strength of steel and polypropylene fiber reinforced coal ash concrete
A. Akyıldız*
*
Department of Civil Engineering, Çorlu Engineering Faculty, Namık Kemal University, Çorlu/ Tekirdağ
ABSTRACT
Concrete is the most important engineering material and the addition of some other materials may change the
properties of concrete. The objectives of this study was to investigate the effect of polypropylene and steel
fiber reinforcement in concretes made with binder containing coal ash on concrete properties such as
compressive strength. Compressive strength was determined at 2, 7 and 28 days. Concrete series, 5 in all,
with binder containing 20% by mass of coal ash were produced. The first being the control series with no
fiber, the second through fifth being the test series, containing 30 kg/m3 of ZP 308 (ℓ/d=40) steel fiber, 30
kg/m3 of RC 80/60 BN (ℓ/d=80) steel fiber, 0.2% by mass of M12 type polypropylene fiber, 0.2% by mass of
F19 type polypropylene fiber, respectively. The test results show that use of fibre improves material
properties of the concrete.
Keywords: Coal Ash, Compressive Strength, Concrete, Polypropylene Fiber, Steel Fiber
331
Investigation of Mode I fracture toughness and Fracture Process Zone of Rock-like Material with
Continued Thermo-induced Damage under Semi-circular Bend using Acoustic Emission
Technique
Hung Wei Liu* 1, Li Hsien Chen 2 , Yao Chung Chen 3 and Yu Cheng Chang 4
1
Professional Engineer, FUANHON Construction Ltd, TAIWAN
2
Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology,
TAIWAN.
3
Professor, Department of Civil and Construction Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and
Technology, TAIWAN.
4
Engineer, Raiteku Co. Ltd., TAIWAN.
ABSTRACT
Thermal effect impacts the engineering safety, such as tunnel fire and nuclear waste storage. If
engineers could understand better the distribution of thermo -induced damage, they can either improve
the design by considering the protective measures beforehand, or they can provide better repa ration
plans by predicting the damage zones more accurate after tunnel fire.
Traditionally, discrete heat treatment method is used to prepare the specimens, for which
predictions between data points cannot be accurate. In this research, continued heat treatment method
was used to prepare the specimens; the tensile strength and fracture toughness of the heat -treated
specimens were investigated.
Furthermore, the material fracture is related to fracture parameters, fracture toughness and fracture
process zone. Hence, this study tries to measure the fracture process zone of Semi-circular bend (SCB)
sample using acoustic emission (microscopic technique) for calculating the fracture toughness
compared with the fracture toughness from SCB test (macroscopic theory).
Based on test results, a more rational and accurate prediction equation is proposed and the critical
damaging temperature is found to be about 540~550℃. The fracture toughness from micro-technique
and macro-test are found to compare well.
Keywords: Thermal-induced fracture, Semi-circular bend, Fracture toughness, Fracture process zone,
Acoustic emission.
Acknowledgment: The authors acknowledge the funds by the National Science Council of Taiwan (NSC 992221-011-069-MY3).
332
EQUILIBRIUM SCOUR DEPTH CALCULATION WITH ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKS
(ANN)
Mehmet Öner YELEĞEN*1, Ali UYUMAZ2
1
Fatih Sultan Mehmet Vakif University, Civil Engineering Department, Haliç, İstanbul
2
Istanbul Technical University, Civil Engineering Department, Hydraulics Laboratory, Maslak, İstanbul
ABSTRACT
Scouring is one of the most commonly failure effect on bridges. In the literature, there are many analytical
and especially empirical formulae available to calculate the scour depth based on some observations from
laboratories or fields. Furthermore, many approaches and alternative ways have been used by researchers to
predict the scour depth. Artificial neural network (ANN) is a way to predict the unknown system outputs.
Scouring is a complex mechanism and there is almost no unified method to determine the input variables,
which change from model to another. The proposed ANN method tries to determine the most related scour
causative input variables for better solutions. The linear tendency between one to one input-output variables
determines the most relevant input variables. The results are compared with the available formulae results in
the literature. It has been found that the input variables of the ANN approach are the most relevant
parameters for scour calculations.
Key words: Artificial Neural Network, Equilibrium, Model, Prediction, Scour, Tendency.
333
REDUCTION OF THE SETTLMENT OF A COLLAPSIBLE SOIL BY THE ADDITION OF LIME,
USE OF THE DOUBLE CONSOLIDATION METHODE.
N. BAKIR*1, K. ABBECHE2, A. LAHMADI3
1,3
2
Department of Civil Engineering, University of M'sila, ALGERIA
(E-mail : [email protected], [email protected])
Department of Civil Engineering, University of Batna, ALGERIA
(E-mail : [email protected])
ABSTRACT
Collapsible soils are defined as unsaturated structures, which can undergo radical rearrangement of its
particles and a sharp decrease in volume after wetting with or without load. Most of these soils are loess or
eolian deposits constituted of silt and sand which are located in arid or semi-arid area.
Southern Algeria is constituted largely of loess formations and is nowadays an area with a high potential for
agricultural development. The occupation of this region is at risk of collapse of structures erected on land
"Collapsibles". Therefore, we propose treatment solutions which are economic and easy to implement.
This paper presents an experimental study of the treatment of collapsible soil which is reconstituted in the
laboratory by different contents in lime using the method of double consolidation. Samples of this soil with
different moisture contents are compacted with different energy levels. The expected purpose of this study is
to reduce the potential of subsidence of these soils to an acceptable level.
Keywords: collapse, treatment, flooding, compaction energy, arid zone.
334
Production of pumice-based geo-polymer concrete
Ahmet BİLGİL1, Ergün YEŞİLYURT2, Mehmedi Vehbi GÖKÇE3
1. Niğde University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, Turkey,
[email protected].
2. Erciyes University –Kayseri Vocational High School, Department of Construction, Turkey,
[email protected].
3 . Niğde University, Faculty of Architecture, Department of Architecture, Turkey,
[email protected].
ABSTRACT
Pumice is included in the industrial raw materials and Turkey has vast, rich reserves throughout its territory.
As a common practice, pumice is currently used in the production of non-load-bearing, lightweight building
components with cement as binder. However, main issues in this practice are that cement causes aggregate
reactivity with pumice, and heat transfer coefficient and unit weight are relatively high. In this study a new,
high-performance product was aimed to be produced by binding ground pumice with sodium silicate and then
exposing the mixture to heat-processing.
In the study, pumice obtained from Nevşehir quarries was used after getting ground to the fineness from 0 to
500 µ. Volumetric ratio and molarity are based on in the mixtures considering that unit weights of pumice and
sodium silicate are significantly different. Pastes were prepared by adding sodium silicate to pumice at the
ratios of 10 to 50% of the pumice volume increasing by 10 increments. The samples were cured in the
medium at room temperature up to 60 days, and then compressive strengths were measured. The samples
cured less than 25 days did not yield measurable strengths but could only reached to measurable values after
this period. The samples were also heat-processed starting from 50 ºC reaching up to 1100 ºC increasing in
100 increments. Thus, optimum mixture parameters were determined considering compressive strengths and
unit weights.
Other standard tests will also be performed on the samples as a next step to determine production parameters
for a better, new generation product to be presented to the construction industry.
Keywords: Pumice, geo-polymer concrete, lightweight building component, sodium silicate.
335
Mechanical, Dynamic and Durability Analysis of Structural Concrete Reinforced with Nano Silica Particles
Savaş ERDEM* 1 and Ezgi GÜRBÜZ 2
1, 2
School of Civil Engineering, University of Istanbul, TURKEY.
ABSTRACT
In the recent years, the application of nanotechnology in the construction industry has increased
exponentially. One nanomaterial that deserves the attention of researchers is amorphous silica with
particles size in the nano-range. In this study, the influence of different percentages ( % 0.5, % 1 and %
1.5 by volume) nano-silica particles on the mechanical, dynamic and durability properties of structural
concrete has been studied through measurement of compressive strength, fracture energy under impact
loading and water permeability. In addition, a range of techniques including scanning electron
microscopy and X-ray computed tomography accompanied by digital image analysis were used to
characterize the nano-silica and micro-structures. The experimental results show that the compressive
strength and water permeability of the concrete mixed with the nano-particles were much better than
those of the control concrete. The micro-structural analysis also indicated that the nano-silica particles
filled the pores at the cement matrix producing a denser and stronger cement paste-aggregate interfacial
zone. However, the fracture energy of concrete under short-duration impact loading decreased with the
increasing percentage of nano-silica and thus, a more brittle failure mode was observed.
Keywords: Concrete, Impact resistance, Nano silica, Permeability, Strength.
336
Buckling Restrained Braces with Different Casing Systems
Ramazan Ozcelik* 1, Yagmur Dikiciaşık1
1,
Department of Civil Engineering, Akdeniz University, TURKEY.
ABSTRACT
This paper presents experimental investigation of buckling restrained braces (BRBs) with different
casing systems. The BRBs consist of core plate and casing member. The casing member prevents the
core plate from buckling. Hence, the core plate can yield under tension and compression demands. The
component tests for five BRBs were performed in order to exam the different casing systems namely
steel tube-concrete, confined and unconfined concrete and built-up sections. In un-bounded steel tubeconcrete BRB, steel hollow sections were attached on the restrained elastic and plastic part on the core
plates to prevent the local buckling. The built-up sections were consisted of four steel hollow sections
connected to each other via batten and lattice plates. The confined and unconfined concrete were used
for casing members of BRBs to obtain economical and practical casing systems. All BRBs was loaded
cyclically up to 3.0% strain which core plate performed. The testing of the BRBs with different casing
systems indicated that the cyclic performance of the BRBs were satisfactorily up to 2% strain of core
plate. Consequently, the BRBs with different casing systems which is stiff to resist the out-off plane
buckling at both ends has acceptable cyclic performance. Furthermore, connection details, isolation
materials and their application techniques have been also investigated for improved BRB design in this
study.
Keywords: Buckling Restrained Brace, Casing members, hysteretic behavior.
337
Nano-scale Investigation of Passive Layer for Corroding Steel Bars in Concrete under Severe
Environmental Conditions
Raja Rizwan Hussain*1, Abdulrahman Mohammed Alhozaimy 2, Abdulaziz I. Al-Negheimish3
and Rajeh Zaid Al-Zaid4
*1Corresponding Author: Associate Professor, CoE-CRT, Civil Engineering Department, College of
Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. (e-mail: [email protected])
2-4
Professor, CoE-CRT, Civil Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Saud University,
Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. (e-mail: [email protected])
ABSTRACT
Corrosion due to chloride attack is the main cause of deterioration in reinforced concrete structures in
the Kingdom. Chloride ions break the passive film developed on the steel bar embedded in concrete
protecting the steel from corrosion. This situation is further aggravated by the hot weather conditions.
The passive layer is believed to be a few nanometers in thickness and primarily composed of iron
oxides; however, little is known about its chemical composition and structure as well as the passive
film breaking process. This makes it difficult to characterize corrosion which is highlighted by the fact
that the chloride threshold value of steel reinforced concrete measured by conventional electro chemical techniques can vary greatly. While these techniques measure corrosion in a macro scale, th e
growth and deterioration of passive film actually take place at the nano -scale and is governed by the
elemental compositions and nano-microstructure of the steel as well as the chemistry of the concrete
and the environment around the rebar which has been incorporated in this paper. This research paper
focuses on characterization of passive layer at the nano-scale as well as on finding out what happens
when the film breaks down especially due to chloride attack under hot weather.
Keywords: Corrosion; concrete; Nano-technology; rebars;
Acknowledgment: This project was supported by the NSTIP Strategic Technologies Program, grant number
09-NAN 674-02, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
338
ICOCEE – CAPPADOCIA
2015
Free Vibration Analysis of Axially Accelerating Timoshenko Beams Using Differential Transform
Method
Baran Bozyigit* 1, Yusuf Yesilce2
1, 2
Dokuz Eylul University, Department of Civil Engineering, TURKEY.
ABSTRACT
In the recent years, axially moving beams have been playing an impor tant role in many type of
engineering problems such as air cable tramways, pipe-conveying fluids, power transmission belts, high
speed magnetic tapes, band saws and transportation of structural members like precast beams. The axial
speed of a beam directly effects its vibration characteristics and dynamic stability. Thus, it is important to
know the axial speed-dependent dynamic characteristics for the successful design. In this study, an axially
accelerating beam, which can be defined as a special case of a moving beam, is used to analyze the
natural frequencies and modes shapes of axially accelerating beams on different supports by using
Timoshenko Beam Theory (TBT) and Differential Transform Method (DTM). First of all, the governing
equations of motion of the accelerating Timoshenko beam in free vibration are derived using Hamilton’s
principle. Due to acceleration, the axial speed and axial tensile force are assumed as harmonically varying
about a constant velocity and tensile force. Parameters for the nondimensionalized multiplication factors for
the velocity and axial tensile force are incorporated into the equations of motion in order to investigate their
effects on the natural frequencies. The natural frequencies are calculated directly from the analytical solution
of the differential equations according to TBT. After the analytical solution, DTM which is an effective
mathematical technique is used to solve the governing differential equations of the motion. The calculated
natural frequencies of accelerating Timoshenko beams with three combinations of boundary conditions using
DTM are presented in several tables and figures. In addition to this, results obtained from DTM are compared
with the results of the analytical solution and proximity of results is observed. At the end, the fundamental
mode shapes are presented in graphs.
Keywords: Accelerating Timoshenko beam, Differential Transform Method, free vibration, natural
frequencies.
339
The Behavior of Beam to column connections which contain Shape Memory Alloys in Moment Steel
Frame
Saeed jamalpour * 1, Abbas akbarpour 2
1, 2
M.S. student of Structural engineering- I. A. University - south Tehran branch, Iran. member of
Engineering faculty- I. A. University- south Tehran branch, Iran (Email:[email protected],
[email protected])
ABSTRACT
The Moment Steel Frames are designed to waste a substantial amount of energy which induced by earthquake
when yield limit of sections in beams and columns is reached, so non-elastic deformation occurred in these
sections. These deformations are permanent in the structure in a way that occasionally strengthening is
impossible and structure must be torn down. Thus for the sake of functional design, designers require new
structural systems and members with high capacity in deformation & ductility, restoration or permanent
deformations reduction. The vulnerability of connections of Moment Steel Frames under lateral loads
inevitably makes application of materials or substances with high behavioral and functional change capacity.
Shape Memory Alloys (SMA) have super elastic attribute which enables them to bear large amounts of nonelastic stresses, and return to its original state after unloading. Application of such substances in steel frame
connections, which bear significant moments during earthquake which eventually causes major dislocation of
frame or complete breakdown of connection, can prominently affect the behavioral change and the increase in
ductility.
Current essay examines the function of beam to column connections which contain Shape
Memory alloys.
Keywords: Shape Memory Alloys, beam to column connections, super elastic attribute
340
Numerical simulation of dynamic load on pavements
J. Melcer* 1
1
University of Zilina, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Department of Structural Mechanics
Univerzitna 8215/1, 010 26 Zilina, Slovak Republic.
ABSTRACT
Dynamic effect of moving load on transport structures can be followed in the literature from the year 1849. It
was induced by the collapse of the Chester Rail Bridge in England in the year 1847. At the early stage the
analytical methods were applied. The development of computers brings the revolution and qualitative jump in
the development of solution.
The submitted paper is dedicated to the numerical simulation of moving load effect on road structures in the
time domain. The dynamic load from vehicles on pavements is the subject of interest. The multi-body
computing models of vehicles on various levels are introduces. The equations of motions are derived in the
form of ordinary differential equations. The equations of motions are solved numerically by the use of stepby-step integration method in the environment of program system Matlab.
The road unevenness as the main source of kinematical excitation of vehicle is modeled as the random rod
profile by the use of the power spectral density functions. The vehicle moves along the road by various speeds
and time histories of wonted functions are calculated.
Especially the time histories of tire forces as the source of dynamic load of pavements are the object of
interest. When the magnitude of unevenness runs over certain value the contact between the tire and the
pavement is missed. It is unwelcome situation for the pavement and for the vehicle. The conclusions are
focused on the influence of the road profile quality on the values of tire forces.
Keywords: Numerical simulation, dynamic load, computing models, pavements, tire forces.
Acknowledgment: This contribution is the result of the research supported by Grant National Agency VEGA
of the Slovak Republic, project No. 1/0295/12
341
Effect of aggregate maximum size on properties of fiber reinforced concrete
Gözde İnan Sezer, Şemsi Yazıcı
Ege University Civil Engineering Department, İzmir, TURKEY
(E-mail, [email protected], [email protected])
ABSTRACT
In this study, the effect of maximum aggregate size on impact resistance of fiber reinforced concrete was
investigated. Using limestone aggregate with 10, 15, 20 and 25 mm of maximum size, different fiber
reinforced concretes were produced. Water/cement ratio and cement dosage of concrete mixtures are 0.5 and
400 kg/m3, respectively. Besides, super plasticizer and steel fibers were used in concrete production. Hookedend bundled steel fibers with l/d ratio of 65 and 1.0% fiber volume were used. After 28 days standard curing,
compressive strength, split tensile strength and ultrasonic pulse velocity tests were performed on 150/150/150
mm cube specimens. Additionally, impact resistances of concrete specimens were determined using impact
test apparatus described in ACI 544.3R-93. 150x300 mm cylinders were prepared for impact resistance tests.
After 28 days curing, these specimens were cut and 150x64 mm special discs were prepared. Impact
resistance test were performed on these special discs. Experimental results were evaluated corresponding to
presence of steel fiber and aggregate maximum size.
Keywords: Impact effect, aggregate maximum size, fiber reinforced concrete, mechanical properties.
342
Unconfined compressive strength, chloride-ion penetration and freezing-thawing resistance of cement
stabilized clay
İrem Kalıpcılar* 1, Ali Mardani- AGHABAGLOU 2, Alper Sezer 3, Gözde İnan Sezer 4, Selim Altun 5
1, 2,3,4,5
Ege University, Department of Civil Engineering, TURKEY.
ABSTRACT
In this study, the changes in unconfined compressive strength, chloride -ion penetration and freezingthawing resistance of cement stabilized soils were investigated. For this purpose, an ordinary portland
CEMI42.5R type cement and kaoline were used. In addition to the control mixture without any cement
content, three different mixtures were prepared by addition of cement at ratios of 5, 10 and 15 % of dry
weight of kaoline. The mixtures were compacted at their optimum moisture contents by use of standard
Proctor energy, leading to corresponding maximum unit weight values. The specimens were cured in
room conditions with relative humidity of 95% for 1, 7 and 28 days and the outer surfaces of specimens
were moistened by water pulverization every 3 days. Afterwards, the unconfined compressive strength,
chloride-ion penetration and freezing-thawing resistance of specimens were obtained in accordance
with ASTM D 2166, ASTM c1012 and ASTM C 666 standards, respectively. The specimens were
exposed to 6 and 12 freeze-thaw cycles and after then unconfined compression strength tests were
performed to determine the freezing-thawing resistancevalues. It was observed that the unconfined
compressive strength reduction of the specimens decreased due to freezing -thawing action.
Consequently, test results were discussed in detail.
Keywords: Freeze-thaw, cement stabilization, kaoline, unconfined compressive strength, chloride ion
penetration.
Acknowledgment: The authors appreciate the contributions of Scientific and Technological Research
Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) and Ege University Science and Technology Centre - Technology Transfer
Office (EBILTEM) for their financial support [Project numbers: 113M202 and 2014-BIL-009].
343
Mechanical Properties of Heavy and Normal Weight Concretes Produced with Barite and Limestone
H. Bozkurt*, C. Karakurt 1, C. Kandemir
Department of Civil Engineering, Bilecik Seyh Edebali University, Bilecik/TURKEY
(E-mail: [email protected], [email protected]; [email protected])
ABSTRACT
High-density concrete aggregates called heavy weight concrete manufactured with high specific gravity
(heavy concrete) is used for preventing against carcinogenic effects of radiation on human body and it
can be used for to prevent radioactive leaks in the nuclear structures. Heavy concrete is mainly used to
create a screen against harmful rays and heavy weight concretes unit weight is higher than normal
weight concrete. Heavy weight concretes are used in nuclear reactors shield structures, hospitals
radiation room where radiation treatment of the sections shown.
In this study, it is investigated that comparison of the mechanical properties of normal weight concrete
with heavyweight concrete. A type of iron ore and barite was used as heavyweight aggregate in the
heavy weight concrete mixtures. In addition the reference normal weight concrete was produced with
limestone aggregate. The mix design of both concretes was made in accordance with same volume of
heavy and normal weight aggregates. In the experimental part of the study, heavy and normal weight
concrete cubic and prismatic specimens were produced in dimension with 15 cm cube and 10x10x50
cm prismatic form respectively. The compressive strength, flexural strength and ultra sound pulse
velocity tests were performed on heavyweight and normal weight specimens at 3, 7 and 28 days curing
ages.
According to fresh concrete properties the workability of heavy concrete specimens was 28 % lower
than normal concrete. In addition the hardened concrete test results showed that the streng th properties
of heavy concrete specimens for all ages were decreased with the increase of the unit weights. It is also
determined that the unit weight of heavy concrete was 36 % higher than normal concretes unit weight.
Keywords: Heavy weight concrete; Normal weight concrete; Mechanical properties; Barite
344
Investigating the Effect of Joint Behaviour on the Optimum Design of Semi-Rigid Steel Frames
Soner ŞEKER *1, Erkan DOĞAN 2, Mehmet Polat SAKA 3, Celalettin KOZANOĞLU 2
1
Uşak University , Department of Civil Engineering , 64200 , Uşak , Turkey
(E- mail : [email protected])
2
Celal Bayar University , Department of Civil Engineering , 45140 , Manisa , Turkey
3
University of Bahrain, Department of Civil Engineering, Isa Town, Bahrain
ABSTRACT
This study aims to carry out the effect of beam-to-column connections on the minimum weight design
of steel plane frames. In the practical analysis of steel frames, end connections are assumed to be either
fully restrained or pin-connected. However, experiments reveal that the real behavior is between these
extremes and should be taken into account for the realistic design of structures. Hunting search
algorithm is used for the automation of optimum design process. It is a numerical optimizatio n method
inspired by group hunting of animals such as wolves and lions. It is proven that it is a reliable and
efficient technique for obtaining the solution of discrete structural optimization problems. Present
design algorithm developed on the basis of hunting search algorithm selects w- sections for the
members of semi rigid steel frame from the complete list of w- sections given in LRFD- AISC (Load
and Resistance Factor Design, American Institute of Steel Construction). The design constraints are
implemented from the specifications of the same code which covers serviceability and strength
limitations. The selection of w-sections is carried out such that the design limitations are satisfied and
the weight of semi- rigid frame is the minimum. Three different steel frames are designed by the
optimum design algorithm presented to demonstrate its efficiency. The designs obtained by use of this
algorithm are also compared with the ones produced by particle swarm optimization method.
Keywords: Stochastic Search techniques; hunting search algorithm; optimization problems; semi-rigid steel
frames
345
The Effects of Viscous Bulk Compressibility for Cantilevered Cylindrical Helices
M. Ermiş* 1, H. Argeso 2, N. Eratlı 3 and M. H. Omurtag 4
1, 3, 4
Department of Civil Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey.
2
Department of Manufacturing Engineering, Atılım University, Ankara, Turkey.
([email protected])
ABSTRACT
The dynamic response of a cantilevered viscoelastic cylindrical helicoidal rod is investigated by using
the mixed finite element method. The rod has a circular cross section and subjected to a rectangular
type of impulsive load acting from its free end. The finite element formulation is based on Timoshenko
beam theory and the element matrices for two nodded curvilinear elements are obtained in Laplace
space. In the formulations, elastic-viscoelastic analogy (correspondence principle) is used to implement
the viscoelastic material behavior. The system matrices of finite element method are solved in Laplace
space and the results obtained are transformed back to time space by using the modified Durbin's
algorithm. It is assumed that, the viscoelastic material exhibits standard type of distortional behavior
and Kelvin type of bulk compressibility. Parametric analyses are carried out for the aim of investigating
the effects of helix geometry and the viscous bulk compressibility on the dynamic response of
helicoidal rod.
Keywords: cylindrical helix, Laplace space, mixed finite element method, Timoshenko beam theory,
viscoelasticity.
Acknowledgment: This research is supported by The Scientific and Technological Research Council of
Turkey under project no 111M308 and by the Research Foundation of ITU under project no 38078. These
supports are gratefully acknowledged by the authors.
346
ICOCEE - CAPPADOCIA2015
Influence of steel fibers on the shear strength of RC beams without stirrups
M.İ. Birincioğlu* 1, S. Ulusoy 2 and G. Arslan3
1, 2
3
ABSTRACT
This research studied the shear strength of six beams reinforced with longitudinal bars and steel fibers. The
beams including two reference and four reinforced concrete (RC) beams with steel fiber have been tested
under concentrated loads at mid-span to determine the shear strength. The variable parameters are concrete
compressive strength, shear span-to-depth ratio (a/d) and volume fraction of steel fibers. Based on the test
results, it is concluded that as the fiber volume increases, the shear strength and ductility of the beams
increases, providing significantly higher shear strength than the strength calculated according to the ACI 318
Code. When the beams with a/d=2.5 and 3.5 are compared, it is observed that the load carrying capacity of
the beam with a/d=2.5 is 18% greater than the one with a/d=3.5, where the volume fraction of fibers is 2%
for both of them.
Keywords: Steel fiber; Reinforced concrete; Beam; Shear strength.
347
Study on Flow and Compressive Strength Properties
of Mortars Using Waste Slag
O. Karahan* 1, C.D. Atiş 1, S. İlkentapar 1 and Z.A. Özcan 2
1
Civil Engineering Department, Erciyes University, TÜRKİYE.
(E-mail: [email protected], [email protected], serhan @erciyes.edu.tr)
2
Tomarza Vocational High School, Erciyes University, TÜRKİYE.
ABSTRACT
This study presents the flow and compressive strength properties of mortar containing waste slag. Zinc
- Lead production institution waste materials are used in mortar s. For this purpose, standard reference
mortar mixture was made with reference sand, CEM I 42.5R Portland cement and natural spring water.
The sand-cement and water-cement material ratios were chosen as 3.0 and 0.5, respectively. Reference
mortar mixture was modified using waste slag as cement replacement. Waste slag was used in four
different replacement levels (5%, 10%, 15% and 20%). Series of three 40×40×160 mm prismatic
specimens from each mortar were prepared. The workability and compressive strength of waste slag
mixtures were determined according to TS EN 1015-3 and TS EN 196-1, respectively. The compressive
strengths were determined at 7 and 28 days. As a result of laboratory study, the workability of mortar
containing waste slag was found to be better than that of mortar made with cement up to 15%
replacement level. However, a slight reduction in strength properties was observed with waste slag
replacement for cement.
Keywords: Mortar, Strength, Waste Slag, Workability.
Acknowledgment: The authors thank CINKOM Zinc Lead Metal & Mining for their support.
348
CFRP Strengthening of Solid Wood under Bending Loads
AW Ezahtul Shahreen* 1, J Mohd Zamin2 and AKM Kawsher Alam3
1, 2, 3
Department of Civil Engineering, University of Malaya, MALAYSIA.
ABSTRACT
Numerous of application of Fibre Reinforced Polymer (FRP) material as reinforcement in timber structure
studied within last decade. Most recent studies on strengthening of glulam reinforced with FRP. In Malaysia
the usage of engineered wood such as glulam still new and less acceptance because of the cost and availability
of the materials. Solid timber still renowned by engineers and architects as structural element even tough solid
timber properties are limited by natural defect. Furthermore, studies on the strengthening of tropical solid
timber were limited and need to be explored. This research was conducted to investigate the behaviour of
flexural strength of low grade tropical timber beam incorporating carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) as
reinforcement using Sikadur-30 as bonding agent. The timber beams were strengthened by CFRP plates as
external reinforcement and CFRP rods for near surface mounted system (NSM) technique over its entire
length. Five beams for each technique with the dimension of 50 mm x 150 mm x 2700 mm length were tested
to failure under four point loading. Three un-strengthened beams will be act as control beam. From this
research, it is obtained that, the strengthening with only CFRP plate bonding is more effective with gave a
maximum 64% load capacity increment compared to NSM. As predicted the strength grade also moved from
Strength Group 7 to Strength Group 5. By incorporating CFRP plate as reinforcement, demonstrate the good
potential of lower grade species to be used as structural beam and replaced the expensive species normally
used in construction.
Keywords: Fiber, Flexural strength, Low grade timber, Reinforcement
349
Dynamic Characterization of Timber Beams Strengthened with CFRP Plate
AW Ezahtul Shahreen* 1, J Mohd Zamin 2
1, 2
Department of Civil Engineering, University of Malaya, MALAYSIA.
ABSTRACT
The structural utilization of timber is usually limited by the relatively low bending stiffness and strength. One
possible solution to increase the stiffness and strength of the timber is by reinforcing them with reinforcing
material. Nowadays, timber structures strengthened with FRP composites are gaining popularity, and there is
a growing need to understand and compare the behavior of these structures before/after FRP composite
strengthening. To fulfil the structural safety evaluation requirements, structural design should incorporate
structure deflection under natural frequencies in the serviceability limit state checking. The main objective of
this paper was to study the dynamic behavior of timber beams reinforced with carbon fiber reinforced
polymers (CFRP). Meranti (Shorea spp.) species used in this study is not high performance material for
structural usage because of its low strength, and is prone to check properties. This species has been choose to
study the feasibility of utilizing the low to medium hardwoods species for structural usage by strengthened it
with reinforcing material was specially selected by visual grading. Eight timber beams with the cross-section
of 75 mm x 150 mm and 2700 mm length were strengthened by CFRP plates as external plate bonding (EPB)
at 2150 mm from its entire length using Sikadur-30 as bonding agent. The dynamic properties will achieved
by using impact hammer with a piezoelectric sensor. For the static test, the timber will tested to failure under
four point loading. The results from both static and dynamic test will be compared. It is predicted that a
general trend could be produce from this study. Having baseline data of dynamic characteristic can provide
designer a lot of standard on dynamic consideration. Therefore, by completing both static and dynamic in
structural design, designers can have a higher level confidence with their efforts to the public.
Keywords: Fiber, Flexural Test, Modal Analysis, Reinforcement, Solid Wood
350
Use of Fly Ash in The Design Of Controlled Low-Strength Material Mixture
Ma. Doreen E. CANDELARIA*1, Kaz Mikhail David S. MAURILLO1, Nathaniel B. DIOLA1
1, 2, 3
Institute of Civil Engineering, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, PHILIPPINES
ABSTRACT
The main purpose of the study is to create a preliminary design guideline in mixing Controlled Low-Strength
Materials (CLSM) using locally manufactured Class F fly ash by mixing actual CLSM and initial testing for
fresh (flow consistency and setting time) properties. The main design target for CLSM is to ensure the mixes
made are flowable, self-leveling, easy to pump in place, will not settle, will not exert uplift pressures due to
swelling, and will be excavatable at later ages when specified. This study aims to determine the initial
proportions of material components of CLSM, namely cement, Class F fly ash, fine aggregate, and water to
ensure proper density, flowability, and ease of pumping. Mixes of increasing fly ash from the threshold
content that satisfies flowability to the maximum allowed by ACI 229 are mixed, and tested for the main
properties of flow (slump), density, and hardening. New adjusted mix proportions will then be made and
tested for performance based on interpolations from the satisfactory trial mixes. From the actual data
obtained, guidelines for mix design of CLSM will be made that would be of use to other designers. A general
procedural manual will also be made based on the application of Class F fly ash in Controlled Low Strength
Material mix designs after testing for hardened properties (excavility).
Keywords: fly ash, CLSM, low-strength materials, class F fly ash
351
Utilization of geopolymers in self-consolidating concrete
K. Mermerdaş* 1, S.M. Oleiwi 2
1, 2
Department of Civil Engineering, Hasan Kalyoncu University, TURKEY.
ABSTRACT
Self-consolidating concrete (SCC), is highly fluid concrete that can flow under its own weight through
restricted sections without segregation and bleeding. Such concrete should have a relatively low yield
stress value to ensure high flow ability, a moderate viscosity to resist segregation and bleeding, and to
maintain its homogeneity during transportation, placing and cur ing to ensure adequate structural
performance and long term durability
Geopolymer concrete results from the reaction of a source material that is rich in silica and alumina
with alkaline liquids. Geopolymer is an inorganic alumina-silicate polymer synthesized from
predominantly silicon and aluminum materials of geological origin or by-product materials.
The aim of this study is to further investigate the effect of alkaline activation content and size on fresh
and hardened properties of the geopolymer self-compacting concretes, made by using fly ash and
ground granulated blast furnace slag as source material and combination of sodium hydroxide and
sodium silicate as alkaline activator. The conformity of self-compacting characteristics will be
analyzed. Thereafter, the concrete satisfying the condition for self compactibility will be tested for
fresh properties.
Keywords: Self consolidating concrete, geopolymer, fresh properties, cement replacement
352
Strength and Durability Characteristics of Soil Stabilized With Local Philippine Cements for
Slope Protection Applications
Jaime Angelo S. Victor* 1 and Lorielyn B. Martinez 2
1, 2
Institute of Civil Engineering, University of the Philippines Diliman, PHILIPPINES.
ABSTRACT
Protection of in-situ soils is one of the most common methods of slope condition improvement. Weak
surface soils often affect slope stability. The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of
cement treatment to the shear strength and erodibility of stabilized soil. The results of the study are
potentially useful for slope protection applications. Soil samples were collected and treated with three
types of cement (Type I, Type IP and Type P) at 6%, 8% and 10% concentration by mass. To determine
the specific effects of each cement type and amount, factors such as water content, size of the
specimens and curing period were kept constant. Unconsolidated undrained shear strength of the
samples was measured using Unconfined Compressive Strength Test, while the erodibility was
determined by quantifying the percent of soil loss after exposing the specimens into an accelerated
rainfall simulation setup with an intensity of 900,000 mm/hr. The shear strength and resistance to
erosion of the treated soil were generally observed to increase with the incre ase in cement content. Both
the shear strength and erodibility tests show that among the three cement types of cement utilized in
this study, Type I cement is potentially the most efficient in stabilizing soil as slope protection material.
Type P cement was observed as the least effective.
Keywords: Slope Protection, Soil Stabilization, Cement, Compressive Strength
353
The Use of Fly Ash in Self Compacting Fiber Reinforced Concrete Pavements
Şafak Bilgiç* 1, Mehmet Canbaz2 and Safa Mutyilmaz3
1, 2, 3
Eskişehir Osmangazi University, Civil Engineering Department, 26480, Eskisehir, TURKEY.
ABSTRACT
An asphalt pavement contains some negative effects to earth health like thinning of the ozone layer, toxicity
effect to human, acidification, depletion of biotic and abiotic life etc. Concrete pavements are more
environmentalists. Additionally by using coal reactor waste fly ash in concrete content; more durable concrete
can be produced. Pretty much fly ash can be used in concrete, during pavement construction. For example; in
three – lane highway construction, average of 250 tons/km fly ash be evaluated. Besides with using waste fly
ash some positive effects will be obtained. They are; decreasing hydration heat, reducing shrinkage cracks,
increasing some strength values in the long term. So using fly ash is attractive. Large Concrete Pavement
areas deficit to external effects, therefore some micro and macro cracks discernible. Concrete additive fibers
are used to control the growth and branching cracks.
In this study mechanical and physical characteristics were determined of fiber reinforced self compacting
concrete produced with using constant cement ratio and different ratio of fly ash. For this purpose cubic,
cylindrical, prismatic and plate shape of specimens were produced, then standard cure applied. According to
the experiments using of waste fly ash up to 30 % rate is available on fiber reinforced self compacting
concrete. Also when cement ratio fixed, the strength values of concrete are increasing up to 15%. Self
compacting concrete requires more fine materials and these requirements are resolved by using fly ash. So
the solution is more economical and environmental. By using fly ash, shrinkage cracks and hydration heat
will decrease. Growing of micro cracks will be inhibited by using fibers. High abrasion resistance can be
obtained by using high strength concrete on road pavement. Consequently, using of fly ash in concrete
pavement is recommended for enhancing the performance of pavement and reducing the environmental
impacts.
Keywords: Concrete pavement, fly ash, self compacting concrete, steel fibers.
354
A Delamination modeling based on fracture and contact theories for multilayered composite plate
E. Kormaníková* 1 and K. Kotrasová 2
1, 2
Department of Structural Mechanics, Institute of Structural Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering,
Technical University of Košice, SLOVAKIA.
ABSTRACT
Delamination is defined as the fracture of the plane separating two plies of a laminate or sandwich composite
structure. A two-subplate sandwich model which incorporates interface models based on fracture and contact
mechanics has been proposed in the paper. The main objective of the present paper is the characterization of
the mixed-mode delamination in sandwich plates. To this purpose a mixed-mode delamination failure model
is solved. This failure model is implemented in ANSYS code to calculate the damage propagation parameters.
The analysis is based on the Finite Element Method (FEM) and interface techniques. The standard First
Order Deformation Theory is used. Using FEM analyze a sandwich plate comprising two subplates is solved
in the numerical example. Numerical results are given for typical mixed mode delamination problem by
implementing the method in a 2D analysis, which utilizes shear deformable plate elements. These elements
are joined at the interfaces inside each sublaminate using coupling elements. Finite element model and
contour plot of displacements in x, y and z direction are designed. The individual components of spring
reaction forces for response mode I, II and III along the delamination front are depictured. Expressions for
point-wise energy release rates associated with the direction normal to the delamination plane (mode I) and
normal and tangential directions to the delamination front (mode II and III, respectively) are given. The
results point to which response mode is predominant or negligible in the delamination modeling.
Keywords: Core, Delamination, Facesheet, Interface elements, Plate elements, Sandwich.
Acknowledgment: The scientific research and the paper presented as its result were supported by the project
VEGA 1/0477/15: Numerical analysis and modeling of interactive problems in multilayered composite
structural members.
355
A Comparison of the Effect of Pre-stressed Strand Diameters, Providing Beam-to-Column Connection
Mustafa KAYA
PhD, Aksaray University, Faculty of Engineering, Aksaray, Turkey
ABSTRACT
In this study, the effect of pre-stressed strand diameters, providing the beam-to-column connections, was
investigated from both experimental, and analytical aspects. In the experimental studies, the strength,
stiffness, and energy dissipation capacities of the precast specimens comprising two pre-stressed strand
samples of 12.70 mm, and 15.24 mm diameters, were compared with the reference specimen. The precast
specimen with strands of 15.24 mm reached 96% of the maximum strength of the reference specimen; the
amount of energy dissipated by this specimen until end of the test reached 48% of the amount of energy
dissipated by the reference sample, and the stiffness of the same specimen at a 1.5% drift of reached 77% of
the stiffness of the reference specimen at this drift. Parallel results were obtained during the analytical studies
from the aspects of strength, and behavior, but the initial stiffness of the analytical models was lower than that
of the test specimen.
Keywords:
Precast
beam-to-column
connection;
post-tensioned connections, finite element method
356
moment
resisting
connection,
The Investigation of Concrete Quality in Aksaray Region
Cihan Tanrıverdi* 1, Derya Koç 2, İsa Kayabaşı 3, İrfan Çıtak4
1
2
Secretary General of Special Provincial Administration, Aksaray, TÜRKİYE.
([email protected])
3
4
Cömertler Construction Firm, Aksaray, TÜRKİYE.
(cihantanrı[email protected])
Ulubaşlar Construction Firm, Aksaray, TÜRKİYE.
([email protected])
Department of Civil Engineering, University of Aksaray, Aksaray, TÜRKİYE
([email protected])
ABSTRACT
Aksaray called as the gate of Cappadocia is located in the western part of Cappadocia. In this study, one
of the aims is to obtain an idea about quality of concrete production in Aksaray region. The most
important property that affects the quality of production is compressive strength, which contributes to
other quality properties proportionately. Considering compressive strength of concrete and its variation
according to streng level and years, the quality of concrete production is investigated statistically. Data
that belong to 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013 and 2014 years are examined comprehensively and data that
belong to previous years are also taken into consideration for the sake of comparison. Besides, the some
modifications in standards are expressed and considered in this study. The concrete quality is investigated
in terms of years and concrete classes on the basis of two statistical parameters, mean and coefficient of
variation of compressive strength of cube samples. At the end of this study, it can be inferred that higher
concrete classes has been used over the years. Besides, the mean concrete compressive strength is
increased on the average of % 60.
Keywords: Concrete, Quality of concrete production, Compressive strength, Coefficient of variation.
357
Applicability and Limitations of 4 th Power Law in Design of Low Volume Roads against Rutting
Volkan Emre UZ1, Mehmet SALTAN 2 and İslam GÖKALP 3
1, 3
Civil Engineering Department, Adana Science and Technology University, TURKEY.
(E-mail: [email protected] , [email protected])
2
Civil Engineering Department, Suleyman Demirel University, TURKEY.
ABSTRACT
A flexible pavement structural design consists of determining the properties of materials used in layers and
the thickness design of these pavement layers under the certain traffic and climate conditions without reaching
the terminal serviceability index over its design life. Rut accumulation (plastic deformation) is most common
pavement failure type of flexible pavements. For that reason the main goal of the design is prevent rutting.
Since the overlying layers constructed by selective high performance materials according to the related
specifications many design manuals assume that rutting only occurs in subgrade. In fact the situation is not as
much as reasonable especially for with no, or thinly overlaid low-volume road pavements, where the major
structural layer is comprised of unbound granular material and where the principal distress mechanism is
rutting in the aggregate or subgrade layers.
The main input parameters in the design stage are subgrade bearing capacity (CBR,Mr,σd) and the design
traffic. The “traffic” term is determined by Equivalent Standard Axle Load (ESAL) repetitions. The standard
axle load usually is 80 kN single axle load. Although it is not too difficult to determine an axle load for an
individual vehicle, it becomes quite complicated to determine the number and types of axle loads that a
particular pavement will be subject to over its design life. A generalized 4th Power Law has been used for
more than a half century to calculate Load Damage Factors of different load and axle configurations.
The aim of this study is to indicate the limitations and difficulties faced on reliably applying a power law
relationship to design or evaluation of granular pavements with no, or only thin seals, where the major
structural layer is comprised of unbound granular materials and where the principal distress mechanism is
rutting in the aggregate or subgrade layers. Furthermore, if a power law relationship should be used due to its
simplicity than, the value of the power may vary over a large range as a function of several parameters. Such
as stress dependent behavior of unbound granular materials and the selected distress type.
Keywords: 4th Power Law, Plastic Deformation, Equivalent Single Axle Load, Granular Pavements.
358
N. İkiz* 1
1, 2
Civil Engineering, Gediz University, TURKEY.
ABSTRACT
The Ohio Department of Transportation (ODOT) pretreats the roadways of Ohio two times a week with
23% NaCl at 40 gallon/lane*mile application rate when weather conditions warrant. To be able to come
up with the most effective anti-icing program for ODOT, field and laboratory investigation of
pretreatment was studied on pavements.
Brine decay was studied on highways ATH-50 PCC and PICK-23 AC versus time, traffic and humidity.
The field tests for brine were conducted with modified versions of the SOBO 20 by Boschung
Megatronic AG (YSI and Wally BO). Humidity values were obtained from RW IS data.
The laboratory part included the detailed investigation of issues encountered in the field due to the
grooved texture of concrete and porous texture of asphalt pavements. Correction factors for the salt
readings on porous asphalt and grooved concrete surfaces were developed. Based on lab data grooved
and porous surfaces appeared to decrease the efficacy of pretreatment. Correction equations due to
pavement-fluid temperature difference were developed. A roadway field study was conducted on a nontrafficked road to study application of salt at two different truck speeds. An in situ test was conduct ed
using CaCl2 and NaCl on street adjacent to Stocker Engineering building in order to compare the
effectiveness of two anti-icing chemicals. CaCl2 survived on the pavement for about the same time
compared to NaCl; however, it is seven times more expensive according to pretreatment needs of Ohio.
The modeling of the salt decay on state roads provided statistically good results with high R2 values.
The laboratory data were integrated with the field study results by the construction of a decision tree
which is the product of this research. Remaining salt density after certain time or traffic can be found
from the decay equations for porous and grooved pavements and the freezing point temperatures can be
obtained before an ice/snow event. By this way, the personnel can decide when to pretreat and can
know to what temperature extent the salt on the pavement is effective.
Keywords: Anti-Icing, Brine Solution, ODOT, Pretreatment
Acknowledgment: The author thanks to Ohio University and also to Ohio Department of Transportation
their academic and financial support.
359
The Aspects of the Urban Transformation Process in Turkey
Cigdem Avci-Karatas* 1
1
Asst. Prof., Department of Transportation Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Yalova University, Yalova,
TURKEY.
ABSTRACT
This work aims to analyze urban transformation process and applications in Turkey. To reach this goal, two
major objectives are pursued: (i) to contribute to a better understanding of the urban transformation law in
Turkey called as “Law on the Transformation of Areas at Risk of Natural Disaster” (Law no. 6306 dated
2012) and (ii) to analyze legal and technical dimensions of urban transformations processes in example city of
Istanbul. The article concentrates on the second stage. The main conclusion of this work is that it is possible
to obtain reasonably efficient aspects of the urban transformation process.
Keywords: Urban Transformation,Turkey, Istanbul
Acknowledgment: This paper has been produced with the assistance of the Republic of Turkey Ministry of
Environment&Urbanization, Istanbul Infrastructure&Urban Transformation Department. The technical
supports provided by the Republic of Turkey Ministry of Environment& Urbanization, Infrastructure&Urban
Transformation Department on urban transformation law in Turkey are very much appreciated. The findings
and conclusions presented in this paper are, however, those of the author alone.
360
Alternative Signalized Intersection Design to Enhance Left Turn Efficiency
Essam Radwan 1, Hatem Abou-Senna 2, and Sebastian Tabares3
1, 2, 3
Center for Advanced Transportation System Simulation, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
32816-2450, USA.
ABSTRACT
Accommodating and addressing left-turning traffic has been a challenge for traffic engineers as they
seek balance between intersection capacity and safety; these are two conflicting goals in the operation
of a signalized intersection that are mitigated through signal phasing techniques. Exclusive left-turn
lanes and protected left-turn phases are commonly used to minimize the impact of left-turning traffic.
Cycle lengths typically have to increase and the addition of extra time from through phases must be
sacrificed. This may contribute to an increase in delay or decrease in operational performance at these
intersections. Hence, to increase the left-turn capacity and reduce the delay at the intersections,
researchers and traffic engineers found protected/permitted left turn (PPLT) control to be the most
effective, thus far.
In addition to these operation treatments, new designs have been proposed to enhance left turn capacity
including Continuous Flow Intersection, Diverging Diamond Interchange, Double Crossove r
Intersection, Median U-Turn, Restricted Crossing U-Turn, Quadrant Roadway Intersection, and
Roundabouts. This paper provides a comprehensive literture review of these design concepts and
briefly assess their operational benefits and challenges. Based on the various reports and studies
presented along with the advantages and disadvantages of each alternative, these alternative designs
proved to outperform most conventional intersections and have enhanced arterials in various ways.
Although there is not much field data available for some of these new designs, micro-simulation
analyses showed that they are effective and improve safety and efficiency which are usually two
conflicting goals. Majority of the alternatives showed positive results through simulations and field
data.
Keywords: Left Turn, Intersection Design, Traffic Signal Control.
Acknowledgment: The authors thank the Florida Department of Transportation for their sponsorship of this
project
361
Effect of Waiting Time, Flow and Speed on U-turn Critical gaps at Median Openings under
Mixed Traffic
Suprabeet Datta* 1, P.K. Bhuyan 2
1, 2
Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, INDIA.
ABSTRACT
The objective of this study is to deal with the effects of driver waiting time, conflicting traffic flow and
speed on U-turn critical gaps at median openings without left-turn lanes. Video graphic data of nine
conventional mid-block median openings on four and six lane urban roads were assembled. All these
sites belong to the three cities of Bhubaneshwar, Rourkela and Ranchi situated in the eastern province
of India. A new concept of “Merging Behavior” for U-turns is introduced for the first time to estimate
critical gaps at these sites. Driver waiting times were calculated after processing the raw video data in
the AVIDEMUX software. Conflicting traffic speed and flow were obtained in a similar manner. Flow
was converted to standard passenger car units per hour (PCU/hr.) from vehicles per hour according to
Indian traffic norms. The traffic composition was splitted into fo ur motorized vehicular classes for
simplicity. Empirical relationships between critical gaps and all the other factors were formulated after
performing regression analysis in Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) . The relationships thus
formulated, concluded that conflicting traffic speed linearly affects U-turn critical gaps. Waiting time
and critical gap followed power regression variation for all three modes except three wheelers (3W)
which in turn followed a positive exponential variation. Also, longer waiting times affect U-turn critical
gaps irrespective of the gap sizes. Critical gaps are also affected by conflicting traffic flow even durin g
off-peak periods. At last, Vissim simulation outputs from the extracted field data are illustrated in order
to signify the problems frequently encountered by U-turn drivers under mixed traffic situations.
Keywords: Critical gap, INAFOGA, Gap acceptance, Median openings, U-turn vehicles
Acknowledgment: The authors would like to express their special appreciation and thankfulness towards Dr.
Partha Pratim Dey, Assistant Professor and Mr. Smruti Sourava Mohapatra, Research Scholar in the School
of Infrastructure at Indian Institute of Technology, Bhubaneshwar for their kind assistance in providing the
data required for this study. Also, the author would like to take this opportunity to express his sincerest
gratitude towards IIT Bhubaneswar for allowing them collect all necessary audio-visual data which led to a
successful completion of the study.
362
Sustainable Landscape Maintanance for Highway Planning
H.BOZKURT* 1, E.T.BOZKURT 2
1,
Civil Engineering Department,Bilecik Seyh Edebali University, TURKEY
2
Landscape Architect.
ABSTRACT
Design and construction phases of a project set the stage for maintenance programs by planting and
establishing vegetation consistent with engineering needs, safety standards, sustainability, and aesthetic
considerations. Immediately after completion of a project and long afterward, vegetation maintenance
influences road safety by reducing or increasing risk associated with roadside vegetation. Other safety issues
for providing safe and reliable transportation include:
Sustainable Landscape Maintanance approach is based on the principles of Integrated Vegetation/Pest
Management which appropriately combines the use of mechanical, chemical, biological and cultural methods
for controlling weeds and other pests. Similar to an Integrated Vegetation/Pest Management, Sustainable
Landscape Maintenance is a decision-making process that integrates and applies the most appropriate
vegetation management tools in a sustainable manner. This decision making involves that you continuously
monitor, evaluate and modify these tools to meet the goals of roadside vegetation maintenance. Sustainable
Landscape Maintenance is a continuous process evolving to meet the changing needs of roadside vegetation.
In this study, it is investigated that sustainable landscape maintanance zone (LMZ) is the area along the
roadsides. It extends from the edge of the road (usually the white line) into surrounding land (right-of-way).
Roadside vegetation maintenance provides a safe driving experience. Sight distances must be maintained for
important signs and intersections. Roadsides may provide a recovery area that allows drivers to pull off the
road when necessary
According to these explanations ;different factors may affect maintenance decisions, such as an urban versus
rural landscape, property ownership boundaries or community expectations.It is also determined that how is
planning sustainable highway lanscape factors.
Keywords: Sustainable landscape, Highway planning, Vegetation/pest management
363
The Effect of Lane Discipline to Intersection Capacity: A Sample Study of Isparta
E. Eriskin 1, B. Capali*2, S. Sargin Karahancer 3, S. Gokova 4, M. C. Bayrak5, S. Terzi 6, M. Saltan 7
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
Department of Civil Engineering, Suleyman Demirel University, TURKEY.
[email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected])
ABSTRACT
Nowadays, many road users don’t adapt the lane discipline at intersections, so they wait more than two
vehicles side by side in a two lane road. Thereupon when the light goes to green they all start to move.
As a result, they move more slowly than expected because of giving way to each other to avoid
congestion. The slowly move of the vehicles reduces the capacity level of the intersection and causes to
pass less vehicles.
In our study, an intersection is chosen where many of the road users don’t adapt the lane discipline.
Then it is recorded how many vehicles pass the intersection and the delay in passenger car unit – hour
per hour. In addition, the intersection delay and how many vehicles can pass will be calculated by using
Webster method. Last of all the results and how the lane discipline influence the intersection capacity
will be compared.
Keywords: Lane discipline, capacity, delay, Webster method
364
Examining the Effect of Sustainable Traffic Control of the Safety Belt and Helmet use : A Sample
Study in Isparta
B. Capali* 1, E. Eriskin 2, S. Sargin Karahancer 3, S. Gokova 4, M. C. Bayrak5, S. Terzi 6, M. Saltan 7
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
Department of Civil Engineering, Suleyman Demirel University, TURKEY.
[email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected])
ABSTRACT
In the world of fatal traffic accidents are the most important reason for the passenger and driver safety
provided. Seat belts and helmets as an integral component in passenger and driver safety systems are
proven to reduce crash injury risk. Seat belt and helmet save lifes.
In this study, sustainable traffic control of the safety belt and helmet use were investigated in the city of
Isparta in Turkey. Seat belt and helmet use, counts and survey were made in two street. With survey
study, seat belt and helmet use by age distribution were determined. Counts were compared with two
years ago counts. Seat belt and helmet use, change of the counts were investigated.
Keywords: Traffic safety, accidents, traffic control
365
Development of Regression Based Trip Generation Models for Intercity Bus Journeys in Turkey
Yasar Vitosoglu* 1
1
Dumlupınar University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, TURKEY.
ABSTRACT
Using conventional methods based on home surveys or roadside interviews in order to determine origindestination (O-D) matrices is generally costly, time consuming and labor intensive. The validity of data is
very short in developing countries where rapid changes occur in land use and demographic structure, and it is
necessary to revise frequently the data obtained by using relatively inexpensive methods. Therefore, various
methods that are cheaper and do not require intensive labor have been developed in order to form and revise
O-D matrices. Thus, since the early 1980s, the idea of determining trip matrices from traffic counts has
attracted attention of the researchers considerably, and various methods have been suggested on this subject.
The model developed by Bell in 1983 is also one of these methods, and it has been used for obtaining the OD matrix related to intercity bus journeys made in Turkey.
After this matrix was obtained, the total trip generations resulting from every province were calculated by
founding the row totals in this matrix. Finally, regression analyses were performed in order to develop the trip
generation models for the intercity bus journeys. In these regression analyses, the total trip generations
resulting from every province were defined as dependent variable. As for independent variables, some
macroeconomic and demographic indicators of provinces such as population and gross domestic product were
employed. As a result, several trip generation models were developed for the intercity bus journeys made in
Turkey. These models were also compared with respect to some statistical criteria such as r square values, t
statistics and F statistics. Finally, the results obtained from this study were discussed briefly.
Keywords: O-D Matrix, Regression, Trip generation.
366
Why are trees still such a major hazard to drivers in Poland?
Marcin Budzynski*1, Kazimierz Jamroz 2, Lukasz Jelinski3, Marcin Antoniuk4
1, 2, 3, 4
Gdansk University of Technology, POLAND
ABSTRACT
Roadside trees are one of Poland’s most serious road safety issues. Since 2009 more than 2800 people have
been killed as a result of tree collisions; this represents about 15% of all of Poland’s accident fatalities
between 2009 and 2013. In some of the country’s regions striking a tree caused more than 30% of all road
accident fatalities. With no proper regulations, guidelines or examples of good practice, roadside
environments are posing a serious danger to safety. Trees pose a particular hazard. The paper analyses and
evaluates the following factors which cause safety risks on roadsides with trees:
 strategic level: historic factors – tree alleys, high vehicle speeds, lack of road safety standards,
 tactical level – region, road class, length of road sections with trees, type of section, time,
 operational level – road narrowing forcing drivers to use the oncoming traffic lane (head-on collisions),
limited visibility at junctions and exits (side crashes), blocking view of road signs (road layout lacking
clarity, no place for pedestrians and blocking visibility at pedestrian crossings), causing damage to road
infrastructure.
The paper will present ways to eliminate risks caused by roadside trees and how effective they are in
reference to the three levels:
 strategic level – ensuring that road layouts are clear and homogenous, vehicles remain in their lane,
building safe roadside environments, securing hazardous objects,
 tactical level – building a new road, cutting down trees, putting in safety barriers, speed management,
hazard notification,
 operational level – improving visibility using special marking or cutting down trees where they affect
visibility at junctions, using the “2-1” layout, speed reduction, special marking.
Finally, the paper will present the preliminary results of analyses studying the effects of trees on road safety.
Models will be presented describing safety levels for different road categories and classes.
Keywords: hazard identification, road safety, trees
367
Road safety inspection as a tool for road safety management – the Polish experience
Marcin Budzynski*1, Mariusz Kiec 2
1
Gdansk University of Technology, POLAND
2
Krakow University of Technology, POLAND
ABSTRACT
The road network in Poland, despite the transformations, still does not conform to safety standards, at the
same time the lack of these standards is rarely given as the cause of road accidents. Lack of safety standards
is associated with defects of the road network which directly threaten road users or encourage participants
errors. It is necessary to identify and eliminate these defects and adapt the existing road network to the
required safety standards.
The defects are identified on the basis of conducted road safety inspections. Their implementation has been
imposed on the EU member states by the European Directive 2008/96/EC on road infrastructure safety
management.
In Poland, road inspections were implemented in June 2014 on all national roads. Since 2013, approximately
300 people have been trained in the procedures and rules for the conducting of inspections. Previously
conducted traffic surveys mainly related to the technical condition of roads, signs and markings; other safety
issues were overlooked.
The main problem that occurs during inspection is an inspector’s subjective qualitative assessment which
affects the classification of the sources of hazard on the road. The result of incorrect classification of hazards
can slow implementation of measures to improve traffic safety. The paper presents an analysis of the
variability of the qualitative assessments of defects on the road, classified by different teams of inspectors.
On this basis, the guidelines were developed for the classification of risks based on the relationship between
sources of hazard on the road and the personal and economic losses of road accidents. These relationships
are quantified using mathematical models to simulate the impact of the variability of a set of sources of
hazard on the effects of selected causes of road accidents on the sections of road network.
Keywords: inspection, models, road safety
368
Polish district heating systems – development perspectives
Krzysztof Wojdyga
Faculty of Environmental Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, POLAND.
(E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
The most economical and rational means of heat supply for city inhabitants are district heating
systems. Heat generated in power plants and large heat sources is cheaper than heat from individual sources.
The reason for that is the amount of heat generated and the fuel used (coal for most heat sources). District
heating, a very important energy sub-sector for the Polish economy, provides heat supply to centralised
heating systems, which, on average, satisfy 72% of the demand for heat in Polish cities. Therefore, several
million Polish citizens use heat from district heating systems that produce heat in professional, industrial and
municipal power plants. In Europe, over 100 million citizens use district heating systems.
The present situation of the Polish district heating sector is a result of Poland’s political
transformation that took place at the beginning of the 1990s. The reform put the obligation of heat supply on
the local authorities, on the municipality, instead of the state. Along with the transformation, district heating
also made huge technological and technical progress. Increasing expectations of recipients posed new
challenges for the branch, however.
Keywords: District heating systems, Emissions of pollutants from LCP, Forecast of heat demand in DH,
Polish energy mix in DH.
369
Establishment of the Recycling Plants for Fresh Concrete Wastes: a Cost Management
Perspective
Aynur Kazaz* 1, Serdar Ulubeyli 2, Bayram Er 3, Volkan Arslan 4, Murat Atici 5 and Ahmet Arslan 6
1, 3, 5, 6
Department of Civil Engineering, Akdeniz University, TURKEY.
[email protected],)
2, 4
Department of Civil Engineering, Bulent Ecevit University, TURKEY.
ABSTRACT
In today’s competitive construction industry, ready-mixed concrete (RMC) batching plants should produce
and operate in a green manner when the related legal regulations on the protection of natural environment and
urban life are taken into account. According to the statistics about the concrete production in the world, the
more the use of concrete over time, the worse the environment. One of the most important causes of this
pollution is originated by concrete wastes. At the end of each working day, both residual and over-ordered
fresh concrete in truck-mixers returns to RMC batching plants. However, for these wastes, there are fresh
concrete recycling plants which make aggregate and water reusable and decompose sand and cement from the
fresh concrete. In some countries, such plants are not popular because of financial and economic reasons, and
thus, it becomes inevitable that the concrete waste pollutes the external environment. Similarly, it is reported
that only 25% of RMC batching plants in Turkey have their own fresh concrete recycling plants and that most
of them do not use them regularly. Therefore, in the current study, the establishment of such a recycling plant
for fresh concrete wastes will be investigated from a cost management perspective. In doing this research
effort, components of the life cycle cost analysis will mainly be examined. In fact, these are composed of all
fixed and variable costs related with the investment throughout the recycling plant’s whole life. These costs
can be listed as follows: (i) initial investment cost, (ii) operating cost, (iii) maintenance cost, (iv) salvage cost,
(v) replacement cost, (vi) financing cost, and (vii) taxes. Consequently, in the scope of this study, the
recycling concept in RMC batching plants will be discussed in detail from a cost-focused viewpoint,
including the relevant research, practical, and social implications.
Keywords: Concrete recycling plant, Concrete waste, Cost management, Fresh concrete, Life cycle cost.
Acknowledgment: The authors thank TUBITAK Scientific and Technological Research Projects Funding
Program for its financial support [Project number: 113M428].
370
Educational experiments performed on a model structure made up of Balsa Wood.
A.Elif Özsoy* 1, H.Özkaynak2, M. Çağlar 3 and M.Şenturk4
1, 2, 3
Civil Engineering Department, Beykent University, TURKEY.
4
Civil Engineering Department, Beykent University, TURKEY.
([email protected])
ABSTRACT
In this study, educational dynamic tests were performed on a prototype structure which is made up of
balsa wood in the content of a graduation project of civil engineering students. This study aims to
highlight the importance of testing activities in the scope of civil engineering education incorporating with the
structural dynamics and structural design topics. Civil engineering program covers several lectures which
needs extensive laboratory and field activities. Some experiments should be performed in order to
demonstate basic theory in the scope of the related course during the mid-term. Specifically, understanding
how the structures respond to dynamic loads is of great importance for civil engineering students to enhance
their engineering skills for the seismic design and assessment of structures. Thus, there is a need to improve
the content of civil engineering undergraduate program integrating the structural design courses with
experimental studies. This may be achieved by experiments performed on scaled models simulating the
seismic excitation. Within the scope of this study, the students were assigned to design and construct a 3D
moment resisting frame structure using balsa wood. One another group of undergraduate students were
required to develop a home-made small scale shake table device. The displacement response of the model
structure is recorded by a middle high speed camera which is capable of capturing 50 pictures per second.
The analytical model is developed in SAP 2000 in order to compare the results with the data obtained from
the shake table tests. As a conclusion, it was apparently observed that the graduate students were highly
involved and motivated to the lecture and collaborated with each other. This project helped students to
understand more in the basic concepts of structural and material behaviors to represent them with a
simple analytical model.
Keywords: Education, Civil Engineering, Structural Dynamics, Shake Table, Balsa Wood.
371
The Structure of Academic Surveying Programs in Nigeria as an Educational Pathway to Land
Surveyor Registration
1
1,2
A.A Akinpelu*, 2A.O Abisuga
Department of Building Technology, Lagos State Polytechnic, Nigeria.
(1 [email protected],2abisuga_olatunji@ yahoo.com)
ABSTRACT
Nigeria as a nation is experiencing a shortage of qualified personnel within the surveying prof ession.
This leads to the disorderliness of land administration in the country today. There is a need to cushion
this problem by providing sufficient qualified personnel and entrants to the profession with appropriate
training and education to meet the required professional certification to practice the surveying
profession. A qualitative research approach was adopted for the study using content analysis and
interview. The current structures of the academic programs and the registration and certification
process for land surveying practices in Nigeria was reviewed. The basic academic challenges facing the
profession were highlighted, and possible ways to improve the entrance of undergraduate to undertake a
surveying program was also suggested. The recommendations of the study will benefit education policy
maker’s and professionals in the built environment.
Keywords: Academic, built environment, land surveying, land administration, surveying profession
372
Examination and Comparison of Level for Radon Awareness at High School Institutions: A Sample of
Nevşehir
D. Sarıtaş* 1, M. Polat 2
1, 2
Elementary Science Education Department, Nevşehir Hacı Bektaş Veli University, TURKEY.
ABSTRACT
The aims of this study are to examine and compare high school students’ and teachers’ awareness’ levels for
radon gas. It has also been investigated whether this levels of awareness is in relationship with outcomes that
are related to harmful natural substances for environment and human health, in science curriculum. The
sample of the study is composed of 554 randomly selected 9th and 12th grade students who are studying at
three different schools (Anadolu High School, Science High School and Vocational High School) and 63
teachers that are employees in these schools in Nevşehir center. Survey method and document analysis were
used as research method. Data were collected by questionnaire that designed by the authors within
consideration the relating literature. Content analysis, Chi-square, independent T-test and Pearson's
correlation technique was used to analyze the data.
These findings at that stage in the study were obtained: Radon awareness of the students is at very low levels.
For example; the 249 participants in the study (49.9%) stated that they heard from radon, but only 181 (32.7)
stated that they know the radon. It was determined that outcomes that are related to harmful natural
substances for environment and human health, in educational programs for all school types. However, it was
observed that awareness levels of the students are not desired. Analysis of data for teachers is ongoing. This
study is foreseen to offer environmental education and contribute to the field of literature relevant point for
environmental awareness.
Keywords: Radon Awareness, Education on Environment, Science Outcomes, High School, Nevşehir
373
AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE ENVIRONMENTAL SENSITIVITY IN SARAYÖNÜ
Muhammed Kamil ÖDEN1*, Sezen KÜÇÜKÇONGAR2, Zehra GÖK1
1
Selcuk University, Sarayonu V.H.S., Environmental Pro. and Cont. Prog. Sarayonu/Konya-TURKEY
[email protected], [email protected]
2
Selcuk University, Eng. Fac., Department of Environmental Eng., 42031/Konya-TURKEY
[email protected]
ABSTRACT
The purpose of this study is to determine the environmental sensitivity and awareness level of the
inhabitants in Konya, Sarayönü districts. In today’s world, the environment is rapidly being polluted and
pollution rate is being increased by human beings. In this regards, the viewpoints of Sarayönü people on the
environment and environmental elements are revealed. For this purpose, a research include variables such as
gender, age, job and education level was carried out by using a questionnaire made up of 16 questions. The
questionnaire was applied to 314 males and 286 females, totaling 600 participants.
The research serves to raise an awareness of environment and environmental sensitivity. The
findings showed that the people in Sarayönü have a high level of environmental sensitivity. Females tended
to reflect a higher level of sensivitiy to the environment than males. The participants opted for air pollution as
being the most important environmental element among the air, water, soil etc. pollution.
Keywords: Environmental sensitivity, Environmental awareness, Environmental Pollution, Sarayönü,
Statistics
374
Education in the Field of Sustainability Assessment of Buildings
S. Vilcekova* 1 and E. Kridlova Burdova 2
1, 2
Department of Environmental Engineering, Institute of Environmental Engineering, Technical University
of Kosice, SLOVAKIA.
ABSTRACT
The responsibility to coming generations for civil and environmental engineering education especially
in sustainability building design and assessment will follow directly from these thoughts. All stages of
buildings life cycle should be involved to education focused on sustainable buildings. Typical building
construction, operation and demolition contribute significantly to environmental problems. The aim of
sustainable building design and its assessment is to reduce the negative impact of the buildings on
human health and natural environment during entire building life cycle. Sustainability assessment of
buildings is a process that requires an integrated and multidisciplinary approach. It is important the
cooperation among civil engineers, architects, environmentalists and other exp erts. The answer on the
question why it is necessary to implant the sustainable building design and assessment into civil
engineering education is based on the fact that human health problems and also indoor and outdoor
environment problems are mostly connected with building engineering.
The sustainable building sciences educational activities are particulars implement at Technical
university of Kosice to Building Engineering study by various ways. The level of professional
knowledge in this field depends on the study program. Sustainable building design graduate study
contents parts concerning to economic benefit, planning and urban design, materials selection, energy
performance, indoor environmental quality, renewable technology, water, sewage and waste
management.
We welcome to a new kind of science because it helps us to educate the highly complex problems of
many scientific fields. Some basic considerations that may suggest a new view for understanding of
relationships between architectural, building and environmental engineering will be presented in the
paper.
Keywords: Building, Education, Environmental Assessment, Sustainability.
Acknowledgment: The authors thank Grant Agency of Slovak Republic (VEGA) for their financial support
[Project number: VEGA 1/0405/13].
375
GREEN CIVILIZATION STRATEGY
(JAKARTA COASTAL MANAGEMENT OF THE CONCEPT BASED MANGROVE FOREST
GREEN ENVIRONMENT IN THE FUTURE)
Hadiana. Author * 1and Akrom Muflih. Author 2
1, 2
Department of Aquatic Resources Management, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Bogor
Agricultural University. Indonesia
ABSTRACT
Indonesia is a country that has the largest mangrove ecosystem in the world. However, the level of the highest
mangrove ecosystem damage. The main threat is the mangrove ecosystem sustainability of human activities,
such as creating a pond, deforestation, environmental pollution, and urban development without regard to
ecological functions. Therefore, conservation and rehabilitation of mangrove forests is one of the efforts to
conserve the coastal environment are important ecosystems, pelestarikan also be in line with the development
of coastal areas. Based on the available facts indicate that technological progress and development that took
place in the city to make green environmental degradation healthy and pollution meningkanya pollutants into
the environment. Alternative management of coastal areas that we ask is the concept of 'green stategy
civilization', namely the planning and management of coastal cities that promote green plant functions such as
mangrove trees as well as a major resource for the development of tourist attraction of the city. Mangrove
forest resources (in this case-shore coastal waters and estuaries) used as the central point of the development
of other aspects of development, such as economic activity, industrial, social activities, urban architecture,
tourism, and others. This concept rests on the paradigm that the biological resources of coastal areas, namely
as a primary resource for the development of a tourist area in synergy with the development of the city. This
concept utilizes especially the coastal city that has the mangrove forest area that is wide enough that the city
of Jakarta. The concept of good urban planning needs to be done in line with the management of urban
development, but the application must be supported from all stakeholders both government policy, private,
and community to the achievement of which is expected to happen and make the city as a center of
civilization Jakarta Indonesia with the greening of the city and surroundings healthy.
Keywords: Green, alternative, mangrove, forest.
376
Modeling of Drying Kinetics of Potatoes and Fresh Carrot in South Algeria.
S. MANAA* 1,2, N. MOUMMI 2 and D. KARLO
1
3
Hydrocarbon and Renewable Energy Department, Faculty of Science and Technology, African University of
ADRAR -ALGERIA.
2
Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Biskra , Biskra-ALGERIA.
3
The Laboratory of Solar Energetic and Building Physics (LESBAT), High School of Engineering and
Management, Western Switzerland, SWITZERLAND.
(E-mail : [email protected] )
ABSTRACT
Drying the solid product based on the balance between the water contained in the product and water in
gaseous form in air. This equilibrium can be promoted in a direction or the other according to the water
content of the air and product. Thus, to dry a solid by training, said dry air (that is to say, that has a low
water content) is broken above the product, the water balance will tend to increase the water content of
the dry air (this water comes from the water held by the product). Since air is constantly renewed, the
water content of the product decreases more and more. But there is always a certain water content in the
product cannot be removed, the water is bound water, and she enters the product composition.
This work concerned the study of the influence of the drying parameters on the water loss of the
potatoes and carrot. This study was undertaken in a drier designed and produced in a arid area.
Drying was carried out at various temperatures 45; 50 and 55°C and at various speeds of the a ir
circulation (0.5;1 and 1.5 m/s). The water content initial of the carrot and potatoes samples were 90%
and 78%. We followed during drying, the loss of weight of the samples. It arises from the results that
the temperature and the air velocity drying have a significant influence over the time of drying. The
modeling of the experimental data shows that the exponential model represents perfectly the behavior
of this products; some is the cases of figure considered. This work would allow a better valorizat ion of
the local resources, the reduction of the losses post harvests, the reduction of the consumption of
energy.
Keywords: Modeling, drying parameters, water loss, drying kinetics, vegetable.
377
Effects of Lining Concrete Cooling Towers on the Growth of Legionella pneumophila
Kamal R. Jaroor 1,*, Munjed A. Maraqa2 and Khaled A. El-Tarabily3
1
Facilities Management Department, Khalifa University, UNITED ARAB EMIRATES.
2
Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, United Arab Emirates University. UNITED ARAB
EMIRATES.
3
Department of Biology, United Arab Emirates University, UNITED ARAB EMIRATES.
ABSTRACT
Efforts to minimize Legionella pneumophila counts in cooling towers greatly depend on the level of
understanding of the factors that promote the growth of the bacteria in these systems. Rough (unlined)
concrete surfaces may facilitate the formation of biofilm that acts as a harbor for L. pneumophila and may
create water stagnation within the exposed large pores that enhance their growth. In this study, the effect of
lining cooling towers interior walls with a ceramic-like material on the growth of L. pneumophila was
investigated. The cooling tower at Dubai Hospital, United Arab Emirates and constructed concrete tanks
were utilized to determine L. pneumophila counts during the hot and cold seasons. The constructed concrete
tanks consist of two tanks; one lined and the other unlined. Both water and swab samples from the lined and
unlined cooling tower and concrete tanks were analyzed for L. pneumophila counts over a period of 10 weeks
in each season. Results revealed that lining the interior walls of concrete tanks does not eliminate L.
pneumophila but reduces its growth by about 45%. The results were consistent for both swab and water
samples. This study further revealed that there is an enhanced growth of L. pneumophila during the hot
season as compared with its growth in the cold season, but the increase was generally less than double with a
14.3 oC increase in temperature between the two seasons.
Keywords: Biofilm, Cooling tower, Legionella pneumophila, Lining; Temperature
378
Experimental Study of Natural Sorbent for Oil Spill
Jenan A. Al-Najar*1, Asawer A. Alwassiti 2 and Şerife Saçmacı3
1
Chemical Engineering Department, University of Technology, Iraq.
2
Petroleum Technology Department, University of Technology, Iraq.
3
Chemistry Department, University of Erciyes, Turkey, Kayseri.
ABSTRACT
Oil spill pollution is one of the most important issue in recent decade, due to its impact on environment.
There are many methods to reduce the impact of oil spill including the using of adsorption process. In
recent years, there is a great attention in using natural material in this process. This research in vestigate
the use of peel beans as a natural sorbent in oil spill treatment. The effect of different parameters such
as particle size, weight of sorbent and time on adsorption rate were studied. The sorbent material was
characterized using FTIR and SEM technique. The adsorption rate was calculated depending on
spectrophotometer analyzing.
The results show that the peel beans has a high oil sorption capacity and this capacity increases with
decreasing particle size. The equilibrium data were analyzed by Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm
models. The kinetic of adsorption was studied using different models.
Keywords: Adsorption, Natural Sorbent, Oil Spill, Peel Beans .
Acknowledgment: The authors thank Instrumental Analysis Laboratory in University of Technology for
their help during this study.
379
The impact of different growth media on the algae development : an association with atmospheric
dust
Adeleh Rashidi, Aydın Akbulut and A. Cemal Saydam
Hacettepe University, Department of Environmental Engineering, Ankara, TURKEY.
ABSTRACT
Environmentally algae is an essential plant like organism since they can trap solar light energy and use
this energy via photosynthesis and to produce food in the from of complex sugar molecules.
Ecologically algae are important since microscopic algae are the source of much of Earth's oxygen and they
are also act as a sink for atmospheric carbon dioxide. Algae are also very important ecologically because
they are the beginning of the food chain for other animals at both directions since upon termination of their
life cycle they are consumed by organisms called decomposers mostly fungi and bacteria. Thus environmental
factors that control their lifecycle are outmost importance for ecology. Its further known that atmospheric dust
during the course of their long-range transport can be altered within the clouds via the action of its
bacteriological fraction and results with the formation of reduced iron various essential trace elements and
amino acids.
The association of the growth of Spirulina platensis and atmospheric dust has been
investigated before and it has been found that equal and better growth can be achieved by using atmospheric
dust as compared to Zarrouk growth solution. This time we have investigated the impact of atmospheric dust
on the growth of Chlorella and Scenedesmus obiquus by using BBM growth media and on Spirulina platensis
by using BG11 growth media. Once again it have been shown that algae growth parameters obtained by using
atmospheric dust is comparable and if not better than those obtained by using solutions composed of various
chemicals that are assumed to be an ideal growth solutions. We have further tested the most effective
atmospheric dust concentrations and found that 10 g/l concentration serves as a best growth medium.
Keywords: Algae, Dust, Growth Medium
380
An Opportunity for the Sustainable Ecological Renewal:
European Green Capitals
Nur Sinem ÖZCAN* 1
1
City and Regional Planning Department, Dokuz Eylul University, TURKEY.
(E-mail: [email protected] / [email protected])
ABSTRACT
The demand for the natural resources is constantly increasing to meet the energy requirements due to
the growth in population and economy. Many countries have led to reconsider their energy policies
because of the increasing energy requirement and the awareness of the fact that the world’s natural
resources are limited. Since the early 1990s, many authorities have undertaken crucial enterprises in
order to create awareness of global issues. The Earth Summit in Rio (1992), the Kyoto Protocol (1997),
the Copenhagen Accord (2009), the Rio+20 Conference (2012) are examples for these enterprises. The
Earth Summit in Rio is regarded as a landmark in terms of global collaboration and the "sustainable
development" concept has been first put forward in this summit.
The aim of the study is to examine “European green capital” cities which are constitute d as examples
for other world cities in terms of the environmental policies and to evaluate these cities’ policies
comparatively. These policies include minimizing problems in the environment that is one of
components of the sustainable development, reconsidering the limited natural resources and developing
the renewable energy sources. In this context, the selected cities as “European green capital” are
examined such as Stockholm, Hamburg, Vitória - Gasteiz, Nantes, Copenhagen and Bristol. Also, the
selection criteria are discussed using the selection process of the green capital city. As a method, the
qualitative comparison method is used. The statistical values are obtained from World Widelife Fund,
the official web sites of the European Green Capital and selected cities.
As a result, it’s found that the urban renewal attack is not only a concept which examined the spatial
and economic dynamics, but a change opportunity to show sensitivity to the ecology and natural
environment as an ecological renewal. Additionally, the consumption and dissemination of renewable
energy sources have become more necessary instead of the use of fossil fuels.
Keywords: Ecological renewal, green capital, natural environment, renewable energy sources, sustainable
development
381
Compaction Mitigation Potential of Biotillage and Subsurface Tillage
in Dairy Pasture Soils
Josef H. Görres*1
Rachel Gilker2 Jenn J. Colby2 Korkmaz Bellitürk3
1
The University of Vermont, Plant and Soil Science, Burlington/Vermont/USA
2
Center for Sustainable Agriculture, University of Vermont, Burlington Vermont
(E-mail: [email protected] and [email protected])
3
Namık Kemal University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition,
Tekirdağ/Turkey
ABSTRACT
In the majority of dairy and beef cattle production, herds are kept in concentrated feedlot operations.
However, recently environmental and food quality concerns have resulted in a trend that puts cattle back on
pastures. Pastures maintained year-round reduce nutrient runoff thereby preventing impact of dairy and beef
production on freshwater ecosystems. However, pastures have to be appropriately managed to remain
productive. High pressure exerted on soils, particular when wet, by cattle hoofs can cause serious compaction
jeopardizing the benefits of pasture production. Modern, rotational grazing systems allow longer recovery
periods for forage thus increasing productivity and the concomitant environmental benefits for water quality.
However, the high animal densities in small paddocks may exacerbate the compaction problem. Rotational
grazing systems need to be engineered to either avoid compaction or to include a component that rejuvenates
soils annually. We investigated two agricultural systems for pasture soil rejuvenation: Biotillage with Daikon
radish (Raphanus sativum) and subsurface tillage by key line plowing. Both methods affected several soil
quality parameters positively. In particular, the observed 30% reduction in volumetric soil moisture in the
treated pastures can help prevent soil compaction and lengthen the time that the pastures can be used every
year. In addition, 30 – 40% increase in earthworm populations indicated better fertility in the treated pastures.
Thus, alternative methods of compaction mitigation show potential to become part of well-designed rotational
pasture systems. As such they are important component of practices that can reduce the environmental impact
of dairy production.
Keywords: Agroecology, Rotational Grazing, Mitigation of Soil Compaction, Biotillage, Soil Quality
Acknowledgment: Funding for this project was provided by the University of Vermont’s Agricultural
Experiment Station through a Hatch Grant, the USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service through a
Conservation Innovation Grant, and The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey
(TÜBİTAK) through a Visiting Scientist Grant.
382
Environmental Contamination and Residential Exposure of Mercury in Artisanal Gold Mining
Area in Benguet, Philippines
Ma. Brida Lea D. Diola* 1 and Augustus C. Resurreccion 1
1, 2
Institute of Civil Engineering, University of the Philippines - Diliman, PHILIPPINES.
ABSTRACT
One of the primary sources of mercury (Hg) emission into the environment is artisanal gold mining. The
study site for this research is the municipality of Tuba in Benguet Province, Philippines which is known for
artisanal mining activities. Untreated wastewater from the processing plants, which may contain Hg and other
heavy metals, may contaminate receiving water bodies, such as Bued River. This study aims to investigate
mercury contamination in different environmental media in the study area in which residents can possibly be
exposed to. Also, this study estimates the exposure and daily intake of mercury of the residents. Surface water
and bottom sediments in 14 sampling points from upstream to downstream of Bued River and its tributaries
were collected monthly from November 2013 to March 2014. Fish, drinking water, soil and hair samples were
also collected. All samples were analyzed for Hg content using flameless cold-vapor atomic absorption
spectrometry (AAS). The results of this study showed that all Hg measurements in surface water were within
the 2 ppb limit set by the Philippine standard (DAO 34). Hg in sediments ranges from 0.004 to 2.1 mg/kg.
Significantly higher concentrations were observed in areas near mining sites. Several sampling points were
observed to have exceeded the Canada Sediment Quality Guidelines threshold effect level (0.17 mg/kg). Hg
in drinking water and fish samples were found to be below detection limits while Hg in residential soils
ranges from 0.1-1.5 mg/kg. Hair Hg concentrations range from 0.03 to 24.17 ppm with a geometric mean of
0.224 ppm. Elevated concentrations of Hg in hair may be due to direct external exposure to mercury vapor.
The average daily intake dose derived from the hair Hg measurements was estimated to be 22 ng/kg-bw/day,
within acceptable limit. The results of this study can be used in human health and ecological risk assessments.
Further study is recommended to determine if remediation of the area is needed.
Keywords: Artisanal, Benguet, Exposure, Mercury, Mining
Acknowledgment: The authors thank the Department of Science and Technology (DOST) and the Mineral
Extraction with Responsibility and Sustainability (MinERS) program for funding this research.
383
Mathematical Modeling of the Drying Kinetics in Thin Layers of the Local potato of Adrar
S. MANAA* 1,4, A. BEATRIZ 2, D. KARLO
3
and N. MOUMMI
4
1
Hydrocarbon and Renewable Energy Department, Faculty of Science and Technology, Ahmed Draia
University - ADRAR -ALGERIA.
2
National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Copenhagen, Denmark.
3
The Laboratory of Solar Energetic and Building Physics (LESBAT), High School of Engineering and
Management, Western Switzerland, SWITZERLAND.
4
Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Biskra , Biskra-ALGERIA.
ABSTRACT
The aim of our work is to study the behavior of the local potatoes of Adrar during a drying operation by
hot air. Also we are interested in the macroscopic experimental approach is to determine the kinetics of
potatoes during their drying under conditions of temperature and air flow controlled. The experimental
curves of drying obtained are approximated by four mathematical models, empirical and semi theoretical, existing in the literature in order to describe the convective drying in thin layers of the
variety of potato studied. A determination of the desorption isotherms was carried out. The obtained
desorption curves are then approached by a semi-theoretical model to determine the equilibrium
moisture content of the product investigated.
Keywords: Modeling, Drying kinetics, sorption isotherm, potatoes.
384
Detoxification Of Aflatoxin B1 In Various Foods By Nocardia Corynebacteriodes Nrrl B-184
ZORLUGENÇ Bülent* 1, EVLİYA, İbrahim Bülend 2
1,
ZORLUGENÇ, B., Food Engineering Department, Nevşehir Hacı Bektaş Veli University Engineering and
Architecture Faculty. TURKEY
2.
EVLİYA, İ.B., Food Engineering Department, Çukurova University Agriculture Faculty. TURKEY
ABSTRACT
In this study, the ability of Nocardia corynebacteriodes NRRL B-184 strain to remove aflatoxin B1 in PB
solution and dry red pepper, corn, black olive, soy bean, dry fig and also hazelnut, was investigated. The
activated N. corynebacteriodes strain was incubated in TSB at 30°C for 95 h and growing curve was
obtained. According to non-linear regression analysis, Modified Gompertz model was fitted best with
experimental data. The µmax and λ were found as 0.073 h-1 and 5.244 h-1, respectively. It was observed that
N. corynebacteriodes strain increased by 2.7 log and reached to the stationary phase within 45 h. The bacteria
were still in that phase at 95 h. First order reaction kinetics was fitted best with the degradation kinetics in PB
and food mediums. In PB medium, the “k value” was found higher and followed by milled dry fig and whole
black olive. At the end of incubation, the reduction of aflatoxin B 1 content were resulted in the range of
84.28% and 98.84% at soy bean and hazelnut, respectively. After incubation, aflatoxin content of milled red
pepper, dry fig and hazelnut that contain 500 ng g-1 aflatoxin B1 and whole hazelnut (1000 ng g-1 aflatoxin B1)
was decreased to permitted level of this toxin in Turkish Food Codex.
Keywords: F. aurantiacum, N. corynebacteriodes, Aflatoxin B1, Detoxification, Kinetic
Acknowledgment: The authors thank Çukurova University, Scientific Research Project Funding (ÇUBAP)
for their financial support [Project number: FBE2001 D106].
385
Cypermethrin induced changes in oxidative stress biomarkers in Paramecium tetraurelia and elevation
effect of some antioxidant
Amamra Rima*1, Djebar Mohamed Reda1, Moumeni Ouissem1, Azzouz Zoubir1,Alayat Amel1, Otmani
Hadjer1, Benamara Marwa1, Zeriri Ibtissem1, Atailia Amira1, Benosman Sana1, Berrebbah Houria1
1
Laboratory of Cellular Toxicology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Badji Mokhtar
University, Annaba, ALGERIA.
ABSTRACT
Oxidative damage by increased production of reactive oxygen species have been involved in the toxicity of
several pesticides. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of cypermethrin, a widely used
type II pyrethroid, on the oxidative stress biomarkers and the respiratory metabolism of Paramecium
tetraurelia.
Increasing concentrations of the insecticide were incubated with paramecium cells. The 96h (IC50) was
determined. Variations in lipid content and oxidative stress biomarkers such as: Malondialdehyde (MDA),
Glutathione (GSH), Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and Catalase (CAT) were carried. Moreover, respiratory
metabolism was followed up.
The estimated 96h (CI50) value for Paramecium tetraurelia exposed to cypermethrin in our study was in a
range of µg/l. Decrease was observed in total lipids content. Cypermethrin exposure has led to a lipid
peroxidation supported by a significant increase in (MDA) level which might be associated with decreased
level of (GSH). (GPx) and (CAT) activities, antioxidant enzymes, were significantly induced. The response
was concentration dependent especially for the highest concentration. A strong disturbance in respiratory
metabolism was observed.
In summary, under the current experimental conditions, cypermethrin has show a toxic effect to the
freshwater ciliate Paramecium tetraurelia. Exposure to low concentrations showed significant adverse on
growth accompanied with the induction of oxidative damage supported by the respiratory activity.
Keywords: Biomarkers, Cypermethrin, Oxidative stress, Paramecium tetraurelia, Respiratory metabolism.
386
Evaluation of Two Ornamental Plants for Phytoremediation of
Cd-Contamined Soil
Seydahmet ÇAY1*, Ahmet UYANIK2
1*
Environmental Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Giresun University, Giresun, Turkey. (Email: [email protected])
2
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Science, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Kurupelit, Samsun,
Turkey. (E-mail: [email protected])
ABSTRACT
The use of living plants to clean contaminants from soil, surface and groundwaters called phytoremediation
has a great environmental potential in recent years. Most ornamental plants do not place in food chain,
therefore they may safely be employed as an alternative for the environmental cleaning purposes. It is well
known that ornamental plants present many advantages including abundant species, exuberant vitality, fast
growth and also beautifying the natural and designed environment. Little information, however, is available
on their use and abilities to remediate especially contaminated soils. In this study, two ornamental plants
Lonicera japonica Thunb and Salvia virgata Jacq. (Lamiaceae) growing in the natural vegetation of Black
Sea Region were investigated for their potential use in the removal of Cd(II) from artificially contaminated
soil of 10, 25, 50 ve 100 mg kg-1 concentration. The study was conducted as a pot experiment in MaySeptember 2013 at the Botanical Garden of Gazi Boarding School, Vezirköprü, Samsun, Turkey
(N41°08.699’, E035°26.248’). The results of the study suggest that two selected ornamental plants have a
tolerant ability to live in Cd(II) contaminated soils, but Salvia virgata shows greater ability than Lonicera
japonica. In addition, Lonicera japonica has greater values in BCF or TF than that of Salvia virgata. It may
be concluded that studied ornamental plants show remarkable potential to be used for phytoremediation of
Cd(II) contaminated soils and using ornemental plants seems to be a promising alternative of the future.
Keywords: Cd, Lonicera japonica, ornamental plant, Phytoremediation, Salvia virgata.
Acknowledgements: The work was financially supported by Ondokuz Mayis University Project Office (No:
PYO-FEN 1904.12.008).
387
Chickpea Ascochyta blight disease severity in the Bosphorus region of Turkey
S.Bulgak1, F.N. Kafadar2, K. Sarpkaya 3, C.Can4 , S.Güneş5
1, 2
Biology Department, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep
3
Pistachio Research Station, Gaziantep
4,5
. Biology Department, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep
ABSTRACT
Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is an important crop plant in which consumed both as appetizers and culinary
manners. Chickpea has an important proportion among legumes that is planted on 3.885,175 ha in Turkey
and the yield is 450.000 tones (TUIK, 2014). Ascochyta blight caused by Didymella rabiei (Kovachevski)
von Arx [anamorph: Ascochyta rabiei (Passerini) infects both cultured and wild chickpea species (Cicer spp)
and was reported from all the chickpea growing countries in the world, as the main disease restricting yield
and seed quality.
This study aimed to investigate Ascochyta blight disease incidence in chickpea growing provinces of the
Bosporus region of Turkey. Chickpea fields of Çanakkale, Bursa, Tekirdağ, Bilecik and Balıkesir provinces
were surveyed in 2014 and the plants were evaluated according to the 1-9 scale for disease severity (Reddy
and Sing, 1984). Nodulation, altitude and weed density were also determined in a total of 65 fields. Disease
severity values were 34,78%, 30,75%, 21,75%, 45,09% and 69,5% for Bursa, Balıkesir, Bilecik, Çanakkale
and Tekirdağ, respectively. Tekirdag and Çanakkale provinces had the highest Ascochyta blight disease
incidences. Correlations of disease incidences with altitude, nodulation and weed density is discusses to
explain the differences among provinces of the Bosporus region.
Keywords:
Ascochyta
blight,
chickpea,
disease
incidence,
Bosporus
region
Acknowledgement: This study was supported by The Scientific and Technological Reserch Council of
Turkey (TUBİTAK) with Project number 1130071
388
Elevated salinity effects on white clover (Trifolium repens L.) growth
A. Karlsons*, G. Cekstere
Institute of Biology University of Latvia, LATVIA.
([email protected])
ABSTRACT
The aim of this research was to examine the effect of different salinity levels and K supply induced responses
and tolerance in the T. repens L variety ‘Daile’, a variety which is used in urban greenery. To analyze the
impact of increased soil salinity and antagonistic effect of K, gradually rising NaCl (0; 20; 40; 60; 80; 100
mM) and K (+0; +100; +200; +300 mg/l) levels were used in a pot experiment. Concentrations of 12 nutrients
and Na, Cl in the plant shoots and roots were determined, as well as plant weight, Pv/Fm, P index
(photosynthetic performance) and proline content. The results revealed that increased substrate salinity led to
accumulation of both Na and Cl- in tissues of T. repens. Na and Cl concentrations in the plant above ground
parts showed linear growth, but in the roots content of both elements reached its saturation at 20 mM. High
NaCl concentrations in the substrate significantly reduced Mg, but increased Na, Cl- accumulation in the
plant shoots. In the roots significant decrease of N, K, Mg, S, Mo and increase of Na, Cl-, Ca, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn
content was stated. Elevated soil salinity showed a slight impact on the photosynthetic performance of T.
repens. Significant decline in the fresh and dry biomass of the plant shoots was stated under all salinity
treatments. In conditions of increasing soil salinity and K content in the substrate T. repens possessed several
mechanisms of adaptive value, as well as changes in mineral nutrition. According to the results, cultivation of
T. repens variety 'Daile' in urban areas with slight or moderate salinity is possible.
Keywords: salinity stress, sodium chloride, white clover
Acknowledgment: The study was financially supported by the European Social Fund, the project No.
2013/0060/1DP/1.1.1.2.0/13/APIA/VIAA/041.
389
Application of Artificial Neural Networks for Growth Forecasting of Crayfish (Astacus leptodactylus
Eschscholtz, 1823)
Semra Benzer* 1, Recep Benzer 2 and Çağlan Karasu Benli 3
1
Gazi University, Gazi Faculty of Education, Ankara, TURKEY
2
3
Gazi University, Institute of Information, Ankara, TURKEY
Gazi University, Institute of Natural and Applied Sciences, Ankara, TURKEY
ABSTRACT
An evaluation of the performance of artificial neural networks (ANNs) to estimate the metric properties of
crayfish (Astacus leptodactylus Eschscholtz 1823) from Eğirdir Lake that uses measured predictor variables
in presented, including total length (TL), total weight (TW); carapace length (CL), total weight (TW);
carapace length (CL), total length (TL), chlea length (ChL), total weight (TW); sex (male, female and all
individual).
We present the relationships between total length (TL), total weight (TW); carapace length (CL), total weight
(TW); carapace length (CL), total length (TL) and chlea length (ChL), total weight (TW) for Astacus
leptodactylus from Eğirdir Lake between 2013 and 2014. The research was used 222 (75 female, 147 male).
The research was found as 66 % male, 34 % female of crayfish thought investigation female and male ratios
was of determined as to 0.51/1.00. Results of the research can be seemed as follows; avarage total length
128.40 mm for female 135.50 mm for male, average total weight 59.79 g for female 82.95 g for male. Lengthweight relation equation was found for females W = 0.05425196 x L 2.74, for males W = 0.05272102 x L 2.81
and for all gender W = 0.03589889 x L 2.94. The results obtained by artificial neural networks and lengthweight relation equation are compared to those obtained by the growth rate of the crayfish caught from the
natural environment. Length-weight relation and artificial neural network MAPE results were examined. It
was found MAPE value of the forecast of ANNs as a 0.846 and 2.508, while MAPE value of relationship
results as a 2.142 and 3.132 for lentgh – weight of all gender. Artificial neural networks gives better results
than length-weight relation. Artificial neural networks can be alternative as a evaluated for growth estimation.
Keywords: Artificial Neural Networks, crayfish, length-weight relation.
390
Comparison between traditional methods and artificial neural networks for growth forecasting in
crayfish (Astacus leptodactylus Eschscholtz, 1823)
Semra Benzer* 1, Recep Benzer 2 and Çağlan Karasu Benli 3
1
Gazi University, Gazi Faculty of Education, Ankara, TURKEY
2
3
Gazi University, Institute of Information, Ankara, TURKEY
Gazi University, Institute of Natural and Applied Sciences, Ankara, TURKEY
ABSTRACT
This study aimed to determine some morphological characteristics of freshwater crayfish (Astacus
leptodactylus Eschscholtz 1823) populations and to study length-weight relation and artificial neural networks
for growth in crayfish between 2006 and 2007 in Mogan Lake. We present the relationships between total
length (TL), carapace length (CL), chelae length (ChL), abdomen length (AL) and total weight (W) for
Astacus leptodactylus from Mogan Lake. The research was used 112 (14 female, 98 male). The research was
found as
87.5 % male, 12.5 % female of crayfish thought investigation female and male ratios was of
determined as to 0.143 /1.00. Results of the research can be seemed as follows; avarage total length 108.71
mm for female 102.93 mm for male, average total weight 28.64 g for female 32491 g for male. Length-weight
relation equation was found for females W=0.0022 x L2.01 for males W=0.00095 x- L2.23. The results obtained
by artificial neural networks and length-weight relation equation are compared to those obtained by the
growth rate of the crayfish caught from the natural environment. Length-weight relation and artificial neural
network MAPE results were examined. It was found MAPE value of the forecast of ANNs as a 0.507 and
1.323, while MAPE value of relationship results as a 3.006 and 1.742 for lentgh – weight of all gender.
Artificial neural networks gives better results than length-weight relation. Artificial neural networks can be
alternative as a evaluated for growth estimation.
Keywords: Artificial Neural Networks, crayfish, length-weight relation.
391
Effects of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles on Hemocytes of Galleria mellonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)
Z. Ulya NURULLAHOĞLU 1, Ata ESKİN 2* and Serhat KAYA 3
1
Marmara University, Faculty of Science and Arts, Department of Biology, Istanbul, TURKEY
(*[email protected])
2
Nevşehir Hacı Bektaş Veli University, Avanos Vocational School, Crop and Animal Production Department,
Nevşehir, TURKEY,
3
Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Faculty of Science and Arts, Department of Biology, Çanakkale,
TURKEY.
ABSTRACT
In recent years, the use of nanoparticles has been rapidly increasing due to development of nanotechnology.
Zinc oxide nanoparticles (NPs) are being widely used in electronic and fotonic devices and also sunscreens.
The broad use of NPs raises concerns regarding potential environmental health risks and also they may induce
significant DNA damage and cytotoxicity. Metal and metal oxide NPs present a series of challenges for
terrestrial ecotoxicology. Therefore, because of the increasing use of industrial and commercial NPs, how to
make an impact in terms of the organism and ecosystems are being studied. The Greater Wax Moth, Galleria
mellonella is distributed in many places of the world and since its larvae feed on honeycomb inside bee nests
may become an important pest for apiculture. On the other hand, G. mellonella is an excellent model
organism for in vivo toxicity testing. In this study, G. mellonella larvae were reared on honeycomb in the
laboratory at 27±2°C, 60±5% relative humidity and dark conditions. Different doses (100, 500, 1000, 3000
and 5000 ppm) of Zinc oxide NP were added to the diet of second instar larvae of G. mellonella and the
effects of zinc oxide NP on the number of hemocyte of last instar larvae were determined. It was found that
the number of hemocytes of the groups that were exposed to 1000, 3000 and 5000 ppm zinc oxide NP
decreased significantly.
Key words: Ecotoxicology, Galleria mellonella, Hemocytes, Zinc oxide nanoparticles.
Acknowledgment: The authors thank Marmara University, Scientific Research Project Funding (BAPKO)
for their financial support [Project number: FEN-C-DRP-100713-0334].
392
Effects of Titanium dioxide Nanoparticles on Hemocytes of Galleria mellonella (L.) (Lepidoptera:
Pyralidae)
Tolga ZORLU1* and Z. Ulya NURULLAHOĞLU1 and Serhat KAYA2
1
Marmara University, Faculty of Science and Arts, Department of Biology, Istanbul, TURKEY
([email protected])
2
Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Faculty of Science and Arts, Department of Biology, Çanakkale,
TURKEY
ABSTRACT
Nanomaterial contamination has become a global problem for ecosystem. Engineered nanomaterials have
been used in both commercial and scientific studies in decade years, because of their properties. Investigation
of the effects of nanomaterials on living organisms has been also increasing lately. Titanium dioxide (TiO 2)
nanoparticles (NPs), is widely added to the structure of the various consumer products as in pharmacological
and antibacterial products and used often at water treatment, self-cleaning applications, optic technology and
air cleaning. However, its ecological and toxicological effects have not known. The Greater Wax Moth,
Galleria mellonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) is an important pest located almost everywhere on the earth
and it’s a good model organism for the physiological and ecological studies. Cellular immune system of
insects refer to hemocytes- mediated responses. Therefore, number of hemocytes are so many important to
determine the toxicity for insects. In this study, G. mellonella larvae were fed on the diets each added 100,
500, 1000, 3000 and 5000 ppm TiO 2 NPs from the 2nd to last instar to determine the effects on the number of
hemocytes. The mass rearing culture and the treatment groups of G. mellonella were reared in laboratory at
27±2°C, 60±5% relative humidity, and constant dark conditions. Results showed that higher doses (3000 and
5000 ppm) of TiO2 NPs caused of decrease in the number of hemocytes of the last instar larvae of G.
mellonella.
Keywords: Ecotoxicology, Galleria mellonella, Hemocyte, TiO2 nanoparticles.
Acknowledgment: The authors thank to Marmara University, Scientific Research Project Funding (BAPKO)
for their financial support [Project number: FEN-C-YLP-041213-0457].
393
Investigation of Heavy Metals in Soil Transport Mechanism
Melayib BİLGİN 1, Şevket Tulun* 2
1, 2
M. Bilgin, Ş.Tulun’ Faculty of Engineering, Aksaray University, AKSARAY.
ABSTRACT
This study investigated how transported heavy metals in the soil. Four different soil samples already prepared
for the heavy metal solutions using a continuous flow system were filtration process. Half hour intervals
samples were taken from the system, from the first sample examined changes in Ph. After removing the
sample from the filtration step, a continuous flow system starting from the top portion 0 – 5, 5 – 10 and 10 –
15 cm long aliquot and DG – EN – 12 method of soil test are carried out for each piece. Heavy metal
retention capacity of the soil each thread ICP device was investigated. Accumulation of heavy metals in the
soil occurs at depths close to the surface. Decreases with increasing depth of soil heavy metal retention
capacity. Soft texture and structure with clusters of heavy metals during filtration pH values didn’t change too
much. Nickel has been found builds up as a heavy metal. Lead accumulates in the maximum observed a slight
textured soils. Crome basic and slight texture soils tend to more accumulated.
Depending on the nature of heavy metals in different soil types and soil layers held heavy metals. Heavy
metals in the soil physical and chemical events in the transport mechanism of ion exchange was observed that
significant influence.
Key words: Heavy metals, Filtration, Soil pollution.
394
Separation and Purification of Lipase using Cu nanoparticle embedded poly(HEMA -MATrp)
Cryogels
Kadir Erol*1, Kazım Köse2, Dursun Ali Köse3, Gülcin Alp Avcı4, Lokman Uzun5
1,3
Hitit University Faculty of Art and Science, Department of Chemistry, Çorum, TURKEY
2
Hitit University Scientific Technical Research and Application Center, Çorum, TURKEY
([email protected])
4
Hitit University Faculty of Science Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Çorum, TURKEY
([email protected])
5
Hacettepe University Faculty of Science Department of Chemistry, Ankara, TURKEY
([email protected])
ABSTRACT
Quality and efficiency of techniques to be used for separation and purification lipase en zymes are
commercially significant enzyme. Among such techniques, adsorption methods are extremely preferred.
Cryogels have been quite extensively used as the synthetic adsorbents due to their macropores and
interconnected flow channels. In this study, adsorption of lipase enzyme onto copper nanoparticles
embedded poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate-N-methacryloyl-L-tryptophan), poly(HEMA-MATrp)
cryogels was studies for conditions with varying pH, interaction time, lipase enzyme initial
concentration, temperature and ionic strength. Maximum lipase enzyme adsorption capacity of cryogel s
was determined as 183.6 mg/g. Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR) and scanning electron
microscopy (SEM) were used for characterization of cryogels. At the end of the adsorption process, in
order to be sure that the purity of lipase enzyme desorbed from cryogels, SDS-PAGE analyses were
performed and molecular weight of the lipase enzyme was determined as 58 kDa. Adsorption
characteristic of cryogels were determined according to the results of Langmuir and Freundlich
adsorption isotherm models. As a result of calculation run for adsorption isotherm models, Langmuir
isotherm model was determined to be more appropriate.
Key Words: Adsorption, Cryogel, Lipase, Seperation.
395
Fe(II)-Co(II) double salt incorporated magnetic hydrophobic
microparticles for invertase adsorption
Kazım Köse*1, Kadir Erol2, Asiye Aslı Emniyet3, Dursun Ali Köse4, Gülcin Alp Avcı5, Lokman Uzun6
1
Hitit University Scientific Technical Research and Application Center, Çorum, TURKEY
([email protected])
2,4
Hitit University Faculty of Art and Science, Department of Chemistry, Çorum, TURKEY
3
Hitit University, Institute of Science Department of Biology, Çorum, Turkey
([email protected])
5
Hitit University Faculty of Science Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Çorum, TURKEY
([email protected])
6
Hacettepe University Faculty of Science Department of Chemistry, Ankara, TURKEY
([email protected])
ABSTRACT
Invertase (β-fructofuranoside fructohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.26) is an commercially importrant enzyme for the
food industry. One of the main function of this enzyme is the formation of glucose and fructose through
hydrolysis of sucrose. Magnetic poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate-N-methacryloyl-Ltryptophan), mpoly(HEMA-MATrp), microparticles were synthesized for the separation and purification of this important
enzyme from aqueous solutions. Magnetic properties of microparticles are analyzed using ferromagnetic
Fe(II)-Co(II) double salt. Characterization studies of magnetic microparticles were performed via vibration
sample magnetometer (VSM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron
microscopy (SEM) analysis. Specific surface area of magnetic microparticles is found 6.75 m2/g. Adsorption
capability of magnetic microparticles was determined by different conditions such as pH, interaction time,
initial invertase concentration, temperature, and ionic strength. The maximum adsorption capacity was found
as 943 mg invertase/g magnetic microparticles. Purity of desorbed invertase enzyme was investigated using
SDS-PAGE analysis.
Key Words: Adsorption, Double Salt, Hydrophobic Microparticles, Invertase, Magnetic Seperation.
396
The Determination of oxidative stress level of nano and non-nano boron in Chodatodesmus
mucranulatus
Betül YILMAZ ÖZTÜRK1 Yeşim ÖZKAN2 Baran AŞIKKUTLU3 Cengiz AKKÖZ*3
1
Eskişehir Osmangazi University Institute of Science and Technology, Department of Biotechnology and
Biosafety, TURKEY
2
Ordu University Faculty of Art & Science Department of Biology, TURKEY
3
Selçuk University Faculty of Science Department of Biology, TURKEY
ABSTRACT
Nanomaterials found a wide area of use in the industry thanks to its new properties that emerge as the
material’s dimensions approach nano-scale, and the developed products have entered the daily life quickly.
One of these is titanium dioxide nanoparticles. Boron nanoparticles are being evaluated as a potential fuel
source. Boron nanoparticles releases energy after metal oxidation, and medical research. The nanoparticles
that are produced due to the fast development of nanotechnology are causing concern over their potential
toxicity and ecotoxicity, and they also cause concern due to their health and environment hazards. It is a
known fact that most of the industrial and urban wastes and waste water discharges flow into rivers, lakes and
coastal waters. For this reason, it is inevitable for the nanoscaled industrial products and waste products to
mix with aquatic environments. Green algae, which is part of the aquatic environment is affected by these
nanoparticles. This algae lead to oxidative stres.
In this study, the effect of nano boron and non-nano boron particles on the oxidative stress were studied. On
the upshot, more oxidative damage cause by nano boron has been recorded. An indicator of oxidative stress is
reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS activity increased by nano boron is much higher than ROS activity
increased by a non-nano boron particles in the same concentration. Moreover, it was observed that
increasement of ROS activity was inversely proportional with nano boron particles concentration, on the other
hand, it was proportional with non-nano boron concentration.
Keywords: ROS, oxidative stres, boron nanoparticles, toxicity.
397
Effect of AgTiO2 Nanoparticles on chlorophyll-a, b and carotenoids of Desmedesmus multivariabilis
Yeşim ÖZKAN 1 Betül YILMAZ ÖZTÜRK 2 Cengiz AKKÖZ*3 Baran AŞIKKUTLU3
1
2
Biosafety, TURKEY (E-mail: [email protected])
3
ABSTRACT
The microscobic green algea are amazing organisms; living in lakes, rivers, seas and even on the ground/soil.
In their structure they have chlorophyl-a, chlorophyl-b and carotenoid pigments However, due to they are
forming the first footstep in the food pyramid, any variation they could have effect directly or indirectly the
other organisms. Recently, the rapidly rising productions of the engineered nanoparticles and their releases to
the environment by using them has been increased. Therefore, it’s urgent and necessary to examine and to
determine the tolarence levels of this nanoparticles that are released to the environment.
In this study, its been investigated the effects of the nanoparticles pervaded environment whether expose
changing in the green algea, particularly on the amounts of the chlorophyl-a, chlorophyl-b and carotenoid
pigments that are located in chloraplast which is the center of photosyntesis. To test and study this, it’s been
used Desmodesmus multivariabilis algae. It was isolated in Beykavağı Göleti and designated by using
molecular diagnostic methods. Treatment of the algae with acut was performed in the BG-11 medium by 0.1,
0.01, 0.001 mg/L concentrations. In the process of the treatment in every 24 hours 2 mL sample was taken
and chlorophyl a, b and carotenoid levels were determined by Lichtenthaler and Wellburn methods.
The lowest pigment amount of Desmodesmus multivariabilis for chlorophyl a is 72th hour 0.01 mg/L
concentration for chlorophyl b 24th hour 0.01 mg/L and for Carotenoid 48th hour 0.1 mg/L.
In Desmodesmus multivariabilis, treatment by 72 hours the amount of the pigments was changed. In this
pigments the chlorophyl a is the highest effected one. However the algae cells were observed to adopt the
environment in the treatment process.
Keywords: Nanotoxicology, Chlorophyta, acute toxicity, Desmodesmus multivariabilis
398
The Comparative Effects Acute Toxicity of Nano and Non-Nano Boron Particles in Artemia salina
(Brine shrimp)
Yeşim ÖZKAN1 Gözde KILINÇ*2
1
2
Amasya University Department of Veterinary, TURKEY
(E-mail: gozde.kılınç@amasya.edu.tr)
ABSTRACT
Mostly chemical are released to rivers through sewage and causes pollution. It is a well known reality that
most of the industrial wastes and urban waste water discharges is mixed with rivers, lakes and coastal waters.
Therefore, mixing of nano-dimensional industrial products and byproducts to aquatic environments is
unavoidable. Thus, aquatic species are used for ecotoxicological tests One of these chemicals are
nanoparticles commonly mentioned in the recent years and the term nanotoxicology is accepted as a subbranch of toxicology in the science world. Nanotoxicology is considered as a new branch of toxicology that
explains the health-threatening harmful effects originated from nanoparticles. Nanoparticles have different
physical and chemical properties than those of conventional materials. As they are prone to aggregate and
sink in the aqueous medium they are in, motion systems must be used to study their toxic behavior.
Acute exposure test for Artemia nauplii was carried out according to the OECD 202 test guide. Artemia
salina (crustacea, Anostraca) known as brine shrimp, that their typical inhabitants of uttermost salina
biotopes. The Artemia salina (Brine shrimp) is an invertebrate complementary of the fauna the of aquatic
environment. The determined concentration of nano and non-nano boron Particles were applied on the
Artemia culture. after exposure to acute, nano boron, non-nano boron particles according to were recorded.
Also, the artemia in the control group had no visible change in the digestive system and the intestines were
almost empty. No missing extremities (antennae) or malformations were observed. The artemia subject to
nanoparticles showed changes in the eye formation enlargement of the intestine malformations in the outer
Shell and extremity loss and malformation (antennae) were the first observed changes under the microscope.
Keywords: Boron, Nanotoxicology, Artemia salina, Acute toxicity, nanoparticles.
399
Determining the effect of the Bioaccumulations and oxidative stres of Chodatodesmus mucranulatus
Exposed to ZnO-TiO2 Nanoparticles
Yeşim ÖZKAN*1, Betül YILMAZ ÖZTÜRK2
1
2
Biosafety, TURKEY
ABSTRACT
To date an unprecedented, rapid change in environmental conditions is observed. These environmental
changes mainly originate from anthropogenic activities, which have caused air and soil pollution, acid
precipitation, soil degradation, salinity, increasing UV‐B radiation, climate change, etc. Especially in recent
years, one of these anthropogenic activity is release and use of nanoparticles. Some of these stress factors may
fluctuate significantly in intensity and duration on time scales of hours, days, seasons, or years; others may
change slowly and gradually affect plant growth conditions. Oxidative damage to biological material is
inflicted on compounds of all major chemical classes. Thus, oxygen toxicity has an impact on nucleic acids,
proteins and free amino acids, lipids, and carbonhydrates.
In this study, the effect of oxidative stres and bioaccumulations of the nanoparticles on the green algae was
investigated. Chodatodesmus mucranulatus is a planktonic and unicellular organism that also have the feature
of colony formation This organism generaly lives in freshwater. As a result of research, when the exposed
groups compared with the control group, terms of reactive oxygen species (ROS) activity; especially, there is
a serious increase in 0.1 mg/l concentrations. ROS activity decreases with decreasing concentration of
nanoparticles.The accumulation of nanoparticles in algae. Increased with increasing concentrations. With
reference to, the maximum accumulation 0.1 mg/l concentrations, minimum accumulations 0.001 mg/l
concentrations.
Keywords: Chlorophyta, AgTiO2 nanoparticles, ROS, Nanotoxicology, Acute toxicity.
400
The Comparative Determination of oxidative stress level of nano and non-nano boron in Desmodesmus
multivariabilis
1
2
Yeşim ÖZKAN*1, Betül YILMAZ ÖZTÜRK2
Biosafety, TURKEY
ABSTRACT
The nanotechnology industry has made a rapid progress by introducing unusual properties to the substances at
nano scales. Nanotechnology applications lead to changes in the basic, physical and chemical properties of
conventional materials. These changes show rapid progress when conventional materials gain unseen
properties on the nano-scale; therefore, new materials with excellent electrical, optical and mechanical
properties are created. Such properties of nanoparticles have also raised concerns about their potential
toxicities and ecotoxicology. Nanoparticles may cause a toxic effect through several different mechanisms on
the living organisms. One of these effects is the cellular oxidative stress in the living organism caused by the
in vivo free radicals that occur as the result of the main molecular mechanism of nanotoxicity. The free
radicals that occur in the case of extreme exposure to nanoparticles cause damage in the biological
components by giving rise to the oxidation of lipids, proteins and the DNA. boron particles were used in this
study.
Nano boron and non-nano boron particles is almost identical effects on oxidative stress caused by algae. Both
nano boron and non-nano boron particles leads to different levels of oxidative stress.
Key words: Desmodesmus multivariabilis, ROS, oxidative stres, boron nanoparticles, toxicity.
401
Investigation of the effect on the pigment density of ZnO-TiO2 nanoparticles on Chodatodesmus
mucranulatus
Betül YILMAZ ÖZTÜRK*1 Yeşim ÖZKAN2 Baran AŞIKKUTLU3
1
Biosafety, TURKEY
2
3
ABSTRACT
Chodatodesmus mucranulatus is a planktonic and unicellular organism that also have the feature of colony
formation. This organism generaly lives in freshwater. Like as other green algea have, there are chlorophyl a,
b and carotenoid in it’s structure. The Word “nano” is used as a technical measurement unit and it means one
billionth. The term “Nanotechnology” is a field of science that engage in the objects formed smaller than
100 nm. The increases of the usage of nanomaterilas and rapid development of nanotechnology have leaded
to some concerns about the side effects of the nanoscaled materials.
In this study, its been investigated the effects of the titanium dioxide-zinc oxide nanoparticles on green algea
whether cause any change in chlorophyl a, chlorophyl b and carotenoid pigments. The Chodatodesmus
mucranulatus test organism was isolated in Apa Dam Lake and species designation has been done by
molecular methods. When they have reached enough number of growth treated 72 hours with the medium
prepared with ZnO-TiO2 at the concentration of 0.1, 0.01 and 0.001 mg/L. In the process of the treatment in
every 24 hours, 2 mL sample was taken and chlorophyl a, b and carotenoid levels were determined by
Lichtenthaler and Wellburn methods.
In the cultured algea, with 72 hours treatment, its been observed that ZnO-TiO2 nanoparticles has the toxic
effects and in terms of photosynthetic activities carotenoids were effected the most. The reason for this could
have been considered that during the treatment carotenoids were turned into chlorophyl-a. However the algae
cells were observed to adopt the environment in the treatment process.
Keywords: Chlorophyta, Chodatodesmus mucranulatus, Nanoparticles, Acute toxicity.
402
The Effects of Levels Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and Bioaccumulations Desmodesmus
multivariabilis Exposed to AgTiO2 Nanoparticles
Betül YILMAZ ÖZTÜRK*1 Yeşim ÖZKAN2
1
Biosafety, TURKEY
2
ABSTRACT
The nanotechnology industry has made a rapid progress by introducing unusual properties to the substances at
nano scales. Such properties of nanoparticles have also raised concerns about their potential toxicities and
ecotoxicology. Plants encounter plenty of stress factors. Plants affect growth and development throughout
their life cycles owing to their sessile nature. These stress factors may be biotic and abiotic origin. And
thereby, creates physiological and biochemical damage in plants. Several reactive oxygen species (ROS) are
continuously produced in plants as by products of aerobic metabolism. Depending on the nature of the ROS
species, some are highly toxic and rapidly detoxified by various cellular enzymatic and nonenzymatic
mechanisms. The evolution of aerobic metabolic processes such as respiration and photosynthesis
unavoidably led to the production of reactive oxyen species (ROS) in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and
peroxisomes. A common feature among the different ROS types is their capacity to cause oxidative damage to
proteins, DNA, and lipids.
The purpose of this study, the effect of oxidative stres (reactive oxygen species) and bioaccumulations of the
AgTiO2 nanoparticles on Desmodesmus multivariabilis was researched. Desmodesmus multivariabilis is a
planktonic and unicellular organism that also have the feature of colony formation. This organism generaly
lives in freshwater.
As a result, When compared with a control group groups, exposed to AgTiO2 nanoparticles, at 0.001 mg /l
concentration namely, maximum ROS activity was observed in the group of lowest concentration. 0.01 mg /l
if the concentration is close to 0.001 mg /l concentration. Control group and 0.1 mg /l showed the same
activity. Looking at the results accumulation, silver (Ag) and titanium (Ti) particles were evaluated
separately.
According to the Ti nanoparticles of Ag nanoparticles is much more accumulated. Both titanium and silver
nanoparticles increased accumulation with concentration increases of nanoparticles in algae.
Keywords: Chlorophyta, AgTiO2 nanoparticles, ROS, Acute toxicity.
403
A Study on Electrochemical Investigation of Histamine In Bee Venom
A. Kekillioğlu 1, M. Çalışkan*2
1,
2
Nevşehir H.B.V. Uni, Faculty of Arts & Sciences, Dept. of Biology, 50300, TURKEY
Nevşehir H.B.V. Uni, Institute of Science and Technology Dept. of Biology, 50300, TURKEY
ABSTRACT
In this study, It is
intended to detect the amount of histamine in the venom of
Apis mellifera (Insecta Hymenoptera: Apidae). Histamine is a biogenic amine. Biogenic amines can
cause
direct
or
indirect
toxicity
when
their
concentration
levels
are
high.
Because of this there are many physiological and pathological effects of histamine
in the organism metabolism. Therefore, determination of trace histamine is very important. Especially
Apidae (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Apoidea) species venoms can comprise a high amount of histamine.
According to current knowledge, diferent taxa of Hymenoptera venoms constitute of %1 - %2
histamine. In this study, electrochemical methods have been used for the analysis of histamine. Also
the methods that histamine is electroactive and conditions are evaluated. The proposed method was
successfully applied to the determination of histamine in Venom of Apis mellifera (Insecta:
Hymenoptera: Apoidea). As a result of the application 2.53 mg of histamine was determine d in 1 g. bee
venom.
Keywords: Histamine, Determination, Bee, Venom, Electrochemical method.
Acknowledgment: The authors thank Nevsehir Hacı Bektas Veli University, Scientific Research Project
Funding (NeU BAP) for their financial support [Project number: NEUBAP 2011/13].
404
Polen Analysis of Regional Propolis of Turkey
A. Kekillioğlu 1, Z. KOÇAL*2
1,
2
Nevşehir H.B.V. Uni, Institute of Science and Technology Dept. of Biology, 50300, TURKEY
ABSTRACT
Propolis is a product based on resins collected from resinous sprouts and exudates of some plants by bees of
Apis mellifera. In the beehive, the propolis is used by the bees to defend them from the invaders and
promotes conservation of their bodies, protecting the beehive from the resultant plagues of putrefaction.
Propolis has been used in the traditional medicine since the primordial times of humanity, having acquired
popularity between Egyptians Arabs, Greeks, and many other civilizations In fact, different works attribute
important properties to propolis, namely antibacterial, antifungal and anti-inflammatory For all these reasons,
this natural product awakened interest in the pharmaceutical industry, mainly in Euro-Asian countries, being
propolis introduced in different products for human consumption like drinks, foods and cosmetics. Pollen can
occur in propolis firstly through sticking to plant resins in the case of wind pollinated flowers, secondly by
being introduced from stored pollen loads inside the hives, or thirdly by being transported on the hairs of bees
which have been in contact with pollen in the field. In this study, it is aimed to analyze the polen composition
and the characteristics in some regional propolis of Turkey.
Keywords: Propolis, Polen, Analysis, Apis mellifera, Turkey
405
Ecological Succession of Arthropoda (Insecta) in Forensic Entomology
A. Kekillioğlu*
ABSTRACT
Insects are the most diverse and abundant forms of life on earth. There are over a million described species
more than 2/3 of all known organisms. Forensic Entomology is the use of the insects and other arthropods that
feed on decaying remains to aid legal investigations When an animal organism dies, insects will be attracted
to the body. They enter exposed orifices or wounds and lay eggs or larvae. Determination of the time or site
of human death based on identification of arthropods collected from or near corpses. Forensic Entomology is
used to determine time since death (the time between death and corpse discovery) This is called postmortem
interval or PMI). Ecological succession occurs as an unexploited habitat is invaded by a series of different
organisms. The first invasion is by insect species which will alter the habitat in some form by their activities.
These changes make the habitat attractive to a second wave of organisms which, in turn, alter the habitat for
use by yet another organisms. Therefore Necrophages - Omnivores - Parasites and Predators – Incidentals are
the main characters of decomposition ecology respectivelyin terms of ecological succession. Finally
Examining the Arthropoda’s (Insecta) ecological successions involved in forensic entomology processes
forms the basis purpose and content of the study.
Keywords: Ecology, Succession, Forensic Entomology, Arthropoda
406
The Importance of planting open - Green Field: The Case of Nigde
G.Sandal Erzurumlu* 1, B. Kahveci 2
1, 2 1,2
( ) Niğde University, Faculty of Architecture, Department of Landscape Architecture, Niğde, Turkey.
E-mail: [email protected], [email protected]
ABSTRACT
In urban environments green areas play an important part in forming good quality environments with their
ecological, economical, physical, social and aesthetic functions.Creating a livable environment with open and
green spaces has been an indispensable part of our lives. In this research, afforestation studies performed in
open-green spaces of Nigde city were evaluated from viewpoint of choice of species, lanscape design and
techniques, and some recommendations were introduced. In the current applications, use of limited number of
species for afforestation, and as a result of this, formation of uniform planting design and some inappropriate
technical approaches for planting and maintenance were determined as the principle problems. To solve the
problems, ascertaining plant material used in landscape plans in Nigde province, related analyses were done
with regard to planting design and also application problems and their solutions were discussed.
Keywords: Green field, Landscape design, Nigde, Plant species, Urban environment
407
The mixture toxicity of synergistic compounds combined with pesticides in Tuta absoluta
M. Yalcin* 1, C. Turgut 1 and P. B. Kurt-Karakus
1,
2
Department of Plant Protection, Fac. of Agriculture, Adnan Menderes University, Aydin, Turkey
2,
Faculty of Natural Science Architecture and Engineering Dept. of Env. Eng., Bursa Technical University,
Bursa, Turkey
ABSTRACT
The mixture toxicity of pesticides and three synergistic compounds were investigated using Tuta absoluta as
test organisms collected from different locations. The mixture of five pesticides (indoxacarb, spinosad,
azadirachtin, chlorantraniliprole and metaflumizone) and synergistic compounds (diethyl maleate (DEM),
triphenyl phosphate (TPP) and piperonyl butoxide (PBO)) were measured by using dip bioassay method and
compared with the LC50 values of the pesticides. Pesticide application alone exhibited low toxicity whereas
pesticides mixed with diethyl maleate (DEM), triphenyl phosphate (TPP) and piperonyl butoxide (PBO)
increased the toxicity of pesticides to Tuta absoluta. The mixture of PBO and pesticides caused the highest
toxicity among tested pesticides. The application of spinosad mixed with PBO increased the toxicity of
spinosad 27 times. In conclusion, the mixture toxicity of pesticides expecially with synergistic compounds is
not easy to expect from different locations and varieties of organisms. Further studies with more pesticides
combined with synergists are needed to conduct with different organisms.
Keywords: pesticides, toxicity, mixture toxicity,
Acknowledgment: The authors thank Adnan Menderes University, Research Project Funding for their
financial support [Project number: ZRF12038].
408
The Acute Toxicity of Mercury (II) Chloride upon Pseudorasbora parva
(Temminck & Schlegel, 1846)
1
1
Mehmet Yılmaz Ali Gül* , Nurcan Uzel1 Sezin Kubilay1 Ömer Saylar2, Semra Benzer2
1 Gazi Üniversitesi, Gazi Eğitim Fakültesi, Fen Bilgisi Eğitimi ABD, 06500, Teknikokullar, Ankara
2 Gazi Üniversitesi Gazi Eğitim Fakültesi Biyoloji Eğitimi Anabilim Dalı, 06500, Teknikokullar, Ankara
Sorumlu yazar e-posta: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
The industrial and agricultural activities are causing an excessive environmental pollution. The terrestrial
pollution reaches to the aquatic ecosystem by various ways. The heavy metals and its compounds have a
particularly important role in this process. Among these metals mercury is one of the major pollutants
appears as two different forms in aquatic eco systems: An inorganic mercury and methyl mercury (CH 3Hg+).
Mercury (II) chloride, water soluble mercury salt has a quite a big toxic effect. This study is concerned with
the investigation of the toxicity and the behavioral effect of Hg 2Cl2 upon invasive Pseudorasbora parva
species.
The P. parva species investigated were obtained from Mogan Lake and subjected to a pre toxicity tests in
order to determine the experimental concentration. There were 10 fishes selected for the control and
experimental groups. The temperature was kept constant at 22±1 oC for 96 hours throughout the experimental
period where the mortality rates and the behavioral changes were determined. The LC50 value was determined
by the use of EPA Probit analysis and Behrens Karber method.
The static acute toxicity 96 hour LC50 value by the use of EPA Probit analysis was 0.409 (0.332-0.490) mg/L.
There were no mortalities in the control group. The LC50 value obtained by the use of Behrens Karber method
was found to be 0,445 mg/L. There was not any statistically significant difference between these two values.
The fish in the experimental group were observed to swim faster, whirl around their own axis and come to
the surface much more frequently compared with the fish in the control group.
The results revealed that Hg2Cl2 coming from various sources is toxic upon the invasive species of P. parva
which has a very high level of tolerance against she ecological pressures. That is why its use needs to be
restricted.
Key words: Pseudorasbora parva, Mercury II chloride, LC50, acute toxicity
409
The acute toxicity of Fenitrothion upon
Pseudorasbora parva (Temminck & Schlegel, 1846)
Ali Gül*1 Mehmet Yılmaz1, Sezin Kubilay1 Semra Benzer2, Ömer Saylar2
1 Gazi Üniversitesi Gazi Eğitim Fakültesi Biyoloji Eğitimi Anabilim Dalı, 06500, Teknikokullar, Ankara
2 Gazi Üniversitesi, Gazi Eğitim Fakültesi, Fen Bilgisi Eğitimi ABD, 06500, Teknikokullar, Ankara
Sorumlu yazar e-posta: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
The effects of pollutants upon the living organisms are determined by the use of various acute toxicity tests.
The most common acute toxicity test is the lethality test which determines the resulting lethality level and the
degree of the effect of the organs had after being exposed to the toxic compound.
Fenitrothion is an organic phosphorous containing insecticide which has been in use for the agricultural
activities for a quite long time. This study is related to the investigation of lethal effects of Fenitrothion upon
Pseudorasbora parva (Temminck & Schlegel, 1846) an exotic an invasive species which has a very large
tolerance to the ecological pressures.
P. parva is described as an invasive species since it rapidly propagates and spreads in the aquatic ecosystems
and exert a pressure on other aquatic fish species. The P. parva species collected from Mogan Lake were
subjected to statistical 96 hours bio tests to determine the mortality rate and behavioral abnormalities. The
mortality, behavior and general conditions of the species were monitored and recorded throughout the study.
EPA Probit Analysis and Behrens Karber LC50 values were found to be 16.854 mg/L (with a min. and max.
values were 22.125 and 12.839 mg/L) and 17.0 mg/L which showed no statistical difference. There was no
mortality observed in the control group. The fish displayed behavioral abnormalities such as haphazard
swimming patterns, sudden twists around their own axis, loss of balance, gathering under the or top of the
water in motionless manner, attempting to breath from the surface and sinking down the bottom and
remaining motionless for prolonged periods.
LC50 value obtained for P. parva sp against Fenitrothion, revealed that the compound is highly toxic and it use
must be regulated in accordance to the environmental criteria.
Key words: Fenitrothion, Pseudorasbora parva, LC50, acute toxicity
410
Effect of pH level on Bacterial Induced Cementation of Sands
Ayhan GURBUZ1, Yasin Dursun SARI2 ,Zehra Nur YUKSEKDAG3
1
Gazi University, Faculty of Engineering, Civil Engineering Department, 06570, Ankara-Turkey,
([email protected] , [email protected])
2
Atilim University, Engineering Faculty, Civil Engineering Department, 06836, Ankara-Turkey
3
Gazi University, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology, 06500, Ankara-Turkey
ABSTRACT
This study reveals the effect of pH level on the cementation concept of bacterial induced calcite precipitation
generated by bacteria. Sporosarcina pasteurii, abundantly present in soils and aerobic type of bacteria, is
grown in laboratory environment and injected to the matrix of both heat sterilized and non-sterilized
specimens prepared in loose state from two types of sand. Subsequent nutrient mediums are introduced to the
specimens to accelerate the development of cementation level. The images of scanning electron microscope
are taken to identify the creation of cementation from precipitation of calcite on the surface and pores of sand
matrix.
Key words: pH level, Bacterial Induced Cementation, Sand,
411
Determination of pesticide residual levels of grapes produced in Nevsehir
Erkan KALIPCI*1, Serkan SAHINKAYA1, Kemal ŞEN2
1
Department of Environmental Engineering, Nevsehir Hacı Bektas Veli University, 50300 Nevsehir, Turkey.
Phone: +90 384 228 1000, Fax: +90 384 228 1123
2
Department of Food Engineering, Nevsehir Hacı Bektas Veli University, 50300 Nevsehir, Turkey. Phone:
+90 384 228 1000, Fax: +90 384 228 1123
ABSTRACT
Many chemical substances are used in agricultural products in order to protect them from diseases and
weeds. These compounds used in chemical control are called "pesticides". The pesticides in Turkey are
especially used in fruit and vegetable growing potently. In grape growing, insecticides, fungicidals and
herbicides are commonly used. Among them, 2,4-D and its esters known as a herbicide were illegalized in
many countries all over the world due to their ecotoxic effects. However, usage of this pesticide in our
country is legal and commonly applied in vineyards. In this study, residue amounts of totally 35 pesticides
including 2,4-D and its esters in table grape samples were determined. Totally 50 grape samples were used in
the analysis and they were obtained from local bazaars where they were presented to the consumption of the
public. The pesticides were extracted by using multi-residue analysis method. In the calculation and
description of pesticide amounts in grapes, GC-MS technique was used. In this research, residue amounts
determined in grapes were assessed as 3 repetitions per sample according to "Turkish Food Codex,
Regulation Related to Making Amendments in Maximum Residue Limit Regulations for Pesticides" (Official
Journal: 03.01.2013; No: 28517). As a result of residue analysis, pesticide residues were not found in 63% of
total samples among fresh grapes. According to the findings obtained in the research, residue was determined
in 32% of total samples under MRL value and residue was determined in 5% of total samples above national
and international MRL values. In the samples, the residue amounts of Aldrin, 2,4-D its esters, Endrin and
Chlorpyrifos pesticides were found higher than maximum residue limits determined by both regulations
mentioned above and joint commissions of United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)
together with World Health Organization (WHO) as well as according to European Union instructions
permitted in European countries.
Key Words: Grape, Pesticide, Residue amount, Nevsehir.
412
Physiological and Cytogenetic effects of insecticide Korban 25 W on Allium cepa L.
Nihal GÖMÜRGEN1, Gökçen BAYSAL FURTANA2, Rukiye TIPIRDAMAZ1
1
2
Hacettepe University, Science Faculty, Biology Department, Beytepe, Ankara/TURKEY
Gazi University, Science Faculty, Biology Department, Tekniokullar, Ankara/TURKEY
[email protected]
ABSTRACT
Cytotoxic and physiological effects of insecticide Korban 25 W (0,0-diethyl 0-(3, 5, 6 trichloro 2-pyridyl
phosphorothioate) were investigated on Allium cepa L. The roots of 5 days old seedlings were treated with 0
g/lt (control=tap water), 2 g/lt, 3 g/lt and 4 g/lt concentrations of Korban 25 W for at 5 and 10 days.
The results indicate that Korban 25 W significantly decreased Mitotic Index (MI) and increased the
chromosome aberrations (micronucleus, chromosome bridge, sticky metaphase) at all concentrations and
treatment periods when compared with their controls. It was also found that Korban 25 W enhanced the lipid
peroxidation and caused an increase in Malondialdehide (MDA) level and the changes Superoxide dismutase
(SOD) and Catalase (CAT) activities. All these changes were depending on dose and duration of applied
Korban 25 W.
Key words: Allium cepa, insecticide, chromosome aberrations, genotoxic effects, mitotic index, lipid
peroxidation (MDA), antioxidants.
413
Paleoenvironment setting and Benthic Foraminiferal Assemblage of Çamardı (Niğde) Eocene
Sediments
Feyza DİNÇER* 1 and Niyazi AVŞAR 2
1
Department of Geology Engineering, Nevşehir Hacı Bektaş Veli University, NEVŞEHİR
2
Department of Geology Engineering, Çukurova University, ADANA
ABSTRACT
Benthic Foraminiferal are the main skeletal carbonate producers in Eocene and their di versity and
distribution of are controlled by different environmental factors. In this study, biostratigraphy of
benthic Foraminiferal and paleoenvironmental changes of the middle Eocene formation are investigated
in the Çamardı Region. The study area is situated in the southeast part of Niğde in central Anatolia.
Çamardı Region is comprised of Pre-Paleogene, Neogene and Quaternary units. The study was carried
out in Kaleboynu Formation which was aged Eocene. The formation is consists of limestone, sandston e,
conglomerate and clayey and sandy limestone. Two different stratigraphic sections were measured in
order to assess the biostratigraphy of this formation. As a result of the examination of 191 thin sections
under the microscope, 6 genera and 15 species were identified to characterize Early and Middle
Lutetian, systematically.
Alveolina callosa Hottinger, A. aff. obtusa Montanari, A. obtusa Montanari, A. pinguis Hottinger, A.
levantina Hottinger, A. frumentiformis Schwager, A. stercusmuris Mayer-Eymar, Asterigerina rotula
(Kaufmann), Lockhartia alveolata Silvestri, Assilina exponens (Sowerby), Nummulites praediscorbinus
Schaub characterize Early Lutetian. Nummulites beaumonti d’Archiac and Haime, N. millecaput
Boubée, N. praeaturicus Schaub and Discocyclina cf. harrisoni Vaughan are placed within the Middle
Lutetian layers. Based on the identified benthic foraminifera, three larger benthic foraminiferal zones
(SBZ 13, 14 and 15) were identified for Kaleboynu formation. The benthic foraminiferal assemblages
are typical for shallow marine environments. According to lithological characteristics and benthic
foraminiferal content, it is concluded that the study area has formed under a reefal environment.
Keywords: Benthic, Biozone, Çamardı, Eocene, Paleoenvironment.
414
Phytoremediation of Cadmium (Cd) from Agricultural Soils Using Dock (Rumex patientia L.)
S. Adiloğlu* 1, A. Adiloğlu 1, F. Eryilmaz Açıkgöz 2 T.Yeniaras1, Y. Solmaz 1,
1,
Namık Kemal University, Faculty of Agriculture, Dept. of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, Tekirdağ,
2
Namık Kemal University, Vocational School of Technical Sciences, Tekirdağ, TURKEY.
ABSTRACT
The aim of this research is to propound an innovative method to remediate the cadmium (Cd) pollution in
agriculture soils by using dock (Rumex patientia L.) plant. For this purpose, a pot experiment was conducted
on the campus of Namık Kemal University, namely its Faculty of Agriculture green house condition.
Cadmium (100 mg/kg) as Cd(NO3)3 forms was applied to each pot. Then EDTA chelate was applied to each
pot at four doses (0, 5, 10 and 15 mmol/kg) during the growing season of the plants. The plants were
harvested two months after planting. The soil in the samples was classified with neutral pH, low lime and
insufficient organic matter. The available phosphorus content and the exchangeable potassium content of
research area were both found to be sufficient. The experimental area soil was classified to be in clay (C)
texture. According to the field experiment results, root and shoot yield of plants decreased with increasing
EDTA doses. On the other hand, cadmium amount of root and shoot of the plants increased with increasing
EDTA application to the plants. These increases and decreases were found to be statistically significant at the
level of 1 %. According to the results of the experiment, heavy metal pollution of dock (Rumex patientia L.)
plant province can be remediated by the phytoremediation method.
Keywords: Phytoremediation, Soil pollution, Dock (Rumex patientia L.), Cd.
Acknowledgment: The authors thank Namık Kemal University, Scientific Research Project Funding (NKÜ
BAP) for their financial support [Project number: NKUBAP.00.24.AR.14.03].
415
Ammonia Removal from Chicken Manure
R.Ö. Surmeli*, A. Bayrakdar, R. Molaey and B. Calli
Department of Environmental Engineering, Marmara University, 34722 Goztepe, Kadikoy, Istanbul, Turkey
[email protected])
ABSTRACT
Chicken manure (CM) is one of the best alternatives due to its high biodegradable organic matter for anaerobic
digestion (AD). However, its high nitrogen content leads to inhibition for AD. Therefore, the aim of this study is
to investigate the biological hydrolysis of organic nitrogen in CM to ammonia nitrogen and remove and recover
ammonia from hydrolyzed CM by using separation techniques. Thus, the anaerobic digestion potential of CM can
be improved.
Batch experiments were done in 250 ml bottles (100±1 g CM) in duplicates. After transferring the CM, bottles
were flushed with nitrogen gas to maintain anaerobic conditions. Batch tests were conducted at different
temperatures (25, 35 and 55oC) and total solid concentrations (26%, 20% and 15%). Gas productions were
monitored daily by using water displacement method and gas compositions were analyzed by a gas
chromatograph 2-3 times/week. Ammonia nitrogen, TKN, total and soluble COD were determined by using
nesslerization, semi-micro kjeldahl digestion and closed reflux colorimetric method, respectively.
After 11 days, ammonia/TKN ratio increased from 9% to 15-32% with the increasing temperatures. Although
total COD of the samples did not change significantly, soluble COD increased up to 91%. Decreasing in organic
nitrogen and increasing in soluble COD concentrations might be a good solution for anaerobic digestion of CM.
Next step in this study will be removal and recover of ammonia nitrogen from hydrolyzed CM.
Keywords: Ammonia Recovery, Ammonia Removal, Biological Hydrolysis
Acknowledgment: This study was financially supported by Scientific and Technological Research Council of
Turkey (TÜBİTAK) [Project number: 113Y333].
416
Distribution of Copepoda Species in the Southern Black Sea in 2006-2007
Funda Üstün* 1, Levent Bat 2 and Şengül Beşiktepe 3
1, 2
Fisheries Faculty, Sinop University, TURKEY.
3
The Institute of Marine Sciences and Technology, Dokuz Eylül University, TURKEY.
ABSTRACT
In the present study; distribution, composition and abundance of copepod species in the southern Black Sea
(the Turkish EEZ) were studied at a total of 53 stations in June 2006, October 2006 and May 2007.
Samplings were carried out vertically by using Nansen plankton net with a 112 μm mesh size and 70 cm
diameter mouth opening.
During the sampling periods eight copepods species were identified (Acartia clausi, Calanus euxinus,
Centropages ponticus, Paracalanus parvus, Pontella mediterranea, Pseudocalanus elongatus, Oithona
nana, Oithona similis). Total copepod abundance was 33507 ind/m3 in June 2006, 71047 ind/m3 in October
2006 and 52264 ind/m3 in May 2007. Seasonal succession of species showed difference; P. elongatus was the
dominant species in June accounted for 28.6% of all copepods, A. clausi comprised almost half of the
copepod community in October and O. similis was dominant in May, comprised 44% of all copepods in the
Black Sea.
Keywords: Abundance, Black Sea, Copepoda, Distribution, Turkey.
Acknowledgment: The present work was funded by a project “TUBITAK CAYDAG-104Y289”.
417
Western Blot Analysis Used to Detect Van-Encoded D-Alanine-D-Lactate Ligase in Surface
Water Isolates
M. Nakipoglu* 1, F. Yilmaz 2 and B. Icgen3
1,3
2,3
Department of Biotechnology, Middle East Technical University, TURKEY.
ABSTRACT
Antibiotic resistant bacteria excreted by humans and animals treated with antibiotics are discharged
in the environment through untreated or partially treated sewage or manure runoff. Thus, the
environment becomes a collecting vessel of antibiotic resistant bacteria and resistance genes. This may
end up with the transfer of resistance genes among bacteria and appearance of novel combinations of
species with multiple resistant genes. In our previous studies we screened vancomycin/teicoplaninresistant bacteria in the river waters and showed that not only enterococcal surface water isolates but
also non-enterococcal ones harbored van genes. D-alanine-D-lactate ligase protein encoded by van genes
was also shown in all vancomycin/teicoplanin-resistant surface water isolates through sodium dodecyl sulfate
polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis previously. European Union and United States public health agencies
have developed recommendations for preventing the transmission of vancomycin resistance. Current
surveillance methods require a number of sequential steps and need a special series of culture media,
identification tests and skilled professionals. This study aimed at detecting vancomycin/teicoplanin-resistant
surface water isolates through western blot analysis with commercially available antibodies specific for Dalanine-D-lactate ligase protein. The commercially available D-alanine-D-lactate ligase-specific antibodies
usually target van harboring enterococcal isolates. Therefore, the efficiency of these antibodies to detect van
harboring non-enterococcal isolates also needs to be assessed. Once in the aquatic environment, bacteria of
different origin come into physical contact and may exchange resistance genes with the indigenous bacteria.
Therefore, surface waters may require different detection approaches for van harboring non-enterococcal
isolates.
Keywords: Vancomycin, teicoplanin, van genes, D-alanine-D-lactate ligase, surface waters
financial support through a 1002 project [Project number: 114Z973].
418
THE EFFECT OF VITAMIN SUPPLEMENT ON REPRODUCTION AND GROWTH OF GUPPY
(Poecilia reticulata Peters, 1860) **
D. Şahin*1 and O. Aral2
1
Sinop University Vocational School, Underwater Technology Programme, TURKEY
([email protected]; [email protected])
2
Sinop University Fisheries Faculty Aquaculture Department,TURKEY
([email protected])
ABSTRACT
This study was carried out to find the effects of water-soluble vitamin C and fat-soluble vitamin E on the
reproductive capacity and growth of both guppies, Poecilia reticulata (Peters, 1860), a kind of live-bearing
species. As for, the study included two different experimental stage. 16 different vitamin E and vitamin C
including diets were used each experiment.
In the first trial, in which the diet includes 1000 mg/kg of vitamin C and 300 mg/kg of vitamin E, the highest
efficiency was observed in group 16 of adult guppies (p<0.05).
The second trial had an ascending amount of both vitamin C and E in the diet and resulted with an increase in
the developmental parameters in the offspring of guppies (p<0.05). In addition after a three month trial the
group 16 of guppies had reached maturity, and juvenile.
According to the results of this study, there is an increase in growth and survival of fry as the amount of
vitamin C and E added in feed increases.
Keywords: growth, guppy, Poecilia reticulata, reproduction, vitamin C, vitamin E
**This study was an excerpt from doctorate thesis.
419
ICOCEE– CAPPADOCIA 2015
A Smart Solar Energy-Based Cooling System Design&Application for Sustainable Trout Farming in
Keban Dam Lake
Gökay BAYRAK 1*, Mehmet Cebeci2, Ali Atilla Uslu 3, Gökhan Karakaya 3, Nedim Örnekçi 3
1*
Electrical and Electronics Engineering Dept., Nevsehir Haci Bektas Veli University, TURKEY.
2
3
Electrical and Electronics Engineering Dept., Firat University, TURKEY.
Institute of Fishery Research, Ministry of Turkish Food, Agriculture and Livestock, TURKEY.
ABSTRACT
Increasing temperatures of water surface in the summer limits the amount of aquaculture activities and the
production in dam lakes located in the continental climate. Due to these adverse conditions, trout farming in
fish cages in the Keban Dam Lake are interrupted from April to October, and trout farming is not sustainable
between these months. This study was carried out to develop a cage model that allows for sustainable trout
farming throughout the year in dam lakes. The temperature of the groundwater is approximately 10 o C during
the year at the Keban Dam Lake, so it is aimed to supply this cool water into the cage for cooling especially
in summer months. In the study, a Photovoltaic (PV) system was designed to supply the systems’ required
electrical power. A pump was used for taking cold water from the depth of the dam lake to cool the fish cage.
All energy requirements of the system were supplied from designing solar energy-based PV system. The PV
panels constituted on the fish cage, and temperature sensors were used to control the frequency of the motor
driver for cooling the fish cage. Thanks to developed system the temperature of fish cage was fixed around
17 ° C, so trout farming could be sustained from April to October during the year. The average water
temperature was decreased to about 17-20 ° C with the proposed method. This application study is the first
research about this subject, and it is very important as its outputs put forward the problem clearly, and it will
be an example study of future researches on this subject.
Keywords: Aquaculture; Solar Energy; Photovoltaic System; Fish Cage
420
Some Biochemical Blood Parameters in Mogan Lake Economic Fish Species
Semra Benzer* 1, Ömer Saylar 1, Sezin Düzel 2, Göktuğ Gül 3, Mehmet Yılmaz 2 and Ali Gül 2
1
Science Education, Faculty of Education, Gazi Üniversity, TURKEY.
2
Biology Education, Faculty of Education, Gazi Üniversity, TURKEY.
3
Health Services Vocational School, Gazi Üniversity, TURKEY.
ABSTRACT
Fish are used as bioindicators to determine the conditions and the change in the aquatic environment.
Depending upon environmental factors blood chemistry and hematological values change. Blood parameters
can also give information about fish health. In this study, some blood biochemical parameters were carried
out on Cyprinus carpio (L., 1758), Tinca tinca (L., 1758) and Esox lucius (L., 1758) economic importance
fish species living in Mogan Lake. Water and fish samples were taken from Mogan Lake in February, March
and April 2014. Physico-chemical parameters of water were measured by YSI Oxygenmeters and Palintest
Photometer. Blood samples were taken from the caudal vein and heart of each fish. Serum was obtained by
centrifugation of the blood at 4000 rpm, 4 ºC for 10 min. Biochemical parameters were analyzed using
Olympus AU 600 autoanalyzer. The relationship between blood biochemistry parameters of fish and water
quality parameters with statistically Pearson correlation and according to the fish species differences in the
blood chemistry parameters and months t-test (p <0.05 ) was investigated. Glucose (268.25), urea (17.14),
uric acid (7.81) ve BUN (7.50) values were determined at the highest E.lucius in April; albumin (1.11) at the
highest E.lucius in February; creatinine (0.82), ALT (383), AST (1949.50) at the highest T.tinca in March;
total protein (3.37 g/dl), globulin (2.77 g/dl) at the highest T.tinca in April; triglyceride (195.50) at the
highest C.carpio in April. Mogan Lake of the hunted fish individuals identified in blood chemistry parameters
according to fish species and months differences were considered significant. Physical, chemical and organic
change in water, has been found to affect the blood biochemistry of fish. This biochemical blood parameter
values obtained in the research shows can be used as an indicator of the overall fish health.
Keywords: Biochemical blood parameters Cyprinus carpio, Esox lucius, Tinca tinca
421
Capacity Building Key Issues on Integrated Coastal Zone Management for Turkey Black Sea
Coast
O. Gökkurt BAKI* 1, L. BAT2
1
*Environmental Health Department of Vocational High School, Sinop University, Turkey
2
Department of Hydrobiology, Fisheries Faculty, Sinop University, Turkey
ABSTRACT
Capacity building is a term used to describe approaches which aim to increase the capability of knowledge
base, planing and management decisions on coastal area. Besides, it is a well known fact that the Black Sea
coast is always an important shoreline in economical and cultural means and face several problems due to
rapid and unplanned urbanization and improper waste management.
Capacity Building related issues in the context of ICZM implementation in Turkey Black Sea coast; no strategy between different building initiatives, lack of awareness/information on training opportunities, often replaces of the trained practitioners and policy-makers that have to push ICZM towards the center stage of the
economic and environmental goals.
In this research, we performed a need analysis for especially Black Sea Coast for capacity building requirements and key issues. The central of this research to demonstrate threats and stresses of Turkey Black Sea
coastal area and institutional strengthening for implementation of Water Framework Directive and ICZM (Integrated Coastal Zone Management) principles and recommendations along the Turkey coasts.
ICZM capacity building for Black Sea coast of Turkey should focus not only on the technical and scientific
knowledge and skills for coastal management. It should be more professional focus on practice skills and
knowledge, should include policy and decision-making, conflict resolution, and communications for sustainability.
Key words: coastal management, capacity building, coast, sustainability
Acknowledgment: The authors thank to EU Life Long Learning Leonardo da Vinci Transfer of Innovation
Project CoastLearn Black Sea (Project Number: 2010-1-TR1-LEO05-16745 Period: 2010-2012)
422
Water Quality Simulation Of Lakes Cernek and Balık at the Kızılırmak Delta of the Black Sea
Region Of Turkey
Kübra KÜÇÜK 1, Hüseyin CÜCE 2 Gülfem BAKAN 3
1, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Graduate School Of Natural And Applied Sciences, Turkey
mail:[email protected])
(E-
2, Nevşehir Hacı Bektaş Veli University, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Department of
Environmental Engineering, Turkey (E-mail: [email protected])
3, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Environmental Engineering, Turkey
ABSTRACT
The Kızılırmak Delta in the Central Black Sea region is defined as a Ramsar Area by vir tue of its
natural habitats and rich biodiversity. The delta has very important wetlands whose natural features
have been well-preserved. One of these wetlands, Lakes Cernek and Balık, constitutes a significant
ecosystem in terms of agriculture, tourism and fishing. Kızılırmak Delta, in order to ensure sustainable
management of Cernek and Balık lakes, decision-makers the information necessary for the decision
support system is one of the tools that can be used in the design phase, water quality modeling is carried
out. The elements which make shallow lake’s forms complicated are; interfering the water layers, the
sediment which isn’t strong completely, is suspended, the nutrient loading which is sediment from water
layer and the external load. For this purpose, the water quality simulation model WASP7.5, supported
by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The model was calibrated using a set of data which
Cernek and Balık lakes were sampled during the period of operation of the seasonal in May 2010 August 2011, for the parameters as the values of dissolved oxygen, chlorophyll-a, nitrate nitrogen and
orthophosphate. The simulation results of Balık Lake represented that maximum, minimum nitrogen
concentrations and maximum, minimum phosphate concentrations measured 1,35 mg/L, 0,412 mg/L,
0,12 mg/L, 0,03 mg/L, respectively. The Cernek lake represented that maximum, minimum, nitrogen
concentrations and maximum, minimum phosphate concentrations measured 1,132 mg/L, 0,404 mg/L,
0,11 mg/L, 0,02 mg/L, respectively. According to the eutrophication limit of ‘Surface Water Quality
Management Regulations’ the water quality of these lakes were above the natural protection area
eutrophication limits Cernek and Balık lakes are eutrophic lakes, scenarios are made to improve water
and sediment quality decrease the concentration of the pollution and solutions are presented for these
lakes.
Keywords:Water quality simulation,Kızılırmak Delta, Cernek and Balık Lakes, WASP 7.5
423
Monitoring the Thermal Stratification of Lakes Using Simple and Current Single Point
Temperature Measurement Equipment’s
Serdar Göncü*
*
Anadolu University Environmental Eng. Dept., Engineering Faculty, TURKEY.
ABSTRACT
Water density is a property that changes based on the thermal characteristics of water. In large and deep
water bodies, more dense water masses remain at the deeper layer while lighter water stays at the
surface which leads to stratification. Temperature measurements need to be conducted to classify lakes
according to stratification patterns. While temperatures can be measured with simple ther mometers at
any location, more complicated Devices used for water quality sampling are also employed. More
expensive and complicated Devices determining automatically temperature profiles are also present.
This study aims to develop a simple temperature measuring device that can determine vertical
temperature profiles at a single location continuously. The Borabey Pond in Eskişehir was chosen for
the application. A temperature logger was employed to measure temperature profiles at a single
location continuously. Besides, the vertical dissolved oxygen profile was also measured at tandem using
HOBO DO logger. A DC motor was constructed using an Arduino circuit card which was used to move
the measuring devices to the measurement points on the vertical profile a utomatically.
The device developed was found to be able to determine the stratification patterns reliability without
the application of expensive and high resolution sampling schemes.
Keywords: Arduino, Monitoring, Temperature, Thermal Stratification
Acknowledgment: The authors thank Anadolu University, Scientific Research Project Funding (A.Ü. BAP)
for their financial support [Project number: 1306F190].
424
Effect of seasons on fatty acid composition of Carassius carassius L. in Beysehir Lake, Turkey
Abdurrahman AKTUMSEK*1, Gokhan ZENGIN2, Gokalp Ozmen GULER3,
Ozcan Baris CITIL4, Yavuz Selim CAKMAK5
3
4
1
Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey
([email protected])
2
([email protected])
Department of Biological Education, Ahmet Kelesoglu Education Faculty, Necmettin Erbakan
University, Konya, Turkey
([email protected])
Department of Veterinary, Karapinar Aydoganlar Vocational School of Higher Education, Selcuk
University, Karapinar, Konya, Turkey
([email protected])
5
Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, Science and Arts Faculty, Aksaray University,
Aksaray, Turkey
([email protected])
ABSTRACT
In this study, seasonal variation on total fatty acid composition of Carassius carassius muscle lipids in
Beysehir Lake was determined. Total polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) of C. carassius were found to be
higher than those of total saturated fatty acids (SFAs) and total monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) in all
seasons. In all seasons, palmitic acid (16.97-18.60%), oleic acid (11.31-16.58%) and docosahexaenoic acid
(11.01-14.56%) were the most abundant SFA, MUFA and PUFA, respectively. The percentages of total ω3
fatty acids were higher than those of total ω6 fatty acids in the fatty acid composition of C. carassius. High
level of ω3 fatty acids and ω3/ω6 ratio were observed in winter compared to other seasons.
Keywords: Fatty acid composition, Beysehir Lake, Carassius carassius
Acknowledgment: The authors thank to Selcuk University, Scientific Research Project Funding (S.Ü. BAP)
for their financial support [Project number: SÜ BAP 10401084].
425
Fatty acid composition of trout species in Gezende Dam Lake
Gokhan ZENGIN1, Abdurrahman AKTUMSEK2, Gokalp Ozmen GULER*3,
Yavuz Selim CAKMAK4,
3
1
([email protected])
2
([email protected])
Department of Biological Education, Ahmet Kelesoglu Education Faculty, Necmettin Erbakan
University, Konya, Turkey
([email protected])
4
Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, Science and Arts Faculty, Aksaray University,
Aksaray, Turkey
([email protected])
ABSTRACT
Fatty acid composition of the muscle lipids of Salmo trutta macrostigma and Oncorhynchus mykiss in
Gezende Dam Lake were determined. In all species, palmitic acid, oleic acid and docosahexaenoic acid were
identified as major saturated fatty acid (SFA), monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty
acid (PUFA), respectively. Total PUFAs were found to be higher than total SFAs and MUFAs in all species.
Salmo trutta macrostigma contained more palmitic acid, palmitoleic acid, α-linolenic acid, arachidonic acid,
eicosapentaenoic acid, docosapentaenoic acid (C 22:5 ω3), total SFAs, total ω3 fatty acids and ω3/ω6 ratio
compared to Oncorhynchus mykiss.
Keywords: Fatty acid composition, Gezende Dam Lake, trout
Acknowledgment: The authors thank to Selcuk University, Scientific Research Project Funding (S.Ü. BAP)
for their financial support [Project number: SÜ BAP 11401067].
426
The Negative Effects of High Temperature and Low Moisture on Aftercrop Silage Maize
A. Beyhan Ucak1 M. Cuneyt Bagdatli 2
1
Department of Biosystem Engineering, Agriculture Faculty, Siirt University, Siirt/Turkey
(e-mail:[email protected])
2
Department of Biosystem Engineering, Faculty of Engineering-Architecture, Nevsehir Haci Bektas Veli
University, Nevsehir/Turkey (e-mail:[email protected])
ABSTRACT
This research was carried out to see the negative effects of high temperatures and low humidity
on aftercrop silage maize cultivation in Siirt Province of Turkey. The average cultivation areas and
production quantities of silage maize were respectively 4303.33 acres and 3904.50 kg/hectare during the last
five years (2009-2013) in Siirt province conditions. However, high solar radiation and high temperature in
2014 was realized, whereas relative humidity was very low. Especially fertilization (8 days pollination)
period as a result of changes in extreme climate has been seen in a year and reached a maximum temperature
dropped to 39 °C and relative humidity up to 35%. Rain didn't fall down in aftercrop silage maize in field
trials during the pollination. Pollination period was shortened due to high temperatures and low humidity. So
grain retention rate in the maize cob decreased and fertilization did not take place at the optimum level.
As a result, climate change have negatively affected the yield of aftercrop silage maize. Silage maize
was cultivated on 10 acres in 2014 year and silage maize yield was obtained 2748.6 kg/acres in this area.
Compared with the previous year's 29.6% (1156 kg/acres) less yield. During the long years with the coming
to fertilization 8 daily temperature values were determined as Y=58,07x 2-867,7x+6335,2 ve R2=0.926*,
(%1 significance level*) logarithmic relationship between yield. For 8 days with temperatures that
fertilization occurs in the form of Y=71,42x2-250x+3257,1 ve R2=0.900*, had significantly logarithmic
relationship between yield.
All the summary of these studies, the most important factors of the external environment
temperature, humidity and rainfall grown want to plant the optimum values upon emergence or fall below the
made on agricultural activity can be seen a significant role.
Keywords: Aftercrop Silage Maize, High Temperature, Low Moisture, Turkey
427
Evaluation of Agricultural Drought with GIS in Some Irrigation Areas: The Sample of Nevsehir
Province in Turkey
M. Cuneyt Bagdatli 1, Serpil Savci 2, A. Beyhan Ucak 3 , Osman Gokdogan 1
1
Department of Biosystem Engineering, Faculty of Engineering-Architecture, Nevsehir Haci Bektas Veli
University, Nevsehir/Turkey (e-mail:[email protected], [email protected])
2
Department of Biosystem Engineering, Faculty of Engineering-Architecture, Bozok University,
Yozgat/Turkey (e-mail:[email protected])
3
Department of Biosystem Engineering, Agriculture Faculty, Siirt University, Siirt/Turkey
(e-mail:[email protected])
ABSTRACT
Agricultural drought is one of the most effective factors which reduces yield. Temperature and precipitation
regime irregularities relating to global climate change, in recent years particularly play role in changing
agricultural patterns as well as environmental and genetic factors. In this study, temperature, rainfall,
humidity and sunshine duration are used for the years between 1990-2014 in Nevsehir, Avanos, Urgup and
Cappadocia Airport meteorological stations in Nevsehir Province. Drought analyses are performed in
Tatlarin, Ayhanlar and Damsa Dams and irrigation area within the scope of this study. The outputs are
transferred to GIS and the geostatistical analysis is fulfilled then maps monitoring drought altering are done.
According to the results of this study; the spatial humidity levels are variable for all three irrigation areas, the
annual temperature data are increased and the rainfall decreased.
It has been observed that humidity dispersion in the study area ranges between
Nks:0,81-1,14 while
drought coefficient varies between 0,88-1,23. Following all the calculations for a total of 26 years from 1990
to 2014, 18 years have been classified as dry, 4 years as arid and only 2 years have been classified as moist.
Parallel with the temperature, humidity, rainfall changes the yield and patterns are changed too as for the
assessment outcomes. Considering the outcomes of the analysis and assessments, it is essential to cultivate
drought resistant ones for agricultural areas and to advance the breeding studies regarding the rapid changing
global climate.
Keywords: Agricultural Drought, Climate Change, Irrigation Areas, Nevsehir
428
Trend Detection in Climatic Time Series Using Mann-Kendall
M. Zeleňáková* 1, P. Purcz 2 and H. Hlavatá 3
1
2
Institute of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Košice, SLOVAKIA
([email protected])
Institute of Construction Technology and Management, Technical University of Košice, SLOVAKIA
([email protected])
3
Slovak Hydrometeorological Institute, Košice, SLOVAKIA.
([email protected])
ABSTRACT
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change provides a comprehensive review of the potential impacts
on the hydrological variables of the man induced climate changes. It states that such changes will likely
increase runoff in the higher latitude regions because of increased precipitation; also, the flood frequency is
expected to change in some locations and the severity of drought events could also increase as a result of the
changes both in precipitation and evaporation. Observations show that changes are occurring in the amount,
intensity, frequency and type of precipitation. The frequency of extreme temperatures during the summer is
likely to be higher.
In this paper, the results of trend analysis applied to precipitation and temperature monthly data in eastern
Slovakia are presented for the hydrological year (from November to October). Slovakia belongs to the
northern moderate climatic zone. There are four seasons during the year – spring, summer, autumn and
winter. The weather in Slovakia changes a lot by the influence of dry continental air from the west and the
humid ocean air from the north. The topography of Slovakia is very diverse and the altitude is an important
factor affecting the temperature and precipitation. The weather is usually warmer in the lowlands than in
mountain. The Eastern Slovakia lowland is the warmest and the driest region of eastern Slovakia with an
annual average temperature around 8°C and precipitation around 600 mm. The coldest places are
mountainous area – the High Tatras in the north of eastern Slovakia with the average temperature of -3°C and
with precipitation over 2000 mm. The Mann-Kendall non parametric test coupled with the Sen’s slope was
applied to identify the significant long-term climatic trends, as well as the magnitude of those trends. It was
found increasing trends in both analysed hydrological variables.
Keywords: precipitation, temperature, trend analysis.
Acknowledgment: The Centre was supported by the Slovak Research and Development Agency under the
contract No. SUSPP-0007-09.
429
Drought Analysis in Konya Closed Basin
First A. Bilgil 1, Second O. Arslan2 and Third E. Aras* 3
1, 2
3
Civil Engineering Department, Nigde University, TURKEY.
Civil Engineering Department, Nigde University, TURKEY.
ABSTRACT
Konya Closed Basin which is located in Central Anatolia, is surrounded by Sakarya and Kızılırmak Basins in
the north, Kızılırmak and Seyhan Basins in the east, Eastern Mediterranean Basin in the South and Antalya
and Akarçay Basins in the west. It has a total area of 53,850 km2 and lies between latitudes 36°51' and 39°29'
N, and longitudes 31°36' and 34°52' E. Konya Closed Basin is one of the most drought regions in Turkey
receives low rainfall. Therefore, drought analysis in the basin is important for the planning and management
of water resources in the basin. In this study, droughts in Konya Closed Basin were investigated by using
Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) based on monthly precipitation records of 4 meteorological stations
(Konya, Niğde, Aksaray and Karaman). SPI values of each station for 1, 3, 6, 9 and 12-month time scales
were calculated. According to the results, droughts in various intensities were determined. This study is in
progress. Therefore, details and detailed results of this study will be given in the full text.
Keywords: Drought Analysis, Konya Closed Basin, SPI.
430
An Investigation of the Effect of Climate on Global Solar Radiation Using the Satellite Data for
Nevşehir
Selmin Ener Rusen*
Department of Energy Systems Engineering, Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey Univ., TURKEY.
ABSTRACT
The solar irradiation values, on a horizontal earth surface and integrated over the whole spectrum range, is the
most important component of the essential climate variables according to the Global Climate Observing
System (GCOS) in August 2010. For the measurements of solar irradiation, ground network is not adequate
and the data taken on the long-term are not quite reliable in most stations. Therefore, satellite-based methods
for solar irradiation estimation such as the well known HELIOSAT method are quite promising and have been
gradually improving in recent years. The general idea of the HELIOSAT is to deal with atmospheric and
cloud extinction separately. In order to derive cloud extinction information, geostationary satellites such as
METEOSAT which cover a large area with a very high spatial resolution and sufficient temporal resolution
are used. This paper offers seasonal analysis aiming to observe the effects on the climate of solar radiation
using a modified version of HELIOSAT method with METEOSAT visible channel images. Using five years
data, seasonal average solar irradiation values for Nevşehir has been calculated and standard error analyses
are carried out. The preliminary results are encouraging for the further studies on how about to use long term
global solar irradiation data to determine a road map about climate change.
Keywords: Climate, HELIOSAT, Satellite, Solar irradiation.
Acknowledgment: The authors would like to thank Oldenburg University and Turkish State Meteorological
Service (TSMS), for providing us with measured data. I would also like to thank Prof. Dr. B.G. Akınoğlu and
Dr. A. Hammer for discussions and comments during the course of these studies.
431
Do Cultural Differences Matter in Education on Environment?
Diana Nedelcheva Bebenova-Nikolova*
Business and Management, Ruse University ‘Angel Kanchev’, Bulgaria.
ABSTRACT
Going beyond the country borders, the current environmental challenges demand international
cooperation of leaders for their solutions. However, once negotiated, environmental regulations might
not be adopted in the concerned countries, as they might be extrinsic to national practices. A possible
explanation is that differences in thinking and perceiving the environment have been ignored. The
cultural anthropologist Geert Hofstede refers to ‘…such patterns of thinking, feeling, and acting’1 as
culture patterns or mental programming. One such pattern is the relationship between individuals and
environment. The answer to the question: ‘Am I part of the natural environment, or am I separate and
perhaps superior to nature?’ influences the types of personal attitudes, environmental behaviors and
practices, including the ones perceived and taught at school.
Following that, it is interesting to survey school practitioners’ perceptions on environmental issues and
apply Geert Hofstede cultural dimensions theory to explain the differences. This paper presents such
findings about early years practitioners’ perceptions on global issues like: interconnectedness,
environment and sustainability. The evaluation survey, implemented in four EU countries (UK, Poland,
Bulgaria and Cyprus), is part of the project ‘The world at our doorstep’, funded by EuropeAid. The
latter aims at including everyone in finding innovative ways to address the economic, political,
environmental and social dimensions of inclusive sustainable development. Based on Hofstede cultural
dimensions, the paper discusses the findings of the project survey and recommends some ideas on
defining the content of the education on environment so that it becomes more culturally sensitive and
thus more effective.
Keywords: cultural dimensions, education, environment.
Acknowledgment: The authors thank Nevsehir Haci Bektas Veli University, Scientific Research Project
Funding (NeU BAP) for their financial support [Project number: NEUBAP13F8].
432
To explore the use of analysis of cognitive hillside by using SEM
– An Example of Te-Chi Reservoir Watershed
Tzu-Yin Chen *1, Ho-Wen Chen 2 , Wei-Lun Lin 3, Yao-Jhou Zeng 4
1,2,3,4
Environmental Science and Engineering Taichung Tunghai University, Taiwan.
No.1727, Sec.4, Taiwan Boulevard, Xitun District, Taichung 40704, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
(Email: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected])
ABSTRACT
In recent years, the crops are quite popular in domestic. With the pressure of population and the demand for
land, the economic-oriented over use of slopeland is aggravating each day. On the lands particularly in the
reservoir watershed area, problems like debris flow and reservoir silting further arise and seriously affect the
environmental conservation in watershed and the safety of household water.
Using Taiwan Te-Chi Reservoir for an example, this study designs questionnaires and conducts questionnaire
survey and Structural Equation Modeling as major research tools to test people’s cognition of environmental
conservation and understanding about environmental policies and to assess the role and contribution of mass
media and representatives of public opinion.
Our results indicate that the interviewees reported having quite sure media objectivity, such as people know
that the solpeland will accelerate the development of hillside reservoir sedimentation by media, the hillside
overrun is caused by the use of the main cause of landslides, and so on. According to these examples, we can
know that the media have some influence on the public perception of environmental conservation.
Keywords：Te-Chi Reservoir Watershed、Structural Equation Modeling
433
Use of unconventional water with sustainability approach in Iran
Javad Tabatabaei
Department of petroleum, Meymeh branch, Islamic Azad University, Meymeh, Iran
ABSTRACT
The Water shortage is inevitable that caused the attention of planners and water specialists to focus on the
efficient use of water. Unconventional water as a sustainable water resources due to the limitation and
problems of dehydration in Iran, is one of the main strategies to deal with the water crisis, and is considered
one of the pillars of sustainable development. Crisis of global water challenges, requires comprehensive
management of unconventional water use for the environmental sustainable. Due to the dry climate of the
Iran plateau, the sustainable use of water resources to be considered the most important element of
development these projects. In many part of the world in arid and semiarid, due to the severe drought
phenomenon, the use of these resources as a major cause of economic and social development is very
important. Therefore, to improve the efficient use methods of water resources especially unconventional
water can be an important step in the management of problems associated with water crisis. Due to limited
water resources, only 8.7 million hectars of land is under irrigation. Due to lack of sufficient water and an
increase in population, there is no choice to use from unconventional water.
Keywords: Arid and semiarid regions; Drought; Optimal use; Phenomenon; Water crisis
434
Prospect of Iran Natural Gas Export Projects
By: HEDAYAT OMIDVAR
Member of IGU Marketing Committee
Head of Communication Affairs with Science & Research Centers,
Research & Technology Dept., National Iranian Gas Company
No.77-Southern Aban St. - Karimkhan Ave.-Tehran-1598753113-Iran
Tel:+98-21-81315646
Fax:+98-21-81315682
Email: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
Iran holds the second largest gas reserves in the word with over 34 trillion cubic meters (TCM) of natural
gas. Due to lack of geological surveys in certain geographical regions in Iran. It is likely to explore further reserves
in the future.
Hence, for utilizing this energy carrier, it is essential to have comprehensive and explicit planning knowledge. The
study of gas industry development policies is indicative of certain barriers in utilizing prospective opportunities.
Iran is one of the largest gas rich countries in the world that production capacity exceeds domestic consumption
and gas injection requirements. Gas can be utilized as feed stock in petrochemical plants and refineries or exported
through pipeline or LNG. Through re-injection of gas to oil reservoirs, while increasing the oil recovery ratios, the
produced gases from fields shared with other countries could be stored into domestic gas fields.
Gas consumption in domestic markets and its substitution with oil products, in addition to providing
environmental benefits, will also result in optimum consumption of these products and relieving the government
from the heavy burden of existing and heavy expenditures of importing these products from foreign countries.
The need for energy sources in the world along with the enormous natural gas reserves in the country
opens broad economical/political dialogue scene towards us and contributes an outstanding strategic significance
to our gas resources. Supplying gas requirements, proper and timely production and operation of joint reservoirs
such as the south pars with the intention of supplying gas requirements and providing balance of supply and
demand as well as maximum utilization of our share in these fields are other development requirements of this
significant industry.
For planning and policy making regarding the development of gas industry, it is essential to manage all
aspects of gas from exploration and production to consumption, injection and exports and etc. through a sole
administrative institution so that prearranged plans could be implemented without becoming subjected to such
problems as lack of coordination parallel activities and organization al problems.
Gas fuels consumption occupies one half of Iran's energy consumption, and to increment this share, the
government should increase investment in the gas sector.
Natural gas while being utilized as a clean fuel in domestic markets can become a device to implement
gas injection to oil production from the countries reserves as well as gas exports towards presence in international
venues and commercializing gas globally.
Prediction indicates that natural gas being the favorable fuel of the present century, will enjoy the largest
growth among items within the energy basket and during the next twenty years as well, the growth of natural gas
demand in the world will exceed other conventional energy sources. In the future, due to various factors such as
vaster accessible sources and reserves, developed technologies which in effect reduce project expenditure and
construction periods and consequently improve the economy of developing gas transmission projects, as well as
global endeavors to curtail emission of green house gases, are the major reasons for gas consumption growth.
Iran, in respect to her geographical and political strategic situation, can play a leading role in global gas
supply and act in Europe and Asia. Natural gas still maintains the fastest consumption growth rate among the
world's primary energies and is realized to have the highest consumption growth among the developing countries.
Gas has been recognizing as the fuel for the future. This is entirely evident as a result of decreasing global
resources due to environmental considerations. According to IEA estimates, in year 2015, oil demand will reach 93
million barrels and natural gas demand will reach 64 million barrels of oil equivalent. This in effect is a 20%
increase for oil and 45% for gas in regard to current figures in conclusion. It could be stated that more than ever
before, gas has gained significance and is the leading basis for modern services in energy, and in the long term is
considered a bridge towards a hydrogen resource based economy.
Gas as a new fuel, provides the modern technology of fuel cell construction for vehicles possible. To
portray the enormity of Iran gas reserves it is enough to consider that Iran's natural gas reserves alone exceeds the
total volume of natural gas reserves in USA, Canada, Europe and the entire Asia pacific.
435
Use of the Wind Energy as a Renewable Energy in Traditional Architecture of Iran as Natural
Ventilation
Davood Rezaei*1, Saeid Rezaei2
1
Architectural Department of University of Zanjan IRAN
([email protected])
2
Architectural Department of Sariyan University,IRAN
([email protected])
ABSTRACT
Lack of suitable access to the permanent energy resources motivates humans to look for sustainable source of
energy like solar and blue energy. Wind is one of the renewable sources of energy in nature which must be
controlled in order to use its capability to create energy. According to wind properties it can provide the
optimum condition for human comfort.
The needs for humidity and ventilation in desert areas have made it inevitable to look at wind as a natural
phenomenon. In Iranian architecture capability of wind appears by using different sort of wind tower, wind
scope and orientation of building and direction of wind tower structures and concentrating on some new
solution for optimum use of wind energy.
Keywords: wind energy, ventilation, wind tower, Iranian traditional architecture
436
Advances of Energy Tree Method in Calculation of Gross Hydropower Potential
Sadık ALASHAN 1, 2 Z. Fuat TOPRAK 3 and Zekai ŞEN 4
1
2
Research Assistant, Hydraulics and Water Resources, Bingol University, TURKEY.
Ph. Dr. Student, Hydraulics and Water Resources, Istanbul Technical University, TURKEY.
3
Hydraulics and Water Resources Division of Dicle University, TURKEY.
4
Hydraulics and Water Resources, Istanbul Technical University, TURKEY.
ABSTRACT
Hydropower energy is required for wealthy life standards because of no greenhouse gases emission.
Since it has highest production rates among other renewable energy resources, correctly estimating the
gross hydropower potential become an important issue. This is essential for optimally using water
resources. Several improved methods can be found in the current literature for calculation hydropower
potential. Two of them, namely, “hypsographic curves” (HC) and “drawdown-flow” (DF) methods are
often used for the hydro-electric energy calculation goals. The HC method is used for basins, which
have insufficient flow data. So this method calculates approximately the gross hydro-power potential.
The method is based on average basin altitude, inflow and outflow values . On the other hand, DF method
is used for basins with sufficient flow data. So it is expected to be more sensitive in gross hydro-power
potential calculations. The method based on elevations and flow data. Energy tree method (ETM) is another
method for gross hydro-power estimation for any basin. In this method the flow is taken into account as a
function of height (elevation-altitude). This approach is thought to be more sensitive in gross hydro-power
calculation than the above mentioned two approaches. In this study, ETM is re-modified by adding the area
(A, in km2) into to the valid expression and the last two expressions together with HC and DF are applied to
the data obtained from the flow observation stations established on the main distributary of the
Euphrates River. The gross hydro-power is calculated by using the three methods and the results are
compared each other. By comparing the results, the modified energy tree method (METM) seems to be
the best with the highest gross hydro-power estimation.
Keywords: Hydropower, River basin, Energy Tree, Drawdown-Flow, Hypsographic Curves
437
The Use of Active Solar Energy Systems for Heating Greenhouse: Central Anatolia Case Study
B.Kendirli 1, H.E.Polat *1 and S.Avcı 1
1
Department of Farm Structures and Irrigation, Faculty of Agriculture, Ankara University, TURKEY.
ABSTRACT
Heating requirement of greenhouse occurs during the periods of low external ambient temperatures.
Due to the high cost of traditional energy sources, new and renewable energy sources for heating of
greenhouses take advantage of great importance, today. Some alternative energy sources util ized in
heating the greenhouse; solar energy, geothermal energy and industrial characterized waste heat energy.
Solar energy is an important potential in our country; the maximum duration of the Sun in July has 365
h/month, and at least in December with 103 h/month including, and total has 2624 h/year. Nowadays,
solar energy has more effective advantage for greenhouse heating and that gained great importance in
practice, although it has some technically and economically problems. In this study, the amounts of
heating requirements throughout the year in greenhouses were calculated taking into account the
climatic conditions of Central Anatolia region. Also in created greenhouse models that have different
types, sizes and materials; heating requirements have been calculated for Central Anatolia Region.
According these calculations, active solar energy heat requirements and system costs were determined.
Keywords: Central Anatolia region, greenhouse, heating, renewable energy, solar energy
438
ENERGY EFFICINCY OF A RESIDENTIAL FLATE IN EGYPT
Nabil M. Guirguis
Housing and Building National Research Center, Cairo , Egypt
[email protected]
ABSTRACT
This paper evaluates the energy efficiency of a single flat residential building. A software package (VisualDoe) was used for this analysis. This flat is of total area 200 m2 with one façade openings. Three different
climatic regions were used for this analysis, Cairo, Alexandria and Aswan cities with different weather
conditions. Cairo is characterized with a moderate humid climate. Alexandria is classified as a moderate low
humid climate. Aswan is of hot arid climate. The study includes the effect of wall construction and insulation
thickness on the electric cooling energy consumption (using a split HVAC system) all over the year (Annual
Energy Consumption), and also the effect of roof insulation. Different orientation of the flat was taken in
place. The life cycle costs for different cases were also evaluated. The results give the minimum requirements
of walls and roof insulation for different orientation and for different climatic regions. The results represent
also a comparison between the roof insulation and shading. The North and North-East façade need less wall
insulation than other façade. The roof needs more thick insulation than the walls especially in Aswan city.
Also natural ventilation rate for night cooling were also evaluated.
Keywords: Energy efficiency; electricity consumption; insulation; roof shading; life cycle cost
439
Prediction of Basic Wind Speed for Oman
Said Saif Salim Al-Maawali
Assistant professor, Middle East College, Muscat, Oman
[email protected]
ABSTRACT
In order to build safe and economical structures, it is important to have a thorough understanding of wind
characteristics and issues related to wind-structure interactions. Oman has no Code of Practices for Wind
Loading for Buildings yet. Hence, many designers adopted the value of basic wind speed from foreign codes
of practice such as the British Standards (BS8110, BS6399). The aim of this study is to develop the value of
basic wind speed using collected daily wind speed from 13 meteorological stations all around Oman for 5-23
years. The wind speed data have been statistically analysed using three different prediction methods
(Gumbel, Cunnane and Gringorten) and two different data types [all data and Method of Independent Storms
(MIS)]. Thus the value of basic wind speed are predicted. The recommended basic wind speeds for building
design in Oman are as follows; Muscat (33 m/s), Salalah (36.5 m/s), Nizwa (33.5 m/s), Saiq (33.5 m/s),
Sohar (32 m/s), Sur (31 m/s), Buraimi (34 m/s), Masirah (33.5 m/s), Thumrait (25.4 m/s), Khasab (32 m/s),
Ibra (34.5 m/s), Ibri (33.5 m/s), and Qarn Alam (29.5 m/s).
Keywords: Basic wind speed, Cunnane method, Gringorten method, Gumbel method, Method of
independent storm, Oman.
440
Biodiesel Feedstock Production from Mixed Culture of Microalgae and Yeast using Fermented
Rice Noodle Wastewater as Substrate
Mutiyaporn Puangbut 1, Thidarat Papone 1 and Ratanaporn Leesing *1, 2
1
2
Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, THAILAND.
The Center for Alternative Energy Research and Development, Khon Kaen University, THAILAND.
ABSTRACT
Microbial oils are known as the third generation of biodiesel feedstock because of their similar fatty acid
composition to that of vegetable oils and offer a unique alternative as it does not compete with agricultural
food production. In this work, microbial oil production from mixed culture of microalgae Chlorella sp.
KKU-S2 and oleaginous yeast Torulaspora maleeae Y30 was investigated using different concentrations of
fermented rice noodle wastewater hydrolysate (FRNWH) as carbon substrate via batch mixotrophic growth
under continuous illumination for 6 days and biodiesel production by direct transesterification from wet
biomass obtained was studied. Comparing of growth and lipid yield, monoculture of Chlorella sp. KKU-S2
was also performed. In mixed culture, a maximum biomass of 6.54g/L and 6.35g/L with biomass
productivity of 1.098g/L/d and 1.058g/L/d were found at 20 and 25g/L FRNWH, respectively. While a
maximum biomass of 3.59g/L with biomass productivity of 0.598g/L/d was obtained from monoculture of
Chlorella sp. KKU-S2 at 5g/LFRNWH. A maximum lipid yield of 2.56g/L with lipid productivity of
0.427g/L/d and 0.324g/L lipid with lipid productivity of 0.054g/L/d was obtained from mixed culture and
monoculture of microalgae grown on 25g/L FRNWH, respectively. Biodiesel as fatty acid methyl ester
(FAME) was synthesized by base-catalyzed and acid catalyzed direct transesterification from wet biomass
using methanol as solvent via microwave-assisted technique at 480W microwave power for 1-3 min reaction
time. The FAME was determined by Thin Layer Chromatography technique. The obtained result showed that
fermented rice noodle wastewater can be use as cost-effective carbon substrate to produced biodiesel
feedstock by mixed culture of microalgae and yeast and direct transesterification could apply for biodiesel
production from wet cell of mixed culture.
Keywords: Biodiesel, Fermented rice noodle wastewater, Microbial oil, Microalgae Oleaginous yeast.
Acknowledgment: The authors thank The KKU research fund, The Center for Alternative Energy Research
and Development and Fermentation Research Center for Value Added Agricultural Products, Khon Kaen
University for their financial support.
441
Effect of Trace Metal Supplementation in Anaerobic Digestion of Chicken Manure
R. Molaey*, A. Bayrakdar, R.Ö. Surmeli, B. Calli
Department of Environmental Engineering, Marmara University, 34722 Goztepe, Kadikoy, Istanbul, Turkey
[email protected])
ABSTRACT
The deficiency of trace metals leads to reduce the anaerobic digestion performance. Even though a variety of
organic wastes is assumed to provide the sufficient amount of micronutrients, recent findings in anaerobic
digestion are in contrast to this assumption. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the effect of trace
metals on anaerobic digestion and biogas yield of nitrogen rich chicken manure.
In this study, the effect of trace metals supplementation on biogas production was investigated with batch
biogas yield tests at different NH4-N concentrations. As substrate acetate, propionate, butyrate or raw chicken
manure at a final concentration of 1000 mg COD/l was used. The biogas productions profiles and yields
under TM supplementation and different ammonia concentrations were compared to the yields of control
reactors. Batch tests were conducted in triplicates and the total active volume was 100 ml. Concentration of
seed sludge taken from a laboratory scale chicken manure digester was adjusted to 2g/l volatile solids (VS)
using dilution solution and the mixture was incubated overnight without addition of substrate at 36°C.
Transfer of seed sludge and substrate to the reactors was done under anaerobic conditions. The reactors were
sealed using special caps and incubated at 36oC. Biogas production continuously monitored using a multitube manometer set-up working based on water displacement. To prevent the dissolution of the gases, pH of
the manometer solution was adjusted to 2 and 40 g/l NaCl was added.
When the NH4-N concentration was below 3000 mg/L, trace metals supplementation improved the biogas
production in reactors fed with VFAs and chicken manure by 7.5% and 6.4%, respectively. At elevated NH 4N, adding trace metals improved the biogas production in reactors fed with VFAs by 12.7%. On the other
hand, no significant improvement was observed in biogas production in reactors fed with chicken manure.
Keywords: Ammonium, Biogas, Chicken manure, Trace metals
Acknowledgment: This study was financially supported by Scientific and Technological Research Council of
Turkey (TÜBİTAK) [Project number: 113Y333].
442
New Chernobyl Metsamor Nuclear Power Plant
Altikat A.* 1, Dogru S. 2, Argun Y.A. 3 and Bayram T. 4
1
2, 3
4
ABSTRACT
Metsamor Nuclear Power Plant (Armenian Nuclear Power Plant-ANPP) in Metsamor, Armenia, is 30 km
away from Igdir, located at the east of Turkey, and is a facility that meets the majority of Armenia's energy
needs. The Armenian NPP consists of two power units with WWER-440/270 reactors. The Unit 1 was put
into operation on December 22, 1976 and the Unit 2 was put into operation on January 5, 1980. The installed
power of the units is 407,5 MW(e). In 1989 the The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) Ministers
Council made a decision on the shutdown of the Armenian NPP. The Unit 1 and the Unit 2 were shut down
on February 25, 1989 and March 18, 1989, correspondingly. After the collapse of the USSR the following
events resulted in severe energy crisis in Armenia. On April 7, 1993 the Government of Armenia made a
decision on restart of the Unit 2. On November 5, 1995 the ANPP Unit 2 was restarted, after 6,5 years of
shutdown. With restart of the Armenian NPP after severe energy crisis Armenia moved on to day-and-night
power supply schedule. In this study it has given information about the history and operation of Armenian
NPP and demonstrated the factors that led to shotdown of the plant for a period and the arised risks resulting
from reopening it. In addition, it has presented recommendations about foundation and safe operation of
nuclear power plants by the basis of Metsamor reference.
Keywords: Igdir, Metsamor, Nuclear Power Plant.
443
International Conference on Civil and Environmental Engineering
ICOCEE - Cappadocia 2015
Conference Programme
Time
Wednesday, 20 May 2015
08:30 - 11:00
Conference Registration*
11:00 - 12:00
Openning & Award Ceremony
12:00 - 13:30
13:30 - 14:00
14:00 - 14:30
14:30 - 15:00
15:00 - 15:30
15:30 - 16:00
16:00 - 16:30
16:30 - 17:00
17:00 - 17:30
17:30 - 18:00
Welcome Lunch
Prof. Dr. Derin ORHON, Istanbul Technical University, TURKEY.
Innovative Technologies in Wastewater Treatment.
Prof. Dr. Beatrice LE DESERT, University of Cergy-Pontoise, FRANCE.
Innovative Building Materials and Their Environmental Impacts.
Prof. Dr. Zekai ŞEN, Istanbul Technical University, TURKEY.
The importance of Philosophy and Science in Engineering, Architecture and Technology.
Prof. Dr. Erdogan YÜZER, Istanbul Technical University, TURKEY.
Two Divine Masters Who Kneaded Their Lives With Stone: Michelangelo & Sinan the Architect.
Coffee Break
Prof. Dr. Oral BÜYÜKÖZTÜRK, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA.
Field Measurement Based System Identification of Tall Buildings.
Prof. Dr. Uwe STILLA, Technical University of Munich, GERMANY.
Digital Methods for the Built Environment.
Prof. Dr. F. Necati ÇATBAŞ, University of Central Florida, USA.
Structural Health Monitoring for Civil Infrastructure Systems.
Prof. Dr. Mohamed ABDEL ATY, University of Central Florida, USA.
Using Big Data Analytics for Pro-active Traffic Management.
* Conference Registration for Delegates, Students and Listeners will be carried out on 20 May 2015. Daily Delegates will register on the day when they will present their study.
Thursday, 21 May 2015
Time
09:00 - 09:15
09:15 - 09:30
09:30 - 09:45
09:45 - 10:00
10:00 - 10:15
10:15 - 10:30
Session 1 - A
Session 1 - B
Session 1 - C
Chair: Prof.Dr. Derin ORHON
Chair: Assoc.Prof. Dr. Igor BODIK
Chair: Prof. Dr. Magdaléna Bálintová
S. Das, Y.P. Ting
Hydrogen peroxide aided sulphuric acid pre-treatment of
electronic waste for improving gold recovery by
metabolically-engineered strain of chromobacterium
violaceum.
D. Ulutaş, Z. Çokaygil, A. Özkan, Y.Güney, M.Banar
A new bitumen geosynthetic barrier mainly based on boron
production waste clay for landfill liner systems.
I. Bodík, T. Mackuak, M. Fáberová, M. Mosný
I. Kocaturk, T.H. Erguder
Occurrence of illicit drugs and pharmaceuticals in Effect of influent COD/TAN ratio on carbon and nitrogen
municipal wastewater and possibilities for their removal.
removal efficiency and stability of aerobic granules.
M. Vekli, C.C. Çadır, F. Şahinkaya
Ground improvement via chrome and steel slags.
Ş. Doğan, R. Kıdak
Efficiency of UV and UV/H 2 O 2 processes for amoxicillin
treatment.
G.F. Gökçe, N. Mazlum, P. Hasanoğlu
R. Kıdak, Ş. Doğan
Düzce potential investigation of domestic and industrial Flow reactor model for UV treatment of amoxicillin.
solid waste recoverable.
A. Bilgin
Investigation of nitrate treatment potential of tea waste.
M. Balintova, M. Holub
Adsorption of heavy metals from aqueous solution by nonmodified clinoptilolite in fixed-bed system.
Z. Bingül, F. Ekmekyapar Torun
Solid waste management in Erzurum.
G. Doğdu, A. Yalçuk
E. Singovszka, M. Balintova
Biosorption of commercial yellow 2G and indigo textile Cluster analysis of water quality in water reservoir Ruzin
dyes by powder Hawaiian spirulina pacifica.
I., Slovakia.
G. Demirel Bayık, A. Altın, Ö.F. Çapar
Effect of soil minerology on electrokinetic remediation.
Ç. Ulusoy, D. Teresa Sponza
K. Ashrafi, M. Zamani, G.R. Nabi Bid Hendi
Removal of olive mill wastewater pollutants by UV and Prediction of surface ozone concentration by a semisunlight irradition with nano- SiO 2 /Fe 3 O 4 composite and empirical photochemical model.
reuse properties.
Coffee Break
10:30 - 11:00
11:00 - 11:15
M. Balaban, D. Teresa Sponza
E. Dorgeloh, D. Verschitz
Treatment of olive mill wastewater by photooxidation to European market for decentralized wastewater systems.
nano-ZnO-bentonite composite and recovery of OMW.
Session 2 - A
Session 2 - B
Session 2 - C
Chair: Assist.Prof. Dr. Korkmaz BELLİTÜRK
Chair: Assoc.Prof.Dr. Bülent İÇGEN
Chair: Assist.Prof. Dr. Ece Ümmü DEVECİ
O. Ayyildiz, B. Ileri, Ö. Apaydin
K. Bellitürk, J.H. Görres, H.S. Turan, S. Göçmez, M.C. D. Angın, G. Demir, S. Güneş, A. Ilci
Bağdatlı, M. Eker, S. Aslan
Environmental quality of compost: Can composting Adsorption of orange 13 from aqueous solutions using Reduction of nitrate by combined ultrasound and zeroearthworms (eisenia fetida) help manage compost nutrient activated carbon prepared from orange (citrus sinensis l.) valent magnesium under pH uncontrolled conditions.
pulp.
ratios?
11:15 - 11:30
11:30 - 11:45
11:45 -12:00
12:00 - 12:15
12:15 - 12:30
T. Bayram, Y.A. Argun, A. Altıkat, S. Doğru
Management of solid waste in the sample of a small sized
Turkish town, Erzurum.
H.E. Polat
Effects of different barn planning system on waste
characteristics – Case study of Turkey.
M. Öztürk, A.F. Çabalar
California bearing ratio of a clay with waste carpet jute.
K. Umiejewska
Wastewater treatment in Poland taking into special
consideration anaerobic reactors.
K. Yanaç, R.W. Murdoch
Biodegradation of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory
pharmaceutical flurbiprofen.
T. Tunçal, D.İ. Çifçi, O. Uslu
A new approach for sludge disintegration & stabilization:
Solid TiO 2 thin films.
E.Ü. Deveci, Ç.Ş. Sağlam, Ü.K. Çakır, K. Bayrak
Life cycle assessment of fossil fuel-fired thermal power
plant.
M. Sogancıoğlu, Ü. Sultan Keskin, E. Yel
The role of water in recycling the physicochemical
treatment sludge as concrete admixture.
E.Ü. Deveci, N. Dizge, H.C. Yatmaz, Y. Aytepe
Degradation of synthetic textile dyes using fungal
bioreactor and photocatalytic reactor.
L.G. Santhosh, P. Lakshmikanthan, G.L.S. Babu
M.S. Ak, F. Yılmaz, B. Içgen
Evaluation of performance of MSW landfill barrier systems Biogas production by anaerobic digester exposed to
at laboratory scale and using HELP model simulations.
ammonia changed with changing bacterial population
dynamics.
P. Lakshmikanthan, L.G. Santhosh, G.L.S. Babu
F. Kara Murdoch, F. Dilek Sanin
Evaluation of the mechanical and hydrological Assessment of anaerobic microbial community structure in
characteristics of a bioreactor landfill using laboratory the presence of nonylphenol diethoxylate using
simulators.
fluorescence in situ hybridization.
H.B. Özel, H. Ucun Özel
The effect of heavy metals in soil and plants around a lime
factory in the Bartın city in western Black Sea region.
Lunch Break
12:30 - 14:00
14:00 - 14:15
14:15 - 14:30
14:30 - 14:45
14:45 - 15:00
N.C. İskender, M. Sogancioglu, E. Yel, N. Yilmaz
Removal of oil-grease from dairy industry wastewater
using an adsorbent obtained from waste material.
Session 3 - A
Session 3 - B
Session 3 - C
Chair: Prof.Dr. Fulya ÖZTAŞ
Chair: Prof. Dr. Haydar ÖZTAŞ
Chair: Prof. Dr. Süreyya MERİÇ
Á. Rédey, T. Juzsakova, T. Fráter, A. Csavdari, L. Ráduly, V. Selen, Ş. Taşar, M. Çakmak, D. Özer, A. Özer
I. Ráduly
Industrial waste – Red mud as catalyst for hydro- Adsorption of methylene blue dye on multi-walled carbon
dealkylation.
nanotubes (MWCNTs) - A response surface methodology
(RSM) approach.
S. Dağlı, A.Dönertaş , H. M. Basar, İ.Yolcubal, E.Sangu, L. M. Çakmak, Ş. Taşar, V. Selen, A. Özer, D. Özer
Tolun
GIS application on disposal of dredge materials.
Removal of astrazon golden yellow 7GL from colored
wastewater using activated clay.
F. Öztaş
C. Eryılmaz, A. Genç
Preventative medicine for the environment: Developing
The separation of emulsified oils from wastewater by the
and implementing environmental programs that work.
application of electric field.
F. Saffarimiandoab, İ. Koyuncu, H. Kilzer
Key environmental challenge of seawater desalination.
G.V. Saraçoğlu, C.B. Özkal, S. Göçmez, F. Ekmekyapar, A.
Koruyucu, S. Meriç
Monitoring of antibiotics in urban wastewater in Tekirdag
city: A comparison with predicted environmental
concentrations.
Y. Chen, J. Vymazal
Removal process of chloroform in treatment wetlands:
From mass balance to microbial analysis.
C.B. Ozkal, A. Koruyucu, S. Meriç
Energy and pH dependency optimization of degradation,
mineralization and detoxification of ampicilline by
photocatalysis.
Ö. Kaplan, M. Gündüz, G. Turan, K.S. Yiğit
S. Dikmen, H. Bircan, G. Yılmaz
An economic analysis of sewage sludge management Anion selectivity of sepiolite and its surface active agents methods in Kocaeli.
Modified forms.
15:00 - 15:15
15:15 - 15:30
T. Akdeniz, H. Muhammetoğlu
Chlorine dosing management strategies for water utilities
using GIS, SCADA and modelling tools: Case study of
Yeşilbayir Antalya.
Ç.F. Karafakı
Water management policies in the European Union:
Finnish integrated water management example.
16:15 - 16:30
16:30 - 16:45
D. Akın Şahbaz, S. Balbay, C. Açıkgöz
O. Tunç Dede
Evaluation of the adsorption capacity of the expanded Evaluation of uncertainty for trace elements measurement
perlite to remove linear alkyl benzene sulphonic acid in drinking water with ICP-MS.
(LABSA) from aqueous solution.
Coffee Break
15:30 - 16:00
16:00 - 16:15
I. Şentürk, H. Büyükgüngör
A. Aygün, B. Nas, A. Berktay
The effect of different pH at constant temperature on Optimization of electrocoagulation process to treat young
biohydrogen production from sewage sludge.
landfill leachate using response surface methodology.
Session 4 - A
Session 4 - B
Session 4 - C
Chair: Assoc.Prof. Dr. Füsun EKMEKYAPAR
Chair: Prof.Dr. Güleda ENGİN
Chair: Prof. Dr. Gülfem BAKAN
M.B.L.D. Diola, A.C. Resurreccion
D. Uçar, E. Çokgor, E. Şahinkaya, A. Yurtsever
Environmental contamination and residential exposure of Simultaneous nitrate and perchlorate reduction in
mercury in artisanal gold mining area in Benguet, elemental sulfur based autotrophic and heterotrophic
processes.
Philippines.
Z. Maymekov, D. Sambaeva, J. Izakov, A. Isaev, J. G. Güney, D. Teresa Sponza
Sydykov
T. Tetik, Z. Celep
Structural performance of Sheikh Suleiman Masjid and its
strengthening.
G. Bakan, S. Laçin
Assessment of the cations and anions concentration Comparision of biological and advanced treatment Environmental modeling approaches for exposure and risk
distribution in underground potable waters, pH solution processes for ciprofloxacin removal in raw hospital assessment of prioritize chemicals in industries.
analysis subject to the temperature and content of wastewaters.
technogenic sodium chloride.
C.R. Orozco, R.Q. Macasieb, B.J.M. Tapales, A.C. P. Akan, M. Bekbölet
A. Kulig
Resurreccion
Spatial variation and heavy metal concentration in Adsorption and kinetic studies of molecular size fractions From environmental audit of land to baseline report:
sediments of Bued River: A preliminary assessment of a of humic acid onto anion-doped TiO 2 specimens.
Polish implementation of the EU directive on industrial
river nearby small-scale mining sites in the Philippines.
emissions in the context of soil protection.
16:45 - 17:00
B. Yalçın Çelik, K.O. Demirarslan
Ö. Aktaş, Y. Toker, E. Şahinkaya
G. Önkal Engin, M. Çelen
Eastern Black Sea region of domestic water capacity: The Biodegradation of various azo dyes in anaerobic batch Land use change in İzmit Bay catchment.
case of Artvin.
reactors.
17:00 - 17:15
R. Çelik
D. Karaeren, Z. Bozkuş
E. Akçam, G. Bakan
Determination of Diyarbakır basalt aquifer water quality Comparison of performance of labyrinth and piano key Sediment and water pollution status of the mid-Black Sea
coast of Turkey.
parameters and obtain thematic maps with using GIS weirs in increasing the spillway capacity of dams.
technique.
M.P. Lumbera, R.E.P. Cabungcal
17:15 - 17:30
17:30 - 17:45
17:45 - 18:00
18:00 - 18:15
Integrating storage sizing and slow sand filtration for Do personal care detergents pose risk in the aquatic
Characterization
and
ecotoxicity
residential rainwater harvesting applications in the environment:
investigation.
Philippines.
S. Adiloğlu, A. Adiloğlu, F. Eryilmaz Açıkgöz, T.Yeniaras, J.H. Görres, R. Gilker, J.J. Colby, K. Bellitürk
Y. Solmaz
Phytoremediation of cadmium (Cd) from agricultural soils Compaction mitigation potential of biotillage and
using dock (rumex patientia l.)
subsurface tillage in dairy pasture soils.
Application of artificial neural networks for growth
forecasting of crayfish (astacus leptodactylus eschscholtz,
1823).
E. Demirel
A.K. Durrani, M.R. Khan, M. Ahmad
Lead content in local paints in Pakistan.
T. Zorlu, Z.U. Nurullahoğlu, S. Kaya
A.U. Şahin
Effects of titanium dioxide nanoparticles on hemocytes of A new area based parameter estimation methodology for
galleria mellonella (L.) (lepidoptera: pyralidae).
leaky aquifer system.
S. Bulgak, F.N. Kafadar, K. Sarpkaya, C. Can, S. Güneş
F. Sunca, M. Akköse
E. Geçer, H. Büyükgüngör
Use of fly ash in the design of controlled low-strength A case study of green building design.
material mixture.
Friday, 22 May 2015
Time
09:00 - 09:15
Fe(II)-Co(II) double salt incorporated magnetic
hydrophobic microparticles for invertase adsorption.
Numerical simulation of wave-structure interaction using a Chickpea ascochyta blight disease severity in the Evaluation of seismic performance of prefabricated
ghost-cell immersed boundary method.
Bosphorus region of Turkey.
structures using push-over analysis.
D.E. Candelaria, K.M.D.S. Maurillo, N.B. Diola
18:15 - 18:30
O. Kizek, İ.D. Çifçi, F. Ekmekyapar, A. Sicigliano, S. K. Köse, K. Erol, A.A. Emniyet, D.A. Köse, G. Alp Avcı,
Meriç
L. Uzun
Session 5 - A
Session 5 - B
Session 5 - C
Chair: Assoc.Prof. Dr. P.B. KURT KARAKUŞ
Chair: Assoc. Prof.Dr. G. Özmen GÜLER
Chair: Prof.Dr. Abdurrahman AKTÜMSEK
B. Alpaslan Kocamemi, N. Güre, F. Sarıalioğlu, C. Kuzey,
P.B. Kurt Karakuş, E. Gungormus, E. Okten, H. Celik, T. T.E. Köse
A.M. Saatçi
Ugranlı, A. Sofuoglu, K. Gedik, S. Sofuoglu, H. Alegria,
K.C. Jones
PCBs in ambient air in İstanbul and İzmir-Turkey.
Adsorption of dyestuff from wastewater using calcined Application of low intensity ultrasound to enhance
waste eggshell.
biological phosphorus removal.
D. Jato Espino, E. Castillo Lopez, S.M. Charlesworth, J. D.İ. Çifçi, S. Terzi, S. Meriç
Rodriguez Hernandez
09:15 - 09:30
09:30 - 09:45
09:45 - 10:00
10:00 - 10:15
10:15 - 10:30
Air quality modelling in Barcelona from the analysis of Comparative photocatalytic degradation, detoxification Do cultural
climate, territorial and traffic variables.
and demineralization of a biologically treated textile environment?
effluent using TiO 2 and ZnO nanoparticles.
11:15 - 11:30
differences
matter
in
education
on
H.M. Başar, S. Dağlı, P.Ö. Erdoğan, B. Güzel, L. Tolun
P.B. Kurt Karakus, E. Gungormus, H. Çelik, E. Okten, T. T. Kotan, G. Bakan
Ugranlı, A. Sofuoglu, K. Gedik, S. Sofuoglu, H. Alegria,
K.C. Jones
PBDEs in ambient air in İstanbul and İzmir-Turkey
Recovery of acid and heavy metal in surface coating Beneficial use alternatives for dredged materials: Landfill
industry by best available techniques.
daily cover.
E. Can Güven, D. Bolat, K. Gedik, P.B.Kurt Karakuş
A preliminary investigation of legacy organochlorine
pesticides in the atmosphere of an agricultural area in
Antalya.
E. Aghlara, G. Güllü
Levels of bioaerosols in indoor environments in Ankara.
E. Şık, E. Gengeç, M. Kobya, E. Demirbaş, M.S. Öncel
Effect of anions on arsenic removal from groundwater by
air injected electrocoagulation reactor using iron ball
anodes.
K. Qureshi, I. Bhatti, Z. Solangi
Preparation of polyacrylonitrile ion exchange fibre (PANIEF) for the removal of arsenic.
G.K. Akkaya, M.S. Bilgili
A. Uslu, G. Bakan
Applications of hybrid system in water and wastewater - Determination of system deficiencies with WDS models.
Review.
M.R. Kavianpour , A. Behzadipour
Interaction of low-impact development techniques and
urban river flooding on the zoning – Case study Qomroud.
M.Y. Kılınç, E. Alkan
Integrated river basin management.
J. Tabatabaei
Use of unconventional water with sustainability approach
in Iran.
Coffee Break
10:30 - 11:00
11:00 - 11:15
Diana N. Bebenova Nikolova
Session 6 - A
Session 6 - B
Session 6 - C
Chair: Dr. Sanaz LAKESTANİ
Chair: Prof. Dr. Fehiman ÇİNER
Chair: Prof. Dr. Nadezda STEVULOVA
H. Sanli, M. Canakci, E. Alptekin, A. Turkcan, A. N.
Ozsezen
Comparison of exhaust emissions of a DI diesel engine
fueled with methyl ester, ethyl ester, petro-diesel and their
blends.
K.O. Demirarslan, Ş.Ç. Doğruparmak
The research of CO and NOx emissions revealed from
linear sources in Kocaeli city korfez district by ISCST-3
and AERMOD model programs.
E. Yavuz, F. Bildik, B.F. Şenkal
G. Polat, E. Eray
Preparation of the poly (styrene) based quaternary Supplier selection in the construction industry: Evidence
chloroacetamide modified sorbent for removal of phenol.
from Turkish contractors.
F. Çiner, S. Şahin, S. Battal, E. Sezer, A. Dumlu
B.N. Bingol, G. Polat
Removal of maxilon red GRL from aqueous solutions using Key performance indicators (KPI) model for measuring
Niğde (Bor) grape molasses soil as a low-cost adsorbent.
performance of subcontractors.
11:30 - 11:45
11:45 -12:00
12:00 - 12:15
12:15 - 12:30
T.D. Pham, B.K. Lee, C.H. Lee
F. Aydın Temel, Y. Ardalı, E. Avcı
G. Gürsoy, A.E. Keleş
Bioaerosol removal by simultaneous adsorption and photo- Removal of total nitrogen by juncus acutus and cortaderia 5S systematic practice steps on a corporate business.
oxidation of Ag-doped TiO 2 /PU under visible irradiation. selloana from domestic wastewater in horizontal
subsurface flow constructed wetland.
F. Taşpınar, M. Atasoy, Z. Bozkurt, B. Poyraz, O. Uzun
S. Ömeroğlu, F. Dilek Sanin
N. Stevulova, I. Schwarzova, E. Terpakova, J. Junak
Analysis and assessment of heavy metal pollution of road Bioelectricity generation from wastewater sludge using Impact of physical treatment of hemp hurds on the
dust in Düzce, Turkey.
microbial fuel cells.
biocomposites properties.
S. Lakestani, B. Karakaş, S. Acar Vaizoğlu, B. Güçiz M.İ. Birincioğlu, S. Ulusoy, G. Arslan
Doğan, Ç. Güler, B. Şekerel, A. Taner, G. Güllü
G. Tunc, Z. Khayyat
Compration of indoor and outdoor VOCs levels at children
homes.
D. Yıldırım Pekşen, G. Bilen Alkan
Economic and environmental contributions of declaration
of the Marmara Region as emission control area (ECA).
The structural analysis and design of buildings with shear
wall and rigid basements.
D. Bae, C.K. Oh, J.H. Park
Seismic response of cylindrical liquid storage tanks
according to the characteristics of structure.
Lunch Break
12:30 - 14:00
14:00 - 14:15
14:15 - 14:30
14:30 - 14:45
Influence of steel fibers on the shear strength of RC beams
without stirrups.
J.A. Bogas, M.G. Gomes, S. Real
The water absorption by capillarity in structural
lightweight concrete.
Session 7 - A
Session 7 - B
Session 7 - C
Chair: Assist.Prof. Dr. Semra BENZER
Chair: Assist.Prof. Dr. Z. Özlem PARLAK BİÇER
Chair: Dr. Cise ÜNLÜER
Y.S. Güçlü, E. Şişman, İ. Dabanlı, Z. Şen
M. Suh, D.H. Ha, J.F. Choo
C. Ünlüer
Illustration of air quality change using innovative trend A study on concrete-FRP-steel composite honeycomb Development of novel cements with optimized carbon
analysis method.
structure for bridge deck.
capture capabilities.
P. Babaei, İ. Durukan, G. Güllü
Z. Ö. Parlak Biçer, E. İlhan, D. Kırmızıgül, A. Akmeşe, E. A. Ünal, S.B. Yüksel
Davutoğlu, A. Keskin, A. Can Koç, R. Gurbangeldiyev
Heavy metal concentration of house dust.
Determination of the importance of materials in structural Experimental behavior of the 1/3 scale reinforced shear
cost via architectural project examples.
wall with intensive boundary reinforcement.
H. Gourgue, A. Aharoune, A.I. Ahmed
A. Janushevskis, A. Melnikovs
S.B. Yüksel, A. Ünal
Dispersion of the NOx emissions from chimneys and road Shape optimization of sheeting cross section for roof Experimental behavior of the 1/3 scaled composite shear
wall having L shape steel made-up sections as longitudinal
traffic around industrial sites: Case study of the company subjected to different loading combination.
reinforcement in boundary regions.
Fantazia.
14:45 - 15:00
15:00 - 15:15
F. Ekmekyapar Torun, Z. Bingül, M.Y. Çodur
A. Fettahoglu, S. Bekiroglu, İ. E. Bal
M.M. Balkıs
Analysis of SO 2 and PM concentrations with artificial Response spectral analysis of orthotropic steel deck as per Improvements in folding and tessellation as plate
Turkish local design spectrums.
structures.
neural network: A case study of Erzurum city center.
S. Dogru, T. Bayram, Y.A. Argun, A. Altikat
F. Aras
M. Davraz, Ş. Kılınçarslan
Investigation of air pollution parameter variation on The Importance of the validation of numerical models with Investigation of relation of between compressive strength
between 2007-2014: The case of Iğdır (Turkey).
the experimental modal analysis.
and ultrasonic pulse velocity in the foam concrete with
different density.
G. Güllü, Z. Gemizi, B. Keskin Çatal
N. Doğan Sağlamtimur, A. Bilgil, H. Akbulut, M. Dursun, G. Çevikbilen, B. Teymur, U. Karadogan, H.M. Basar, S.
S. Yıldırım
Dağlı, L. Tolun
15:15 - 15:30
Level and sources of particulate matter (PM10, PM2.5) in Producibility of cement-based lightweight construction An investigation on suitability of dredge materials on road
Turkey.
material from coal bottom ash of the bor sugar factory construction.
(Turkey).
15:30 - 16:00
Coffee Break
16:00 - 16:15
16:15 - 16:30
16:30 - 16:45
16:45 - 17:00
Session 8 - A
Session 8 - B
Session 8 - C
Chair: Dr. Apoloniusz KODURA
Chair: Prof. Dr. Mohamed ABDEL ATY
Chair: Prof. Dr. Necati ÇATBAŞ
A. Kodura
J.M. Kim, J.Y. Lee, H.S. Lim, B.K. Jun, S.J. Hong
Y.S. Güçlü
Influence of characteristic of butterfly valve closing on Dynamic stiffness of resilient materials for reduction of Frequency analysis of low and high flows in climate
water hammer run.
floor impact sound.
change.
J. Zaczek Peplinska, K. Osińska Skotak, D. Wujanz, M.E.
A.G. Göküş, H. Güleç, Z. Aslan, N. Akbulut-Çoban, K. S.A. Berilgen, G. Allamyradov
Kowalska
Gedik
Evaluation of quiet area characteristics of an educational Stability analysis for a deep landslide in İstanbul: A case Potential of image processing methods based on intensity
area: A case study of Akdeniz University campus, Antalya. study.
values captured by TLS for surface condition assessment.
H. Khorshidi , N.Talebbeydokhti, G.Rakhshandehroo
U. Dağdeviren, B. Kaymak
R. Çelik
Uncertainty analysis of open channel flow: Stochastic Optimum design of reinforced concrete retaining walls Assessment of Diyarbakır basalt aquifer hydrogeological
approach to advection – diffusion equation.
using artificial bee colony algorithm.
analyzed and obtains thematic maps with GIS geostatistical
analyst tool.
S.S.S. Al Maawali
A. Durmuş, R. Livaoğlu
E. Wojtas, M. Sawczak, T. Bergier, W. Drzewiecki
Prediction of basic wind speed for Oman.
Determination of horizontal bulk material pressures in The impact of the soil data quality on the effectivness of
rigid cylindrical slender silos under seismic excitation hydrological modelling. Case study: Upper Raba
catchment (Poland).
using FEM and EN1998-4.
17:00 - 17:15
17:15 - 17:30
R. Molaey, A. Bayrakdar, R.Ö. Sürmeli, B. Calli
U. Dağdeviren, M.A. Salman
E. Wojtas, T. Bergier, W. Drzewiecki, M. Sawczak
Effect of trace metal supplementation in anaerobic Vertical stress isobars for rectangular foundations under Remote sensing based impermeability coefficient estimation
digestion of chicken manure.
different loading conditions.
and its influence on hydrological modelling efficiency.
A. Altikat, S. Dogru, Y.A. Argun, T. Bayram
New Chernobyl? Metsamor nuclear power plant.
A. Badakhshan, F. Ahadi Koloo
A.E. Özsoy, H.Özkaynak, M. Çağlar, M. Şentürk
Improving seismic behavior of vierendeel and X-diagonal Educational experiments performed on a model structure
STMFs by their configuration optimization
made up of balsa wood.
17:30 - 17:45
S. Alashan, Z.F. Toprak, Z. Şen
T. Çakır
Advances of energy tree method in calculation of gross Dynamic analysis of a cantilever retaining wall including
hydropower potential.
soil structure interaction.
17:45 - 18:00
M. Yalçın, C. Turgut, P.B. Kurt Karakus
The mixture toxicity of synergistic compounds combined
with pesticides in Tuta absoluta.
GALA DINNER
20:00 - 22:00
Saturday, 23 May 2015
Time
09:00 - 09:15
09:15 - 09:30
09:30 - 09:45
Session 9 - B
Session 9 - C
Chair: Prof. Dr. Aynur KAZAZ
Chair: Assist.Prof. Dr. Ahmet AYGÜN
Chair: Prof. Dr. Juraj KRALIK
M.H. Zhang, Y. Wu
G. Yıldırım
Development of lightweight cement composites with low Comparative study for discharge coefficient prediction of
thermal conductivity for energy efficient buildings.
compound broad crested weir by two soft-computing
techniques.
D. Yılmaz, H. Bezci Zeren, C. Yılmaz, T. İnce
G. Yıldırım
Different climate conditions effect on thermal conductivity State-of-the-art review on explicit approximations to the
coefficient and indoor environment.
implicit colebrook-white friction factor equation.
J. Králik, J. Králik, jr.
Deterministic and probabilistic analysis of the fire
resistance of the technology support structures in NPP.
J. Králik
Risk assessment of NPP safety in Slovakia.
H. Köse, M. Bayazit, Y. Taşdemir
O. Onat, P.B. Lourenço, A. Koçak
S. Kahraman, A.S. Aloğlu
Investigation of salt effect on stability of warm mix asphalt. Innovative test set up on shake table to assess out-of-plane Predicting the performance of roadheaders from the needle
behavior of infill masonry walls.
penetration resistance.
Ç. Dinçkal
09:45 - 10:00
Session 9 - A
B.K. Jun, S.J. Hong, J. Lee, J.M. Kim, H.S. Lim, J.Y. Lee
Z. Karabash, A.F. Çabalar, H. Işık
A study on anisotropy of composites and nanomaterials Structural behavior of RC and PSC concrete members with Stabilization of clayey soil by waste steel pieces.
used in construction industry.
high strength shear reinforcement.
10:00 - 10:15
M. Bayazit, Y. Taşdemir, E. Kolay, G. Küçük
C. Karakurt, Y. Bayazıt, K. Kahveci
The moisture damage characteristic of polymer and wax Effect of curing conditions on fiber concrete roads.
modified asphalt mixtures.
D.H.M. Aquino, J.Y. Hernandez, E.A.D. Robles
Development

the Abstract Book - 2nd ICOCEE

Transcription

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